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Pemakanan
& nutrisi
kanak-kanak
KAS1043Perkembangan Awal Kanak-kanak
dari Perspektif Fisiologi
Mohd Hafis Sahari1
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Growth and Development
Concerning about
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child
can eat
needs
to eat
the way a child should be feed.
Within age groups, each child develops skills
at a different rate
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Growth
Children need food to grow, and children whoare growing fast, need more food than usual.
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Children over the age of 6 months need foods
fromthe five food groups to keep them healthy andgrowing
Serve a variety of foods to children so that they
get all the nutrients they need.
No one food can provide all the nutrients these
young children need.
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Plan
Plan your day so that infants are fedwhen hungry.
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children are fed every 2 to 3 hours. Because they
have small stomach.
Children need many chances during the day to
meet their food needs.
Serve meals and snacks on a regular schedule sothat the children learn what to expect.
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Childrens Nutrition Guide
overallhealt
h
Thebest nutritio
n advice
prevent many medical problems
overweightdeveloping weak bones
physically grows
Eat a varietyof foodsBalance the food you eat
with physical activity
Diet with plenty of grain
products, vegetables
andfruitsdiet low in fat,
saturated fat, and
cholesteroldiet moderate in sugars and salt
diet that provides enough
calcium and iron to meet their
growing body's requirements
Food
Guide
Pyramid
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Serve a variety of foods to
children
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Vegetables provide vitamins A and C, folicacid, and minerals.
Dried peas and beans, meat, fish, and
poultry provide protein, iron, and zinc.
Breads and cereals provide B vitamins,
fiber,and energy from carbohydrates.
Fruits provide vitamins A and C, folic acid,and minerals.
Dairy products provide protein
and calcium.
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children will not eat
the same way or
amount every day or
at every meal.
Things you need to know!!
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child is healthy
and growing
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Serve 100 percent
fruit juicenot
cordial drinks.
serve nutritious snacks
that will help children
meet their food needs for
the day.
Things you need to know!!
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Dont serve sticky
snacks or snacks
with a lot of sugar
in
them.
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Offer water to children after
snacks to remove food particlesthat might contribute to cavities
if
they cannot brush their
teeth.
Things you need to know!!
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Children should always have
access to drinking
water, either from afountain or from single-
service cups
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Feed infants baby foods by spoon only. This
teach the infant the right way to eat solid
foods. Do not use a bottle or an infant feeder
for solid foods. This might cause the infant to
choke.
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Diet and the Neurotransmitters
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Certain foods contain precursors (star t ing mater ia ls)
fo r some Neurotransmitters
spartic cid
Used to make aspartate ; foun d in
peanuts, potatoes, eggs and grains.
Choline
Used to m ake acety lchol ine; found ineggs, l iver and soy beans.
Glutamic cid
Used to make glutamate; foun d in f lou r
and potatoes.
Phenylalanine
Used to m ake dopamine; found in s oybeans,
almon ds, eggs, meat and g rains.
Tryptophan
Used to make serotonin ; found in eggs, meat,
sk im milk , bananas, yogu rt , m ilk, and cheese.
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Younger infants (04 months)
Breast milk is the best source of nutritionfor infants
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Proteins
Whey (60%)
Casein (40%)
Easy to d igest
Hardly to digest(most ly 6080 %
in art i f ic ial milk )
These proteins have great infection-protection properties
Fats
Long c hain fat ty acids are needed for b rain,
ret ina, and nervou s system d evelopment.
They are deposited in the brain du r ing th e last tr imester of
pregnancy and are also foun d in breast milk.
It is necessary for brain development, absorp t ion o f fat-solu ble vitam ins, and is a pr imary calor ie source
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Vitamins
milk is directly related to the mothers vitamin intake
Fat-solu ble vitamin s, includ ing vitamin s A, D, E, and K, are al l v i tal
to the infants health.
Water-solu ble vitamins suc h as vitamin C, r ibo f lav in, niacin, and
panthoth enic acid are also essent ial .
Carbohydrates
Lactose helps to decrease the amount of u nhealthy bacter ia in the
stomach, wh ich imp roves the absorp t ion of calc ium , pho spho rus,and magnesium .
It helps to f igh t disease and prom otes the growth of healthy
bacter ia in the stom ach.
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Nutritional
ComponentsRequirements
Vit i d
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CalciumIt s necessary for the development of
strong bones
to prevent the development o
osteoporosis in adults.
Mainsources
Required for cell transportRequired for nerve cell functioning
Essential in muscle functioning
Deficiency results in Rickets in childrTiredness and Muscular dysfunction
In excess, calcium causes diseases of th
kidney; development of kidney stones.
Vitamins and
Minerals
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Mainsources
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Toddlers (age 1-3 years) require about 500mg
of calcium each day(about 2 glasses of milk)
Preschool and younger school age children
(age 4-8 years) require about 800 mg of
calcium each day (about 3 glasses of milk).
Older school age children and teens (age 9-
18 years) require about 1300 mg of calcium
each day. This higher level of calcium is
especially important once they begin puberty
(about 4 glasses of milk).
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Vitamin C /
ascorbic
acid
Vitamin A /
retinol
malabsorption
poor diet / chronic health condition
Top sources of vitamin A include:
Beef liver, Egg yolk, Cheddar cheese, Fortified
milk
helps your eyes , skin and mucous
membranes moist
antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals in
the body that cause tissue and cellular damage.
to prevent colds and upper respiratory tract
infections,
Too little Vitamin C can lead to scurvywater-soluble vitamin
antioxidan
Wounds that don't heal
Bruising / lebam
Too much Vitamin C, it may not be harmful.
Source - citrus fruits ( oranges) , vagetables
(broccoli)
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Vitamin D
Vitamin Kfat soluble vitamin
necessary for proper blood clotting.
synthesis of proteins found in plasma, bone, and
kidneysspinach, lettuce, kale, cabbage, cauliflower, wheat bran,
organ meats, cereals, some fruits, meats, dairy products,
eggs.
promotes absorption and use of calcium and
phosphate for healthy bones and teeth
found in milk (fortified), cheese, whole eggs, liver,
salmon, and fortified margarine
The skin can synthesize vitamin D if
exposed to enough sunlight on a regularbasis.
fat soluble vitamin
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Potassium
Zincneeded for cell reproduction, tissue growth
and repair.
found in meat, seafood, and liver, eggs, milk, whole-grain
products.Zinc has antioxidant properties and is essential for the immune
systemIt is responsible for the health of the prostrate gland In males
oysters, nuts (like almonds), oil seeds, pulses, red
meat, cereals, beans and dairy products.
it can lead to neuro psychiatric disorders like dementia,
depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimers
Required for normal cellular transport of
nutrients
Necessary for healthy heart and kidney function
Necessary for nervous system functioning
Deficiency leads to muscular weakness
and lethargy.
Deficiency also leads to poor growth
Cardiacdisturbance in potassium deficiency.
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