INTRODUCTIONThe Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Federaldemocratic Republic of Ethiopia is responsible to collect,process, analyze and disseminate the labour market information atnational level. Accordingly, the Ministry has been producing anddisseminating labour market information for couple of years.
Henceforth, this Bulletin is another series of Annual LabourMarket Bulletin for 2012/13 fiscal year, produced by theEmployment Promotion Directorate of the Ministry to inform usersabout the labour market situation in the Ethiopian economy.
The main purpose of producing and disseminating this bulletin isprovide labour market information for policy makers and plannersto design strategies and policies for influencing the labourmarket; employers’ and workers' organizations to formulatepolicies for collective bargaining processes and wagenegotiations; educational and vocational training planners torelate manpower development programs to assessed requirements;vocational guidance and orientation services to providemeaningful vocational guidance and career orientation, employmentservices to accelerate job-matching processes, and the public atlarge to facilitate informed and rational choices in the searchfor appropriate training and employment.
In view of this, the labour market information (LMI) of thecountry is of great use in several ways including theestablishment of the crucial role of employment creation inpoverty reduction, the provision of detailed information onlabour demand and supply as well as on the matching between bothsides of the labour market, and finally supporting theformulation and implementation of efficient labour marketinterventions. It is also envisaged that the LMI would generateinformation on the deficits in the manpower training programs ofthe country and thus help in the subsequent formulation of
Page 1 of 75
appropriate policies and programs to address labour problemseffectively.
It is hoped, therefore that the information provided in thisbulletin will be helpful for many users such as: policy makers,planners & researchers in the field, employment officers, jobseekers, prospectus employers in the private and public sectorsand the public at large.
The bulletin is organized in five main sections. Section onesheds highlights on the Ethiopian labour market and section twofocuses on education and training. Section three, four and fiveanalysis employment services, Industrial relations and Socialsecurity in that order.
SECTION ONE
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
1.1 Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingTable 1.1TVET Enrolment by Sex (2001/08-2012/13)
Sex 2001 E.C.(2008/09)
2002 E.C.
2003 E.C.
2004 E.C.
2005 E.C.
Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) ( %)
Male 165,910 196,937 199,799 173,148 116,457 -8.5Female 142,591 158,483 171,548 157,261 122,427 -3.7Total 308,501 353,420 371,347 314,159 238,884 -6.2 Female % 50.3 43.9 48.0 46.2 51.2
Page 2 of 75
(2008/09)
(2009/10)
(2010/11)
(2011/12)
(2012/13)
2001 E.C.
2002 E.C.
2003 E.C.
2004 E.C.
2005 E.C.
0100,000200,000300,000400,000
FIGURE 1.1 : TVET Enrolment by sex ( 2008/09-2012/13
MaleFemaleTotal Female %
Trends of Years
Magnitude of TVET Enrolments
As seen in the table & figure 1.1 above number of TVET enrolment increases from 2001 to 2003 E.C and decreases in 2004 & 2005 E.C in that order.
1.2 Higher educationa) Graduates from Higher Education by Type of School Ownership and Program
Table 1.2: Number of Graduates by Type of Ownership and Program for the Year 2011/12
INSTITUTIONS
GRADUATES TYPES OF OWNER SHIP Government Non-Government Government & Non-Government
(Both)Share ofNon Go’ vent
HIGHER EDUCATION(University)
Male Female
Total Male Female
Total
Male Female Total Total
Undergraduates/Degree
49,230
16,936
66,166
7,236
5,671 12,907
56,466 22,607 79,073 16.32Postgraduates/Masters
5,095 865 5,960 309 84 393 5,404 949 6,353 6.26Postgraduates/PhD 64 7 71 - - - 64 7 71 0 54,38 17,80 72,19 7,54 5,755 13,30 61,934 23,563 85,497 15.56Level I 6,528 5,982 12,51
0- - - 6,528 5,982 12,510 -
Level II 13,268
12,376
25,644
- - - 13,268 12,376 25,644 -
Page 3 of 75
TVET
Level III 18,990
15,398
34,388
- - - 18,990 15,398 34,388 -Level IV 28,51
824,23
852,75
6- - - 28,518 24,238 52,756 -
Level V 270 170 440 - - - 270 170 440 - Total
67,574
58,164
125,738
- - - 67,574 58,164 125,738 -
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Government
Non-Government
Government & Non-
Government (Both)
0
50,000
100,000
Figure 1.2: Number of Graduats by Program 2012/2013
Undergraduates/DegreePostgraduates/MastersPostgraduates/PhD Total
Types of Owner ship
Magnitude of Graduaters
It appears from the table 1.2 above and figure 1.2 above there were
85,497 graduates from all three degree programs of these 72,197 were
from Government and 13,300 from non- government institutions. On the
other hand that 79,073graduated were from under graduates 63 and 71
were from post Graduates masters and PhD degree stream. The number of
female graduates was 23,563 which is about 27.56% of the total.
Page 4 of 75
Male
Female
Total
M F T
Male
Female
Total
Govern ment Non Govnt Both
020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000
Figure:1.3 Number of TVET Graduats by Program and types of owner ship
Level ILevel IILevel IIILevel IVLevel V Total
Owner ship
Magnitude of TVET Graduats
b) Trends of Graduates from All Programs of Higher Education Institutes
It appears from table 1.3 below that the total number of the
graduates of higher education institutions has shown dramatic
increase for under graduate degree programs from 56,109 in
2008/09 to 79,073 (56,466male and 22,607) in 2012/13. With the same token, the number of graduates from post graduate degree
program has also significantly increased from 3,574 (3,151 male
and 423 female) in 2008/09 to 12,384 (10,563 male and
1,821female) in 2012/13.
Table 1.3: Number of Graduates from all Programs of Higher Education Institutes by Year
and Sex
Year
Graduates from all Programs of Higher Education Institutes
Both Govn’t & Non Gov’nt Government Non Government
Under Graduates/degree Post Graduate/Master PhD Post Graduate/master
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
2001 E.C 39,350 16,759 56,109 3,017 399 3,416 15 - 15 134 24 158
2002 E.C 51,300 15,699 66,999 3,875 625 4,500 131 18 149 4,194 679 4,873
2003 E.C 54,783 20,565 75,348 5,057 819 5,876 352 1 353 5,351 899 6,250
Page 5 of 75
2004 E.C 58,385 19,759 78,144 5,025 792 5,817 268 7 275 5,302 860 6,162
2005 E.C 54,466 22,607 79,073 5,095 865 5,960 386 7 393 5,468 956 6,424
Total 95,389 355,673 22,069 3,500 25,569 1,152 1152 1,185 20,449 3,418 23,867 95,389
c) Regular Post Graduates by Field of StudiesAs can be seen from table 1.4 below, the number of regular
postgraduates from higher education institutions in 2012/13 was
6,424 (5,468 male and 956 female) of which, 6,353 and 71 were from
postgraduates masters degree program and post graduates PhD
program, respectively. On the other hand, among the highest
masters’ postgraduates programs 32.66% was accounted for Social
science followed by Natural Science which was 27.40%.
Table 1.4: Number of Regular Postgraduates by Field of Studies and Sex (2012/13).Field of Studies Masters PhD Grand Total
M F Total
M F Total
M F Total
Social science 1,732
342 2,07
4
23 1 24 1,755 34
3
2,0
98Businesses and Economics
334 69 403 1 0 1 335 69 1,212Natural Science 814 90 904 20 2 22 834 92
6
1,7
60Technology 568 27 595 4 - 4 572 27 599Education 176 18 195 0 0 0 177 18 195Law 31 2 33 - - - 31 2 33Medicine and HealthScience
866 237 1,10
2
7 2 9 873 23
9
1,1
11Language Studies 33 0 33 0 0 0 33 0 33Information 33 6 39 0 0 0 33 6 39Veterinary Medicine 29 8 37 0 0 0 29 8 37Social Work 21 8 29 0 0 0 21 8 29Agriculture 401 60 461 9 2 11 410 62 141Others 366 82 448 0 0 0 366 82 448
Total 5,40
4
949 6,35
3
64 7 71 5,468 95
6
6,4
24
Page 6 of 75
D) Regular Undergraduates by Field of StudyTable 1.5 below depicts that the number of regular undergraduates
from higher institutions in 2012/13 were 79,073 (56,466 male and
22,607 female) of which, 66,166 were from government education
institutes, and 12,907 from non-government educational
institutions
Field of Studies Government Non-Government Grand Total
Male Female Total Male Female
Total Male Female Total
Social science& Humanities
10,042 4,244 14,286 778 301 1,07910,820 4,545
15,365
Businesses and Economics
9,942 3,027 12,969 1,776 2,033
3,80911,718 5,060
16,778
Natural Science 8,300 3,522 11,822 _ _ _ 8,300 3,522 11,822
Technology 4,921 1,547 6,468 556 446 1,002 5,477 1,993 7,470Education 912 189 1,101 38 6 44 3,152 195 3,347Law 1,128 330 1,458 121 39 160 1,249 369 1,618Medicine and Health Science
3,410 940 4,350 568 1006 1,5743,978 1946
5,924
Pharmacy 234 87 321 296 402 698 530 489 1,019Language Studies 1,177 1,011 2,188 0 0 0 5,477 1,993 7,470Information 1,210 244 1,454 255 151 406 3,152 195 3,347Veterinary Medicine 188 47 235 - - - 188 47 235Journalism & Communication
208 126 334 - - - 208 126 334
Music 10 9 19 - - - 10 9 19Fine Arts and 16 2 18 - - - 16 2 18Theatre Arts 64 24 88 - - - 64 24 88Sport Science 682 325 1007 - - - 682 325 1007Agriculture 5,423 830 6253 - - - 5,423 830 6253Water Technology 426 77 503 - - - 426 77 503Development Mgt 14 90 104 - - - 14 90 104Urban Planning and Mgt
36 4 40 - - - 36 4 40
Hotel Mgt 42 8 50 - - - 42 8 50Natural Resource 390 112 502 - - - 390 112 502Tourism Dev’t and Mgt
78 32 110 - - - 78 32 110
Page 7 of 75
Others 377 109 486 3,103 1,287
4,390 3,480 1,396 4,876Total 49,230 16,936 66,166 7,236 5,67
112,907 56,466 22,607 79,07
3%Natural Science 42 46 43 15.5 25.6 20.0 51 46 50Table 1.5: Number of Regular Undergraduates by Field of Studies and Sex (2012/13
SECTION TWO
EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
2.1 Local Employment ServiceTable 2.1: Distribution of PEOs and LPEAs by Region July 8/2012– July 7/2013
In Ethiopia Public Employment Service Office (PES’S) and Local Private Employment Agencies (LPEA’S)registered job seekers collect available vacancies from prospectus employers and address appropriate job seekers to their respective employing under takings.
Region Number ofPESOs
Number ofLPEAs
Total(PESOs+LPEAs)
Tigray 52 15 67Afar 1 0 1Amhara 48 27 75Oromia 334 55 389Somalia 1 0 1Benshangul – Gumuz 20 8 28SNNP 15 80 95Gambella 1 3 4Harari 1 2 3Addis Ababa 1 32 33Dire Dawa 75 159 234
Total 549 381 930
Page 8 of 75
As it appears in table 2.1 above there were 549 public Employment
Service Offices and 381 Local Private Employment Agencies
throughout the country during the reference period.
a. Registration of Job-Seekers Table 2.2: Number of Registered Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Occupation and Sex (July 8/2012–
July 7/2013)
OccupationalCode
Job-Seekers Registered Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
Male Female
Total % Male Female
Total
% Male Female
Total %
1 40,719 23,432
64,151
10.22
9,610
352 9962 53.98
50,329 23,784
74,113
11.47
2 33,027 18,268
51,295
8.18 51 50 101 0.55 33,078 18,318
51,396
7.963 28,526 17,3
6345,88
97.31 30 12 42 0.23 28,556 17,37
545,93
17.11
4 34,941 18,579
53,520
8.55 - - - - 34,941 18,579
53,520
8.28
5 47,136 23,742
70,878
11.30
1,205
4,414
5,619
30.82
48,341 28,156
76,497
11.856 17,473 8,59
426,06
74.15 13 6 19 0.10 17,486 8,600 26,08
64.04
7 53,904 26,438
80,342
12.80
- - - - 53,904 26,438
80,342
12.448 53,116 30,0
4483,16
013.2
55 7 12 0.07 53,121 30,05
183,17
212.88
9 98,356 53,788
152,144
24.25
1,946
756 2,701
14.25
100,301 54,544
154,845
23.97
Total 407,198 220,248
627,446
100.00
12,859 5,597 18,456 100.00
420,057 225,845 645,902 100.00
Page 9 of 75
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total0
100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000Figure2.1: Registered job Seekers by Occupation
and Sex
Numb
er of Registered Job Seckers
A quick look at table 2.2 and figure2.1 above reveals that of the
total registered job seekers, the highest (23.97%) were made for
Elementary Occupations, followed by 12.88% and 12.44 %
registered job seekers were in the Occupational group of Plant
and Machine Operators and Assemblers and Crafts and Related
Workers, respectively.
b. Registered Job Seekers by Level of Education Table 2.3: Number of Registered Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Level of Education and Sex (July 8/2012– July 7/2013)
Level ofEducation
Job-Seekers Registered Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
Male Female
Total % Male Female
Total
% Male Female
Total %
Illiterate 39,127
21,256
60,383
9.61 192 113 305 1.65
39,319
21,369
60,688 9.40Non Formal Education
14,344
12,822
27,166
4.22
426 238 664 3.60
14,770
13,060
27,830 4.30
Elementary Ed. (1-8)
135,215
64,400
199,615
32.56
10,447
2,751 13,198
6.09
145,662
67,151
212,813
32.95Secondary Ed.
(9-10) 80,5
2751,75
8132,2
8521.0
81,455
307 1762 9.54
81,982
52,065
134,047
20.75
Page 10 of 75
Senior Secondary (11-
32,633
21,611
54,244
8.04 101 80 181 0.98
32,734
21,691
54,425 8.43Technical Vocational
64,552
24,618
89,170
14.21
202 2,095 2,297
12.45
64,754
26,713
91,467 14.16
University Incomplete
11,354
5,990 17,344
2.76 31 13 44 0.24
11,385
6,003 17,388 2.69First Degree 29,4
1417,77
647,19
07.52 5 0 5 0.0
329,419
17,776
47,195 7.31Masters Degree 32 17 49 0.00 0 0 0 0 32 17 49 0.01 Total 407,1
98220,24
8627,44
6 100.0
12,859
5,597 18,456
100
420,054
225,845
645,902 100.00
As given in table 2.3 above and figure 2.2 below reveals that of
the total registered job seekers 32.95% have attained elementary
education. With the same taken, among the registered job seeks
the share of university complete and technical and vocational
graduates were only 2.69% and 14.16 % respectively.
Illiterate
Non Formal Education
Elementary Ed. (1-8)
Secondary Ed. (9-10)
Senior Secondary (11-12)
Technical Vocational
University Incomplete
First Degree
Masters Degree
Total
0200,000400,000600,000
Figure 2.2 Registered Job Seckers by Education and Sex
MaleFemaleTotal%
C Registered Job Seekers by Age Group
A) Table 2.4: Number of Registered Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Age Groupand Sex (July 8/2012– July 7/2013)AgeGroup
Job-Seekers Registered Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
Page 11 of 75
Male Female
Total % Male
Female
Total
% Male Female
Total %
10 – 14 562 533 1,095 0.17 - - - -562 533 1095
0.17
15 – 19 56,108
36,813
92,921
14.81
712 155867
4.70 56,820
36,968
93,788
14.52
20 – 24 71,211
44,028
115,239
18.37
8,282
4,552
12,834
69.54
79,493
48,580
128,073
19.83
25 – 29 148,536
77,979
226,515
36.10
2,586
344 2,930
15.88
151,122
78,323
229,445
35.52
30 – 34 63,574
32,290
95,864
15.28
478 232710
3.85 64,052
32,522
96,574
14.95
35 – 39 18,017
10,345
28,362
4.52 336 190526
2.85 18,353
10,535
28,888
4.47
40 – 44 23,032
10,037
33,069
5.25 233 71304
1.64 23,265
10,108
33,373
5.17
45 – 49 14,730
5,522
20,252
3.23 106 24130
0.70 14,836 5,546
20,382
3.16
50 – 54 9,747 650 10,397
1.68 54 2983
0.459,801 679
10,480
1.62
55 – 59 1,673 2,049
3,722 0.59 38 038
0.211,711 2,049 3,760
0.58
60 – 64 6 1 7 0 34 0 34 0.18 40 1 41 065+ 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 0N.S - - - - - - - -Total 407,1
98220,248
627,446
100.00
12,859
5,597
18,456
100.00
420,057
225,845
645,902
100.00
As it can be found out from table 2.4 above and observed from
figure 2.3 below, 35.52% of the total registered job seekers were
in the age group 25-29. On the other hand among the registered
job seekers between the age brackets 20-24 and 30-34 were
accounted for 19.83% and 14.95% accordingly.
Page 12 of 75
10 – 1
4
15 – 1
9
20 – 2
4
25 – 2
9
30 – 3
4
35 – 3
9
40 – 4
4
45 – 4
9
50 – 5
4
55 – 5
9
60 – 6
4 65+ N.STot
al0
100000200000
300000400000
500000
600000
700000
Figure2.3:Registered job seekers by age Group and sex
MaleFemaleTotal
D Registered Job Seekers by Region
As given in table 2.5 below of the total registered job
seekers, the highest were registered in Oromia Regional State
(37.93percent), followed by 36.56percent in Amhara Regional
State.
Table 2.5: Number of Registered Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Region and Sex (July 8/2012–July 7/2013)
Region Job-Seekers Registered Through Total
Page 13 of 75
PESOs PESOsMale Fema
leTotal % Male Female Tota
l% Male Female Total %
Tigray 49,509
31,281
80790 12.88 1073 4241 5314 28.77 50,582 35,522 86,104 13.33
Afar 103 35 138 0.02 - - - - 103 35 138 0.02Amhara 145,3
6990,7
07236,0
7637.62 - - - - 145,36
990,707 236,076 36.56
Oromia 163,528
81,486
245,014
3.9*5 - - - - 163,528
81,486 245,014 37.93Somalia 202 73 275 0.04 242 184 426 2.31 444 257 701 0.11
Benshangul Gumuz
277 91 368 0.06 - - - - 277 91 368 0.06SNNP 45,88
815,0
7260,96
09.72 10,866 804 11,6
7063.23 56,751 15,876 72,630 11.24
Gambella - -
- - 51 50 101 0.55 51 50 101 0.02Harari 413 305 718 0.11 114 34 148 0.80 527 339 866 0.13
Addis Ababa
1842 1155 2997 0.48 - - - - 1842 1155 2,997 0.46
Dire Dawa
67 43 110 0.02 513 284 797 4.32 580 327 907 0.14
Total 407,198
220,248
627,446
100.00
12,859 5,597 18,456
100.0
420,054
225,845 645,902
100.00
3.1.2 Vacancies Reported
a) Reported Vacancies by OccupationTable 2.6: Number of Reported Vacancies (through PESOs and LPEAS) by Occupation (July 8/2012– July
7/2013)
Page 14 of 75
OccupationalCode
Vacancies Reported Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
No. ofReportedVacancies
% Male Female Total % Total %
1 14,054 18.80 3 - 3 0.12 14,057 18.212 11,656 15.59 - - - - 11,656 15.103 6,030 8.06 22 7 29 1.21 6,059 7.854 3,182 4.26 27 24 51 2.12 3,233 4.195 10,316 13.80 813 1,027 1,840 76.60 12,156 15.756 5,355 7.16 24 3 27 1.12 5,382 6.977 8,517 11.39 - - - - 8,517 11.048 7,023 9.39 - - - - 7,023 9.109 8,639 11.55 389 63 452 18.81 9,091 11.79
Total 74,772 100.00
1,278 1,124 2,402 100.00
77,174 100.00
Table 2.6 and figure 2.4 above indicate that among total
vacancies registered (in both PESOs and LPEAs), 18.21% were
in Legislations, Senior Officials and Mangers followed by
Service Workers and Shop and Market Sales Workers (15.75%).
b .Reported Vacancies by Industry
Table 2.7: Number of Reported Vacancies (through PESOs and LPEAS) by Industry (July 8/2012– July7/2013)
Industrial Code
Vacancies Reported Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
No. ofReportedVacancies
% Male Female Total % Total %
1 15,159 20.27 32 19 51 2.12 15,210 19.712 5,372 7.18 - - - - 5,372 6.963 11,729 15.69 8 2 10 0.42 11,739 15.214 5,117 6.84 - - - - 5,117 6.635 6,244 8.35 581 360 941 39.18 7,185 9.316 2,011 2.69 - - - - 2,011 2.617 3,733 4.99 38 51 89 3.70 3,822 4.958 4,911 6.57 - - - 4,911 6.36
9 20,496 27.41 619 692 1,311 54.58 21,807 28.26Total 74,772 100.0
01,278 1,124 2,402 100.
0077,174 100.0
0 Table 2.7 above and figure 2.5 below show that among thereported vacancies (through PESOs and LPEAs), 30.16% were fromCommunity, Social and Personal Services sector followed byAgricultural, Hurting, Forestry and Fishing industry (20.37%).
Page 15 of 75
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
15,2105,372
11,7395,117 7,185
2,011 3,822 4,911
21,807
77,174
Figure 2.5: Total Number of Reported Vacancies by Industry
Total Reported Vacancies by Industry
c. Vacancies Reported by RegionA look at table 2.8 below reveals that the highest vacancies
(45.36 %) were registered in Oromia Regional State and the lowest
in Harari Regional State (0.22%)Table 2.8: Number of Reported Vacancies (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Region (July 8/2012– July7/2013)
Region Vacancies Reported Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
No. ofReportedVacancies
% Male Female Total % Total %
Tigray 9,835 13.15
126 781907
37.7610,742
13.92
Afar 6,934 9.27 - - - 6,934 8.98Amhara 20,979 28.0 - - - 27.18Oromia 34,055 45.5
4- - -
34,05544.14
Somalia 42 0.06 134 169 303 12.61 345 0.45Benshangul – Gumuz
- - - - - -SNNP 289 0.39 - - - 289 0.37Gambella - - - - - -Harari 20 0.03 114 34 148 6.17 168 0.22
Page 16 of 75
Addis Ababa 2,508 3.35 343 - 343 14.28 2,851 3.69Dire Dawa 110 0.15 561 140 701 29.18 811 1.05Total 74,772 100 1,27 1,124 2,402 100.00 77,174 100.00
d.1) Collected Vacancies by Occupation
In addition to job vacancies reported through PESO’s and LPEA’s,
job vacancies that are advertised in five news papers (Zemen,
Herald, Reporter, Admass & Fortune ) were compiled for the
period July 2011-July 2012 as presented below.
Table 2.9: Distribution of Vacancies Collected from news papers by Occupational& Industrial group July 8/2012 -July 7/2013
Occupational Code
Industrial Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %1 1 3 120 0 138 3 24 32 194 515 3.072 0 32 134
1180 521 59 628 275 595
8 8,994 53.543 2 0 306 16 402 8 82 21 142
8 2265 13.484 2 41 213 4 143 0 27 31 480 941 5.605 1 0 52 0 0 23 29 0 748 853 5.086 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0.027 6 0 131 0 599 0 4 4 189 933 5.558 1 0 263 3 477 6 739 14 443 1946 11.589 0 0 72 0 101 15 0 0 162 350 2.08
Total 13 76 2498
203 2,381
114 1533
377 9605
16,800 100.0
0 % 0.08 0.45
14.87
1.21
14.17
0.68
9.13
2.24 57.17 100.0
0 100.0
0
As we observe the above table 2.9, each cell in the matrix can
tell us how many employees of witch occupational Group fall in
each industry Group. As such, many professions are fall in each
Page 17 of 75
industry group than the rest and more Clerks are fall in the
industry Group of Community, Social and Personal Service
Again let us look that , among 16,800 job vacancies collected
from news papers, 57.17% were recorded in the community, social
and personal services industry, while 14.87% and 14.17% job
vacancies were opened in manufacturing; and construction,
respectively in the Industry group.
And again 53.54% were opened for professional occupation,
followed by technical and associate professionals (13.48%) and
Plant Machine Operators and Assemblers occupation witch accounts
(11.58%)
d.2) Collected Vacancies by Education Level
Table 2.10: Number of Job Vacancies Collected from News Papers by Level of Education, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013
Education Level Number ofVacancies
%1 – 4 Grade 77 0.46
5 – 8 Grade 686 4.089 – 10 Grade 5368 31.9511 – 12 Grade 29 0.17Certificate 124 0.74
Diploma 1454 8.65First Degree 7158 42.61
Masters Degree 1513 9.00PhD 391 2.33N.S 0 0
Total 16800 100.00
Page 18 of 75
It appeared from table 2.10 above, among job vacancies collected
from news papers, 42.61% required first degree, followed by
31.95% which required Grade 10 complete level of education.
d.3) Collected Vacancies by Salary Range
Table 2.11: Number of Job Vacancies Collected from News Papers by Salary Range, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013
Salary Group Number of Vacancies %
< 400 0 0401 – 600 799 4.76601 – 800 84 0.50801 – 1000 101 0.601001 – 1200 333 1.98
1201 – 1400 549 3.271401 – 1600 1501 8.931601 – 1800 1211 7.211801 – 2000 1363 8.11
2000+ 3922 23.34N.S 6937 41.29
Total 16,800 100.00
As given in table 2.11above, out of the total job vacancies23.34% had a monthly salary range of Birr 2000+. And 0.50% had amonthly salary range of Birr 601 – 800 which is the least valuefollowed 0.60% monthly salary range of Birr 801 – 1000.
d.4) Collected Vacancies by Year of Experience
Table 2.12: Distribution of Job Vacancies Collected from News Papers by Year of Experience, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013.
Page 19 of 75
Year of Experience Number ofVacancies
%0 year 3374 20.08
1 – 2 808 4.813 – 4 6520 38.815 – 6 2284 13.597 – 8 1331 7.929 – 10 390 2.3211 – 12 47 0.28
12+ 13 0.08N.S 2033 12.10
Total 16800 100.00
Table 2.12 above reveals that 38.81% of the job vacancies(advertised in news papers) required 3-4 years of workexperience, followed by 20.08 % job vacancies which required 0years of job experience
d.5) Vacancies by Nature of Employment
Table 2.13: Number of Job Vacancies Collected from News Papers by Status of
Employment, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013
Status of Employment Number of Vacancies %
Permanent 15946 94.92Contractual 854 5.18
N.S 0 0Total
16,800 100.00As can be observed from table 2.13 above, 94.92% job vacancies
advertised in the news papers were for permanent employment,
while 5.18 % were for contractual employment
3.1.1 Placement of Job-Seekers
A. Placed Job-Seekers by Occupation Table 2.14: Number of Placed Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Occupationand Sex (July 8/2012– July 7/2013)
Occupational
Group
Job-Seekers Placed Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
Male Female Total % Male Female
Total % Male Female Total %
1 26,490 18,231 44,721 6.93 - - - - 26,490 18,231 44,721 6.472 27,548 13,517 41,065 6.36 69 51 120 0.26 27,617 13,568 41,185 5.953 49,605 31,515 81,120 12.0 100 46 146 0.32 49,705 31,561 81,266 11.7
Page 20 of 75
9 54 24,276 12,145 36,421 5.64 116 116 0.25 24,276 12,261 36,537 5.285 86,421 51,913
138,33421.4
222,028 11,
80533,83
373.7
3 108,449 63,718172,16
724.8
96 19,300 15,138 34,438 5.29 75 92 167 0.36 19,375 15,230 34,605 5.007 29,790 12,824 42,614 6.60 265 253 518 1.14 30,055 13,077 43,132 6.248 34,661 21,438
56,0998.69 46 24 70 0.15
34,707 21,462 56,1698.12
9 110,249 60669170,918
26.98
10,051 866 10,917
23.79 120,300 61,535
181,835
26.29
Total408,340 237,390 645,730 100. 32634
13,253
45,887
100.00 440,974 250,643
691,617
100.000
Table 2.14 indicates that 26.29 percent of the total reported
Placements were obtained from Elementary Occupations, followed by
Service workers and shop and market Sale which had a share of
24.89 % of the total placement recorded. The least number of jobopenings came from Skilled Agricultural & Fishing workers which
was only about 5.00 percent.
b. Placed Job-Seekers by Industry Table 2.15: Number of Placed Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Industry and Sex (July 8/2012– July7/2013)
Industrial
Category
Job-Seekers Placed Through TotalPESOs LPEAs
Male Female Total % Male Female Total % Male Female Total %
1 73,075 33,189 106,264 16.47 9,364 198 9,562 20.83 82,439 33,387 115,826 16.752 29,740 19,155 48,895 7.57 57 139 196 0.43 29,797 19,294 49,091 7.103 22,283 31,162 53,445 8.28 1,624 4,107 5,731 12.50 23,907 35269 59176 8.564 24,691 14,995 39,686 6.15 129 393 522 1.14 24,820 15,388 40,208 5.815 100,050 54,699 154,749 23.96 242 259 501 1.09 100,29
254,958 155,250 22.45
6 26,053 17,146 43,199 6.69 11 28 39 0.08 26,064 17,174 43,238 6.257 16,042 7,933 23,975 3.71 293 67 360 0.78 16,335 8,000 24,335 3.528 12,661 7,270 19,931 3.09 11 6 17 0.04 12,672 7,276 19,948 2.889 103,745 51,841 155,586 24.09 20,903 8056 28,959 63.11 124,64
859897 184545 26.68
Total408,340
237,390 645,730 100.0 32634 13,253 45,887 100.00
440,974
250,643 691,617
100.00
According to the table2.15 above of placed job seekers 26.68%
were employed in community, Social and Personal Service sector
followed by the Construction which employed about 22.45%. The
Page 21 of 75
third largest employed was the Agricultures, Hunting, Forestry
and Fishery Sectors which constituted for 16.75% of the placed
job seekers.
c. Placed Job Seekers by Age
Table 2.16: Number of Placed Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Age Group andSex (July 8/2012– July 7/2013)
AgeGroup
Job-Seekers Placed Through TotalPESOs PESOs
Male Female Total % Male Female
Total % Male Female Total %
10 – 14 1854 1387 3241 0.50 0 0 0 0 1854 1387 3241 0.4715 – 19 22,513 16,865 39,378 6.10 974 337 1,311 2.86 23,487 17,202 40,68
95.88
20 – 24 36,307 27,049 63,356 9.81 26,646
9581 36,227
78.95 62953 36630 99583 14.40
25 – 29 46,859 36,154 83,013 12.86 1,930 1,815 3,745 8.16 48,789 37,969 86,758
12.54
30 – 34 11,828 8,036 19,864 3.08 832 314 1,146 2.49 12,660 8,350 21,010
3.04
35 – 39 6,540 4,239 10,779 1.67 246 34 280 0.60 6,786 4,273 11,059
1.60
40 – 44 3,681 2,517 6,198 0.96 281 12 293 0.64 3,962 2,529 6,491 0.9445 – 49 1,992 2,408 4,400 0.68 126 6 132 0.29 2,118 2,414 4,532 0.6650 – 54 5,511 1,103 6,614 1.03 101 17 118 0.26 5,612 1,120 6,732 0.9755 – 59 1554 1162 2716 0.42 97 11 108 0.24 1,651 1,173 2,824 0.4160 – 64 1 0 1 0.00 25 0 25 0.05 26 0 26 0.065+ - - - - 8 0 8 0.02 8 0 8 0.0N.S 269,700 136470 406170 62.90 1,368 1,126 2,494 5.44 271068 137,59
6408,6
6459.0
9Total
408,340237,39
0645,73
0100.00 32634
13,253
45,887
100.00
440,974
250,643
691,617
100
The above table 2.16 indicates that the majority of the placed
job seekers 14.40 percent were in the age group of 20-24. Those
who fall in the age group 25-29 accounted for 12.54 percent. In
Page 22 of 75
general almost all placed job seekers were in the productive
age category.
d. Placed Job Seekers by Education
Table 2.17: Number of Placed Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Level of Education and Sex (July 8/2012– July7/2013)
Level of EducationJob-Seekers Placed Through
TotalPESOs PESOsM F T % M F T % M F T %
Illiterate 1,363 985 2,348 0.36 356 165 521 1.14 1719 1150 2869 0.41Non-Formal Education 7,585 5,527 13,112 2.03 737 239 976 2.14 8322 5766 14088 2.04Elementary Ed. (1-8) 49,898 37,439 87,337 13.53 28,540 11,17
639,716 86.55 78438 48615 127,053 18.3
7Secondary Ed. (9-10) 40,095 30,276 70,371 10.90 1,043 631 1674 3.66 41138 30907 72,045 10.4
2Senior Secondary (11-12)
19,250 14,074 33,324 5.16 48 7 55 0.08 19298 14081 33,379 4.83
Technical Vocational 9,617 7,257 16,874 2.61 326 43 369 0.81 9943 7300 17,243 2.49
University Incomplete 2,016 1,326 3,342 0.52 8 0 8 0.02 2024 1326 3,350 0.48
First Degree 4,904 2,970 7,874 1.22 0 0 0 0 4904 2970 7874 1.14Master Degree 11 2 13 0.00 0 0 0 0 11 2 13 0N.S 273,601 137,53
4411,135 63.67 1576 992 2568 5.60
27517713852
6 413,70359.8
2Total
408,340237,39
0 645,730 100.00 3263413,25
3 45,887 100440,97
4250,6
43 691,617100.
0
Table 2.17 depicts above 18.37% of the placed job seekers
attended elementary level of education and 10.42 % attended
secondary level of education. The least placed job seekers were
illiterate who constituted for 0.41 percent.
Page 23 of 75
e. Placed Job Seekers by Region
Table 2.18: Number of Placed Job Seekers (through PESOs and LPEAs) by Region and Sex (July 8/2012– July7/2013)
Region Job-Seekers Placed Through
TotalPESOs PESOsM F T % M F T % M F T
%Tigray 112,69
384,354 197,04
730.5
218830 10394 29,22
463.69 131,523 94,7
48226,271 32.72
Afaar - - - - - - - - - - - -Amhara 273,56
4137,407 410,97
163.6
4406 596 1002 2.18 273970 138,
003411,973 59.57
Oromia 18,582 13,845 32,427 5.02 1459 421 1880 4.09 20,041 14,266
34,307 4.96
Somalia 49 81 130 0.02 110 32 142 0.31 159 113 272 0.04BenshangulGu
113 23 136 0.02 1521 790 2311 5.04 1,634 813 2,447 0.35
SNNP 1484 451 1935 0.30 9751 846 10597 23.09 11,235 1,297
12,532 1.81
Gambella - - - - - - - - - - - -Harari 9 11 20 0 114 34 148 0.33 123 45 168 0.02
Addis Ababa
1779 1175 2954 0.46 - - - - 1779 1175 2954 0.43
Dire Dawa 67 43 110 0.02 443 140 583 1.27 510 183 693 0.10
Total 408,340
237,390 645,730
100 32634 13,253
45,887
100.00
440,974 250,643
691,617 100.00
Table 2.198depicts placed job seekers by regional states, where
as 59.57 percent placed job seekers were recorded in the Amhara
Regional State, while 32.72 percent placed job seekers were
reported from Tigray Regional State.
f)Summary of Registered Job seekers, Vacancies and Placements
Table 2.19: Summary of Registered Job seekers, Vacancies and Placement by Regional States (July 8/2012– July7/2013
Region Registered Job
Seekers (R)
VacanciesReported
(V)PlacementsReported
(P)V/R
RatioP/R
Ratio
Tigriay 86,104 10,742 226,271 0.12 2.62Afar 138 6,934 - 50.25 -
Page 24 of 75
Amhara 236,076 20,979 411,973 0.09 1.75Oromia 245,014 34,055 34,307 0.14 0.14Somalia 701 345 272 0.49 0.39Benshangul-Gumuz 368 -
2,447 - 6.65
SNNP 72,630 289 12,532 0.03 0.17Gambella 101 - - - -Harari 866 168 168 0.19 0.19Addis Ababa 2,997 2,851 2954 0.95 1.00Dire Dawa 907 811 693 0.89 0.76Total
645,902 77,174 691,6170.12 1.07
According to the above Table 2.19 77,174 vacancies reported in
the Public Employment Services and Local Private Employment
Agencies were under estimated than the placed job seekers in
some Reginald States. This reveals that Vacancies recorded
were scarce in all regional states than the placed Job seekers,
with the same taken, a least placement were inflated than the
vacancies reported for half of the Regional States
Page 25 of 75
2.2 Ethiopian Overseas Employment
The Ethiopia overseas employment has been in place for many
years. According to the newly enacted Employment Exchange
Service Proclamation No. 632/2009, an Ethiopian can be
employed abroad provided that his/her rights and dignity are
protected in the country of destination.
Accordingly, the employment contracts of those Ethiopians
seeking overseas employment are verified and approved by the
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.
In light of this, the Ethiopian overseas employment during
the reference period is presented in this section
a. Ethiopian Overseas Employment by OccupationAs can be observed from table 2.21 below among the total of
182,696 employed Ethiopian overseas employment, 97.21 percent
were employed in Service Workers and Shop and Market Sales
Workers where as 2.77 percent were employed in Plant and Machine
Operators and Assemblers
Table 2.20 Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Occupation,Sex July 8/2012-July 7/2013
Occupational Code Sex Fema
le
Male Total %1 1 1 2 02 4 23 27 0.013 0 0 0 04 0 1 1 05 175,122 2,479 177,601 97.21
Page 26 of 75
6 0 6 6 0.01
7 0 0 0 08 288 4,651 4,939 2.779 0 0 0 0
Total 175,429 7267 182,696 100.00 % 97.02 3.98 100.00 100.00
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affair
b. Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Marital Status
From table 2.22 below, one can see during the reference period
the marital status of Ethiopians employed abroad shows that 95.69
percent were single, 4.09 percent married, and 0.22 percent
divorced.
Table 2.21: Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Marital Status and Sex July 8/2012-
July 7/2013
Marital
status
SexFemale Male Total %
Married 6210 1264 7474 4.09
Single 168839 5978 174817 95.69
Divorced 371 25 396 0.21
Widowed 9 0 9 0.01
Total 175,429 7,267 182,696 100.00
Page 27 of 75
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
Married Single Divorced Widowed Total0
20000040000060000080000010000001200000140000016000001800000
Figure 2.6 : Ethiopian Overseas Employments by Marital Status
Numb
er o
f eTHI
OPIA
N oV
ERSE
AS
empl
oyemnt
S
c. Ethiopian Employed Overseas by Age Group and Sex
Table 2.22 Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Age Group and Sex July 8/2012-July 7/2013
Age Bracket
Sex Total %Female Male
15-19 16 1 17 0.0120-24 40315 586 40901 22.3925-29 116872 3549 120421 65.9130-34 13975 1743 15718 8.6035-39 3247 871 4118 2.2540-44 763 341 1104 0.6045-49 139 124 263 0.1450-54 26 41 67 0.0455-59 18 5 23 0.0160-64 15 3 18 0.0165+ 43 3 46 0.03
Total 17,5429 7,267 182,696 100.00
Page 28 of 75
Age Category of Ethiopian employed abroad during the referenceperiod is given in table 2.22 above. Accordingly among theEthiopians employed abroad 65.91% were in the age categorybetween 25-29, followed 20-24 age category which is about 22.39percent.
D) Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Education
With regard to the level of education of Ethiopians
employed abroad, table 2.23 below reveals out of
the total 68.01 percent have completed elementary
education, while 9.08 percent and 8.36 percent attended
secondary level of education and non-formal education
in that order.
Table 2.23: Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Level of Education and Sex, July 8/2012-July7/2013
Page 29 of 75
E) Ethiopian Employed Abroad by Origin of Regional States According to table 2.24 below, among the Ethiopians Employed
overseas the majority i.e. 37.77% were from Oromia Regional
State, followed by 32.07percent and 13.85percent from Amhara
Regional State and SNNP respectively.
Table 2.24: Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Regional States and Sex July 8/2012-
July 7/2013
Page 30 of 75
Level Education Sex
Male Female Total
%Non Formal Ed. 1103 13169 14272 7.81Elementary Ed. 3455 120798 124253 68.01Junior Secondary Ed. 621 8916 9537 5.22Secondary Ed. 1276 16307 17,583 9.63Tech/Voca. Ed. 43 316 359 0.20College 143 383 526 0.29Post Graduate 30 50 80 0.04Others 5 36 41 0.02N.S 591 15454 16045 8.78Total 7267 175,429 182,696 100.00
Region City Adm. SexMale Female Total %
Tigray 921 8390 9311 5.10
Afar 84 558 642 0.35Amhara 2715 55877 58592 32.07
Oromia 1790 67219 69009 37.77Addis Ababa 1225 17666 18891 10.34
SNNP 478 24821 25299 13.85Benishangul-Gumuz 23 362 385 0.20
Gambela 4 28 32 0.02Dire Dawa 24 388 412 0.23Harari 3 85 88 0.05Somalia 0 35 35 0.02Total 7,267 175,429 182,696 100.00
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
F) Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Country of Destination
As table 2.25 below reveals, out of the total abroad employment
contract approved by the Ministry, Saudi Arabia as a country of
final destination received 88.56 percent Ethiopian migrant
worker, followed by Kuwait 11.38 percent among other Middle East
countries.
Country of
Destination
SexMale Female Total %
Saudi Arabia 7127 154660 161787 88.56Kuwait 130 20659 20789 11.38U.A.E - - - -Others 10 110 120 0.06 Total 7,267 175.429 182696 100.00
Table 2.25 Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employments by Major Country of Destination and
Sex July 8/2012-July 7/2013
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
Page 31 of 75
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait U.A.E Others Total 0
50000
100000
150000
200000
Figure 3.7 : Number of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by major Country of Distnation
MaleFemaleTotal
Countries of Distination
Magnitude of Overseas
Employement
G) Trend of Ethiopian Overseas EmploymentTable 2.26 Trend of Ethiopian Overseas Employment by Type of Service
Year Public Employment
Services
Private Employment Services
Agencies
Total1981/82 – 1984 3,215 0 3,2151985/86 – 1988/89 2,882 0 2,882
1989/90 - 1992/93 9,270 0 9,2701993/94 – 1996/97 5,156 0 5,156
1997/98 – 2000/01 0 1202 1,2022001/02 – 2004/05 8,659 20,753 29,412
2005/06 – 2009/10 31,868 75,692 107,5602011/12 35,929 162,738 198,667 2012/2013 13,441 169,255 182,696Total 110,420 429,640 540,060% 20.45 79.55 100.00
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
Ethiopian overseas employment services are mainly classified as Public
Employment Service (which mainly deals with individuals obtaining
their employment contracts through self effort) and services through Page 32 of 75
Private Employment Agencies (PEAs). Accordingly, as table 3.26 above
reveals, from 1981/82 – 2012/13, the majority of overseas employment
contracts (79.55 percent) were obtained through PEAs, while the
remaining (20.45 percent) were provided through Public Employment
Service
1981/82 – 1984
1989/90 - 1992/93
2001/02 – 2004/05
2011/12
Total
0200,000400,000600,000
Figure 2.8 Trends of Ethiopian Overseas Employement
Public Employment ServicesPrivate Employment Services Agencies TotalNu
mber
of
Over
seas
2.3 Employment of Foreign Nationals in EthiopiaAccording to the Labour Law No.377/2003, any foreign national may
be employed in Ethiopia provided that he/she has work permit that
is issued by a responsible Authority that is the Ministry of
Labour and Social Affairs. However, the employees in the
diplomatic mission and UN organizations may not require work
permits. Furthermore, the Labour Law states that a work permit
shall be given for employment in a specific type of work for
three years and shall be renewed every year. With this
Page 33 of 75
background, some Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia is
forwarded in this section.
Accordingly information on foreign nationals employed in Ethiopia
during the reference period is given in this section.
a. Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by Occupation
Table 2.27 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Major Occupation and Sex, July 8/2012-July
7/2013
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
Page 34 of 75
Occupational Code SexFemale Male Total %
1 289 2,049 2,338 18.172 702 6,180 6,882 53.503 55 1,681 1,736 13.504 10 34 44 0.345 5 88 93 0.726 2 8 10 0.087 24 531 555 4.318 25 1,145 1,170 9.109 23 13 36 0.28
1,135 11,729 12,864 100.00
As given in table 2.27above, among foreign nationals who
maintained work permits, 53.50 percent were Professionals, while
18.17 percent and 13.50 percent were in the occupational
category of Legislations, Senior Officials and Managers and
Technicians & Associate Professionals Workers in that order
b) Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by Industry.Table 2.28 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Major Industry and Sex, July 8/2012-July 7/2013.
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
As seen in the above table 2.28, 44.54% of Foreign Nationals
were employed in the industry category of Construction, while
25.24percent and 12.71% were employed in the Manufacturing Sector
and Community, Social and Personal Service, respectively.
C .Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by Marital Status Table 2.29 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Martial Status and Sex, July 8/2012-July
7/2013
Page 35 of 75
Industrial Code SexFemale Male Total %
1 46 617 663 5.152 11 149 160 1.243 183 3062 3245 25.244 37 725 762 5.925 242 5488 5730 44.546 10 135 145 1.137 26 392 418 3.258 18 88 106 0.829 562 1073 1635 12.71
Total
1,135 11,729 12,864 100.00
Source Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
Table 2.29 above indicates that among the foreign national who
obtained work permits during the reference period 58.29% were
married, 40.88 percent single, 0.70 percent divorced and the
remaining 0.13 percent were widowed
d. Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permit by Level of Salary Table 2.30 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Salary Brackets and Sex, July 8/2012-July 7/2013
Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
As can be observed from table 2.30 above and figure 3.10 below
among foreign nationals who obtained work permits 55.69 percent
were earning a monthly salary of Birr 2000 and above, while 10.95
Page 36 of 75
Material
Status
SexFemale Male Total %
Married 413 7086 7499 58.29Single 699 4560 5259 40.88Divorced 14 76 90 0.70Widowed 9 7 16 0.13Total 1135 11729 12864 100.00
Level of Salary SexFemale Male Total %
120 – 199 0 2 2 0.02200 – 400 6 54 60 0.47401 – 600 3 39 42 033601 – 800 0 24 24 0.19801 – 1000 64 414 478 3.721001 – 1200 7 139 146 1.131201 – 1400 10 543 553 4.291401 – 1600 50 503 553 4.291601 – 1800 14 246 260 2.021801 - 2000 101 1307 1408 10.95
2000+ 462 6702 7164 55.69 418 1756 2174 16.90 Total 1135 11729 12864 100.00
percent and 4.29 percent had a monthly salary between of Birr
1801-2000 and Birr 1201-1400 respectively.
e. Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by Age Category
Table 2.31 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Age Group and Sex, July 8/2012-July 7/2013Source: Ministry of Labour and Social Affair
Table 2.31 above shows that among 12,864 foreign nationals
that hold work permits, 18.55 percent were between 25-29 age
groups. The table further notifies that those between the
ages of 35-39 were 14.68 Percent. One can also note from
the table that only 0.99 percent of foreign nationals that
obtained work permit fall in the age group 15-19.
F) Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by country of OriginIt appears from table 2.33 below, out of 12,864 foreign nationals
who hold work permits in the given reference period 10,435
Page 37 of 75
Age Bracket SexFemale Total %
15 – 19 18 109 127 0.9920 – 24 100 794 894 6.9525 – 29 260 2126 2386 18.5530 - 34 134 1749 1883 14.6835 - 39 123 1765 1888 14.6740 - 44 150 1942 2092 16.2645 – 49 99 1504 1603 12.4650 – 54 80 827 907 7.0555 – 59 69 495 564 4.3860 – 64 46 232 278 2.1665 + 56 184 242 1.88N.S - - - -
Total 1135 11729 12,864 100.00
(81.12percent) that is the majority were Asians and 1,401
(10.89percent) were European.
Table 2.32 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Employed in Ethiopia by Continent of Origin and Sex July 8/2012-July 7/2013
ContinentOrigin
SexFemale Male Total %
Afric 91 426 517 4.02Asia Chinese 472 6811 7283 69.79
Indians 125 2466 2591 24.83Others 44 517 561 5.38Total 641 9,794 10,435 81.12
Europe 271 1332 1603 12.46North and Central America
3 13 16 0.12South America 10 5 15 0.12 Oceania 119 159 278 2.16
Total 1139 11727 12864 100.00
Africa Asia Europpe North and
Central
America
South America
Oceania
Total0
4000
8000
12000
Figure 2.9 ...
FemaleMaleTotal
Origion Continent
Numb
er of
Empl
oyee
s
Page 38 of 75
It appears from the table 2.32 above out of the total
12864 foreign nationals with work permits 81.12 percent
were from Asia followed by 12.64% and 4.02% were from
Europeans and Africans respectively. Furthermore, among
Asians who issued work permits from Ethiopia, the
highest number were Chinese (69.79%) followed by the
Indians which accounted for 24.83 percent.
g) Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by RegionTable 2.33 Distributions of Foreign Nationals Issued Work Permits by Regional Destination and Sex , July8/2012-July 7/2013
Region/CityAdministration
SexFemale Male Total %
Addis Ababa 971 9228 10199 79.28Afar 9 34 43 0.33Amhara 4 21 25 0.19
Benishangul Gumuz 1 6 7 0.05Dridawa 14 233 247 1.92Gambella 0 18 18 0.15Oromia 116 1969 2085 16.21SNNP 8 148 156 1.21
Somalia 9 9 18 0.15Tigray 3 63 66 0.51Total 1135 11729 12864 100.00
As given in table 3.33 above, out of the total foreign nationals
who hold work permits, 79.28 percent were assigned in the Addis
Page 39 of 75
Ababa city Administration, followed by 16.21percent were issued
with work permits to work in the Oromia Regional State
2.4 Employment in Civil Service
a) Civil Service Employment by Region.Table2.34 Civil Service Employment by Region. (As reportedJune2012)
Region/Federal SexMale Female Total %
Federal48712 29755 78467 7.28
Tigray 41639 25667 67,306 6.24far 13269 6098 19,367 1.79
Amhara 144,723 85036 229,759 21.31Oromia 229522 107,412 336934 31.25Somali 36,249 11410 47,659 4.42
Benishangul-
Gumuz
11613 5129 16,742 1.55SNNP 140907 62541 203448 18.87
Gambella 7634 2980 10614 0.98Harari 2935 2279 5214 0.48
Page 40 of 75
Addis Ababa 28985 27356 56341 5.23Dire Dawa 4098 2226 6,324 0.59Total 710286 367889 1078175 100.0
0
Source: Ministry of Civil Service
Regarding table2.34 above, out of the total of 1,078,175
Ethiopian Civil Service employees (65.88%) male and (34.12%)
female were reported during June 2012. A quick look at the above
table, reveal that the majority of the civil servants (31.25%)
were employed in Oromia Regional State followed by Amhara Regional State (21.31%) and SNNP (18.87%). Hararia Regional
States Bing the least. It also appears from the table that only
7.28% of the total civil servants were accounted for the federal
government institutions.
Page 41 of 75
Federal
Tigray fa
r
Amhara
Oromia
Somali
Benishangul- Gumuz
SNNP
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Dire DawaTotal
020000040000060000080000010000001200000
Figure 2.10 Civil service employment by Region
MaleFemaleTotal
a.Ethiopian Civil Service Employment by Service
Table 2.35 Distribution of Ethiopian Civil Service Employment by Service andSex .as reported june2012.
Types of Service SexMale Female Total %
Professional Science 82,852 27,023 109,875 10.2Administrative 13,390 6,374 19,764 1.8Sub-Profession 63,792 37,485 101,277 9.4
Clerical and
Fiscal
18,191 26,158 44,349 4.1
Trade and Crafts 14,316 7,295 21,611 2.0
Custodial and
Manual
41,565 25,102 66,667 6.2
Teachers 196,031 102,949 298,980 27.7
Health Profession 38,769 41,990 80,759 7.5Appointment 25,038 8,866 33,904 3.1
Special 56,499 15,603 72,102 6.7
Page 42 of 75
Classification
Not Stated 159,843 69,044 228,887 21.2
Total 710286 367889 1,078,175 100.00 Source: Ministry of Civil Service
Number of Ethiopian Civil Servants employees by type of service is given in the above table 3.36. It reveled from the table 2.37,that civil servants in the professional Science were 109,875 ofwhich 82,852 male and reminding 27,023 female.
Professional Science
Sub-Profession
Trade and Crafts
Teachers
Appointment
Not Stated
0400,000800,000
1,200,000
Figure2.11: Distribution of civil servants by Service
Sex MaleSex FemaleSex TotalSex %
Services
Numb
er o
f Civi
l Se
rvants
b. Civil service Employment by SalaryTable 2.376Distribution of Ethiopian Civil Service Employment by Salary andSex, as reported June2012.
Salary Bracket(INBIRR)
SexMale Female Total %
400-599 51,852 33,862 85,714 7.94600-799 30,649 19,279 49,928 4.63800-999 55,416 41,268 96,684 8.97
1000-1199 116,408 71,034 187,442 17.391200-1399 76,492 55,505 131,997 12.24
1400-1599 104,476 51,489 155,965 14.471600-1799 62,703 28,140 90,843 8.431800-1999 30,624 13,814 44,438 4.12
Page 43 of 75
2000-2199 23,969 10,039 34,008 3.152200-2399 35,527 12,875 48,402 4.502400-2599 28,647 9,088 37,735 3.502600-2799 14,294 3,989 18,283 1.70
2800-2999 28,928 6,871 35,799 3.323000
+ 50,029 10,347 60,376 5.60Not stated 272 289 561 0.05
Total 710286 367,889 1,078,175 100.00 Source: Ministry of Civil Service
As indicated in table 2.36 above ,17.39 percent of the Ethiopian
Civil service workers earn a monthly salary between Birr 1000-
1199,followed by 14.47 %and 12.24 % had a monthly salary of Birr
1400-1599 and 1200-1399 in that order.
400-599
800-999
1200-1399
1600-1799
2000-2199
2400-2599
2800-2999
Not stated
0200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,0001,200,000
Figure2.12: Civil Service by Employement by salary
Sex MaleSex FemaleSex TotalSex %
Salaries
Numb
er of
Civi
l Serv
ants
c. Civil Service Employment by Level of Education. AS revealed in table 2.37 below, 38.67 percent the Ethiopian Civil service workers have attend college level Diploma with the same taken, the reported Civil service workers 15.30 percent and 10.53 percent have certificate and seconded levelof education( Grade 9-12) respectively.
Page 44 of 75
Table 2.37 Distribution of civil Service Employment by level of Education (as Reported June 2012).
Level of Education SexMale Female Total %
Illiterate 2,237 1,497 3,734 0.35Read and Write 6,798 3,593 10,391 0.96
Grade 1-4 12,439 5,501 17,940 1.66Grade 5-8 29,309 12,739 42,048 3.90Grade 9-12 71,561 41,980 113,541 10.53Certificate 91,988 72,921 164,909 15.30Level I-V & 23,127 19,353 42,480 3.94
1st -4th Year College 15,254 8,373 23,627 2.19Diploma College 277,189 139,792 416,981 38.67Under Graduate 148,858 47,642 196,500 18.23
Post Graduate 9,052 1,329 10,381 0.96Doctorate(PhD) 1,061 161 1,222 0.11
Not Stated 21,413 13,008 34,421 3.19 Total 710,286 367,889 1,078,175 100.00
Page 45 of 75
Illiterate
Grade 1-4
Grade 9-12
Level I-V & Voc/Tech(10+2)
Diploma College
Post Graduate
Not Stated
0
400,000
800,000
1,200,000
Figure: 2.13: Civil Service Employement by level of Education
Male Female Total %
Education Statous
Magnitude of Civil Servants
With regarded to table 2.38 below 28.79 percent Ethiopian Civil
service workers were between the age bracket 23-27 accounted for
20.81 percent and 13.64 percent in that order . This reveals
that the highest of the Ethiopian Civil service employees were in
the age group category 18-37 productive age cohort.
With the same taken Ethiopian Civil Service employees were in the
age group of 28-32 and 33-37.
d) Civil Service Employment by Age Group.
Table 2.38 Distribution of Ethiopian Civil Service by Age Group June 2012.
Age Group Sex
Male Female Total %
Page 46 of 75
Bellow 18 0.1118-22 61,856 40,666 102,522 9.5123-27 201,039 109,360 310,399 28.7928-32 149,022 75,398 224,420 20.8133-37 96,340 50,763 147,103 13.6438-42 70,742 34,844 105,586 9.7943-47 49,976 22,157 72,133 6.6948-52 7,629 15,400 23,029 2.1453-57 18,480 7,390 25,870 2.4058-60 9,921 3,1331 13,054 1.22
Above 60 1,800 1,330 3,130 0.29Not Stated 15,856 7,027 22,883 2.12
Total
710,286 367,889 1,078,175 100.00
Source: Ministry of Civil Service
Bellow 18
23-27
33-37
43-47
53-57
Above 60
Total
04000008000001200000
Figure2.14: Civil Service Employement by Service
Sex MaleSex FemaleSex TotalSex %
Age groupMagn
itud
e of c
ivil
se
rvan
ts
As it can be observed from the table 2.40 below the Ethiopiancivil service employees to the population ratio showed 34 for Gambela Regional State, 39 and 53 for Harari and Addis Ababa Regional States respectively.
F) The Ratio of Civil Servant to the Population by RegionTable 2.39 Distribution of the Ratio of Civil Servant to the Population by Regional
&Federal and Sex as of June 2012.
Page 47 of 75
Tigray
Amhara
Somalia
SNNP
Harari
Dire Dawa
Region
71 77 80 90 10253
8234 39 53 60
0
81
Figure 2.15: Ratio of Civil Servant for the Population by Region
Ratio of Civil Servant to the Population
g) Civil Service Permanent Employees Separated from Service.
Table and Figure 2.40 depict the reason of separation of
Ethiopian civil service employees. According to the table, among
Page 48 of 75
Regional/Federal
Number of Total
Numberof Civil
Ratio of Civil
Share of Regions civil
Tigray 4,781806 63,306 71 5.87Afar 1,498,935 19,367 77 7.60Amhara 18,462,160 229,759 80 21.31Oromia 30,393,661 336,934 90 31.25Somalia 4,879,300 47,659 102 4.42Benishangul Gumuz
880,239 16,742 53 1.55
SNNP 16,635,060 203,448 82 18.87Gambela 363,169 10,614 34 0.98Harari 203,996 5,214 39 0.48Addis Ababa 2,985,277 56,341 53 5.22Dire Dawa 377,094 6,324 60 0.59Federal - 78,467 - -Region 81,460,697 999,708 81 92.72 Total
81,460,697 1,078,175
76 100.00
the reasons for separation voluntarily accounted for 47.60 %
and other cases accounted 52.40%. As reported June 2012 out of
46,063 separated Ethiopian civil servants, 36.78% are female and
63.22% are male civil servantsTable 2.40 Distribution of Civil Service Permanent Employees Separated from Service June 2012.
Reason forSeparation
SexMale Female Total %
Retirement 1432 315 1,747 3.79Illness 266 105 371 0.81Death 760 367 1,127 2.45
Discipline 460 81 541 1.17Voluntarily 15,174 6,750 21,924 47.60Transfer 5,947 2,938 8,885 19.29Order 314 406 720 1.56
Appointment 1,560 334 1,894 4.11Inefficiency 156 69 225 0.49
Due to Structural
Change
1505 862 2,367 5.14Not Stated 1,090 1,250 2,340 5.08
Total 28,664 13,477 42,141 100.00
63.2%
36.8%
Figure 2.16: Number of Civil cervice Permanent Employees Separeted from work
Male Female
\
Page 49 of 75
Figure 2.41 above reveals the total percentage of male and
female Civil Service employees separated from work .Accordingly,
63.2% male and 36.8% female civil servants separated from work
with different reasons.
2.5. Micro and Small-Scale Enterprises It is often argued that Micro and Small enterprises (MSEs) play
significant roles in the creations of employment opportunities
and generations of income for quite a large proportion of the
population. Accordingly during the reported period as seen in the
table blow for a total of 4,466,836 people job opportunities has
been created. Out of which for 797995 people in big projects.
Industrial Group
SEX
Tigray Afar Amhara Oromia Somalia B.Gumuz SNNP Gambela Harari
Addis Ababa
Dri Dawa Total
Manufacturing
M
F
T 9551 22 25655 58041 2062 427 11410 254 374 30873 422 139091Construction
M
F
T 81796 417 44156 178107 3627 1924 37507 279 2376 136205 6281 492675
Urban agriculture
M
F
T 9539 30 30603 105124 1309 338 9780 434 305 7836 651 165949Service M
Page 50 of 75
F
T 21294 387 31131 134117 610 695 21212 556 270 34153 2037 246462Trade M
F
T 10517 26 21168 120646 1102 416 12790 449 403 9440 1447 178404Total M 73,181 541 66,487 351,661 5,419 2,356 52,004 1,046 2,125 132,97
46,393 714,187
F 59,516 377 66,226 244,371 3,291 1,444 41,200 926 1,603 86,090 4,445 509,492T 132697 918 152713 596035 8710 3800 93204 1972 3728 219064 10838 1,222,58
1Big projects
- - - - - - - - - - - 797,995
G. Total 39,8091 2718 438139 1788102 26130 11400 279107 5916 11184 656635 32514 4,466,836
Table 2.51 Jobs Created through Micro and Small-Scale Enterprises
3980912718
438139
1788102
26130 11400 2791075916 11184
65663532514
4466836
Figure 2.17: Number of created jobs by SMEs.
Number of created total jobs by Micro &Small scale interprises by Region
Page 51 of 75
SECTION THREE
INDUSTRIAL RELATION3.1 Occupational Safety, Health and Work Accident
Work accident may occur in the process of production as a resultof unsafe working condition, unsafe acts, personal failure andlack of awareness on the side of both the employers and workers.The failure on the part of the management in realizing andapplying properly guarded machine, proper illumination andventilation, non detective tools, etc, could be considered as oneof the causes to work accidents.
Work accidents may result in loss of life, physical impairment,material damage and termination of work that might claim verylarge financial loss. The accident report during the referenceperiod (2012/2013) is limited only to 323 establishments. Thefigures obtained from the undertakings cannot show the nature andcauses of work accidents in the counting except that it mightgive some insights of the same.
Accordingly, detailed information on the number of occupationalsafety and health effective for the physical year 2012/2013 arepresented in the following section.
3.1.1 Registered Work Accidents by Industry
Table 3.1.1 Number of Registered Work Accidents by Industrial Code, July 8/2012– July 7/2013
Industrial Category No. ofEst.
No. of Employees
Work Accidents
Non-Fatal Fatal Total % Payments for medical purpose
1 109 12,877 947 4 951 1751 57418.52 2 3 3 - 3 0.06 -3 144 21,014 2,462 8 2,470 45.47 57,739.03
4 12 1,301 16 2 18 0.33 11.957.79
Page 52 of 75
5 52 8’007 1,971 13 1,984 36.52 176,963.006 0 0 0 0 0 0 07 0 0 0 0 0 0 08 0 0 0 0 0 0
09 4 7 5 1 6 0.11 0Total 323 42,209 5,404 28 5,432 100.00 304,078.45
It appears from table 3.1 above a total number of 5432 work
accidents were reported by 274 establishments, of which 28 work
accidents were fatal and 5,404 were non- fatal. Among the
reported work accidents, the highest percentage (45.47%)
appear in the manufacturing sector with the same taken work
accidents for construction and Agricultural, Hunting, Forestry
and Fishing constituted for 36.72% and in that order.
3.1.2 Number of Causes of Work Accidents by IndustryTable 3.2 Numbers of Causes of Work Accidents by Industry, July 8/2012– July 7/2013
Caused of Accident Industrial
Category
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tota
l
%Machine 64 0 746 3 129 - - - - 942 17.3Electricity 41 0 33 0 12 0 0 0 0 86 1.58
Hand Tools 315 0 341 0 311 0 0 0 6 973 17.9
2
Fire & Explosive 18 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 1.62Acid & Hot
Substance
0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 0.64
Falling and
Slipper
132 3 281 2 523 0 0 0 0 941 17.3
3Surface Falling 8 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 12 0.22
Splitters 32 0 11 0 17 0 0 0 0 60 1.10
Collisions With
Objective
40 0 126 7 196 0 0 0 3 369 6.79
Miss Handling 19 0 276 0 282 0 0 0 0 577 10.6
Page 53 of 75
2
Falling Objective 20 0 57 3 270 0 0 0 0 350 6.44
Transport 110 0 103 2 6 0 0 0 0 221 4.07
Animals 13 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0.28Work Mistakes 55 0 127 1 32 0 0 0 0 215 3.96Others 84 0 261 0 203 0 0 0 0 548 10.0
9Total 951 3 2,470 18 1,984
0 0 0 6 5,432
100.00
Table 3.2 above reveals causes of work accidents by industrial
category. According to this table among 5,432 work accidents
17.92 percent were caused Hand Tools. Machine and falling and
slippers were the next highest causes of work accidents which accounted for 17.35 percent and 17.33 percent accordingly.
3.1.3 Number of Location of Injury by Industry
Table 3.3 Numbers of Causes of Work Accidents by Industry, July 8/2012– July 7/2013
Industrial
Category
Location of Injury
Eye Ear Othe
r
Upper
Extrem
e
Lower
Extreme
Centr
al
Body
Others2 Total
1 83 10 73 387 261 88 49 9512 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 33 72 8 361 954 682 303 90 24704 0 0 1 6 9 1 1 185 98 25 225 549 616 240 131 19846 0 0 0 0 716 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 54 of 75
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 6 0 0 0 6
Total 253 93 660 1905 1668 632 271 5,432% 4.66 0.79 12.1
5
35.07 30.71 14.75 4.99 100.00
As indicated in the above table 3.3 among 5,432 work accidents
35.07 percent occurred on the upper extreme part of the body of
the injured workers followed by lower extreme and others1 which
constituted for 30.71 percent and 12.15 percent respectively.
Page 55 of 75
3.1.4 Numbers & Types of Work Accidents by Industry
Table 3.4 Numbers & Types of Work Accidents by Industrial Group, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013
Type of
Injury Industrial Category
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %
Abrasion 202 0 1,07
5
8 862 0 0 0 0 2,147 39.53
Burns 133 0 102 1 4 0 0 0 0 240 4.42Cuts 198 0 255 0 102 0 0 0 3 558 10.27Piercing 188 0 143 0 108 0 0 0 2 441 8.12
Punctured 20 0 64 0 158 0 0 0 0 242 4.46Sprain 0 0 256 0 26 0 0 0 0 282 5.19
Fracture 41 2 165 2 245 0 0 0 0 455 8.38
Dislocati
on
46 0 138 1 267 0 0 0 452 8.31
Eye-
Injury
119 0 170 0 192 0 0 0 0 481 8.85
Ear-
Injury
0 0 77 0 2 0 0 0 0 79 1.45
Suffocati
on
0 0 15 4 2 0 0 0 0 21 0.39
Sinking 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.04
Death 4 0 8 2 13 0 0 0 1 26 0.52
Others 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 - 4 0.07
Total 951 3 2470 18 1984 0 0 0 6 5,432 100.00
From the above table 3.4, though the total number of work
accidents recorded from 323 establishments was significant the
majority were slight injuries , abrasion which accounted for
39.53 percent following abrasion cuts and fracture ( 10.27% and
8.85%) respectively, which mostly occurred due to machine,
explosion, chemicals ,fire and stream.
Page 56 of 75
3.1.5 Number of Work Accidents by Industry and Age GroupTable 3.5 Number of Work Accidents by Age Brackets and Industry, July 8/2012 – July 7/2013
Age Range Industrial Category1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total %
10-14 47 0 9 0 7 0 0 0 0 63 1.1615-19 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0.11
20-24 188 0 597 1 395 0 0 0 0 1,281 23.5825-29 185 1 352 4 288 0 0 0 1 931 17.1430-34 176 2 366 1 250 0 0 0 2 797 14.6735-39 147 0 356 4 349 0 0 0 1 857 15.7840-44 151 0 301 4 324 0 0 0 0 780 14.3645-49 38 0 159 2 83 0 0 0 0 282 5.19
50-54 9 0 206 0 35 0 0 0 0 250 4.60
55-59 2 0 56 0 3 0 0 0 0 61 1.1260-64 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.0465+ 8 0 62 2 50 0 0 0 0 122Total 951 3 2470 18 1984 0 6 5,432 100.00
The Above Table 3.5 reveals the number of work accidents occurred
by age category and industrial code. Accordingly, the highest
number of work accidents occurred between the age brackets 20-24
which was about 23.58 percent. The next highest number of work
accidents was in the age group of 25-29 and 35-39 in which
accounted for 17.14% & 15.78 percent respectively. The least
case was registered in the age group of 60-64 which was about
0.04 percent.
Page 57 of 75
3.1.6 Leave Days Allocated as a Result of Work Accidents
Table 3. 6 Distributions of Leave Days Allocated as Result of Work Accidents by Industry July 8/2012 –July 7/2013
Industrial
Group
Number of
Injuries
Leave days
Issued
Average No. of
Leave Days
Issued.
Paid money in case
of permition
1 408 1,368 3.35 57,418.502 0 0 - 03 382,091 19,303 0.05 75,669.994 17 323 19.00 11,957.795 1,865 7,270 3.90 281,9636 0 0 - 07 0 0 - 08 0 0 - 09 0 0 - 0Total 384,381 28,264 0.07 427,009.28The above table 3.6 reveals a total of 28,264 leave days were
issued as a result of 384,381 work accidents which occurred in
323establishements. As the above table shows the average number
of days issued as a result of work accidents was estimated to be
around 0.07 days. The highest average leave days was given for
employees who were injured in the Electricity Gas, Water which
was an average of 19.00 days. The least average leave days (0.50
Page 58 of 75
days) were issued for employees who were injured in manufacturing
category.
3.2 Trade UnionThe Labour Law Proclamation No. 377/2003 states that workers and
employers shall have the right to establish and form trade unions
or employers association respectively. Accordingly, one trade
union may be established in an undertaking where the number of
workers is twenty or more. Moreover, workers who work in
undertaking with less than twenty workers may form a general
trade union, provided however, that the number of the members of
the union shall not be less than twenty.
Now nine trade union federations and one confederation have beenregistered at national level. Details of the registered trade
Page 59 of 75
unions during the budget year 2012/13 and their members arerevealed in the following tables.
3.2.1 Registered Trade Unions by industryTable 3.7 Numbers of Registered Trade Unions and Their Members by Industrial Code and Sex, July 8/20112- July 7/2013
IndustrialGroup
No of Trade Unions No of Members Basic Branch Male Female Total %
1 26 2 973 877 1,850 21.932 0 - - - - -3 98 3 2,606 342 2,948 34.954 8 - 148 84 232 2.765 4 - 333 1,258 1,591 18.866 1 - 350 56 406 4.827 - - - - - -8 1 - 40 27 67 0.799 46 1 758 583 1,341 15.89
Total 184 6 5,208 3,227 8,435 100.00It appeared from the above table 3.7 that there were 184 newly
registered basic unions and 6 newly registered branch trade
unions. Of these, 98 basic trade unions were registered in
manufacturing industrial sector and 46 basic trade unions were
registered in Community, Social and Personal Sectors. As far as
branch trade unions are concerned 3 unions was registered in
Manufacturing sector,2 unions were registered in Agricultural,
Hunting ,Fishery and Fishing sector. When we look at the number
of trade union,out of the total members 34.95 percent and 21.93
percent were respectively reported from Manufacturing sector and
Agricultural Hunting Forestry and Fishing industrial Category.
3.2.2 Registered Trade Unions and Their Members by Regional StatesTable 3.8 Distribution of Registered Trade Unions & Their Members by Regions & sex (July 8/2012-July 7 /2013.
Region No. of TradeUnions
No. of Members Total %
Page 60 of 75
Basic Branch Male FemaleTigray 65 4 44 130 174 4.43Afaar - - - - -Amhara 49 - 1509 1224 2217 26.28Oromia - - - - -Somalia 11 2 245 114 359 4.25Benshangul –Gumuz
3 - 104 60 164 1.94SNNP 18 - 818 642 1460 17.31Gambea - - - - -Harari 21 - 1,324 639 1,963 23.15Addis Ababa - - - - -Dire Dawa 17 - 1,164 744 1,908 22.62Total 184 6 4,692 3,553 8,245 100.00
As it can be seen from table 3.8 above, 184 Basic and 6 Branch
Trade Unions have been registered during the reference period.
These Basic and Branch Trade Unions have a total of 8435 members
(61.74% male and 38.26% female. The table also shows that 35.33%
of the reported Basic Trade Unions were registered in Tigray
regional state .As far as the Branch Trade Unions are conserved
the highest Branch Trade Unions were registered again in Tigray
regional state.
Page 61 of 75
Tigray
Afaar
Amhara
Oromia
Somalia
Benshangul – Gumuz
SNNP
Gambea
Harari
Addis Ababa
Dire DawaTotal
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Figure 2.18 Registered Trade Unions and their members by Regional State.
BasicBranchMaleFemaleTotal
3.2.2 Registered Trade Unions and Their Members by Industrial Category
Table 3.9 Numbers of Registered Trade Unions and Their Members by Industrial Code and Sex, July 8/2012 - July 7/2013
Name of Federation No. of Trade
Unions
Sex
Male Female Total %
Farm, Plantation, & Agro Ind. 196 91,607 50,463 142,070 35.08
Textile, Leather and Garment
work
75 22,261 24,921 47,182 11.65
Food, Beverages, Tobacco &
Allied
84 31,014 21,920 52,934 13.07
Energy, Chemical and Mine 68 38,056 9,855 47,911 11.83Construction, Wood Metal, Cement
& others
95 40,737 6,081 46,818 11.56
Bank and Insurance 6 5,726 3,994 9,720 2.40
Page 62 of 75
Transport and Communication
Works
25 16,296 4,805 21,101 5.21
Tourism Hotels & General
Services
225 13,358 10,011 23,369 5.77
Commerce, Technical and Printing
Ink
45 8,615 5,280 13,895 3.43
Total 819 267,670 137,330 405,000 100.00
According to table 3.9 above reveals that the total number of
trade unions members as of June 2013 was 405,000 of which 66.09%
were male and the remaining 33.91 % were female. It appears from
the table among the members of trade unions 35.08% were in the
Farm Plantation Fishery and Agro Industry sectors with the same
taken few members of trade unions 2.40% were in Bank and
Insurance Sector, and Communication works sector.
3.3 Employers Association
3.3. Members of Associations under Ethiopian Employee’s FederationTable 3. 10 Distribution of Members of associations under Ethiopian Employee’s Federation as of
2012/13
Type of Association No. of AssociationPubl
ic
Private Others Total %
Eth. Horticulture & Flora - 1 - 1 0.35Eth. Tour Operator - 200 - 200 70.42No.1 Bole International Airport & Hotels
Permanent Taxi Drivers
- 74 - 74 26.07 Beverage industries - 2 - 2 0.70Medical laboratories& Higher clinics 2 - 2 0.70Gas and Chemical production factories - 1 - 1 0.35Eth.Red Cross association - - 1 1 0.35 Agro-Industries ,Hotels and whole sellers - 3 - 3 1.06
Page 63 of 75
- 283 1 284 100.0As given table 3.9 above reveals that 99.65% of the Ethiopian
Employers Federation members were from private
associations ,while only 0.35% were from others association
3.3.2 Members of Employers AssociationTable 3.. 11 Distribution of Members of the Ethiopian Employee’s Federation as of 2012/2013
No of Association Members of Org. in the Association
No of Members in the AssociationMale Female Total
12 128 227 72 299
- - 75.92 24.08 100.00
3.4 Collective Agreements
Collective agreement is exercised through matual discussion,understanding and negotiation between employers and workersrepresentatives. According to the Labour ProclamationNo.377/2003, collective agreement means an agreement, concludedin writing between one or more representative of trade unions andone or more employers or agents or representatives of employersorganizations.
Upon executing collective agreement, the two parties shouldsubmit sufficient copies to the Bureaus of Labour and SocialAffairs for legal registration. Detailed information of theregistered collective agreements by regional states and types ofownership is being revealed in the following tables.
3.3.1 Registered Collective Agreements by Region and Type of Ownership
Table 3.12 Distribution of Registered Collective Agreements by Regional States and Types of Ownership July 8/2012- July 7/2013
Page 64 of 75
Region Types of Owner shipGovernment Private Public Others Total %
Tigray 3 21 - - 24 34.29Afar 1 4 - - 5 7.14Amhara 7 4 - - 11 15.71Oromia - - - - - -Somalia - 3 - - 3 4.29Benishangul Gumz 1 - - - 1 1.43SNNP 4 14 - - 18 25.71Gambella - - - - - -Harari - 6 - - 6 8.57Addis Ababa - - - - - -Dire Dawa 2 - - - 2 2.86Total 18 52 - - 70 100.00As we can see from the above table 3.11 the highest number of
collective agreement were registered in private establishments
which accounted for about 74.29% of the total. As far as the
regional distribution is concerned, among the 70 collective
agreements 24 (34.29%) were registered in Tigray regional state.
3.12 Registered Collective Agreements by Industry
Table 3.13 Number of Registered Collective Agreements by Major Industry, July 8/2012 - July 7/20 13Industrial
GroupRegistered Collective
Agreement No. of Workers Employees covered by Collective Agreements
Government Male Female Total %1 13 12,882 10,086 22,968 62.732 2 180 121 301 0.823 11 3,950 4,719 8,669 23.684 11 160 127 287 0.785 9 837 354 1,191 3.256 7 834 697 1,531 4.187 1 10 10 10 0.038 - - - - -
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9 16 945 711 1,656 4.52Total 70 19,798 16,815 36,613 100.00
As seen in the above table 3.12 there were a total of 70
registered collective agreements during the budget year, and
36,613 (19,7798 male & 16,815 female) workers were served in the
collective agreements. From the same table we also see that
among the total employees in the collective agreement 62.73% were
in the Agricultural, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing. Industrial
sector where as 23.68% in the Manufacturing sector.
3.5 Labour DisputesLabour dispute means a controversy arising between a worker and
an employer or trade unions and employers in respect of
application of law, collective agreements, work rules, employment
contract or customary rules and also any disagreement arising
during collective bargaining or in connection with collective
agreements. The detail of the report can be shown as follows:
3.5.1 Registered Labour Disputes Settlement Machineries by Regional States
Table 3.14 Number of Labour Disputes settlements Machineries by Region, July 8/2012 - July 7/2013
Labour Disputes settlements Machineries
Page 66 of 75
Region Conciliator
Labour Relation Board
Labour Court Others Total Tigray 77 14 - - 91Afar 5 1 10 1 17Amhara 15 3 183 14 215Oromia - - - - -Somalia - - - - -Beenshangul Gumz
21 - 20 - 41
SNNP - 4 134 - 138Gambella 2 5 - - 7Harari 1 - - - 1Addis AbabaDire Dawa 1 1 1 - 3Total 122 28 348 15 513As indicated table 3.13 in above out of the total labour dispute settlement machineries 348 were labour courts, 122 conciliators and 28 labours relation board.
3.5.2 Regional Number of Labour Disputes Table 3.15 Distributions of Regional States Labour Disputes, July 8/2012- July 7/2013
Region No and Result of Labour DisputesComplai
nDropped Conciliation Decided Pending %
Tigray 3,084 35 2595 390 64 64.57Afar 144 - 123 21 - 3.02Amhara 136 12 62 58 4 2.85Oromia - - - - -
-Somalia 70 8 19 41 2 1.47Beenshangul Gumz
75 - 63 12 - 1.57
SNNP 766 168 409 167 22 16.04Gambella 124 11 54 59 - 2.60Harari 76 - 33 29 14 1.59Addis Ababa - - - - - -Dire Dawa 301 78 203 17 3 6.30Total 4,776 312 3561 794 109 100.00
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It appears from table 3.14 above ,out of total 4774 labour
disputes registered during the reference period 64.57
percent,16.04 percent and 6.30 percent were recorded from Tigray,
SNNP,and Dire Dawa city council in that order. The table further
reveals that out of the total labour disputes 3561 were settled
through conciliation, 794 cases were decided 312 were dropped and
109 cases were pending
3.6 Labour Inspection
4.5.1 Number of Inspectors by Regional States
Table 3.16 Distributions of Inspectors by Regional States, July 8/2012– July 7/2013
Region SexMale Female Total %
Tigray 34 29 63 35.20Afar - - -Amhara 33 8 41 22.91Oromia 43 3 46 25.70Somalia - - - -Beenshangul Gumz 2 0 2 1.12SNNP 16 9 25 13.97Gambella 1 - 1 0.55Harari 0 1 1 0.55Addis Ababa - - -Dire Dawa - - - -Total 129 50 179 100.00
As indicated in table 3.15 above, there were 179 labour
inspectors in all regional states during the budget year. The
highest number of inspectors 35.20% in Tigray Regional states
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followed by 25.70 % and 22.9%1 in Oromia and Amhara Regional
States respectively.
3.5.3 Distribution by Type of Inspection Service by Region
Table 3.17 Distribution of Type of Inspection Service and Type by
Regional States July 8/2012-July 7/2013
Region Primary
Inspecti
on
Follow
up
Inspecti
Complian
t
Inspecti
Incomple
te
inspecti
warnin
g
Work
Accidents
Investigat
Complia
nt
inspecti
Total %
Tigray 587 709 127 878 855 350 2 3508 20.56Afar - - - - - - - -Amhara 3,587 2,667 2 364 - - 43 6,663 39.06Oromia 846 768 440 312 16 - 5 2387 13.99Somalia 24 9 12 17 8 - - 70 0.41Beenshangul Gumz 30 11 25 5 - - 1 72 0.42SNNP 168 28 39 129 79 - 77 520 3.05Gambella 36 - 23 13 - - - 72 0.422Harari 33 33 1 1 - - - 68 0.40Addis Ababa 2,827 555 - - - - - 3,382 19.82Dire Dawa 48 20 172 36 36 1 5 318 1.87Total 8186 4800 841 1755 994 351 133 17,060 100.00% 47.98 28.14 4.93 10.29 5.83 2.06 0.78 100.00 100.00
A quick look at table 3.16 above, it reveals that a total 17,060
inspection service services accomplished in all regional states
that is 39.06% the highest were from Amhara regional States and
20.56% were carried out in Tigray regional states. With the same Page 69 of 75
taken one can understand primary inspection and follow up
inspection constituted for 47.98 percent and 28.14 percent
respectively.
SECTION FOUR
4. Social Security
a.Ethiopian Public Service Pensioners by Region
Table 4.1 Distribution of Ethiopian Public Service Pensioners by Region (as reported June 2013
Region Number of Pensioners Monthly Amount ofBenefit (in Birr)
% of Benefit(in Birr)
Male Female UnSpecified
Total
Tigray 36,274 28,299 12,096 76,669 7,618,023.87 8.26
Afar 812 545 254 1,611 203,801.01 0.22
Amhara 64,028 51,920 32,493 148,441 16,818,246.44 18.23
Oromia 67,967 43,925 17,699 129,591 15,949,388.88 17.29
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Somali 1,564 1,208 462 3,234 350,811.23 0.38
Benishangul Gumuz 1,532 627 320 2,479 12,648.60 0.14
SNNP 29,906 16,180 8,684 54,770 6,431,622.56 6.97
Gambella 788 475 639 1,902 198,026.50 0.21Harari 5,024 4,966 1,107 11,097 1,449,392.42 1.57
Addis Ababa 79,194 67,622 46,072 192,888 40,729,235.61 44.15Dire Dawa 4,758 4,883 952 10,593 1,825,268.03 1.98
Un known Region 914 1,203 1,307 3,234 330,800.22 0.36Total 292,761 221,853 122,085 636,699 92,244,641.53 100.00
% 45.98 34.84 19.17 100
Source: Public Servants Social Security Agency.
According to table 4.1 above ,among the Ethiopian Pensioners from puplic civil Service
sector 44.15% ,the majority were failed in Addis Ababa city Administration followed by
18.23% and 17.29 % in Amhara and Oromia Regional States in that order.
4.1.2 Ethiopian Public Service Pensioners Country Total
Table 4.2 Distribution of Ethiopian Public Service Pensioners CountryTotal (as reported June 2013).
Sex Number of Pensioners Monthly amount of Benefits(in Birr)
Male 292,761(45.98) 68,505,237.08Female 221,853 (34.80) 20,581,257.82
Unspecified 122,085 (19.17) 3,158,146.63Total 636,699 (100.00)
92,244,641.53 Source: Public Servants Social Security Agency
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As table 4.2 above shows there were 636,699 Ethiopian Pensioners
(45.95% male and the remaning 34.80% female)from Public civil
Service sector as of June 2013.The table also indicate that a
total of Birr 92,244,641.53 was a monthly benefit for the
pensioners during the reference period.
4.1Private Sector Pension Scheme
Table4.3 Distribution of Private Organization Workers collected Social Security Fundin Birr July 8/2012-July 7/2013
No of Organizations No. of Employees Collected Social Security Fund
in Birr42,004 279,229
1,292,278,022.00It appears from table 5.3 above , there were 279,229 number
of employees who were registered in 42,004 private civil
services that a total of Birr 1, 292,278,022.00 were
contributed from private civil service employees as of July
2013 report.
Page 72 of 75
Annex 1: Definitions of Occupational and Industrial
Classifications
a) Definition of Occupational Classifications b) Definitions of Occupational classifications used in this
particular Bulletin are based on the EthiopianClassifications of Occupation (2008 ed.) as given below:
Occupational Code Definition1 Legislations, Senior Officials and Mangers
2 Professional
3 Technicians and Associate Professional
4 Clerks
5 Service Workers and Shop and Market Sales Workers
6 Skilled Agricultural and Fishery Workers
7 Crafts and Related Workers
8 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers
9 Elementary Occupations
a) Definition of Industrial Classifications
b) Definitions of Industrial classifications used in this particular Bulletinare based on the International Standard Classification of allEconomic Activities (1968 Version) as given below:
Industrial Code Definition1 Agricultural, Hurting, Forestry and Fishing
2 Mining and Quarrying
3 Manufacturing
4 Electric city, Gas and Water Construction
5 Wholesale and Retail Trade
6 Transport, Storage and Communication
7 Finance, Insurance and Business Services
8 Community, Social and Personal Services
Page 74 of 75
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