FINANCIAL ANDCOST-VOLUME-PROFIT MODELS

Chapter 12

3rd Group :Erin Rudianingsih, SECahyo Priyatno, SE, Ak,CPMA, CABudi Purwono, SE, CMA

Financial andCost-Volume-Profit Models

Financial Modeling

Simulasi kuantitatif yang menjelaskan hubungan antara beberapa faktor

secara akurat dan reliabel

Simulasi kuantitatif yang menjelaskan hubungan antara beberapa faktor

secara akurat dan reliabel

meningkatkan kualitas

pengambilan keputusan

meningkatkan kualitas

pengambilan keputusan

memprediksi kondisi bisnis

memprediksi kondisi bisnis

Profit area

Loss area

Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Models and Break Even Point

Revenue = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Income

PQ = VQ + F + I

At the break-even point income = 0

PQ = VQ + F

Combining terms and solving for Q, the number of units that must be sold to break even:

Q = F ÷ (P – V)

Revenue = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Income

PQ = VQ + F + I

At the break-even point income = 0

PQ = VQ + F

Combining terms and solving for Q, the number of units that must be sold to break even:

Q = F ÷ (P – V) (P – V) is the unit

contribution margin

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Break-evenpoint

Break-evenpoint

Fixed expenses

Total expenses

Total sales

Units Sold

Sale

s €

Profit area

Loss area

CVP and Target Income

$(100,000)

$(80,000)

$(60,000)

$(40,000)

$(20,000)

$-

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$- $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 $400

Profit a

rea

Loss

area

Break-evenpoint

Break-evenpoint

Fixed expenses + Target income Unit contribution margin =

Units sold to earnthe target income

Operating

Contribution margin Net income

Operating leveragefactor

=

Menggambarkan resiko tidak

tercapainya target penjualan

Menggambarkan resiko tidak

tercapainya target penjualan

Operating leverage yang

rendah disebabkan

biaya per unit produk di

dominasi oleh biaya tetap

Operating leverage yang

rendah disebabkan

biaya per unit produk di

dominasi oleh biaya tetap

Operating leverage yang

tinggi disebabkan

biaya per unit produk di

dominasi oleh biaya variabel

Operating leverage yang

tinggi disebabkan

biaya per unit produk di

dominasi oleh biaya variabel

Company A Company BSales 1,000,000$ 1,000,000$ Variable costs 300,000 600,000 Contribution margin 700,000$ 400,000$ Fixed costs 600,000 300,000 Operating income 100,000$ 100,000$

Operating leverage 7.00 4.00

Kenaikan 10% Penjualan akan menyebabkan kenaikan 70% Laba Perusahan A, akan tetapi hanya menaikan 40% Laba Perusahaan B Company A Company BSales 1,100,000$ 1,100,000$ Variable costs 330,000 660,000 Contribution margin 770,000$ 440,000$ Fixed costs 600,000 300,000 Operating income 170,000$ 140,000$

New operating leverage 4.53 3.14

Computer Spreadsheet Model1. Gather all the facts,

assumptions and estimates for the model;

i.e., parameters.

1. Gather all the facts, assumptions and

estimates for the model; i.e., parameters.

2. Describe the relations between the parameters. This usually

results in an algebraic equation.

2. Describe the relations between the parameters. This usually

results in an algebraic equation.

3. Separate the parameters from the formulas. Use cell addresses,

instead of actual numbers.

3. Separate the parameters from the formulas. Use cell addresses,

instead of actual numbers.

Modeling Tax

Formulasi Modeling Tax: A = Income after tax B = Income before tax T = Tax rate A = B – BT A = B (1 – T) or solving for B: B = A ÷ (1 – T)

Penyesuaian model CVP untuk menentukan Laba setelah pajak

Modeling Multiple Products

Modeling Perusahaan dengan banyak produk:

1. estimasi bauran penjualan dari masing-

masing produk

2. Menghitung Weighted Average Unit Contribution

Margin

Modeling Perusahaan dengan banyak produk:

1. estimasi bauran penjualan dari masing-

masing produk

2. Menghitung Weighted Average Unit Contribution

Margin

Contoh

provides us with the following information:

Description Selling

price

Unit variable

cost

Unit contribution

margin

Number of

boards Surfboards 500$ 300$ 200$ 500 Sailboards 1,000 450 550 300 Total sold 800

Description Number of boards

% of Total

Surfboards 500 62.5% (500 ÷ 800)Sailboards 300 37.5% (300 ÷ 800)Total sold 800 100.0%

Sales mix computation

Weighted-average unit contribution margin

Description Contribution

margin % of total

Weighted contribution

Surfboards 200$ 62.5% 125.00$ Sailboards 550 37.5% 206.25 Weighted-average contribution margin 331.25$

$200 × 62.5%$200 × 62.5%

Break-even point

Break-even point =

Fixed expenses Weighted-average unit contribution margin

Break-even point =

$170,000 $331.25

Break-even point = 514 combined units

Fixed costs increased from $80,000, due to

expansion needed to sell multiple products.

The break-even point is 514 combined units. We can use

the sales mix to find the number of units of each product

that must be sold to break even.

Combined break-even

sales

Product % of total

Individual

sales

514 Surfboards 62.5% 321 Sailboards 37.5% 193 Total units 514

The break-even point of 514 units is valid

only for the sales mix of 62.5% and 37.5%.

Modeling Multiple Cost Drivers

Some costs treated as fixed

(when sales volume is the only activity) may now be considered variable.

An insight from activity-based costing: costs may be a function of multiple

activities, not merely sales volume.

Total Cost = (Unit variable cost × Sales units)

+ (Batch cost × Batch activity)+ (Product cost × Product

activity)+ (Customer cost × Customer

activity)+ (Facility cost × Facility activity)

Meperkirakan nilai wajar

dari setiap

para meter

Memperkirakan batasan dari

setiap parameter

Merubah nilai pada batas atas atau bawah

suatu parameter. sementaraparameter lainnya tetap

Because of the number of computations involved, computerized models are used for sensitivity analysis.

catat perubahan laba yang terjadi.

Sensitivity Analysis

Realistic combinations of changed parametersRealistic combinations of changed parameters

Best case scenarioKombinasi reastis pada tingkat harga tertinggi, penjualan tertinggi dan

biaya terendah

Worst case scenario Kombinasi reastis pada harga tingkat terendah, penjualan terendah dan

biaya tertinggi

Most likely case scenario Kombinasi reastis pada

tingkat harga, penjualan dan biaya yang wajar (sering

terjadi)

Sensitivity Analysis

Modeling Scarce Resources

Perusahaan dihadapkan pada pilihan sumberdaya yang terbatas dan bagaimana memaksimalkan sumberdaya yang terbatas.

memanfaatkan sumberdaya yang terbatas pada produk yang memberikan kontribusi margin yang tertinggi

Perusahaan dihadapkan pada pilihan sumberdaya yang terbatas dan bagaimana memaksimalkan sumberdaya yang terbatas.

memanfaatkan sumberdaya yang terbatas pada produk yang memberikan kontribusi margin yang tertinggi