Membran luar permiabel terhadap berbagai substansi yang mempunyai berat molekul berkisar 5.000 dalton

Permiabilitas membran dalam terbatas, khususnya terhadap substansi-substansi dengan berat molekul berkisar 100-150 dalton (Sheeler & Bianchi, 1983).

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energi

1. 1.

2.2.

3.3.

Perombakan molekul

Oksidasi (Dehidrogenasi

)

Pemindahan energi

(Fosforilasi)

Molekul-molekul orgamik

Intermediat

Donor H & O2

H2O

ADP, P ATP

CO2

Enzim

ReaksiReaksi EnzimEnzim Koenzim, ion energiKoenzim, ion energi Dihambat olehDihambat oleh

1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.6.6.7.7.8.8.9.9.

10.10.11.11.12.12.13.13.14.14.15.15.

Fosforilase patiFosforilase patiFosfoglikomutaseFosfoglikomutaseGlukokinaseGlukokinaseFosfohexose-isomeraseFosfohexose-isomeraseFruktokinaseFruktokinaseFosfofruktokinaseFosfofruktokinaseAldolaseAldolaseIsomeraseIsomerase3-Fosfogliseraldehida 3-Fosfogliseraldehida dehidrogenasedehidrogenaseFosfogliserokinaseFosfogliserokinaseFosfogliseromutaseFosfogliseromutaseEnolaseEnolasePiruvat kinasePiruvat kinaseAsetildehida dekarboxilaseAsetildehida dekarboxilaseAlkohol dehidrogenaseAlkohol dehidrogenase

P anP anMgMg++++

MgMg++++ , ATP , ATP--MgMg++++ , ATP , ATPMgMg++++ , ATP , ATP----NAD/NADP , P anNAD/NADP , P an

ADP, MgADP, Mg++ ++

MgMg++++

MgMg++++

MgMg++++ , K , K++ , ADP , ADP--ZnZn++++ , NAD/NADP , NAD/NADP

----DialisaDialisa----DialisaDialisa----IodoasetatIodoasetat

DialisaDialisa--NaFNaF------

Lemak

Gliserol

As. Lemak

As. Piruvat

Asetil CoA

Siklus Krebs

CO2

As. Amino (3C)

As. Amino (3C)

Protein

Hidrat arang

Glukosa

1 2 3

Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle DHAP-Gliserol fosfat, NADH ekuivalen 2 ATP.

Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle Oksaloasetat-Malat, NADH ekuivalen 3 ATP

Stage 1Hexokinase

Phosphoglucoseisomerase

Phosphofructo-kinase

Aldolase

TIM

Phosphoryl transfer reaction. Kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase has a more general specificity in that it can transfer phosphate to other sugars such as mannose.

The conversion of an aldose to a ketose.

Stage 2Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase

Phosphoglyceratekinase

Phosphoglyceratemutase

Enolase

Pyruvate kinase

Dehydration reaction

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi-->2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose.

Homolactic fermentation (muscle)

Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)

Step 1: Citrate synthaseCondensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. ΔG°’ = -31.5 kJ/mol

Citrate synthase mechanismCitrate synthase mechanism

Step 2: AconitaseReversible isomerization, dehydration/hydration mechanism

Step 3: Isocitrate dehydrogenaseOxidative decarboxylation, generation of NADH

Step 4: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOxidative decarboxylation, similar to PDH (share E3)

Step 5: Succinyl-CoA synthetaseSubstrate-level phosphorylation

Step 6: Succinate dehydrogenaseOxidation of alkane to alkene, membrane bound!

Step 7: FumaraseHydration reaction

Step 8: Malate dehydrogenaseRegeneration of malate, endergonic

Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :

Vol. dari CO2 dihasilkanVol. dari CO2 dihasilkanQR = QR =

Vol. dari O2 digunakanVol. dari O2 digunakan

Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :

Vol. dari CO2 dihasilkanVol. dari CO2 dihasilkanQR = QR =

Vol. dari O2 digunakanVol. dari O2 digunakan

TemperaturTemperatur OksigenOksigen COCO22 CahayaCahaya Garam-garam anorganikGaram-garam anorganik Stimulasi mekanikStimulasi mekanik LukaLuka InfeksiInfeksi Keadaan protoplasmaKeadaan protoplasma Bahan bakarBahan bakar Hidrasi Hidrasi

Respiration StepsRespiration Steps3.3. Rantai transpor Rantai transpor

elektronelektron Fosforilasi oksidatifFosforilasi oksidatif Rangkaian protein di Rangkaian protein di

dalam mitokondria dalam mitokondria membantu membantu memindahkan elektron memindahkan elektron (e) dari NADH ke (e) dari NADH ke oksigen.oksigen.Melepaskan sejumlah Melepaskan sejumlah energienergi

Berlangsung pada Berlangsung pada membran dalam membran dalam mitokondria (Protein mitokondria (Protein terikat membran)terikat membran)

http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/ch05.htm

Respiration StepsRespiration Steps

Energi yang Energi yang dilepaskan dilepaskan digunakan untuk digunakan untuk reaksi ADP + P reaksi ADP + P →→ ATP ATP

Sejumlah ATP Sejumlah ATP dihasilkandihasilkan

Oksigen Oksigen diperlukan untuk diperlukan untuk langkah inilangkah ini

Dihasilkan airDihasilkan airhttp://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/

ch05.htm

Redox ReactionsRedox ReactionsDidasarkan pada perpindahan elektron sepanjang reaksi kimia

Relokasi elektron melepaskan energi, disimpan didalam molekul makanan dan energi ini digunakan untuk sintesis ATP

Perpindahan elektron disebut reaksi oksidasi reduksi (reaksi redoks)

Pelepasan eektron dari suatu unsur disebut oksidasi

Penambahan elektron kepada unsur yang lain disebut reduksi

B. B. NADNAD++ Is a Carrier Is a Carrier of Electronsof Electrons

Electrons received by NADElectrons received by NAD++ and and FAD are high-energy electrons FAD are high-energy electrons and are carried to the electron and are carried to the electron transport system.transport system.

C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required

GlycolysisGlycolysis is the breakdown of is the breakdown of glucose to two molecules of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.pyruvate.

1)1) Enough energy is released Enough energy is released for immediate buildup of two ATP.for immediate buildup of two ATP.

2)2) Glycolysis takes place Glycolysis takes place outside the mitochondria and outside the mitochondria and does not utilize oxygen.does not utilize oxygen.

C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required

The The Transition ReactionTransition Reaction: pyruvate : pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group and is oxidized to an acetyl group and COCO22 is removed. is removed.

C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required

The The Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle 1)1) This series of reactions This series of reactions

gives off COgives off CO22 and produces ATP. and produces ATP. 2)2) Produces two immediate Produces two immediate

ATP molecules per glucose ATP molecules per glucose molecule.molecule.

C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required

The The Electron Transport SystemElectron Transport System 1)1) Series of carriers accepts electrons Series of carriers accepts electrons

from glucose; electrons are passed from from glucose; electrons are passed from carrier to carrier until received by oxygen.carrier to carrier until received by oxygen.

2)2) Electrons pass from higher to lower Electrons pass from higher to lower energy states, energy is released and energy states, energy is released and stored for ATP production.stored for ATP production.

3) Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water (H2O).3) Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water (H2O).

SISTEM

TRANSPOR

ELEKTRON

SISTEM

TRANSPOR

ELEKTRON

Electron Electron Transport ChainTransport Chain

Step 4: Electron Step 4: Electron Transport & Oxidative Transport & Oxidative

PhosphorylationPhosphorylation The pathway of electrons from one carrier to The pathway of electrons from one carrier to

another is called ____ ____ _____; another is called ____ ____ _____; Each electron carrier passes its electrons to Each electron carrier passes its electrons to

the next carrier (bucket brigade)the next carrier (bucket brigade) Most of the electrons to the electron Most of the electrons to the electron

transport chain are received from what transport chain are received from what cycle?cycle?

A reduced carrier becomes oxidized when it A reduced carrier becomes oxidized when it gives up its electrons (gives up its electrons (forms ATP from forms ATP from ADPADP))

Oxygen accepts electronsOxygen accepts electrons

How Do Cells Harvest How Do Cells Harvest Energy?Energy?

Proton gradientProton gradient — flow of — flow of electrons through the electron electrons through the electron transport chain creates this gradient transport chain creates this gradient ((ATP is made from this gradientATP is made from this gradient))

ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis — harnessing of the — harnessing of the energy stored in the chemical energy stored in the chemical gradient; some machinery in the gradient; some machinery in the membrane must do this processmembrane must do this process

Generating a Proton Generating a Proton GradientGradient

Mitochondria — inner Mitochondria — inner and outer membraneand outer membrane

Intermembrane space Intermembrane space — space between 2 — space between 2 membranesmembranes

Matrix — space w/n Matrix — space w/n the inner membrane; the inner membrane; makes up about 2/3 makes up about 2/3 of the volume; ETC is of the volume; ETC is embedded in this embedded in this inner membraneinner membrane

Pumping ProtonsPumping Protons

pH & cytochromes assist w/ pH & cytochromes assist w/ transport of electrons.transport of electrons.

Gradient is produced when…..Gradient is produced when…..

Proton complexProton complex Protons flow Protons flow

through these through these channels back into channels back into the matrixthe matrix

Works like a Works like a turbineturbine

Uses energy to Uses energy to make ATPmake ATP

ATP ATP SynthaseSynthase

Fragments of Inner Fragments of Inner MembraneMembrane