Post on 01-May-2019
KISIF AJREK NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP HURAGNEPIAWAGEP AJRENIK PADAHRET KISIF NON NAD
adap susaK idutS noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id iawagePatrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isnivorP ogorP
I S P I R K S
utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnu nakujaiD tarayS
imonokE anajraS raleG helorepmeM idutS margorP nemejanaM
: helO
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
0 : MIN 822 041 64
NEMEJANAM IDUTS MARGORP NASURUJ NEMEJANAM IMONOKE SATLUKAF
AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU ATRAKAYGOY
02 31
i
KISIF AJREK NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP HURAGNEPIAWAGEP AJRENIK PADAHRET KISIF NON NAD
adap susaK idutS noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id iawagePatrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isnivorP ogorP
I S P I R K S
utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnu nakujaiD tarayS
imonokE anajraS raleG helorepmeM idutS margorP nemejanaM
: helO
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
0 : MIN 822 041 64
NEMEJANAM IDUTS MARGORP NASURUJ NEMEJANAM IMONOKE SATLUKAF
AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU ATRAKAYGOY
02 31
ii
iii
vi
NAHABMESREP NAD OTTOM
gnaY gnaroeseS idajneM kutnU kadiT halaboC ialinreB gnaY gnaroeseS idajneM ipateT ,seskuS
)SIETNIE TREBLA(
uk tapad arakreP alageS gnay AID malad gnuggnatukadapek nataukek irebmem
)41:3 ipiliF(
,iridneS umiriD idajneM aneraK icnebiD umaK kiaB hibeLniaL gnarO idajneM aneraK iakusiD umaK adapiraD
7691 NIABOC TRUK( - )4991
:kutnu nakabmesrepuk ini ispirkS
adnuB nad sutsirK suseY nahuT airaM ,naatreynep ,hisak aumes sata ulales gnay ,ukpudih id rilagnem ulales nad sibah hanrep kat gnay takreb
.uknaktaugnem nad gnibmibmem
gnarO audeK ( ukauT inawruM gnadnE .lF nad otnawruP iduB .gA ,)a kid ( uk orotnairbA otniR .rF ) alages sata hisak amiret , nad nagnukud ,aod
.aynnaitahrep
id raseb agrauleK ogorP noluK nad ludiK gnunuG
,atnic ,nagnibmib ,naitahrep sata hisakamiret ,itawamusuK irA aksirF.aynaod nad nagnukud
,onoyirT gneggnaL sutreblA otnayraH irT ireH sata hisakamiret namalagnep ,naamasrebek .aynnagnukud nad
v
AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU
IMONOKE SATLUKAF NEMEJANAM NASURUJ – NEMEJANAM IDUTS MARGORP
SILUT AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP
nagned ispirks awhab nakataynem ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat adnatreb gnaY :luduj adaP iawageP ispesreP huragneP kisiF noN nad kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL
natamaceK rotnaK id iawageP adap susaK idutS( iawwageP ajreniK padahreTatrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP .)
ispirks malad awhab aynhuggnuses alages nagned nakataynem ayas ini nagneDadit ini libma ayas gnay nial gnaro nasilut naigabes uata nahurulesek tapadret k
lobmis uata tamilak naiakgnar kutneb malad urinem uata ,nilaynem arac nagned gnay nial silunep irad narikimep uata tapadnep uata nasagag nakkujnunem gnay
haloes uka ayas - t iagabes halo naigab tapadret kadit uata nad iridnes ayas nasilu nasilut irad libma ayas gnay uata ,urit ,nilas ayas gnay nasilut nahurulesek uata
.aynilsa silunep adap naukagnep nakirebmem apnat nial gnaro m ajagnes kiab ,sataid tubesret lah nakukalem ayas alibapA ,kadit nupua
lisah iagabes nakuja ayas gnay ispirks kiranem nakataynem ayas ini nagned nakukalem ataynret ayas awhab itkubret naidumek aliB .ini iridnes ayas nasilut
haloes nial gnaro nasilut urinem uata nilaynem nakadnit - ayas narikimep lisah halo,iridnes ayas latab satisrevinu helo nakirebid halet gnay hasaji nad raleg itrareb.amiret
sutsugA 03 ,atrakaygoY 3102 naataynrep taubmem gnaY
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
iv
HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMELSIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU
gnaY : amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat adnatreb
amaN : otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
awsisahaM romoN 0 : 822 041 64
naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeDyas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS satisrevinU :ludujreb gnay a ispesreP huragneP
iawwageP ajreniK padahreT kisiF noN nad kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL adaP iawageP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id iawageP adap susaK idutS(
P .)atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD ogor
adapek nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD kutnu kah amrahD atanaS satisrevinU kutneb malad aynalolegnem ,nial aidem kutneb malad nakhilagnem ,napmiynem id aynnakisakilbupmem nad ,satabret araces nakisubirtsidnem ,atad nalakgnap
tnimem ulrep apnat simedaka nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem uata tenretnI irad niji a aman nakmutnacnem patet amales ayas adapek itlayor nakirebmem nupuam ayas
.silunep iagabes ayas
,aynranebes nagned taub ayas ini naataynrep naikimeD
atrakaygoY id taubiD
: laggnat adaP sutsugA 03 3102
nakataynem gnaY
uP irA ardnahC senahoY otnawr
iiv
RATNAGNEP ATAK
halet gnay ,asE ahaM gnaY nahuT taridah ek hisak amiret nad rukuys ijuP
nakiaseleynem tapad aggnihes silunep adapek ainurak nad tamhar nakhapmilem
ispirks ini u tarays utas halas ihunemem kutnu naujutreb ini ispirks nasiluneP . kutn
jras raleg helorepmem nemejanaM idutS margorP adap ana imonokE satlukaF ,
amrahD atanaS satisrevinU atrakaygoY .
nad nagnibmib ,nautnab tapadnem silunep ini ispirks nakiaseleynem malaD
gnem silunep uti anerak helO .kahip iagabreb irad nahara u nakpac hisak amiret
rasebes gnay - aynraseb :adapek
.1 Rom ukales ,.JS ,amatmatoyirP onoyriW suluaP .rI .rD o satisrevinU rotkeR
amrahD atanaS atrakaygoY
.2 rD . iS .M ,ojdiraM yrreH ,. ukales atanaS satisrevinU ,imonokE satlukaF nakeD
atrakaygoY amrahD .
.3 rD . ,otowruP sakuL .iS .M ,.E.S , s ukale ,nemejanaM idutS margorP auteK
.atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisrevinU ,imonokE satlukaF
.4 kapaB E.S ,otrainuY iduY .A . halet gnay I gnibmibmeP nesoD ukales ,.A.B.M ,
i ispirks nasilunep malad naras nad ,iskerok ,nagnibmib nakirebmem kaynab .in
.5 .srD kapaB halet gnay II gnibmibmeP nesoD ukales ,.iS .M ,otnawreoP ardneH
silunep adapek tagnames nad narikip ,utkaw ,naitahrep nakharucnem nanekreb
.ini ispirks nakiaseleynem nad nusuynem kutnu
.6 kaF ,nemejanaM idutS margorP nesoD ubI nad kapaB panegeS ,imonokE satlu
gnay umli nakirebmem halet gnay atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisrevinU
.nahailukrep sesorp amales silunep igab anugreb tagnas
iiiv
.7 halet hisakamiret ,ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK tamaC kapaB
.aynnaitilenep kutnu naknijiid
.8 S ubI itaiduR atres naiawagepeK nad mumU .gaB.buS.aK ukales ,dP.S ,n
hurules p aynamasajrek nad nautnab sata hisakamiret ,aynnarajaj nad iawage
.ini amales
.9 ubI nad otnawruP iduB sunitsugA kapaB ,atnicret ukaut gnaro audeK
alel hanrep kadit gnay ,inawruM gnadnE anitnerolF hisak nakirebmem h
adapek tagnames atres ,lairetam nupuam lirom nagnukud nad ,aod ,gniyas
ubI nad hayA iatreyneM sutsirK suseY nahuT apaB hallA takreB .silunep
.atnicret
.01 .aynaod ,nagnukud sata hisak amiret orotnairbA otniR suksisnarF ukkidA
M sutsirK suseY .umhakgnal itakrebme
.11 ,aod ,naitregnep ,hisak ,naitahrep sata raed hisakamiret itawamusuK irA aksirF
ULI .ini amales aynnagnukud nad
.21 S rreH gnaB ,zxnaM treblA uktabaha ,eW is , ,mocnO ynO ,ketI ,kotI ,sulegnA
iruJ ,tudneG sunaivatcO ,Y irA ,zooiD ,zuiP ,yddaY ,eiGmO ,tudneG erdnA ,d
amiret utas rep utas naktubes silunep saib kadit gnay kahip aumes nad iyaR
nnagnukud nad adnac ,atirec ,aynaamasrebek sata hisak tagnaS .ini amales ay
ib aggnab sa .aumes nailak lanegnem
.31 namet huruleS - 02 natakgna aumes aynsusuhk namet kaynab halet gnay 80
.aynnaitahrep nad ,hisak ,namalagnep nakirebmem
.41 namet huruleS - adnac ,atirec sata hisak amiret onilaeR otoS gnuraW namet
.aumes nailak nagned lupmukreb gnanes tagnaS .aynnaamasrebek nad awat
xi
.51 namet huruleS - utitsnI ulpmeK olgoJ namet O ,et ,raH mO ,nawrI mO ,koyoY m
lupmukreb aggnaB .ayntagnames nad nagnukud sata hisak amiret ,tigiS ,gnedA
.nailak nagned
.61 alages sata utas rep utas naktubes silunep asib kadit gnay kahip aumeS
.gnusgnal kadit nupuam gnusgnal araces kiab nagnukud
arahreb siluneP p tubesret kahip aumes nagnukud nad ,nakiabek alages agomes
.sutsirK suseY nahuT irad hapmilem gnay takreb naktapadnem sataid siluneP
hisam ini ispirks awhab iradaynem .anrupmes irad huaj agomes atak rihkA
sam nahab idajnem tapad nad taafnamreb ini ispirks naker igab naku - malad naker
.ispirks nusuynem
,atrakaygoY sutsugA 03 3102
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
x
ISI RATFAD
LUDUJ NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ......................... i
GNIBMIBMEP NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH ................................ ................. ii
NAHASEGNEP NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ............ iii
NAHABMESREP NAD OTTOM NAMALAH ................................ ................. vi
AILSAEK NAATAYNREP SILUT AYRAK N ................................ ................. v
AYRAK ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL
SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI ................................ ............. iv
RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ....................... iiv
ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ .... x
LEBAT RATFAD ................................ ................................ ............................. x iii
RABMAG RATFAD ................................ ................................ ......................... xv
NARIPMAL RATFAD ................................ ................................ ...................... xiv
KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ..… xv ii
CARTSBA T .. ................................ ................................ ................................ xv ii i
NAULUHADNEP I BAB ................................ ................................ ................. 1
.A aL rat gnakaleB halasaM ................................ ................................ ...... 1
.B nasumuR halasaM ................................ ................................ ............... 3
.C nasataB halasaM ................................ ................................ ................. 3
.D naujuT naitileneP ................................ ................................ ................ 4
.E taafnaM naitileneP ................................ ................................ .............. 4
AKATSUP NAIJAK II BAB ................................ ................................ ............. 6
.A nasadnaL iroeT ................................ ................................ ................... 6
.1 nemejanaM naitregneP ................................ ................................ .. 6
ix
.2 aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM ................................ ............... 6
.3 isgnuF aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM ................................ .... 8
.4 ispesreP ................................ ................................ ......................... 11
.5 ajreK nagnukgniL ................................ ................................ .......... 71
.6 ajreniK ................................ ................................ .......................... 12
.B naitileneP aynmulebeS ................................ ................................ ........ 52
.C akgnareK lautpesnoK ................................ ................................ .......... 62
.D sisetopiH naitileneP ................................ ................................ ............ 62
NAITILENEP IGOLODOTEM III BAB ................................ ........................... 82
.A naitileneP sineJ ................................ ................................ ................... 82
.B naitileneP keybO nad keybuS ................................ .............................. 82
.C isakoL nad utkaW ................................ ................................ ............... 82
.D narukugneP nad naitileneP lebairaV ................................ .................... 28
.E lebairaV narukugneP alakS ................................ ................................ . 03
.F lepmaS nad isalupoP ................................ ................................ ........... 13
.G lepmaS nautneneP kinkeT ................................ ................................ ... 23
.H ataD rebmuS ................................ ................................ ....................... 23
.I ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT ................................ ................................ .. 23
.J nemurtsnI naijugneP kinkeT ................................ ............................... 33
.K ataD sisilanA kinkeT ................................ ................................ ........... 53
.1 kisalK ismusA ijU ................................ ................................ ... 53
.2 adnagreb raenil isergeR sisilanA ................................ .............. 73
.3 F ijU ................................ ................................ ........................ 73
.4 eoK neisif isanimreteD ................................ ..................... 83
MAG VI BAB NAITILENEP KEYBUS MUMU NARAB ................................ . 04
.A iawageP isamroF atreseB isasinagrO rutkurtS nad isgnuF ,saguT
..……hisagneP natamaceK ................................ ........................... 04.…
.B iawageP isamroF hisagneP natamaceK ................................ ............... 74
.C noK hisagneP natamaceK mumU isid ................................ ................. 94
.D siM ,isiV ,i margorP nad ,narasaS ,naujuT ................................ .......... 25
iix
...…………………………NASAHABMEP NAD ATAD SISILANA V BAB .58
.A nednopseR ispirkseD ................................ ................................ ......... 85
.B neP naitileneP nemurtsnI naijug ................................ .......................... 16
.C ataD sisilanA ................................ ................................ ..................... 46
.D nasahabmeP ................................ ................................ ....................... 72
UPMISEK IV BAB NASATABRETEK NAD NARAS ,NAL ............................ 87
.A nalupmiseK ................................ ................................ ........................ 78
.B naraS ................................ ................................ .......................... …… 87
.C nasatabreteK ................................ ................................ ...................... 97
AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ ....................... 08
NARIPMAL ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 82
iiix
LEBAT RATFAD
aynmulebeS naitileneP 1 .II lebaT ................................ ................................ .... 52
hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK lipiS iregeN iawageP isalupoP 1 .III lebaT
2102 nuhaT ................................ ................................ .................. 13
T iawageP isamroF 1 .VI leba ................................ ................................ ........... 47
2 .VI lebaT rutarapA nakididneP takgniT ................................ ......................... 84
almuJ 3 .VI lebaT hisagneP natamaceK iawageP h ................................ ............ 84
neM kududneP halmuJ 4 .VI lebaT nimaleK sineJ nad rumU turu ..................... 05
halmuJ 5 .VI lebaT amagA nakrasadreB kududneP ................................ .......... 15
.VI lebaT lamroF nakididneP agabmeL 6 ................................ .......................... 15
lamroF noN nakididneP agabmeL 7 .VI lebaT ................................ .................. 25
dnopseR ataD 1 .V lebaT nimaleK sineJ nakrasadreB ne ................................ ... 95
taD 2 .V lebaT aisU nakrasadreB nednopseR a ................................ ................. 95
reB nednopseR ataD 3 .V lebaT rihkareT nakididneP nakrasad ......................... 06
nopseR ataD 4 .V lebaT asadreB ned ajrekeB amaL nakr ................................ ... 16
ebaT satidilaV ijU lisaH 5 .V l ................................ ................................ .......... 36
.V lebaT satilibaileR ijU lisaH 6 ................................ ................................ ...... 46
7 .V lebaT satiraenilokitluM ijU lisaH ................................ ............................. 56
lebaT satilamroN ijU lisaH 8 .V ................................ ................................ ....... 76
9 .V lebaT stneiciffeoC ................................ ................................ .................... 96
avonA 01 .V lebaT ................................ ................................ ........................... 96
ledoM 11 .V lebaT yrammuS ................................ ................................ ............ 96
rokS lavretnI 21 .V lebaT ................................ ................................ ................... 27
iawageP ispesreP ataD sislanA lisaH 31 .V lebaT
vix
kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL adaP ................................ ..................... 37
iawageP ispesreP ataD sisilanA lisaH 41 .V lebaT
daP kisiF noN ajrek nagnukgniL a ................................ .................. 47
isaH 51 .V lebaT nA l iawageP ajreniK ataD sisila ................................ ......... 57.…
vx
RABMAG RATFAD
1 .V rabmaG ettacS tolpr satisitsadekoreteH ijU ................................ ................ 66
satilamroN ijU 2 .V rabmaG ................................ ................................ ............. 86
ivx
NARIPMAL RATFAD
renoiseuK 1 naripmaL ................................ ................................ .................... 38
salubaT 2 naripmaL ilanA nad ataD i ataR sis - ataR ................................ .......... 78
3 naripmaL kisalK ismusA ijU ,satilibaileR nad satidilaV ijU lisaH
sisilanA nad adnagreB isergeR ................................ ................. 09
iivx
KARTSBA
HURAGNEP NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP AJREK KISIF NON NAD KISIF AJRENIK PADAHRET
IAWAGEP aK idutS hisagneP natamaceK id iawageP adaP sus netapubaK ogorP noluK
vorP atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isni
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY :MIN 640412280
AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU 3102
kutnu naujutreb ini naitileneP natlumis huragnep ada hakapa iuhategnem lebairav ep adap iawagep ispesr padahret kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
iawagep ajrenik lipis iregen id noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaKatrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD ogorP .
lepmas nalibmagnep kinkeT .fitatitnauk naitilenep halada ini naitilenep sineJalad nakanuggnem ini naitilenep m gnilpmas evisoprup . atad sisilana kinkeT
isergeR sisilanA nakanuggnem ini naitilenep malad reiniL nagned adnagreB igabmem nad aracnawaw utiay nakanugid gnay atad nalupmugnep kinkeT .SSPS
iregen iawagep hurules adapek renoiseuk nagned hisagneP natamaceK rotnak lipisiseuk 23 halmuj A iapmas teraM nalub adap nakukalid gnay reno .3102 lirp
nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep awhab nakujnunem atad sisilana lisaHagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep ,iggnit irogetak malad kusamret kisif ajrek n
malad adareb iawagep ajrenik nad iggnit irogetak malad kusamret kisif non ajrek ada awhab aguj iuhatekid atad sisilana lisah nakrasadreB .iggnit irogetak nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep aratna natlumis araces huragnep
padahret kisif non netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnak id iawagep ajrenik.atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isnivorP ogorP noluK
iiivx
SBA TCART
ECNEULFNI EHT EHT NO NOITPECREP SEEYOLPME FO GNIKROW LACISYHP NON DNA LACISYHP
TNEMNORIVNE ECNAMROFREP SEEYOLPME SDRAWOT no ydutS esaC pmE eht buS ta eeyol - ogorP noluK hisagneP fo tcirtsiD
atrakaygoY fo tcirtsiD laicepSycnegeR
otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY :MIN 640412280
YTISREVINU AMRAHD ATANAS ATRAKAYGOY
3102 rehtehw tuo dnif ot erew hcraeser siht fo evitcejbo ehT saw ereht
natlumis e ecneulfni suo fo ep noitpecr noeeyolpme lacisyhp non dna lacisyhpsdrawot tnemnorivne gnikrow ecnamrofrep seeyolpme eht ta bus fo eciffO - tcirtsid
hisagneP ogorP noluK fo tcirtsiD laicepS ycneger atrakaygoY . yduts esac a saw yduts sihT . esohc saw elpmas ehT gnisu n evisoprup
gnilpmas . desu euqinhcet sisylana atad ehT gnisu yb noisserger raenil elpitlum .SSPS eranoitseuq dna noitatnemucod fo sdohtem eht gnisu detcelloc saw ataD
detubirtsid ot eht ta tnavres livic bus fo eciffo - tcirtsid hisagneP yb 23 fo tnuomaeranoitseuq gnirud nekatrednu raM hc litnu .3102 lirpA
yduts siht fo tluser ehT detacidni taht noitpecrep seeyolpme ni cisyhp la tnemnorivne gnikrow saw level hgih ni , lacisyhp non ninoitpecrep seeyolpme tnemnorivne gnikrow ni saw level hgih dna ep seeyolpme ecnamrofr saw hgih ni
level . sisylana atad fo tluser eht no desaB derevocsid tnacifingis a saw ereht non dna lacisyhp fo noitpecrep seeyolpme neewteb ecneulfni suoenatlumis fo eciffo eht ta ecnamrofrep seeyolpme eht sdrawot tnemnorivne gnikrow lacisyhp
bus - .atrakaygoY fo tcirtsiD laicepS ycneger ogorP noluK hisagneP tcirtsid
1
I BAB
NAULUHADNEP
.A halasaM gnakaleB rataL
gnay natoros utas halas nakapurem )MDS( aisunaM ayaD rebmuS
ajat gnilap naahasurep naanaskalep malad m . ini lah malaD P iawage N irege
S lipi anerak naitahrep tapadnem ulrep gnay aisunam ayad rebmus nakapurem
kusamret .nanugnabmep utaus nalisahrebek utnenep
irad naujuT rebmus gnadib malad rebmus raga halada aisunam ayad
raneb aynikilimid gnay ajrek aganet uata aisunam ayad - ajrekeb tapad raneb
apa nagned iauses tubesret isnatsni helo naknigniid gnay ajrenik aynitrA .
agro isnatsni uata isasin adap gnutnagret nakhab nad ihuragnepid tagnas
aynikilimid gnay aisunam ayad rebmus naupmamek nad satilauk . turuneM .bT
:6002( ariwarpukgnaM irfajS naajrekep sesorp irad lisah halada ajrenik )351
ad utkaw adap anacneret araces utnetret atres nawayrak irad tapmet n
rebmus nanarep uti anerak helO .natukgnasreb isasinagro malad aisunam ayad
isnatsni sativitka hurules amatu kareggnep iagabes anerak gnitnep haltagnas
utaus aynkadit lisahreB .nahatniremep isnatsni naknahatrepmem malad
netsiske naktakgninem malad iridnes uti aisunam ahasu irad ialumid aynis
.lamiskam araces ajrek isneisife nad sativitkefe
sagut nakanaskalem malaD - nagnubuhreb ajrek aganet paites aynsagut
.aynnagnukgnil helo ihuragnepid tagnas nad gnusgnal L tapad ajrek nagnukgni
id ratna nagnubuh nad ,ajrek isidnok ,satilisaf ,kopmolek agit idajnem igab
2
.nawayrak kutnu satilisaf macam iagabreb aynnakaidesiD .nawayrak
gnay ajrek isidnok narutagneP .ajrek isidnok halasam halada audek kopmoleK
naktakgninem naka kiab ajrenik .naahasurep aratna ajrek isidnok narutagneP
narutagnep ,aradu uhus narutagnep ,ajrek gnaur nagnarenep narutagnep nial
nanamaek nad ,nakulrepid gnay kareg gnaur ,anraw nahilimep ,gnisib araus
agitek gnay kopmoleK .nawayrak nawayrak nagnubuh halasam halada .
k nagnukgniL s helo nakulrepid tagnas tahes nad nama gnay ajre paite
iawagep ajrekeb tapad gnaroeses halnaikimed gnay ajrek isidnok anerak ,
ihunemem nakparahid tapad nupaynajrek lisah aggnihes ,gnanet araces
habureb halet ajrek nagnukgniL .nakpatetid halet gnay tradnats utaus idajnem
gnaro aratna tauk gnay nitab nataki iaynupmem gnay nagnukgnil - id gnaro
halet uti ajrek nagnukgnil ayntakekah adap anerak ,uti nagnukgnil malad
ajrek nagnukgnil naatpicneP.ajrekep igab audek gnay aggnat hamur idajnem
anaras naadagnep nad - aras arap natamalesek nimajnem tapad gnay ajrek an
p iawage nakapurem iawagep irad iwaisunam natutnut isasinagro padahret uata
.ajrekeb iawagep tapmet isnatsni
halet itrareb nakgnaneynem gnay ajrek tapmet nakirebmeM
yn gnay naasarep naklubminem ajrekeb malad nama iawagep adap aggnihes ,
nasorobmep irad nakradnihid uata ignarukid tapad naikimed arac nagned
.ajrek naakalecek aynkaynab nad ,natahesek ayntosorem ,ayaib nad utkaw
rek nagnukgnil nakatpicnem tapad naahasureP malad nakgnaneynem gnay aj
itra n ay nagnubuh ada kiab gnay iawagep aratna ,iawagep ratna ,nasata nagned
3
tapad naka akam ,ajrek gnaur id nanamaek ,natahesek agajnem atres
aktakgninem .iawagep ajrenik n
nakukalem kutnu silunep gnorodnem sata id naiaru nakrasadreB
ned naitilenep luduj nag P ISPESREP HURAGNEP“ ADAP IAWAGE
AJREK NAGNUKGNIL KISIF NON NAD KISIF PADAHRET
IAWAGEP AJRENIK LIPIS IREGEN id NATAMACEK ROTNAK
HAREAD ISNIPORP OGORP NOLUK NETAPUBAK HISAGNEP
”ATRAKAYGOY AWEMITSI .
.B halasaM nasumuR
ta id nakiaruid anamiagabes halasam gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB ,sa
halada ini naitilenep nahalasamrep nasumur :
natlumis huragnep ada hakapA adap iawagep ispesrep ajrek nagnukgnil
iawageP ajrenik padahret kisif non nad kisif lipiS iregeN natamaceK id
?atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isniporP ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP
.C B halasaM nasata
gnatnet halasam nasatab halada ini tukireB P ne iawageP ispesreP hurag
L adaP ni iawageP ajreniK padahreT ajreK nagnukg lipiS iregeN rotnaK id
K P natamace hisagne awemitsI hareaD isniporP ogorP noluK netapubaK
Y atrakaygo ed iauses naitilenep raga sukof nad naitilenep kipot nagn :
.1 malad iawagep ajrenik itupilem itiletid naka gnay iawagep ajreniK
satitnauk ,ajrek satilauk ,aynnaajrekrep irad narasas/tegrat ihunemem
.ajrek
4
.2 nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil itupilem itiletid naka gnay ajrek nagnukgniL
sif non turuneM .ki S xelA otimesitiN :6991( l ,)211 kisif ajrek nagnukgni
itupilem s ,nagnanetek ,nagnarenep ,isalitnev ,nahisrebek anara - anarasarp
.gnaur atat nad S itupilem kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil nakgnade isakinumok
p iskaretni uata nasata nagned iawage mok nad iskaretni uata isakinu
.iawagep amases nagned
.D naujuT
nakrasadreB sata id naksumurid halet gnay halasam naitilenep irad naujut ,
halada ini :
kutnU gnem ada hakapa iuhate huragnep natlumis adap iawagep ispesrep
non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil nik padahret kisif P ajre iawage N irege S lipi id
ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK awemitsI hareaD
atrakaygoY .
.E naitileneP taafnaM
.1 ogorP noluK netapubaK hatniremeP igaB atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD
pesrep gnatnet isamrofni nakirebmem tapad ini naitilenep nakparahiD is
rotnaK id iawagep kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil gnatnet iawagep
.ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK
.2 amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisahaM igaB
P naitilene ini taafnamreb kutnu habmanem nauhategnep ianegnem rotkaf -
otkaf r ay ihuragnepmem gn enik p ajr iawage .
5
.3 amrahD atanaS satisrevinU igaB
nahab uata naacab nahabmat nakidajid asib nakparahid naitilenep lisaH
.sinejes naitilenep irad nagnidnabrep tapad nakparahid ini naitileneP
.ayntujnales itilenep igab isnerefer nahabmat nakirebmem
.4 tileneP igaB i
nauhategnep nasawaw habmanem tapad nakparahid ini naitilenep lisaH
ainud nagned amiretid halet gnay iroet nakparenem malad namalagnep nad
.takaraysam malad atayn araces idajret gnay atkaf uata atayn gnay
6
II BAB
NAIJAK AKATSUP
.A iroeT nasadnaL
.1 nemejanaM
.a 4002( aromamiS yrneH turuneM sesorp halada nemejanam ,)4 :
iapacnem kutnu aisunam ayad rebmus nad ukab nahab naanugayadnep
,nahara ,isasinagro naktabilem ini sesorP .nakpatetid gnay naujut
nad isanidrook ulave gnaro isa - .tubesret naujut iapacnem anug gnaro
.b turuneM ,)3 :4002( tohiraM nad gnallunaM halada nemejanam nad ines
umli nad naharagnep ,nanusuynep ,naisasinagrognep ,naanacnerep
kutnu aisunam ayad rebmus amaturet ,ayad rebmus nasawagnep
nay naujut iapacnem .uluhad hibelret nakutnetid halet g
aparebeb iraD sataid naitregnep upmisek kiratid nemejanam awhab nal
ines halada aanacnerep sesorp nad umli , ,naisasinagrognep ,n ,nanusuynep
naharagnep nasawagnep nad ayad rebmus gnaro naktabilem gnay - gnaro
iapacnem kutnu nakpatetid halet gnay naujut lanoisasinagro .
.2 aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM
arap turunem aisunam ayad rebmus nemejanam naitregnep aparebeB
: tukireb iagabes ilha
.a m ,)6 :8002( idnayfoS namreH halada aisunam ayad rebmus nemejana
akparenem malad igetarts utaus isgnuf n - utiay nemejanam isgnuf
p ,gnizinagro ,gninnal ortnoc & ,gnidael l ,gnil sativitka paites malad
7
,iskeles ,nakiranep sesorp irad ialum MDS lanoisarepo isgnuf uata
,isomorp itupilem gnay natapmenep ,nagnabmegnep nad nahitalep
inep ,refsnart nad ,isomed ,isasnepmok nairebmep ,ajrenik naial
nakujutid gnay ,ajrek agnubuh nasutumep aggnih ,lairtsudni nagnubuh
padahret isasinagro MDS irad fitkudorp isubirtnok natakgninep igab
.neisife nad fitkefe hibel araces isasinagro naujut naiapacnep
.b iwlA ayS fh a S.M nidur . 002( 8: 70 ) m , aisunam ayad rebmus nemejana
isasinagro malad inasni ayad rebmus naalolegnep arac nagned natiakreb
nakirebmem upmam raga aynihuragnepmem gnay nagnukgnil nad
.isasinagro naujut naiapacnep iagab lamitpo araces isubirtnok
.c treboR turuneM caJ nad nosk 002( 6: 3), rebmus nemejanam ayad
halada aisunam nagnacnar metsis - haubes malad lamrof metsis
fitkefe araces aisunam takab naanuggnep nakitsamem kutnu isasinagro
naujut iapacnem anug neisife nad - .lanoisasinagro naujut
isinifed iraD - pad sataid isinifed nemejanam awhab naklupmisid ta
nakparenem gnay nemejanam irad gnabac nakapurem aisunam ayad rebmus
isgnuf - utiay nemejanam isgnuf gnidael ,gnizinagro ,gninnalp &
ortnoc l ,gnil sativitka paites malad aisunam ayadrebmus nemejanam , ayn
ac nagned natiakreb aguj rebmus naalolegnep ar malad inasni ayad
nagned iapacret tapad isasinagro naujut aggnihes nagnukgnil nad isasinagro
fitkefe isasinagro nupuam idabirp irid igab nasaupek ada nad neisife
.tubesret
8
.3 aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM isgnuF
s halada rejanam gnaroeS naknalajnem gnay gnaroe nad aynnabijawek
anewew gnaroes idaJ .ailanosrep padahret aynnanipmimepek nad ayngn
iagabreb naknalajnem surah rejanam itupilem gnay nemejanam isgnuf :
.a lairejanaM isgnuF
gnanewew ikilimem gnay isgnuf halada lairejanam isgnuF
ipmimepek rebmus padahret anan isgnuf pukacnem aisunam ayad -
tukireb iagabes isgnuf :
)1 ( naanacnereP P )gninnal
nataigek apureb lairejanam isgnuf halada naanacnereP - nataigek
isasinagro naujut naujut napatenep uata nahilimep itupilem gnay
ajibek ,igetarts nautnenep atres ,rudesorp ,margorp ,keyorp ,naanask
id halet gnay tradnats nad naraggna ,metsys edotem kutnu nakhutub
.naujut iapacnem
)2 ( naisasinagrogneP O )gnizinagr
nataigek apureb lairejanam isgnuf halada halada naisasinagrogneP -
nataigek rebmus nautnenep itupilem gnay - mus nad ayad reb
nataigek -k naujut iapacnem kutnu nakhutubid gnay nataige
,isasinagro uata isasinagro utaus nagnabmegnep nad naanacnerep
lah awabmem tapad naka gnay kopmolek - haraek tubesret lah
naisagelednep atres utnetret bawaj gnuggnat nasagunep ,naujut
wew udividni adapek nakulrepid gnay gnane - ni kutnu udivid
sagut nakanaskalem - .aynsagut
9
)3 ( naharagneP )gnitceriD
naktapadnem uata taubmem kutnu nataigek halada naharagneP
nad naahasurep naknigniid gnay apa nakukalem ajrek aganet arap
kal akerem aynsurahes gnay apa ikilimem naahasurep haleteS .naku
isgnuf nakulrepid aynnakanaskalem kutnu akam ,anacner
nad sagut malad ada gnay anacner nakanaskalem utiay ayntukireb
.lanoisarepo naajrekep
)4 ( nasawagneP tnoC rol )gnil
ad arac naparenep nad naumenep nataigek halada nasawagneP n
gnay apa iauses nakukalid halet awhab nimajnem kutnu natalarep
kutnu naujutreb ini nasawagnep isgnuF .nakpatetid halet
ulal anacner nagned naanaskalep nakgnidnabmem nad itamagnam
.nagnapmiynep idajret alib iskerognem
.b lanoisarepO isgnuF
noisarepo isgnuF iaynupmem tapad kadit gnay isgnuf halada la
ialem ,hatniremem gnanewew n nad sagut amirenem aynah nak
kusamret gnay ini tukireB .lairejanam isgnuf hawab id naknalajnem
utiay lanoisarepo isgnuf malad :
)1 ajrek aganet naadagneP
su halada ajrek aganet naaadagneP halmuj helorepmem kutnu aha
isasinagro naujut iapacnem kutnu tapet gnay nawayrak sinej nad
ahutubek gnatnet tukgnaynem amaturet nad ajrek aganet n
aynnakiranep .aynnatapmenep nad iskeles ,
01
)2 ajrek aganet nagnabmegneP
tnu ahasu halada ajrek aganet nagnabmegneP naktakgninem ku
tek e nahital tawel nalipmar ( )gninnart tapad kutnu nakulrepid gnay
.kiab nagned sagut naknalajnem
)3 k nairebmeP isasnepmo
k nairebmeP lida gnay naagrahgnep nairebmep halada isasnepmo
rem nagnabmus nagned iauses nawyrak arap padahret kayal nad ake
itupilem ini naagrahgnep kutneB .isasinagro naujut iapacnem kutnu
isasnepmok kutneb iagabreb atres ,naijagnep ,nahapugnep
.isaerker nad isnarusa itrepes pakgnelep
)4 ajrek aganet naisargetnigneP
agnitnepek naiauseynep tukgnaynem nataigek halada isargetnI n-
nad isasinagro nagnitnepek nagned nagnarorep nagnitnepek
aganet pakis nad naasarep imahamem ulrep isasinagrO .takaraysam
nakajibek iagabreb nataubmep nakgnabmitrepmem malad ajrek
.isasinagro
)5 naarahilemeP
naknahatrepmem kutnu nataigek halada naarahliemeP nad
kititid naitahreP .ada halet gnay naahasurep isidnok naktakgninem
sidnok naarahilemep adap naktareb atres ajrek aganet kisif i
emep li .nakgnaneynem gnay pakis naarah
11
)6 k nagnubuh nasutumeP ajre
uata nakhasimem halada ajrek nagnubuh nasutumeP
nakilabmegnem laggnit ai anamid takaraysam adapek ajrek aganet
sesorp nakanaskalem bawaj gnuggnatreb isasinagrO .aynmulebes
nimajnem nad nakutnetid gnay nataraysrep nagned iauses ini KHP
mekid gnay takaraysam agraw .kiab naadaek malad uti nakilab
.4 ispesreP
.a eP naitregneP ispesr
)0002( reltoK anamiagab sesorp iagabes ispesrep naksalejnem
nakusam nakisaterpretnignem nad rutagnem ,iskeleynem gnaroeses -
gnay nahurulesek narabmag nakatpicnem kutnu isamrofni nakusam
awhab tapadnepreb )2002( atidnirA malad aragenukgnaM .itrareb
ep padahret ankam uata itra nairebmep sesorp utaus halada ispesr
,keybo narisfanep pukacem ispesrep ini lah malaD .nagnukgnil
mits naamirenep i( sulu n sulumits naisasinagrognep ,)tup narisfanep nad
arac nagned nakisasinagroid halet gnay sulumits padahret
nepmem tnebmep nad ukalirep ihurag snibboR nupadA .pakis naku
002( 5) ,nagnukgnil nagned aynnatiak malad ispesrep nakispirksednem
udividni anam id sesorp iagabes utiay - nad nakisasinagrognem udividni
adapek ankam irebmem raga akerem aredni nasek nakrisfanem
gnukgnil .akerem na
gnaroeses ispesrep awhab nakakumegnem )1991( otiglaW
sulumits aynah nakub ,nanarep gnagemem gnay fitka sesorp nakapurem
21
nagned nautasek utas iagabes udividni aguj ipatet aynianegnem gnay
namalagnep - ler gnay aynpakis atres isavitom ,aynnamalagnep nave
nagned aynnagnubuh malad udividnI .sulumits ipaggnanem malad
nakitragnem tapad kutnu natamagnep nakukalem ulales raul ainud
iagabes nakanugrepid aredni tala nad amiretid gnay nagnasgnar
sesorp ragA .raul ainud nagned udividni aratna nagnubuhgnep
agnep nakulrepid akam ,idajret uti natam keybo aredni tala itamaid gnay
iagabes amatrep hakgnal nakapurem naitahrep nad kiab pukuc gnay
itra malad ispesreP .natamagnep nakadagnem malad napaisrep utaus
naka gnay utauses padahret gnaroeses nagnadnap halada mumu
em .kadnitreb naka gnaroeses apa nagned nad anamiagab nopser taubm
R malad ttivaeL nebu 02( 21 aud idajnem ispesrep nakadebmem )
gnay nagnadnaP .saul nad tipmes araces nagnadnap utiay ,nagnadnap
naroeses anamiagab ,natahilgnep iagabes ispesrep nakitragnem tipmes g
aynnakitragnem saul gnay nagnadnap nakgnadeS .utauses tahilem
.utauses nakitragnem uata gnadnamem gnaroeses anamiagab iagabes
anamiagabes gnay ainud awhab iradaynem udividni irad raseb naigabeS
ned adebreb idaj ,naataynek nagned amas ulales kadit tahilid nag
adap hibel ipat utauses tahilem radekes aynah kadit ,tipmes natakednep
.tubesret utauses padahret aynnaitregnep
nakisargetnignem arac ianegnem sisilana itrareb ispesreP
lah padahret atik naparenep - nasek nagned udividni gnililekes id lah -
k snok uata nase ada hadus gnay pe adneb ilanegnem ayntujnales nad
31
iagabes hotnoc nakirebid naka ,ini lah imahamem kutnU .tubesret
aynmulebes gnay haub iapmujnem ilak amatrep urab udividni :tukireb
atik uhatirebmem gnay gnaro ada naidumek nad ,ilanek atik kadit
haub awhab magnem naidumek udividnI .aggnam aynaman uti atres ita
asar ,kutneb haalenem araces uti haub irad ,ayniagabes nial nad
)iromem( kaneb malad aggnam ianegnem pesnok lubmit ulaL .amaskas
,amas gnay haub iapmujnem taas ,aynnial natapmesek adaP .udividni
ni akam nasek nakanuggnem naka udivid - halet gnay pesnok nad nasek
ay awhab ilanegnem kutnu ikilim atik aggnam halada uti tahil atik gn .
awhab nalupmisek kiratid tapad sata id ispesrep isinifed iraD
,iskeleynem gnaroeses anamiagab sesorp utaus nakapurem ispesrep
nem nakusam nakisaterpretnignem nad rutag - nad isamrofni nakusam
namalagnep - kutnu aynnakrisfanem naidumek nad ada gnay namalagnep
.itrareb gnay narabmag nahurulesek nakatpicnem
.b ispesreP tafiS nad ispesreP sesorP
apurem ispesrep sesorp )1991( ta’raM malad troplA sesorp utaus nak
agnepid gnay fitingok alawarkac ,namalagnep helo ihur nad
nakirebmem naka rajaleb sesorp nad namalagneP .udividni nauhategnep
igab rutkurts nad kutneb keybo nakgnades ,aredni acnap pakgnatid gnay
ra nakirebmem naka alawarkac nad nauhategnep padahret it keybo gnay
narepreb naka udividni nenopmok aynrihka nad ,udividni pakgnatid
hakgnit nad pakis apureb gnay nabawaj aynaidesret nakutnenem malad
padahret udividni ukal keybo .ada gnay
41
.c rotkaF - ispesreP ihuragnepmeM gnay rotkaf
)3991( ahohT lA malad sutreb adap ispesrep awhab tapadnepreb
rotkaf nad lanretni rotkaf utiay ,rotkaf aud anerak idajret aynmumu
idni irid malad irad lasareb lanretni rotkaF .lanretske aynlasim ,udiv
naasaibek ,pakis halada lanretske rotkaf nakgnadeS .nauamek nad
rotkaf - y rotkaf uti sulumits itupilem gnay udividni raul irad lasareb gna
itilop nupuam laisos kiab ,iridnes 002( snibboR helo naksalejiD .k 5 )
udividni nupiksem awhab - udividni gnay adneb utas adap gnadnamem
amas adebreb aynnakispesrepmem tapad akerem , - halmujes adA .adeb
af ratumem gnadakret nad kutnebmem kutnu ajrekeb gnay rotk - nakkilab
p rotkaF .ispesre - irad ini rotkaf :
)1 ( ispesrep ukaleP reviecrep )
)2 keybO nakispesrepid gnay uata
)3 nakukalid uti ispesrep anamid isautis irad sketnoK
epes itam adneb padahret ispesrep nagned adebreB nisem ,ajem itr
gnay nalupmisek halada udividni padahret ispesrep ,gnudeg uata
.tubesret gnaro nakadnit nakrasadreb keybO ianekid pudih kadit gnay
mukuh - uata fitom ,nanikayek iaynupmem kadit ipatet mala mukuh
ayntabikA .aisunam adap ada gnay itrepes duskam naka udividni
nasalejnep nakgnabmegnem ahasureb - ukalirepreb apagnem nasalejnep
arac nagned - naialinep nad ispesrep ,uti anerak helO .utnetret arac
helo ihuragnepid kaynab pukuc naka gnaroeses padahret udividni
51
naiadnagnep - k ianegnem libmaid gnay naiadagnep i naadae gnaro lanretn
uti .
kitsiretkarak tapme igabmem )2002( akmaH malad pmaksO
rotkaf irad gnitnep - malad tapadret gnay laisos nad idabirp rotkaf
:utiay ,ispesrep
)1 rotkaF - irad iric rotkaf keybo .sulumits
)2 rotkaF - .tanim ,isnegeletni itrepes idabirp rotkaf
)3 aF rotk - .kopmolek huragnep rotkaf
)4 rotkaF - .larutluk gnakaleb ratal naadebrep rotkaf
.larutkurts nad lanoisgnuf rotkaf helo ihuragnepid udividni ispesreP
rotkaf halai lanoisgnuf rotkaF - aynlasiM .lanosrep tafisreb gnay rotkaf
amalagnep ,aisu ,udividni nahutubek ,naidabirpek ,ulal asam n sinej
nimalek lah nad - tafisreb gnay nial lah keybus larutkurts rotkaF .fit
ividni raul id rotkaf halada ayadub ,nagnukgnil aynlasim ,ud amron nad
uragnepreb tagnas laisos pmem malad gnaroeses padahret h er nakispes
.utauses
naiaru iraD awhab ,nalupmisek haubes kiratid tapad sata id
utiay ,lanretske nad lanretni rotkaf aparebeb helo ihuragnepid ispesrep
( ispesremep rotkaf reviecrep sketnok nad ispesrepid gnay keybo ,)
.nakukalid ispesrep isautis
61
.d kepsA - ispesreP kepsa
is ayntakekah adaP irad isaleretni utaus nakapurem halada pak
nenopmok anamid ,nenopmok iagabreb - turunem tubesret nenopmok
:utiay agit ada )1991( ta'raM malad tropllA
)1 K nenopmoK fitingo
uata nauhategnep rasad sata nususret gnay nenopmok utiaY
gnaroeses ikilimid gnay isamrofni iraD .aynpakis keybo gnatnet
utnetret nanikayek utaus kutnebret naka naidumek ini nauhategnep
.tubesret pakis keybo gnatnet
)2 fitkefA nenopmoK
idaJ .gnanes kadit nad gnanes asar nagned nagnubuhreb fitkefA
lin nagned tare nagnubuhreb gnay fitaulave ayntafis ia - ialin
.aynikilimid gnay ialin metsis uata naayadubek
)3 fitanoK nenopmoK
gnay ukal hakgnitreb kutnu gnaroeses napaisek nakapurem utiaY
.aynpakis keybo nagned nagnubuhreb
ispesrep awhab nakakumekid tapad aguj ini nasatab iraD
pmok gnudnagnem k ,fitingok neno fitkefa nenopmo nenopmok aguj nad
.ukalirepreb uata kadnitreb kutnu naaidesek nakapurem utiay ,fitanok
irad isatsefinam nakapurem pakis keybo utaus adap gnaroeses pakiS
kutnu iskaretnireb gnilas gnay tubesret nenopmok agitek isaletnok
d nakasarem ,imahamem .pakis keybo padahret ukalirepreb na agiteK
nad isaleretnireb gnilas uti nenopmok netsisnok aynnial nagned utas idaJ .
71
tapadret nenopmok agitek aratnaid lanretni araces naisasinagrognep
.tubesret
.5 ajreK nagnukgniL
.a ajreK nagnukgniL naitregneP
nagnukgniL ajrek nakapurem rotkaf gnay tagnas gnitnep id malad
.naahasurep nagnukgniL ajrek gnay kiab naka gnukudnem aynada takgnit ajrenik
ajrek gnay ,iggnit aggnihes naka tapad naktakgninem ajrenik irad
naahasurep gnay .natukgnasreb nagnukgniL ajrek ta kiab nakatakid ua
,tahes ,lamitpo araces nataigek nakanaskalem tapad aisunam alibapa iauses
.namayn nad nama akiJ nagnukgnil ajrek kadit tapad ihunepret iauses
nagned nahutubek ,nawayrak akam tapad naklubminem nanasobek nad
nahalelek aggnihes naka naknurunem nahariagek k ajre nawayrak gnay
aynrihka nawayrak kadit nakanaskalem sagut - sagut ayn araces
fitkefe nad .neisife urunem ajrek nagnukgnil naitregnep aparebeB t
tukireb iagabes ilha aparebeb :
)1 xelA .S esitiN m oti :6991( )901
nagnukgniL ajrek halada alages utauses gnay ada di ratikes ajrekep
nad tapad ihuragnepmem akerem malad naknalajnem sagut - sagut
gnay .naknabebid
)2 .T inaH okodnaH :2991( )532
nagnukgniL ajrek gnay kiab gnay tapad ihunemem nahutubek
nawayrak nagned ayniridnes nawayrak naka iradaynem gnatnet
gnuggnat aynbawaj padahret .naahasurep
81
nakrasadreB isinifed sataid akam tapad naklupmisid awhab
nagnukgnil ajrek ataynret tapad ihuragnepmem nawayrak malad
naknalajnem sagut - aynsagut aggnihes naka radas padahret gnuggnat
bawaj nagned .naahasurep
.b ajreK nagnukgniL F nad kisi kisiF noN ajreK nagnukgniL
rusnu utiay ,amatu gnay rusnu aud pukacnem ajrek nagnukgniL
ajrek nagnukgnil rusnu nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil tiN( sikisp ,otimesi
:6991 )211 :
)1 f nagnukgniL kisi ,naadnebek apureb gnay nagnukgnil halada
asib aggnihes es ihuragnepmem kadit nupuam gnusgnal arac
ajrekep igab gnusgnal tapad kisif nagnukgniL .ajrekeb taas adap
:tukireb iagabes nakkopmolekid
)a nahisrebeK
tapad naka hisreb gnay nagnukgnil naadaek nagneD
ihuragnepmem tapad aggnihes gnanes asar naklubminem
.ajrek tagnames
)b areneP nagn
taubmem naka ualis kadit nad pukuc gnay nagnarenep nagneD
nad itilet ,kiab hibel nagned naajrekep nakukalem tapad ajrekep
.ignarukid tapad nahalelek
)c nagnaneteK
habmanem tapad raga nagnanetek nakatpicnem surah naahasureP
ajrekep nasuiresek/isartnesnok adap et mp .ajrekeb ta
91
)d isalitneV
nad namayn nakasarem tapad ajrekep pukuc gnay isalitnev nagneD
id aradu .aynnaajrekep malad namayn raga rages asaret ratikes
)e anarasarp nad anaraS
natakgninep gnukudnem kutnu ini anarasarp nad anaraS
apad atres ,sativitkudorp nataafnamep habmat ialin irebmem t
igab iskudorp sesorp naanaskalep lah malad aynsusuhk kudorp
.naahasurep
)f naahasurep malad id tapmet naatanep uata gnaur ataT
uti babes helO .ajrekep sativitka gnukudnem tagnas tubesret laH
ukudid kaynab gnay gnaur naatanep gnay niased nagned gn
nasarek habmanem tapad aggnihes ,isairavreb id adareb ajrekep
.ajrek gnaur
)2 /sikisp nagnukgniL ratikesid adareb gnay nagnukgnil halada kisif non
aggnihes nitab nad naawijek tafisreb hibel gnay ,ajrek nagnukgnil
d ,gnaroeses ihuragnepmem taas naahasurep id ajrekep arap ini lah mala
nanipmip nagned nagnubuhreb gnay amaturet naajrekep nakukalem
/naahasurep .ajrek naker amases malad )1002( snibboR turuneM
l ,gninuN itupilem naahasurep malad sikisp nagnukgni :
)a nanipmip nagned ajrek nagnubuH epus( )isivr
asib nanipmip nagned kiab gnay nagnubuh naanibmeP
nad kiab hibel araces ajrek isnetop naktakgninem utnabmem
ales gnay isakinumok nanilaj hadumrepmem malad id sar
02
naahasurep pukgnil .
)b )isasilaisos( ajrek naker nagned amasajrek nagnubuH
nagned amasajreK utnabmem aguj tapad ajrek naker amases
nakukalem haduses nupuam naka taas isakinumokreb naracnalek
alibapa aynrasad adaP .kiab hibel nakhab kiab idajnem naajrekep
naka kiab nagned anibret tapad ajrek naker nagned nagnubuh
edi naklucnumem -i nasagag uata ed kiab hibel gnay . babes helO
gnaulep nakidajid tapad ajrekep adap ajrek lisah nakparahid uti
.naped asam id naahasurep igab amatu gnay
)c aynnaajrekep nagned ajrekep gnaroes nakococeK
tapet gnay aynnailhaek adap gnaroeses naktapmenem nagneD
jrekeb tapmet malad upmam aggnihes ,tapet gnay a
( aguj tapet gnay utkaw adap kudorp naklisahgnem thgir eht
emit thgir eht ni nosrep ).
)d ajrek naker nagned amasajreK
aratna nabarkaek nakdujuwem anug iagrahgnem gnilas pakiS
jrenik gnukudnem kutnu nakamatuid tagnas ajrekep amases a
ajrekep nagned kiab gnay nial .
)e ajrek nanamaeK
ajrek nanamaek nanimaj nakirebmem naahasurep nagneD
nakanaskalem taas naawayrak aggnihes nad suires nagned tapad
gnanet .
12
.6 ajreniK
.a ajreniK naitregneP
gnadak ajrenik atak naanuggneP - agned nakitraamasid gnadak n
pacnep ,ajrek lisah ,ajrek sativitkefe ,ajrek isatserp ,ajrek naia
ajrek sativitkudorp aparebeb halada tukireB .aynnial halitsi iagabreb nad
em ajrenik isinifed ilha aparebeb turun :
)1 ubarP rawnA aragenukgnaM 002( 7: 9 )
K lauk araces ajrek lisah halada ajreni gnay satitnauk nad sati
nagned iauses aynsagut nakanaskalem malad nawayrak helo iapacid
.aynnakirebid gnay bawaj gnuggnat
)2 :5002( irsaB ,iaviR )31
uata gnaroeses nalisahrebek natakgnit uata lisah halada ajreniKem maladid utnetret edoirep amales nahurulesek sagut nakanaskal
,ajrek radnats itrepes ,nanikgnumek iagabreb nagned nakgnidnabid uluhad hibelret nakutnetid halet gnay airetirk uata narasas uata tegrat
.amasreb itakapesid uata
tapad akam sataid ajrenik isinifed aparebeb nakrasadreB
awhab naklupmisid helo iapacid tapad gnay ajrek lisah halada ajrenik
nad satilauk malad isasinagro utaus malad kopmolek uata udividni
sagut naiapacnep satitnauk - gnuggnat nad gnanewew iauses sagut
gnay lisah iapacnem kutnu narasas uata tegrat ihunemem kutnu aynbawaj
kparahid .na
anaras iulalem akerem ajrenik raseb aparebes rajaleb asib iawageP
naialinep ipatet ,ajrek artim nad kiab gnay ratnemok itrepes ,lamrofni
naanaskaleP .ajrek isatserp naialinep uata naajrekep naanaskalep
22
tahilid itrareb nakub nahurulesek araces naajrekep aynkisif lisah irad
nagnubuh ,nilpisid ,ajrek naupmamek itrepes ,lah iagabreb itupilem ipatet
lah nad nanipmimepek ,ajrek - level nad gnadib nagned iauses susuhk lah
.itabajid gnay naajrekep
.b iawageP ajreniK
iL turuneM :1102( kkd ,alebmaniS katloP naj ,)631 iawagep ajrenik
utauses nakukalem malad iawagep naupmemek iagabes nakisinifedid
babes ,ulrep haltagnas iawagep ajrenik uti irad akaM .utnetret nailhaek
iawagep naupmamek huaj aparebes iuhatekid naka ini ajrenik nagned
knabebid gnay sagut nakanaskalem malad .aynadapek na
.c rotkaF - ajrenik ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf
( naayacrepek anerak helo iapacret tapad iggnit gnay ajreniK tsurt )
ggnit gnay kilab labmit atoggna aratna id i - arap aynitra aynatoggna
repmem atoggna kitsiretkarak ,satirgetni iayac paites naupmamek nad
a utkaw nakulremem iggnit gnay ajrenik iapacnem kutnU .nial atoggn
abmem kutnu amal naayacrepek nakulremem ,aynnugn tutnunem nad
.nemejanam kahip irad amaskes gnay naitahrep halada tukireB rotkaf -
k ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf ajreni :
turuneM .bT pukgnaM irfajS r wa rotkaf ,ari - y rotkaf gna
:halada ajrenik ihuragnepmem
)1 gnay nawyrak utum umli kepsa pukacnem nawayrak kitsirtni rotkaF
,aisu ,natahesek ,isavitom ,namalagnep ,nakididnep apureb
.lautirips nad isome nalipomartek
32
)2 nagnukgnil pukacnem nawayrak kisnirtske rotkaF non nad kisif ajrek
,latnoziroh nad lakitrev isakinumok ,nanipmimepek ,kisif
nad ajrek rudesorp ,ajrek nabeb ,nahitalep ,satilisaf ,isasnepmok
.ayniagabes
naruku nakakumegnem naka itilenep ayntujnaleS - irad naruku ajrenik
nreB helo nakakumekid gnay nawayrak :3991( llessuR & nidna )531 gnay
malad semoG osodraC onitsuaF helo pitukid gninuN iagabes utiay
:tukireb
)1 krow fo ytitnauQ : edoirep utaus malad nakukalid gnay ajrek halmuj
.nakutnetid gnay
)2 krow fo ytilauQ : tarays nakrasadreb iapacid gnay ajrek satilauk -
ays .aynapaisek nad naiausesek tar
)3 egdelwonK boJ : nad naajrekep ianegnem nauhategnep aynsaul
.aynalipmaretek
)4 ssenevitaerC : nasagag nailsaek – nad naklucnumid gnay nasagag
nakadnit - nalaosrep nakiaseleynem kutnu nakadnit - gnay nalaosrep
.lubmit
)5 noitarepooC : aidesek uata nial gnaro nagned amasajrekeb kutnu na
isasinagro atoggna amases .
)6 ytilibadnepeD : naridahek lah malad ayacrepid tapad kutnu naradasek
.ajrek naiaseleynep nad
)7 evitaitinI : sagut nakanaskalem kutnu tagnames - malad nad nrab sagut
ynbawajgnuggnat rasebrepmem .a
42
)8 seitilauQ lanosreP : ,nanipmimepek ,naidabirpek tukgnaynem
.idabirp satirgetni nad nahamathamarek
.d araC -c ara ajreniK naktakgnineM
nakrasadreB )73 :3991( epmiT turunem naataynrep imE malad
,itawamtaF arac - em kutnu arac nial aratna ,ajrenik naktakgnin :
)1 aiD sisong
lamrofni araces nakukalid tapad anugreb gnay sisongaid utauS
naktakgninem kutnu kiratret gnay udividni paites helo
isaulavegnem malad aynnaupmamek .ajrenik ikiabrepmem nad
kinkeT - isavresbognem ,iskelfer :aynkinket nakragnednem ,ajrenik
ratnemok - emok utauses alages apagnem gnatnet nial gnaro ratn
jret rasad ilabmek isaulavegnem ,ida - asad ulal asam nasutupek r nad
utnabmem tapad gnay ajrek nairah natatac napmiynem uata tatacnem
ulrepmem babeynep rejanam nairacnep sa - .ajrenik babeynep
)2 nahitaleP
ayag haleteS ,imahapid nad ilanekid lanoisubirta nahitalep tapad
nagned nakanugid ini nauhategnep awhab nemejanam utnabmem
.tapet
)3 nakadniT
ahitalep nad margorp ada kadiT lisah iapacnem tapad gnay n
isubirta asilanA .aynnakanuggnem kutnu nagnorod apnat aynhunepes
araces nakukalid surah lasuak pahat irad naigab iagabes nitur - pahat
.lamrof ajrenik naialinep
52
.B aynmulebeS naitileneP
.II lebaT 1 aynmulebeS naitileneP
oN ,naitileneP sineJ
,itilenePsatisrevinU
ispirkS luduJ naitileneP lisaH edoteM
HURAGNEP SISILANA NAD NAAHASUREP AYADUB
AJREK NAGNUKGNIL AJRENIK PADAHRET
NAWAYRAK
nakanugid gnaygnilpmas kinkeT halada .gnilpmas ytilibaborp
kinkeT sisilanA ataD gnaynakanugid sisilana isergeranahredes nad adnagreb anerak
.X lebarav aud iaynupmem
1 gninuN :ispirkS )5002( itnadraH atanaS satisrevinUatrakaygoY ,amrahD
iraD lisah ,naitilenep kutnU naktakgninemajrenik nawayrak TP idA airtaS idabA )ASA(
akam kahip naahasurep nakukalemnatakgninep satilauk ayadub naahasurep nadnatakgninep satilauk nagnukgnil .ajrekayntujnaleS ianegnem nagnukgnil ,ajrek
nagnukgnil ajrek huragnepreb fitisop nadnakifingis padahret ajrenik ;nawayrak nikames
kiab nagnukgnil ajrek akam ajrenik nawayrak.iggnit nikames
aynah silunep itiletid gnay rotkaF ,MDS nagned natiakreb gnay ,naahasurep ayadub amaturet
ajrenik nad ajrek nagnukgnil satabret aynah naD .nawayrak
iskudorp naigab nawayrak adap.ajas
atrakaygoY ,namelS ,nasalaK id
abmem nagneD akam tubesret aynmulebes naitilenep isnerefer ac
igabmem nad naahasurep ayadub lebairav ignarugnem duskamreb silunep
adap ispesrep idajnem naitilenep iD .kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
unep akam ajas ajrek nagnukgnil satabes itilenem aynah aynmulebes naka sil
idajnem ajrek nagnukgnil ianegnem naijak icnirem adap ispesrep nagnukgnil
iregeN iawageP ajrenik padahret aynhuragnep nad kisif non nad kisif ajrek
ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id lipiS hareaD
.atrakaygoY awemitsI
62
.C noK akgnareK lautpes
dreB naitilenep luduj nakrasa , k akgnarek akam aynlautpesno araces
sitametsis :tukireb iagabes tahilid tapad
nagaB : rebmuS( lautpesnoK akgnareK 1.II irfajS .bT pukgnaM r ariwa )
nagab iraD tilenem nigni itilenep sataid lautpesnok akgnarek hakapa i
adap iawagep ispesrep araces huragnepreb kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
tubesret kisif ajrek nagnukgniL .lipis iregen iawagep ajrenik padahret natlumis
irad tahilid naka s ,nagnanetek ,nagnarenep ,isalitnev ,nahisrebek anara -
anarasarp tat nad .gnaur a naka aynkisif non ajrek nagnukgnil irad nakgnadeS
irad tahilid iawagep iskaretni uata isakinumok nasata nagned isakinumok nad
iawagep amases nagned iskaretni uata .
.D sisetopiH naitileneP
inramuS itruM nad hamalaS 002( inuyhaW 6: awhab naktubeynem )23
nakpakgnuid gnay aratnemes naagud uata naataynrep nakapurem sisetopih
araces kutneb malad nakisalumrofid naagud uata naataynreP .fitaralked
,sata id nasumurep nakrasadreB .siripme araces ijuid asib raga lebairav
akam :utiay sisetopih nakujagnem silunep
adap iawageP ispesrePiL kisiF ajreK nagnukgn
( ) ajreniK
iawageP
)Y(
adap iawageP ispesreP noN ajreK nagnukgniL
kisiF ( )
72
kalotid nad amiretid : natlumis huragnep adA spesrep iawagep i
kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap ahret iawagep ajrenik pad rotnaK id
hisagneP natamaceK .
82
III BAB
NAITILENEP EDOTEM
.A naitileneP sineJ
adap susak iduts halada nakukalid gnay naitilenep sineJ iregeN iawageP
awemitsI hareaD ogorP noluK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id )SNP( lipiS
.atrakaygoY uti anerak helO helorepid gnay nalupmisek nalibmagnep
dahret itiletid gnay keybo pa .tubesret keybo atad adap satabret aynah
.B nad keybuS keybO naitileneP
gnay )SNP( lipiS iregeN iawageP hurules halada naitilenep keybuS
id nagnaur iaynupmem nad ajrekeb malad noluK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK
kaygoY awemitsI hareaD ogorP ,atra nakgnades keybO halada naitilenep
atres natamaceK rotnaK id adareb gnay kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
.iawagep ajrenik
.C isakoL nad utkaW
ogorP noluK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id naitilenep tapmeT
akgnadeS .atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD naitilenep utkaw n nakukalid nalub
.3102 lirpA nagned iapmas teraM
.D naitileneP lebairaV
.1 lebairaV isakifitnedI
.a sabeB lebairaV
adap iawagep ispesrep halada ini naitilenep malad sabeb lebairaV
kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
92
.b takireT lebairaV
reT lebairaV .iawagep ajrenik halada ini naitilenep malad taki
.2 lanoisarepO isinifeD
.a kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL
,naadnebek apureb gnay nagnukgnil halada kisif ajrek nagnukgniL
gnusgnal kadit nupuam gnusgnal araces ihuragnepmem asib aggnihes
idnI .ajrekeb taas iawagep igab ,isalitnev ,nahisrebek halada aynrotak
s ,nagnanetek ,nagnarenep anara - anarasarp .gnaur atat nad
.b kisif non ajrek nagnukgniL
halada kisif non ajrek nagnukgniL adareb gnay nagnukgnil
nitab nad naawijek tafisreb hibel gnay ,ajrek nagnukgnil ratikesid
ggnihes a id ajrekep arap ini lah malad ,gnaroeses ihuragnepmem
taas naahasurep nagnubuhreb gnay amaturet naajrekep nakukalem
anipmip nagned halada aynrotakidnI .ajrek naker amases/naahasurep n
uata isakinumok nasata nagned iawagep iskaretni uata isakinumok nad
tni .iawagep amases nagned iskare
.c iawageP ajreniK
gnay satitnauk nad satilauk araces ajrek lisah halada ajreniK
nagned iauses aynsagut nakanaskalem malad iawagep helo iapacid
naiapacnep halada aynrotakidnI .aynnakirebid gnay bawaj gnuggnat
patetid gnay tegrat ,ajrekeb malad utkaw natapetek ,rotnak nak
03
skam ,ajrekeb malad nanuketek ajrek utkaw naiakamep isasilami nad
.iridnes naajrekep nagned bawaj gnuggnat
.E alakS lebairaV narukugneP
alakS nakanuggnem narukugneP trekiL nabawaj fitanretla amil nagned
s nususid gnay alakS .takgnitreb arace trekiL rukugnem gnay edotem halada
uata keybus padahret naujuteskaditek uata ujutes nakataynem nagned pakis
keybo ,onopuS gnabmaB nad otnairdnI ruN( utnetret :2002 .)401
bid naataynrep paites ,roks kutneb malad nakataynid narukugneP ire
iauses ,)5 iapmas 1( amil iapmas utas roks irebid nad nabawaj nahilip amil
.nakujaid gnay naataynrep tafis
halada nakanugid naka gnay alakS alakS trekiL naicnir nagned utiay
ujuteS kadiT ;3 roks )N( larteN ;4 roks )S( ujuteS ;5 roks )SS( ujuteS tagnaS
.1 roks )STS( ujuteS kadiT tagnaS ;2 roks )ST(
nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep sisilanagnem malaD
id iawagep ajrenik padahret kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep
alaks irad naialinep nakanuggnem naka hisagneP natamaceK rotnak trekil
akutnenem nagned utiay sataid n atar ialin - adap iawagep ispesrep atar
nad kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep ,kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
ialin tahilid tapad iawagep ajrenik atar - nagnutihrep nagned aynatar :
lavretni nakutnenem ayntujnaleS iggnit roks arac nagned iracid gnay ,
irogetak halmuj igabid hadneret roks ignarukid iagabes nakutnetid gnay
tukireb :
13
= lavretnI =
08,0 rasebes lavretni ikilimem salek paites sataid nagnutihrep iraD
tapad aggnihes salek tapadid tukireb iagabes :
.1 rokS 08,1 ≤ irogetakreb hadneR tagnaS
.2 rokS 18,1 – 06,2 hadneR irogetakreb
.3 rokS 16,2 – 04,3 pukuC irogetakreb
.4 rokS 14,3 – 02,4 iggniT irogetakreb
.5 rokS 12,4 ≥ iggniT tagnaS irogetakreb
.F lepmaS nad isalupoP
.1 isalupoP
II lebaT 1.I ageP isalupoP rotnaK )SNP( lipiS iregeN iaw
2102 nuhaT hisagneP natamaceK
.oN nakididneP takgniT ) gnaro ( aynkaynaB
.1 MS P 2
.2 SMA 91 3. 1S 9 4. 2S 2
halmuJ 23
p idajnem gnay ini naitileneP malaD isalupo halada iregeN iawageP
)SNP( lipiS ajrekeb gnay rotnaK id natamaceK noluK netapubaK hisagneP
3 kaynabes ogorP 2 .nednopser
.2 lepmaS
irad naigabes halada lepmaS gnay isalupop kitsiretkarak kadneh ayn
aib paggnaid nad ,ikidilesid isalupop nahurulesek ilikawem s ( utsegnaP
23
otnawrajD nad oygabuS 002 , 5: 39 .) tabretek aneraK akam isalupop nasa
nakidajid isalupop aumes 23 kaynabes utiay lepmas nednopser .
.G lepmaS nautneneP kinkeT
nakanugid gnay kinkeT malad nautnenep lepmas halada evisopruP
gnilpmaS , s lepma hilipid nakrasadreb .itilenep irad utnetret airetirk airetirK
tilenep i gnay kahip ajrekeb gnay iawagep halada lepmas nakidajid naka
rotnak nagnaur maladid tamaceK iawagep arap nakanerakid hisagneP na
ajas apa kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil itamagnem tapad tubesret gnay
iawagep arap ihuragnepmem tapad ajrekeb uti .
.H rebmuS ataD
.1 remirP ataD
malad remirp ataD .remirp atad halada ini naitilenep malad atad sineJ
natamaceK rotnaK iawagep irad helorepid gnay atad halada ini naitilenep
.ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP
.2 rednukeS ataD
rednukes ataD tad nakanugnem ini naitilenep malad pisra irad a - pisra
.ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id ada gnay ukub
.I ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT
.1 renoiseuK
arac nagned nakukalid gnay atad nalupmugnep kinket nakapureM
nednopser adapek silutret naataynep uata naaynatrep takgnarepes irebmem
utnu k bawajnem iguS( y kutnu nakanugid ini renoiseuK .)991 :8002 ,ono
33
ajrek nagnukgnil ispesrep huragnep atad naklupmugnem non nad kisif
kisif ik padahret iawagep lipiS iregeN iawageP ajren araces amasreb - .amas
.2 aracnawaW
aracnawaW p anamid atad nalupmugnep utiay nakujagnem itilene
d bawaj aynat lipiS iregeN iwageP nagne ipakgnelem anug kujnutid gnay
gnay atad nakirebmem aguj nad itiletid gnay halasam gnatnet nagnaretek
atad helorepmem kutnu itilenep nakukalid gnay aracnawaw .nakulrepid
anegnem ggnalep ,bitret atat i iawagep nara narutarep itaanem malad
erem aynnasala .aynisknas apa nad raggnalem ak
.J nemurtsnI naijugneP kinkeT
.1 satidilaV ijU
utaus iagabes naksalejid ini naitilenep malad satidilav ijU ruku tala
natamrecek nad natapetek ikilimem gnay isgnuf nakukalem malad ruku n ay
kinket nakanuggnem nagned tnemom tcudorp isalerok ( ayajiW 002 , 9).
sumuR tnemoM tcudorP :
nagnareteK :
= Y lebairav nagned X lebairav aratna isalerok neisifeoK
y latot rokS = irad ritub gnay naaynatrep hurules adap nabawaj
lo hilipid nednopser hurules he
x = J halmu ialin paites irad nednopser paites hilipid gnay nabawaj
naaynatrep ritub
43
n = k halmuJ neisifeo
aynraseB r isnakifingis farat nakanuggnem nagned gnutihid α .%5 =
libapA a irad raseb hibel nagned akam ,%5 isnakifingis farat
ritub - naaynatrep ritub .dilav nakataynid tubesret alib aynkilabeS
irad gnaruk tubesret naaynatrep akam ,%5 isnakifingis farat nagned
.dilav kadit nakataynid
.2 satilibailaeR ijU
halada satilibaileR edni tala utaus anam huajes nakujnunem gnay sk
.nakladnaid tapad uata ayacrepid tapad ruku kutnu nakanugid gnay sumuR
nemurtsni satilibailer ijugnem halada apla hcabnorc naklobmisid uata
nagned r tt :tukireb iagabes sumur nagned
r tt
nagnareteK :
r tt = nemurtsni satilibaileR
= ritub isnairaV
= latot isnairaV
M = ritub halmuJ
( turuneM 002 ,ontayirP 9 )62 : j hibel ahpla ialin aki sitirk r irad raseb
tnemom tcudorp nasatab nakanuggnem uata 6,0 0 , nemurtsni akam
naitilenep 6,0 irad gnaruk ahpla ialin akij aynkilabes lebailer nakataynid 0
.lebailer kadit nakataynid naitilenep nemurtsni akam
53
.K ataD sisilanA kinkeT
.1 kisalK ismusA ijU
.a satiraenilokitluM ijU
malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satiraenilokitlum ijU ledom
i iserger idajret alibapA .tubesret isalerok aynada nakumetid in
kadit naka sabeb lebairav irad iserger neisifeok akam ,satiraenilokitlum
licek nikameS .iggnit gnay rorre radnats iaynupmem nad nakifingis
nikames naka iserger ledom akam ,sabeb lebairav ratna isalerok .kiab
aynada isketednem kutnU irad tahilid satiraenilokitlum :
akgna iaynupmeM ecnarelot 1 itakednem
( FIV ialin iaynupmeM rotcaf noitalfni ecnairav ) 1 akgna ratikes id
halada satiraenilokitlum sabeb gnay iserger ledom utaus namodeP
( FIV ialin lfni ecnairav rotcaf noita ) nad ecnarelot .utas itakednem gnay
aynidajret kadit nakkujunem utas itakednem FIV ialiN
tapadret akam ,amil itakednem FIV akij nakgnades ,satiraenilokitlum
FIV ialiN .aynnial sabeb lebairav nagned satiraenilokitlum nalaosrep
lorepid tapad d he naamasrep nakanuggnem nagne :
1( / 1 = FIV - )
.b satisitsadekoreteH ijU
malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satisitsadekoreteH ijU
erger sisilana utaus nairav naamaskaditek idajret is irad ,laudiser irad
natamagnep utas av akiJ .nial natamagnep ek nair halada laudiser irad
63
satisitsadekoreteh aynmumU .satisitsadekomoh tubesid akam ,patet
atad adap nakumetid kaynab ssorc - lanoitces natamagnep anerak
kutnU .amas gnay taas adap adebreb gnay udividni adap nakukalid
lid tapad ,satisitsadekoreteh isketednem kifarg adap tahi tolprettacs
margaid , :tukireb iagabes halada nasutupek libmagnem rasad nagned
ubmus adap )lon( 0 akgna ratikes id racnepreb atad narabes alibapA
idajret kadit akam ,hawab id nupuam sata id kiab ,Y
satisitsadekoreteh
narabes alibapA et ubesr nert uata alop kutnebmem t utnetret sirag
satisitsadekoreteh idajret halet akam
.c satilamroN ijU
lepmas tahilem kutnu naujutreb atad sailamron ijU - gnay lepmas
eb gnay atad iaynupmem libmaid U .kadit uata lamron isubirtsidr ij
nakanugid gnires gnay satilamron iju utiay SSPS margorp malad
vorogomloK - vonrimS nalibmagnep rasad nagned ,)5002 ,osotnaS(
:tukireb iagabes nasutupek
sakifingis ialiN )satilibaborp ialin( i kadit atad akam 50,0 ≤
lamron isubirtsidreb
isubirtsidreb atad akam 50,0 > )satililaborp ialin( isakifingis ialiN
lamron
nakanuggnem tapad aguj atad satilamon tahilem kutnu uti nialeS
/kifarg trahc a nasutupek nalibmagnep rasad nagned atad akij halad
,lanogaid sirag hara itukignem nad lanogaid sirag ratikes id rabeynem
73
nakgnadeS .satilamron ismusa ihunemem nakatakid iserger ledom akam
kadit iserger ledom akam ,lanogaid sirag irad huaj rabeynem atad akij
otnaS( satilamron ismusa ihunemem )5002 ,os .
.2 sisilanA adnagreB reiniL isergeR
nakukalid ini naitilenep naijugnep halasam nasumur nakrasadreB
rep huragnep natlumis kadit uata natlumis nakutnenem kutnu ispes
( kisif ajrek nagnukgnil ad ) ( kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil n ) iagabes
( takiret lebairav iagabes iawagep ajrenik padahret sabeb lebairav .)
utiay nakanugid gnay kitsitats edoteM sisilana .adnagreb reinil iserger
huragnep iuhategnem kutnu sisilanA ajrek nagnukgnil ispesrep dahret pa
wagep ajrenik id gnay ia sumur nagned nakatayn :
:nagnareteK
Y = iawageP ajreniK
a = atnatsnoK
= kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL adap iawageP ispesreP
= kisiF noN ajreK nagnukgniL adap iawageP ispesreP
b seb utiay iserger neisifeoK = nahaburep aynra idajret gnay adap Y
lebairav adap nahaburep tinu utas akij X
e = orE r
.3 F ijU )natlumiS(
83
nakifingis huragnep aynkadit ada ijugnem kutnu nakanugid F ijU
natlumis araces kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil sabeb lebairav
ep ajrenik takiret lebairav padahret iawag d akaM . iagabes naksilutid tapa
tukireb :
akiJ > , α adap ,%5 akam kalotid nad amiretid ,
adap iawagep ispesrep aynitra nagnukgnil kisif non nad kisif ajrek
.iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb natlumis araces
akiJ ≤ α adap , ,%5 akam d amireti nad kalotid ,
adap iawagep ispesrep aynitra nagnukgnil kisif non nad kisif ajrek
.iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb kadit natlumis araces
nahalognep lisah irad tahilid tapad F iju irad satilibaborp ialiN
molok AVONA lebat adap SSPS gis uata ecnacifingis .
.4 isanimreteD neisifeoK
isanimreteD neisifeoK rukugnem kutnu nakanugid aynraseb
lebairav isubirtnok ( ) nad ( ) naitilenep malaD .Y lebairav padahret
edni lebairav gnisam gnisam ini nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep nednep
ihuragnepmem laisrap nad natlumis araces kisif non nad kisif ajrek
nagned nakataynid gnay iawagep ajrenik utiay nedneped lebairav kutnu
eb aparebes nial atak nagned uata isanimreted neisifeok nakataynem ras
kisif non nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep huragnep
iapmas 0 halada isanimreted neisifeok aynraseB .iawagep ajrenik padahret
aumes huragnep licek nikames akam ,lon itakednem nikameS .1 nagned
93
lebairav ni tnedneped lebairav ialin padahret tnedneped akij nakgnadeS .
pad akam 1 itakednem isanimreted neisifeok a tauk nikames nakatakid t
kgnarenem malad tubesret ledom lebairav huragnep na nednepedni t
lebairav padahret nedneped t.
40
. VI BAB
NAITILENEP KEJBUS MUMU NARABMAG
.A isgnuF ,saguT isasinagrO rutkurtS nad atreseB isamroF iawageP
natamaceK hisagneP
natamaceK hatniremeP narutareP nakrasadreb kutnebid hisagneP
narutareP nakrasadreB .8002 nuhaT 6 romoN ogorP noluK netapubaK hareaD
aD isgnuf iaynupmem nad tamaC helo nipmipid natamaceK tubesret hare
itapuB helo nakhapmilid gnay nahatniremep nagnanewek naanaskalep
kutnu naidumeK .natakaraysamek nad nanugnabmep ,nahatniremep itupilem
isgnuf naaraggneleynep sagut iaynupmem tamaC duskamid :
.1 M takaraysam naayadrebmep nataigek nakisanidrookgne
.2 nabitretek nad namartnetek naaraggneleynep ayapu nakisanidrookgneM
mumu
.3 gnadnurep narutarep nakagenep nad naparenep nakisanidrookgneM -
nagnadnu
.4 yalep satilisaf nad anarasarp naarahilemep nakisanidrookgneM mumu nana
.5 takgnit id nahatniremeP nataigek nakaraggneleynep nakisanidrookgneM
natamaceK
.6 uata/nad aseD nahatniremep naaraggneleynep nasawagneP nad naanibmeP
naharuleK
14
.7 aynsagut pukgnil gnaur idajnem gnay takaraysam nanayalep naanaskaleP
uleb gnay uata/nad uata aseD nahatniremeP nakanaskalid tapad m
naharuleK
D sagut naanaskalep akgnar mala - helo utnabid tamaC ,natamacek sagut
iskeS ,nahatniremeP iskeS .tairaterkeS irad iridret gnay natamaceK takgnareP
eP nad naimonokereP iskeS ,mumU nabitreteK nad namartneteK ,nanugnabm
res agaR halO nad adumeP ,naayadubeK ,nakididneP iskeS iskeS at
.taykaR naarethajeseK saguT - gnisam irad sagut - natamaceK takgnareP gnisam
nuhaT 201 romoN ogorP noluK itapuB narutareP nagned rutaid icnir hibel
O rusnU adaP saguT naiarU gnatnet 8002 ,natamaceK hadnereT isasinagr
isam nad tairaterkes sagut naiaru nagned gn - tukireb iagabes iskes gnisam :
.1 S tairaterke
.a ;mumU nasurU nakanaskaleM
.b ;nagnauek nataigek nakanaskaleM
.c nagned natiakreb tamaC nakirebid gnay nial sagut nakanaskaleM
.aynsagut gnadib
buS : itupilem aynsagut mumU naigaB
.a ;natamaceK nad tairaterkeS ajrek margorp nusuyneM
.b macek ajrek margorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM nata ;
.c isnatsni nagned naahasuatatek gnadib id isanidrook nakanaskaleM
areP nad aseD hatniremeP ,hatniremeP noN agabmeL ,lakitreV takgn
;hareaD
.d karaggneleyneM itupilem aggnat hamur nasuru na :
24
)1 tapar nakpaisrepmeM
)2 umat amireneM
)3 nopelet nanayaleP
)4 nahisrebeK
)5 nanamaeK
)6 rotnak aggnat hamur nasuru natiakreb gnay nial nataigeK
: itupilem aynsagut nagnaueK naigaB buS
.a S ajrek margorp nusuyneM naigaB bu
.b sesorpmem nad )AKR( naraggnA nad ajreK anacneR nusuyneM
)APD( naraggnA naaskaleP nemukoD naanaskaleP nemukoD atres
)APPD( naraggnA nahabureP
.c irad )JPS( nabawajgnuggnatrep tarus isakifirev nakaraggneleyneM
naraggnA anuggneP asauK
.d akanaskaleM iawagep ijag naraulegnep nad naamirenep naukubmep n
.2 S iske P nahatnireme
,nakaraggneleynem sagut iaynupmem nahatniremeP iskeS
,mumu nahatniremep naanibmep nakanaskalem nad isatilisafmem
nad nahanatrep ,nakududnepek isartsinimda ,ased nahatniremep
akanaskalem .aynnial nahatniremep gnadib id nataigek n
emeP iskeS sagut naiarU tukireb iagabes halada nahatnir :
.a iskes ajrek margorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM
34
.b isnatsni nagned nahatniremep gnadib id isanidrook nakanaskaleM
eD hatniremeP ,hatniremeP noN agabmeL ,lakitrev takgnareP nad as
hareaD
.c naaraggneleynep nakisanidrookgneM itupilem nahatniremep nataigek :
)1 nad haread takgnarep ajrek nautas nagned isanidrook nakukaleM
nahatniremep nataigek naaraggneleynep gnadib id lakitrev isnatsni
)2 isasinorknis nad isanidrook nakukaleM nautas nagned naanacnerep
gnadib id lakitrev isnatsni nad haread takgnarep ajrek
nahatniremep nataigek naaraggneleynep
)3 id nahatniremep nataigek naaraggneleynep isaulave nakukaleM
natamacek takgnit
.d d nahatniremep naaraggneleynep anibmeM aharulek uata/nad ase n
itupilem :
)1 isartsinimda bitret nasawagnep nad naanibmep nakukaleM
naharulek uata/nad ased nahatniremep
)2 isatlusnok nad isatilisaf ,isivrepus nagnibmib nakirebmeM
naharulek uata/nad ased isartsinimda naanaskalep
)3 adahret nasawagnep nad naanibmep nakanaskaleM naanaskalep p
harul uata/nad ased alapek sagut
)4 sagut naanaskalep padahret nasawagnep nad naanibmep nakukaleM
naharulek takgnarep uata/nad ased takgnarep
)5 ;uata/nad ased nahatniremep naaraggneleynep isaulave nakukaleM
nad
44
)6 nad naanibmep naanaskalep nakropaleM nasawagnep
naharulek uata/nad ased hatniremep naaraggneleynep
.3 S iske K namartnete D na K nabitrete U mum
sagut iaynupmem mumU nabitreteK nad namartneteK iskeS
nanamaek naanibmep nakanaskalem nad isatilisafmem ,nakaraggneleynem
dnilrep atres mumu nabitretek nad iskeS sagut naiarU .takaraysam nagnu
itreteK nad namartneteK tukireb iagabes halada mumU nab :
.a iskes ajrek margorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM
.b martnetek naaraggneleynep ayapu nakisanidrookgneM nad na
itupilem mumu nabitretek :
)1 lopeK nagned isanidrook nakukaleM kilbupeR arageN naisi
nautaS uata/nad aisenodnI lanoisaN aratneT uata/nad aisenodnI
nataigek nad margorp ianegnem ajarP gnomaP isiloP
mumu nabitretek nad naaraggneleynep
)2 hayaliw id ada gnay amaga akumep nagned isanidrook nakukaleM
wem kutnu natamacek ajrek nabitretek nad namartnetek nakduju
takaraysam mumu
)3 nabitretek nad namartnetek naanibmep naanaskalep nakropaleM
.c kagenep nad naparenep nakisanidrookgneM gnadnurep na - ,nagnadnu
itupilem :
)1 gnay haread takgnarep ajrek nautas nagned isanidrook nakukaleM
nad sagut gnadnurep naparenep gnadib id aynisgnuf - nagnadnu
54
)2 gnay haread takgnarep ajrek nautas nagned isanidrook nakukaleM
gnadnurep narutarep nakagenep gnadibid aynisgnuf nad sagut -
aisenodnI kilbupeR arageN naisilopeK nagned uata/nad nagnadnu
)3 naanaskalep nakropaleM narutarep nakagenep nad naparenep
gnadnurep - natamacek hayaliw id nagnadnu
.d isasinagro nad kitilop laisos isasinagro naatadnep nakanaskaleM
aynnial natakaraysamek
.4 S iske P naimonokere D na P nanugnabme
sagut iaynupmem nanugnabmeP nad naimonokereP iskeS
eleynem ,naanibmep nakanaskalem nad isatilisafmem ,nakaraggn
,natualek nad nainatrep kisif anarasarp nad anaras ,nanugnabmep
naimonokereP iskeS sagut naiarU .pudih nagnukgnil nad naimonokerep
meP nad tukireb iagabes halada nanugnab :
.a agorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM iskes ajrek mar
.b p nataigek nakisanidrookgneM itupilem takaraysam naayadrebme :
)1 malad atres tuki kutnu takaraysam isapisitrap gnorodneM
murof malad natamacek pukgnil nanugnabmep naanacnerep
nad naharulek/ased id nanugnabmep naanacnerep harawaysum
natamacek
)2 eM tinu nahurulesek padahret nasawagnep nad naanibmep nakukal
margorp iaynupmem gnay atsaws nupuam hatniremep kiab ajrek
takaraysam naayadrebmep nataigek nad ajrek
64
)3 naayadrebmep nataigek iagabreb padahret isaulave nakukaleM
gnay natamacek hayaliw id takaraysam ajrek tinu helo nakukal id
atsaws nad hatniremep
)4 iauses takaraysam naayadrebmep gnadib id nial sagut nakukaleM
gnadnurep narutarep/nautnetek - nagnadnu
)5 id takaraysam naayadrebmep sagut naanaskalep nakropaleM
natamacek ajrek hayaliw
.c nakutnebmep isatilisafmeM isaulave nad naayadrebmep ,naanibmep ,
)seDMUB( aseD kiliM ahasU nadaB
.d natamacek liforp nanusuynep nakanaskaleM
.5 S iske P nakididne K naayadube P adume D na O agaR hal
.a iskes margorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM
.b araggna naanacnerep nanusuynep isanidrook nakanaskaleM n
rasad nakididnep kutnu nakididnep
.c naanaskalep padahret )fitneverp( nasawagnep isatilisaf nakanaskaleM
rasad nakididnep nad inid aisu kana nakididnep igab nautnab
.d ainud igab raja ukub naanuggnep nasawagnap isatilisaf nakanaskaleM
nakididnep
.e k nakanaskaleM ,halokes naiju ,retsemes naiju naanaskalep isanidroo
rasad nakididnep adap lanoisan naiju
.6 S laisoS naarethajeseK iske
.a iskes ajrek margorp nakiladnegnem nad nusuyneM
74
.b takgnarep nagned ajrek nautas nagned isanidrook nakanaskaleM
kitrev isnatsni uata/nad haread nad sagut gnay atsaws kahip atres la
mumu satilisaf nad anarasarp naarahilemep gnadib id aynisgnuf
.c satilisaf nad anarasarp naarahilemep naanaskalep nakropaleM
mumu nanayalep
.d isnatsni nagned laisos naarethajesek gnadib isanidrook nakanaskaleM
bmel ,lakitrev takgnareP nad aseD hatniremeP ,hatniremeP noN aga
hareaD
.e amagareb tamu ratna pudih nanukurek naanibmep isatilisafmeM
.B hisagneP natamaceK iawageP isamroF
.1 isamroF iawageP
ayngnittezub aratnemes ,gnaro 93 halmujes naiawagepek isamroF
aggnihes gnaro 23 aynah 7 halmujes iawagep nagnarukek hisam
gnaro ini tukireb lebat adap tahilret :
1.VI lebaT iawageP isamroF
oN tinU isamroF isireT 1 tamaC 1 1 2 tairaterkeS 1 1 mumU naigaB buS .a 5 4 nagnaueK naigaB buS .b 4 4 3 nahatniremeP iskeS 5 5 4 monokereP iskeS nanugnabmeP nad nai 4 3 5 laisoS naarethajeseK iskeS 4 3 6 agaR halO nad adumeP dubkiD iskeS 3 2 7 nabitreteK nad namartneteK iskeS 5 4 8 aseD siraterkeS 7 5
halmuJ 93 23
84
.2 tarapA nakididneP takgniT
S halada nakaynabek tarapa nakididnep takgniT ini tukireB .ATL
atad tukireb iagabes aynpakgneles :
2.VI lebaT rutarapA nakididneP takgniT
.oN nakididneP takgniT ) gnaro ( aynkaynaB
.1 PTLS 2
.2 ATLS 91
.6 1S 9
.7 2S 2
halmuJ 23
.3 halmuJ iawageP natamaceK hisagneP
3.VI lebaT halmuJ iawageP tamaceK na hisagneP
oN natabaJ )gnaro( halmuJ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
tamaC
natamaceK siraterkeS
mumU gaB buS aK
mumU gaB buS fatS
nagnaueK gaB buS aK
nagnaueK gaB buS fatS
nahatniremeP iskeS alapeK
nahatniremeP iskeS fatS
martneteK iskeS alapeK nabitreteK nad na
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
4
1
94
01
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
nabitreteK nad namartneteK iskeS fatS
nad naimonokereP iskeS alapeK
nanugnabmeP
nad naimonokereP iskeS fatS
nanugnabmeP
naayadubeK nad nakididneP iskeS alapeK
naayadubeK nad nakididneP iskeS fatS
laisoS naarethajeseK iskeS alapeK
keS fatS laisoS naarethajeseK is
aseD siraterkeS
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
.C K hisagneP natamaceK mumU isidno
.1 hayaliW naadaeK
hagnet id katelret hisagneP natamaceK sifargoeg araceS - hagnet
,ogorP noluK netapubaK 0586,446.16 hayaliw saul nagned naigabes ,aH
eb nitek ,natikubrep apur 81 nahatniremep tasup naigg naakumrep sataid m
.suicleC tajared 33 muminim nad suicleC tajared 73 mumiskam uhus ,tual
ataB s- tukireb iagabes hayaliw satab :
.a aratU halebeS naluggnaN nad oylumiriG natamaceK :
.b rumiT halebeS eS natamaceK : olotn
.c taraB halebeS nomeT nad pakoK natamaceK :
.d nataleS halebeS natajnaP nad setaW natamaceK :
05
neP natamaceK utiay ased 7 irad iridret hisag ,irasgnawaT aseD :
,irasograM aseD ,irasgnudeK aseD ,irasgnaraK aseD aseD ,hisagneP aseD
irasgnadneS modiS aseD nad .nahukudep 87 ada nahukudep halmuJ .oylu
.2 kududneP
.a nimaleK sineJ nad rumU rutkurtS turuneM kududneP halmuJ
4.VI lebaT oN rumU rutkurtS ikaL - ikal naupmereP halmuJ
1 0-4 098.1 977.1 966.3
2 5-9 149.1 287.1 327.3
3 01 - 41 258.1 839.1 097.3
4 51 - 91 650.2 .1 289 830.4
5 02 - 42 209.1 049.1 248.3
6 52 - 92 830.2 841.2 681.4
7 03 - 43 224.2 663.2 887.4
8 53 - 93 681.2 131.2 713.4
9 04 - 44 690.2 602.2 203.4
01 54 - 94 649.1 030.2 679.3
11 05 - 45 627.1 447.1 074.3
21 55 - 95 123.1 033.1 156.2
31 06 - 46 259 730.1 989.1
41 56 - 96 057 349 396.1
51 07 - 47 458 669 027.1
61 57> 939 743.1 682.2
halmuJ 177.62 966.72 044.45
15
.b amagA nakrasadreB kududneP halmuJ
5.VI lebaT oN amagA gnarO halmuJ
1 malsI 818.15
2 netsirK 619
3 kilohtaK 407.1
4 udniH 2
5 ahduB 0
halmuJ 5 044.4
.3 nakididneP
malad gnitnepret ralip utas halas nakapurem nakididneP
surah nakididnep gnadib id nanugnabmeP .aisunam satilauk naktakgninem
,nakididnep seska nasaulrep nad naataremep nimajnem upmam
dnep tuptuo gnias ayad nad isnaveler ,utum natakgninep atres nakidi
natamaceK iD .nakididnep artic nad satilibatnuka ,alolek atat nataugnep
sret gnay nakididnep agabmel tapadret hisagneP ,ased )hujut( 7 id rabe
utiay :
.a lamroF nakididneP agabmeL
6.VI lebaT oN aseD KT DS PTLS ATLS TP
1 irasgnawaT 2 3 - - - 2 raK irasgna 7 9 - - - 3 hisagneP 7 6 1 2 1 4 irasograM 4 3 1 3 2 5 irasgnudeK 4 4 1 - - 6 irasgnadneS 3 7 - 1 - 7 oylumodiS 4 5 2 - -
halmuJ 13 73 5 6 3
25
.b lamroF noN nakididneP agabmeL
7 .VI lebaT oN aseD BK APT DUAP OP MBKP
1 irasgnawaT 1 - - 1 2 irasgnaraK 3 - 3 2 3 hisagneP 6 - 6 1 4 irasograM 1 1 2 1 5 irasgnudeK 1 1 - 1 6 irasgnadneS - - 11 1 7 oylumodiS 1 - 1 1
halmuJ 31 2 32 8
.D V isi M , isi T , nauju S , narasa D na P margor
V .1 isi D na M isi
eP natamaceK takaraysam isidnok nakrasadreB ,ini taas hisagn
nagned atres ,naped asam id ipadah id gnay nad nahalasamrep
,takaraysam ikilim id gnay isnetop nad sigetarts rotkaf nakgnutihrepmem
natamaceK DPKS isiV akam hatniremeP atres nagnitnepek ukgnamep
1102 hisagneP - :halada 6102
KILBUP NANAYALEP“ ,LANOISEFORP ,AMIRP GNAY
ECNANREVOG DOOG UJUNEM FISNOPSER NAD
”HISAGNEP NATAMACEK ROTNAK ADAP
nakanaskalid naka gnay isim akam ,tubesret isiv nakdujuwem kutnU
natamaceK rotnaK tukireb iagabes halada hisagneP :
.a isreb ,kiab gnay nahatniremep nakaraggneleyneM nad ,narapsnart ,h
.amirp nanayalep gnukudnem kutnu awabiwreb
.b ayapu naktakgnineM - takaraysam naayadrebmep natakgninep ayapu
.ased nad
35
.2 T nauju
naka gnay naujut akam tubesret isim nad isiv nakrasadreB iapacid
tukireb iagabes halada :
.a ahatniremep nakdujuweM sreb ,kiab gnay n awabiwreb ,narapsnart ,hi
gnay nad nahatniremep ajrenik natakgninep nagned nakkujnutid
.rutarapa satilauk
.b nanugnabmep malad ased nad takaraysam isapisitrap naktakgnineM
gnay halasam nad ikilimid gnay isnetop isakifitnedignem upmam gnay
hid nad iridnes aynirid nugnabmem upmam atres nad ,ipada
.ikilimid gnay isnetop nakgnabmegnem
araC - naujut nakdujuwem kutnu hisagneP natamaceK hupmetid gnay arac
iapacid naka gnay tukireb iagabes igetarts nagned :
.a nahital nad nakididneP
.b gnidnab idutS
.c S naanibmeP MD
.d ased nahatniremep naaraggneleynep isanidrooK
: nial aratna naujut iapacnem kutnu libma id gnay harA
.a aynnailhaek iauses tarapa natapmeneP
.b rajaleb natapmesek nairebmeP
.c gnidnab ydutS
.d alakreb araces natamacek tarapa naanibmeP
.e narasarp nad anaras natakgnineP ajrek a
.f tarapa naarethajesek natakgnineP
45
.g alakreb araces ased nahatniremep naanibmeP
.3 S narasa
K iapacid nigni gnay narasaS halada hisagneP natamaceK rotna :
.a rutarapa satilauk nad nahatniremep ajrenik natakgninep ayndujuwreT
ed iauses ased nad hatniremep pisnirp nagn - gnay nahatniremep pisnirp
abiwreb ,narapsnart ,hisreb ,kiab kilbup nakaraggneleynem kutnu aw
.amirp gnay
.b malad ased nad takaraysam naayadrebmep natakgninep ayndujuwreT
.ipadahid gnay nagnatnat nad isnetop alolegnem
.4 P margor
hadumrepmem kutnU halet gnay narasas nad naujut naiapacnep
arac nakulrepid ,nakpatetid - aynnaiapacnep hadumrepmem kutnu arac
nataigek nad margorp nakutnenem hisagneP natamaceK hatniremeP
tukireb iagabes :
.a margorP
rgorp akam ,nakpatetid gnay narasas nad naujut iapacnem anuG ma
remeP helo nakanaskalid naka gnay halada hisagneP natamaceK hatni :
)1 narotnakreP isartsinimdA nanayaleP margorP
)2 rutarapA anarasarP nad anaraS natakgnineP margorP
)3 naiapaC naropaleP metsiS nagnabmegneP natakgnineP margorP
nagnaueK nad ajreniK
)4 usuyneP margorP DPKS naanacnereP nemukoD nan
)5 rutarapA anarasarP nad anaraS natakgnineP
55
)6 takaraysaM nanayaleP natakgnineP margorP
.b nataigeK
utkaw nuruk malad atayn gnay nakadnit utaus nakapurem nataigeK
nagned isnatsni/agabmel/nagnarorep helo nakukalid gnay utnetret
regnem gnay narasas nad naujut iapacnem kutnu ada gnay isnetop nakha
natamaceK hatniremeP helo nakukalid gnay nataigeK .nakpatetid halet
agabes halada 2102 nuhat adap hisagneP tukireb i :
)1 taruyneM taruS asaJ naaideyneP nataigeK
)2 ,isakinumoK asaJ naaideyneP nataigeK nad riA ayaD rebmuS
kirtsiL
)3 naaradneK nanijireP nad naarahilemeP asaJ naaideyneP nataigeK
lanoisarepO/saniD
)4 nagnaueK isartsinimdA asaJ naaideyneP nataigeK
)5 ajreK natalareP nakiabreP asaJ nataigeK
)6 rotnaK siluT talA naaideyneP nataigeK
)7 raB naaideyneP nataigeK naadnaggneP nad nakateC gna
)8 nagnareneP/kirtsiL isalatsnI nenopmoK naaideyneP nataigeK
rotnaK nanugnaB
)9 rotnaK napakgnelreP nad natalareP naaideyneP nataigeK
)01 gnadnureP narutareP nad naacaB nahaB naaideyneP nataigeK -
nagnadnU
)11 iM nad nanakaM naaideyneP nataigeK namun
)21 hareaD rauleK isatlusnoK nad isanidrooK naaideyneP nataigeK
65
)31 hareaD malaD isatlusnoK nad isanidrooK naaideyneP nataigeK
)41 pateT kadiT iawageP aganeT asaJ naaideyneP nataigeK
)51 rotnaK gnudeG natalareP naadagneP nataigeK
)61 alakreB nituR naarahilemeP nataigeK naaradneK
lanoisarepO/saniD
)71 rotnaK gnudeG alakreB nituR naarahilemeP nataigeK
)81 rasithkI nad ajreniK naiapaC naropaL nanusuyneP nataigeK
DPKS ajreniK isasilaeR
)91 DPKS artsneR nanusuyneP nataigeK
)02 DPKS ajreK anacneR nanusuyneP nataigeK
)12 ulavE ,gnirotinoM nataigeK naanaskaleP nad ,nailadnegneP ,isa
nataigeK nad margorP
)22 natamaceK liforP nanusuyneP nataigeK
)32 natamaceK ifargonoM nanusuyneP nataigeK
)42 DPKR gnabnersuM naaraggneleyneP nataigeK
)52 naropaleP nad nailadnegneP ,isaulavE ,gnirotinoM nataigeK
nanugnabmeP naanaskaleP hareaD
)62 MKL naayadrebmeP isatilisaF nataigeK
)72 takgniT )aseD abmoL( aseD nanugnabmeP isaulavE nataigeK
natamaceK
)82 liceK orkiM ahasU naanibmeP nad naartimeK isatilisaF nataigeK
naasedeP hageneM nad
)92 takaraysaM gnoyoR gnotoG itkaB naluB naanaskaleP nataigeK
75
)03 aigeK )udapreT ilortaP( nagnukgniL nanamaeK nailadnegneP nat
)13 alapeK nahilimeP nad naisigneP naanaskaleP isatilisaF nataigeK
aseD takgnareP nad aseD
)23 aseD takgniT mukuH kudorP nanusuyneP isatilisaF nataigeK
)33 aseD nahatniremeP naaraggneleyneP isatilisaF nataigeK
)43 geK tamU nanukureK nad isnareloT natakgnineP isatilisaF natai
amagareB
)53 nasawaW gnatneT takaraysaM naradaseK natakgnineP nataigeK
naasgnabeK
)63 aseD nautnaB anaD naanuggneP gnirotinoM isatilisaF nataigeK
)DDA nad DAD(
)73 vE ,gnirotinoM ,naanibmeP,isatilisaF nataigeK isaula
SKU naaraggneleyneP
)83 naaraggneleyneP naropaleP nad isaulavE ,gnirotinoM nataigeK
DUAP
)93 nad adumeP nagnabmegneP nad ,naanibmeP ,isatilisaF nataigeK
adumeP isasinagrO atres agaR halO
)04 laisoS isasinagrO nataigeK isatilisaF nataigeK
)14 tiM isatilisaF nataigeK malA anacneB isagitsevnI nad isagi
)24 ines nad ayaduB ialiN naalolegneP nataigeK
)34 AYADSOP margorP isatilisaF nataigeK
)44 kadniT padahreT naupmerep nagnudnilreP ayapU nataigeK
nasarekeK
58
BAB V
NASAHABMEP NAD ATAD SISILANA
.A nednopseR ispirkseD
ataD renoiseuk narabeynep iulalem helorepid ini naitilenep malad
3 kaynabes 2 3 adapek ralpmeske 2 natamaceK rotnaK id lipiS iregeN iawageP
hisagneP 3 kaynabes ilabmek gnay renoiseuk halmuJ . 2 renoiseuk .
helorepid anerak remirp atad nakapurem ini naitilenep irad ataD
ep malad ataD .rebmusaran irad gnusgnal aud idajnem nakadebid ini naitilen ,
sinej utiay ,nednopser kitsiretkarak gnatnet isireb gnay atad utiay amatrep
,aisu ,nimalek rihkaret nakididnep nad gnay atad halada audeK .ajrekeb amal
j gnatnet isireb nednopser naataynrep irad nabawa gnatnet ispesrep lebairav
agep kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iaw adap iawagep ispesrep lebairav ,
kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil nad ajrenik lebairav .iawagep
id naka ini tukireB nednopser kitsiretkarak gnatnet atad nakijas utiay
,aisu ,nimalek sinej rihkaret nakididnep ajrekeb amal nad , nabawaj atad nad
rebmusaran naataynrep irad gnatnet lebairav adap iawagep ispesrep
kisif ajrek nagnukgnil lebairav , adap iawagep ispesrep nukgnil non ajrek nag
kisif nad ajrenik lebairav iawagep :
.1 nimaleK sineJ nakrasadreB SNP
ej nakrasadreb SNP adap tahilid tapad nimalek sin T iagabes 1.V leba
:tukireb
95
1.V lebaT nednopseR ataD nimaleK sineJ nakrasadreB
nimaleK sineJ halmuJ esatneserP ikaL - ikal 24 75 %
naupmereP 8 52 % halmuJ 32 % 001
haloid atad :rebmuS 3102
natamaceK rotnaK id SNP iuhatekid 1.V lebat iraD hisagneP
ikal nimalek sinejreb - 2 kaynabes ikal 4 uata gnaro 57 sinejreb nad %
kaynabes naupmerep nimalek 8 uata gnaro 52 mod araces itrareB .% nani
natamaceK rotnaK id SNP hisagneP ikal nimalek sinejreb - kaynabes ikal
57 .%
.2 aisU nakrasadreB SNP
:tukireb iagabes 2.V lebat adap tahilid tapad aisu nakrasadreb SNP
2.V lebaT nednopseR ataD nakrasadreB aisU
aisU halmuJ esatneserP 62 – 33 nuhat 4 05,21 % 43 – 41 nuhat 7 88,12 % 24 – 94 nuhat 21 05,73 % 05 – nuhat 75 9 31,82 %
halmuJ 23 % 001 haloid atad :rebmuS 3102
aisureb SNP iuhatekid ,2.V lebat iraD 62 aratna d/s nuhat 33
kaynabes 4 uata gnaro 05,21 aynabes nuhat 14 d/s 43 aratna aisureb ,% k 7
uata gnaro 88,12 1 kaynabes nuhat 94 d/s 24 aratna aisureb ,% 2 uata gnaro
37 5, 0 % kaynabes nuhat 75 d/s 05 aratna aisureb nad 9 2 uata gnaro 8, 31
natamaceK rotnaK id SNP itrareB .% hisagneP araces naitilenep malad
nuhat 24 aratna aisu iaynupmem nanimod 1 kaynabes nuhat 94 d/s 2 gnaro
3 uata 7 5, 0 .%
06
.3 nakrasadreB SNP rihkareT nakididneP
3.V lebat adap tahilid tapad nagnolog/takgnap nakrasadreb SNP
:tukireb iagabes
3.V lebaT nednopseR ataD nakrasadreB P rihkareT nakididne
P nakididne halmuJ esatneserP PMS 2 ,6 52 % AMS 91 83,95 % KMS - 0 %
AMOLPID - 0 % 1 ATARTS 9 31,82 % 2 ATARTS 2 % 52,6
halmuJ % 001 haloid atad :rebmuS 3102
preb SNP iuhatekid ,3.V lebat iraD kaynabes PMS rihkaret nakididne
gnaro 2 uata 52,6 preb ,% AMS rihkaret nakididne kaynabes 91 uata gnaro
95 , 83 preb ,% rihkaret nakididne KMS ada kadit uata 0 preb ,% nakididne
AMOLPID ada kadit uata 0 % 1 ATARTS rihkaret nakididnepreb ,
2 ATARTS rihkaret nakididnepreb nad % 31,82 uata gnaro 9 kaynabes
.% 52,6 uata gnaro 2 kaynabes tnaK id SNP itrareB natamaceK ro hisagneP
iaynupmem nanimod araces naitilenep malad AMS rihkaret nakididnep
kaynabes 91 uata gnaro 95 , 83 .%
.4 ajrekeB amaL nakrasadreB SNP
iagabes 4.V lebat adap tahilid tapad ajrekeb amal nakrasadreb SNP
:tukireb
16
4.V lebaT nednopseR ataD eB nakrasadr ajrekeB amaL
ajrekeB amaL halmuJ esatneserP 3 – nuhat 5 2 % 52,6 6 – 8 nuhat - -
9 – 11 nuhat 3 % 83,9 21 - 14 nuhat 7 % 88,12
nuhat 51 irad hibeL 02 % 05,26 halmuJ 23 % 001 haloid atad :rebmuS 3102
SNP iuhatekid ,4.V lebat iraD ekeb amal 2 kaynabes nuhat 5 d/s 3 ajr
, % 52,6 uata gnaro d/s 6 aratna ajrekeb amal 8 nuhat ada kadit amal ,
aratna ajrekeb 9 1 d/s 1 9 uata gnaro 3 kaynabes nuhat 83, ,% ajrekeb amal
aratna 1 41 d/s 2 kaynabes nuhat 7 uata gnaro 88,12 % ajrekeb amal nad
51 irad hibel %05,26 uata gnaro 02 kaynabes nuhat rotnaK id SNP itrareB .
natamaceK hisagneP amal iaynupmem nanimod araces naitilenep malad
2 kaynabes nuhat 51 irad hibel ajrekeb 0 uata gnaro 05,26 .%
.B nemurtsI naijugneP naitileneP
.1 satidilaV ijU
lenep malad satidilav ijU utaus iagabes naksalejid ini naiti ruku tala
ruku isgnuf nakukalem malad natamrecek nad natapetek ikilimem gnay n ay
kinket nakanuggnem nagned tnemom tcudorp isalerok . aynraseB r
isnakifingis farat nakanuggnem gnutihid α .%5 = alibapA hibel
eb irad ras ritub akam ,%5 isnakifingis farat nagned - naaynatrep ritub
.dilav nakataynid tubesret alib aynkilabeS irad gnaruk
kadit nakataynid tubesret naaynatrep akam ,%5 isnakifingis farat nagned
.dilav
26
nopser kutnU helorepid %5 ahpla nagned gnaro 23 halmujreb ned
ialiN .943,0 rasebes nakanugid ayntujnales gnay halini kutnu
meti satidilav airetirk - uk meti esi dilav nakataynid tapad kutnU .reno
ireB .943,0 irad raseb hibel surah meti neisifeok ada tuk lisah lebat hal u ij
:satidilav
36
5.V.lebaT satidilaV ijU lisaH
NAAYNATREP
nagnareteK IAWAGEP ISPESREP
ADAP NAGNUKGNILKISIF AJREK ( ) 1 NAAYNATREP ,0 834 943,0 DILAV 2 NAAYNATREP ,0 476 943,0 DILAV 3 NAAYNATREP 0, 104 943,0 DILAV 4 NAAYNATREP ,0 237 943,0 DILAV 5 NAAYNATREP 6,0 19 943,0 DILAV 6 NAAYNATREP 6,0 80 943,0 DILAV 7 NAAYNATREP ,0 775 943,0 DILAV 8 NAAYNATREP ,0 316 943,0 DILAV 9 NAAYNATREP ,0 756 943,0 DILAV 01 NAAYNATREP ,0 107 943,0 DILAV 11 NAAYNATREP ,0 546 943,0 DILAV 21 NAAYNATREP ,0 183 943,0 DILAV
NAAYNATREP
nagnareteK IAWAGEP ISPESREP
ADAP NAGNUKGNILKISIF AJREK NON ( )
1 NAAYNATREP 4,0 60 943,0 DILAV 2 NAAYNATREP 4,0 92 943,0 DILAV 3 NAAYNATREP ,0 595 943,0 DILAV
NAAYNATREP 4 5,0 40 943,0 DILAV 5 NAAYNATREP ,0 4 77 943,0 DILAV 6 NAAYNATREP 6,0 19 943,0 DILAV
NAAYNATREP
nagnareteK )Y( IAWAGEP AJRENIK
1 NAAYNATREP ,0 005 943,0 DILAV 2 NAAYNATREP 276,0 943,0 DILAV 3 NAAYNATREP ,0 114 943,0 DILAV 4 NAAYNATREP ,0 746 943,0 DILAV 5 NAAYNATREP ,0 057 943,0 DILAV 6 NAAYNATREP ,0 037 943,0 DILAV 7 NAAYNATREP ,0 234 943,0 DILAV 8 NAAYNATREP ,0 464 943,0 DILAV 9 NAAYNATREP ,0 295 943,0 DILAV
3102 haloiD gnay remirP ataD : rebmuS
46
.2 satilibaileR ijU
kukalid satilibailer ijU lebairav ratna hakapa iuhategnem kutnu na
ep irad bailer nakataynid gnay naaynatr el ibailer ijU .kadit uata satil
SSPS nagned nakukalid . ikilimem alib lebailer nakataynid naka lebairaV
ahplA hcabnorC iju irad lisaH .06,0 irad raseb hibel uata nagned amas
ler atilibai bat id nakujnutid s e ini hawab l :
6.V .lebaT satilibaileR ijU lisaH
lebairaV hcabnorC ialiNahplA
nagnareteK
adaP iawageP ispesreP kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL ( )
,0 688 lebaileR
adaP iawageP ispesrePkisiF noN ajreK nagnukgniL ( )
7,0 75 lebaileR
)Y( iawageP ajreniK ,0 558 lebaileR 3102 haloiD gnay remirP ataD : rebmuS
naaynatrep ritub aumes ,sataid lebat adap satilibailer iju lisah iraD
akgna nagned ladnah nial atak nagned uata lebailer halada lebairav malad
orC ahplA hcabn ,0 irad raseb hibel .06
.C ataD sisilanA
.1 kisalK ismusA ijU
.a satiraenilokitluM ijU
malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satiraenilokitlum ijU
idajret alibapA .tubesret isalerok aynada nakumetid ini iserger
d iserger neisifeok akam ,satiraenilokitlum naka sabeb lebairav ira
gis kadit e radnats iaynupmem nad nakifin nikameS .iggnit gnay ror
56
nikames naka iserger ledom akam ,sabeb lebairav ratna isalerok licek
.kiab
ialin irad tahilid satiraenilokitlum aynada isketednem kutnU
rotkaF noitalfnI ecnairaV FIV( ) nad ecnarelot utas itakednem gnay
ialin lisaH .)1( rotkaF noitalfnI ecnairaV nagned )FIV(
em SSPS nakanuggn nagnukgnil utiay lebairav audek kutnu utiay
.630,1 rasebes kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil nad kisif ajrek
7.V lebaT ijU lisaH satiraenilokitluM
malaD ledom awhab naksalejid tapad akam ini naitilenep
ini laH .satiraenilokitlum idajret kadit ini naitilenep iserger
ialin nad 630,1 utiay 01 irad gnaruk FIV ialin nagned nakitkubid
ecnarelot .569,0 utiay 1,0 irad raseb hibel
.b satisitsadekoreteH ijU
oreteH ijU malad hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb satisitsadek
irad ,laudiser irad snairav naamaskaditek idajret iserger sisilana utaus
nial natamagnep ek natamagnep utas . isketednem kutnU
kifarg adap tahilid tapad ,satisitsadekoreteh ,margaid tolprettacs
rasad nagned k libmagnem tukireb iagabes halada nasutupe :
66
adap )lon( 0 akgna ratikes id racnepreb atad narabes alibapA
idajret kadit akam ,hawab id nupuam sata id kiab ,Y ubmus
satisitsadekoreteh
narabes alibapA sirag dnert uata alop kutnebmem tubesret
let akam utnetret satisitsadekoreteh idajret ha
kireB naijugnep lisah lebat halada tu itsadekoreteh tapad satis
ini hawabid tahilid :
rabmaG 1.V . satisitsadekoreteH ijU lisaH
rabmag iraD kitit awhab tahilret sataid - ratikesid rabeynem kitit
m kadit nad Y ubmus adap )0( nigiro .rutaret gnay alop iaynupme
hab naklupmisid tapad idaJ jret kadit iserger ledom adap aw alajeg ida
.satisitsadekoreteh
.c satilamroN ijU
lepmas tahilem kutnu naujutreb atad sailamron ijU - lepmas
eb gnay atad iaynupmem libmaid gnay kadit uata lamron isubirtsidr .
U iju utiay SSPS margorp malad nakanugid gnires gnay satilamron ij
76
vorogomloK - vonrimS nalibmagnep rasad nagned ,)5002 ,osotnaS(
:tukireb iagabes nasutupek
)satilibaborp ialin( isakifingis ialiN ≤ kadit atad akam 50,0
lamron isubirtsidreb
sakifingis ialiN )satililaborp ialin( i > atad akam 50,0
lamron isubirtsidreb
naijugnep lisah lebat halada tukireB atilamron tahilid tapad s
ini hawabid :
8.V lebaT satilamroN ijU lisaH
nagned satilamron iju nagnutihrep lisah iraD elpmaS enO
vorogomloK - vonrimS tseT id ta roks kutnu isnakifingis naktapadid sa
lebairav aumes irad latot ( ) ,662,0 rasebes ( ) nad 905,0 rasebes
50,0 irad hibel lebairav hurules isnakifingis aneraK .674,0 rasebes Y
adap atad awhab naklupmisid tapad akam ebairav ispesrep l iawagep
adap kisif ajrek nagnukgnil ( ) , adap iawagep ispesrep nagnukgnil
kisif non ajrek ( ) .lamron isubirtsidreb )Y( iawagep ajrenik nad
ib aguj satilamron iju kifarG sa wabid tahilid ini ha :
86
rabmaG 2 .V satilamroN ijU
mag iraD rabmag rab rabeynem atad awhab tahilret sataid
akam ,lanogaid sirag hara itukignem nad lanogaid sirag ratikesid
.satilamron ismusa ihunemem iserger ledom
.2 adnagreB raeniL isergeR sisilanA
kutnu nakanugid adnagreB raeniL isergeR sisilana ledoM
bawajnem umur nakutnenem kutnu naitilenep naijugnep halasam nas
ispesrep huragnep natlumis kadit uata natlumis adap iawagep nagnukgnil
kisif ajrek ( ) nad adap iawagep ispesrep kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil
( ) jrenik padahret sabeb lebairav iagabes lebairav iagabes iawagep a
)Y( takiret id K raenil iserger sisilana lisaH .hisagneP natamaceK rotna
id tapad adnagreb ini hawabid lebat adap nakujnut :
96
nagreB raeniL isergeR lisaH ad
.lebaT 9.V
07
did iserger lisah iraD taubid tapad gnay iserger neisifeok tapa
ep tukireb iagabes iserger naamasr :
: Y 482,0 + 759,9 735,0 +
bat iraD el- lebat 0.61 SSPS nagned adnagreb raenil iserger lisah rof
swodniw id id naka sata id naksalej kutnu ini hawab gnep u sisetopih naij
tukireb iagabes :
.a ( natlumiS sisetopiH naijugneP F ijU )
hakgnaL - sisetopih iju naijugnep hakgnal iagabes F iju natlumis
tukireb :
)1 sisetopiH naksumureM
- kalotid nad adap iawagep ispesrep aynitra ,amiretid
nagnukgnil k kisif non nad kisif ajre natlumis araces
.iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb
- amiretid nad adap iawagep ispesrep aynitra ,kalotid
nagnukgnil kisif non nad kisif ajrek kadit natlumis araces
iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb .
)2 isnakifingis takgnit nakutneneM
nakanuggnem isnakifingis takgniT α %5 .50,0 uata
)3 nakutneneM
AVONA lebat nakrasadreB helorepid .710,6 rasebes
)4 nakutneneM
,%59 nanikayek takgnit nakanuggnem nagneD α %5 ayn raseb ,
ned iuhatekid tapad tukireb iagabes nagnutihrep nag :
17
k = gnalibmep kD
n( = tubeynep kD -k- )1
)iserger ledom adap fd ialin( 2 = gnalibmep kD
23( = tubeynep kD – 2 – 92 = )1
ialin iuhatekid %5 = gis adap F lebat nakrasadreB nagned
.23,3 rasebes 92 = tubeynep kd nad 2 = gnalibmep kd
)5 nep airetirK naijug
- akiJ > , akam kalotid nad ,amiretid
aynitra adap iawagep ispesrep nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
huragnepreb natlumis araces kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil
.iawagep ajrenik padahret
- akiJ , akam amiretid nad ,kalotid
aynitra adap iawagep ispesrep nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
huragnepreb kadit natlumis araces kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil
.iawagep ajrenik padahret
n tapadid naikimed nagned akaM iali )710,6( >
)23,3( akam kalotid nad amiretid iawagep ispesrep aynitra ,
araces kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap
.iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb natlumis
.b isanimreteD neisifeoK
aliN i aynitrA .392,0 rasebes 9.V lebat adap nakujnutid gnay
iawagep ispesrep lebairav ( kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap nad )
27
dap iawagep ispesrep ( kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil a upmam )
adap ada gnay isairav % 3,92 naksalejnem uata )Y( iawagep ajrenik
,92 iawageP ajreniK lebairav helo ihuragnepid % 3 nad .
aynasiS af helo ihuragnepid % 7,07 k rot - .nial rotkaf
.D nasahabmeP
M dap iawagep ispesrep nakutnene a ispesrep ,kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
ukgnil adap iawagep iawagep ajrenik nad kisif non ajrek nagn tahilid tapad
atar ialin - nagned aynatar nagnutihrep :
ayntujnaleS nakutnenem kutnu lavretni ispesrep hadner iggnit
dap iawagep a ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep ,kisif ajrek nagnukgnil
p ajrenik nad kisif non salek 5 taubmem nagned iawage iggnitret roks utiay
irogetak halmuj igabid hadneret roks ignarukid sumur nagned nagneD . :
= lavretnI =
08,0 rasebes lavretni ikilimem salek paites sataid nagnutihrep iraD
lek tapadid tapad aggnihes b iagabes sa tukire :
21.V.lebaT rokS lavretnI
rokS nagnareteK08,1 ≤ hadneR tagnaS
06,2 - 18,1 hadneR04,3 - 16,2 pukuC02,4 - 14,3 iggniT
12,4 ≥ iggniT tagnaS
37
umur nad lebat nagned akaM gnisam irad nasahabmep sataid s - gnisam
d lebairav tukireb iagabes naksalejid tapa :
.1 kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL adaP ispesreP kepsA
atar nagnutihrep irad lisah nahurulesek araceS - v atar ispesrep lebaira
ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep irogetak malad kusamret kisif utiay iggniT
atar roks nagned - irad tapadid gnay 39,3 rasebes aynatar .39,
atar lisaH lebaT - paites adap atar rotakidni adap iawagep ispesrep
agnukgnil es kisif ajrek n iagab tukireb :
31.V.lebaT ajreK nagnukgniL adaP iawageP ispesreP ataD sisilanA lisaH
kisiF
lebairaV rotakidnI rokS atar-ataR irogetaK3 13,4 iggniT tagnaS7 31,4 iggniT2,1 60,4 iggniT
8 79,3 iggniT01 ,6 49,3 iggniT5 ,4 19,3 iggniT
9 48,3 iggniT11 18,3 iggniT21 52,3 pukuC
adap iawageP ispesrePkisiF ajreK nagnukgniL
ataR -ataR rokS latoTrokS latoT atareR
31,7439,3
malad kusamret kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesreP
irad iridret gnay iggnit irogetak rotakidni rotakidni utiay nakanugid gnay
m rotnak id aradu isalukris malad kusamret 13,4 rasebes ialin iaynupme
,iggnit tagnas irogetak rotakidni isidnok alib ajrekeb sukof iawagep
malad kusamret 31,4 rasebes ialin iaynupmem namayn ajrek tapmet
,iggnit irogetak rotakidni gnay raulid nahisrebek nad maladid nahisrebek
lales kusamret gnay 60,4 rasebes amas gnay ialin iaynupmem agajret u
47
,iggnit irogetak malad rotakidni gnanet ajrek gnaur alib ajrekeb isartnesnok
uti nialeS .iggnit irogetak malad kusamret 79,3 rasebes ialin iaynupmem
rotakidni elrep nad ayahac rebmus utiay nial gnay rotnak napakgn
nakgnades 49,3 rasebes ialin nagned utiay iggnit irogetakreb ihadamem
rotakidni nakirogetakid aguj nagnarenep nad ajrek gnaur id aradu uhus
.19,3 rasebes amas ialinreb utiay iggnit rotakidnI irogetakreb gnay nial
ilisaf ianegnem iggnit naatanep nad 48,3 ialinreb ihadamem gnay rotnak sat
rasebes ialin nagned iggnit irogetak malad kusamret ipar gnay nagnaur
nakirogetakid gnay kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesreP .18,3
adap aynah 52,3 rasebes ialin nagned pukuc rotakidni et naatanep tapm
.isairavreb gnaruk gnay ajrek
.2 kisiF noN ajrek nagnukgniL adap iawageP ispesreP kepsA
atar nagnutihrep irad lisah nahurulesek araceS - ispesrep lebairav atar
if ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep irogetak malad kusamret non kis iggniT
d utiay atar roks nagne -r rasebes aynata irad tapadid gnay 95,3
.95,
paites adap atar atar lisaH lebaT rotakidni adap iawagep ispesrep
nukgnil tukireb iagabes kisif ajrek nag :
41.V.lebaT noN ajreK nagnukgniL adaP iawageP ispesreP ataD sisilanA lisaH
kisiF lebairaV rotakidnI rokS atar-ataR irogetaK
2 87,3 iggniT5 57,3 iggniT4 66,3 iggniT1 05,3 iggniT6,3 44,3 iggniT
adap iawageP ispesreP ajreK nagnukgniL noN
kisiF
ataR -ataR rokS latoT 65,12rokS latoT atareR 95,3
57
ep ispesreP malad kusamret kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawag
rotakidni irad iridret gnay iggnit irogetak - amases isakinumok rotakidni
rotakidni ,iggnit irogetak malad kusamret 87,3 ialin iaynupmem iawagep
irogetakid aguj iawagep sagut nabeb nagned nasata nailudepek iggnit nak
nagned natabilretek rotakidni nakgnadeS .87,3 rasebes ialin nagned
aguj 66,3 ialin nagned naajrekep naiaseleynep kutnu nial iawagep
ialin iaynupmem nasata nagned isakinumok rotakidni ,iggnit nakirogetakid
dnI .iggnit irogetak malad kusamret 87,3 halada amas ialinreb gnay rotaki
bawaj gnuggnat nad takab iauses naajrekep irebmem nanipmip rotakidni
malad kusamret 44,3 rasebes ialin nagned iawgep nanamaek sata isnatsni
.iggnit irogetak
.3 iawageP ajreniK kepsA
ar nagnutihrep irad lisah nahurulesek araceS at - ajrenik lebairav atar
ep t irogetak malad kusamret iawag atar roks nagned utiay iggni - aynatar
irad tapadid gnay 88,3 rasebes .88,
h lebaT paites adap atar atar lisa rotakidni tukireb iawagep iajrenik :
51.V.lebaT eP ajreniK ataD sisilanA lisaH iawag
lebairaV rotakidnI rokS atar-ataR irogetaK1 61,4 iggniT4 00,4 iggniT8 79,3 iggniT5 ,3 19,3 iggniT7 ,2 18,3 iggniT
9 57,3 iggniT6 95,3 iggniT
rokS latoT atareR 88,3
iawageP ajreniK
ataR -ataR rokS latoT 19,43
67
rotakidnI - ik rotakidni irogetakreb gnay iawagep ajren T turunem iggni
id lebat utiay 61,4 rasebes ialin nagned rotakidni tukireb iagabes sata
nakirebid gnay naajrekep nakiaseleynem ulales tapad iawagep ianegnem
rotakidnI .iggnit irogetak kusamret nem malad utkaw natapetek ianeg
00,4 rasebes ialin nagned iggniT nakirogetakid naajrekep rotakidni nad
nakirogetakid nakirebid gnay naajrekep sata bawaj gnuggnat ianegnem
79,3 rasebes ialin nagned iggniT aynialin amas gnay rotakidni ayntujnaleS .
utiay ianegnem nad naitiletek ,nanuketek nad rotnak ek gnitad utkaw tapet
rasebes ialin nagned iggniT irogetak malad kusamret ajrekeb malad tamrec
19,3 rotakidni utiay aynnial amas ialinreb gnay rotakidnI . ianegnem
iasilamiskam nad tegrat iauses takaraysam ek nanayalep ajrek utkaw
18,3 rasebes ialin nagned iggniT irogetak malad kusamret rotakidnI .
muleb gnay naajrekep naklaggninem hanrep kadit iawagep ianegnem
iaseles 57,3 ialin nagned iggniT irogetak gnologret gnay rotakidni nad
rihkaret natapetek nad natapecek ianegnem ek nanayalep malad
iT nakirogetakid takaraysam .95,3 rasebes ialin nagned iggn
.4 adnagreB isergeR sisilanA lisaH
serger sisilana lisah iraD = Y ,naamasrep nagned adnagreb i + 759,9
482,0 735,0 + hatekid tubesret naamasrep lisah iraD . u i ( ispesrep
adap iawagep nad )kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep(
kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil ) id tapad aggnihes fitisop ialinreb nakatak
nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep iggnit nikames awhab
77
ep ispesrep kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawag iawagep ajrenik akam
naka takgninem .
nagneD aynihunepret wagep ajrenik iawagep taubmem iggnit gnay ia
K nad satitnauk ,satilauk iapacnem upmam hisagneP natamaceK rotna
isnatsni helo nakpatetid halet gnay aynnaajrekep sata tegrat naiapacnep
.tubesret
.5 amasreb natlumis( F ijU sisilanA - )amas
s lebairav audek naijugnep lisah iraD amasreb arace - )natlumis( amas
nad naklisahgnem F iju nagned ialiN > )710,6(
nagned )23,3( rasebes isnakifingis 0,0 5 nagneD . lebairav audek naikimed
sabeb dap iawagep ispesrep( nad )kisif ajrek nagnukgnil a ( ispesrep
padahret nakifingis huragnepreb )kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep
races )iawagep ajrenik( Y takiret lebairav amasreb a - .)natlumis ( amas
naikimed nagned akaM nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep
araces kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil ajrenik padahret huragnepreb natlumis
.iawagep
d aynitrA iggnit nikames nagne ayn adap iawagep ispesrep
nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil akam kisif non nikames ajrenik alup iggnit
id iawagep K .hisagneP natamaceK rotna
87
IV BAB
NARAS ,NALUPMISEK NAD NAITILENEP NASATABRETEK
.A nalupmiseK
nad atad sisilana nakrasadreB adap nakukalid halet gnay nasahabmep
nalupmisek kiranem tapad silunep akam ,V baB awhab :
.1 ggnit irogetak malad adareb kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesreP i
39,3 rasebes utiay .
.2 irogetak malad adareb kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesreP
95,3 rasebes utiay iggnit .
.3 88,3 rasebes utiay iggnit irogetak malad adareb iawagep ajreniK .
.4 non ajrek nagnukgnil nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesreP
aynitrA .iawagep ajrenik padahret huragnepreb natlumis araces kisif
nagnukgnil nad kisif ajrek nagnukgnil adap iawagep ispesrep kiab nikames
rotnak id iawagep ajrenik alup iggnit nikames naka akam kisif non ajrek
.hisagneP natamaceK
.B naraS
tapad gnay naraS ini naitilenep nakrasadreb itilenep helo nakiapmasid
:halada
.1 ayntujnaleS itileneP igaB
saulrepmem itilenep aynkiabeS keybo aynah kadit naitilenep
tapad gnay ajas kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil nad ksif ajrek nagnukgnil
97
isam ipatet iawagep ajrenik ihuragnepmem gnay nial rotkaf kaynab k
.iawagep ajrenik ihuragnepmem tapad
.2 hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK isnatsnI igaB
nagnukgnil ispesrep lebairav nasahabmep lisah irad iuhatekiD
gnay ajrek tapmet rotakidni adap pukuc nakirogetakid gnay kisif ajrek
utiay isairavreb gnaruk tubesret lah tahileM .52,3 rasebes ialin nagned
naatanep isairavmem nad ilabmek atanem kutnu naknaraynem itilenep
met id ajem ajrek tap K tapad iawagep ayapus hisagneP natamaceK rotna
.aynajrenik naktakgninem
.C naitileneP nasatabreteK
p ini naitilenep malaD malad nasatabretek aynada iradaynem silune
:tukireb iagabes halada uti nasatabreteK .ini ispirks nasilunep
.1 .hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK id nakanugid tapad aynah ini naitileneP
.2 nagnukgnil ispesrep satabes aynah itilenep helo itiletid gnay lebairaV
kisif ajrek aggnihes ,ajas kisif non ajrek nagnukgnil ispesrep nad
rukugnem kutnu nial rotkaf uata lebairav kaynab tapadret hisam
.iawagep ajrenik
.3 ,gnaro 23 inkay ,satabret gnay naitilenep keybus naktabilem naitileneP
dap nakisasilarenegid tapad muleb lisah aggnihes keybus kopmolek a
.raseb halmuj nagned
08
D RATFA P AKATSU
ayS ,iwlA fa .nidur .SM 002 5 . aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM igetartSfititepmoK naluggnueK EFPB :atrakaygoY .
.3002 .S ,atidnirA nagned knaB artiC nad satilauK ispesreP aratna nagnubuHispirkS .habasaN satilayoL igolokisP satlukaF :atrakaruS . .SMU
.7002 .niddufiaS ,rawzA aynnarukugneP nad iroeT ,aisunaM pakiS :atrakaygoY .tesffO rajaleP akatsuP
nawrajD .oygabuS utsegnaP nad sP ot 5002 . .fitkudnI kitsitatS isidE amiL .EFPB :atrakaygoY
imE ,itawamtaF 02 . 31 . ajreniK nawayraK . //:ptth 1=m?lmth.ajrenik/10/3102/moc.topsgolb.hisgninuyhawamtaf
id hudnu 21 laggnat iraurbeF 102 3 .BIW 00.31 lukup
.2002 .dammahuM ,akmaH nasawagneP padahreT ispesreP aratnA nagnubuHvitoM nagned ajreK ispirkS .isatserpreB isa satisrevinU :atrakaruS .
.igolokisP satlukaF hayidammahuM
.0002 .inaH .T ,okodnaH aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nad ailanosreP nemejanaM .MGU ,EFPB :atrakaygoY
.5002 .gninuN ,itnadraH nagnukgniL nad naahasureP ayaduB huragneP sisilanAT ajreK .ispirkS .ajreniK padahre atanaS satisrevinU :atrakaygoY
imonokE satlukaF amrahD
.2002 .onopuS ,otnairdnI sinsiB naitileneP igolodoteM EFPB :atrakaygoY .
.0002 .pilihP ,reltoK ,noitatnemelpmi ,gninnalP ,sisylanA :nemejanaM gnitekraMnoitidE ht9 lortnoC dna .yesreJ weN ,tnI ,lanoitanretnI llaH ecitnerP ,
onoyirT gneggnaL .3102 .sutreblA , kajap bijaw ispesrep naadebrep sisilanA padahret idabirp gnaro metsys tnemssessa fles takgnit nakrasadreb
ipis iregen iawagep nagnolog nad nakididnep ispirkS .l .atrakaygoY .U .atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisrevin
,aragenukgnaM .A.A .ubarP rawnA 002 7. ayaD rebmuS ajreniK isaulavEaisunaM amatidA akifeR :gnudnaB .
,ariwarpukgnaM b.T .7002 .irfajS aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM :rogoB . ailahG aisenodnI
,gnallunaM nad M tohiraM HMA . 002 4 . atrakaygoY .ailanosreP nemejanaM :sserP ytisrevinU adaM hajaG
18
.1991 ,ta’raM aynnarukugneP atreS nahabureP aisunaM pakiS ailahG :atrakaJ ..aisenodnI
.2002 .namsU suidraH nad iworhcaN natakedneP : irtemokE kinkeT naanuggnePkgnelid sitkarP nad relupoP ataD nahalogneP nad sisilanA kinkeT ipa
.llecxE.SM nad SSPS margorP tekaP nakanuggneM ajaR :atrakaJasakreP odnifarG
.2891 .xelA .S ,onomesitiN ailanosreP nemejanaM ailahG :rumiT atrakaJ .aisenodnI
.9002 .iwD ,ontayirP na tcudorP acitsitatS rajaleB iridnaM noituloS ecivreS d.kitsitatS naijU ataD sisilanA kutnU atrakaygoY makaideM :atrakaygoY
aviR i hoM izwaF damhA ,lazhtieV .5002 .irsaB metsiS :lasiarppA ecnamrofreP gniaS ayaD naktakgnineM naD nawayraK ajreniK ialineM tapeT gnaY
naahasureP ilawajaR :atrakaJ . serP
sihtaM ,L treboR H nhoJ noskaJ nad .2002 . aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM .tapmE abmelaS :atrakaJ
snibboR P nehpetS , 002 . 5. .roivaheB lanoitazinagrO eK isidE salebes . nosraePlanoitanretnI noitacudE
.2102 .nebuR .laisoS igolokisP nebur//:ptth - igolokisp/2102/moc.topsgolb.knaod -lmth.laisos . 3102 teraM 42 laggnat hudnuiD
.5002 .iduB uyabruP ,osotnaS .SSPS nad llecxE .sM nagneD kitsitatS sisilanAidnA :atrakaygoY
miS ma 4002 .yrneH ,aro . aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM abmelaS :atrakaJ ,tapmE
.2102 .katloP najiL ,alebmaniS naD narukugneP iroeT iawageP ajreniKisakilpmI umlI aharG :atrakaygoY .
dnayfoS i .8002 .namreH , aisunaM ayaD rebmuS nemejanaM aharG :atrakaygoY .umlI
.8002 .onoyiguS tatS naitileneP kutnU akitsi atebaflA :gnudnaB .
.6002 .inuyhaW ,hamalaS nad .itruM ,inramuS sinsiB naitileneP igolodoteM ..tesffO idnA :atrakaygoY
.1991 .omiB ,otiglaW )ratnagneP utauS( laisoS igolokisP idnA :atrakaygoY ..tesffO
.9002 .inoT ,ayajiW taD sisilanA .SSPS nakanuggnaM a ayajamtA :atrakaygoY
28
NARIPMAL
38
renoiseuK .I naripmaL
adapeK : rdS / ubI / kapaB
iawageP lipiS iregeN hisagneP natamaceK rotnaK ogorP noluK netapubaK
atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD 25655
,tamroh nagneD
: ayas ini amasreB
: amaN otnawruP irA ardnahC senahoY
MIN : 640 4122 80
gnit awsisahaM nemejanaM nasuruJ imonokE satlukaF rihka tak
satisrevinU nagned ispirks nusuynem gnades gnay atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS
:luduj “ AJREK NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP HURAGNEP
KISIF NON NAD KISIF IAWAGEP AJRENIK PADAHRET LIPIS IREGEN ”
susak idutS rotnaK ceK hareaD isniporP ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natama
atrakaygoY awemitsI .
rdS/ubI/kapaB adapek nohom ayaS padahret nabawaj irebmem kutnu
naataynrep - naataynrep enoiseuk malad nususret gnay atad helorepmem anug ini r
ay .naitilenep malad nakhutubid gn
j aumeS gnay nabawa Ba rdS/ubI/kap nakanugrep ayas naka nakireb kutnu
nagnitnepek nnaaisaharek agaj ayas naka nad ispirks nasilunep ayas uti kutnU .ay
nakparahgnem rdS/ubI/kapaB naaidesek mem arac nagned utnabmem kutnu ireb
ini renoiseuk adap nabawaj y naadaek iauses .aynranebes gna
akpacugnem ayaS rdS/ubI/kapaB naaidesek sata hisak amiret n halet gnay
nakgnaulem
.ini renoiseuk bawajnem kutnu utkaw
tamroH ayas ,
P irA ardnahC senahoY
48
KU ISE RENO
K NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP HURAGNEP AJRE
AJRENIK PADAHRET IAWAGEP LIPIS IREGEN
susak idutS ogorP noluK netapubaK hisagneP natamaceK
atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD isniporP
.I nednopseR satitnedI
hilip adnA gnay nabawaj adap ) X ( adnat halireB
nimaleK sineJ : .a L ika – ikaL
.b P naupmere
U ais .a : nuhat 81 – nuhat 52
.b nuhat 62 – nuhat 33
.c nuhat 43 – nuhat 14
.d nuhat 24 – nuhat 94
.e nuhat 05 – nuhat 75
.f nuhat 75 irad hibeL
rihkaret nakididneP : a. PMS AMOLPID .d
b AMS . 1 ATARTS .c
c . KMS 2 ATARTS .d
ajrekeb amaL : .a uhat 3 n – nuhat 5
.b nuhat 6 – nuhat 8
.c nuhat 9 – nuhat 11
.d nuhat 21 – nuhat 41
.e nuhat 51 irad hibeL
58
naisigneP kujnuteP : adnat halireB X ( ) nabawaj takgnit adap
!nakasar adna gnay nagned iauses gnay
STS TAGNAS : KADIT UJUTES 1( )
TS : KADIT UJUTES 2( )
N LARTEN : )3(
S : UJUTES 4( )
SS TAGNAS : UJUTES 5( )
.II ajreK nagnukgniL lebairaV
.A adap iawageP ispesreP kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL
oN naataynreP STS TS N S SS 1 nahisrebeK nagnaur malad id agajret ulales adnA . 1 2 3 4 5 2 agajret ulales adnA nagnaur raul id nahisrebeK . 1 2 3 4 5 3 aradu isalukris tapadreT adnA rotnak id . 1 2 3 4 5
4 ajrek gnaur id aradu nad uhuS ulales adnA agajret
rages nad . 1 2 3 4 5
5 p upmaL nagnarene id ajrek gnaur adnA pukuc . 1 2 3 4 5
6 pukuc gnay ayahac rebmus tapadreT rotnaK id
adnA . 1 2 3 4 5
7 naka adnA k alib ajrekeb sukof ajrek tapmet isidno
adnA namayn . 1 2 3 4 5
8 r alib ajrekeb nesnok naka adnA ajrek gnau adnA
gnay gnanet . 1 2 3 4 5
9 rotnak satilisaF ihadamem pukuc gnay gnajnunem
ajrekeb malad adnA . 1 2 3 4 5
01 rotnak napakgnelreP gnajnunem ihadamem gnay
ajrekeb malad adnA . 1 2 3 4 5
11 nagnaur naataneP adnA pukuc ipar . 1 2 3 4 5 21 et naataneP .isairavreb gnay adnA ajrek tapm 1 2 3 4 5
68
.B adap iawageP ispesreP kisiF noN ajrek nagnukgniL
oN naataynreP STS TS N S SS 1 aratna isakinumoK nagned adnA nasata kiab nilajret . 1 2 3 4 5
2 aratna isakinumoK nagned adnA iawagep amases
kiab nilajret . 1 2 3 4 5
3 m nanipmiP takab nagned iauses naajrekep nakirebme
adnA . 1 2 3 4 5
4 k adA natabilrete nagned adnA nial iawagep maladnaajrekep naiaseleynep . 1 2 3 4 5
5 p nasatA adnA sagut nabeb nagned ilude . 1 2 3 4 5
6 id adnA nanamaek sata bawaj gnuggnatreb isnatsnI
rotnak . 1 2 3 4 5
.III lebairaV iawageP ajreniK
oN naataynreP STS TS N S SS
1 ulales ayaS nem tapad nakiaseley naajrekep sata
nakirebid gnay .ayas adapek 1 2 3 4 5
2
m ulales ayaS nanayalep nad naajrekep nakiaseleyne hadus gnay tegrat nagned iauses takaraysam adap
.nakijnajid 1 2 3 4 5
3 utkaw tapet rotnak ek gnatad ulales ayaS . 1 2 3 4 5
4 tapet naajrekep nakiaseleynem tapad ulales ayaS
utkaw . 1 2 3 4 5
5 S ulales aya ,nuket naajrekep malad tamrec nad itilet . 1 2 3 4 5
6 nanayalep malad utkaw tapet nad tapec ulales ayaS
takaraysam . 1 2 3 4 5
7 S ulales aya aggnihes ,ajrek utkaw naklamiskamemnaajrekep natabmalretek imalagnem kadit .
1 2 3 4 5
8 S atreb ulales aya naajrekep sata bawaj gnuggnnaksagutid .
1 2 3 4 5
9 akij ayas naajrekep naklaggninem hanrep kadit ayaSiaseles muleb uti naajrekep .
1 2 3 4 5
78
sisilanA nad ataD isalubaT .2 naripmaL ataR - ataR
SISILANA NAD ATAD ISALUBAT LEBAT WAGEP ISPESREP ,KISIF AJREK NAGNUKGNIL ADAP IA
NUKGNIL ADAP IAWAGEP ISPESREP KISIF NON AJREK NAG AJRENIK NAD IAWAGEP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 11 211 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 15 52,42 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 64 38,33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 63 00,34 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 55 85,45 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 1 94 80,46 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 54 57,37 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 84 00,48 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 94 80,49 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 63 00,301 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 55 85,411 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 94 80,421 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 76,331 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 15 52,441 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 05 71,451 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 64 38,361 4 3 4 2 2 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 03 05,271 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 15 52,481 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 3 64 38,391 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 4 3 14 24,302 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 05 71,412 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 84 00,422 3 3 5 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 63 00,332 3 3 5 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 63 00,342 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 84 00,452 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 95 29,462 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 3 4 84 00,472 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 3 25 33,482 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 45 05,492 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 65 76,403 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 34 85,313 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 05 71,423 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 2 05 71,4
latoT 031 031 831 521 521 621 231 721 321 621 221 401 76,521ataR-ataR 60,4 60,4 13,4 19,3 19,3 49,3 31,4 79,3 48,3 49,3 18,3 52,3 39,3
kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL adap iawagep ispesrePlatoToN ataR-ataR
88
1 2 3 4 5 61 3 3 3 3 5 3 02 33,32 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,33 5 5 3 3 3 3 22 76,34 4 5 3 4 4 3 32 38,35 5 3 3 3 5 3 22 76,36 1 4 1 4 4 1 51 05,27 4 4 1 4 4 4 12 05,38 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,49 2 3 3 3 3 3 71 38,201 4 4 3 4 4 3 22 76,311 4 4 4 4 4 3 32 38,321 4 4 3 4 3 3 12 05,331 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,441 1 4 4 4 4 4 12 05,351 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,361 5 4 5 4 4 5 72 05,471 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,481 4 4 4 4 4 3 32 38,391 5 3 3 3 3 3 02 33,302 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,412 1 3 3 3 3 3 61 76,222 4 4 5 4 5 5 72 05,432 4 4 5 4 5 5 72 05,442 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,452 3 5 4 4 4 4 42 00,462 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,372 4 4 4 4 4 4 42 00,482 3 5 3 5 3 3 22 76,392 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,303 4 4 5 4 4 4 52 71,413 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,323 3 3 3 3 3 3 81 00,3
halmuJ 211 121 011 711 021 011 00,511ataR-ataR 05,3 87,3 44,3 66,3 57,3 44,3 95,3
oNkisiF noN ajreK nagnukgniL adaP iawageP ispesreP
latoT ataR ataR
98
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 53 98,32 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 93 33,43 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 03 33,34 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 04 44,45 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 92 22,36 4 2 4 4 4 2 1 4 2 72 00,37 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 72 00,38 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 34 87,49 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 23 65,301 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 04 44,411 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 04 44,421 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,431 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,441 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 13 44,351 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 82 11,361 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,471 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,481 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,491 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 93 33,402 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,412 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 33 76,322 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 13 44,332 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 13 44,342 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 93 33,452 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 34 87,462 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 33 76,372 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,482 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,492 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 33 76,303 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 63 00,413 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 53 98,323 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 53 98,3
halmuJ 331 221 521 821 521 511 221 721 021 11,421ataR-ataR 61,4 18,3 19,3 00,4 19,3 95,3 18,3 79,3 57,3 88,3
ataR - ataRlatoTIAWAGEP AJRENIK
oN
09
.3 naripmaL satilibaileR nad satidilaV ijU isergeR sisilanA nad kisalK ismusA ijU ,adnagreB
.1 satilibaileR nad satidilaV ijU
.A adap iawageP ispesreP kisiF ajreK nagnukgniL
ytilibaileR
19
.B adap iawageP ispesreP kisif non ajrek nagnukgniL
ytilibaileR
29
39
49
59
69
naitileneP nijI taruS .4 naripmaL
79