1BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF NANNOPLANKTON AND FORAMINIFERA ASSEMBLAGES IN MADURA WATERS
by :
Vijaya Isnaniawardhani1)
(Manuscript received October 08, 2008)
ABSTRACT
Nannoplankton is widely used for determining age of sediments following the othermicroorganism foraminifera since the late 1960s; and it was started being used for marinegeography study in the year of 1984. This topic interests to be done in Indonesia as one of thetropic region.
The research covered a study about environment using nannoplankton and it is compared withthe same study using foraminifera. Methods of the study include: (1) collecting secondary dataand samples; (2) collecting field data record; (3) laboratory analyses upon sediment samples todetermine the content of nannoplankton and foraminifera (micropaleontology analyses), thetexture and composition of minerals (by means of grain size, petrology megascopic andmicroscopic analyses) (4) intergrating all of the analyses result.
Madura waters can be divided into four zones, among all : (I) inner shelf (water depth lessthan 30 m) in Madura Strait, (II) inner shelf in open marine north of Madura, (III) outer shelf(water depth 30 to 80 m) in Madura Strait, and (IV) outer shelf in open marine north of Madura.
Inner shelf in the Madura Strait (Zone I) is characterized by less than 1% sediment ofnannoplankton (are made up of Gephyrocapsa oceanica); rare assemblages of benthicforaminifera only (Ammonia spp., arenaceous carbonate test taxa such as : Ammobaculitesspp., Textularia agglutinans, Haplophragmoides spp., and milliolidae). Inner shelf openmarine north of Madura (Zone II) yielded few nannoplankton assemblages, dominated byGephyrocapsa oceanica with low number of Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, H.pavimentum, H. walichii and Pontosphaera spp; common foraminifera assemblages consistof rare planktic Globigerinoides ruber, G. trilobus sacculiferus, G. conglobatus with one ortwo dominant benthic (Elphidium spp, Ammonia spp., Pseudorotalia spp., Asterorotaliaspp.). Outer shelf of Madura Strait (Zone III) assigned by common nannoplankton assemblages,dominated by Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Emiliania huxleyi with few to commonHelicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaera spp., Calcidiscusleptoporus, Umbellosphaera irregularis and Umbilicosphaera spp.; common benthicforaminifera assemblages Elphidium spp, Ammonia spp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotaliaspp., and Asterorotalia spp. with rare planktic Globigerinoides ruber, G. trilobussacculiferus, and G. conglobatus. In the outer shelf open marine north of Madura (Zone IV), itis recorded abundant of nannoplankton Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi,
1. Faculty of Geology, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung
2 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Helicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaera spp., Discoasterspp., Calcidiscus leptoporus, Umbellosphaera irregularis, Umbilicosphaera spp.; thepresence of moderate divers and abundance of planktic foraminifera Globigerina calida,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Orbulina universa, Hastigerina aequilateralis withcommon abundance benthic Bolivina spp., Bulimina spp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotaliaspp., Asterorotalia spp., Lenticulina spp., Cassidulina spp., Siphonina spp., the presenceof Uvigerina spp. are noted.
The most significant physical environment parameter of each zone controlling appearance ofmarker species and abundancy of microorganism assemblages are bathymetry, salinity,temperature, pH and sediment due to fluvial supply.
Keywords : nannoplankton, foraminifera, environment, marker species, Madura Waters
SARI
Nannoplankton telah digunakan secara luas untuk penentuan umur sedimen di sampingmikroorganisme lain, foraminifera, sejak tahun 1960-an; dan mulai digunakan untuk studigeografi laut pada tahun 1984. Kajian ini menarik untuk dilakukan di Indonesia yang termasukdaerah tropis.
Studi ini mempelajari perubahan lingkungan berdasarkan analisis nannoplankton,dibandingkan dengan foraminifera yang umum dipakai untuk kegunaan sejenis. Metodepenelitian mencakup : (1) pengumpulan data sekunder dan sampel; (2) pengambilan datalapangan; (3) pekerjaan laboratorium meliputi analisis mikropaleontologi dan petrologi ; serta (4)integrasi seluruh hasil analisis.
Perairan Madura dapat dibedakan menjadi empat zona, yaitu: (I) Paparan dalam (kedalamanmuka air laut kurang dari 30 m) di Selat Madura; (II) Paparan dalam pada laut terbuka diPerairan Utara Madura; (III) Paparan luar (kedalaman muka air laut 30 hingga 80 m) di SelatMadura; dan (IV) Paparan luar pada laut terbuka di Perairan Utara Madura.
Paparan dalam di Selat Madura (Zona I) dicirikan oleh kumpulan nannoplankton kurang dari1% total sedimen (Gephyrocapsa oceanica); foraminifera bentik jarang (Ammonia spp.,cangkang gamping pasiran seperti Ammobaculites spp., Textularia agglutinans,Haplophragmoides spp., dan miliolida). Paparan dalam di laut terbuka (Zona II) dicirikan olehnannoplankton kurang melimpah yang didominasi oleh Gephyrocapsa oceanica denganbeberapa Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H. walichii,Pontosphaera spp; foraminifera cukup melimpah dengan plankton Globigerinoides ruber, G.trilobus sacculiferus, G. conglobatus dalam jumlah jarang serta satu atau dua jenis bentikyang dominan (Elphidium spp, Ammonia spp., Pseudorotalia spp., Asterorotalia spp.).Paparan luar di Selat Madura (Zona III) dicirikan oleh nannoplankton dalam jumlah yangumum, didominasi oleh Gephyrocapsa oceanica dan Emiliania huxleyi dengan beberapaHelicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaera spp., Calcidiscusleptoporus, Umbellosphaera irregularis, Umbilicosphaera spp.; foraminifera bentikjumlahnya umum seperti Elphidium spp, Ammonia spp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotaliaspp., dan Asterorotalia spp. dengan foraminifera planktik seperti Globigerinoides ruber, G.trilobus sacculiferus, dan G. conglobatus dalam jumlah jarang. Di paparan luar laut terbuka(Zona IV) teridentifikasi nannoplankton yang melimpah seperti Gephyrocapsa oceanica,
3BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Emiliania huxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaeraspp., Discoaster spp., Calcidiscus leptoporus, Umbellosphaera irregularis,Umbilicosphaera spp.; dan beragam jenis foraminifera planktik seperti Globigerina calida,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, Orbulina universa dan Hastigerina aequilateralis sertaforaminifera bentik seperti Bolivina spp., Bulimina spp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotaliaspp., Asterorotalia spp., Lenticulina spp., Cassidulina spp., Siphonina spp. danUvigerina spp. dalam jumlah yang umum.
Parameter lingkungan fisik yang paling berpengaruh dalam mengontrol kehadiran spesiespenunjuk (indikator) dan kelimpahan kumpulan mikroorganisma adalah: batimetri, salinitas,temperatur, pH dan sedimen.
Katakunci : nannoplankton, foraminifera, lingkungan, spesies penunjuk, Perairan Madura
INTRODUCTIONSince the lates 1960s, nannoplankton
has been used in the geological studyparticulary to determine the age ofsediment. In the last few years, the studyof nannoplakton has been developedespecially among others in geographicaldetermination. McIntyre, et al., 1970;Winter, et al., 1979; Wang and Samtleben,1983; Okada, 1984; Okada, 1992;Baumann, et al., 2001; and Gibbs, 2001recognized lateral oceanographiccondition changes based on thequalitative and quantitative analyses(appearance of marker species, amount-and number- of spesies) of nannoplanktonassemblages.
In Indonesia, the use of nannoplanktonto determine the age of sediment hassuccesful results. However, studies ofmarine geography and environment inusing nannoplankton has never beendone.
Madura Waters has been selected asthe study area as a lot of secondary dataand surface and core- samples can beused; this area is marked by theabundance of both nannoplankton andforaminifera as well.
This research is herein intended todetermine the environmental control of
nannoplankton and foraminiferaassemblages in waters near Madura.
MATERIAL AND METHOD Nannoplankton and foraminifera
assemblages were studied in twenty sixshallow marine surface sediment samplesfrom Madura Strait and twenty foursamples from open marine water north ofMadura. The fifty samples collected byMarine Geological Institute (MGI) wereobtained from the area betweencoordinates 5°48’00” S to 8°00’00” S and112°24’00” E – 114°30’00” E.
The actual research was done in severalstages, namely :1. collection of secondary data and
shallow samples (seabed surfacesediment from grab sampler andsediment from the uppermost part ofcore samples from one metre ofgravity corer
2. collecting field data record (physicaloceanographyc factors measurement)
3. laboratory analyses upon sedimentsamples to determine the content ofnannoplankton and foraminifera(micropaleontology analyses), thetexture and composition of minerals(by means of grain size, petrologymegascopic and microscopicanalyses).
4 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
The samples were prepared usingnannoplankton smear slide andforaminifera residue preparationmethods. The nannoplankton slideswere examined using a lightmicroscope of 1000 magnification inboth cross-polaried and phased lightfor contrast. Foraminifera examinedusing a slab microscope of 40magnification.
4. Intergrating all of analyses result The taxonomy of nannoplankton is
referred to Perch-Nielsen (1985), plankticforaminifera is referred to Bolli andSaunders (1985), and benthic foraminiferais referred to van Marle (1991).
RESULTTwenty-three nannoplankton taxa,
sixteen planktic- and thirty-four benthic-foraminifera were identified in thesediment samples. Few reworked occurin each samples. Nannoplankkton taxa inthe surface sediment samples of MaduraWaters are among all : FamilyBraarudosphaeraceae Deflandre (1947):Braarudosphaera bigelowii (Grand andBraarud, 1935) Deflandre (1947); FamilyCalciosoleniaceae Kamptner (1927):Scapholithus spp; Family CeratolithaceaeNorris (1965): Ceratolithus cristatusKamptner (1950); Family CocolithaceaePoche (1913): Coccolithus pelagicus(Wallich, 1877) Schiller (1930), Calcidiscusleptoporus (Murray and Blackman, 1989)Loblich and Tappan (1978) andUmbilicosphaera spp; FamilyDiscoasteraceae Tan (1927): Discoasterspp.; Family Helicosphaeraceae Black(1971): Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich,1877) Kamptner (1954), Helicosphaerahyalina Gaarder (1970), Helicosphaerapavimentum Okada and Mc Intyre (1977),Helicosphaera wallichii (Lohmann, 1902)Boudreaux and Hay (1969), Helicosphaera
spp.; Family PontosphaeraceaeLemmermann (1908): Pontosphaeradiscopora Schiller (1925) andPontosphaera japonica (Takayama, 1967)Nishida (1971), Family Princiaceae Hayand Mohler (1967): Emiliania huxleyi(Lohmann, 1902) Hay and Mohler in Hayet al. (1967), Gephyrocapsa oceanicaKamptner (1943), Gephyrocapsa spp.,Pseudoemiliania lacunosa (Kamptner,1963) Gartner (1963), and Reticulofenestraspp; Family RabdosphaeraceaeLemmermann (1908): Rabdosphaera spp.,Family Sphenolithaceae Deflandre inGrasse (1952) Sphenolithus spp.; FamilySyracosphaeraceae Lemmermann (1908):Syracosphaera spp.; FamilyThoracosphaeraceae Schiller (1930):Thoracosphaera spp; and Insertae sedis:Umbellosphaera irregularis Paasche inMarkali and Paasche (1955). Plankticforaminifera assemblages in the sedimentconsist of: Globigerina bermudezi Seiglie,Globigerina calida Parker, Globigerinaspp., Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny),Globigerinoides trilobus trilobus (Reuss),Globigerinoides trilobus immaturusLeRoy, Globigerinoides trilobus sacculiferBrady, Globigerinoides spp.,Globorotalia humerosa Takayanagi danSaito, Globorotalia menardii cultrata(d'Orbigny), Globorotalia tumidatumida (Brady), Globorotalia ungulataBermudez, Globorotalia spp.,Hastigerina aequilateralis (Brady),Hastigerina siphonifera (d'Orbigny),Orbulina spp. D'Orbigny (1839) andPulleniatina spp. Cushman (1927).Hyaline benthic foraminifera taxa wereidentified among all: Family AlmaenidaeMyatlyuk, 1959: Annomalinella spp.;Family Amphistiginidae Cushman, 1927:Amphistegina spp.; Family BagginidaeCushman (1927): Cancris spp.; FamilyBolivinidae Glaessner, 1937: Bolivina
5BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
spp.; Family Cassidulinidae d'Orbigny,1839: Cassidulina spp.; FamilyCibicididae Cushman, 1927: Cibicidesspp.; Family Elphidinae Galloway, 1933:Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus) andElphidium spp.; Family EponinidaeHofker, 1951: Eponides spp.; FamilyLagenidae Reuss, 1862: Fissurina spp. andLagena spp.; Family NodosariidaeEhrenberg, 1838: Dentalina spp. andNodosaria spp.; Family ReussellaCushman, 1933: Reusella spp.; FamilyRotaliidae Ehrenberg, 1839: Ammoniabecarii (Linnaeus) s.l., Asterorotalia spp.and Pseudorotalia spp.; FamilySphaeroidinidae Cushman, 1927:Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orbigny andSphaeroidina spp.; Family UvigerinidaeHaeckel, 1894: Uvigerina spp.; FamilyVaginulinidae Reuss, 1860: Lenticulinacostata (Fichtel and Moll) and Lenticulinaspp. Arenaceous test benthic foraminiferacan be identified among all: FamilyTextulariidae Ehrenberg, 1839: Textulariaspp.; Family HaplophragmoididaeMaync, 1952: Haplophragmoides spp.;and Family Lituolidae De Blainville, 1827:Ammobaculites spp. Porceleneous testbenthic or Family Miliolidae Ehrenberg,1839 in the samples are: Flintina spp.,Pyrgo spp., Qunqueloculina seminulum(Linnaeus), Quinqueloculina spp.,Spiroloculina communis Cushman andTodd, Spiroloculina depresa d'Orbigny,Spiroloculina spp., Triloculinatricarinata d'Orbigny and Triloculinaspp.
The distribution and the abundancepattern of nannoplankton & foraminiferaassemblages are shown in Table 1.
Megascopically and microscopically,sediment can be classified into: clay, siltyclay, sandy clay, clayey silt, silt, sandy silt,clayey sand, silty sand, and fine-,medium-, coarse- grained sand. The shape
of material sediment can be differentiatedinto rounded to well rounded (0,7-0,9),subrounded to rounded (0,5-0,7),subangular to subrounded (0,3-0,5); thesphericity of sediment can bedifferentiated into high to very high (0,7-0,9), average to high (0,5-0,7) and low toaverage (0,3-0,5) (shown in Table 2). Thesediment textural analyses result iscompiled by Masria (1991), Astjario, et al.(1991), Arifin, et al. (1992) and Astjario, etal. (1998), as shown in Figure 1.
According to Ingle (1980), marinebiofasies is divided into: inner shelf (0 - 50m; 0 – 150 ft), outer shelf (50 – 150 m; 150 –470 ft), upper bathyal (150 – 500 m; 460 –1560 ft), upper middle bathyal (500 – 1500m; 1560 – 4700 ft), lower middle bathyal(1500 – 2000 m; 4700 – 6250 ft), and lowerbathyal (2000 m + ; 6250 ft+).
Based on bathymetry and physicaloceanographic parameters includingsediment (type, texture and mineralcomposition) Madura waters can bedivided into four zones, among all : (I)inner shelf (water depth less than 30 m) instrait, (II) inner shelf in open marine, (III)outer shelf in strait, and (IV) outer shelf(water depth 30 - 80 m) in open marine.The difference of condition were signedby the characteristic distribution and theabundance pattern of nannoplankton &foraminifera assemblages in restricted andopen marine in Madura Waters. (Table 3and Figure 2).
In water depth less than 30 meters(inner shelf) in the Madura Strait (Zone I),the zone is being indicated by variousgrain-size sediment (clay to sand), lowsalinity, low sea surface temperature(29,3° C) and pH = 6,0-7,3; theassemblages of nannoplankton is less than1% of sediment, and are made up of theonly species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica; thebenthic foraminifera noted included
6 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Braarudosphaera bigelowiiScapolithusCeratolithus cristatusCoccolithus pelagicusCalcidiscus leptoporusUmbilicosphaeraHelicosphaera carteriHelicosphaera hyalinaHelicosphaera pavimentumHelicosphaera wallichiiHelicosphaera spp.Pontosphaera discoporaPontosphaera japonicaEmiliania huxleyiGephyrocapsa oceanicaGephyrocapsa spp.RabdosphaeraSyracosphaeraThoracosphaeraUmbelosphaera irregularisOthersGlobigerina bermudezi Globigerina spp.Globigerinoides ruberGlobigerinoides trrilobus immaturusGlobigerinoides trrilobus sacculiferus Globigerinoides trrilobus trilobus Globigerinoides spp.Globorotalia humerosa humerosaGloborotalia menardiiGloborotalia tumida tumidaGloborotalia ungulataGloborotalia spp.Hastigerina aequilateralisHastigerina siphoniferaOrbulina universaPulleniatina sppAmphistegina spp. Anomalinella spp. Asterorotalia spp. Bolivina spp. Cancris spp. Cassidulina spp. Cibicides spp. Dentalina spp. Elphidium crispum Elphidium spp.Eponides spp.Fissurina spp.Lagena spp.Lenticulina spp.Nodosaria spp.Pseudorotalia spp. Reusella spp.Ammonia becariiAmmonia spp.Sphaeroidina buloidesUvigerina spp.Textularia agglutinans
Haplophragmoides spp.
Ammobaculites spp.Flintina spp.Pyrgo spp.Quinqueloculina seminulum Quinqueloculina spp.Spiroculina columnisSpiroloculina spp.Triloculina spp.
GB - 385,00
GB - 4311,00
21
12
21
13
GB - 177,50
GB - 186,00
GB - 295,00
GB - 216,50
GB - 205,50
GB - 3210,00
GB - 194,50
GB - 307,00
GB - 317,50
SG - 28 (SBY)5,00
SG - 20 (SBY)5,00
SG - 02 (SBY)9,00
SG - 47 (SBY)10,00
11
11
11
15
SG - 30 (SBY)5,00
SG - 04 (SBY)5,00
13
11
11
11
1SG - 06 (SBY)
4,00SG - 09 (SBY)
4,00SG - 10 (SBY)
5,003
12
12
31
1SG - 04 (S)
7,501
31
11
11
23
11
SG - 05 (S)8,00
41
11
24
11
11
1PGC - 26
12,001
11
14
21
11
12
11
11
2BSK - 38
15,601
11
11
12
22
21
21
22
11
21
1
GM - 1027,00
33
22
32
22
2847
215
21
38
36
41
12
18
GM - 2125,00
32
13
22
253
281
211
11
52
23
21
35
11
12
22
21
3GM - 16
23,001
11
11
21
21
1653
71
14
32
32
13
11
11
43
12
GB - 2429,00
11
42
11
21
27
13
55
19
61
11
21
11
11
2
PGC - 0242,00
152
141
41
17
52
23
32
33
21
32
73
15
32
21
72
93
21
33
413
PGC - 0542,00
232
23
32
2432
13
128
52
21
42
15
76
24
134
56
46
21
39
32
92
4PGC - 03
56,004
34
43
22
348
364
213
23
416
168
72
43
87
132
23
39
311
PGC - 0954,00
33
12
24
4333
420
22
21
22
21
37
15
38
24
73
53
84
58
32
53
32
314
P - 3237,00
118
21
81
288
126
756
372
252
226
23
32
14
11
32
23
75
610
21
26
12
72
13
81
45
48
P - 3035,00
11
22
23
2227
28
19
11
11
33
66
27
36
42
42
33
34
3P - 22
32,001
281
15
126
1326
18
2854
262
252
69
41
11
31
12
23
34
25
21
33
22
26
BSK - 0472,00
147
46
202
7428
429
3276
884
184
3512
32
22
23
22
319
97
112
11
326
37
133
13
810
72
814
11P - 27
28,001
517
116
1113
182
19
22
11
43
55
11
31
21
21
3P - 15
40,001
362
24
2823
271
3327
5252
22
281
226
33
21
23
27
34
54
62
119
13
88
45
22
42
12
25
P - 2423,00
126
12
2325
241
2727
5150
11
224
41
11
11
13
22
24
21
21
1BSK - 16
55,003
34
32
362
373
419
53
311
116
49
36
312
39
112
21
52
25
75
B SK - 0152,50
134
23
54
3432
314
2528
4847
39
343
37
53
33
75
26
91
41
91
12
83
37
33
21
22
23
211
GM - 1869,00
12
33
44
234
482
465
1713
69
42
32
98
115
416
24
162
95
313
33
65
31
83
33
73
313
GM - 0169,00
93
93
189
2918
1615
239
554
242
424
57
18
31
71
12
123
69
63
198
214
23
273
713
92
22
24
61
78
GM - 1163,00
17
33
102
288
329
1164
541
311
137
37
63
61
11
217
57
156
1424
63
725
28
142
21
11
13
47
GM - 3161,00
131
12
73
2526
283
2739
2654
116
231
26
22
17
53
310
22
183
21
212
221
31
36
23
54
712
GM - 3257,00
126
22
81
2526
226
2851
522
261
262
22
21
14
12
27
1712
101
619
34
103
13
211
24
46
16GM - 15
73,002
374
43
2717
343
3947
7357
31
444
138
149
14
44
73
24
14
34
1812
93
314
315
19
21
2311
192
32
31
13
929
GM - 0455,00
55
12
21
126
153
541
152
25
11
12
43
22
65
314
216
44
71
26
43
68
17GM - 13
77,006
24
34
214
322
214
4663
42
318
36
84
42
52
23
63
614
134
174
56
234
229
33
144
44
171
52
16
1010
GM - 2942,00
14
22
22
23
824
622
420
31
23
12
23
42
52
41
25
north of MaduraPORCELENEOUS
(Zone IV) (Zone II)
Inner shelf in Madura Strait (Zone I)
Outer shelf in open marine
Inner shelf
in open marine
ZONATION
Table 1. Distribution of Nannoplankton And Foraminifera Assem
balges in The Surface Sediment of Madura W
aters
SAMPLE
NANNOPLANKTON
DEPTH
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA
Others
FORAMINIFERAHYALIN
ARENACEOUSnorth of Madura
Outer shelf in Madura Strait
(Zone II)
PLANKTIC
7BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Meg
asco
pic
Fine Sand
Silt
Clay
GM
- 18
-5.9
9811
3.80
569
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Cla
y<0
,005
-0,4
<0,0
0515
851
22
12
11
11
11
15
80-
60.4
29.9
9.7
Silty
san
GM
- 01
-6.0
0011
2.61
269
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Silty
cla
y<0
,005
-0,8
0.5
3367
47
22
31
22
21
12
22
1552
-58
.121
.320
.6Si
lty sa
nG
M -
11-6
.000
113.
016
63.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey
Cla
y<0
,005
-0,0
10.
0418
821
34
23
11
12
676
-62
.922
.914
.2Si
lty sa
nG
M -
31-6
.248
112.
476
61.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lC
lay
<0,0
05-0
,08
<0,0
0520
802
22
53
22
220
60-
3.6
27.9
68.5
Silty
cla
GM
- 32
-6.4
0511
3.26
457
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Cla
y<0
,005
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<0,0
0522
781
18
14
21
11
11
3048
-6.
921
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lty c
laG
M -
15-6
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113.
894
73.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lC
lay
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05-0
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802
19
31
11
11
1565
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834
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lty c
laG
M -
04-6
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112.
676
55.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lSi
lty c
lay
<0,0
05-0
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<0,0
0526
743
53
21
11
12
24
132
42-
7.9
24.3
67.8
Silty
cla
GM
- 13
-6.5
8211
4.00
077
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Cla
y<0
,005
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1<0
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2278
74
32
11
11
11
2850
-2.
418
.978
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lay
GM
- 10
-6.7
3811
2.47
842
.00
Silt,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lSi
lty c
lay
0,00
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030.
0146
548
520
12
21
11
12
238
16-
4.6
56.8
38.6
Cla
yey
sG
M -
21-6
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112.
547
5.00
Silt,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lSi
lty c
lay
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4510
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33
11
22
405
3.6
30.1
56.6
9.7
Sand
y si
GM
- 16
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2711
2.50
711
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Silt,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
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lty c
lay
< 0,
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0552
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36
11
11
138
10-
8.8
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Cla
yey
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M -
29-6
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112.
950
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0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lC
lay
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0522
781
18
31
11
68
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4.9
18.6
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Cla
yG
B -
38-6
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624
25.0
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lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey
Cla
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0,00
5-0,
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418
781
13
21
31
82
870
-2.
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lay
GB
- 43
-6.8
3411
3.89
123
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
C
lay
< 0,
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0,01
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1775
12
63
11
41
64
71-
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Cla
yG
B -
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112.
764
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0Si
lt, g
reen
ish
grey
Sand
y si
lt<0
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0.13
3359
80,
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90,
5-0,
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35-0
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26
61
32
101
41
1048
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29.6
60.4
10.0
Sand
y si
GB
- 17
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lt y sa
nd, g
reen
ish
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Silty
sand
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0625
5436
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70,
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71-
217
52
610
11
81
21
26
308
-57
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lty sa
nG
B -
18-6
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112.
765
6.00
Silt y
sand
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enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
lFi
ne sa
nd0,
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125
100
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0,3-
0,7
0,35
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107
211
102
12
487
-55
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lty sa
nG
B -
29-6
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112.
692
5.00
Coa
rse
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enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
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e sa
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100
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33
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22
22
54
477
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ndG
B -
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112.
801
6.50
Silty
sand
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enis
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ey, f
ossi
lSi
lty sa
n d<0
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1-2
41
315
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61
142
520
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59.8
29.2
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Silty
san
GB
- 20
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2411
2.78
35.
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lt y sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Silty
sand
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0.12
569
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0,5
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0,7
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15
22
1210
11
61
222
45
1210
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lty sa
nG
B -
32-6
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112.
719
10.0
0Si
lt y sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Silty
sand
0,01
-0,1
0.07
6436
0,3-
0,7
0,3-
0,7
1-2
511
212
32
227
1125
3.1
56.2
27.8
12.9
Silty
san
GB
- 19
-6.9
3911
2.76
54.
50Fi
ne sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Fine
sand
0,05
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0.15
100
0,3-
0,5
0,3-
0,5
1-2
176
114
114
12
141
2-
60.6
35.8
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san
GB
- 30
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4511
2.70
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lt y sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Silty
sand
0,00
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10.
1566
340,
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50,
3-0,
52-
44
62
137
725
215
19-
57.8
34.7
7.5
Silty
san
GB
- 31
-6.9
6711
2.69
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50M
ediu
m sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
sil
Sand
0,03
-0,3
0.05
100
0,1-
0,3
0,1-
0,3
>42
1012
1010
82
43
345
11.8
65.4
13.8
9.0
Sand
SG -
28 (S
BY
)-7
.190
112.
822
5.00
Silty
sand
, gre
enis
h gr
eySa
nd0,
05-0
,70.
1590
100,
1-0,
50,
1-0,
50,
35-0
,512
17
113
67
11
435
210
6.1
56.5
19.2
18.2
Silty
san
SG -
20 (S
BY
)-7
.192
112.
785
5.00
Sand
y si
lt, g
reen
ish
grey
Sa
ndy
silt
0,00
5-0,
50.
125
3166
30,
1-0,
50,
1-0,
51-
23
12
31
23
11
12
25
420
463
-56
.027
.912
.9Si
lty sa
nSG
- 02
(SB
Y)
-7.1
9511
2.79
29.
00M
ediu
m sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
Sand
0,05
-0,1
50.
125
955
0,1-
0,5
0,1-
0,5
>43
46
413
45
44
52
383
5-
71.1
16.9
7.4
Sand
SG -
47 (S
BY
)-7
.198
112.
705
10.0
0M
ediu
m sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
Cla
yey
sand
<0,0
05-0
,5<0
,005
576
370,
5-0,
70,
5-0,
72-
43
44
215
71
11
52
111
66
3113
.568
.616
.41.
5Sa
ndSG
- 30
(SB
Y)
-7.2
1411
2.83
95.
00Sa
ndy
silt,
gre
enis
h gr
ey
Sand
y si
lt<0
,005
-0,1
<0,0
0521
6514
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0,9
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0,7
1-2
16
15
11
22
25
2045
95.
752
.923
.717
.7Si
lty sa
nSG
- 04
(SB
Y)
-7.2
1911
2.82
65.
00M
ediu
m sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
Sand
0,02
-0,5
0.2
937
0,3-
0,7
0,1-
0,3
2-4
126
92
106
63
21
132
37
-78
.114
.35.
5Sa
ndSG
- 06
(SB
Y)
-7.2
5111
2.82
34.
00M
ediu
m sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
Silty
sand
<0,0
05-0
,10.
062
5323
240,
1-0,
30,
1-0,
31-
21
83
15
122
112
24
26
617
18-
19.2
58.3
18.3
Sand
y si
SG -
09 (S
BY
)-7
.292
112.
860
4.00
Sand
y si
lt, g
reen
ish
grey
Fi
ne sa
nd<0
,005
-0,4
0.2
8310
70,
5-0,
70,
3-0,
71-
28
11
73
172
92
11
12
185
510
7-
21.1
57.2
17.9
Sand
y si
SG -
10 (S
BY
)-7
.309
112.
876
5.00
Sand
y si
lt, g
reen
ish
grey
Sa
ndy
silt
0,00
5-0,
350.
134
606
0,5-
0,9
0,5-
0,9
1-2
33
43
64
11
11
11
41
2337
6-
16.7
55.3
24.1
Cla
yey
sSG
-04(
S)-7
.057
114.
062
7.50
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
Si
lty c
lay
<0,0
05-0
,01
<0,0
057
3162
23
49
131
41
141
21-
7.4
12.5
80.1
Cla
ySG
-05(
S)-7
.091
114.
079
8.00
Fine
sand
, gre
enis
h gr
eySi
lty c
lay
<0,0
05-0
,1<0
,005
930
618
23
87
11
11
41
11
295
27-
10.4
28.8
59.7
Silty
cla
PGC
-02
-7.2
4211
3.47
342
.00
Cla
yey
sand
, gre
enis
h gr
ey,
foss
ilC
lay
<0,0
05-0
,01
<0,0
055
1382
25
41
11
21
158
24-
2.6
13.7
83.7
Cla
yPG
C-2
6-7
.253
113.
200
12.0
0Fi
ne sa
nd, g
reen
ish
grey
Cla
y<0
,005
-0,0
1<0
,005
615
794
15
11
13
13
159
20-
4.1
18.6
77.1
Cla
yPG
C-0
5-7
.289
113.
427
42.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey, f
ossi
l C
lay
<0,0
05-0
,1<0
,005
612
823
56
11
11
5330
-8.
956
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.3C
laye
y s
PGC
-03
-7.4
0011
3.48
056
.00
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y, d
ark
grey
C
lay
<0,0
05-0
,01
<0,0
053
1483
14
51
11
21
157
26-
2.5
17.3
80.2
Cla
yPG
C-0
9-7
.403
113.
391
54.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey
Cla
y<0
,005
-0,0
1<0
,005
711
873
32
11
11
150
37-
3.9
16.7
79.4
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yP-
32-7
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113.
975
37.0
0C
lay,
gre
enis
h gr
ey
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y<0
,005
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515
801
31
23
21
11
11
340
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77.2
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30-7
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113.
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0C
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enis
h gr
ey
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1<0
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517
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52
12
11
11
14
11
3246
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639
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lty c
l aP-
22-7
.527
113.
081
32.0
0C
lay,
dar
k gr
ey
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y<0
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14
14
13
11
13
11
1068
-4.
418
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lay
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-04
-7.5
6711
3.81
572
.00
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
, fos
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y<0
,005
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814
781
25
42
31
31
78-
10.1
26.8
60.6
Silty
cl a
P-27
-7.5
7111
3.01
028
.00
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y, g
reen
ish
grey
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lay
<0,0
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<0,0
0521
791
81
35
11
14
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6.7
25.8
67.5
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cla
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-7.5
7311
3.22
040
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y, g
reen
ish
grey
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lay
<0,0
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34
21
11
11
51
12
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78.9
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lay,
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enis
h gr
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11
64
22
11
51
174
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615
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lay
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4611
3.64
355
.00
Silt,
gre
y gr
een
Silty
cla
y<0
,005
-0,0
1<0
,005
1415
711
13
62
21
22
24
11
171
1.8
4.2
34.2
59.2
Silty
cla
BSK
-01
-7.6
5811
3.82
952
.50
Silt y
sand
, bro
wni
sh g
rey
Silty
sand
0,05
-0,4
0.1
4848
40,
1-0,
50,
1-0,
31-
23
93
52
21
22
18
24
444
44
1.8
10.2
33.7
46.1
Silty
cla
BSK
-38
-7.7
5411
3.30
315
.60
Cla
y, g
reen
ish
grey
C
lay
<0,0
05-0
,01
<0,0
059
1477
15
13
21
11
11
41
177
-4.
914
.780
.4C
lay
Coo
rdin
ate
Dep
th
Medium - coarse sand
SandSiltClay & Mud
Text
ure
Gra
in si
ze A
naly
sis
Sediment Type
Sediment Type
Mic
rosc
opic
% F
ract
ion
Carbonate Shells/fossil
Vol
cani
c M
ater
ial
Size
Sorting
% G
rain
Car
bona
te
Mea
n (m
m)
Sphericity
Roundness
Ran
ge (m
m)
Felsdpars
Sample Code/Core
Des
crip
tion
S / L
ate
East
/ Lo
n(m
)
Ore minerals
Carbonate minerals
Shap
eC
oars
e gr
ain
Hornblende Biotite Mica Cloride
Fine
gra
in
Lithic (sediment rock)
Igneous Rock
Quartz
Pyroclastic rock
Pyroxenes
Oth
ers
Tab
le 2
. Meg
asco
pic,
Mic
rosc
opic
and
Gra
in si
ze A
naly
ses o
f Sed
imen
t in
Mad
ura
Wat
ers
Carbonate mud
ClayLithic (sediment rock)Volcanic material
Min
eral
ogy
Carbon
Limestone
Glaukonit
8 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Figure 1. Sea Surface Sediment Map of Madura Waters (modified from Masria, 1991; Arifin et al.,1992 and Astjario et al., 1998)
9BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
MA
RK
ER S
PEC
IES
MA
RK
ER S
PEC
IES
AB
UN
DA
NC
E
Inne
r she
lfC
lay,
(i)
Sphe
ricity
and
roun
dnes
s (i)
Dom
inat
ed
Mad
e up
of t
he o
nly
spec
ies
(i)N
o to
ver
y ra
reA
mm
onia
spp.
, (i)
No
plan
ktic
fora
min
Mad
ura
Stra
itsi
lt,
inde
x al
ter s
igni
fican
t by
lith
icG
ephy
roca
psa
ocea
nica.
( � 1
4 in
divi
du),
Are
nace
ous b
enth
ic(ii
)N
o to
rare
ben
thic
fora
m(Z
one
I)sa
ndy
silt,
du
ring
trans
port
(ii)
Vol
cani
c be
ing
less
(A
mm
obac
ulite
ssp
p.,
( ��1
4 in
divi
du,
Bat
hym
etry
= 0
-3 m
silty
sand
, (0
,1 to
0,5
)m
ater
ial >
than
1%
Text
ular
ia a
gglu
tinan
s, ��
10 sp
ecie
s)Se
a su
rfac
e te
mpe
ratu
re =
29,
3 ° C
sa
nd.
(ii)
prec
enta
ge o
f fin
e gr
ain
ca
rbon
ate
sedi
men
tH
aplo
prag
moi
des
spp.
)
Salin
ity <
30
‰pr
opor
tiona
l with
&
Mili
olid
ae
pH =
6,0
- 7,
3di
stan
ce (0
to 7
8%);
(Qui
nque
locu
lina
spp)
Inne
r she
lfSi
lty c
lay
(i)%
fine
gra
in m
ater
ial <
55
%(i)
Car
bona
te
Gep
hyro
caps
a oc
eani
ca
(i)�
87 in
divi
du
Elp
hidi
um sp
p.,
(i)pl
ankt
ic fo
ram
in o
pen
mar
ine
(ii)
prec
enta
ge o
f fin
e gr
ain
>
70%
dom
inan
t.(ii
)�
12 s
peci
esA
mm
onia
spp.
,�
2 in
divi
du,
north
of M
adur
apr
opor
tiona
l with
dist
ance
Em
ilian
ia h
uxle
yi c
omm
onPs
eudo
rota
liasp
p.�
2 sp
ecie
s
(Zon
e II
)H
elic
osph
aera
car
teri
,an
dA
ster
orot
alia
spp.
(ii)
tota
l� 3
4 in
divi
du,
Bat
hym
etry
= 0
- 3
mH
. pav
imen
tum
, �
16 sp
esie
s
Sea
surf
ace
tem
pera
ture
= 2
9,4
° CH
. wal
lichi
i,Sa
linity
= 3
1 - 3
4 ‰
Pont
osph
aera
dis
copo
ra,
pH =
6,2
- 7,
6P.
mul
tipor
a,an
dSy
raco
spha
era
spp.
rare
.
Out
er sh
elf
Cla
y,
(i)pr
ecen
tage
of f
ine
grai
n
(i)C
arbo
nate
G
ephy
roca
psa
ocea
nica
and
(i)�
45 in
divi
du
Elp
hidi
um sp
p.,
(i)pl
ankt
ic fo
ram
in M
adur
a St
rait
silty
cla
y,
prop
ortio
nal w
ithdi
stan
ceco
nten
tE
mili
ania
hux
leyi
dom
inan
t.(ii
)��
8 s
peci
esA
mm
onia
spp.
,�
4 in
divi
du,
(Zon
e II
I)si
lty sa
nd(7
4 to
87%
)de
crea
sing
H
elic
osph
aera
car
teri
,(ii
i)at
sam
e de
pth,
C
ibic
ides
spp.
,�
2 sp
ecie
s
Bat
hym
etry
= 3
0 - 2
00 m
north
war
dH
. pav
imen
tum
,ab
unda
nce
Pseu
doro
talia
spp.
(ii)
tota
l � 3
0 in
divi
du,
Sea
surf
ace
tem
pera
ture
= 2
9,6
° C(6
8 to
1%
)H
. wal
lichi
i,in
this
zon
e is
and
Ast
eror
otal
ia sp
p�
17 sp
ecie
s
Salin
ity =
31
- 33
‰(ii
)Vol
cani
c Po
ntos
phae
ra d
isco
pora
, le
ss th
an
(iii)
at sa
me
dept
h,
pH =
6,2
- 7,
8m
ater
ial
P. m
ultip
ora,
Zone
IVab
unda
nce
in th
is z
one
co
nten
tan
dSy
raco
spha
era
spp.
rare
.is
less
than
Zon
e IV
incr
easi
ngC
alci
disc
us le
ptop
orus
, so
uthw
ard
Um
bello
spha
era
irre
gula
ris
(3 t
o 23
%)
and
Um
bilic
osph
aera
spp.
rare
foun
ded.
Out
er sh
elf
Cla
y,
(i)fin
e m
ater
ial d
omin
ant
(i)
Car
bona
te
Gep
hyro
caps
a oc
eani
ca a
nd(i)
� 15
0 in
divi
du
Bol
ivin
a sp
p.,
(i)pl
ankt
ic fo
ram
in o
pen
mar
ine
silty
cla
y( 7
8 to
85%
)
cont
ent
Em
ilian
ia h
uxle
yi a
bund
ant.
(ii)��
14
spec
ies
Cib
icid
es sp
p.,
� 9
indi
vidu
, no
rth o
f Mad
ura
(ii)
prec
enta
ge o
f fin
e gr
ain
de
crea
sing
H
elic
osph
aera
car
teri
, (ii
i)am
ount
- &Ps
eudo
rota
liasp
p.,
� 4
spec
ies
(Zon
e IV
)pr
opor
tiona
l with
dist
ance
north
war
dH
. pav
imen
tum
,nu
mbe
r-A
ster
orot
alia
spp.
(ii)
tota
l � 4
0 in
divi
du,
Bat
hym
etry
= 3
0 - 2
00 m
(42
to 1
0%)
H. w
allic
hii,
of sp
esie
s&
Uvi
geri
na sp
p.
� 16
spec
ies
Sea
surf
ace
tem
pera
ture
= 3
0,3
° C P
onto
spha
era
disc
opor
a,in
crea
ses
(ii)
amou
nt- &
Sa
linity
= 3
1 - 3
4 ‰
P. m
ultip
ora,
with
nu
mbe
r of
pH =
7,4
- 8,
2an
dSy
raco
spha
era
spp.
incr
easi
ng
plan
ktic
spec
ies
com
mon
.de
pth
incr
ease
s with
in
crea
sing
dep
th
Tab
le 3
. Phy
sica
l Ose
anog
raph
ic P
aram
eter
, Sed
imen
t Cha
ract
eris
tic a
nd M
icro
orga
nism
Ass
embl
ages
of M
adur
a W
ater
s
ZON
ESE
DIM
ENT
TEX
TUR
ETY
PEM
ICR
OO
RG
AN
ISM
ASS
EMB
LAG
ES
NA
NN
OPL
AN
KTO
NFO
RA
MIN
IFER
AA
BU
ND
AN
CE
CO
MPO
SITI
ON
10 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
Ammonia spp., arenaceous carbonate testtaxa (Ammobaculites spp., Textulariaagglutinans, Haplophragmoides spp.),milliolidae (Quinqueloculina spp.); noneof the planktic foraminifera observed.
In inner shelf open marine north ofMadura (Zone II), very fine-grainedsediments, low temperature (29,4° C),normal salinity and pH 6,2 to 7,6 yieldedthe zone; the nannoplankton assemblages
are dominated by Gephyrocapsa oceanicatogether with a few Emiliania huxleyi,Helicosphaera carteri, H. pavimentum, H.wallichii, Pontosphaera spp; theforaminifera assemblages includesGlobigerinoides ruber, G. trilobussacculiferus, G. conglobatus, Elphidiumspp, Ammonia spp., Pseudorotalia spp.and Asterorotalia spp.
Figure 2. Environment Zone of Madura Waters (taken from 50 samples analyses)
11BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
In Madura Strait, the outer shelf zone(Zone III) is indicated by the accumulationof the relative fine-grained sediment, seasurface temperature = 29,6° C, normalsalinity, and pH 6,2 to 7,8; thenannoplankton assemblages aredominated by Gephyrocapsa oceanicaand Emiliania huxleyi which are closelyassociated with Helicosphaera carteri, H.pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaeraspp., and a few Calcidiscus leptoporus,Umbellosphaera irregularis,Umbilicosphaera spp.; the foraminiferaassemblages includes Globigerinoidesruber, G. trilobus sacculiferus, G.conglobatus, Elphidium spp, Ammoniaspp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotalia spp.,and Asterorotalia spp. are common.
In the outer shelf open marine north ofMadura (Zone IV), which is indicated byclay, high temperature (30,3° C), normalsalinity, normal pH (7,4 to 8,2); thenannoplankton species such asGephyrocapsa oceanica, Emilianiahuxleyi, Helicosphaera carteri, H.pavimentum, H. wallichii, Pontosphaeraspp., Discoaster spp., Calcidiscusleptoporus, Umbellosphaera irregularis,Umbilicosphaera spp. are abundant; theforaminifera assemblages of Globigerinacalida, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata,Orbulina universa, Hastigerinaaequilateralis, Bolivina spp., Buliminaspp., Cibicides spp., Pseudorotalia spp.,Asterorotalia spp., Lenticulina spp.,Cassidulina spp., Siphonina spp., andUvigerina spp. are common. In openmarine, both amount- and number- ofspecies of nannoplankton as well asforaminifera increases with increasingwater depth.
Nannoplankton and foraminiferaassemblages displayed optimalabundancy in the very fine grain sediment(clay and silty clay); whilst few
nannoplankton species (such asGephyrocapsa oceanica) and foraminifera(Ammobaculites spp. and Haplophragmoidesspp.) are observed in coarser grain.
CONCLUSIONThe distribution and abundance of
both nannoplankton and foraminiferaassemblages in both Madura Strait andwater north of Madura are closely relatedto environment.
The most significant physicalenvironment parameter controllingappearance of marker species, amount-and number- of spesies in microorganismassemblages are bathymetry, salinity,temperature, pH and sediment due tofluvial supply.
This study displayed a goodcorrelation between nannoplankton aswell as foraminifera assemblages in thesense of environment interpretation. Inopen marine region, the abundancy ofshallow marine taxa reduces withincreasing water depth, on the other handthe abundancy and diversity index(number of species) of deeper marine taxaare present in proportional with depth. Instrait region, the asemblages is mostcontrolled by the physical and chemicalenvironment parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author thank to the head of the
Marine Geological Institute of Indonesiafor using samples to study. Thank also toProf. Dr. Emmy Suparka, Dr. RubiyantoKapid and Hamzah Latief, PhD forsupporting to publish this paper; Prof.Ris.Mimin Karmini for editing the script; thehead of Faculty of Geology and the headof PURISKA (Centre of Research andCollaboration) FMIPA University ofPadjadjaran for facilities support.
12 BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGYVolume 24 No. 1, June 2009
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