Post on 23-Jan-2023
ADAPTATION FORMS OF LOANWORDS FROM ARABIC ORIGIN IN KAZAKH AND TURKISH
Dr. Hilal Oytun ALTUN UJ Zaklad Turkologii
hilal_oytun.altun@uj.edu.pl www.actaturcica.com
Loanword phonology
• The process of borrowing loanwords involves attempting to copy a foreign word and reproduce it within the host language. (Yip 268)
• Loanword phonology involves two scans, the first of which is roughly perceptual and the second of which is phonological. (Yip 271)
• The nature of reproduction is related with the constraints: Host language speakers do not perceive all the same distinctions as borrower language speakers; this perceived input is checked by a group of ranked constraints that are independently motivated for host language, and minimal adjustments are made to produce an output that is optimal with respect to those constraints. (Yip 261)
Words from Arabic origin that are ill-formed in the borrowing language are thus transformed into well-formed words. These repairs involve general phonological processes, such as
• 1. segmental changes
• 2. suprasegmental changes
• 3. ephenthesis
• 4. deletion
Repair strategies in loanwords from Arabic (Ar.) origin in Kazakh (Kz.) and Turkish (Tr.)
• 1. segmental
ʿäyb > ayıp (Kz.) (Tr.) عيب
• 2. suprasegmental
fäqîr (Ar.) > paqır(Kz.) / fakir(Tr.) فقير
• 3. ephenthesis
näql (Ar.)> naqıl (Kz.) / nakil (Tr.) نقل
• 4. deletion (It’s mainly about ع and ء)
näʿl (Ar.) > näl (Kz.) / nal (Tr.) نعل
1. Backness harmony
o Vowel harmony is related with
• The vowels
• The consonants
o “Palatal consonants” are blamed for the violations of vowel harmony in Turkish.
o Autosegmental theory proposes “opaque segment “ to explain the disharmony in Turkish.
Opaque segments are
• Nonundergoers • Blockers (root vowels: a suffix vowel can not
harmonize with a non final root vowel) • Spreaders
which in Turkish o root vowels o disharmonic suffixes-nonalternating vowels o word final palatals /l, t, r, b, d/: hadd+i, sual+i, o palatal /l, r/ as a first member of consonant
cluster: harf+i, kalb+i o disharmonic epenthetic vowels: bulüz, bahis
Palatal consonant effect in Turkish Ar. Kz. Tr.
ḽ qälʿä qala kale
ʿämäl amal amel
iqbâl ıqpal ikbal +i
su‘âl sawal sual +i
miṡâl mısal misal +i
ķ nikâḥ neke nikâh
ʿaqîq aqıq akik
fäqîr baqır / paqır fakir
ṱ sâ‘ät sağat / sät saat +i
qiymät qımbat kıymet
ŗ ärvâḥ arwaq ervah
xäncär qanjar hançer
mäḥşär maqşar mahşer
ḥärf ärip harf +i
Harmonic in Kazakh, unlike Turkish:
äẕân azan ezan
dukkân düken dükkân
cäzâ’ jaza cezâ
cävâb jawap cevap
ḥisâb esep hesap
ḥâşiyä haşïa haşiye
mäydân maydan meydan
qäfäs qapas kafes
ṣuḥbät suxbat sohbet
xuṭbä qutpa hutbe
Long vowel effect in Turkish
idârä ïdara idâre
siyâsät sayasat siyâset
‘äcâ’ib ğajayıp acâyip
ʿädâlät ğadilet / ädilet adâlet
qâʿidä käde ka:ide
Disharmonic in Kazakh, harmonic in Turkish
zälzälä zilzala zelzele
lä‘nät lağnet / lağınet /
nälet
lânet
xidmät qızmet hizmet
äkbär äkbar ekber
ġarîb ğarıp / qarıp /
ğarip / kärip
garip
kälimä kälïma kelime
2. Long vowels
âdät ädet âdet
ävlâd äwlet evlat
dâ’im däyim / dayım dâim
billâhi bellähï billâhi
kâfir käpir kâfir
mäkân meken mekân
Long vowels are shortened regularly in Kazakh. Epenthesis of a semivowel or fronting can occur as compensatory
Epenthesis of a semivowel
zînät zeynet ziynet
âmîn awmïn / ämïn âmin
mäḥfûẓ maxpwz mahfuz
ḥîlä ayla/qayla hîle
ṣûrät swret sûret / surat
îmân ïman îman
ʿimârät ğïmarat imâret
ḥaqîqat aqïqat hakîkat
xalîfä xalïfa halîfe
tärâvîḥ tarawïx terâvih
‘ilmî ğılımï ilmî
siyâsî sayasï siyâsî
târîxî tarïxï târihî
äskärî äskerï askerî
billâhî bellähï billâhi
hicrî hïjrï hicrî
mädänî mädenï medenî
tabi‘î tabïğï tabiî
Long vowels are opaque segments since they’re root vowels
âxir aqır âhir
ʿâşıq ğaşıq âşık
ämânät amanat emânet
bâqî baqï bâki
xazînä qazına hazîne
ḥukûmät ükimet/ökimet hükûmet
idârä ïdara idâre
qâbiliyyät qabіlet kâbiliyet
fâ’iz payız fâiz
şâ‘ir şayır şâir
qâri’ qarï kâri
fälâkät bäleket/päleket felâket
xilâfät xalïfat hilâfet
Shortened examples in Turkish
ḥâżir äzir / käzir hazır
âdäm adam âdem / adam
ṣûrät swret sûret / surat
ʿâr ar ar
‘arûḍ aruz aruz
ʿäzîz ğazïz / äziz aziz
märḥûm marqum merhum
mäymûn maymıl maymun
şärî‘ât şarïğat şeriat
qâḍî qazï kadı
zäytûn zäytün zeytin
(C)vCV:C
äẕâb azap azap a:b+ı
cävâb jawap cevap a:b+ı
ḥisâb esep hesap a:b+ı
ḥuḍûr xwzır huzur u:r+u
ḥuqûq quqıq / xuqıq hukuk u:k+u
inṣâf ınsap / nısap insaf a:f+ı
intiẓâr ıntızar intizar a:r+ı
iqbâl ıqpal ikbal a:l+i
qäbûl qabıl kabul û:l+ü
zamân zaman zaman a:n+ı
ävlâd äwlet evlat a:d-ı
mäkân meken mekân a:n-ı
Word final long vowels remain unshortened in Turkish
bälâ bäle / päle belâ
dunyâ dünïe dünyâ
ävliyâ ävlïe evliyâ
dävâ’ dawa devâ
cäzâ’ jaza cezâ
şifâ’ şïpa şifâ
Compensatory lengthening occurs in Turkish due to deletion of guttural stop
äʿzâm ağzam âzam
ba‘ḍ bağzı bâzı
läʿnät lağınet lânet
ma‘nâ mağına / män mâṋâ
maʿlûm mağlum / mälim mâlum
mäʿqûl maqıl mâkuḽ
maʿrifät marapat mârifet
niʿmät nığmet nîmet
tä‘lîm tağlım/ tağlim/
tëlim
tâlim
väʿdä wağda / wäde vâde
yaʿni yağnï yâni
3. Word final consonant clusters
• Permissible syllable-final clusters in Turkish and Kazakh are only “sonorant+oral stop”.
• Kazakh only permits the “sonorant+t” type consonant clusters: alt, ant, etc.
(Tr.) alp (Kz.) alıp
(Tr.) Türk (Kz.) Türik
(Tr.) korkunç (Kz.) korkınış
etc.
“sonorant+obstruent” syllable-final clusters in loanwords in Turkish
/vk/ ẕävq zawıq zevk
/ns/ cins jınıs cins
/lp/ sulb sulıp sülp
/lk/ mulk mülik mülk
/lq/ halq xalıq halk
/rf/ ḥärf ärip harf
ʿurf ğurıp örf
/rş/ ʿärş ğarış arş
/rz/ ʿärz arız arz
färḍ parız farz
/rq/ färq parıq fark
/ht/ bäxt baqıt baht
Inserting an epenthetic vowel to break the root final consonant clusters
/tr/ ʿiṭr ätir ıtır
/nf/ ṣınf sınıp snıf
/hn/ zihn zeyin zihin
/yf/ käyf keyip keyif
/yr/ xayr qayır hayır
/sl/ äṣl asıl asıl
/sm/ räsm räsіm resim
/sr/ äṣr ğasır asır
/şr/ ‘uşr ğuşır/quşır öşür
/zq/ rızq rïzıq rızık
/zm/ näzm nazım nazım
Disharmonic epenthetic vowels
/br/ qäbr qabır kabir
/dr/ qadr qadır (tün) kadir
/tm/ xatm xatım/qatım hatim
/lm/ ẓulm zulım zulüm
/ql/ näql naqıl nakil
/qt/ väqt waqıt [waq] vakit
/vs/ qävs qawıs kavis
/vm/ qavm qawım kavim
/vz/ ḥavz äwiz /xawız havuz
Nonhigh vowel as an epenthetic vowel in Kazakh
/hr/ zähr zahar / zähar zehir
şähr şahar / şähär şehir
qähr qahar kahır
/hd/ cähd cahat ceht
-CCØ > -CCv in Kazakh
räbb rabbı rab (+bi)
ḥädd äddi had (+di)
näfs näpsi nefis
qävl qawlı kavl (+i)
xärc qarjı harç
näqd naqtı nakit
Elision
/ch/ väch wäj vech +i
/sh/ mäsḥ mäsi mes(h) et-
/qt/ vaqt waq [waqıt] vakit
/ht/ baht baq baht
/yl/ säyl sel sel
/pw/ ʿäfv ğapw af
Conclusion
• Arabic loanword adaptaions are more minimal in Turkish
than Kazakh. • Codes from Arabic origin have followed different paths in
the procces of being copied into Kazakh or Turkish. • It effects the adaptation (or reproduction in host language)
of the Arabic etymons. • However some phonological rules are more restrictive than
the others for both Turkish and Kazakh; such as lacking of word final voiced plosives, or guttural stop.
• Main differences between the two languages are related to vowel harmony and long vowels, concerning to word final consonant clusters Turkish is more tolerant than Kazakh.
REFERENCES
• CLEMENTS G.N., SEZER E. (1982) . “Vowel and Consonant Disharmony in Turkish” http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/251VowelHarmony/readings/ClementsSezer1982TurkishVowelHarmony.pdf
• EKER S. (1998). Kıpçak Grubu Türk Dillerinin Karşılaştırmalı Ses Bilgisi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
• JOHANSON L. (1998). Code-Copying in Irano-Turkic. Language Sciences. 20,3,325-337.
• LEVI S.V. (2001). “Glides, laterals and Turkish Vowel Harmony”, Chicago Linguistic Society 37, Main Section, s.379/393.
• PEPERKAMP S., DUPOUX E. (2003). “Reinterpreting loanword adaptations: the role of perception”, 15th ICPhS Barcelona, 367/370.
• RUSTEMOV L.Z. (1982). Qazirgi qazaq tilindegi arab-parsı kirme sözderi. Almatı: Ğılım.
• TEKİN T. (1958). “Ayınlı ve Hemzeli Kelimeler”, Türk Dili Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, C.VIII, S:86, s.110/113.
• YIP M. (1993). “Cantonese Loanword Phonology and The Optimality Theory” Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2. 261-291.
• ZİMMER K. (1985). Arabic Loanwords and Turkish Phonological Structure. International Journal of American Linguistics. 51, 4, 623/625.