Making our world more productive
Blue Hydrogen Solutions
Klemens Wawrzinek, Thilo von Trotha
GSTC, Oct 11, 2021
San Antonio, Texas, US
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Agenda
1. Motivation
2. The Colours of Hydrogen
3. Blue Hydrogen Projects
4. Blue H2 Generation Principles and Case Study
5. Conclusion
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Motivation
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Climate change requires reduction of CO2 emissions
- Paris Agreement: Limit global warming to 1.5 °C
- Europe targets to reach climate neutrality in 2050
- EU: Reduce CO2 emissions compared to 1990 by 55% in 2030
- Linde: Reduction of GHG intensity by 35% in 2028 compared to 2018
Hydrogen
- Will play a major role in decarbonizing industry and energy
- Uses of Hydrogen will change, e.g. as energy carrier
- Approx. 99% of Hydrogen is produced with high carbon emissions
- Hydrogen with low carbon footprint required
- Many national & international hydrogen roadmaps have been sketched around the
world
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Hydrogen Demand Changes Due to Energy Transition.Demand will multiply in the coming decades.
** Demands compared to 2015; sources: ‘Hydrogen Roadmap Europe’; Fuel Cells and Hydrogen - Joint undertaking, fch.Europe.eu (2019) and ‘Hydrogen Scaling up’, Hydrogen Council, hydrogencouncil.com (2017)
* Source: ‘The future of hydrogen’; International Energy Agency IEA, iea.org (2019)
IndustryFeedstock
TransportationFuel
IndustryHeat
Industry FeedstockHeating & Power for Buildings
Transportation Fuel
Industry Heat
Power Generation & Buffering
Global demand (2018)*: ~115 million tons
Today
2050
~double till 2030**
10x till 2050**
Refinery, NH3, MeOH, Metals & Glass Processing
In addition:Steelmaking (DRI),CCU for MeOH /
olefins etc.
In addition: Synthetic fuels for freight ships & aviation
Seasonal energy storage PowerGen from renewables
NG grid blend and pure H2 use for heat; Micro combined heat & power (mCHP)
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
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Sustainable H2 production classification – a visual guideExample Technologies (all available through Linde – either proprietary or from partners)
SMR + 60% syngas CO2 capture 5 Water electrolysis from green power
1 SMR standard
2
3
SMR + 60% CO2 capture
+ 20% biogas co-feed4
Wide spread of sustainable H2
production technology offerings
SMR + 95% flue gas CO2 capture
Color descriptive for source & CO2 intensity
of Hydrogen
Assumptions:• Renewable energy use
• All captured CO2 can be
utilized or stored (e.g. EOR)
100%
~40%
Ne
t C
O2
em
issi
on
s in
ten
sity
*
1
100%
-20%
0%
Defined threshold by CertifHy (EU)**
Renewable power and/or feedstock content
*Direct & indirect emission (SMR = 100%)
NET*
1
2
5
4
3
**CertifHy: industry consortium with goal to build Blue & Green H2 certificate marketplace
GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
SMR + 60% CO2 capture
feedstock: ROG /product of HVO refinery
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Oct 11, 2021
36.4 g CO2eq/MJ H2
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Blue Projects in Europe
H2 increase unlikely to be satisfied by electrolysis alone-> clean fossil based solutions
Many projects around north sea, depleted gas/oil fields used as final storage
Overseas projects are also active
Source: Hydrogen Europe
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
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Generic Example Project Europe
Picture: European Commission
hydrogen plant with CO2 capture
No steam export -> internal power production
CO2 to pipeline
~130 bar
100,000 Nm3/h
pure hydrogen
households
& Industry
natural gas pipeline, 50 bar
fuels
& industry
decarbonized energy & molecule supply
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
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General BFD SMR for H2 Production without capture
Hydrogen
Steam
SteamReforming
H2
Purification
SteamSystem
Feed Treatment
CO-ShiftConversion
DMW
NG Feed
Fuel
CO2 balance: Flue gas, power import, steam
Steam export adaptable to project specifics from zero high values
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Flue gas to atm
Tail gas
Power generation
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SMR with Syngas Capture
Steam
SteamReforming
CO2Removal
H2
Purification
SteamSystem
Feed Treatment
CO-ShiftConversion
CO2 to seques-tration
DMW
NG Feed
Fuel
Significant additional components required
CO2 removal: PSA or amine based
Capture rate of 85 % is reasonably feasible
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Power generation
Flue gas to atm
PurificationCompression
Tail gas
Hydrogen
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SMR with Flue Gas Capture
Hydrogen
Steam
SteamReforming
CO2Removal
H2
Purification
SteamSystem
Feed Treatment
CO-ShiftConversion
DMW
NG Feed
Fuel
Capture rate of 95 % is possible
Low partial pressure of CO2 in flue gas
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Tail gas
PurificationCompression
Flue gas to atm
Power generation
CO2 to seques-tration
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ATR + GHR or POX with CO2 Capture
HydrogenATR+GHR
OrPOX
CO2Removal
H2
Purification
SteamSystem
ASU
CO-ShiftConversion
PurificationCompression
DMW
NG Feed
(Fuel)
Capture rate of >95 % is possible, Flue gas from tail gas combustion to be considered
More additional components required, ASU with additional power demand
GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Fired Heater
Power generation
Steam
Feed treatment
Tail gas
PowerO2
Oct 11, 2021
Flue gas to atm
CO2 to seques-tration
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CO2 intensity & avoidance cost
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option CO2 intensityexcl. power
kg CO2/kg H2
SMR base case w/o capture 9.0
SMR syngas capture 1.5
SMR flue gas capture 0.5
ATR + GHR 0.5
POX 0.5
Electrolyser 0.0
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CO2 intensity & avoidance cost
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option CO2 intensityexcl. power
CO2 intensityincl. grey power
kg CO2/kg H2 kg CO2/kg H2
SMR base case w/o capture 9.0 9.0
SMR syngas capture 1.5 1.7
SMR flue gas capture 0.5 0.7
ATR + GHR 0.5 1.3
POX 0.5 1.4
Electrolyser 0.0 16.0
Grey power:
300 g CO2/kWh
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CO2 intensity & avoidance cost
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option CO2 intensityexcl. power
CO2 intensityincl. grey power
CO2 intensityincl. green power
kg CO2/kg H2 kg CO2/kg H2 kg CO2/kg H2
SMR base case w/o capture 9.0 9.0 9.0
SMR syngas capture 1.5 1.7 1.5
SMR flue gas capture 0.5 0.7 0.5
ATR + GHR 0.5 1.3 0.5
POX 0.5 1.4 0.5
Electrolyser 0.0 16.0 0.5
Green power:
10 g CO2/kWh
Grey power:
300 g CO2/kWh
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CO2 intensity & avoidance cost
CO2 load of Power import must be considered
Electrolyser has similar CO2 intensity with green power
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option CO2 intensityexcl. power
CO2 intensityincl. grey power
CO2 intensityincl. green power
CO2 avoidancecost
kg CO2/kg H2 kg CO2/kg H2 kg CO2/kg H2 USD/t
SMR base case w/o capture 9.0 9.0 9.0 n.a.
SMR syngas capture 1.5 1.7 1.5 70
SMR flue gas capture 0.5 0.7 0.5 60
ATR + GHR 0.5 1.3 0.5 70
POX 0.5 1.4 0.5 75
Electrolyser 0.0 16.0 0.5 >100
Power: 100 USD/MWh
NG: 4 USD/GJ Grey power:
300 g CO2/kWh
Green power:
10 g CO2/kWh
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Levelized Cost of Hydrogen at Varying Unit Rates
Incentives required to make projects viable
High power cost favor SMR solutions over oxygen based processes
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option Power 100 USD/MWhNG 4 USD/GJ
SMR w/o capture 1.00
SMR syngas capture 1.50
SMR flue gas capture 1.45
ATR + GHR 1.55
POX 1.70
Electrolyser > 5
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Levelized Cost of Hydrogen at Varying Unit Rates
Incentives required to make projects viable
High power cost favor SMR solutions over oxygen based processes
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option Power 100 USD/MWhNG 4 USD/GJ
Power 40 USD/MWhNG 4 USD/GJ
SMR w/o capture 1.00 1.00
SMR syngas capture 1.50 1.30
SMR flue gas capture 1.45 1.25
ATR + GHR 1.55 1.25
POX 1.70 1.35
Electrolyser > 5 ~3
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Levelized Cost of Hydrogen at Varying Unit Rates
Incentives required to make projects viable
High power cost favor SMR solutions over oxygen based processes
There is no „One fits all“ solution
Best concept depends strongly on project specifics
Green solution with water electrolysis is closing in at very low power cost
Oct 11, 2021 GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Option Power 100 USD/MWhNG 4 USD/GJ
Power 40 USD/MWhNG 4 USD/GJ
Power 20 USD/MWhNG 5 USD/GJ
SMR w/o capture 1.00 1.00 1.00
SMR syngas capture 1.50 1.30 1.25
SMR flue gas capture 1.45 1.25 1.25
ATR + GHR 1.55 1.25 1.15
POX 1.70 1.35 1.25
Electrolyser > 5 ~3 <2
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Summary
Oct 11, 2021
- Blue hydrogen is required to meet carbon reduction targets
- CO2 balance needs to account for energy and utility imports
- No “One-fits all” solution is available, project specifics decisive on process concept considering full
EPC scope
- Green H2 is within economic reach at sites with cheap green power
- Linde covers the full chain from Feedstock incl. CO2, H2 generation, transport, distribution in design
building and also operating
- Linde as strong syngas leader is optimally positioned to integrate & optimize blue projects together
with the client
GSTC 2021 K. Wawrzinek / T. von Trotha Linde
Making our world more productive
Thank you for your attention.
Linde Engineering
Dr Klemens Wawrzinek
Tel +49 89 7445 4203
www.linde-engineering.com