Post on 19-Dec-2015
description
MIKROALGA
IRIANI SETYANINGSIH
GANGGANG atau ALGA
* bersifat osmotropik
* mengandung pigmen
* fotosintesa (phototrophic
eukaryotic microorganisms)
* uniselular sampai multiselular
Alga renik yang terapung di air merupakan bagian dari fitoplankton (flora laut tersuspensi) ~ sumber makanan penting bagi organisme perairan
produsen primer Menghasilkan oksigen selama fotosintesa
~ diperlukan oleh organisme lain
~ mengatasi polusi
Juga terdapat dalam tanah
Ukuran beragam
Tersebar luas di alam
Algae berukuran mikroskopis = mikroalgae
Telaah mengenai algae = fikologi
Kebanyakan hidup di air
MICROALGA
Chlorella Scenesdesmus Dunaliella Spirulina
Porphyridium
Skeletonema
Nitzchia
Chaetoceros
Thalassiosira
Tetraselmis
MICROALGAE ?????
Microscopic photosynthetic organisms
Produktivitas primer
Laut dan perairan tawar
Unicellular
Primitive form of plant
Mekanisme fotosintesis sama dengan tanaman
Lebih efisien dalam mengubah energi dari matahari
Kultivasi mudah
Tidak tergantung musim
MICROALGAE
Diatom
(Bacillariophyceae) Green algae
(Chlorophyceae)
Blue green algae
(Cyanophyceae)
Fitoplankton dominan Polymerized silica (Si) Sel menyimpan : natural oil; karbohidrat (chrysolaminarin)
Melimpah (khususnya di freshwater) Single cell atau coloni Evolutionary progenitor dari tanaman modern Sel menyimpan pati
Struktur dan organisasi mendekati bakteri Berperan dalam fiksasi nitrogen dari atmosfer
Chlorella
Termasuk ganggang hijau (green algae)
Uniselular, mikroskopik
Mengandung sekumpulan zat pembangun yang bergizi
Mengandung banyak klorofil
Mengandung vitamin, mineral, serat makanan, asam nukleat, asam amino, CGF
Dinding sel sangat kokoh ~ sulit dicerna
Komponen utama yang memiliki efek kesehatan : klorofil, beta karoten, Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF)
Sebagai great normalizer
Aplikasi : tablet, granula atau sebagai larutan ekstrak (CGF)
Komposisi kimiawi : Protein 60% (asam amino lengkap) Karbohidrat dan lemak Vitamin : Vit C, provitamin A, tiamin,
riboflavin, piridoksin, niasin, asam folat, vit. B12, biotin, kholin, vit K, asam pantotenat
Mineral : fosfor, kalium, magnesium, sulfur, besi, kalsium, mangan, tembaga, seng, kobalt
sumber gizi suplemen protein tinggi
Chlorella
Dunaliella
as an origin of creature, produce the -carotene to protect the body and endure the intense temperature difference of all day and increase strongly under the hard condition such as another creatures can not be alive
halotolerant alga Dunaliella to survive in high salt
Cell body naked (without cellwall or lorica)
often colored red or orange owing to excess carotenoid pigments
As a food source in aquaculture, a commercial source of -carotene, glycerol, fine chemical
Spirulina
Multicellular
Filamentaous dengan diameter 1-12 m, cylindrical cells in unbranched, helicoidal trichomes
Filamennya motil
Tumbuh cepat (warm, shallow, brackish lakes)
Habitat : tanah, fresh, brackish and sea water
Spirulina
Chemical composition
~ human food, feed, source of natural products
~ protein 50-70% (bk)
~ lipid 16,6 % (bk)
~ karbohidrat 15 % (glucose, sucrose)
~ -sitosterol (sterol berkaitan dengan aktivitas antimikrobial)
~ pigmen ---- 3 kelompok :
* chlorophyll a
* carotenoid dan xanthophyll
* phycobiliprotein (c-phycocyanin & allophycocyanin)
Diatom
Protista berukuran besar
Biasanya masuk dalam alga golongan Chrysophyta atau Bacillariophyta
Golden brown algae
Marine phytoplankton yg dominan
Free living plankton,
beberapa menempel pada
tanaman,krustase, moluska
Berperanan sbg primary productivity
Photosyntetic algae
Pigmen : chlorophyll carotenoid fucoxanthin
Nitzschia
Diatom ujung runcing (pennate diatom) Divisi Chrysophyta Golden brown algae ~ pigmen kuning > hijau Blooming ~ perairan berwarna agak coklat muda Tumbuh baik pada kisaran suhu 15-30 oC N. closterium :
bersel tunggal Ukuran 20-90 um Bersifat motil Neritik (tumbuh dekat daratan)
Mempunyai aktivitas antimikroba : Nitzschia palatea, Nitzschia ovalis
Chaetoceros
Golden brown algae
Plankton neritik
Memiliki setae ---- membentuk filamen
~ melayang di permukaan air
Sel tunggal, tidak berantai
Bercangkang cembung
Spora di tengah sel induk
Non motil
Pakan alami
C. gracilis, C. lauderi, C. peruvianus,
C. socialis : mempunyai aktivitas antibakterial
Pakan alami
Produser primer
Lingkungan
Pharmaceutical
Nutraceutical
Bahan kimia lain
Microalgae in Human Nutrition
The blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Nostoc commune which usually grows in rice paddies or in prepared foods in the Philippines and China
The cyanobacterium, Spirulina (S. platensis, S. maxima) was consumed has long been a traditional food in Chad
Many countries such as the USA, Thailand, China, India and Australia and sold as a health food and dietary supplement. The green microalgae and Dunaliella salina are also farmed and sold as dietary supplements
Microalgae in Aquaculture and Animal Nutrition
Mikroalgae merupakan sumber pangan yang penting bagi manusia maupun industri aquacultur
especially the larvae and spat of bivalve
molluscs, penaeid prawn larvae and live food organisms such as rotifers
algae juga merupakan sumber pangan alami bagi hewan kultur ~ aquaculture feed additve
Microalgae such as Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis and Spirulina are also used as a source of natural pigments for the culture of prawns, salmonid fish and ornamental fish
PRODUK-PRODUK MICROALGAE
CAROTENOIDS
Beberapa jenis mikroalgae mengandung carotenoids dalam jumlah tinggi seperti
-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin Karoten ini dapat diaplikasikan secara luas
sebagai pewarna dan antioksidan alami Pertama kali -carotene dikembangkan secara
komersiel adalah halophilic flagellate, Dunaliella salina
Australia is now the major producer of natural
-carotene from Dunaliella
Lanjutan Carotenoids
Beberapa masih bisa hidup pada kondisi ekstrim Pure -carotene or mixed carotenoids are sold as
a nutritional supplement and natural food colouring
Dried Dunaliella powder is also sold as a feed
additive for aquaculture to pigment crustaceans such as prawns
Astaxanthin is used as a pigmenter for farmed
salmonid fish as well as a dietary antioxidant ~ dihasilkan oleh Haematococcus pluvialis
(chlorophyte) yang merupakan freshwater alga
Biopigmen lain
The phycobilin pigments
produced by cyanobacteria, rhodophytes and cryptophytes (i.e. phycocyanin and phycoerythrin)
Sebagai food colouring
Sebagai bahan yang diperlukan
dalam kosmetika Sebagai fluorescent dyes for flow
cytometry Spirulina, Dunaliella
FATTY ACIDS Beberapa jenis mikroalga: Porphyridium cruentum (rhodophyte) Monodus subterraneus and
Nannochloropsis spp (eustigmatophytes). Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nitzschia
spp (the diatoms) mengandung sejumlah lipid dan polyunsaturated fatty acids cukup tinggi
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid ~ essensiel untuk manusia dan hewan
Lanjutan Fatty acids
Marine algae such as diatoms and eustigmatophytes are especially rich sources of these PUFAs and have been proposed as a source for commercial production
Docosahexaenoic acid is now produced by heterotrophic culture of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii for use as a supplement in infant formulas and as a dietary supplement
Eicosapentaenoic acid production from the
diatom Nitzschia
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids (PUFA) Nutraceuticals: Docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22 : 6 (n-3)] and eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA, 20:5(n-3)] are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the human diet. These PUFA may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and alleviate inflammatory diseases.
Pharmaceutical leads: DHA and other novel
bioactive PUFA can be chemically modified by
adding or changing functional groups within
different regions in the molecule
(combinatorial chemistry) in order to
enhance/change the bioactivity and hence
lead to the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals.
Other unusual fatty acids are likely to be
bioactive
Aquaculture: Microalgae are used as essential live feeds
and supplements in the aquaculture of larval and juvenile
animals including oyster spat, juvenile abalone, finfish
larvae and rotifer.
Hydrocarbons (oil) and liquid fuels
Alga hijau Botryococcus telah diidentifikasi
sebagai sumber minyak
Botryococcus braunii mensintesa sejumlah hydrocarbons dengan kandungan minyak lebih dari 86% of dry weight
Produktivitas hydrocarbon paling tinggi
terjadi pada fase exponensial suatu pertumbuhan dibawah kondisi nutrien yang bagus khususnya N yang tinggi
Alga ini juga dapat tumbuh pada saline media
Bioactive molecules Selain alga yang memproduksi toksin, beberapa
alga laut juga merupakan sumber komponen bioaktif yang bisa diaplikasikan pada manusia, hewan maupun budidaya
Skrining dari mikroalgae telah ditemukan antibiotik,
antiviral, antikanker, antiinflamatory, hypocholesterolemic, and many other pharmacological activities
Aktivitas antitumor telah diisolasi dari dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp, beberapa senyawa cytotoxic dari cyanobacter
Growth promoter
Antimikroba dari mikroalga
ALGAE CULTURE SYSTEMS
Raceway Ponds used for the culture of Spirulina platensis by Microbio in Calipatria, California (Courtesy A. Belay)
Culture of Nannochloropsis for aquaculture feed in an aerated deep tank in Hawaii
LARGE-SCALE ALGAE CULTURE SYSTEMS
Centre-Pivot ponds for the culture of Chlorella in Taiwan. Largest ponds are about 0.5 ha in area.
The large open ponds used for the culture of Dunaliella salina at Hutt Lagoon, Western Australia, by Congnis Nutrition and Health. The largest ponds are about 250 ha in area
LABORATORY SCALE MICROALGAE CULTURE