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CONSONANT CHANGES
IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SENDY INTANIA HERMASTUTI
Student Number: 134214117
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ii
CONSONANT CHANGES
IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SENDY INTANIA HERMASTUTI
Student Number: 134214117
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
CONSONANT CHANGES
IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS
By
SENDY INTANIA HF,RMASTUTl
Student Number: 13421417
Approved by
~Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hum.
Advisor
~Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A.
Co-Advisor
iii
August 15, 2017
August 15,2017
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A Sarjana Sastl'a Undergraduate Thesis
CONSONANT CHANGES
IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS
By
SENDY INTANIA HERMASTUTI
Student Nwnber: 134214117
Defended before the Board ofExaminers
On August 25,12017
and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name
Chairperson
Secretary
Member 1
Member 2
Member 3
: Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hwn.
: Dr. Fr. B. Alip, MPd., M.A
: Wedhowerti, S. Pd., M.Hwn.
: Arina Isti'anah, S.Pd., M. Hwn.
: Dr. Fr. B. Alip, MPd., MA.
Yogyakarta, August 31, 2017
~~FaCUlty of LettersP. ~~. ..,~ ~ Sf:lJv../;-<<" lI5 ~><? ,ata Dharma University
,f~ ~ 0'< D.>~,,,,,:l" ean'\~ ,''"> "'., E~
.' , iJ-"':.,Jr. ?'e: "," <>",""''''''''~(' ,. '\JJ~
I=. V"Kl't" ~~,o;iiN>---=-f.
r. P, Ari Subagyo, MHwn,
iv
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I celiify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
I
Yogyakarta, August 13, 2017
sendy~jE~m"
v
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhanna
Nama : Sendy Intania Hennastuti
Nomor Mahasiswa : l342l41I 7
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada PerpustakaanUniversita$ Sanata Dhanna karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
/
CONSONANT CHANGESI
IN ENGLISH SONGS BY KOREAN SINGERS
beserta perangkat yang diperiukan (hila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan,mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau medialain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa periu meminta ijin kepada saya maupunmemberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagaipenulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yoyakarta
Pada tanggal 13 Agustus 2017
Yang menyatakan,
S'"dY~m",M;
vi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vii
“A flower
does not think of competing
to the flower next to it.
It just blooms”
- Zen Shin -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Allah S.W.T., the
Almighty God, for the blessing bestowed upon me. Thank You for the strength that
can lift me up when I fall and for all the knowledge given to me so that I can finally
finish this thesis after the journey of these 4 past years.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd.,
M.Hum., who has helped me and guided me in finishing this thesis. I thank her very
much for the encouragement, for her patience, and also for the precious time that
she provided for consulting my thesis. My deep appreciation goes to my co-advisor,
Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his advice and suggestion on my thesis. I also
thank all the lecturers and staffs in English Letters Department for providing their
time and energy during my study.
This study would not have been possible without the support from my
beloved mother whose love is unconditional for me. Thank you for your motivation
and prayers during days and nights. My sincere thanks are dedicated to my older
sister and brother who always give me support and cheer me up every time I have
a hard time. Also, I am heartily thankful to my very special friend, Sulistyo Yuda
Atmamarta, who always gives his great love and support to me.
Last but not least, my regards and blessings are extended to my beloved
friends in Group Kepo, my classmates, and all other whom I have not mentioned
but have played a great role for making my college life so meaningful.
Sendy Intania Hermastuti
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ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ............................................................................. vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………..…ix
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................. 3
C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 3
D. Definition of Terms ................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 5
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................... 5
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 7
1. Theory of Language in Songs ...………………………………………7
2. Phonetics and Phonology ……………………………………………..8
3. English Consonants ...………………………………………………....9
4. Korean Consonants .…………………………………………………13
5. Phonological Processes ……………………………………………...17
6. Korean Phonological Processes ……………………………………..19
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 21
A. Object of the Study .................................................................................... 21
B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 22
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) .................... 26
A. Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers ........................ 26
1. Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” by Wonder Girls ............ 26
2. Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior.................................... 27
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x
3. Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” by
Super Junior ........................................................................................ 29
4. Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang ........................ 30
5. Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang ............................ 31
6. Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang .............................. 32
7. Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue................................ 32
8. Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue .................................... 33
9. Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue................. 35
10. Consonant Change in “Every Time” by CN Blue ............................... 35
B. Phonological Patterns of the Consonant Changes ..................................... 36
1. Substitution of [p] for [f] .................................................................... 36
2. Substitution of [b] for [v] .................................................................... 38
3. Substitution of [ʤ] for [ʒ] ................................................................... 41
4. Substitution of [ʤ] for [z] ................................................................... 43
5. Substitution of [s] for [θ] .................................................................... 44
6. Substitution of [l] for [r] ..................................................................... 46
7. Substitution of [ʃ] for [s] ..................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 54
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 56
Appendix 1 : Consonant Changes in “Two Different Tears”
by Wonder Girls ........................................................................ 56
Appendix 2 : Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior .......................... 56
Appendix 3 : Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without
You” by Super Junior ................................................................ 57
Appendix 4 : Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang .............. 57
Appendix 5 : Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang ................... 57
Appendix 6 : Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang ..................... 57
Appendix 7 : Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue ...................... 58
Appendix 8 : Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue ........................... 58
Appendix 9 : Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue ....... 58
Appendix 10: Consonant Changes in “Every Time” by CN Blue .................... 59
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 English Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation ………………. 13
Table 2.2 Korean Phonemic Consonants ……………………………………….. 16
Table 4.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” …………………………... 27
Table 4.2 Consonant Changes in “She” ………………………………………… 28
Table 4.3 Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed ……………………….. 30
to Live Without You”
Table 4.4 Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” …………………………….. 30
Table 4.5 Consonant Changes in “I’ll Be There” ……………………………….. 31
Table 4.6 Consonant Changes in “Make Love” …………………………………. 32
Table 4.7 Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” ………………………………….. 33
Table 4.8 Consonant Changes in “Feeling” …………………………………….. 34
Table 4.9 Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” ………………………… 35
Table 4.10 Consonant Changes in “Every Time” ……………………………….. 36
Table 4.11 Consonant Changes [f] → [p] ……………………………………….. 38
Table 4.12 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] ………………………………………. 39
Table 4.13 Consonant Changes [ʒ] → [ʤ] ……………………………………… 42
Table 4.14 Consonant Changes [z] → [ʤ] ……………………………………… 44
Table 4.15 Consonant Changes [θ] → [s] ………………………………………. 45
Table 4.16 Consonant Changes in [r] → [l] …………………………………….. 47
Table 4.17 Consonant Changes in [s] → [ʃ] ……………………………………. 50
Table 4.18 Summary of Phonological Patterns Found in The Consonant
Changes ……………………………………………………………... 50
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ABSTRACT
HERMASTUTI, SENDY INTANIA. Consonant Changes in English Songs by
Korean Singers. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2017.
Music industry in Indonesia is now filled with many genres or types of
music. One of them that is very famous nowadays is a music genre called K-pop or
Korean pop, originating from South Korea. In line with the development of K-pop
music that continues worldwide, Korean singers start making English songs.
However, singing an English song is not an easy thing to do for the Koreans since
they were not born and raised with English as their mother tongue. This makes it
quite difficult for them to produce a precise pronunciation of English words. As a
result, they tend to change some sounds, especially consonants, when they sing
English songs. It is interesting for the writer to analyze the consonant changes found
in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
There were two objectives to be discussed in this study. The first was to find
out the consonants that are usually changed or replaced by Korean singers when
they sang their English songs, and also finding their substitutions. The second
objective was to find the phonological patterns found in the consonant changes in
Korean singers’ pronunciation.
In this study, the data collection was done using a purposive sampling
technique which meant that the chosen data in this study were the data that
contained consonant changes with the same patterns that could fulfill the purpose
of the study. The data were collected from the English songs sung by some Korean
boy and girl groups who were recognized as the singers who successfully make K-
pop into international recognition such as Wonder Girls, Super Junior, Bigbang,
and CN Blue. In analyzing the data, the writer used phonological approach to
analyze the consonant changes that occurred in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
In conclusion, there were 41 words that consisted English consonant
changes, and it was found that there were 7 English consonants that underwent
changes when Korean singers sing their English songs. Fricatives are found as the
consonants that usually undergo a change. Thus, Korean singers should be more
careful when pronouncing the fricatives. Furthermore, the phonological processes
that were usually found in those consonant changes were the process of changing
fricatives into stops or affricate consonants, process of changing [r] into [l], and the
last is the process of palatalization.
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ABSTRAK
HERMASTUTI, SENDY INTANIA. Consonant Changes in English Songs by
Korean Singers. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.
Industri musik di Indonesia saat ini dipenuhi oleh berbagai macam aliran
musik. Salah satunya yang masih sangat populer adalah musik Korean pop atau K-
pop yang berasal dari negara Korea Selatan. Sejalan dengan perkembangan K-pop
yang semakin mendunia, penyanyi-penyanyi Korea mulai menciptakan lagu-lagu
berbahasa Inggris. Meskipun demikian, menyanyikan lagu dalam bahasa Inggris
bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk dilakukan oleh para penyanyi Korea karena Bahasa
Inggris bukanlah bahasa ibu mereka. Hal ini menyulitkan mereka untuk dapat
mengucapkan kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris dengan tepat. Akibtanya, mereka
sering mengubah beberapa bunyi terutama konsonan ketika mereka bernyanyi
menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Hal ini sangat menarik bagi penulis untuk
menganalisis perubahan konsonan yang terjadi pada pengucapan bahasa Inggris
oleh para penyanyi Korea.
Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas. Yang
pertama adalah menemukan konsonan-konsonan yang biasanya diubah oleh para
penyanyi Korea ketika menyanyikan lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris, serta mencari
tahu pengganti bagi setiap konsonan tersebut. Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah
untuk mencari tahu pola fonologis yang ditemukan pada perubahan konsonan di
pengucapan oleh para penyanyi Korea.
Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sampel
bertujuan yang berarti bahwa data yang telah dipilih merupakan data yang
mengandung perubahan konsonan dengan pola serupa yang dapat memenuhi tujuan
penelitian. Data-data tersebut diambil dari lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris yang
dinyanyikan oleh penyanyi-penyanyi Korea yang dianggap telah membawa
kepopuleran K-pop hingga mancanegara, seperti Wonder Girls, Super Junior,
Bigbang, dan CN Blue. Dalam studi ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan fonologi
untuk menganalisis perubahan konsonan yang terjadi pada pengucapan oleh
penyanyi-penyanyi Korea.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ditemukan 41 kata
dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengandung perubahan konsonan. Selain itu, diketahui
pula bahwa terdapat 7 konsonan dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengalami perubahan
ketika para penyanyi Korea menyanyikan lagu-lagu berbahasa Inggris milik
mereka. Frikatif merupakan konsonan-konsonan yang sering mengalami
perubahan. Dengan demikian, para penyanyi Korea sebaiknya lebih berhati-hati
dalam mengucapkan konsonan tersebut. Selanjutnya, proses fonologi yang secara
umum dapat ditemukan pada perubahan konsonan tersebut adalah proses perubahan
dari frikatif menjadi stop atau afrikat, proses perubahan konsonan [r] menjadi [l],
dan yang terakhir adalah proses palatalisasi.
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is a tool for communication in written or spoken words. It is used
by the people of a particular country or area in order to communicate to each other.
There are many languages spoken by human beings in this world. However, the
language that is recognized as one of the most widely spoken language is English,
which now becomes a language that is used internationally. Besides used as a native
language in some countries, English is also used as a foreign language in many
other countries. In the countries that regard English as a foreign language, the use
of English by the non-native speakers of English serves “the purpose as a vehicle
for science, for the mass media (press, radio, television), and some kinds of
international entertainment” (Strevens, 1980: 62).
Talking about the use of English in some kinds of international
entertainment, we will certainly come to think about the use of it in songs. In
Indonesia, Korean songs nowadays have become the most popular song among
youngster music enthusiasts. Korean songs become popular along with the entrance
of Korean pop culture in Indonesia. From about 10 years ago, K-pop has been well
spread not only in Indonesia, but also throughout the world. Its fame has been
mentioned by Kim (2016:3) “South Korea’s entertainment industry has grown
substantially since 1990s, producing Asia-wide and other parts of the world’s
successes in music”.
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As the effect of the previous fact, many Korean singers recently start
producing many English songs so that they can attract more music enthusiasts
outside their country to listen to their music. Besides their own English songs, some
Korean singers also produce the remake of the existed English songs by
international singers, then they sing those songs again in a different arrangement.
In some other cases, Korean singers often get a request to sing English songs written
or sung by an American or British singers. For example, in 2013, Super Junior sang
a song by Michael Bolton entitled “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” for
a music program and a concert in Korea. In another occasion in 2011, Taeyeon, one
of Girl’s Generation’s members, sang a song by Rihanna entitled “Take a Bow” for
a music program in Korea.
As a listener of K-Pop songs, the writer found out that there are some sound
changes that appear when Korean singers sing English songs. For example, the
word love, from the lyric of Super Junior’s song entitled “This is Love”, is
pronounced as [lʌb] instead of /lʌv/ and the word lifetime pronounced [laɪptaɪm]
instead of /laɪftaɪm/. From those examples, the writer found out that the sounds
which are usually changed in pronunciation by those Korean singers are the
consonant. Based on the fact above, it is very interesting to analyze the consonant
changes that appear in English songs by Korean singers. Thus, in this research, the
writer uses English songs sung by Korean singers as the data. The songs that are
chosen are songs with English words in all of their lyrics.
This research is essential to be conducted so that the different pronunciation
between English and Korean consonants can be described. Due to the fact that many
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listeners and fans of Korean singers are not the natives of English, this present
research helps them from making mistake in pronouncing the English consonants.
It is because from this research, they will understand the problem occurring in
English consonants’ pronunciation by Korean singers. Thus, they will not make the
same mistakes done by those singers in pronouncing some English consonants.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the background mentioned above, the problems of this present
study are formulated as follows,
1. What English consonants are changed in English songs by Korean singers?
2. What phonological patterns are found in the consonant changes?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the above problems, there are two objectives in this
study. The first objective of this study is to find the English consonants that undergo
changes in English songs sung by Korean singers. From the result of the first
objective, the substitutions for the consonants that are changed every time it is
uttered by Korean singers can also be seen. The second objective is to identify the
patterns of consonant changes found in the songs. From this second objective, the
writer tries to show in what environment those consonants change. The differences
of the Korean and English consonants found in those English songs will be analyzed
further in order to find out how those differences give effects to the Korean singers’
pronunciation of English consonants in their songs. In addition, from the second
objective, the reasons of consonant changes can also be found through the analysis.
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D. Definition of Terms
To guide the progress of the study, there are some terms that are used in this
present study. Those terms are defined as follows.
Because this study talks about the consonant changes, the most important
thing to be understood is the term consonant itself. “Consonants are speech sounds
produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract as the air from the lungs
is pushed through the glottis out of the mouth” (Fromkin, 1991: 214). The term
consonant refers to types of sounds, not to the letters that represent them (Fromkin,
Rodman, and Hyams, 2003: 235).
In Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms, song is “a short lyric verse
accompanied by music. Usually, the lyric is simple, direct, and conventional so as
not to compete with the music” (Myers and Simms, 1989: 286). From that
definition, we can say that song is a simple, short, direct, and conventional lyrics
verse that is meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a musical instrument.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Many studies have discussed the differences between English and Korean
phonology. Those kinds of studies are related to this present research since it deals
with consonant change. In this review of related studies, there are two studies which
are relevant to the present study. The first is the study conducted by Soo Rim (2010)
and the second is the study that is conducted by Cho and Park (2006).
Soo Rim, in a journal published in 2010, tries to investigate the effect of the
native language, Korean Phonology, on English. It finds out that there are three
different sound patterns, which have different phonological conditions in English
and Korean, namely aspiration, nasalization, and palatalization. Besides providing
the differences between English and Korean consonants, this study also provides
some information about phonological rules that exist in Korean and this kind of
information is very beneficial for the writer in conducting this present study. Even
though both Soo Rim’s observation and this present study talk about English and
Korean phonology, especially the phonological rule that happen to the consonants,
this present study uses songs as the object of the observation. Meanwhile, Hong’s
observation uses audio recording of people that speak some simple sentences.
The next study is conducted by Cho and Park. In their journal published in
2006, Cho and Park try to provide a thorough comparative analysis of Korean-
English phonological structures and processes. This study concludes that with
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proper knowledge on the contrastive analysis of Korean-English phonological
structures and processes, Korean students will acquire better speech delivery and
interpretation quality into English. From this study, there are some information that
is very beneficial in conducting this present study, such as the differences and
similarities between English and Korean phonemic along with the errors that may
be done by the Koreans when speaking English. Cho and Park’s research is different
from this present study because in this present study, the writer only focuses on
consonants. The object of the research is also different because Cho and Park did
not use songs as their object.
The studies above are relevant to the present research because both of them
include the findings about the differences between English and Korean phonology
and phonetics. Moreover, the studies that are reviewed above have the same
methodology as this present study, which is phonological approach. Those findings
are very beneficial for the writer in conducting the present study because it presents
the differences between English and Korean consonants and phonological
differences. However, this present study is different from the above because none
of the above uses songs as the data.
The third study is from Wisung’s undergraduate thesis that was published
in 2016. In this study, she analyzes the vowel changes that happened in the
pronunciation of a Colombian character named Gloria from “Modern Family” TV
series. The writer used a sample study in conducting this study by analyzing the
sample of English words that are mispronounced by Gloria in “Modern Family”
Season 1 Episode 1-10. Wisung finds that the vowel changes in Gloria’s utterance
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happened in certain environment or pattern. The pattern occurs because of the
availability of Spanish and English vowel.
Wisung’s undergraduate thesis can be related to this present study because
the two talk about sound change and use a sample study in conducting the studies.
Moreover, these two studies also try to find out the patterns of the sounds that are
changed. However, there are also some differences between Wisung’s study and
this present study. Wisung’s thesis uses the speech of a character in a TV series,
while this present study uses song lyrics as its data. Then, the language that is
compared to English in both studies is also different. Wisung’s study compares
English to Spanish, while this present study compares English with Korean.
B. Review of Related Theories
Before going further to the analysis, in this part, the writer discusses some
theories from some linguists in order to analyze and find out the answers for the
problem formulations. In conducting this study, the writer needs some theories
which are appropriate with the topic discussed. Because this study focuses on the
changes that happen to consonants, the first things that should be understood are
the consonants existing in English and Korean. This knowledge will be found from
the theory of Phonetics and Phonology. Then, the theory of Phonology is also
important to be discussed in this part.
1. Theory of Language in Songs
The writer has mentioned before in the definition of terms that song is a
simple, short, and direct lyrics verse that is meant to be sung to the accompaniment
of a musical instrument (Myers and Simms, 1989: 286). From that definition, it can
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
be concluded that the language in song is generally simpler and shorter than the
language that we usually use in our daily conversation. Furthermore, according to
Shen, song is a combination of music and language. The nature of language in songs
is fairly repetitive and consistent. The lyrics in songs are characterized by the use
of rhythms, conversational speech and poetic expressions (2009). In her article, she
also mentions that “the most common phonological phenomena that occur nearly
in every English song are liaison, loss of explosion, assimilation, voicing, deletion,
insertion and so on” (Shen, 2009).
2. Phonetics and Phonology
The branch of linguistics that studies speech sound is called Phonetics. It
provides objective ways of describing and analyzing the range of sounds humans
use in their language (McMahon, 2002:1). In other words, Phonetics is concerned
with describing the speech sounds that are produced by humans, including how they
are produced and their characteristics.
Another study which is appropriate for this present study is Phonology.
Even though both Phonetics and Phonology are the studies of spoken language,
Phonology is the further study of the spoken language. Phonology is the study of
sound patterns. “It can be the different patterns of sounds in different languages, or
different patterns of sounds in different positions in words” (Fromkin et al., 2003:
273). Phonology is concerned with how sounds function in relation to each other
in a language.
In other words, phonetics is about sounds of language, while phonology is
about sound systems of language. Phonetics is a descriptive tool which is necessary
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to the study of the phonological aspects of a language. Moreover, Vikner (1986)
states that the study of phonology gives us insight into how the human mind works.
The study of the phonetics of a foreign language gives us a much better ability both
to hear and to correct mistakes that we make, and also to teach pronunciation of the
foreign language (in this case English) to others. As phonetics and phonology both
deal with sounds, and as English spelling and English pronunciation are two very
different things, it is important to remember and understand that they are not
analyzing the letters, but sounds.
3. English Consonants
English consonants have 24 sounds which are divided into two types. They
are places of articulation and manner of articulation (Fromkin et al., 2003: 242).
a. Places of Articulation
Place of articulation is where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs.
Movement of the tongue and lips cause the restriction, reshaping the oral cavity in
various ways to produce various consonants. According to McMahon, places of
articulation consist of eight classifications (2002:31-33).
1) Bilabial
Bilabial consonants are articulated by bringing both lips together. The
bottom lip is the active articulator, and the passive articulator is the upper lip.
Consonants included in Bilabials are [p], [b], and [m] as in peel, bone, and mouse.
Other than those sounds, there is one further English phoneme under this heading
which is the approximant /w/. This additional articulation takes place at the velum,
so [w] is a labial-velar sound.
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2) Labiodental
Labiodental consonants are articulated by touching the bottom lip to the
upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are [f] as in fine, and [v] as in vine.
3) Dental
Dental sounds are articulated by inserting the tip of the tongue between the
upper and lower teeth. [ð] as in this and [θ] as in thin are interdental sounds.
4) Alveolar
Alveolar sounds are articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the
bony tooth bridge called alveolar ridge. [t] as in top, [d] as in die, [n] as in nose, [s]
squeeze, [z] as in zoo, [l] as in lick, and [r] as in row are alveolar.
5) Palato-alveolar
Palato-alveolar or postalveolar sounds are produced with the blade of the
tongue as the active articulator, and the alveolar ridge and the hard palate as the
passive one. They include sounds [ʃ] as in she, [ʤ] as in judge, [ʧ] as in match, and
[ʒ] as in garage.
6) Palatal
To produce this sound, the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate
just behind the alveolar ridge. Palatal sound is the approximant /j/ as in yacht.
7) Velar
Velars are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or
velum. The back of the tongue is the active articulator, while the passive articulator
is the velum. Velars consist of [k] as in cat, [g] as in get, and [ŋ] as in sing.
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8) Glottal
English has two glottal sounds. The first is the voiceless glottal fricative [h].
In pronouncing [h], there is no airflow restriction. It’s from the flow of air through
the open glottis. The tongue and lips are usually in the position for the production
of the following vowel. The second is Glottal stop [ʔ] which is produced if the air
is stopped completely in the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords.
b. Manner of Articulation
It’s used to distinguish the sounds by the flow of the airstream that may be
blocked or partially blocked; the vocal cord may vibrate or not vibrate (Fromkin et
al., 2003: 244).
1) Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal chords are vibrating. Voiced
sounds are [b, d, g, z, ð, v, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j]. Meanwhile, voiceless sounds are
produced when the vocal cords are not vibrating when we produce the sounds.
Voiceless sounds are [p, t, k, s, f, θ, ʃ, ʧ, h, ʔ].
2) Nasal and oral sounds
Most sounds in all language are oral sounds including vowels except nasal
sounds. Nasal sounds are [m], [n], and [ŋ].
3) Stops and Continuant
Sounds that are stopped completely in the oral cavity for a brief time are
called Stops, while sounds in which there is no stoppage in the vocal tract are called
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Continuants. Stop sounds are [p, b, m, t, d, n, k, g, ŋ, ʧ, ʤ]. The continuant
consonants are fricatives, affricates, liquid, and glide.
4) Fricatives
Fricatives are sounds made with a small opening, allowing the air to escape
with some friction. In English, the fricatives are [f, v, s, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ]. When a fricative
is produced, the lower articulator is close to the upper articulator, but not so close
that the air cannot escape, creating frication. Therefore, the essential component of
a fricative is obstructed air-flow with frication.
5) Affricates
Affricates are sequences of stop and fricatives. Fricatives are [ʧ, ʤ] as in
the initial of the word child and joke. In producing affricates, firstly, the tip of the
tongue is at the rear of the alveolar ridge. Then, the tongue pulls away slightly from
the roof of the mouth to form a fricative.
6) Liquid
Liquids are consonant sounds in which the tongue produces a partial closure
in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel like consonant such as a lateral liquid
[l] and retroflex liquid [r]. [r] is also approximant.
7) Glide
Glides are also known as a semivowel. It consists of approximant [w, j] as
in the words yes and west.
The table below gives the summary of consonants that exist in English based
on the place and manner of articulation.
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Table 2.1 English Consonants Place and Manner of Articulation
(Adopted from O’Grady and Archibald, 2004)
Place of Articulation
Bil
ab
ial
La
bio
den
tal
Den
tal
Alv
eola
r
Pa
lato
-
alv
eola
r
Pa
lata
l
Vel
ar
Glo
tta
l
Ma
nn
er o
f A
rtic
ula
tio
n
Sto
p Voiced b
d
g
Voiceless p
t
k ʔ
Fri
cati
ve Voiced
v ð z ʒ
Voiceless
f θ s ʃ
h
Aff
rica
te
Voiced
ʤ
Voiceless tʃ
Na
sal
Voiced m
n ŋ
Gli
de Voiced w
j
Liq
uid
Retroflex
r
Lateral
l
4. Korean Consonants
Based on the book by Song (2006:26), Korean phonetic system has only 19
consonants, they are /p, p′, pʰ, t, t′, tʰ, m, n, ŋ, tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ, k, k′, kʰ, s, sʰ, l, h/.
One character of Korean consonants is that there are three distinctive voiceless
sounds in the stops and affricates. They are lax/lenis (weak/basic) sounds /p, t, k/,
fortis (tense) sounds /p′, t′, k′/, and aspirated sounds /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/.
In the Korean alphabet, tense sounds are represented as double lenis sounds
/pp, tt, kk/. “These tensed stops in Korean are never voiced, but are always
voiceless” (Song, 2006:27). When producing the tensed stops /p′, t′, k′/ in Korean,
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the airstream is blocked not only at the place of articulation, but also at the vocal
cords. Thus, in Korean, “the tensed stops are produced by bringing the lips together
and by closing off the vocal cords at the same time” (Song, 2006:28).
The aspirated voiceless stop consonants [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] can be found both in
English and Korean. However, they are different. In Korean, those aspirated
voiceless consonants exist as phonemes while in English they exist only as the
allophones of the voiceless stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/.
a. Place of Articulation
Korean place of articulation is divided into five categories. They are
Bilabial, Dental, Palatal, Velar, and Glottal.
1) Bilabials
Bilabials are produced by bringing both lips together. Bilabial consonants
are /p, p′, pʰ, m/, for example: bul [pul] (fire), ppul [p’ul] (horn), and pul [pʰul]
(grass). The sound [b] is the allophone of lenis /p/.
2) Alveolar
Alveolar sounds are produced by putting the tip of the tongue to the alveolar
ridge. Alveolar sounds consist of /t, t′, tʰ, s (fortis), sʰ, n, and l/. The examples of
the words are dal [tal] (moon), ttal [t′al] (daughter), tal [tʰal] (mask), sal [sal]
(flesh), ssal [ssal] (uncooked grains of rice), nal [nal] (day), and baram [paɾam]
(wind). /l/ is an alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels or between a vowel and an /h/. It
is [l] at the end of a word, before a consonant other than /h/, or next to another /l/.
Sound [d] is the allophone of lenis /t/.
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3) Palatals
Palatals include sounds produced by raising the front part of the tongue to
the hard palate. Palatal consonants are /tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ/ as in “jada” [tɕada] (to sleep),
jjada [tɕ′ada] (to squeeze), and chada [tɕʰada] (to kick). Sound [dʒ] is the allophone
of lax /tɕ/.
4) Velars
Velars are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate of
velum. Velar consonants are /k, k′, kʰ, ŋ/ as in the words kogi [kogi] (meat), kkoma
[k′oma], kal [kʰal] (knife), and bang [paŋ]. The sound [g] is the allophone of /k/.
5) Glottals
Glottals are sounds produced by involving the vocal cords in the larynx,
with no modification of the airstream in the mouth. Glottal sound is /h/ as in hada
[hada] (to do).
b. Manner of Articulation
According to Cho (2016:237), Korean manner of articulation is divided into
five classes.
1) Stops
Stops are produced by completely blocking the airstream in the mouth.
Korean stop consonants are /p, p′, pʰ, t, t′, tʰ, k, k′, kʰ/.
2) Fricatives
Fricatives are produced by obstructing but not completely blocking the
airstream inside the mouth. Fricative consonants are /s, sʰ, and h/.
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3) Affricates: the consonants / tɕ, tɕ′, tɕʰ /.
4) Nasals
Nasals are produced by letting the air pass out through the nasal cavity, not
through the mouth. Nasal consonants are /m, n, ŋ/.
5) Approximants
Approximant consonant is /l/. The sound /l/ is usually in complementary
distribution with [ɾ].
The consonants that exist in Korean language have been elaborated above,
and it can be seen that there are some English consonants which are not found in
Korean phonemic consonants. Consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, and /ʤ/ are not found
phonemically in Korean, but these consonants are found as allophones. However,
there are also some consonants that cannot be found either as phonemes or
allophones. Those are the fricative sounds /f, v, z, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ/. Then, in order to make
it easier to understand, a table that summarizes Korean consonants has been
provided below.
Table 2.2 Korean Phonemic Consonants (Adopted from Cho and
Park, 2006)
Bil
ab
ial
La
bio
den
tal
Den
tal
Alv
eola
r
Pa
lato
-
alv
eola
r
Pa
lata
l
Vel
ar
Glo
tta
l
Sto
p
lax p
t
k
tense p′ t′ k′
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fri
ca
tiv
e
lax s
h aspirated sʰ
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Aff
rica
te lax
tɕ
tense tɕ′
aspirated tɕʰ
Na
sal
m
n
ŋ
Ap
pro
xim
an
t
j
Fla
p
ɾ
5. Phonological Processes
According to Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982), phonology is a
dynamic system in which the units change as they come into contact with other
units in the system. That kind of change is called as phonological process which
can apply in every language in the world. Here are some phonological processes
that often occur in language according to Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982)
and Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003).
a. Assimilation
Assimilation is a change in a given sound made under the influence of other
sounds nearby. In other words, Assimilation is the rule that makes two segments
which are near to each other become more similar. The example is the rule where
the voiced /z/ of the English plural suffix is changed to [s] after a voiceless sound
which happens to the word pets. It is supposed to be pronounced [pɛts] instead of
[pɛtz]. This rule can be changed into a notation as follows.
C - voiced / C ____
[+voiced] [- voiced]
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b. Dissimilation
Besides Assimilation, language has another feature-changing rule that is
called Dissimilation process. It is a rule in which a sound or a segment becomes
less similar to other segments (Fromkin et al., 2003). For example, the word fifth is
pronounced as [fift] instead of [fifθ]. In this case, the fricative /θ/ becomes
dissimilar to the fricative that occurs before it by becoming a stop. The notation for
this rule is shown as follows.
C + alveolar / C _______
- fricative
- voiced - voiced
+dental + labiodental
+fricative + fricative
c. Epenthesis
The process of inserting a sound segment (a consonant or a vowel) into a
form is called Epenthesis (Fromkin et al., 2003). It includes the rules for forming
regular plurals, possessive forms, and third-person singular verb agreement in
English. The schwa insertion part of the rule of English plural formation is one of
the example of epenthesis, such as in kisses which is pronounced as [kɪsǝz].
Another examples of epenthesis can be seen from the word film [fɪlǝm] and in the
word grow [grǝʊ] being realized as [gǝrǝʊ].
d. Deletion
According to Wolfram and Johnson (1982), another phonological rule that
affects the entire segments is called Deletion. It is a rule that delete the entire
segments. The example of segment deletion rule is when we often delete the
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unstressed vowels in the words such as memory [memǝri:] and mystery [mɪstǝrɪ],
or the loss of the initial /p/ in pneumonia.
6. Korean Phonological Processes
As mentioned by Walt Wolfram and Robert Johnson (1982), phonological
process can apply in every language in the world. However, there are some
phonological processes which are available in Korean but not in English. According
to Richards (1979:5), language transfer is one of the seven factors that influence the
learners’ language use. Thus, these phonological processes only existing in Korean
are important to be discussed here. It is because they are usually transferred by
Korean singers when they sing English songs, and the transfer of those Korean
phonological processes can cause consonant changes made by Korean singers. Here
are some Korean phonological processes or rules which cannot be found in English
according to Cho (2006:241-242) and Lee (1999:238).
a. Korean Palatalization
Korean has a palatalization process where the alveolar obstruent consonants
such as /s/, /t/, and /tʰ/ changes into their allophones [ʃ], [tɕ], and [tɕʰ] whenever
they occur before the vowel /ɪ/. For example, when Korean want to say /sosik/
which means news, they will pronounce it as [soʃik] instead. Another example is
they will pronounce /katʰɪ/, which means together, as [katɕʰɪ]. It is also mentioned
by Cho (2006:242) that, “this palatalization process tends to be transferred over to
English. Thus, Koreans will have a problem with those consonants.”
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b. Korean Lenis Stop Voicing Process
Another Korean phonological rules are lenis stop voicing rules. “According
to this rule, lenis stop and affricate sounds such as /p, t, k, and tɕ/ become voiced
[b], [d], [g], and [ʤ] when occurring between voiced segments” (Lee, 1999:2), most
notably between vowels. For example, Korean people will pronounce /papo/,
means fool, as [pabo].
C. Theoretical Framework
Based on the above reviews of related studies and related theories, to answer
problem number one which is finding the consonants changes that occur when
Korean singers sing English songs, this present study will use the theories of
phonetics which works on the segmental level. Phonetics is used to answer the first
problem formulation because the first problem concerns with investigating
individual sounds that is considered as one segment of speech. This study uses both
English and Korean phonetics.
Then, to answer research problem number two, this present study will use
the theory of phonology. For the second problem, the writer focuses on the theory
of phonological processes in order to find out the patterns of the consonant changes.
Some information and findings from the first related study that have been reviewed
before will also be used in solving this problem.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is the pronunciation of English consonants in
English songs sung by Korean singers. The writer is interested in this topic because
Korean singers often mispronounce some English consonants when they have to
sing English songs. Therefore, in this study, the writer would like to find out what
English consonants that change and how the change happens in Korean singers’
pronunciation. In this study, the linguistic elements that are analyzed are sounds,
specifically, the sounds which are included as consonants in English.
In order to find out the consonants that are changed when the Korean singers
pronounce them, the writer analyzes some English songs, sung by Korean singers,
where some consonant changes can be found. The songs that are used in this study
are “2 Different Things” by Wonder Girls, “Wedding Dress”, “I’ll be There” and
“Make Love” by Bigbang, also “She” and “How Am I Supposed to Live Without
You” by Super Junior. This study also analyzes the English songs sung by a South
Korean pop rock band named CN Blue. The songs that are chosen from CN Blue’s
albums are “Teardrops”, “Every time”, “Feeling”, and “I Don’t Know Why”. Those
songs that are chosen above are all written in English.
The reason for choosing the songs that are written and sung by those singers
is because CN Blue, Wonder Girls, Bigbang, and Super Junior are considered as
Korean boy and girl groups who successfully brought K-Pop into international
recognition, along with TVXQ and Girl’s Generation (m.korea.net). Their fame can
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also be recognized by the albums they have produced and achievements they have
got. Each of them has launched more than 6 albums, holds more than 6 concert
tours that are held in many countries in Asia, America, and Europe, and they also
have received many music awards such as Golden Disk Award, Mnet Asian Music
Award, and Teen Choice Award (www.theculturetrip.com).
B. Approach of the Study
Since this study analyzes changes in sounds and its pronunciation,
phonological approach is applied as its approach. According to Carr (1993),
phonology is the study of systems of sounds. It is also the study of the sound system
of a particular language. This approach is chosen because the purpose of this
research is to find out the phonological patterns in the sound change. Phonological
approach is appropriate to be applied in this study for the reason that phonology is
about the ways in which speech sounds form patterns, so it will give the theories to
help in analyzing the data and giving the conclusion of the change that happens in
English consonants.
In conducting this study, error analysis is also applied. It is used because
error analysis is a tool to examine how the learners obtain the second language
(Richards, 1979:4). Error analysis is applied to identify the deviation form of
consonants that occur in Korean singers’ pronunciation when they sing English
songs. Thus, the reasons why the consonant changes occur in Korean singers’
pronunciation can be found.
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C. Method of the Study
There were some steps that are done in doing this study. They were Data
Collection and Data Analysis. The steps are explained as follows.
1. Data Collection
This research used a purposive sampling technique to collect the data.
According to Maxwell (1997:87), “Purposive sampling is a type of sampling in
which particular settings, persons, or events are deliberately selected for the
important information they can provide that cannot be gotten from the other
choices”. It means that the data used in this study were only the selected data which
were suitable for the purpose of the study.
In this study, the data selected for this study were the English words that
have consonant changes in it. This study did not use all the words presented in CN
Blue, Super Junior, Wonder Girls, and Big Bang’s English songs. The writer did
not use all English songs from the selected singers as the data because the same
patterns of consonant changes could only be found in the songs that had been
mentioned before.
The data for this study were collected by listening to all the words presented
in the songs that had been chosen as the primary data. The songs were downloaded
by the writer from www.youtube.com, and they were played using GOM Player
that the writer had in laptop ASUS X453M. In order to avoid any disturbance while
listening to the songs, the writer used an earphone for Samsung Tab 3.8 to listen to
the pronunciation. The writer listened to the songs one by one. Then, if there was a
part where a consonant change happened, it was repeated in order to make sure that
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the writer did not misheard it. After that, the words and the consonants that changed
were noted down.
2. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the first step that the writer did was collecting the
words where consonant changes could be found. Then, those selected words were
transcribed into phonetic transcriptions using Longman Dictionary of
Contemporary English in order to know the intended pronunciation. The Korean
singers’ pronunciation was also transcribed into phonetic transcriptions. From those
phonetic transcriptions, the writer identified the consonant changes in each song
and categorized them based on the form of consonant changes.
In order to make the data easier to read, a code was given to the data. The
encoding of the data was given based on the singers of the songs. Thus, the code
would begin with K.S. which is the abbreviation of Korean Singer, and then it
would be followed by a number that represents the name of the singer. The code
for the data is elaborated below.
a. K.S.1 would be the code for Wonder Girls
b. K.S.2 would be the code for Super Junior
c. K.S.3 would be the code for Bigbang
d. K.S.4 would be the code for CN Blue
After giving code to each data, the writer compiled all the words that had
been chosen as the data according to the consonant change and its substitution.
Then, all consonants found in the analysis were described by their features in order
to identify the cause of the consonant changes. Furthermore, the phonological
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processes were analyzed in order to find the phonological rule that can explain the
patterns of consonant changes that occur.
In order to make the findings clearer and more understandable, the writer
provided a table that helped to point out the consonant changes that happened and
also the phonological process that was applied. For the first problem formulation,
the table was made for each song that was analyzed. It contained the data code, the
list of consonants that were changed and its substitutions, also the pronunciation of
words where the consonants changes happen. The pronunciation shown in the table
started with the pronunciation from dictionary, then followed by the Korean
singers’ pronunciation. The first table is as follows.
Table 3.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean Singer’s
Pronunciation
For the second problem formulation, there will be provided a table that
consists of data code, the list of words where the consonant changes happen, and
the pronunciation of those words according to the dictionary and based on Korean
singers’ pronunciation. This table will show the data based on each consonant
change. The table will be shown as follows.
Table 3.2 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] in Korean Singers’ English Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciation
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two main parts. The first part of the analysis
answers the first problem formulation. It focuses on the lists of words whose
consonants are changed after pronounced by the Korean singers in their songs that
are chosen as the data. The second part of the analysis elaborates more about the
consonants that are changed and their substitutions. From this elaboration, the
patterns of consonant changes also the phonological processes that happen in the
songs can be drawn. Thus, the second part answers the second problem formulation.
A. Consonant Changes in English Songs by Korean Singers
According to the data that the writer obtained from the selected songs, in
those 10 English songs, there are 29 words whose consonants are pronounced
differently from the pronunciations found in dictionary. Below are the lists of words
with consonant change, which are classified based on the title of the songs.
1. Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears” by Wonder Girls
The song “2 Different Tears” is included in Wonder Girls’ first album which
uses English as the language of the songs. When listening to the song, there are not
many mispronunciations done by the singer. However, some consonant changes
still can be found in some words, and those changes can be heard clearly as the
writer listens to the song. The consonant changes found in this song can be seen in
the table below.
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Table 4.1 Consonant Changes in “2 Different Tears”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.1 [f] → [p] life
left [laɪf]
[left]
[laɪp]
[lept]
K.S.1 [r] → [l] tears [tɪers] [tɪels]
K.S.1 [v] → [b] move [mu:v] [mu:b]
From the table above, the first consonant change that occurs in “2 Different
Tears” is the change of sound [f] into [p] as seen in the words life and left. According
to the dictionary, the word life should be pronounced as [laɪf], and the word left
should be pronounced as [left]. However, Wonder Girls pronounces it as [laɪp] and
/lept/. The consonant [f] is always changed into [p] whenever Wonder Girls
pronounces the word life and left in this song.
The second consonant change happens to consonant [r]. It is changed into
consonant [l] when Wonder Girls pronounces the word tears. In the dictionary, it
should be pronounced as [tɪers], but Wonder Girls pronounced it as [tɪels]. In this
song, the consonant change from [r] into [l] only happens when they pronounce the
word tears. The last change that can be found in the song “2 Different Tears” is the
change of consonant [v] into [b] in the word move. The singer tends to pronounce
the word move as [mu:b] instead of [mu:v] as what is written in the dictionary.
2. Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior
The song entitled “She” is actually not the song written by Super Junior.
They also never produce an album or a single in English. However, they usually
have some English songs to perform at their world tour. One of those songs is the
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song entitled “She” which is originally sung by Elvis Costello, an English musician.
This song also has once performed in a TV program in Korea as a special
performance by Super Junior in 2011. Even though they have ever sung English
songs in many occasions, there are still some consonants that are changed every
time they sing an English song. The consonant changes found in the song “She” by
Super Junior can be seen in the table below.
Table 4.2 Consonant Changes in “She”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.2 [f] → [p] reflected [rɪflektɪd] [rɪplektɪd]
K.S.2 [v] → [b]
of
heaven
survive
souvenir
have
love
[ɒv]
[hevən]
[sərvaɪv]
[suːvənɪr]
[hæv]
[lɅv]
[ɒb]
[hebən]
[sərbaɪ]
[suːbənɪr]
[hæb]
[lɅb]
K.S.2 [ʒ] → [ʤ]
pleasure
treasure
meazure
[pleʒər]
[treʒər]
[meʒər]
[pleʤər]
[treʤər]
[meʤər]
K.S.2 [s] → [ʃ] seem [sim] [ʃim]
K.S.2 [z] → [ʤ] reason [rizən] [riʤən]
K.S.2 [r] → [l] rough
ready [rɅf]
[redi]
[lɅf]
[ledi]
As can be seen in the table above, the changes happen to the consonants [f],
[v], [s], [z], [r], and [ʒ]. The consonant [f] changes into [p] whenever Super Junior
pronounce the word reflected. It has to be pronounced as [rɪflektɪd], but they
pronounce it as [rɪplektɪd]. Then, the changes from consonant [v] into [b] happens
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in the words of, heaven, survive, souvenir, have, and love. This consonant change
can be heard clearly throughout the performance of the song.
The next consonant change is the of consonant [ʒ] to [ʤ]. It is found in the
words pleasure, treasure, and measure. According to the dictionary, those words
should be pronounced as [pleʒər], [treʒər], and [meʒər]. Nevertheless, they tend to
change the consonant [ʒ] into [ʤ] in the pronunciation of those words. Thus, the
pronunciation will become [pleʤər], [treʤər], and [meʤər].
In the song entitled “She”, there is also a change from consonant [s] into [ʃ].
It occurs in the word seem that has to be pronounced as [sim] instead of [ʃim]. The
last consonant changes found in this song are the changes from consonant [z] into
consonant [ʤ] and also the change from [r] into [l]. Consonant change from [z].
into [ʤ] can be seen in the word reason which should be pronounced as [rizən]
instead of [riʤən]. Then, the change from consonant [r] into [l] is found in the word
rough and ready.
3. Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without You” by
Super Junior
Similar to the song entitled “She”, “How Am I Supposed to Live Without
You” is also an English song sung by Super Junior when they have their world tour.
This song is originally sung by an American singer named Michael Bolton. In
singing this song, Super Junior make some consonant changes when they
pronounce some English words. However, there is only one change that occurs to
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the English consonant in this song. The only change happens to consonant /v/, and
the example of the occurrence is shown below.
Table 4.3 Consonant Change in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without
You”
As shown in the table above, consonant [v] is changed into [b] when Super
Junior pronounce the words of, loving, believe, and living. Those words should be
pronounced as [ɒv], [lɅvɪŋ], [bəliv], and [livɪŋ]. However, they pronounce it as [ɒb],
[lɅbɪŋ], [bəlib], and [libɪŋ]. These changes can be found every time they pronounce
those words in the song.
4. Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang
Compared to the other boy/girl groups in Korea, Bigbang is considered to
have better English speaking skill. It can be proven by the number of English songs
they have already produced. They have 16 English songs, and “Wedding Dress” is
one of their most popular English songs. However, there are still some differences
in pronunciation when they pronounce some English words in their songs. The
consonant changes found in this song are listed in the table below.
Table 4.4 Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change
English
Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.3 [v] → [b] of [ɒv] [ɒb]
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English
Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.2 [v] → [b]
of
loving
believe
living
[ɒv]
[lɅvɪŋ]
[bəliv]
[livɪŋ]
[ɒb]
[lɅbɪŋ]
[bəlib]
[libɪŋ]
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K.S.3 [f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]
In the song “Wedding Dress”, consonants that undergo a change are [v] and
[f]. Consonant [v] is changed into [b] every time Bigbang pronounce the word of.
In the dictionary, it should be pronounced as [ɒv] instead of [ɒb]. Thus, there is a
change from consonant [v] to [b]. On the other hand, consonant [f] is changed into
[p]. This consonant change occurs in the pronunciation of the word life. Bigbang
pronounce it as [laɪp] instead of [laɪf].
5. Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang
“I’ll be There” is another English song sung by Bigbang which has
consonant changes in it. The consonant changes found in this song are shown in
the table below.
Table 4.5 Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change
English
Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.3 [v] → [b]
of
believe
have
love
loving
[ɒv]
[bəliv]
[hæv]
[lɅv]
[lɅvɪŋ]
[ɒb]
[bəlib]
[hæb]
[lɅb]
[lɅbɪŋ]
K.S.3 [f] → [p] laugh [læf] [læp]
The table shows that there are also changes from consonant [v] into [b] and
also from consonant [f] into [p]. The number of consonant change [v] into [b] is
bigger than the number of consonant [f] into [p]. Consonant [v] undergoes a change
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into [b] in the words of, believe, have, love, and loving. Meanwhile, consonant
change of [f] into [p] only happens in one word that is life.
6. Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang
Another Bigbang’s most popular English song is the song entitled “Make
Love”. From this song can also be found a consonant change that is shown in the
table below.
Table 4.6 Consonant Changes in “Make Love”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.3 [v] → [b]
love
ever
never
[lɅv]
[evə(r)]
[nevə(r)]
[lɅb]
[ebə(r)]
[nebə(r)]
In “Make Love”, the only consonant change that can be found is from [v] to [b].
This consonant change found in the words love, ever, and never. The word love
should be pronounced as [lɅv], but Bigbang pronounce it as [lɅb]. Thus, consonant
[v] in this word is changed into [b]. The same thing goes to the word ever and never
which are should be pronounced as [evə(r)] and [nevə(r)] instead of [ebə(r)] and
[nevə(r)].
7. Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue
An English song entitled “Teardrops” is included in CN Blue’s album
launched in 2010. This song was first performed by CN Blue during their world
tour. Then, it is also chosen as a soundtrack of a very popular Korean drama entitled
“Heartstring”. Even though CN Blue has often sung this English song, there are still
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some differences in pronouncing the English consonant while singing this song.
The consonant changes found in this song is listed below.
Table 4.7 Consonant Changes in “Teardrops”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.4 [v] → [b] everything [evriθɪŋ] [ebrisɪŋ]
K.S.4 [θ] → [s] everything [evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]
K.S.4 [f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]
K.S.4 [r] → [l] teardrops [tɪrdrɑ:ps] [tɪldrɑ:ps]
From the table above, it can be seen that there are 4 consonant changes
found in the song “Teardrops” by CN Blue. The first is consonant change from [v]
into [b]. It is found when CN Blue pronounce the word everything. According to
the dictionary, it is pronounced as [evriθɪŋ], but in this song, they pronounce it as
[evrisɪŋ]. Therefore, consonant [v] is changed into [b] in their pronunciation. Then,
still from the same word, it also can be seen that consonant [θ] is changed into [s].
The third consonant change is from consonant [f] into [p] as can be seen in
the word if. The singer pronounces this word as [ɪp] instead of [ɪf]. The last
consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounce the word teardrops.
Consonant [r] in [tɪrdrɑ:ps] is changed into [l], so the pronunciation of this word
becomes [tɪldrɑ:ps].
8. Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue
The song entitled “Feeling” is also an English song that is popular by CN
Blue. This song is a pop rock song and the tempo of this song is a bit slow.
Therefore, it is not difficult to find out whether or not there is a consonant change
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in this song. From the analysis, some consonant changes are found in this song, and
those changes are shown in the table below.
Table 4.8 Consonant Changes in “Feeling”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.4 [r] → [l]
teardrop
tiers
tear
[tɪrdrɑ:p]
[tɪers]
[tɪer]
[tɪldrɑ:p]
[tɪels]
[tɪel]
K.S.4 [v] → [b] every
everything
[evrɪ]
[evrɪθɪŋ]
[ebrɪ]
[ebrɪsɪŋ]
K.S.4 [θ] → [s] everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]
Based on the data in the table above, it can be seen that the consonant
changes found in this song are almost the same with the changes in the previous
song. The first is the change happening to consonant [r] which is changed into [l].
This consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounce the words teardrop,
tears, and tear. In the dictionary, those words are pronounced as [tɪrdrɑ:p], [tɪers],
and [tɪer]. However, when CN Blue pronounce those words, the pronunciation
becomes [tɪldrɑ:p], [tɪels], and [tɪel]. It shows that there is consonant [r] which is
changed into [l].
The second change is the change from consonant [v] into [b] which can be
seen in the word every and everything. Those words in the dictionary are
pronounced as [evrɪ] and [evrɪθɪŋ]. However, those words are pronounced as [ebrɪ]
and [ebrɪsɪŋ] by CN Blue. The last change is also found in the pronunciation of the
word everything. The consonant [θ] in [evrɪθɪŋ] is changed into [s], so it becomes
pronounced as [ebrɪsɪŋ].
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9. Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue
In this English song sung by CN Blue, there is only a few differences found
in the pronunciation of some consonants. The consonant changes found in this song
are shown in the table below.
Table 4.9 Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.4 [θ] → [s] anything
think
[eniθɪŋ]
[θɪŋk]
[enisɪŋ]
[sɪŋk]
K.S.4 [r] → [l] hear
care
[hɪr]
[ker]
[hɪl]
[kel]
K.S.4 [f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]
The table above shows that there are 3 consonant changes in the song “I
Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue. The first is the change of consonant [θ] into [s].
This consonant change is found when CN Blue pronounces the word anything and
think. The word anything should be pronounced as [eniθɪŋ] instead of [enisɪŋ], and
the word think is pronounced by the singer as [sɪŋk] instead of [θɪŋk].
The second consonant that undergoes a change is consonant [r] which is
changed into [l] when the singer pronounces the word hear and care. Lastly, the
consonant [f] in the pronunciation of the word life is changed into [p]. Thus, life is
pronounced by the singer as [laɪp] instead of [laɪf].
10. Consonant Change in “Every Time” by CN Blue
The third CN Blue’s song chosen as the data to be analyzed is an English
song entitled “Every Time”. In this song, there is only a little difference in
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pronouncing the English consonant. As a result, there are only 2 consonant changes
found in this song, and it will be shown in the table below.
Table 4.10 Consonant Changes in “Every Time”
Data
Code
Consonant
Change
English
Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean
Singer’s
Pronunciation
K.S.4 [v] → [b] love [lɅv] [lɅb]
K.S.4 [f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]
The table shows that consonant [v] is changed into [b]. This change happens
when the singer pronounces the word love as [lɅb] instead of [lɅv]. The other change
happens to consonant [f] which is changed into [p]. This consonant change found
when CN Blue pronounce the word if as [ɪp] instead of [ɪf].
B. Phonological Patterns of the Consonant Changes
In the previous section, it has been listed and analyzed the words which their
consonants are changed after being pronounced by Korean singers. Next, the
patterns of the consonant changes will be discussed in this section. In order to
identify the patterns of the consonant changes, it will also be provided the features
of the consonants. Then, the pattern of phonological processes that usually happen
in the consonant changes done in Korean singers’ pronunciation will also be drawn.
The analysis is done below based on the consonant change.
1. Substitution of [p] for [f]
From the previous discussion, it is found that there is a change from
consonant [f] into [p], and the substitution of [f] is always the consonant [p]. Below
are the features of consonant [f].
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[f]
+ labiodental
+ fricative
- voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [p] are as listed below.
[p]
+ bilabial
+ stops - voiced
Based on the features of each sound, consonant [f] and [p] are different in
the place of articulation where [f] is [+labiodental] because it is “produced by
touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth” (McMahon, 2002:31) and [p] is
[+bilabial] because it is “produced by bringing both upper and lower lips together”
(McMahon, 2002:31). Based on the flow of the airstream, the origin consonant is
[+fricative], while the after consonant is [+stops], and based on the vibration of the
vocal cord, both the origin consonant and the after are [-voiced].
The explanation above shows that Korean singers usually change the
fricatives consonant [f] into stops consonant [p] in their pronunciation of English
words. This change is caused by the absence of phoneme /f/ in Korean phonemic
consonants, so it is replaced by nearby stops consonant /p/ (Cho, 2006:238). The
occurrence of this consonant change in English songs sung by Korean singers is
listed in the table below.
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Table 4.11 Consonant Changes [f] → [p] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
From the table above, sounds [f] and [p] are preceded by diphthong /aɪ/, vowels
/e/, /ɪ/, and /æ/. Those consonants are in the natural class of [- consonantal].
Therefore, it can be concluded that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, the consonant
[f] will be changed into [p] when it is preceded by vowels. The notation for this rule
is shown as below.
[f] → [p] / [- consonantal] ____
2. Substitution of [b] for [v]
The second consonant change that usually occurs in Korean singers’
pronunciation of English words is the change from consonant [v] into consonant
[b]. Below are the features of consonant [v].
[v]
+ labiodental
+ fricative
+ voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [b] are shown below.
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciations
K.S.1 life [laɪf] → [laɪp]
left [left] → [lept]
K.S.2 reflected [rɪflektɪd] → [rɪplektɪd]
K.S.3 life [laɪf] → [laɪp]
laugh [læf] → [læp]
K.S.4 if [ɪf] → [ɪp]
life [laɪf] → [laɪp]
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[b]
+ bilabial
+ stops
+ voiced
Based on the features of each sound, in the place of articulation, consonant
[v] and [b] are different because [v] is [+labiodental] for it is produced by bringing
the bottom lip to the upper teeth and [b] is [+bilabial] for it is produced by bringing
both lips together (McMahon, 2002:31). Based on the flow of the airstream, the
origin consonant is [+fricative], while the after consonant is [+stops]. Then, based
on the vibration of the vocal cord, both the origin consonant and the after are
[+voiced].
The explanation above shows that Korean singers usually change the
fricatives consonant [v] into stops consonant [b] in the pronunciation of English
words. This change is a result of the absence of fricative [v] in Korean consonant,
as can be seen in table 2.2. Then, it is replaced by nearby stops [b]. “According to
the lenis stop voicing rule in Korean’s phonological rule, even though consonant
[b] cannot be found as a phoneme, it actually exists in Korean as allophones” (Cho,
2006). Thus, it is easier for Korean singers to pronounce [b] instead of [v]. The
occurrence of this second consonant change is listed in the tables as follows.
Table 4.12 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] in Korean Singers’ English Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciations
K.S.1 move [mu:v] → [mu:b]
K.S.2 of [ɒv] → [ɒb]
believe [bəliv] → [bəlib]
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have [hæv] → [hæb]
love [lɅv] → [lɅb]
K.S.3
of [ɒv] → [ɒb]
believe [bəliv] → [bəlib]
have [hæv] → [hæb]
love [lɅv] → [lɅb]
K.S.4
every [evrɪ] → [ebrɪ]
everything [evrɪθɪŋ] → [ebrɪsɪŋ]
love [lɅv] → [lɅb]
From the table above, it is shown that that consonants [v] and [b] are
preceded by vowels /u:/, /ɒ/, /i/, /e/, /æ/, and /Ʌ/. Those are in the natural class [-
consonantal]. Hence, for the first pattern, in Korean singers’ pronunciation,
consonant [v] will change into [b] when it is preceded, followed, or placed between
by [- consonantal]. If this rule is written in the form of a notation, it will be shown
as below.
[v] → [b] / [- consonantal] ____
The next table below shows the second environment where consonant
change [v] into [b] happens in Korean Singers’ pronunciation.
Table 4.12 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] in Korean Singers’ English Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciations
K.S.2 survive [sərvaɪv] → [sərbaɪ]
The table shows that that consonants [v] and [b] are followed by the diphthong /aɪ/
which is in the natural class [- consonantal]. Therefore, for the first pattern, in
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Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [v] will change into [b] when it is
followed by [- consonantal]. In the notation, it will be shown as below.
[v] → [b] / ____ [- consonantal]
The third table below shows the last environment of consonant change from
the sound [v] into [b] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
Table 4.12 Consonant Changes [v] → [b] in Korean Singers’ English Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciations
K.S.2
heaven [hevən] → [hebən]
loving [lɅvɪŋ] → /lɅbɪŋ]
living [livɪŋ] → /libɪŋ]
souvenir [suːvənɪər] → /suːbənɪər]
K.S.3
ever [evə(r)] → /ebə(r)]
never [nevə(r)] → /nebə(r)]
loving [lɅvɪŋ] → /lɅbɪŋ]
The table shows that consonants [v] and [b] placed between the vowels /u:/,
/ɪ/, /i/, /ə/, /e/, and /Ʌ/. Those vowels are also in the natural class [- consonantal].
Thus, in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [v] will also be changed into [b]
when it placed between by [- consonantal]. If this rule is written in the form of a
notation, it will be shown as below.
[v] → [b] / [- consonantal] ____ [- consonantal]
3. Substitution of [ʤ] for [ʒ]
The next consonant that is often replaced by another consonant when it is
pronounced by Korean singer is consonant [ʒ]. This consonant is usually replaced
by consonant [ʤ]. Below are the features of consonant [ʒ].
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[ʒ]
+ palato-alveolar
+ fricative
+ voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʤ] are listed below.
[ʤ] + palato-alveolar
- fricative
+ voiced
From the features listed above, it can be seen that consonant [ʒ] and [ʤ] are
both included as [+ palato-alveolar] in the place of articulation as seen in table 2.1.
Both consonants also share the same feature based on the vibration of the vocal
cord where both are [+ voiced]. Based on the flow of the airstream, consonant [ʒ]
is [+fricative], while the after consonant is [- fricative]. From the features of each
consonant above, it explains that Korean singers tend to change the fricative
consonant [ʒ] into affricates consonant [ʤ] when they sing their English songs. This
change occurs since fricative [ʒ] does not exist in Korean phonemic consonants and
it is replaced by affricate [ʤ], which exists as the allophone of consonant /ʧ/ as the
result of Korean’s lenis stop voicing rules. The occurrence of this consonant change
is listed as follows.
Table 4.13 Consonant Changes [ʒ] → [ʤ] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciations
K.S.2
pleasure [pleʒər] → [pleʤər]
treasure [treʒər] → [treʤər]
measure [meʒər] → [meʤər]
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The table above shows that phoneme [ʒ] and [ʤ] are preceded by vowel /e/
and followed by vowel /ə/. The preceding vowel is specified as [+ front], [+ mid],
and [+ tense] in natural classes. Meanwhile, the following vowel is in the natural
classes of [+ central], [+ mid], and [+ reduced]. By looking at the class of those
vowels, it can be concluded that consonant [ʒ] will change into [ʤ] when it is
between [+ front] [+ mid] [+ tense] vowel and [+ central] [+ mid] [+ reduced]
vowel. In the form of the rule, it will be written as below.
[ʒ] → [ʤ] / ___
4. Substitution of [ʤ] for [z]
The fourth consonant that undergoes a change based on the analysis is
consonant [z]. Similar to the sound [ʒ], consonant [z] is also changed into consonant
[ʤ]. Below are the features of consonants [z].
[z]
+ alveolar
+ fricatives
+ voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʤ] are listed below.
[ʤ] + palatal - fricatives
+ voiced
+ central
+ reduced
+ front
+ mid
+ tense
- consonantal
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As it is shown in the data above, the two consonants [z] and [ʤ] have
different quality in the place of articulation where [z] is [+ alveolar] since this sound
is “produced by raising the tip of tongue to the alveolar ridge” (McMahon,
2002:32), while [ʤ] is [+ palato-alveolar]. In the vibration of the vocal cord, both
are [+ voiced]. On the other hand, they are different in the flow of the airstream
where [z] has the quality of [+ fricatives], while [ʤ] has the quality of [- fricatives].
The occurrence of this consonant change is listed in the table below.
Table 4.14 Consonant Changes [z] → [ʤ] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data Code Word The Change in Pronunciation
K.S.2 reason [rizən] → [riʤən]
From the table above, it is shown that there is only one example in which
consonant change happens in English songs sung by Korean singer. As seen in the
table, consonant [z] and [ʤ] are preceded by vowel /i/ and followed by vowel /ə/.
The preceding vowel is included in the natural class of [+ front], [+ high], and [+
tense]. Meanwhile, the following vowel is included in [+ central] [+ mid] [+
reduced]. After looking at the class of those vowels, it can be concluded that
consonant [z] is changed into [ʤ] when it comes after a [+ front] [+ high] [+ tense]
vowel and before [+ central] [+ mid] [+ reduced] vowel. When the pattern in drawn
in a notation, it will be written as below.
[z] → [ʤ] / ____
+ front
+ high
+ tense
- consonantal
+ central
+ mid
+ reduced
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5. Substitution of [s] for [θ]
The fifth consonant that undergoes a change in English songs sung by
Korean singers is consonant [θ]. This consonant is usually replaced by [s]. The
features of sound [θ] are listed below.
[θ]
+ interdental
+ fricative
- voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [s] are shown below.
[s]
+ alveolar
+ fricative
- voiced
As it is shown in the data above, those consonants have both similarity and
difference in their features. They are different in the place of articulation where [θ]
is [+ interdental] and [s] is [+ alveolar]. The sound [θ] is “produced by inserting the
tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, while sound [s] is produced by
raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge” (McMahon, 2002:32).
When it comes to the flow of the airstream, the origin and the after consonant share
the same feature which is [+fricative]. Then, based on the vibration of the vocal
cord, both consonants are included in [- voiced]. Those features tell that Korean
singers usually replace the fricatives [θ] with fricatives [s] in their pronunciation.
Based on table 2.2, it is known that sound [θ] is absent in Korean phoneme
while sound [s] is present there. Thus, Korean singers tend to replace [θ] with [s]
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because it is easier for them to pronounce a consonant that is present as a phoneme
than the one which is not present there either as a phoneme or an allophone. The
occurrence of this consonant change is shown in the table below.
Table 4.15 Consonant Changes [θ] → [s] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciation
K.S.4
everything [evriθɪŋ] → [evrisɪŋ]
anything [eniθɪŋ] → [enisɪŋ]
think [θɪŋk] → [sɪŋk]
In this part, the pattern of the consonant change is very obvious. It is shown
that consonant [θ] and [s] are followed by vowel /ɪ/. This vowel has the quality of
[+ front], [+ high], and [- tense]. As conclusion, in Korean singers’ pronunciation,
the consonant [θ] will be replaced by [s] when it comes before [+ front], [+ high],
[- tense] vowel. The rule of this consonant change is drawn as below.
[θ] → [s] / ____
6. Substitution of [l] for [r]
The next is the change from consonant [l] to consonant [r]. It is found that
consonant [r] is often changed or replaced by consonant [l]. In order to make the
notation is easier to be drawn, the features of consonant [r] are listed below.
+ front
+ high
- tense
- consonantal
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[r]
+ alveolar
+ approximant
- lateral
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [l] are shown as below.
[l]
+ alveolar
+ approximant
+ lateral
It can be seen from the table above that the features of sounds [l] and [r] are
almost the same. In the place of articulation, the origin consonant [r] and the after
consonant [l] are included as [+ alveolar]. Based on the flow of the airstream, both
of the consonants are [+ approximant]. However, the origin and the after sounds
also have a difference. Consonant [r] is described as [- lateral], while [l] is
considered as [+ lateral]. This change occurs due to the fact that in Korean, “[l] and
[r] are allophones of a single phoneme, with [r] produced between vowels and [l]
everywhere else” (McMahon, 2002:21).
Thus, if Korean singers transfer this Korean phonological rule when they
speak English, it may cause consonant change. In the table below are the
occurrences of this consonant change in English songs sung by Korean singers.
Table 4.16 Consonant Changes [r] → [l] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciation
K.S.2 rough [rɅf] → [lɅf]
ready [redi] → [ledi]
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The first table shows the words in which consonants [l] and [r] are followed
by vowels /Ʌ/ and /e/. Those vowels are in the natural class [- consonantal]. Meaning
to say, in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [r] will change into [l] when it
comes before or after [- consonantal]. In the form of notation, it is drawn as follows.
[r] → [l] / ____ [- consonantal]
The next table below shows the second environment where the consonant
[r] will change into consonant [l] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
Table 4.16 Consonant Changes [r] → [l] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data Code Words The Change in Pronunciation
K.S.4
teardrop [tɪrdrɑ:p] → [tɪldrɑ:p]
hear [hɪr] → [hɪl]
tear [tɪer] → [tɪel]
care [ker] → [kel]
This second table shows that consonants [l] and [r] are preceded by vowels /e/ and
/ɪ/. Those vowels are also in the natural class [- consonantal]. Therefore, in Korean
singers’ pronunciation, consonant [r] will change into [l] when it comes before or
after [- consonantal]. In the form of notation, it can be drawn as follows.
[r] → [l] /[- consonantal] ____
7. Substitution of [ʃ] for [s]
The last consonant change that often occurs when Korean singers sing
English songs is the change from consonant [s] into [ʃ]. The features of consonant
[s] are listed below.
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[s]
+ alveolar
+ fricative
- voiced
Meanwhile, the features of consonant [ʃ] are shown below.
[ʃ]
+ palato-alveolar + fricative
- voiced
Based on the features above, it is found that [s] and [ʃ] have difference in
the place of articulation. Consonant [s] is included as [+ alveolar], while [ʃ] has the
quality of [+ palate-alveolar]. Sound [s] is articulated by raising the tip of tongue to
the alveolar ridge and [ʃ] is articulated by move the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge,
then move to the soft palate. However, they also have similarities. The first is that
both the origin and the after consonant share the same feature on the flow of the
airstream which is [+ fricatives]. The other similarity lies on the vibration of the
vocal cord where [s] and [ʃ] are [- voiced].
It can be concluded that alveolar fricatives [s] is often changed into [ʃ] in
Korean singers’ pronunciation of English words in their songs. This consonant
change happens as the result of Korean palatalization process where the alveolar
obstruent consonant /s/ changes into its allophone [ʃ] whenever they occur before
the vowel /ɪ/ (Cho, 2006:241). The occurrence of this consonant change in English
songs sung by Korean singers is shown in the table below.
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Table 4.17 Consonant Changes [s] → [ʃ] in Korean Singers’ English
Songs
Data
Code Words The Change in Pronunciation
K.S.2 seem [sim] → [ʃim]
It is shown in the table that consonant [s] and [ʃ] are both followed by /i/.
This vowel is included in the natural class [+ high], [+ front], and [+ tense]. Thus,
it can be summarized that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, consonant [s] will be
changed into [ʃ] when it comes before [+ high] [+ front] [+ tense] vowel. In the
form of notation, this consonant change can be written as below.
[s] → [ʃ] / _____
From the elaboration of the data analysis above, there are 3 phonological
patterns found in consonant changes occurring in English songs that sung by
Korean singers. The table below shows the summary of the phonological processes
found in consonant changes in English songs sung by Korean singers.
Table 4.18 Summary of Phonological Patterns Found in The Consonant
Changes
Data Code Consonant Change Phonological Patterns
K.S.2 [s] → [ʃ]
Alveolar obstruent consonant occurring
before /ɪ/ changes into its allophone
(Korean palatalization)
K.S.4 [θ] → [s] Fricative /θ/ is changed into its nearby
fricative existing in Korean phoneme
K.S.1
K.S.2 [r] → [l]
/r/ is changed into /l/ when it does not
occur between vowels
+ front
+ high
+ tense
- consonantal
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K.S.4
K.S.1
K.S.2
K.S.3
K.S.4
[f] → [p]
Fricatives are changed into their nearby
stops or affricates K.S.1
K.S.2
K.S.3
K.S.4
[v] → [b]
K.S.2 [ʒ] → [ʤ]
K.S.2 [z] → [ʤ]
The first phonological pattern is that English fricatives which cannot be
found in Korean will be changed into their nearby stops or affricates as the result
of the absence of those fricative consonants in Korean. The second is that consonant
[r] will be changed into [l] when [r] does not occur between vowels. The last
phonological pattern is the palatalization that exists in Korean where /s/ is changed
into its allophone when it occurs before /ɪ/. Those patterns of consonant changes
occur as the result of Korean singers who tend to transfer the phonological
processes existing in Korean phonology.
From the analysis and discussion conducted in this chapter, it is found that
consonants that usually undergo a change in Korean singers’ pronunciation are
consonants [θ], [s], [f], [v], [z], [ʒ] and [r]. According to McMahon (2002:29),
consonants [θ] [s] [f] [v] [z] and [ʒ] are included as fricatives, while [r] is a liquid.
It can be concluded that Korean singers tend to change the fricatives and a retroflex
liquid when they sing English songs. Thus, they should pay more attention to the
pronunciation of fricative consonants and liquid consonant when they sing English
songs so that they can produce the correct pronunciation as the target pronunciation.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In the previous chapter, it has been discussed about the consonant changes
and their patterns that occur when the selected Korean singers sing their English
songs. From many of their English songs, 10 songs are used for the analysis. Those
songs include the consonant changes that Korean singers usually make when they
sing English songs. Based on the analysis done at the previous chapter, it is found
that there are 7 English consonants that are changed in English songs sung by
Korean singers. Those consonants are /f/, /v/, /ʒ/, /z/, /θ/, /r/, and /s/ which tend to
be replaced by other consonants as the result of the absence of some English
consonants in Korean phonemic consonants and also as the result of some Korean
phonological processes that are applied in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
Firstly, consonants /f/, /v/, /ʒ/, and /z/ are changed in Korean singers’
pronunciation because those fricative consonants are absent in Korean phonemic
consonants. Such fricatives are replaced by the nearby stops or affricates that exist
in Korean as a phoneme or an allophone such as [p] for [f], [b] for [v], [ʤ] for [ʒ],
and [ʤ] for [z]. Those consonant changes have the same process which explains
that in Korean singers’ pronunciation, English fricatives that are absent in Korean
usually will be changed into the nearby stops or affricates. In addition, it is also
found that fricative [θ], which is absent in Korean phonemic consonant, is usually
replaced by the nearby fricative [s] in Korean singers’ pronunciation.
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Secondly, based on the findings, there are also found 2 consonant changes
that occur as the result of some Korean phonological rules that are unconsciously
transferred in Korean singers’ pronunciation. The change from [r] into [l] occurs as
there is a process in Korean that [r] will be changed into [l] whenever it is not
between [- consonantal]. Meanwhile, the change from [s] into [ʃ] happens as the
result of Korean palatalization process.
In conclusion, there are 3 phonological process found in the consonant
changes found in English songs by Korean singers. They are the process of
changing the labiodental fricative consonants, alveolar fricative voiced consonant,
dental fricative voiceless consonant and palato-alveolar fricative voiced consonant
into their nearby stops or affricates, changing sound [r] into [l] when it does not
come between vowels, and the last is palatalization process. However, based on the
findings, it can also be seen that the process of changing English fricatives into
stops or affricates becomes the process that mostly happen in the consonant changes
found in this study. From 41 words, there are 31 words which have a consonant
change by changing some English fricatives into nearby stops or affricates. Thus,
the absence of those fricatives become the major cause of the consonant changes
found in English songs sung by Korean singers.
This recent study will give contribution in phonology analysis which can be
developed more. For the future research, it is possible to conduct the same analysis
with more updated songs since the production on English songs by Korean singers
are always increasing nowadays. It is also possible to conduct the analysis
comparing the consonant changes made by Korean singers from year to year.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cho, Junmo & Hae Kyeong Park. “A Comparative Analysis of Korean-English
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September 14, 2016.
Fromkin, V. D. An Introduction to Language. Sydney: Hartcourt, 1991
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to
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Kim, Harry. Surfing the Korean Wave: How K-pop is taking over the world. The
McGill Tribune. Students’ Society of McGill University. February 2, 2016.
(mcgilltribune.com). December 11, 2016.
Lee, H. K. Korean Phonology for the KAEPS System. n.p. June 25, 1999.
(youngkorean.com). June 5, 2016.
Maxwell, J. “Designing a Qualitative Study” in Handbook of Applied Social
Research Method. Eds. L. Bickman and D. J. Rog. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,
1997.
McMahon, April. An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press Ltd. 2002.
Myers, Jack & Michael Simms. The Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms. New
York: Longman, 1989.
O’Grady, W. & J. Archibald. An Introduction: Contemporary Linguistic Analysis.
Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2004.
Richards, Jack. C. Error Analysis. London: Longman, 1977.
Shen, Chunxuan. “Using English Songs: an Enjoyable and Effective Approach to
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(ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/341/305). November 29, 2016.
Song, Jae Jung. The Korean Language: Structure, use and context. Madison: Taylor
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Soo-Rim, Hong. “Effect of Korean Phonology on English when Koreans learn
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Strevens, Peter. Teaching English os an International Language. Oxford:
Pergamon Press, 1980.
Vikner, S. Phonetics and Phonology. Geneva: University of Geneva, Dept. of
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Wisung, Gratia M.G.S. The Phonological Study of Vowel Change in Colombian
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Consonant Changes in “Two Different Tears” by Wonder Girls
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]
left [left] [lept]
[r] → [l] tears [tɪers] [tɪels]
[v] → [b] move [mu:v] [mu:b]
Appendix 2: Consonant Changes in “She” by Super Junior
Consonant
Change English Words
Target
Pronunciation
Korean Singer’s
Pronunciation
[f] → [p] reflected [rɪflektɪd] [rɪplektɪd]
[v] → [b]
of
heaven
survive
souvenir
have
love
[ɒv]
[hevən]
[sərvaɪv]
[su:vənɪr]
[hæv]
[lɅv]
[ɒb]
[hebən]
[sərbaɪ]
[su:bənɪr]
[hæb]
[lɅb]
[ʒ] → [ʤ]
pleasure
treasure
measure
[pleʒər]
[treʒər]
[meʒər]
[pleʤər]
[treʤər]
[meʤər]
[s] → [ʃ] seem [sim] [ʃim]
[z] → [ʤ] reason [rizən] [riʤən]
[r] → [l] rough
ready
[rɅf]
[redi]
[lɅf]
[ledi]
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Appendix 3: Consonant Changes in “How Am I Supposed to Live Without
You” by Super Junior
Appendix 4: Consonant Changes in “Wedding Dress” by Bigbang
Consonant Change English Words Intended
Pronunciation
Korean
Singers’
Pronunciation
[v] → [b] of [ɒv] [ɒb]
[f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]
Appendix 5: Consonant Changes in “I’ll be There” by Bigbang
Consonant
Change English Words
Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[v] → [b]
of [ɒv] [ɒb]
believe [bəliv] [bəlib]
have [hæv] [hæb]
love [lɅv] [lɅb]
loving [lɅvɪŋ] [lɅbɪŋ]
[f] → [p] laugh [læf] [læp]
Appendix 6: Consonant Changes in “Make Love” by Bigbang
Consonant
Change English Words
Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[v] → [b] love [lɅv] [lɅb]
Consonant
Change English Words Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[v] → [b]
of [ɒv] [ɒb]
loving [lɅvɪŋ] [lɅbɪŋ]
believe [bəliv] [bəlib]
living [livɪŋ] [libɪŋ]
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ever [evə(r)] [ebə(r)]
never [nevə(r)] [nebə(r)]
Appendix 7: Consonant Changes in “Teardrops” by CN Blue
Consonant
Change English Words
Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[v] → [b] everything
[evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]
[θ] → [s] [evriθɪŋ] [evrisɪŋ]
[f] → [p] if [ɪf] [ɪp]
[r] → [l] teardrops [tɪrdrɑ:ps] [tɪldrɑ:ps]
Appendix 8: Consonant Changes in “Feeling” by CN Blue
Consonant
Change English Words
Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[r] → [l]
teardrop [tɪrdrɑ:p] [tɪldrɑ:p]
tears [tɪers] [tɪels]
tear [tɪer] [tɪel]
[v] → [b] every [evrɪ] [ebrɪ]
everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]
[θ] → [s] everything [evrɪθɪŋ] [ebrɪsɪŋ]
Appendix 9: Consonant Changes in “I Don’t Know Why” by CN Blue
Consonant
Change English Words
Intended
Pronunciation
Korean Singers’
Pronunciation
[θ] → [s] anything [eniθɪŋ] [enisɪŋ]
think [θɪŋk] [sɪŋk]
[r] → [l] hear [hɪr] [hɪl]
care [ker] [kel]
[f] → [p] life [laɪf] [laɪp]
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