GEOTHERMALENERGY 1
The Advantages of Geothermal Energy :
Environmental Aspect, Economical Aspect and Non-
Electrical Application
By
Andi Rakhshanda
030110926
Engin Deniz Canbaz
030110033
Mert Yalcinkaya
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
GEOTHERMALENERGY 2
English III (ING 201)
Lecturer : Sule Gokce Enginarlar
December, 2013
Thesis statement : Geothermal energy, which is the rare renewable
energy, has unlimited possibilities for the future use and many
positive effects which can be determined from the environmental
aspect, economical aspect, and non-electrical applications.
OUTLINE
I. Environmental Aspect
A. Emissions
B. Land Usage
C. Water Usage (DiPippo, 2012)
1. Well Drilling (DiPippo, 2012)
2. Wastewater Injeection
D. Induced Seismicity
1. Seismic Monitoring (Kagel, 2007)
GEOTHERMALENERGY 3
II. Economical Aspect
A. Renewable advantage and bianary system
1. Renewable advantage
(Dickson and Fanelli, 2003)
a. Maximum Generation with Minimum Use
2. Binary System (Simon, 2007)
B. Government Grant (Erec, 2009)
1. Guarentees of Payment
2. Sharing Some Cost by Government
III. Non-Electrical Applications and Benefits
A. Space Heating-Cooling
1. Heating Technologies
a. Greenhouse Heating
2. Cooling Technologies
B. Geothermal Aquaculture
C. Industrial Applications
GEOTHERMALENERGY 4
I . The environment need an eco-friendly energy in order to keep
the balance of life and make clean habitat.
A. The major concern of the waste gas is carbon dioxide
1. The process of close-loop binary gives the possibility
to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide to the
surface.
B. The development of geothermal plan is considered could
damage the land and disrupt local ecosystems that have
been formed on land
GEOTHERMALENERGY 5
1. The geothermal plant can take a place in
multifunctional land that merge with farming, skiing and
hunting and minimize the visual impact.
C. Water is needed at every stage of development of a
geothermal project
1. The process of drilling a hole in the ground for
the extraction of geothermal.
2. Geothermal plants have the potential to
improve water quality
D. The changing phenomenon within rock formation leads to
movement of the fractured rocks.
1. The importance of seismic monitoring.
II. Another area is the well-known beneficial effect on economic
of geothermal energy.
A. Geothermal energy is energy in the clean energy class
with the lowest energy variation, which has the lowest cost of
GEOTHERMALENERGY 6
the Initial cost that means lowest initial investnemen energy
system.
1. Geothermal energy is used in many areas of people
lives as active
2. Usage type of energy relate a size of
platform
3. Other economically system is bianary
system. which include 2 different technique
B. Government support is crucial for geothermal energy.
1. Goverment ensure that purchase all of the
generated energy
2. Other ensuarence of goverment is about sharing of
costs ofcompany
C. geothermal energy has got many risks on progress
stage and on consturction stage
1. 3 kind of basics risks are : devolopment ,
consturction and operation
2. Risk mitigation is other important issue
GEOTHERMALENERGY 7
III. Geothermal energy is recently used to generate electricity,
however non-electrical applications of geothermal energy have
been used for decades.
A. To start with, geothermal sources are used for space
heating and cooling.
1.Firstly, in urbanized and industrial areas, heating
Technologies are used for space heating.
a. Specially, geothermal energy sources play a key role
for greenhouse heating.
2. Another field of usage of geothermal energy is space
cooling technologies.
B. Besides advantages about space and district heating and
cooling, geothermal energy sources are vital for aquaculture.
C. Aside from space heating and cooling and aquaculture,
many benefits of geothermal energy on industrial processes can be
seen.
The Advantages of Geothermal Energy
GEOTHERMALENERGY 8
The Earth has energy and it is hidden under the surface. In
some locations, the energy leaks to the surface. Geothermal
energy is kind of leakage. Also, geothermal energy is described
as the use of heat of the Earth as its energy source (Dickson and
Fanelli, 2005, p. 2). In the 16th and 17th century, the humankind
discovered that the temperature increases with depth and the
inner parts of earth can be used as heat source. In 1827, in
chemical industry, geothermal sources are used as fuel instead of
using wood (Dickson and Fanelli, 2005, p. 3). Using the
geothermal energy led the plant to more economical way and
prevented damaging forests. Nowadays, geothermal energy is used
to generate electricity in many countries. Dickson and Fanelli
state that 47 per cent of the world total geothermal energy are
installed in developing countries, such as Philippines, Kenya and
Mexico (2005, p.3). Being eco-friendly, economical and producing
great amount of energy are the main reasons of the rate. Also
non-electrical applications of geothermal energy represent a huge
market, worldwide. For an example, Turkey has 820 MW geothermal
power installed and uses 15756 terajoule in a year (Dickson and
Fanelli, 2005, p.5). Geothermal energy, which is the rare
GEOTHERMALENERGY 9
renewable energy, has unlimited possibilities for the future use
and many positive effects which can be determined from the
environmental aspect, economical aspect, and non-electrical
applications.
Geothermal energy is used to do many works in human life and
also has effect to enviroment. Therefore, it must be eco-friendly
energy in order to keep the balance of life and clean the habitat
. First of all, geothermal energy is considered to produce less
emission of air pollution. Geothermal power plants release very
few air emissions because they do not burn fuel like fossil fuel
plants. The major concern of the waste gas is carbon dioxide. If
it is found in then environment, carbon can give negative effect
to environment, such as global warming. However, the process of
close-loop binary gives the possibility to reduce the emission of
carbon dioxide to the surface. As Goldstein state, the emission
that is produced by geothermal power plant approaches zero in
closed-loop binary-cycle power plant since heat exchanger goes by
the extracted geothermal fluid and the inserted operational CO2
(2011, p.418). The heat exchanger has an impoetant role in this
GEOTHERMALENERGY 10
system. It reduces the amount of CO2 and also changes into eco-
friendly chemical composition. Thre are other systems that gives
few amount of CO2, such as direct heating, however closed-loop
binary system is really the best amongst the other power plant
system since it will not exude any air pollution . Furthermore,
the closed-loop binary plant system also improves the air quality
in environment which can reduce the symptoms of lung disease and
asthma.
Besides, geothermal energy development may impact the land.
The development of geothermal plant is considered to damage the
land and disrupt local ecosystems that have been formed on land.
However, the geothermal plant can take a place in multifunctional
land that merge with farming, skiing and hunting and minimize the
visual impact. As Kagel, Bates & Gawell state, multifunctional
land is often used as the location of geothermal facilities such
as the use of heat of geothermal water to maintain the water
temperature in Salton Sea and Imperrial Valley’s aquaculture
(2007). The use of geothermal energy to increase the aquaculture
GEOTHERMALENERGY 11
temperature is really helpful and natural, so the energy to
operate the heater will be no longer required.
Furthermore, geothermal energy is considered to pollute
water in the environment. Water is needed at every stage of
development of a geothermal project. The well drilling process
wastes a lot of fresh water. As Ronald di Pippo mentions, these
well drilling step such as chilling the drill bit, getting rid
of the rock chips and preparing the structural integrity of the
hole so the casing can be adjusted involve the water in its
processing (in Di pippo, 2012). These long steps take out a lot
of fresh water for household and also give waste water to
environment. As Prenee states, the amount of water will change
according to objectives that need to be done as well as the site.
For example, 20,000 m3 per well is required for hydraulic
fracturing (2013). However, the mixture of remaining water and
chemicals recirculate again into the surface filtered by the rock
and filtering system that is put in the pipe. Therefore, the
product from condensation will not be harmful. Besides, the
geothermal plants have the potential to improve water need in
GEOTHERMALENERGY 12
society. As Kagel et. al explain, while using the water to
operate its power plant, geothermal plant also producing
consumeable water by taking it out from the gournd and
sterilizing it through the reservoir rock (2007). This indicates
that the need for the purchase of water can be reduced and the
needs of water in all levels of community can be accomplished.
Furthermore, the waste water can be contain any chemical that is
dangerous. However, as already mentioned before, the filtering
system by rock reduces the chemicals in the water so the waste
water also can be consumed.
Lastly, geothermal energy development can have impact on
induced seismicity. As MIT state, induced seismicity lead to
extensional manner by tensile failure or shear failure effects to
the process of opening fracture in sliding manner and produce
acoustic noise during this process (2006). This condition must be
monitored by using seismic monitoring method in order to prevent
further disaster. As Mejer. Et. Al stated, the use of seismic
monitoring are like diagnotistic tools that have been arranged to
calculate, monitor and manage systems actively, such as
GEOTHERMALENERGY 13
communicates the community of any dangerous wastes (2008).
Seismic monitoring can be used as an early prevention of natural
disasters that may occur as the impact of a geothermal power
plant system. The acoustic noise as described above, explains how
big the fracture that may occur by monitoring its soundwave.
Therefore, the engineer can predict how much work that can be
applied to the environment.
Another area is the well-known beneficial effect on economy
of geothermal energy. Geothermal energy is energy in the clean
energy class with the lowest energy variation, which has the
lowest cost of the Initial cost that means lowest initial
investment energy system. Economic energy is the most important
problem on the markets. Although geothermal energy is not set up
everywhere when efficiency of electricity is considered that is
quite profitable and environmental. Facilities established by the
government for the sale of energy is cheaper than other energy
platform. Geothermal energy does not produce waste because there
is no cost for waste treatment. Besides, people can get the money
from selling extremely healthy and lucrative geothermal water.
GEOTHERMALENERGY 14
There is enough potential in Turkey and in Europe for many
facilities had been built in many resources. EGEC states that
Extensive studies of Europe generally focus on Italy, Iceland and
Turkey. There is 0.3 percent usage about all of suitable energy
market (EGEC, 2009). So considered all of the market this
countries has a significant share. Plant efficiency by increasing
the size of the potential. Simon lists that the cost impact of
minor energy generation of qualified geothermal source directly
affects local residants. Source for production platforms under
5 mw is between $1.858 - $3.484 calculated sum of fund up to
property of geothermal , for big platforms sum of fund is lower
than minor, it’s between $1.336-$2.225(,2009). According to this
data when increasing the platform because of the processing more
water together electric efficiency rise. This is based on the
laws of thermodynamics and heat transfer. Establishment of energy
platform is adjusted higher than lowest productivity rate which
is suitable for relevant regulations. Some giant factories at
Europe in order to meet the energy needs of the inexpensive and
environmentally friendly manner established around the geothermal
plants. As an example, in residential areas close to sources of
GEOTHERMALENERGY 15
geothermal energy in Turkey energy unit prices are
significantly cheaper than other regions. Moreover the production
of clean energy is one of the most important aspects of health
tourism. Millions of people around the world receive medical
services in health-care which services established around sources
of geothermal energy. Geothermal energy sources that do not
require high investment established healthcare facilities also
increased in popularity in recent years, along with an
understanding of the benefits of tourism element. Moreover some
platforms are used for only human needs. According to study of
EGEC Minor binary platforms which are under 5 MW rating are
generally used in undeveloped; for need of human such as heating
(2009). So the small platforms are not suitable for generate
energy. Furthermore Simon states that economic calculations are
based on; geothermal source, position on world, energy usage
style, project technology and popularity level of geothermal
energy (2009). Position of the World affect usage type, for
example if people live in cold-climate country they use
geothermal energy for need warming. Otherwise people use for
generate electrical energy. Geothermal resources can be used
GEOTHERMALENERGY 16
directly or indirectly. This raises the need for different
technical units and different technical units will cost different
prices. Energy usage style depends on basic needs of region.
Moreover, system calculation is done with examined well cost,
geothermal planet cost, heat distribution and network cost.
Operation cost is maintain cost on the basis predictions and cost
of personal. Well cost depend on amount of resource ,geological
case and the workmanship value ,geothermal plant cost is
calculated needs of local area and climatic conditions, heat
distribution network cost depend on old investment operation
costs related pumps function and capacity, maintenance cost are
considering that equipment and materials which used on project,
good prediction of personal costs is so important calculation for
calculation about required times for manpower needs. EGEC states
that estimation of international market; geothermal energy
capacity will increase 9 % until 2020, will increase 4 % 2030,
consequently, there will be 50 % decrease by 2050 for expenditure
(2009). Based on this, it can be contact the ratio of
geothermal energy will increase year by year. Other economically
system is binary system which includes 2 different
GEOTHERMALENERGY 17
technics .Simon states that geothermal reservoir supplying hot
water and geothermal resource provides heat by minor boiling
temperature materials for heat exchange .Pentane and butane which
are organic sources are excellent materials for heat transfer
because of low boiling temperature (2009) which means the
implementation of two distinct systems take part in use of
resources provides a very efficient. Thus engineers can supply
recycle of natural gas. Binary system is a closed system which
means chemical gas is could not release atmosphere. That system
is often used for weak geothermal source.
Government support is also crucial for geothermal energy,
because countries have to establish a certain balance of income
and expenses. Energy is a huge burden for countries and energy
costs can create a gap economy. Because of that recyclable energy
is supported for to close this gap. Countries apply various
methods to support companies. Privatization is one of these
methods. With privatization, companies take control field of
energy. In addition, the private sector increases the interest in
geothermal energy with this method. Other methods are
environmental regulations. By making environmental regulations,
GEOTHERMALENERGY 18
investors can focus on geothermal energy. Because geothermal
power plants release less harmful gases than other energy
platforms. Governments can regulate the trade laws and tax issue.
Commercial law can be modified for to support renewable energy.
For example, you can provide facilities for foreign or domestic
investors. In the same way investor can focus geothermal
investment by making tax regulations. When Tax increases and a
reasonable level of profit occur, almost every investor focus on
this investment .Simon states that in 2002, government’s grants
as a proportion of funding increased but have subsequently fallen
to four year low ratio of $2.1 in government funding for every $1
in cost-sharing monies. In fiscal year 2000-2003, the government
was seeking provide a credible commitment to an energy source and
private industry becoming more focused on using energy source
(2009).In some cases money provided by government. If investment
has a risks, government supply cash for investment for create new
energy platform. Guaranteeing the payment is provided by the
banks and government. IMF and other major banks provide
investment for renewable energy, because government support
renewable energy platforms.
GEOTHERMALENERGY 19
When people evaluate the economic aspects of geothermal
energy project, risks calculation and risk mitigation calculation
has great importance. In fact, most of the investments are made
on the basis of the calculation of risk. Risk calculation is a
distinct area of expertise. For calculate possible risks banks
use private consulting firms and own engineers who specialize in
this issue. The risks taken are usually specified in the
contract and these risks are evenly distributed between investors
and banks. Calculation risk of energy production in three areas
which are development, construction, operation. Project risks
include three separate factors which are market risks, regulatory
changes and unforeseen price increases or project delay. The
market risks; signed long-term contracts after the e needs of
energy may change and his affects the signed contract. Moreover
depending on the source of the project's economic benefits may be
disappear.
Regulatory changes: legal Regulations may change or be
removed. It acts directly on the projects economic
calculations. Environmental laws also can be changed by the
GEOTHERMALENERGY 20
goverment . Because geothermal power plants do a little bit of
carbon dioxide and sulphur emissions. Unforeseen price increases
or project delay: energy market rates may change. This sudden
changes directly affect the rate of profit. Even a company may
cause damage. Construction area are examined by three risk.
Fanolle and Dickson states that The 3 building risks for
geothermal energy are unexpected cost, builder delays,
understandart performance, finance mistakes which compares
building cost mistakes, unforeseen situations for builder and
supporter error, less performance, payments could be more than
planned, cost overruns: the law changes, unexpected venue
changes, errors construction contract increase the cost of the
project will adversely affect. Construction delay : construction
mistakes and problems cause delays in the project. How long
period operation of the project that is delayed, operating period
is the date forward. Substandard performance: Even calculations
are perfect in the project, the project has less efficiency than
calculated . market volatility: fluctuations of market creates
negative effects in the energy market. There are many risk
operations. Operating errors and miscalculations can be bog for
GEOTHERMALENERGY 21
companies. Apart from these natural disasters are another major
risks. Even before the Project calculated that detailnatural
disasters can cause a demolition for the project.
Another important issue is the riskmitigation. There are
many ways to alleviate the risk. Best manage risk mitigadone by
make good insurance agreements. With this method, paying a
reasonable fee shall be prepared for theworst scenario. Another
important method is to sign contracts for a permanent and
reliable. Even some companies sign contracts with foreign
countries for firm guarantees. Thus if their countries market on
stagnate or have sudden fluctuations, energy firms continue to
sale energy foreign countries.
Furthermore, geothermal energy is recently used to generate
electricity; however non-electrical applications of geothermal
energy have been used for decades. The water that carries the
heat from the core to the surface created many direct use
applications which are still effective. Lund and Freeston quoted
in Dickson and Fanelli stated that heat pumps with 34.80% is
followed by bathing with a percentage of 26.20%, space heating
GEOTHERMALENERGY 22
with 21.62%, greenhouses with 18.22%, , aquaculture with 3.93%,
and industrial processes making up 3.13% are the most common non-
electrical applications of geothermal energy, worldwide (2005,
p.3). To start with, geothermal sources are used for space
heating and cooling. Space conditioning with geothermal sources
mainly depends on heat pumps. Heat pumps generally are devices
that make the heat flow in the opposite direction instead of
natural one. So, the heat flows from a space with lower
temperature to another space with higher temperature (EREC,
2010, p. 64). Doubtless, this process needs energy whose source
is geothermal. Besides, heat pumps with geothermal energy can be
used for heating and cooling both. Firstly, in urbanized and
industrial areas, heating technologies are used for space
heating. Mainly, Hot water sources have been used for bathing for
centuries and, now, heat of these sources can be considered as
fuel of the heating technologies. Also, there is no consumption
of electricity. For the geothermal source to be used in space
heating, the temperature of the geothermal fluid must be ranging
from 30 to 125 °C (Dickson and Fanelli, 2005, p.54). It is a
known fact that water between these temperatures can be found
GEOTHERMALENERGY 23
easily in volcanic and tectonic areas. So, geothermal energy can
be applied to the residential areas as an alternative way for
space heating. Another important parameter of the geothermal
source, that needs to be considered for its use in space heating,
is its distance to the consumers. A regular geothermal source can
supply energy, through transmission pipelines, up to 60 km with
negligible heat loss (Dickson and Fanelli, 2005, p.57). It means
with several wells, large urbanized areas can be supplied.
Geothermal energy is not only important for houses, but also it
means a lot of thing for agricultural purposes. Specially,
geothermal energy sources play a key role for greenhouse heating.
Greenhouse or glasshouse is a kind of building in which plants
can be grown out of season. Applying the geothermal energy to the
greenhouses has many advantages. Poor energy consuming of
greenhouses, which is one of the low-enthalpy consumers in
agriculture, simple heating installations with small investments,
economic competiveness in many situations, strategic importance,
especially for local food production, are the causes for applying
geothermal energy in this sector (Savascin and Mertoglu, 2005, p
217) . Hence, full-year production with little investments means
GEOTHERMALENERGY 24
profit and that is the main reason why this sector becomes
popular. Also, with geothermal energy optimum growth conditions
of each planet can be set. Light is the main condition for the
optimum growth. Light is not only needed for photosynthesis, but
also needs for the plant temperature. However, when in night and,
particularly, in winter, extra heat source is demanded. The local
climate, plant features, and type of glasshouses construction
determine the amount of extra heat needed. Outside air
temperature and the intensity of solar radiation are main
variables (Savascin and Mertoglu, 2005, p. 221). The heat of
geothermal fluid supplies this demand in greenhouses and plants
are grown in optimum conditions even out of season.
Another field of usage of geothermal energy is space cooling
technologies. Modern air conditioning and industrial
refrigeration technique is vapour compression cycle. To circulate
the refrigerant, mechanical compressor, which gets the energy
from electricity, creates pressure differences. It is not the
only way getting refrigeration effect, but also the absorption
cycle, that geothermal energy can be applied, makes it possible.
GEOTHERMALENERGY 25
Dickson and Fanelli state that in order to obtain refrigeration
effect without an electrical input, two fluids, that are
absorbent and refrigerant, and some quantity of heat input is
used, rather than the classical vapour compression cycle (2005,
p.82) . With the locally available geothermal resources, which is
the heat input in the absorption cycle, significant electrical
energy can be saved. There are differences in cooling
technologies as the cooling temperature is expected. Dickson and
Fanelli indicate that there are mainly two choices for the
absorbent/refrigerant combination; either lithium bromide/water
combination for application below 0 °C or water/ammonia
combination for application above 0 °C (2005, p.82). The
technology, that makes the geothermal cooling possible, is ready.
So, with the cooling temperatures in a large interval, problem of
air conditioning of urbanized or industrial areas can be solved
without cost of electricity.
Besides advantages about space and district heating and
cooling, geothermal energy sources are vital for aquaculture.
Aquaculture, which can be described as aqua farming, involves
GEOTHERMALENERGY 26
raising freshwater and marine organisms, such as catfish, bass,
salmon, crabs and mussels, in controlled conditions. Maintaining
the optimum conditions for aquatic species is the main difficulty
in aquaculture. Normally, the Sun is the heat source. As
mentioned before, when in night or winter, influence of the sun
declines and metabolism of sea creatures is affected due to low
temperatures. Natural climate conditions can be achieved by using
geothermal sources with constant temperature (Dickson and
Fanelli, 2005, p. 114). Every creature lives in different
temperatures but the average is about 30 °C. Good geothermal
source can supply it with ease. Examples of applying geothermal
energy in aquaculture can be seen in many countries. One of them
is launched by Native American Community at Fort Bidwell in
California, USA. The temperature needed in facility for the
optimum growth condition is 27°C and geothermal source at 40 °C
is mixed with cold water to get the right temperature. The
production cost, which includes the cost of construction of the
raceways and well, is $1.36 per kg and products are sold $6.60 to
$8.80 per kg (Dickson and Fanelli, 2005, p. 116). In large scales
big profits can be gained, due to the fact that investments for
GEOTHERMALENERGY 27
the geothermal applications in aquaculture are relatively cheap.
However, there is a problem about construction. Geo-Heat Center
reported that the species, which will be produced, is the main
variable for the optimum size and shape of construction (Dickson
and Fanelli, 2005, p. 116). Besides, chemical content of
geothermal water is need to be considered. There are some
solutions like using heat exchanger to isolate the geothermal
water. However, before making investments, making some tests is
smarter way.
Aside from space heating and cooling and aquaculture, many
benefits of geothermal energy on industrial processes can be
seen. Geothermal energy can be used in many processes such as
process heating, evaporation, drying, distillation,
sterilization, chemical extraction, washing and de-icing. It is
the known fact that industrial areas in large scale have high
energy consumption and geothermal energy installations have been
applied as an alternative way. The main reason of this situation
is usability of geothermal water in wide temperature ranges. To
illustrate, there are processes like de-icing which needs water
GEOTHERMALENERGY 28
in 30 °C or drying of diatomaceous Earth which needs water in 170
°C (Dickson and Fanelli, 2005, p.14). Also geothermal
installations are showed that they are technically efficient and
commercially convenient. The cost of energy per kg with
installations is lower than the usual ways. Dickson and Fanelli
indicate that, in a place, which produces frozen potatoes,
geothermal energy are used in fryers which consume 45 per cent of
process energy of the plant. After the installations, 50 per cent
of the process energy is supplied by geothermal energy (2005, p.
148). Installations reduced the energy consumptions and costs.
Also geothermal sources can have better quality than presently
used water supplies. Sources in better quality reduce the
corrosion in manufacturing. Besides, geothermal sources are
reliable in many situations. By a company in New Zealand,
geothermal energy has been used for forty-two years and the
decline of pressure of wells is in negligible range (Dickson and
Fanelli, 2005, p. 130). It shows that the life of geothermal
energy sources can be longer that the life of the plant. In
addition, using the heat of geothermal waters prevents fire
hazards because of not using fuels and no combustion in
GEOTHERMALENERGY 29
processes. However, geothermal applications in industry are
relatively small compared to the other applications fields. It
needs to be spread.
To conclude geothermal energy, which is the rare renewable
energy, has unlimited possibilities for the future use and many
positive effects which can be determined from the environmental
aspect, economical aspect, and non-electrical applications. The
development of geothermal energy has important influence in human
history since the consumption of fossil fuel has already reduced.
It does not have advantages only in power generating, but direct
uses are also applied widely. Mainly, using the geothermal energy
reduces the consumption of fossil fuels and it helps to decline
carbon emission levels and greenhouse effects. Developing the
well drilling and using the closed loop binary systems will
increase the efficiency of this clean energy production and
prevent the some negative effects of geothermal sources.
Specially, binary systems provide maximum generation with minimum
use. Increasing grant of governments and reducing the taxes will
make the geothermal energy one of the competitive energy sources.
GEOTHERMALENERGY 30
Besides, using the heat of geothermal water directly represents
an economical and efficient way, especially for district heating.
The development of heat transfer and storage technologies will
increase the efficiency the all system.
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