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-kan

sufiks -kan sebagai telisitas

CHONAN Kazuhide

Abstract

Indonesian verbal suffix -kan has a number of functions. ‘Instrumental’ -kan is

one of them. It should be analyzed as ‘telicity,’ rather than ‘Goal PP

Constructions,’ proposed by Son and Cole (2008). Some of the -kan constructions

including ‘Causative,’ ‘Benefactive,’ and ‘Telicity’ are high applicatives, and others

including ‘Particle,’ and ‘Prepositional’ are low. On the other hand, constructions

with another productive suffix -i including ‘Repetitive,’ and ‘Locative’ are low.

The reason the suffix -kan involves both high and low applicatives is that this

morpheme is inserted as a default one via ‘Elsewhere Principle’.

(accidental homophony)

-kan

(instrumental) -kan

-kan (telicity)

-kan -kan

-kan

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1. -kan

1.1 -kan

-kan

(1) a. Dia memukul anjing dengan tongkat.

he meN-hit dog with stick

‘He hit the dog with a stick.’

b. Dia memukulkan tongkat pada anjing.

he meN-hit-kan stick to dog

‘He hit the dog with a stick.’ (Sneddon 1996: 78)

memukul (1a) (Theme) NP anjing

(Instrument) NP tongkat dengan

(1b) -kan NP tongkat

NP anjing

pada -kan (instrumental)

(Sneddon 1996: 78, 1975: 98-99)

(instrumental applicative)

(2) a. Fisi a-na-dul-a chingwe ndi mpeni.

hyena SP-PAST-cut-ASP rope with knife

‘The hyena cut the rope with a knife.’

b. Fisi a-na-dul-ir-a mpeni chingwe.

hyena SP-PAST-cut-APPL-ASP knife rope

‘The hyena cut the rope with a knife.’ (Chichewa; Baker 1988:

238)

(2) (2a) NP mpeni ‘knife’

(2b) -ir- NP

mpeni (1) (2)

(1)

(1) (2)

1.2

Son and Cole (2008) -kan

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(1b) -kan

(1b) NP tongkat

NP anjing pada

(3) melempar menuang

NP bola ‘ball’ air ‘water’

(3) a. Tika melemparkan bola itu ke dalam keranjang sampah.

Tika meN-throw-kan ball the to in can trash

‘Tika threw the ball into the trash can.’

b. Wim menuangkan air itu ke dalam ember itu.

Wim meN-pour-kan water the to in bucket the

‘Wim poured the water into the bucket.’ (Son and Cole 2008: 133)

(4) menulis

-kan1)

(4) * Dia menuliskan pensil tumpul.

he meN-write-kan pencil dull

‘He wrote with a blunt pencil.’ (Son and Cole 2008: 133)

(1)(3) (2)

(1)(3)

Baker (1988) (2)

-kan (Prepositional Incorporation)

1.3

Son and Cole (2008) (Goal

PP Construction) mengikat

(5) a. Dia mengikat anjing itu (dengan tali).

he meN-tie dog the with rope

‘He tied the dog (with the rope).’

b. Dia mengikatkan tali itu ke anjing.

he meN-tie-kan rope the to dog

‘He tied the rope to the dog.’

(6) Dia mengikat tali itu.

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he meN-tie rope the

‘He tied the rope.’

(7) * Dia mengikatkan tali itu.

he meN-tie-kan rope the

‘He tied the rope.’ (Son and Cole 2008: 131-132)

(5a) (5b) (1)(3) -kan

NP tali NP anjing

ke (6) mengikat

NP anjing NP tali

(6) (5b) -kan

(7) -kan ke anjing2)

Son and Cole

-kan

1.4

Son and Cole (8b)

-kan (Result) RP (Result Phrase)

(8) a. Dia mengikatkan tali itu ke anjing.

he meN-tie-kan rope the to dog

‘He tied the rope to the dog.’

b. VoiceP

NP Voice’

dia Voice VP

‘he’

meN- V RP

ikat NP R’

‘tie’

tali itu R PP

‘the rope’

-kan ke anjing

‘to the dog’

(Son and Cole 2008: 153 3)

)

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(8b)

ikat -kan (5a) (6) NP

(8b) NP RP

ikat NP RP

(7)

(7) (7)

(8b) R

(8b)

-kan (causative) (benefactive)

-kan

-kan (8b)

(8b)

(8b)

(8b)

Son and Cole

2. -kan

2.1

-kan

-kan

(telicity) (activity)

(accomplishment) 4)

Vendler (1967) (state) (activity)

(achievement) (accomplishment)

run

drink (a cup of coffee)

(9)

for three minutes

in three minuntes in three

minuntes for three minutes

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(9) a. Mary ran (for three minutes/*in three minutes).

b. Mary drink a cup of coffee (*for three minutes/in three minutes).

run

(10b) to the station in three minuntes

(10a) (10b)

(10) a. Mary ran (for three minutes/*in three minutes).

b. Mary ran to the station (*for three minutes/in three minutes).

(11a) mengikat

(11b) -kan5)

(11) a. Dia mengikat tali itu.

he meN-tie rope the

‘He tied the rope.’

b. Dia mengikatkan tali itu ke anjing.

he meN-tie-kan rope the to dog

‘He tied the rope to the dog.’

(van Hout 2000, Ritter and Rosen 2000, Travis 2000,

2004)

-kan -kan

-kan

-kan

2.2

VP (Kuroda 1988, Koopman and Sportiche 1991)

(VP shell) v (Larson 1988, Chomsky 1995)

(12b)6)

(12) a. John membaca buku.

John meN-read book

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b. vP

NP v’

John v VP

meN- V NP

baca buku

(12b) membaca v meN- V baca

V baca v

meN- membaca meN-

di- ber-

v

Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993, Marantz

1997) (12b) (13b)

√ v, n baca

v membaca

(13) a. John membaca buku.

John meN-read book

b. vP

NP v’

John v √P

meN- √ NP

baca buku

(13b) √ NP buku √

√ P √ (Marantz 1997, Harley 2008)7)

(13b)

membaca buku pembaca buku

(14b)

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(14) a. pembaca buku

peN-read book

‘reader of the book’

b. nP

n’

n √P

peN- √ NP

baca buku

-kan

2.3 -kan

-kan (15a) -kan ke anjing

-kan

Asp

mengikat tali itu (15b)

Asp

(15) a. Dia mengikatkan tali itu ke anjing.

he meN-tie-kan rope the to dog

‘He tied the rope to the dog.’

b. vP

(i) NP v’

dia v √P

(ii)

meN- √ NP

(iii)

ikat tali itu

(i) vP (ii) vP √P (iii) √P

(iii) √P Son and Cole

(8b) 1.4

(i) vP (ii)vP √P

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Asp (i)

(ii) (i) van Hout (2000) Ritter and

Rosen (2000) (ii) Travis (2000) (2004)

Travis (2000) (ii)

2.4 -kan

(16)

(16) (The Mirror Principle)

(Baker 1988: 13)

(16)

(17a)

(17) a.

b. - -

√ - -

c.

(17a) (17b)

(16) (17a) (17c)

(18) a. mengikatkan

b. meN-ikat-kan

v √ Asp

(18a) mengikatkan √ ikat v meN- Asp -kan

v Asp √ √ v

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Asp (i) Asp

v (ii)8)

Asp

Travis (2000)

(ii)

(19) a. mi-vory mivory X

b. man-vory manvory Y X

c. ma-ha-vory mahavory Y X

(Malagasy, Travis 2000: 172)

(19) me-

man-, maha- Travis manvory

mahavory

Travis mahavory

manvory -ha- -ha-

Asp (20a)

(20b)

(20) a. [v ma- [ASP ha- [√ vory]]]

b. vP

NP v’

v AspP

ma- Asp’

Asp √P

ha- √ NP

vory (cf. Travis 2000: 176)

Asp (ii) vP √P

-kan Asp -ha- (21b)9)

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(21)a. [v meN- [[√ ikat] ASP -kan]]]

b. vP

NP v’

v AspP

meN- Asp’

Asp √P

-kan √ NP

ikat

(21b)

(22b) AspP

(22) a. Dia mengikatkan tali itu ke anjing.

he meN-tie-kan rope the to dog

‘He tied the rope to the dog.’

b. vP

NP v’

dia v AspP

meN- PP Asp’

ke anjing Asp √P

-kan √ NP

[+telic]

ikat tali itu

-kan Asp [+telic]

Asp PP

[+telic] -kan10)11)

(22b) Son and Cole (8b)

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(22b) -kan √ ikat

NP

[+telic]

Son and Cole (8b)

(22b)

-kan

2.5. memberi

memberi memberi

(23)

(23) a. John memberi Mary buku.

John meN-give Mary book

‘John gave Mary a book.’

b. John memberi buku kepada Mary.

John meN-give book to Mary

‘John gave a book to Mary.’

c. ?John memberikan Mary buku.

John meN-give-kan Mary book

‘John gave Mary a book.’

d. John memberikan buku kepada Mary.

John meN-give-kan book to Mary

‘John gave a book to Mary.’

memberi (23a-b) (NP-NP) (NP-PP)

-kan (23c-d)

memberi -kan

memberi -kan -kan

memberi (inherent

ditransitive, Son and Cole 2008: 135)

Asp -kan

PP PP (23d)

PP (23c)

-kan Asp AspP

vP √P AspP PP

-kan

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-kan -kan

3.

3.1 -kan

-kan

(24a) -kan

(causative) -kan

-kan (24b)

(24) a. Ibu menidurkan anak.

mother meN-sleep-kan child

‘Mother made the child sleep.’

b. vP

NP v’

ibu v CausP

meN- Caus’

Caus √P

-kan √ NP

tidur anak

70

(24b) (Shibatani 1976,

Pylkkänen 2008, Harley 2008)12)

anak tidur -kan

(24b)

Son and Cole (2008) (24b)

-kan Result -kan √

(24b)

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3.2 -kan

(25a) -kan

(benefative) -kan

-kan (25b)

(25) a. Ibu membelikan anak buku.

mother meN-buy-kan child book

‘Mother bought the child the book.’

b. vP

NP v’

ibu v BenP

meN- NP Ben’

anak Ben √P

-kan √ NP

beli buku

Pylkkänen (2008)

-kan (25b)

Pylkkänen

Ben NP √P

NP

Ben NP NP NP NP

13)

(25b)

Son and Cole (2008) (25b)

Pylkkänen

Pylkkänen

(25b)

-kan (22b)

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(24b) (25b)

-kan vP √P

-kan (22b)

3.3 -kan

-kan (26b)

mendengar- kan14)

(26) a. John mendengar musik.

John meN-hear music

‘John heard music.’

b. John mendengarkan musik.

John meN-hear-kan music

‘John listened to music.’

-kan (particle)

up out mendengar

-kan (27b)

(27) a John menanam padi.

John meN-plant rice

‘John planted rices.’

b. John menanamkan disiplin pada anak.

John meN-plant-kan discipline to child

‘John implanted discipline to children.’

Basilico (2008) (28a) (28b)

(28) a. John mendengarkan musik.

John meN-hear-kan music

‘John listened to music.’

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b. vP

NP v’

John v √P

meN- √’ NP

√ Part musik

dengar -kan

-kan

-kan √ NP

(29) -kan

(29) a. Dia tidak pikir tentang saya.

she not think about me

‘She does not think about me.’

b. Dia tidak memikirkan saya.

she not meN-think-kan me

‘She does not think about me.’ (Son and Cole 2008: 122)

pikir PP tentang saya tentang -kan

(30)

(30) vP

NP v’

dia v √P

meN- √ PP

pikir P NP

-kan saya

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-kan (28b) -kan (30)

-kan √P

(31)

(31) -kan

-kan √P

-kan √P

(31) -kan

-kan

-kan

-kan

-i

3.4 -i

-i -kan

(32)15)

(Repetitive)

(33) (Locative)

(32) a. Dia mencium pacarnya.

he meN-kiss his girl friend

‘He kissed his girl friend.’

b. Dia menciumi pacarnya.

he meN-kiss-i his girl friend

‘He kissed his girl friend repeatedly.’

(33) a. John datang di pesta.

John come in party

‘John came to the party.’

b. John mendatangi pesta.

John meN-come-i party

‘John came to the party.’

(32b) mencium -i

(26)(27) -kan

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(32b) (28b) -i √P

(33b) datang -i

-i di

(29) -kan (33b) (30)

-i

-i

-kan

-kan

-i

-kan -i

-kan

3.5 -kan

(34)

(34) a. vP

v’

v √P

meN- √’

√ X

-kan

-i

b. vP

v’

v XP

meN- X’

X √P

-kan √

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(34) X PF

(34a) X √ √

X X -kan -i √

(34b) X √ √ X

X √

X

X

-kan

D

(Halle and

Marantz 1993) S

(Late Insertion)

(Elsewhere Principle)

(Halle and Marantz 1993,

Miyagawa 1998, Harley 2008) √ X

X -kan -i

√ X

-kan

-kan -i

-i

-kan

-kan

-i -kan16)

1) (4) Son and Cole Sneddon (1996:83)

(4)

membuka

Son and Cole

(4)

(Son and Cole

)

2) (7) Son and Cole ?

3) Son and Cole Kratzer (Event Structure)

(8b) Voice

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v R’ RP

4) telicity (tense)

(aspect) (perfect)

delimitedness

boundedness

5) (11a-b) (9)(10) in three minuntes for three

minutes

6) NP vP EPP

IP IP

I

7) √ Arad (2003), Basilico (2008)

8)

9)

v ma- Asp -ha-

v meN- Asp -kan

10) (22b) Dia mengikatkan ke anjing tali itu.

NP tali itu mengikat

NP

PP ke anjing Asp

(Takano 1998)

NP ke anjing

11) PP ke anjing √ ikat PP √P

[+telic] AspP

12) (24b) Pesetsky (1995)

13) Chonan (2009)

14) (1975)

15) (1975)

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16) -kan -i -in

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