Financial and cost volume profit models, share
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FINANCIAL AND COST-VOLUME-PROFIT MODELS Chapter 12 3rd Group : Erin Rudianingsih, SE Cahyo Priyatno, SE, Ak,CPMA, CA Budi Purwono, SE, CMA Financial and Cost-Volume-Profit Models
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Financial and Volume Proit Models
Transcript of Financial and cost volume profit models, share
FINANCIAL ANDCOST-VOLUME-PROFIT MODELS
Chapter 12
3rd Group :Erin Rudianingsih, SECahyo Priyatno, SE, Ak,CPMA, CABudi Purwono, SE, CMA
Financial andCost-Volume-Profit Models
Financial Modeling
Simulasi kuantitatif yang menjelaskan hubungan antara beberapa faktor
secara akurat dan reliabel
Simulasi kuantitatif yang menjelaskan hubungan antara beberapa faktor
secara akurat dan reliabel
meningkatkan kualitas
pengambilan keputusan
meningkatkan kualitas
pengambilan keputusan
memprediksi kondisi bisnis
memprediksi kondisi bisnis
Profit area
Loss area
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Models and Break Even Point
Revenue = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Income
PQ = VQ + F + I
At the break-even point income = 0
PQ = VQ + F
Combining terms and solving for Q, the number of units that must be sold to break even:
Q = F ÷ (P – V)
Revenue = Variable Costs + Fixed Costs + Income
PQ = VQ + F + I
At the break-even point income = 0
PQ = VQ + F
Combining terms and solving for Q, the number of units that must be sold to break even:
Q = F ÷ (P – V) (P – V) is the unit
contribution margin
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Break-evenpoint
Break-evenpoint
Fixed expenses
Total expenses
Total sales
Units Sold
Sale
s €
Profit area
Loss area
CVP and Target Income
$(100,000)
$(80,000)
$(60,000)
$(40,000)
$(20,000)
$-
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$- $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 $400
Profit a
rea
Loss
area
Break-evenpoint
Break-evenpoint
Fixed expenses + Target income Unit contribution margin =
Units sold to earnthe target income
Operating
Contribution margin Net income
Operating leveragefactor
=
Menggambarkan resiko tidak
tercapainya target penjualan
Menggambarkan resiko tidak
tercapainya target penjualan
Operating leverage yang
rendah disebabkan
biaya per unit produk di
dominasi oleh biaya tetap
Operating leverage yang
rendah disebabkan
biaya per unit produk di
dominasi oleh biaya tetap
Operating leverage yang
tinggi disebabkan
biaya per unit produk di
dominasi oleh biaya variabel
Operating leverage yang
tinggi disebabkan
biaya per unit produk di
dominasi oleh biaya variabel
Company A Company BSales 1,000,000$ 1,000,000$ Variable costs 300,000 600,000 Contribution margin 700,000$ 400,000$ Fixed costs 600,000 300,000 Operating income 100,000$ 100,000$
Operating leverage 7.00 4.00
Kenaikan 10% Penjualan akan menyebabkan kenaikan 70% Laba Perusahan A, akan tetapi hanya menaikan 40% Laba Perusahaan B Company A Company BSales 1,100,000$ 1,100,000$ Variable costs 330,000 660,000 Contribution margin 770,000$ 440,000$ Fixed costs 600,000 300,000 Operating income 170,000$ 140,000$
New operating leverage 4.53 3.14
Computer Spreadsheet Model1. Gather all the facts,
assumptions and estimates for the model;
i.e., parameters.
1. Gather all the facts, assumptions and
estimates for the model; i.e., parameters.
2. Describe the relations between the parameters. This usually
results in an algebraic equation.
2. Describe the relations between the parameters. This usually
results in an algebraic equation.
3. Separate the parameters from the formulas. Use cell addresses,
instead of actual numbers.
3. Separate the parameters from the formulas. Use cell addresses,
instead of actual numbers.
Modeling Tax
Formulasi Modeling Tax: A = Income after tax B = Income before tax T = Tax rate A = B – BT A = B (1 – T) or solving for B: B = A ÷ (1 – T)
Penyesuaian model CVP untuk menentukan Laba setelah pajak
Modeling Multiple Products
Modeling Perusahaan dengan banyak produk:
1. estimasi bauran penjualan dari masing-
masing produk
2. Menghitung Weighted Average Unit Contribution
Margin
Modeling Perusahaan dengan banyak produk:
1. estimasi bauran penjualan dari masing-
masing produk
2. Menghitung Weighted Average Unit Contribution
Margin
Contoh
provides us with the following information:
Description Selling
price
Unit variable
cost
Unit contribution
margin
Number of
boards Surfboards 500$ 300$ 200$ 500 Sailboards 1,000 450 550 300 Total sold 800
Description Number of boards
% of Total
Surfboards 500 62.5% (500 ÷ 800)Sailboards 300 37.5% (300 ÷ 800)Total sold 800 100.0%
Sales mix computation
Weighted-average unit contribution margin
Description Contribution
margin % of total
Weighted contribution
Surfboards 200$ 62.5% 125.00$ Sailboards 550 37.5% 206.25 Weighted-average contribution margin 331.25$
$200 × 62.5%$200 × 62.5%
Break-even point
Break-even point =
Fixed expenses Weighted-average unit contribution margin
Break-even point =
$170,000 $331.25
Break-even point = 514 combined units
Fixed costs increased from $80,000, due to
expansion needed to sell multiple products.
The break-even point is 514 combined units. We can use
the sales mix to find the number of units of each product
that must be sold to break even.
Combined break-even
sales
Product % of total
Individual
sales
514 Surfboards 62.5% 321 Sailboards 37.5% 193 Total units 514
The break-even point of 514 units is valid
only for the sales mix of 62.5% and 37.5%.
Modeling Multiple Cost Drivers
Some costs treated as fixed
(when sales volume is the only activity) may now be considered variable.
An insight from activity-based costing: costs may be a function of multiple
activities, not merely sales volume.
Total Cost = (Unit variable cost × Sales units)
+ (Batch cost × Batch activity)+ (Product cost × Product
activity)+ (Customer cost × Customer
activity)+ (Facility cost × Facility activity)
Meperkirakan nilai wajar
dari setiap
para meter
Memperkirakan batasan dari
setiap parameter
Merubah nilai pada batas atas atau bawah
suatu parameter. sementaraparameter lainnya tetap
Because of the number of computations involved, computerized models are used for sensitivity analysis.
catat perubahan laba yang terjadi.
Sensitivity Analysis
Realistic combinations of changed parametersRealistic combinations of changed parameters
Best case scenarioKombinasi reastis pada tingkat harga tertinggi, penjualan tertinggi dan
biaya terendah
Worst case scenario Kombinasi reastis pada harga tingkat terendah, penjualan terendah dan
biaya tertinggi
Most likely case scenario Kombinasi reastis pada
tingkat harga, penjualan dan biaya yang wajar (sering
terjadi)
Sensitivity Analysis
Modeling Scarce Resources
Perusahaan dihadapkan pada pilihan sumberdaya yang terbatas dan bagaimana memaksimalkan sumberdaya yang terbatas.
memanfaatkan sumberdaya yang terbatas pada produk yang memberikan kontribusi margin yang tertinggi
Perusahaan dihadapkan pada pilihan sumberdaya yang terbatas dan bagaimana memaksimalkan sumberdaya yang terbatas.
memanfaatkan sumberdaya yang terbatas pada produk yang memberikan kontribusi margin yang tertinggi
