Post on 27-Dec-2015
description
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Kerangka Dasar Akuntansi (Conceptual Framework of Accounting)
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Dituturkan oleh:
Ali Tafriji Biswan (Altaf) Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara
o Framework sbg konsep mengenai: … information presented in general purposes financial statements
o Tujuan Framework: o Memfasilitasi konsistensi dan formulasi logis IFRS o Dasar penggunaan judgment dlm memecahkan isu
akuntansi, pengembangan standar baru, review standar yang sudah ada
o Membantu penyusun laporan keuangan untuk mengaplikasikan standar akuntansi
o Membantu pengguna laporan keuangan dalam menginterpretasikan laporan keuangan
• Objective of financial
statements • Qualitative characteristics of
information in the financial
statements
• Element of financial
statements • Recognition of the element
of financial statements
• Measurement of the element
of financial statements • Disclosure of the element of
financial statements
• Concepts of capital and
capital maintenance
Users of
financial
statements
Objective of
financial
statements
Underlying Accrual basis Going concern
assumptions
Qualitative
characteristics
of financial Relevance Reliability
statements
Ingredients of Materiality Faithful
qualitative representation
characteristics Predictive Confirmative
value value Free from bias Substance
(neutrality) over form
Prudence
Completeness
Constraints on
relevant and
reliable informationTimeliness
Balance between qualitative
characteristics
Balance between
benefit and cost
Users and their
information needs
Decision-useful information
in the financial statements
Understandability
Comparability
Consistency and disclosure
IFRS-Hierarcy of Accounting
Qualities
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Predictive
Value
Feedback
Value
Timeliness
Relevance
Verifiability
Neutrality
Representational
Faithfulness
Reliability
Decision
Usefulness
Understandability
Decision
Makers
Qualitative Characteristics (US GAAP)
Materiality
Benefits > Cost
Comparability
(including
Consistency)
perhatian
untuk memperbaiki pemahaman definisi istilah akuntansi, IFRS masih seringkali mengacu pada
US-GAAP
Lihat pada buku:
Epstein, Barry J. & Eva K. Jermakowicz, IFRS 2010: Interpretation and Application of
International Financial Reporting Standards, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Decision-useful Information
• Pengguna: • Investor (kini/potensial), karyawan, kreditur, pemasok,
pelanggan, pemerintah, publik
• Keputusan ekonomi: • Kapan beli, tahan, atau jual investasi
• Bagaimana akuntabilitas manajemen
• Mampukah perusahaan untuk bayar dan sediakan manfaat bagi
karyawan
• Amankah dana yang dipinjamkan
• Bagaimana distribusi profit dan dividen
• Bagaimana kebijakan pajak, statistik income, dan pengaturan
lainnya
1. Statement of financial position (Balance sheet)
2. Statement of comprehensive income (Income statement)
3. Statement of changes in equity
4. Statement of cash flows
(Cash flows statement)
5. Notes to F/S
6. Statement of financial position (dlm kasus retrospective restatement) or reclassifies items
1+2+4+5+Auditor’s opinion seringkali disebut sebagai General Purpose of Financial Statements
Lalu, manakah yang disebut sebagai Laporan Keuangan Pokok?
• Asumsi:
• Akrual
• Keberlangsungan usaha (going concern)
• Empat karakteristik kualitatif yang utama:
• Keterpahaman (understandability)
• Asumsinya: pengguna memiliki pengetahuan
akuntansi, bisnis, dan ekonomis, paling tidak mau
belajar
• Relevan
• Keterandalan (reliability)
• Keterbandingan (comparability)
Assumptions • Accrual • Economic Entity • Going Concern • Arm’s-Length
Transactions • Monetary Unit • Periodicity
Principles
• Historical Cost • Revenue
Recognition • Matching • Full Disclosure
Constraints • Cost-Benefit • Materiality • Industry Practice • Conservatism
Ingredients • Relevance
• Predictive value: memprediksi masa mendatang
• Confirmatory value: mengkonfirmasi/mengoreksi evaluasi masa lalu
• Relevan dipengaruhi oleh level materialitas
• Konsep materialitas: Pengabaian/kesalahan informasi menyebabkan perubahan keputusan
• Reliability
• Netral/bebas kesalahan (free from bias)
• Hati2 dalam penggunaan judgment dalam situasi ketidakpastian (prudence)
• Penyajian sejujurnya (sesuai harapan)
• Faithful representation
• Substance over form
• Misal: Meski status kepemilikan aset berpindah, tetapi aset masih dinikmati transferor
(buyback arrangement) disposal belum dicatat
• Completeness (bisa dikaitkan dg materialitas)
• Comparability: Analisis time series (trend) dan cross-sectional dari entitas yg berbeda
Seringkali terjadi trade-off: • Timeliness:
• Pelaporan yg asal tepat waktu atau butuh waktu supaya reliabel tapi kehilangan relevansinya
• Benefit and cost: • Harusnya benefit bagi pengguna > cost penyiapan laporan
• Relevant vs reliable: • Pengukuran instrumen keuangan dg fair value lebih relevan
meski belum tentu reliabel • Pengukuran instrumen keuangan dg historical cost lebih
reliabel meski belum tentu relevan
i-GAAP (IFRS) US GAAP (FASB Statement)
Komponen relevance: predictive value, confirmative value (penghubung keduanya adl materiality)
Komponen reliability: free from bias/neutrality (ditambah penjelasan ttg prudent), faithful representation (ditambah penjelasan ttg substance over form)
Contraints: timeliness, benefit vs cost, keseimbangan antarkarakteristik kualitatif
Asumsi: accrual, going concern
Komponen relevance: predictive value, feedback value, timeliness
Komponen reliability: neutrality, faithful representation, verifiability
Constraint: benefit vs cost, materiality, industry practice, conservatism
Asumsi: accrual, economic entity, going concern, arm’s-length tansactions, monetary unit, periodicity
The Framework – An IFRS approach
Presentation and disclosure
How is it shown on the face or in the notes to the financial statement?
Measurement
How much is it recognized initially? How much is it carried subsequently?
Recognition
What is it recognized? Does it meet the recognized criteria?
Definition
What is it? Does it meet the definition?
There is an element
Elemen (Global) Laporan Keuangan • Assets
• a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity
• Liabilities • a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which
is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits
• Equity • the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities
• Income • increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of
inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants
• Expenses • decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of
outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to equity participants
Elements of Financial Statements (Versi US GAAP)
• Assets • Liabilities • Equity, or net assets • Investments by owners • Distributions to owners • Comprehensive income • Revenues • Expenses • Gains • Losses
• Yaitu proses mencatat/memasukkan suatu item ke laporan keuangan yang mana item tsb telah • memenuhi definisi elemen • memenuhi kriteria pengakuan
• it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the entity; and
• ihe item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability
• Aplikasinya menggunakan “balance sheet/financial position approach” • Diakui kalau memenuhi definisi dan kriteria • Pergerakan transaksi/kejadian berimbas ke income
statement
Pengukuran (Measurement)
• Sejumlah kas/setara kas/nilai wajar utk memperoleh suatu item laporan keuangan Historical cost
• Sejumlah kas/setara kas untuk memperoleh suatu item dg jumlah yang sama saat ini
Current cost
• Sejumlah kas/setara kas yg diperoleh saat ini dari menjual aset
Realizable (settlement) value
• Pendiskontoan nilai dari arus kas mendatang yang diharapkan dalam suatu periode
Present value
• NRV • Value in use • Fair value less costs to sell
Metode kombinasi
• Financial (maintenance) concept of capital • Modal didefinisikan dalam satuan uang sbg net asset/equity
• Laba terjadi jika net aset akhir > awal periode
• Physical (maintenance) concept of capital • Modal didefinisikan sbg kapasitas produksi fisik, misal unit
output per hari
• Laba jika kapasitas produksi fisik akhir > awal periode
• Keduanya diukur dengan tidak memasukkan besarnya
distribusi ke atau kontribusi dari pemilik selama
periode berjalan
• Buat bagan kreatif dan menarik: • IFRS Hierarcy of
Accounting Qualities • Qualitative Characteristic
(US-GAAP)
• Berikan definisi istilah yang ada dalam bagan tersebut!
1) The business, rather than its owners, is the reporting unit. 2) Depreciation costs are expensed in the periods of use rather than at the time the asset is
acquired. 3) Accounting measurements are reported in dollars. 4) The year is the normal reporting unit. 5) In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the business will operate long enough to
carry out its existing commitments. 6) Revenue is usually recognized at the time of sale. 7) Exchange price is retained in the accounting records. 8) An accounting alternative is selected that is least likely to overstate assets and income.
The following is a list of these assumptions and principles as well as a list of statements describing certain accounting practices. Select the accounting assumption or principle that justifies each accounting practice and place the appropriate letter on the line preceding the statement.
A. Entity E. Monetary unit
B. Continuity F. Realization
C. Period of time G. Matching
D. Historical cost H. Conservatism