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Kerangka Dasar Akuntansi (Conceptual Framework of Accounting)

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Dituturkan oleh:

Ali Tafriji Biswan (Altaf) Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara

o Framework sbg konsep mengenai: … information presented in general purposes financial statements

o Tujuan Framework: o Memfasilitasi konsistensi dan formulasi logis IFRS o Dasar penggunaan judgment dlm memecahkan isu

akuntansi, pengembangan standar baru, review standar yang sudah ada

o Membantu penyusun laporan keuangan untuk mengaplikasikan standar akuntansi

o Membantu pengguna laporan keuangan dalam menginterpretasikan laporan keuangan

• Objective of financial

statements • Qualitative characteristics of

information in the financial

statements

• Element of financial

statements • Recognition of the element

of financial statements

• Measurement of the element

of financial statements • Disclosure of the element of

financial statements

• Concepts of capital and

capital maintenance

Users of

financial

statements

Objective of

financial

statements

Underlying Accrual basis Going concern

assumptions

Qualitative

characteristics

of financial Relevance Reliability

statements

Ingredients of Materiality Faithful

qualitative representation

characteristics Predictive Confirmative

value value Free from bias Substance

(neutrality) over form

Prudence

Completeness

Constraints on

relevant and

reliable informationTimeliness

Balance between qualitative

characteristics

Balance between

benefit and cost

Users and their

information needs

Decision-useful information

in the financial statements

Understandability

Comparability

Consistency and disclosure

IFRS-Hierarcy of Accounting

Qualities

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Predictive

Value

Feedback

Value

Timeliness

Relevance

Verifiability

Neutrality

Representational

Faithfulness

Reliability

Decision

Usefulness

Understandability

Decision

Makers

Qualitative Characteristics (US GAAP)

Materiality

Benefits > Cost

Comparability

(including

Consistency)

perhatian

untuk memperbaiki pemahaman definisi istilah akuntansi, IFRS masih seringkali mengacu pada

US-GAAP

Lihat pada buku:

Epstein, Barry J. & Eva K. Jermakowicz, IFRS 2010: Interpretation and Application of

International Financial Reporting Standards, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Decision-useful Information

• Pengguna: • Investor (kini/potensial), karyawan, kreditur, pemasok,

pelanggan, pemerintah, publik

• Keputusan ekonomi: • Kapan beli, tahan, atau jual investasi

• Bagaimana akuntabilitas manajemen

• Mampukah perusahaan untuk bayar dan sediakan manfaat bagi

karyawan

• Amankah dana yang dipinjamkan

• Bagaimana distribusi profit dan dividen

• Bagaimana kebijakan pajak, statistik income, dan pengaturan

lainnya

1. Statement of financial position (Balance sheet)

2. Statement of comprehensive income (Income statement)

3. Statement of changes in equity

4. Statement of cash flows

(Cash flows statement)

5. Notes to F/S

6. Statement of financial position (dlm kasus retrospective restatement) or reclassifies items

1+2+4+5+Auditor’s opinion seringkali disebut sebagai General Purpose of Financial Statements

Lalu, manakah yang disebut sebagai Laporan Keuangan Pokok?

• Asumsi:

• Akrual

• Keberlangsungan usaha (going concern)

• Empat karakteristik kualitatif yang utama:

• Keterpahaman (understandability)

• Asumsinya: pengguna memiliki pengetahuan

akuntansi, bisnis, dan ekonomis, paling tidak mau

belajar

• Relevan

• Keterandalan (reliability)

• Keterbandingan (comparability)

Assumptions • Accrual • Economic Entity • Going Concern • Arm’s-Length

Transactions • Monetary Unit • Periodicity

Principles

• Historical Cost • Revenue

Recognition • Matching • Full Disclosure

Constraints • Cost-Benefit • Materiality • Industry Practice • Conservatism

Ingredients • Relevance

• Predictive value: memprediksi masa mendatang

• Confirmatory value: mengkonfirmasi/mengoreksi evaluasi masa lalu

• Relevan dipengaruhi oleh level materialitas

• Konsep materialitas: Pengabaian/kesalahan informasi menyebabkan perubahan keputusan

• Reliability

• Netral/bebas kesalahan (free from bias)

• Hati2 dalam penggunaan judgment dalam situasi ketidakpastian (prudence)

• Penyajian sejujurnya (sesuai harapan)

• Faithful representation

• Substance over form

• Misal: Meski status kepemilikan aset berpindah, tetapi aset masih dinikmati transferor

(buyback arrangement) disposal belum dicatat

• Completeness (bisa dikaitkan dg materialitas)

• Comparability: Analisis time series (trend) dan cross-sectional dari entitas yg berbeda

Seringkali terjadi trade-off: • Timeliness:

• Pelaporan yg asal tepat waktu atau butuh waktu supaya reliabel tapi kehilangan relevansinya

• Benefit and cost: • Harusnya benefit bagi pengguna > cost penyiapan laporan

• Relevant vs reliable: • Pengukuran instrumen keuangan dg fair value lebih relevan

meski belum tentu reliabel • Pengukuran instrumen keuangan dg historical cost lebih

reliabel meski belum tentu relevan

i-GAAP (IFRS) US GAAP (FASB Statement)

Komponen relevance: predictive value, confirmative value (penghubung keduanya adl materiality)

Komponen reliability: free from bias/neutrality (ditambah penjelasan ttg prudent), faithful representation (ditambah penjelasan ttg substance over form)

Contraints: timeliness, benefit vs cost, keseimbangan antarkarakteristik kualitatif

Asumsi: accrual, going concern

Komponen relevance: predictive value, feedback value, timeliness

Komponen reliability: neutrality, faithful representation, verifiability

Constraint: benefit vs cost, materiality, industry practice, conservatism

Asumsi: accrual, economic entity, going concern, arm’s-length tansactions, monetary unit, periodicity

The Framework – An IFRS approach

Presentation and disclosure

How is it shown on the face or in the notes to the financial statement?

Measurement

How much is it recognized initially? How much is it carried subsequently?

Recognition

What is it recognized? Does it meet the recognized criteria?

Definition

What is it? Does it meet the definition?

There is an element

Elemen (Global) Laporan Keuangan • Assets

• a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity

• Liabilities • a present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which

is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits

• Equity • the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities

• Income • increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of

inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants

• Expenses • decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of

outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to equity participants

Elements of Financial Statements (Versi US GAAP)

• Assets • Liabilities • Equity, or net assets • Investments by owners • Distributions to owners • Comprehensive income • Revenues • Expenses • Gains • Losses

• Yaitu proses mencatat/memasukkan suatu item ke laporan keuangan yang mana item tsb telah • memenuhi definisi elemen • memenuhi kriteria pengakuan

• it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the entity; and

• ihe item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability

• Aplikasinya menggunakan “balance sheet/financial position approach” • Diakui kalau memenuhi definisi dan kriteria • Pergerakan transaksi/kejadian berimbas ke income

statement

Pengukuran (Measurement)

• Sejumlah kas/setara kas/nilai wajar utk memperoleh suatu item laporan keuangan Historical cost

• Sejumlah kas/setara kas untuk memperoleh suatu item dg jumlah yang sama saat ini

Current cost

• Sejumlah kas/setara kas yg diperoleh saat ini dari menjual aset

Realizable (settlement) value

• Pendiskontoan nilai dari arus kas mendatang yang diharapkan dalam suatu periode

Present value

• NRV • Value in use • Fair value less costs to sell

Metode kombinasi

• Financial (maintenance) concept of capital • Modal didefinisikan dalam satuan uang sbg net asset/equity

• Laba terjadi jika net aset akhir > awal periode

• Physical (maintenance) concept of capital • Modal didefinisikan sbg kapasitas produksi fisik, misal unit

output per hari

• Laba jika kapasitas produksi fisik akhir > awal periode

• Keduanya diukur dengan tidak memasukkan besarnya

distribusi ke atau kontribusi dari pemilik selama

periode berjalan

• Buat bagan kreatif dan menarik: • IFRS Hierarcy of

Accounting Qualities • Qualitative Characteristic

(US-GAAP)

• Berikan definisi istilah yang ada dalam bagan tersebut!

1) The business, rather than its owners, is the reporting unit. 2) Depreciation costs are expensed in the periods of use rather than at the time the asset is

acquired. 3) Accounting measurements are reported in dollars. 4) The year is the normal reporting unit. 5) In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the business will operate long enough to

carry out its existing commitments. 6) Revenue is usually recognized at the time of sale. 7) Exchange price is retained in the accounting records. 8) An accounting alternative is selected that is least likely to overstate assets and income.

The following is a list of these assumptions and principles as well as a list of statements describing certain accounting practices. Select the accounting assumption or principle that justifies each accounting practice and place the appropriate letter on the line preceding the statement.

A. Entity E. Monetary unit

B. Continuity F. Realization

C. Period of time G. Matching

D. Historical cost H. Conservatism