Tlteclctt r

2AH'U!ZH=;vsEl !.1

BT5a

vol.74, ^IO.

11, ^IOVENTBER

2000

. TTIE CORNUCOPIA=A HORN OF PLEI{TT

. ANEW ICONOGRAPIIv FORTHE EIECTRIIM COINS OF I<YZIKOS

. IMTERPRETING CELTIC RTYER FINDINGS

. NEW ISRAEL NIIMISMATIC IOURNAL 13 PUBLISHEDIIONORAIG DR. ARIE KINDLER ..

SEND TODAY FOR A COMPLIMENTARY COPY OF ONE OF THE FINEST

BUY-OR-BID SALES!

Greek, Roman and Byzantine Coins and Antiquities_

TOM CEDERLIND P.O. Box 1963, Dept. C, Portland, OR 97207 Phone: (503) 228-2746 Fax: (503) 228-8130

E-Mail: tceder979@aoI.com www.TomCederlind.com

The Celator Incorporating

Roman Coins and Culture

PublisherlEditor Kerry K. Wetterstrom

Keny@celalor.com

Back Issues & Binders (For before June 1999)

Doris J. Sayles Doris@ce/ator.com

An : Parnell Nelson

P.O. Box 839 Lancaster, PA 17608

TeVFax: 717-291-9870 Express mail (FedEx &

UPS only) to; 2015 William Penn Way

Lancaster, PA 17601

www.cefator.com

The GelatOI' (lSSN 1t1 048-0966) is an Independent journal pub-lished on the first day of each month al 2015 William Penn wWj. l.Mcastef-, PA 17601. It is droJIated i1lemationaly Ihrougl1 subscriptions and special dislri-bubons. Subscription rates, pay-able in U.S. funds, are $27 per year (PeriOOcaI rate) within the United States; $36 to canada: $48 per year 10 all other ad-dresses (ISAL). Advertising and fXVf deadline is the first wor1o;-day of &ae:h month. Unsolicited articles and news releaseS are welCome, however pubHcation cannot be guaranteed. PeriOdi-cal postage paid (USPS #006(77) L...ancaster, PA 17603 and addiIionaI oIfices. Copyright C2OOO, Paradgm Numismalics & Publist"ing, Inc.

Postmaster: please send address changes to:

P.O. Box 839 l ancaster, PA 17608

6

18

27

32

2

4

32

33

36

40

42

44

45

46

48

50

51

58

60

The Comucopia-A Horn of Plenty by John W Bitner

A New Iconography for the Electrum Coins of Kyzlkos by Yuri Pokras

Interpreting Celtic River Findings by Dr. Calista Fischer

New Israel Numismatic Journal 13 Published Honoring Dr. Arie Kindler

The Celator's Point 01 View

Letters to the Editor - Quotes from the Past

People in the News - Profiles in Numismatics

Art and the Market

Coming Events

The Internet Connection by Thorn Bray & Kevin Barry

Coinage & History of the Roman Empire

by David L. Vagi

Antiquities by David Lieberl

Through the Looking Glass by Wayne G. Sayles

Coins of the Bible by David Hendin

Long Before Columbus by Joe Rose

Trivia - Cartoon

Professional Directory

Index of Advertisers

Classifieds

Vol. 14, No. 11 November 2000

About the cover: Line drawing of Fortuna, depicting her holding a cornucopia. From Ouruy, _of Rome.

Q:/'e eetaeo'Z ~ ibobre 01 LJiehl • •

Commentary by Kerry K. Wetterstrom

NUMISMATIK

z + MONCHEN

AUCTION 100 on November 20th, 2000 in Munich

LEO BENZ COLLECTION ROMAN IMPERIAL COINS - PART rr

v>'"' / ;/~, " /'/'"

/ -'0./;, I.': I ,~ • I . _i.//., ., . ...,; •• . t." ,. ,"'r;- .r .

'< }. I If'; .

',' ;~ rio " .' !~ 1,I " I r.., \ } t ," /. , .'

" ;.., J;lu~ '.>

AUCTION 101 on November 21st, 2000 in Munich

MEDlEY AL & MODERN COINS & MEDALS

Subscription, ai r mail $ 25,·· each catalog ( incl. list of prices real ized) or online a t www.sixbid.com

Or. Hubert Lanz Luitpoldblock, Max.imiliansplatz 10, 0 - 80333 MOnchen

Phone: +49-89-299070 Fax: +49-89-220762 e-mail: info@numislanz.de Internet: www.numislanz.com

2 The Gelator

efore the rumors slart, I should explain (he presence or Numismalik Lanz's ad on this page. Due to a "down server" on my end, e-mail

messages were never received, and I did not realize that this ad was coming unti l it arrived via DHL. (Only a few years ago, I had not even heard of E-mail! ). As the magazine was already fini shed and I was in the process of sending it off to the prin ter, I dec ided that some of my "musings" on the editorial page could be sacrificed, and of course, for the sake of ad revenue which is the lifeblood of this (and most) magazines.

Based on Numismatik Lanz's ad and others in this issue, it is obvious that we are in the midst of the busy fall auction season . The culmination of which is the full week of auctions before, during, and after the New York International Numis­matic Convention (Dec. 7- 10). As new catalogues anive almost daily in my post offi ce box, I sometimes wonder where the money will come from to purchase all of these coins being olTered for sale. I would fret about this when I was helping to as­semble the Triton s.'lIes, but in the end there always seemed to be enough collectors with deep pockets to absorb almost all of the coins being offered. I imagine that this year will not be any different.

And as most collectors will have 10 sell their holdings someday, it is reassuring to real ize that there are plenty of other col­lectors thai want to purchase our coins. Of course. we should not take this for granted, and to that end, we should always encour­age the new collector. Whether this col­lector is a 15-year old or 55, it is the neo­phyte that continually refreshes the mar­ket

For the most pan, the ancient and me­dieval coin business is based on a fi xed supply (except for that occasional hoard), and hence the only place for real fluctua­tion is on the demand side of the trnnsoc­tion. If it were not for increased demand, then most of the hoard coins being dis­covered would languish in dealer's inven­tories, eventually driving prices down for that type of coin. And other, non-hoard, coins would suffer too if there was a stag­nant or declining demand for them. The Internet has certainly helped to increase the number of new collcctors coming into the field, but it remains to be seen if they will have any "staying power" and if their collccling budgets will increase along with their collecting passion. But each ofuscan do our part in helping the hobby and ulti­mately ourselves, by taking the time to educate that new collector as he may be the next proud owner of one of our prized coins !

Sessions 1 & 2

December 5th, 2000

In conjunction with the 29th Annual New York International Presents

Greek Coins from a European collection

Roman Coins Including pieces from the DeVicci collection and

Including a strong offering of Roman gold

World Coins FealUring the Edward A. Lotz collection of Mulliple Talers

British Coins Highlights from the Norman English collection of Dr. William H. Allen

Special Offering Coins sold on behalf of the Chrysler Museum

Remembering Bill Warden

I found the eulogies of Bill Warden by Kerry Wetterstrom and Wayne Sayles in your September issue fitting and quite moving. I personally benefited from Bill in alilhe roles menlioned of menlor, advisor, educator, friend, and a source for terrific coins.

I have many good memories from my all-toa-brief friendship with Bill. One thai stands out in particular was at a summer show in New York. I was in turmoil about a gorgeous Kamarina bronze trias, because il cosl more than I had ever paid for acoin. The problem was that I couldn't get that coin oul of my head. Its image kepi haunt­ing me after I had exceeded my budget on other purchases.

I sought out Bill for moral support, half hoping he would tell me the coin was too expensive so Ihat it would be easier 10 lei it go. However, he told me, 'Its gal the art!" and gave me some bargaining advice. I strode back to the dealer feeling empow­ered and made my pitch. To my relief, it was accepted. Later that day, Bill told me that the dealer who had sold me the coin had laughingly admonished Bill for "teach­ing [me] too well". Over a year later, I was asked by another collector if I still had that beautiful coin.

It will be a big adjustment to no longer be able to count on Bill's friendship and guidance. But whenever look at acoin, I will be asking myself, 'What would Bill think about this coin?". I expect he will still give me advice when I really need it.

Charlie Everett Massachusetts

I was shocked and saddened to learn of the recent, untimely death of Bill Warden. The numismatic fratern ity has lost an irreplaceable member, he excelled not only as a collector and dealer, but also as a scholar.

I first met Bi ll at a coin show about a dozen years ago. The only coins he had at his table were ancient and me­dieval coins of Central Asia, which I did not collect, but I found myself paying rapt attention to his description of these coins and of how interesting they were to collect and study. He conveyed very well the fascinat ion these coins had for him, I was impressed. Eventually, he started to deal in Greek and Roman coins, which I did collect, and thereaf­ter I found him to be an excellent and knowledgeable source of them, also.

He was a mentor to me both as a collector and as a dealer. Ave atque vale.

Ralph DeMarco Murray Hill, NJ

More on England and Scotland

With due respect to John O'Farrell and Joe Rose, I'd like to add a coup le of notes to the discuss io n on the Stone of Scone and the distinction between Eng land and Scotland , touched off by the latter's article "Rock and Rule" in the July issue.

The Stone of Scone is not unique as a la rge rock emp loyed in a coro­nat ion ceremony. Most, if not all, t Oth century Ang lo-Saxon kings of England , were crowned at Kingston­on -Thames near London where the large stone used as a coronation chair i s preserved as a histo r ical monument. A prominent building has portraits of several of the Saxon kings on its outer facade to com­memorate their crowning in the Kingston chape l of SI. Mary.

Second, while O'Farrell's obser­vation that the "Eng lish are not in-

QUOTES FROM THE PAST '7k __ .. tk ~ ~ _ H<4"'f ~ ad OMi­

tUU~~a.u~out~~MU. ~u~

.ww<u _ '" ~ ad~. e~" ~ ad ~ fWUti= . ..Md " """"'" """ d. tk ~ '" ..dH<4UWd~,,~ ... tk~ .. ~~.-

4 The Gelator

Vitruvius, On Architecture, Book 1, 1, 1 translat ion by Frank Granger

digenous to Br i tain but only ap­peared in the 5th Century" is valid in that this was the period when the in­vas ion of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the continent gained mo­mentum, it seems to suggest that the Scots were among the original inhab­itants . It is widely accepted that the Scots came to Brita in about the same time as the English, emigrating from Ireland to the larger island around the beginn ing of the 6th Century. They displaced or ama lgamated with the Picts and Caledonians, the tr ibes found by the Romans several centu ­ries earlier.

George Vass Morton Grove, Illinois

Ancient Literary Reference to the Hedgehog

Whi le I enjoyed hearing about the admiration of the hedgehog in antiquity, I bel ieve that Mr. Liebert missed one important ancient reference to the hedgehog ("Antiquities" in September 2000 issue) . The Archaic Greek poet Arch ilochus states, "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog one big one." My guess is that that thing known by hedgehogs is that foxes like to eat hedgehogs, and from that originates the hedgehog's "rather bad attitude."

The hedgehog's tenacity deserved admiration, for what purpose wou ld serve all the tricks in the world if one did not direct them with a basic instinct toward survival? One can well imag­ine a tale exalting the common man and criticizing the sophisticate, told by the slave Aesop, involving both the hedgehog and the fox. However, ex­ceptthrough Archi lochus, no such tale survives, much to our misfo rtune.

John Francisco Englewood, GO

Enjoyed Bakes' Article

James Bakes' "Laur. , Dr. and Cuir. Bust Right" was exce llent! (August, 2000) The drawings provided an in­stant conceptual tool. They have helped me to understand what I am looking at when I ho ld a Roman coin. By coincidence, Dorte Brace recently delivered the same kind of tool for Byz­antine coins in an article for The Anvil .

Michael E. Marotta Marysville, Ohio

Please turn to page 16 ... _

Ponterio & Associates, Inc.

announces

Mail Bid Sale No. 110

Closing Tuesday, November 7 th, 2000

L M. #2163

f eaturing

328 lots of ancient coins plus 270 lots of world paper money.

Nearly all lots photographed in color on our web site at:

www.ponterio.com For more information,

please contact our office:

PONTERIO & ASSOCIATES 1818 Robinson Ave., San Diego, CA 92103

800-854-2888 or 619-299-0400 ;~~.!'t" Fax 619-299-6952 .~"

Licensed Auction Company # 968 Richard H. Ponterio - President •

November 2000 5

The Cornucopia­A Horn of Plenty

by John W. Bitner

The cornucopia is an animal horn that magically produces whatever is wished for by its owner. It is used to symbolize unlimited abundance and was a popular motif in (he ancient world. The cornucopia appeared in vase paintings, mosaics, statuary and wall paintings, as well as on coins. The word cornucopia is a combination of two Latin words, cornu. meaning horn and copiae meaning plenty. Its origin can be traced to the birth of Zeus as recounted in Greek mythology. The earliest recorded account of the events surrounding the birth of Zeus, which eventually led to the creation of the cornucopia, is found in a Greek work entitled Theogony written by Hesiod in the eight century SC.I

In the beginning the mother earth, Gaia, arose from the primeval void known as chaos . She gave birth to a son that was the heavens (Uranus). Together they had numerous children. Three were monsters with 100 hands and 50 heads, three were Cyclops and the others were known as Titans. Ura­nus hated his children and confined them 10 the depths of the earth. Gaia furious about the way Uranus treated their children, plotted revenge. She armed Cronus, her youngest son , with a sharp sickle. One night as Uranus slept, Cronus attacked him and used the sickle to castrate him, thus render­ing him impotent. As a reward for his deed, Gaia made Cronus Lord of the

universe. Cronu$ married his sister Rhea and had many children. It had been prophesied thaI Cronus would be dethroned by one of his own children. To prev ent th is from happening Cronus swallowed his children as soon as they were born. Rhea was angered by his actions so when she gave birth to their third son Zeus, she immedi­alely entrusted him to the safekeeping of her mother Gaia. The infant Zeus was taken by Gaia to Lyctus on the island of Crete where she hid him in a cave beneath Mount Aegeum. Cronus was given a SlOne wrapped in a baby's blanket that he swallowed thinking it to be the newborn Zeus. Tn the years that followed, the young Zeus grew and became strong .

It was during the sixth century BC when writers began to record an ex­panded account of the nurturing of the infant Zeus. ' The ancient writers agreed with the basic story that Zeus was cared for by nymphs who fed him milk and honey. However, there were significant and at times conflicting differences in the details of their re­counting of the story. Pherekydes was the first writer to describe the cornu­copia. He said a nymph named Amaltheia owned a buH's horn that could magically produced food or drink in limitles s supply.3 She also owned a goat named Aix whose milk she fed to the infant Zeus. Another version of the s tory recounts that Amaltheia came into possession of the cornucopia when her goat accidentally broke off one of its horns and this be­came the cornucopia.4 Other writers

STEPHEN 0 M 0 HUSTON

~la~~ital ~umi~mati~t

PHONE lie. FAX: 1- 888-s-HUSTON

';Pf1%-inuoice anjf1 aff catafogue purc£aJeJ

r:'5ampfe ,[ftu/rater! ca/afogue on rerueJI.

POST OFFICE BOX 193621, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94II9 U.S.A.

6 The Celator

said Amaltheia was the goat from whom Zeus suckled milk.~ Yet, another version claimed that one o f Amaltheia's horns flowed with nectar and the other with ambrosia and that is what nourished the young Zeus. After Zeus had matured, he honored Amaltheia by placing her in the sky as a constellation. Tn gratitude to the nymphs who had nurtured him, he pre­sented a horn from Amaltheia that had the power to provide food and drink in limitless supply.6 Eventually, there was much confusion about the iden­tilY of Amaltheia. Apollodorus, writ­ing in the second century AD, said only that Zeus was fed on the milk of Amaltheia.J He left it to his readers to decide who or what was Amaltheia.

The cornucop ia appears in another myth in which Hercules, a son of Zeus, battles with the river god Achelous in order to win the beautiful Deianeira as his wife. During the struggle Achelous assumed the shape of a bull. While wrestling him to the ground, Hercules snapped o ff his righl horn and Achelous was defeated. Hercules re­lurned the broken horn to Achelous in exchange for the horn of Amaltheia, which he presented to Deianeira's fa­ther, Oeneus, as a bridal gift .8

The anc ient celators had many variations of the myths concerning the

...

(Pegasi NUMISMATICS Ann Arbor, MI Holicong, PA

J{istona Numismata (The History of Money) - Issue 120 Complimentary Copy Upon Request

Get some History with your Coins Article: "Caligula, Emperor - and Monster"

"Quality Coins for Discriminating Collectors"

Pegasi :Numismatics

Phone: (734) 995-5743 POBox 131040

Ann Arbor MI 48113

www.PegasiOnline.com Our full-service searchable Web site of

Fax: (734) 995-3410

ancient and medieval coins. antiquities and books for safe: historical Information: historical and numismatic articles: maps: photo archive: and a user forum:

Full Service Web Site Now Open

November 2000 7

cornucopia from which to choose when designing their coins. The re­verse of a tetradrachm issued by Hadrian from the mint at Synnada de­picts the nymph Amaltheia standing with a goat at her side . In her left arm she holds the infant Zeus (or Jupiter as he was called in Rome) and in her right hand she hol ds a long scepter (Exhibit I). A coin struck during the reign of Commodus shows the infant Jupiter nursing directly from a goat. Y

An antoninianus minted in Lugdunum during the reign of Valerian II shows the in fant Jupiter riding on the back of a goat, which is usually described as the goat Amaltheia (Exhibit Jl) . The fact that he is grasping the goat's right horn may imply that this is the horn that he used to creale the cornucopia. If so, it is interesting to note that Her­cules would later demand what was the right horn of Amaltheia in exchange for the ri ght horn of Achelous.

Exhibit I-The reverse of an IE 27 of Salon ina, wife of

The cornucopia is one of the most frequently oc­curring symbols on ancient Roman coins. Although the concept of the cornu­copia originated in ancient Greece as a symbol of end­les s abundance and ap­pears occasionally on Greek coins (Exhibit III), it is on Roman coins where it occurs with the greatest frequency. Tbis may have been the result of the con­tractual type of relation­ship the Romans had with their gods. It was a com­mon practice 10 bargain with a Roman god by pre ­senting a vow to the god.

Gallienus, from Synnada in Phrygia depicting Amaltheia standing and holding the infant Zeus; a goat is at her feet. From the author's col/ection.

FRANK L. KOVACS Ancient Coins & Antiquities

• 35 years experience • Expert in authentication. • Call to discuss building or selling your coJlection. • Selected coins & antiquities at fixed prices at:

www.FrankKovacs.com

Dec 5·10: New York International Show­call to have us represent you at the auctions.

frank@frankkovacs.com phone (650) 574·2028 P.O. Box 25300, San Mateo, California 94402-5300

8 The Celator

The vows were frequently written on votive tablets and stored in the temple. In a typical vow, the devotee requested a favor from a god and promised to do a special deed such as donate some­thing of value to the temple or pay for a sacrificial ritual on the condition that the god granted the request. lO The re­lati onshi p between the Romans and their gods is perfectly summarized in a votive inscription which reads, Do Ut Des, " I give that I may receive" ." The cornucopia is the symbol of the abil ity to provide in great abundance, therefore, it often appears on Roman coins.

The horns of modern day domesti­cated goats are much smaller than the large curved horns that arc held in the arms of the ancient deities as cornu­copias. The horns depicted on the coins belonged to an ancient breed of wild goats known for their large horns.12 Note the long horns of the goat depicted on the coin in Exhibit IV. This coin was minted in Salome around 275 Be and like many others struck around this lime, depicts a goat sporting very long curved horns. Th is is most proh­ably the breed of goat that was said to have nursed the young Zeus.

The mythological accounts of the cornucopia state that it will produce food and drink for whoever pos ­sesses the horn. To make it very clear that a particular div ine being is in possession of the cornucopia, the deity is depicted holding the horn. Many deitie s are pictured holding the cornucopia, however, those occurring with the greatest fre­quency on Roman coins include: Fortuna, the goddess of chance or luck, Concordia, goddess of har­mony, Moneta, overseer of the mint­ing of coins (Ex hibits V and VI), Annona, goddess of the grain harvest, and Genius Pub licus Populi Romani, representing the spirit of the commu­nity of the Roman people. On almost every coin of this design the deity is holding the cornucopia with their left­hand. The ancient artisans depicted th eir gods as being right-handed , therefore by ho lding the cornucopia with the left-hand; the right hand was available for conducting ritual activi ­ties such as pouring a libation from a patera. On rare occasions a deity is depicted as cradling the cornucopia with their right arm. However, these exceptions occur primarily as a result of the celator's attempt to balance the compositional design on the coin .

Miinzen ond Medaillen AG 1942-2000

For 58 years we have been serving collectors of Ancient Coins ...

and we would like to serve you too!

• Quarterly Illustrated Fixed Price Lists • • Public Sales· Appraisals· Buying and Selling·

• Large Stock in All Price Ranges ·

Please send us your want list. We will fill it!

Three offices to serve you:

Miinzen ond Medaillen AG Malzgasse 25, Postfach 3647, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland

Telephone: (6 1) 272-7544 ' Fax: (6 1) 272-75 14

M&M Numismatics, Ltd. 1100 17th Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, D.C. 20036 USA

Telephone: (202) 833-3770 ' Fax: (202) 429-5275

Miinzen ond Medaillen Deutschland GmbH P.O. Box 1934 D-79509 Lorrach, Germany

Telephone: ++49 7621 48560· Fax: ++497621 48529

November 2000 9

Occasionally, the cornucopia is de­picted as two adjacent horns, which is referred to as a double cornucopia. When viewed on a small-scale, the two horns appear to emerge from a single source. However, when viewed on a

tion of the cornucopia as double may be based on the simple notion that if one is good, two must be better ') or it could be the product of a myth. One version of the story about the young Zeus reports that the child was nour-

ished by nectar that flowed from one of the goat's horns and by ambro­sia that !lowed from the other horn. In this case, both horns could be considered as cornucop1as .

primary design element. The coin in Ex.hibit V illustratcs the addition of a secondary design element in the form of a pair of smaller objects placed on either side of the primary dominant object. Occasionally, a cornucopia will

Exhibit If- An antoninianus of Valerian If, 253-255 AD,

depicting the in/ani Zeus riding on the bock of a goat, usually described a.s Amaltheia. From the author's collectio/l.

Most cornu­copias depicted on ancient coins consist of one or more combinations of four basic

Exhibit III-A silver nomos from larentum, struck circa

235-228 Be, depicting Taras holding a cornucopiu und a kantharos. From the author's collection.

larger scale such as on the coin in Ex.­hibit Vll, it is evident that they are two separate horn s joined together at their tips by an ornamental device that was probably made of metal. The depic-

design ele-ments. A large central ob­

ject protruding from the top of the cor­nucopia is the primary design element. In the cornucopia of the Greek coin depictcd in Exhibit III , the celator has placed a single, pomegranate as the

NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA ANCIENT COINS AND MEDALS

GREEK - ROMAN - BYZANTINE - MEDlEY AL - RENAISSANCE

AUCTIONS - LISTS VALUATIONS

Catalogues upon request

annual subscription rate CHF 100

NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA AG Niederdorfstr.43 P.O. Box 745 CH-8025 Zurich

10 The Gelato(

Tel. +41 1 261 1703 Fax, +41 12615324

appear with objects that protrude or appear to float slightly above the sec­ondary objects. These are tertiary de­sign elements. The "olives·' which arch above the cornucopia in Exhibit VI are tertiary design elements. The appen­dant design element consists of objects that hang from the rim of the cornuco­pia. The most common appendant ob­ject is a bunch of grapes; however, ears of grain arc occasionally depicted as dangling from the edge of the cornu­copia. The cornucopia in Exhibit VII illustrates the combination of all four design elements. The twO ears of grain protruding from the horn arc the tef­tiary clements in this design and the grapes are the appendant element of the design.

Frequently, when a cornucopia ap­pears on an ancient coin, its contents can not be ident ified. This is often due to circulation wear or to a poor strike from a worn die, however it may al so be the result of carelessness or lack of skill on the part of the celator or the ignorance of the modern observer. For example, the long pointed object pro­truding from the center of the cornuacopia in Exhibits V, VI, and VII is often depicted in cornuacopia on ancient coins , some of which arc ren­dered in great detail. Yet, it remains unidentified by modern observers. Some experts have postulated that the object may be a stylized ear of grain while others believe it may be a sacri~ fie ial cake made in a phallic style. Its

BUy-SELL-ApPRAISE AUCTION

• Two public and mai l bid auctions per year held in Beverly Hi lls

• Superbly illu strated cata log

• On-line co lo r ca talog & bidding

• worldwide clientele

• Special Early Catalog Distr ibut ion

• Most Competitive Commissions

• Cash Advances

• Outstanding Personal Service

• Deal directly w ith the principals not employees

• Over 30 years in the Auction Bu siness

c 0 N T A C T

IR A OR LARRY GOLDB ERG Toll Free

1 . 8 0 0 . 9 7 8 2 6 2 6

~ -- " Ira & lorry Gold berg Coins & Collec t ib les

350 South Beverly Drive • Suife 350 • Beverly Hills, CA 90212 Tel 310-551-2646 I 800-978-2646 ! Fa x 310-551-2626

www.goldbergcoins.com Ema il: Irocoin@aol.com

Bonded Coillornio Auctioneer No. 3$90453300

November 2000 11

true identity remains a mystery yet to be solved . When the contents can be recognized the y are almost always food items such as bunches of grapes, apples , pomegranates and ears of grain. This is consistent wit h most

depicted the twin sons of Drusus as emerging from a pair of crossed cor­nucopia (Exhibit VIll).

The cornucopia is fraught with sy m­bolism. In refcrence to the myths about the nurtu ring of the infant Zeus and

Hercules' vic-tory over Achelous, it represents a sou rce o f an endless supply of food and drink. In many ancient societ-

side the cornucopia also had symbolic sig nificance. The pomegranate was associated with Hera and Juno. Be­cause of the man y seeds it contains, the pomegranate represented immor­tality and fert ility. The apple was sa-

Exhibit IV-A silverdiobolfromAinos in Thrace, struck circa 409-407 Be, depicting a goat with long horns. From the author's collection.

les, as In some modern soc iet­ies , a horn sig­nified fertility. It was consid­ered to repre ­sen t both the ma le and fe­male. The out­s id e shape of

Exhibit V-An /£ Follis of Diocietian, struck circa 3021 303 AD, depicting Moneta holding her scales and a cornucopia. From the author's collection.

t he horn was versions of the cornucopia myth that the cornucopia provides food and drin k. However, the cornucopia' s abil­ity to provide in abundance was ex­panded by Roman celalOrs when they

phallic while the inside of the horn sug­gested a womb . It was in this context that each of the twin sons of Druslls was shown as emerging headfirst from a cornucopia. The various foods in-

HIGHLIGHTS OF OUR 2000 FALL MAILBID SALE #30F NOVEMBER 16,2000

GREEK, ROMAN, BYZANTINE AND GREEK IMPERIAL COINS IN ALL METALS

LARGE COLLECTION OF JEWISH COINS, INCLUDING A LONG RUN OF NICE CITY COINS

STATER OF PERIKLES, ISAAC COMNENUS IE. TETARTERON HERACLIUS SOLIDUS OF JERUSALEM, THE BERK PLATE COIN!

TRINOVANTES & CATUVELLAUNI GOLD 1/4 STATER 3 COINS OF HEROD PHILIP, HIGH GRADE AXUMITE COINS

RUNS OF COINS FROM AELIA CAPITOLINA & AKKO PTOLEMAIS

HIGH GRADE GOLD, CROWNS AND MINORS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

THE FINEST SELECTION OF ISRAEL MEDALS OFFERED IN 20 YEARS ISRAEL GOLD COINS & MEDALS INCLUDING THE 1964 BANK PROOF

WORLD BANKNOTES, INLUDING RARITIES FROM ISRAEL, PALESTINE,

LATIN AMERICA AND JAPAN 2 EX-SYLVIA HAFFNER "CRISP" FIRE NOTES.

JUDAICA, HOLOCAUST & WORLD WAR II MEMORABILIA

+For a copy of the illustrated catalog and prices realized send $10 to~

William M. RosenblumlRare Coins ~ P.O. Box 355, Evergreen , CO 80437-0355 ~~

.~ PH: (303) 838-4831 or 910-8245/ Fax: (303) 838-1213 w mrco ins@qadas.com!www.rosenblumeoins.com

12 The Celator

ered to Venus as a symbol of love and desire. In the Grcek mysteries barley and wheat heads were used to depict fertility and regeneration. Grapes as a source of wine were closely connected to Dionysos and Bacchus. '4 Occasion­ally, as in Exhibit VI!; a cornucopia is presented wrapped in a fillet. The fil ­let indicates that the horn is holy and belongs to the godsY Thus, to the an­cienl citizen of Greece or Rome, the image of a brimming~full cornucopia provided numerous symbolic mes­sages and associations.

We are su rrounded by echoes from the ancicnt world. The cornucopia is just one example of an ancient sym­bol that has remained in continuous use since its inception. Even now in the 21 " ce ntury th e cornucop ia is widely recognized as the symbol of abundance and is closely associated with the American holiday of Thanks­giV ing.

Endnotes IHesiod,

453-493. Theogony, 11 5- 180 and

2West , M. L. The Orphic Poems, Oxford, 1998, page 50.

JPherecydes, Fragment #37. And Cook, A. B., Zeus- A Study III Ancient Religion, New York, 1964. Vol. 1, page 502.

·Ovid, Fasli, V. 125-128. sCallimachus , Hymn to Zeus, I. 45-

50. "Zenobius, 2.48.

America's Most Prestigious Ancient & Foreign Coin Show

NYINC NEW YORK

INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONVENTI ON

The 29th Annual

NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONVENTION

World Trade Center #1 / Mezzanine • New York City Host Hotel: Marriott World Trade Center· (212) 938-9100

(Ask for the special $250 NYINC rate)

~ Club Meetings /~.EdUCatiOn.al Forums .,~/¥ Semmars ~·i~ Exhibits

I Book Signings

General Information: NYINC I Kevin Foley P.O. Box 370650 Milwaukee, WI 53237 (414) 421-3484 Fax (414) 423·0343

AUCTIONS BY: • Classical Numismatic Group • Superior - An A-Mark Co. • M&M NumismaticslBaldwin's • Stack's • Spink America

Security by Positive Protection, Inc. (760) 728·1300

November 2000 13

f-Exhibi t VI-An IE Follis of Dioc/etian, struck circa 302/303 AD, also depicting Moneta but with a slightly different cornucopia , From the author's col­lection.

i Exhibit VI/-The reverse of a silver denarius of L Sulla, struck circa 81 BC, depicting a double cornucopia . From the author's collec­tion.

Enlargements of the cornucopia from the coins in Exhibits III, V, VI, and VII (from left to right). All photos courtesy of the author.

ANTIQUITY BOOKS

O<ldment~ which 1 do nol inlend to = tock.. Most are new, a few are used bur decem unless nO!cd.

Amiol.P. OrftvcrieSassanideauMuseedu Lou,re. 1970 15 W .• s.;;, in freoch .. .. ............ , ....................... ... $5.00 Apollo Ed itions, Pocket guides to archaeological site' All sc, with text. map' , and many color plates _ .Kon,wnlinopoulo, .Jal.i;<O.l ·Kamiros, 1431'1' ... 5.00 _ .Neuhoff. Aegin". 71 pp. ioc . plate, .. 5.00 _.I'al""tamou. Asklipios· EpidiJ.uros and Ihei, M .... e~m.

33 pp, ...... .... . .... , .. , .. , .. .. ...................................... S.OO _ .The me" • . Bmumn. 103 pp.. . 5.00 _ ._ .Mykonos·D,los, 3g pp .. 5.00 _ ._ .Soun ion-'[lIorikas, 93 pp .. .. ...... .. ... ............. 5,00 BOSlon Museum of FiJIC Arts , i:."g}]>tian An. 36 plmes, small format. sc .... .. .. , .... , .. , ................... ..... ... ....... 4.00 _ .Cr .... and Roman Arl. 40 p lales. small form 31, sc.. 4.00 I3rili$1o Museum , An Hi. lOckal Cuid~ 10 Ihc SC"lpIUrrS oflhe Panl'Mon 49 pp" ill" sc.. 9.50 l3y,.anline Museum of Athcn~. Icons. 62 pp .. 32 rolor plates. small format. <c. beautifu l' ,.. . 8.50 Cuming Muscum. Cia .. from 1M Corning Muuum of Cia", lO5pp.129platcs. many incolor, s.;; .. " , .. 12,00 Cottrell. L. Re"lms of Co/de A joumry in Search oflhe M}c~""en.l. 1%3.2'18 pp .. HC. Used. 'light lcar 10 SpillC .............. , ... , ................. .. , ................... , .. , .... . 9. 50 Gell. Sir Wm , & Gandy. l ,P, Pom".ian,,: 'flle lof>ORm· ph); Edifices. a"d OrnamenlsofPompeii, London. 1875, 148 pp .. 79 plates, 2 hand - tinted , HC. pages loose, . 36.00 Grace. V. Siampedllmphora Handle.found in Ihe A,M ' nian Agorti 1931·1932. 1976 reprinl. 3 14pp .. He. AOOuI 3(XJ items described Jnd photographed . .. .. ..... 25.00 Ilanfmann. G, From Croe"u$ 1O Cl)n.<lam;nt: The Cilies

lfollen G. B~I.m!!n =~ .... P.Q,Box60S-E

•• Fairile ld , CT 06430 USA

14 The Celator

()f """'''crn Asia Minor: Their Am in Creek alU! RO'IUJn Jime,,', 127 1'1'. text . plu, 207 il l. He. 39,00 Have,;. John. n m.,e(Jn &- llillie Collccti""" in the Royal Ont(Jrio MUJcllm. Toronto. a Survey , 30 pp. + 12 plates , sc.. 1300 HerJcjUrge~ . Di. /armlinishen Tenalwlle de; 6. his 4, lahrhumJem ", eh, in Anrikcnmuse~m Basel. 78 1'1'. + 30 plate,. He. T1;c mu\Cu m's collection of lCITa· Cotta flgurines. lnGcnnan ............ , .. .......... , .. , .............. 50,00 Higgins RA Creek lerracOlta Fig"rr •. 30 1'1' .. 20 plates. <c. . 12,00 _ ' The Greek Bronu lIge, 32 pp .. 20 plales, map , sc.. 13.00 Hom. Il.G. anJ RUger. C Di~ N"'nide~ 1'179. 674 pp .• 152 plates (35 in <'<)Ior), chronological chans, color maps. He Gig.ntie calalogLlc of a NLlU,i(iian c~hi bi ljon al the Rheinisches Landm usc um. contai n, 36 articles & c~tcn·

s iy e li ' tin gs , In Getm.n , Cover sl igh ll)' Wrn a. spme.. 50.00 Kohlmeyer. ed. LAuul dn Baal· Syrien · Fomm tier VOeII:a urnl Ku/lu ren. 38Opp .. 275 B&W ill u5 .. 77 col or illus .. he... 55.00 Malloy. A.G. ArlifaC1" of All dell 1 Civiliw1iolls. 257 pp .. many ill .. values, 5C.. . 19.95 McClean, John. II,. OriRin of Weight. 6 1 pp .• se.. 9.50 Moschini . V. TheGolleri~softh~AcademyofVen;a, 27 pp. leX! + 41 plales. sc... 6.00 Mtinchen GlyplOlhel: . Creel ~nll Roman Scu ip1ure. 121Pt'. + 48 plates. in Gennan. sc. 659 ilCms descrilx>:l. mv;l illustrated. Much glo" ond pottery, Excellent, $20 Museo Ci"ico. lIologna. L'EgilloA",;co, 17.S pp .. 72 plate, . SC .. in l tali.n .. 12.00 Nalional Museum. CQpenhagcn , Greece. Italy and Ihe Rom~n Empire, 111 pp .. Many color arid I:>&w ill.. <c. Guide 10 the museum's oollection .............. .. ....... 13.00

Postage is $3 on 1he first book, $ 11hereafter.

agberman@aol.com (914) 434-6090

FAX (914) 434-6079

7 ApollodoJUS, Theogony, 1.1 .6. % id: 2.7.5 9Cook, A. B., Zeus- A Study In Ancient

Religion, New York, 1964. VoL II , page 968, figure 857 .

lOBeard, M.; Nonh, J.; and Price, S., Re­ligions of Rome, Cambridge, 1998. Vol. L, page 34. And Adkins, L.; Adkins, R. , Dic­tionary of Roman ReliJ:ion, New York, 1996, page 244, "vow",

IlLarvusse Encyclopedia ofMytJwlogy, New York, 1960, page 213.

Exhibit VIII-The obverse of an IE Sestertius of Drusus, struck circa 22/23 AD, depicting his twin sons emerging from a pair of cornuco­pia. (Photo courtesy of eNG, Inc., Auction 50, lot 21 , the Vermeule Collection).

!Freeman & Sear • • •

Safe ana Purdum of Quafity :>.ncient Coins Consignments :4cceptea for Private Safe anti 5iluction 'Er..,tensive Inventory

• 'lI.§gu(ar 'F~ea Price Lists

po. Box 641352 Los Angeles, CA 90064-6352 U.S.A.

T H

r u e • t I S 0

• Auctions in Switzerland

• Purchases and Sales

• The Development and of Collections

• Financial Services

V r

• Numismatic Reference Library

Special Areas:

a y

• Coins of the Ancient Classical World

• Medieval and Modern Coins

Leu Numismatio Ltd In Gassen 20

1 u e s o f

PHONE (3 10) 202-0641 FAX (3 10) 202-8401

e-mail: ToryFrec@aol.com

CH-SOOI Zurich, Switlerland Telephone +41 1 211 47 72 Tcle(ax t 41 12114686

Leu Numismatics The first address in numismatics

November 2000 15

12Gmves. R., The Greek Myths, New York, 1959, page 42.

i3Jemson, c., Observations On Life, from his lecture.

14Co oper, 1. c. , An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, London, 1978.

15Yan Straten, F. 1'., flierakala-lmages of Animal Sacrifice in Archaic and Clas­sieal Greece, New York, 1995, page 43.

About the author-John Bimer is a Se­nior Vice President and the Chief Invest­rnemOfficerofEastem Bank, Boston. He has long been interested in archeology and ancient history. Ancient coin collecting serves as a f ocus for his exploration of the origins of modem beliefs, traditions, and symbols.

Ad vertisers and readers may

contact us bye-mail addressed to:

kerry@celator.com Visit us on the world-wide

(' , web at www. celator.com

and join us on the \'~~""l_ information

./' superhigh way!

LETTERS Cont. from page 4

Enjoyed Article on "Euclid's Proposition.,." But

Doubts the Theory

Reading Edward Cohen's article in the August issue of The Celator was quite en­joyable. However, I have some doubts re­garding his interesting hypothesis. If one looks at the "original" skewed patterns, i.e. those coined on the turtles around 480 BC, neither are the arms of the cross rectangular, nor goes the skewed line through the intersec­tion of the cross. Only on the late issues does the pattern become as regular as shown in Figure 1.

On the other hand, designing the reverse of its standard coin with a mathematical sym­bol would have suggested an important math­ematical tradition in Aigina, which to my knowledge did not exist there, and I think a mathematical symbol would have been com­mented upon in antiquity already, simply be­cause itwould have been something unique. Nevertheless, it was stimulating reading, and I appreciated your publishing the article.

As regards the report on the relocation of the Athenian Numismatic Museum to the Schlie mann house, I know that the

~=~~~ Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. A ncient C oin

Suite 316,444 North FrederickAve. Gaithersburg MO, 20877 Phonc:(301) m 74 46 Or (8()(]) 381..-)3% - bx:(30 lJ <)91).3 712 - £·maii:ed@coincom

16 The Gelator

Schliemann house was damaged by the re­eent earthquake in Greece and had to be closed to the public. I have not heard that the museum has been reopened again.

Eike Oruckrey GemJany

Reader Requests Help For Alexandrian Research

I was recent1y looking over some of my varying research on the mint of Alexandria in the Roman period, and itoccurred to me that, if there was a demand for it and some sup­port could be found, this research could be extended and developed either on CD or via the web as the nucleus of research on the mint of Alexandria. It could be in the form 01 a database which could be developed and extended. Unfortunately, however there ap­pears to be no academic interest whatso­ever in this country for any original numis­matic research in this field.

The research, as it stands, is a detailed computerised listi ng of Pre-Reform Alexandrian coins from Augustus to Domitius Domitianus. It includes a full listing of types from Milne, giving a full reading of obverse and reverse legends, and a description of each type including legend breaks and ma­jor changes of type, though not extending to include a die study. My original aim in this was to remove the problems and difficulties of working from the very abbreviated text in the published wor!<.

The detail of the listing, which is currently over 600 pages, varies according to period. From Augustus tothe end of Domitian, I have also included references to Dattari, Koln, the BMC catalogue and various other worKs, in addition to Milne; in order to produce a listing of the equivalent types between the above works.

From the current listing with the addition of an illustration of the obverse and reverse of each type, it would then be possible to form an accurate listing , which could be placed online if needed. This listing, as and when required, could then be rapidly updated forming a nucleus of current research on the mint of Alexandria and also a basis for fur­ther research. In addition to this, the rest of the current listing could be placed online in due course, and also upgraded to give the same coverage as with the earlier period.

Thank you very much for your time and help over this matter. I should very much value views and opinion on the possible p0-tential of the above, and I look forward to hearing from you further.

John Parry, 7 Cantilupe Road,

Ross-On-Wye, Herefordshire, HR97AN, UK.

E-mail: sean@seanpanyfree­online.co.uk

WELL, NOW YOU CAN.

ICG Begins Grading Ancient Coins

In addition to grad ing.. authenticating and encapsulating your ancient coins, ICG-Independent Coin Grading of Englewood, Colorado-will attribute your coins. The attributions will include:

• Approxima te date or date range

• Denomination

• Metal type • Issuing empire, city or region

• Ruler o r autho rity

• Weight (if space is available on label)

COST? Only $5/coin more than for u.s. & Canadian coins.

SERVICE TIERS: All of ICG's service tiers are available for ancient coins:

• One Day • 5-Day • 15-Day • Economy • Bulk Submissions

Because each ancient coin is unique, ICG reserves the right to determine which coins it will be able to encapsulate. Generally, ICC is g radi ng nearly all ancient and ea rly Byzantine coins.

NEED MORE INFORMATION? Call James Taylor at 303-221-4424 x 203 i NDEPENDENT" FAX 303-221-5524 jamestaylor@icgcoin.com COIN GRADING COMI'ANY

November 2000 17

ANew Iconography for the ElectruDl

Coins of Kyzikos by Yuri Pokras

The extensive study of the state rs of Kyzikos, or so-called "Kyzikcnes", began over two hundred years ago. These coins, stuck out of natural e1ec­trum from the end of the 6th century Be until the last third of 4th century Be, are a unique occurrence in ancient numismatics. Kyzikenes, issued on the Phokaic monetary weight standard (stater of 16.1 grams), found a wide­spread use in the ancient world as an international, or rather "iotcrpolilian", trade coin. References by the ancient authors, as well as the evidence found on some artifacts, mention wide use of Kyzikenes as a means for large pay­ments or large wealth accumulations.

Southern Black Sea areas. The demands of the trade and the neces­sity of th e s e coins in in tern a ­tional eco­nomics of the period w ere g r ea t

The reverse of a silver nomos from Tarentum (on the left) is shown with the obverse of an electrum stater from Kyzikos. (Nomos photo courtesy of CNG, Inc. (Auction 55, lot 43), and the stater photo courtesy of Omitry Markov Coins & Medals. Both photos are enlarged).

The hoards containing Kyzikenes are found in mainland Greece, Thrace, Asia Minor, and the Northern and

Even Persian rulers did not prevenl the minting activ ity by Kyzikos, despite the fact that the Kyzikenes came into direct competition with their own gold COIllS.

In the middle of 5th century BC, at the height of the power of the Delian Confederacy, or as it was known to the

Dr. Bnsso Pens Nachf. ~ NUMISMATISTS AND AUCTIONEERS S INCE 1870 -

• PURCHASE AND SALE OF ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN COINS AND MEDALS AS WELL AS OF IMPORTANT

NUMISMATIC LiBRARIES

• AT LEAST TWO PUBLlCAUCTIONS / MAIL BID SALES A YEAR

• APPRAISALS AND EXPERT ADVICE

• ATIENDING MOST MAJOR INTERNATIONAL SALES ON BEHALF OF CLIENTS

Catalogs available by subscription at a biennial rate of U.s. $40 (4 issues). Payments may nQ1 be made by Credit Card

PLEASE CONTACT US FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

L"', Bornwiesenweg 34, $E> D-60322 Frankfurt a.M. 1, Germany L-Q ~.~: Phone: (011 49 69) 959 66 20 ~~ ~~ Fax: (011 49 69) 55 59 95 ,7 www.peus-muenzen .de

• E-mail: info@peus-muenzen.de

18 The Gelator

Greeks as "Athens and its allies", Ath­en s vigorously and systematically re­sisted the allied cities' issuance of their own coinage. But in the case of Kyzi­kos, Athens not only did not object to the issue of Kyzikenes, but also legit­imized it by allocating to Kyzikos the status of a peripheral Athenian mint in order to supply the allies with a high denomination coinage. During the en­tire existence of Kyzikenes from the 6th to 4th centuries Be, their rate was surprising ly stable until they were re­placed in trade by the gold staters of Philip II at the end of the 4th century Be.

The vast iconographic diversity for the designs of Kyzikenes is seeming­ly in contradiction with the status of a trade coin. There are over 250 types of the obverse designs known for Kyz­ikenes . The other examples of trade coinage all have a consistency of the design as their trademark including the coins of MileloS, Lampsakos, Persian gold and silver coins, Athenian tetradrachms, state rs of Philip II, tetradrachms of Alexander III and Lysimachos, and the modern bank ­notes of the United States. They all maintained a once-accepted design for several centu ries. Such consistency of design increased the coins' chances of acceptance in trade due to easy recog­nition and kept their rates stable.

As in the case of Athenian owls, where the design of the 4th century coins closely resemb les the archaic style of the 5th century, we see the deliberate attempts by the celators to

THE NEW YORK SALE AUCTION III

In conjunction with the New York International Coin Convention (NYINC)

December 7, 2000, 7 PM The New York MARRIOTT World Trade Center

CONSTANS CAESAR. Gold-medallion (9 solidi), Constantinop le ex Gotha Coin Cabinet

A FINE SELECTION OF ANCTENT GREEK, ROMAN & BYZANTINE COINS

including the WILLIAM N. RUDMAN collection of Raman Republican silver coins

A COLLECTION OF SOUTH AMERTCAN SILVER COINS

FORETGN COINS

Consignments for this Sale accepted till September 30; please contact Lucien Birkler at M&M Numismatics, Washington, DC

M&M Numismatics Ltd. Atl. Mr. L. Birkler

Baldwin's Auction Ltd. 11 Adelphi Terrace London, WC2N 6JB United Kingdom

1100 17th Street NW/Suite 900 Washington, DC 20036

Tel. ++44 20 7930 9808 Fax. 79309450

Tel. ++ 2 202 833 3770 Fax 4295275

November 2000 19

preserve such consistency. Contrary to such trends, Kyzikos issued a pletho­ra of designs, with only one consis­tent element: a tunny fish , as the city's symbol, that is always present as a minor element masterfully incorporat­ed into the main composition. Unti l now, the explanation for such unusual phenomena led researchers to believe that these designs represented either magistrative or date codes. Such ex-

planations do not quite conform to the rest of ancient coinage, where the monogram s and symbols we re used to achieve the same result without a change of the main design.

The public acceptance of a curren­cy is often guaranteed by the consis­tency of the design. It is doubtful that the exchange rate for the US dollar would have stayed as consistent as it has if the dcsigns were changed of-

The obverse of a silver tetradrachm from Abdera (on the left) is shown with the obverse of an electrum stater from Kyzikos. (Tetradrachm photo courtesy of David R. Sear and Spink and Son, Ltd. (Sear, Greek Coins and Thei, Values, Vol. I, pg. 155, no. 1535), and the stater photo courtesy of Dmitry Markov Coins & Medals. Both photos are enlarged).

Are you interested in

CHOICE WORLD COINS? You should be receiving our publications

FOUR TO SIX AUCTION CATALOGUES ANNUALLY

ten. Wit­ness the fiasco of the Susan B. Antho­ny dollar. A "highly educated" American society at the end of the 20th cen t ury could not distin ­guish it from a c 0 i n worth a quarter of its' value .

Featuring RARE and CHOICE gold and silver coins of the world as well as ancient coinage and world paper money. A sample catalogue is $20.00 postpaid.

Includes Prices Realized

An annual subscription is also available. The cost is $60 within the U.S. and $80 outside the U.S.

Ponterio & Associates, Inc. 1818 Robinson Ave. San Diego, CA 92103

O~ 1-800-854-2888 or 619-299-0400 . ' 1" ~,I,S~M.R;;y Fax 619-299-6952 M ®- Licensed Auction Company #968

PNG. #308 Richard H. Ponte rio - President

20 The Celator

That shou ld lead us to believe that twenty-five centuries ago the authori­ties, who without a doubt were more intelligent than ours, would have been even less inclined to experiment with such matters, and much less to believe that such an experiment was a success and continued as a practice for two centuries.

The most complete work on the staters of Kyzikos is an article, in all actuality a corpus, published in volume VII of the journal Nomisma in 1912 by H. Von Fritze, and titled "Die Elcktron­pragung von Kyzikus". Fritze de­scribed 223 types of staters and their fractions, and today we know of about 20 mo re in addition. The author divid­ed all coins into 4 groups . As the main differential element of the classifica­tion, Fritze used the difference in the appearance of the incuse quadripartite on the reverse side. He dated his Group I to circa 600-550 BC, Group II to 550-475 BC, Group 111 t0475-410 BC and Group IV to 410-330 BC.

Fritze' s views have been scrutinized and revised many times since, and small changes have been suggested, but no princi pal changes have ever been accepted. The smallest represen­tation of coins is for Group I, while Groups II and III are numerous not only in number of pieces known, but in number of types as well. Fritze's Group IV, much smaller in em ission, stands alone from the rest in style as well as for the technological aspects ufthe issue. It is interesting to note that despite the depth and the volume of the material under study, the question of multiplicity of the designs was com­pletely avoided by Fritze as well as by the authors of the fo llowing studies. Perhaps the answer to that riddle is so simple and laying right on the surface that the in-depth search of it fai led to produce an answer.

Many authors on ancient numismat­ics have noticed that many types of coins of the Aegean world were cop­ied from the Kyzikos coins or vice ver­sa. Setting aside the debate of priority for the design, we will concentrate only on the fact of correspondence of the type designs of various cities of the Greek world and those of Kyzikos in our hypothesis. According to Fritze's classification, the majority of the coins were issued during the existence of the Delian Confederacy (477-404 BC) for Groups II and III, and during the Sec­ond Athenian Confederacy (378-338 BC) for Group IV.

KIRK DAVIS Classical Numismatics presents afew select Roman Republican coins for your consideration:

M Volteius, circa 78 Be. AR Denarius. Head of Hercules wearing lion skin right, Rv. Erymanthian boar standing right. Cr. 38512, toned VF, SCarU type with only ]0 die pairs eSlinw.leJ by Crawford. $ 175

5 M Non\us Sufenas. c. 59 Be. AR Denarius. Bearded head of Saturn right. Rv. Victory standing at right, placing wreath on Rama seated \0 left. Cr. 421"; Nania \, lOlled VF· EF with cholet detail ondfull borders. $ 250

9 Q Pompeius Rufus, AR Denarius circa 54 Be. Curule chair between armw and branch. Rv. Curu!e chair between lituus and wll:ath. Cr. 43411: Pompcia 5. about EF and lustrous. Ex: ThOnw.f B. LeSU IY call. $ 250

13 L Valerius Aci.sculus, AR Denarius, ca. 45 Be. Head of Apollo- Soranus right, lUe behind, star above. Rv. Valeria·Luperca on heifer holding veil. Cr. 474fla; Valeria 17. ligfuly IOn~d EF. S 595

2 L Lucretius Trio, c. 74 Be. AR Denarius. Head of Neptune right, trident over ~houlder. Rv. Cupid riding dolphin righ t. Lucretia 3; Cr. 39012. cMice EF, allraclively loned on largeflan. $ 475

6 C ServiUius cr, AR Denarius circa 57 Be. Laureate bust of Flora right, lilUUS behind. Rv. Two warnors standing face to face. swords drawn. Cr. 423ft; ServilJia n ./oned VP. Ex; Coun/ Bellio of Ronwnia col/. S 250

~ ~

10 Q Sicinius. AR Th:narius, circa 49 Be. Diademed head of Fonuna right Rv. Wreath above palm and caduc¢us crossed. Cr. 44011; Sicinia 5. good VF. this rype promotes 111£ achievement of Pompq the GlYal.

S 295

14 L Papl\lll Celsus, AR Denarius, circa 45 BC. Head of Juno-Sospita r. Rv. She·wolf right lighting fire, with eagle L fanning the flames. Cr. 47211; Papia 2. scarc~ VF, interesting rype r~miniscenl oj Aesop 's fabl~s $ 225

3 M Plaetorius Mf Cestianus, AR Denarius, circa 69 Be. Hd. of Bonus Eventu$ right, ivy.leafbehind. Rv. Winged caduceus. Plaetoria 4; Cr. 409fl./oned EF, beau/iful style, large jlan. S 450

7 Faustus Cornelius SuUa. AR Denarius circa 56 BC. Laureate bust of Ven\!<; right. Rv. Three trophies commemorating the victories of I Ii I Pompey the Great Cr, 42613: Cornelia , i EF. chaice aid

S 475 63, loned EF, minor jlalness. S 495 cabinellOning.

11 L Hostilius Saserna, c. 48 Be. AR Denarius. Head of Gallic female righI, camy" behind. Rv. Cult Slatue of Diana of Ephesus, stag to left. '[

struck in Gaul al Marseilles. Cr. C~~'ii;:'hi;h';',i;Tli 50. bold VF, IOned 44813; Hostilia 4. bold EF on large u. .$ 675 fulljlan. .$ 595

15 Brutus. AR Denarius. circa mid 42 Be. Draped bust of Libeny. Rv. Tripod between axe and simpulum. Cr. 5am; RSC I\. a snwll banku's mo.rk on cheek, OIh~rwiu aEF wilh allracliv~ mulli·hued loning $ 550

,~ .. ~ ;;.'jt . ,,~ ,. -: "':""'-.

16 Sext\lll Pompey, AR Denarius, circa 42 BC. Head of Neptune wearing diadem right, trident behind. Rv. Naval trophy set all anchor, Sicilian min\. Cr. 51112;RSCI.lonedVF $675

Please include $5 postage to your order.

Visa Mastercard Discover American Express Always buyillg quality ancients!

KIRK DAVIS Classical Numismatics Post Office Box 324 Claremont, CA 91711 USA

tel: (909) 625-5426 email: kirk@ancientgrcek.net fax: (909) 624-62 15

November 2000 21

The first confederacy (Delian) was formed as a military and naval union of the cities not belonging to a Pe Joponnesian confederacy led by Sparta to resist Persian advances into Greece. The union was political as well as economic and the contribution of each ally was determined by the as­sessment of the city's revenues and consequent assessment of their contri­bution to the union. The contribution

(PhOTUS) rather than a tribu te was eas­ier than the tribute imposed on some cit ies by the Pers ian s. Wea lth ier cit­ies contributed ships in addition 10 troops and money, while the smaller cities may have contributed money only.

According 10 Plutarch, the Athe­nians had appointed Arislides as an assessor, who assessed the city's in­come rather than taxed the property,

as was the practice

The obverse of a silver tetradrachm from Samos (on the left) is shown with the obverse of an electrum stater from Kyzikos. (Tetradrachm photo courtesy of David R. Sear and Spink and Son, Ltd. (Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. II, pg. 422, no. 4626), and the stater photo courtesy of Dmitry Markov Coins & Medals. Both photos are enlarged).

of the Per­sians. It is most logi­cal to as­sume that whatever the form of contri ­bution by vaflOUS

and dis­tant allies, it needed to be con­verted into a common denomi­nator for

Ancient Coins, Antiquities, Related Collectibles & Literature! Bought, Sold and Auctioned!

One of the Oldest Firms in the U.S. dealing in Ancient Coins!

International Association of Professional Numismatists members since 1970.

Auction 77, ANCIENT AND WORLD COINS, November 12th in Los Angeles.

Illustrated Catalogues are $15; $20 sent via Airmail outside the U.S, Catalogue free on our website.

Website: www.maltergalleries.com

Email: Mike Malter Kelly Ramage Joel L.Malter

mike@maltcrgalleries.com kelly@maltergalleries.com

jlmalter@gte.net

COLLECTIONS SOUGHT FOR FUTURE AUCTIONS! CONTACT US FOR TERMS & ADDITIONAL INFORMATION!

Malter & Co. Inc. 17005 Ventura Blvd., Encino, CA 91316 U.S.A.

22 The Celator

Phone: 818-784-7772; Fax: 818-784-4726 Toll Free Phone in US: 888-784-2131

the ir tre asu ry. The Kyz ikenes most likely served as such common denom­inators . If we compare the list of the cities that were members of the Deliao Confederacy, it is quite obvious that the compositions of the designs typi­ca l fo r those c ities correspond precise­ly 10 the design types of the Kyzikenes of the corresponding group . The typi ­cal designs of coins of Akragas, Gela, Tarentum, Abdera, Olbia, Apollonia, Tyra, Pantikapaion, Samas, Kyrene, and Sinope are among many other such examples found on the obverses of Kyzikenes. When we look at the de­signs of Kyzikcncs corresponding to the Sicilian cities, it is interesting to nOle that the only designs found on Kyzikenes are those of the cities not under the Carthaginian domination, but of those members of the Delian League .

We leave for future studies to make a complete list of the correspondence of the designs of the obverses of Kyz­ikenes to the typical designs of the coins for the members of the Deli an League . Perhaps numismatic stud ies, as they have many times in the past, will help historians to fill in the voids in our know ledge of the speci fics of the Confederation. It may revolution­ize the approach to thaI study and serve as a code key that will help to finalize the question of the membership in that historically important allegiance .

The only possible conclusion from the above-mentioned correlation is that there was a necessity for the treasury of the Athenian league to mark the con­tributions of each member, and that this was achieved by converting the member's contribution into Kyzikenes of the design specific to that contribu­tor only. That assumption also explains the fact that some types are much scarcer than others and it corresponds to the size of the contribution of each ally. Therefore, a small contribution of a minor member of the alliance result­ed in a small emission of Kyzikenes with the obverse design typical for the native coin design of that member and vice ve rsa.

We had a chance to examine a large quantity ofKyzikenes and could not find a substantial and obvious difference be­tween the staters of Fritze's Group II and Group III. Moreover, some of the coins from Group III were struck using the same reverse die as some coins in Group II. As mentioned above, Group IV stands apart from the other groups because the quadripartite incused-square on the back

ANTIOCH"M ASSOCIATES 236 West Portal Ave., PMB 297 San Francisco, CA 94127-1423 .

Toll Free: (888) 311-2766 (I) Phone: (415)564-S702-Fax.:(41S)665-5933 " '

E-mail: chokecheny2000@hotmail.com

LIST NUMBER 54 . e"scit Amo< ;\lummi - Juvenal

TF.RMS: C.,h with o«lor. plu, $3 odd;""".] [Of p' '''"&" and 1","dh"S. l'ortig" (IO'(!er, mu" ;", Iude ""Y"""' in U.S fuoo,. plu, S 10 fOT .im,.i l .nd regi""lion. Such <.><de" will be <tn, ,I cu,(omef. ,;.t, Calif",ni. e<>lI«I"" should i"clud< "I., tax . • nd California <kater< rou" "'ppl)' 11>10 "" . 1. "umber. All wins art gu.rnnteed genuine . ru,,-ha>c> will be refunded if ,e,umed for any reason within seven day, of ,"ctipl. Collom." will "wid disorroi n'm<nt if ,bey will rese,...,. coi", by .. leplxl". before -",nding money_ Minimum order $20.

RRFEREN( :F-S' SO S«'. G",k Co,", a"J n,,;' Ii./u". \01, J'{;: L . K " .""" .. "",, . ,,",, .. ,," Lir><Ii"'"""" """"~.~..-"'" Rronu

C""''' f""" ~,'" M""" and 110.1",""", Lli "" .... " ..... "" .... " ...... ,,' Li odi'<",~"ci<MG" ... Rron",

Coin"~ £""'1"'0" Min"

SR So", R""",," Cui'" onJ Th.ir \{"",, orc s.." On,·. Imp<noi C,"os SB s.:or, By,anlin. Caim on<! TIl.iT Vol." RPC. .R()I!U1n {''''''iMial Coin, RIC " .. ./I.""""" impttiai Coi""-g.

L 111 " .... "" .... "" ... "" ..... . ,. ","citn' C".d 8"",,, Coin' from ,II<! Li1Id8"" Co/1m"'"

We haY< acquired. number <>f coj", from lhe Undire" & 1<0""" . nJ tOe Lindgren 111 collection, from. Cu"OOlOr "'h is "oo..'n,izini·· hi' OOf~' "g,. S.ome <>f til<'" coin< are inclodcd in thi ... 1e We featUTC boy·or-bid ,.le. 0<, • Gu",i ­monthly bo.i •. C.taIOi'.Ie .v.il.ble "" "q",,"

~ 1 IO:"IA. M ilews, 5" ce, •. He. _. Uooo·,t.:It.;tar.Cop.944. :oFNF ~

2 PISlUJA, Seli<- 3" cent ac. 0001. Hd. of A1hcMlLiorl ', t.:I. line ."", .. ,,",, .. 30 3CIUC1A,n_.4" "", • . ,IlC,,,,,",. !~ of I'<ga<o>. ,A;oot l<n<el"'g ' .. j""""'g bock. SG 5.136". VF I~ 4 ~ELElJnA'" I'I ~:RIA, l'!1,hp I. 4dr. Eo.;;I< I"",ng, wiog' "P"'><L t.:I. I., MON VRB inc" B),fC507. F. W 5 PHOENICIA, Tyrc,3/i().331 Be,Attic 2dr. Mdqarth 00 hippccamplOwl, • .-ith """* and flaiL SG ~14; of (00-.-. O.c. 1>

""-'>I: "". ",,,,,,r<>:I) \l() 6 JNDO.GREFl( Hcrmaio>. 4() BCO BC, cOOl. A'hen. ",Ii· MAC 2840; MIG 313. F. , 65 GIlEEK BRONZE 7 BRtrrTIIJM. R""Wwn, 2()7·203 1lC, AE 13. H<k. Of the Dio6<:uriIA>IJcpM >td~. L. II 386, Fir<: " ..... , .... "" ... ," 25 SS ICILY, CoJ""'""e. 339IlC.AE 16 I I<:i of A!heoo. 1iFr<.e 00rs< ru""",s- L. 11 431, F+ , ... ,," ... "" .... "" ... "" ... ,,'" ~ 9 - ,S)'"",,,,,,.4",,,, • . IlC.A~ 1£. I I<l- of ~llScallop>hcU:tuJmy'''~ ....,..'. h , 5 10 _ , _ , 274·216 Be, AE 18, fld, of ~, IAlmam<nted _ L." 589. F+ ... "" .. """.""" ... "" ... "" .... ,,,, .. 50 I I MO~-SIAINn:JUOR.~ Sept, s.-=o;, AE 26, Ikr.I m~. , pe.I>:(>Ok .. !.",- foot. NISCAMNG_. R ... gr= I""-:RR. """ ."" ... "" ... """. 45 12 - , - .s.-·, AIe.>;..-.:Ier .. ~. A~ 16. S",k ... n,wir.e(\ tripod. FIf., ""'Y ,",aKe 45 13 _ , _ . _ , AE 25, Apollo <td, .. wi,h flOI"'" ..-.:! lourel ''''ig. U . AMN(; 98(,

Fire ~ 14-,-, - ,AE24, D<n.....,.st<J~ __ wi~, _h _ grain =so AMNCi 996. Fmc, l:I= pot. 3~ 15 _. _ , _ . AE 26. Hen Mdg .. with paler> and ""'[<C<, AMNG 99S"VF 4(l 16 _ . _. _ Af 2YHygid. Ms., 1>:>Id. ins m.1ke, A!o,fNO m , r. " .. """ .. ,, 4() f7 - , - , - . - , S."pi, <tog .. hood "';'l<d. AMI<G 9KI: h 40 18 -. -.-.AE2S, Eo~1c. "' ''i' .~, """"h in book. AMNG 1 0 1 ~ . F+ 40 IM-._.Se>-.Ak=>;Ia-.ooJ . Mon-.:a. Ali 26. C""",,,,, • • <ldg .. with ~ .odJ'i'lCr.l, AM:-<G io.lScoVF W 19-. _ . _ .Al27. Sctpc,. erect, many ooil~ AMNGI062; .VF 4.1 20 _ , _ . _ , _ , Z<w seated. holding pot=. AMKG 1063. FIF+ ... "" ,,. ,," 4(l 21 _ . _ , Goolion II!.oo s..-.p;~ AE:>.8, Nikc..o..;,A\1NG 1141. r .... ""Y """'"

" 22-. Niropolli. Elapbatus,AE 18. H= >tdK. AMI';O 2026v, VF,=. for £1 , e«)­- ~ 23 1l1RAO~ I!><lri""'lool"'. Ant. Pm<.

AE 17, Tdepl""""sroi· (;00'.1£,,,,, 3.1 24 - , - .Goo;IiMo IH. AEn nemel.".iS­lI<;uin-Pw";, pl . eu, 2tAl 1'+, <XC. Ie< minor scarrint "" oIw, JO ~ - , I'I1ilj~i'. M . A,.-er",~ AI; 18. 1100""""'" <Od!. B),IC II: .VF ,'- 33 210 _ , S=.bo;.o. ,~,"4 AE.n Hennes " ,lg., "'ith c.a.l..::eu,..-.d """". E\~p;des IO:n;oF .21 27 _ . _ . -, -, Tyol>e <t,!g. B",lpO"" 1001.FIaf 2S 28 MACF.OON, Pel .. (4' M)'sia. Parium) 11t>erius. AE 16 0>100;'" plowing. L & K :m (I'.num). FifO< 35 29MACEDONIAN Kl"GS,l'hilipIl,AE 16, Hd, '" Apo;oIlo, ,-'lIor"'" .... ' ~11or · , , .• oo.)"nl,., .... "S MoccOOn [], 841. h .. 20 lIl _. _. AE 20. Similu, tOO_It be· low I."... ."';;S \1""""" ft. ru;1 :.VF JO 31 _ . Antigoow Gon.t.., AE 20, fkj, of AthenNPan <r<:<tin, """")'. Cop. 12()7 Fir<:, &m'" pot. ~S 32 _.Ada<"" c. 200 1lC, AE 20. Hd. of Apolkv'fripod. L II 1336, C'<= pot .. ,,1-'i'n' ,,),10, VF, OK for ,0<1 odl>e,"",,: ="" .. " ... """.""" ... "" .... ",, ... ,,,60 33 _ , Pihilip v. AI, (7. lid. oflloe(ul.sl RidcrooOOrs<, L.II. t319, VF+ "" .,," 75 .l4 ~:I'I KUS, " 'iropoli>. Go,di.>n m , AE 23 Horroooio. sc.>tOO. FIne ar>J scom: .. 60 3~ AEGf;AN ISLA NDS. Sym,. M. AUldi", & L. \kru>, AE 18. 8"" of J .... Cop. 764. \'0'1'. gr. f"' __ ""'Y =. Xl 36PONfUS.Amisus. 3" <cnt, BC.AE20. Hdme!e<l txL of ~,,<)tOj ;,-. st .... h. l& K :/8VGIf 15 .11 BnHYNlA, Bith)'!'ium.o.udicpoli>. D>mitillll. AE 20, Serpent MWnd ''''If. WII(IrI. 7 . .,.. 11 .1~ _ . H<racl<>. Pontic .. Gcta. AE 17. H}'gicill"'dj:, W..xt, 151;V"", 15 .)<1_. _ . _, AE.1 I . Homonooa.acrific. in.\::" .tlar. F •. OO! hoIed .,..j pIoJ~ 20 40-. N'=. JuI" lloo_ AE IS. 1)-coc SId,. Wodd, 380: .VFIi'+, """",,,. . 35 4 1 _ . _. Ulac.H • . ,adio<o. AE 30 C~l. ""rificing, ""0&1, _', rIVG+, <"",lleo,ly pjon J"O'!"Ii, 45 42 - . -. V.IeO"" I. cmkd. H (8 a.«ari.). AE 25 Tyck ""I . L. UI 197 (PIa"" Coin),

Firo:"," """"'" 3S 43 -. Nicoo>OOIa. Commodu, .. C..,..,-, ,0.1031 . 7=-w;enoW. W. Nlse, un­",bli>Ilcd (?), VG (crnk, F). very _ . 30 44 _. _ . ( ;,"I"oo~ AE 23. 'I'll"", pri'" """'"'"' . w..1<:i 415. Fi.. 30 4 S _ . p,,,,,,,,, ad Ilypium. Car><:al1a. cdd H,AN . .,.j 1>:l.,AE28.I-lcrJr-d ~g. NISC, VG'G;cmb, FondVF; ,~')' """ " ..... 30 46 _ . I'ru>io:; I and II. 3"-2~ """', Be, AE 17. MoJe M . W,"~(ti"""''''''''''1:1es Sllg.. ,,;d1 grruOOOO dub. F+ fIl 47 MYSIA. Cyzicus. 2"'-1' ",,"S, Be.AE 16. lkI. of Apo;oIk>'Lyre. f;,,,, ~

48-.-, - ,AE 13 Il<:iofApo;oIk:flnf'(l<i

ond m"oogr. F,,,,,. .. IS 49 TROAS, Abyduo;. Tibcriu •. AE 13. Lyre, l & K 2% (misotttil>ltcd "' Aug""us), RPC 2288: ex.Rt.:;wopoulmColl., . VF. RR 75 Xl AEOLlS, Aeg>e.J"h. Man.,..AE29. Lsi>; <ldg. BMC 129: aF .. 3~ 51 CARL\.Aphrodiu.., Gal11<"",. AE 24, Emp, 00 hors<. Gop, 130, VG, rnrc ... " )() -';2 CARlA. l~. OFf. ROOde<, Korrm tirm;, A~ 17. lid. of ((, I~il<e adv. Cop. S9!l VF. gto<nl"l' " .. "" ... """ ... "" ... ,,",, . ,,' 60 53 LY[)IA, ~, Roo"," ""'.s, AE I) Tt~ BMC 13; .vr " ... "" ... ,,' Xl 'i4 _,ApolIooi>.Romantime~ AE 16, lW '" SenaldIlJ, of Apo;oIlo. Cop. n 1'+. ll'W' pat.; = 60 55 PlIRYGIA , ~ P "'n<. lie. A], n . lid. of Apo;oIk:flnf'(l<i, 8MC 44. F~ 35 .S(, _ . Synaus. Roo",,, "roc<, AE 19, Coo· f"",tOO """,orR«"" andSe .... ( ... 00 "'" A"lock 3966 copy of Nero and in similar J1'>'<'YApo;oIlo Ms. Nl<;C: aFond 'ery """ (""V'blishod'J "". """ ... "" .. ,, "" ~ S7 - , - , - , AE (7 . B"" 01 Sen .. eI A,kl<p"" "dg. Von Au10ck 3963 . F+IF: "'~. ~~ M ~-. Temrnoth)'l"". Rooun"roc<, AE 32. Hd. of [)e,roos/II""",.,;. <ao;rif",ing ood hoIdinf """",,,0 of Men, BMC is. VF. OO! ""Y""'lIh, 30 Yl PAIl-1PHYLtA, l'ctsa- HUian.AE 15, Hoo;o::J.-.oi.o "'!g. NL<;C, """"".m. F"", 30 60 _ . -. Julia Domna. cmW. A K. AE 2J. T\-d>e,;o<lj:."1SC~~.oo("} , ... IF, ,try ~ M 61 -. _ . C~oIl,,- AE 19. ""cmi. hun" ing, NISC, ""I"'bli4x-J (,), F., '~f)' '"'" 65 62-,-,M"",,_,A~ 19. T)'<he<ldg.S'iO I.e","" 1671 Fine, rare 30 63 _,_,~, cmkd, •• nlAK, AE 26. RI"..,. tu1 'tdinHlg. R""""""'- WI Ft. "c. roc rnajorc",,~; """ ... """ .. ,, 25 64 - ,-,lub>. M •• " • . 1I.i IKM<o--r.i!; P<.-pi>. in ,moe. lrrioooI, KL M .. 16, FIF+- .. ,,' 4()

16- ,- .lul;' M"n"",-A~ 2O . A~'-';, wilh row.,.j arrow. SNCi Pari> 4&2, VFIF ~ (,6 - . - , M"",n\>J" AE 20. B"-~ oflj<;foe ¥on Autock 46'15. VF 75 67 _ . ' . I"'ilip I, AE 2S. Nile crowning """"",,,F,_, :;I) ffl _ ,_ ._, _. A,"''''''I'<rgai.<i"di<l)-1< ocmpk.. Voo AO!lcc< 4701: BMC 56. F~ 40 If)~. _. ( ;,"Iieoo~ AE Z'I. leu< ",",00. hoIJing Kik """ sWf. M"",,,, ,';oppI. VII 58. 15 I. F. , ",wi pit 00 oIw" """ .,,'" 40 70 - . Side, T" ;.n. AE 19. Moe .. >!d~. ~obv, Voo,,"IocI;.48 IJ. F~ 35 71 -. - , Ha<kian. AE 24. Apo;oIlo Silk<", «<Ii, BMC p, 295, 1lOA, Fi.. 40 n. - , - ,o:.-r...-.orJoos, A.E 17 . Athe"" ,"",'. l .. poo~etor. : ...-peo>tl>eIow. P:ru flOl.

1'+" .. "" .""" . 40 73 - , -, CrispiAA, AE 2~ . Apollo SirJo..,.. NlSC,f4-.gtrenpot., RR(onique"j ... 75 74 _. _. ,"<pt. Se--.'''''''. AE 29. TW<KOI·

"'"" tcmpIe.Atheno =oIcd ",-jth",. BMC 81, VO 2\ 7S - , -. V.Ieri"" I. Ali 3l. Th" pri", <""""""toble,/OF .. ,4(1 76 - , Sill)',,, R""""ome<.AE 12. HO>1 ofZeu"""',adv. KISC. VF,RRR " 4(1 77 PISmIA. ,\,"ioch. AE 12. Bust of l"'n,,,,,oX,·ock. FNf ~

78 _ , _ . Jul;" I:>orrol>. AE 24. Ucniu, ",Ii . VF 3~ 79 _ , - . -. AE 22. Men "",,. bokJing KiL:, VI'",," ..... (6

SO - .- .GooJj"" W,A.E27 . fmro. <Odg .• holding scopter lind orb, !'''''''I' IIJ 81 _,Cmma.~.AE 19, (;oni",

"'"'" C,,"JII), >!dj:" hoIJi oJ: "" ilhim. \\)0, Aulock.l'i>. I!, 1007·9. EF!F+ "" .... 7S 82 _ . _ . =Ii<oo<, '\10 2J. 1y<lo< Slli, """ AlIIocl;."i""ienti.t~!1-4 . 8' 6~ S3 LYCAONIA, !too""" C,>JI ..... ~AE 2J II,,,,",,,, "'4;:.1. \-b"Aul .. L)'C'lOO""" 4(15 , VF Xl 34 - , Pa<lais, M. AOfOIiU<;,AE n Men Iidg., "" '''. h ... Voo Aul" P<lf1ais (SNO 23).1I}.oVF,scarce 'i() &5 - , - ,ec.-r.,;;xIos, AE22. Mt" ~, bon>.tf_ """A""",U""",,,(SNG23~ 1 2,F~ 4S 85" -. - , Set<. So __ , AE If. Mol" «dg. ';00 Aulocl;. l'ami" (SKG 23). 11; >.Vf . . """ .. "" ... "" " .. ",, ... ,,"" ,, .. ,," Xl SO _, S ... 'otra, Ant Pill<, AE 26, Athe .. "<IS- Voo AuIocl;., Lycaoni<n, 1S4, r +. ,",O<C< ci!)'. 55 87 f'lSIDlA, s.gat.,sus, C"",,1I1., AE 14.B"«of),fcn.L>ne.p. 121, pi, XU. 9. VF, ,,,",,,,, .45 88-._. MacriflU<, AE2~. LW>:locmon <I<lg. SKCP..-i> lm.h.too. "_<trikc, "'""" wr/oe< ."-om,,. vct)' = JO 89-._.Gor&ln IU,AE)(), l'<mal< r.~­""'- ""I"'.>hape<l 00j<ct 00 1<l .. 1I1ar be· lor< her. VooAuiock 5184, Good f, ... in­""""jn~ . . .. ~ 90 _ . _, o.cili.>. AE 28, M&1 ,,"g, !.>Jo< p. I24 . pt.XUL I8 . F~. """"e, ..... 60 'II _._, Trct>. Oall""AE 24. Men ""t, 4. 1_. p. 12.1. pt . XUI. 21:.vF: I$OOd 1'''''''' 60 92 _. &Ig, . A",,",i""-, Piu<. I .. AE 13 Bow ... 1 e~",. VF. """" 45 93 _ , _ , Fa",,;n. II, AE t3, Comw.op;>e. Cop. 279. VI'; >'""'" roo: e"","'ing Xl 94 -. - , C. """II •. At 18. 1':;1:.00 ~Iobo:, Cop. :/82, VI'. ,I< . p-een pot .. high ",1;,1 '10 ~_,Torntm.OO..~.AE 19 K)1Jelo =«d. ""'Aul. l'isidien U, 2100, VF,Jk, gt«upat.:""""" 6'i 9t\ CILICIA. """lOW'. Joria M ........ A~21 "ode ""leI<-W. holdin~ .,.rm ~""""ning.etf.w""" 1475,F"",, ~npotino."",",rcd~""re­--=t, s.....:.. i""""'""i 45 97 _. _ . ValerionJ,AE27.l'riz<""""" withpolmtnrclo",,""""'lObIe, u,v..-o\e IS24. Fi ... ooto:-ogll 20 98-,Cory<."", Pt>ilip LAE29, ApI\rt:x~te

std¥. holding <t>If.oo~. w"",,, 8 15, Roo~ FIF+; rare )() 99_. Fto'iopolli,Ant. P;"..AE 24. Hoi< of Dime";, " "-.[,,,,,0«:1, 1.<:"'0'" 1537 Hne:<dgeclfl." ~ 11 ·2o·clock

" lOO _. l-'hif:.detptoOa.M"";"-,;",,,,AE27 leu< st<!g .. ookli~ pate'" .00 >Cept<r,

i.c>anIc, SuppI. 146. VF lind slwp, too. n"'''"iomi '''"i,~'''8o'e''''k ,\~ lfH ClUCIA. S<leoci .. d CoI)'c><lnum. OJrnrnc<lIJs.AE 20. T yck soJ~ p"n. 97~,

r~: <" i ... pal 65 102 CAPPADOCiA, Cao=rca. Gcto.AE 22, MOO .... ,,·i th foo' ~ 0:.;; yr 7. Firoe,

,- " 103 - . Ty'na. Sep!. Se",,,,,, AE n llecilleo< <t1g. I"'"'t- l'<l . kfi. F!F+ 45 104 GALATIA. 1'<:;;;"",. Get>. C ...... , AI' 19. ]{ex'""Yle ""'1pie. l'atis 26.>1. F+I F: "UY'COTe< 45 lOS CDMMAGENE. Ze,,~m., Ant, Pi us, o;mi.:J . ..... (I """. 45~J. Ali 23. 1'hreo duocfosion>t "icw of approa.:fl '" >hrioo. TV.<> ooOns. """ FNG, """ .FIG, cm\:<. rone" .. "" ... "" .... "" ... """ .. """ ... "", ~ I()(, CYKRHl:';-f1CA. C)'rr1UlS. I'hilip L AE 26. Si",,<" . '....-.p!<:. Fi .. , "'c. 10< o/1,·. liCr:o<cOCs 20 107 SELEIJCID lUNGS, Miocllu. I. AEII,M~ ........ I:J."",hotioC<fl­t..-lElepant I. BMC 40. F, .. , IiCO<C< 6j 100 _. A"bocho.o, VI. M. 20. Ampl-oor.o. L & K Ig3&.-. F./I-~ green pat 40 109 - . Ale"nd« II , AE 21 Two ~ """wir.e(\. L & K IIl.'iS: L. III 1100, FIF • .. """ .. "" .... "",, .. ,,",, . 35 I IO_ .OropatraandJ\OOoctrusVUl,AE

IS, R"d, t.:I. of~ ,..o..i seale<! 00 am­f*1ora. L& K 1861, !'+ "" ... "",, .. ,,'" 75 1 I I-,D<mcttiuo LAE 19. lid. " Ar'crDs, ,lfIoo.,,' and quiver. Hooghton 170; L III 1067:.Vflf 4, 112SElEIJUA AM) PI~:RlA. Arotioch .

M, Aurcliu:!. AE 24, p,.1. t.:I, of<mp.. ,J SC in .. ""th, BMC 342". Fin<, ",_2~

113-._,M"""",""AE IQ.sc.n-. f below,.f] within wreath, Good r, ,,,,, V""" pat 35 114 _ , _ , Se •. Alc.ur<Icr,AE 30, T)ct.:: <eaIed I. riv<.- gOO "'low. ~ '""""'- BMC 47(l. Fire __ '-. 40 115_._, Troj. Deci",-AEl2. T)do<>tdg B\IC 601- Koogh 1'+-. = __ __. 45 II~-, -. T,*,G:.f]"~AB30. I"",,,,,," sIlr\"" wk""f bar;. T)'<--I>< ~ wi~"", R"", ",;.-,. .0 •. L & K 2025. F./F 50 I 17 _ . Apamea. 2"' cern, !/C,AE (7. K<t ofTydle, rlNikc adv, I. L &. ~ Z034". F+I ,VF 4\ 118 -. -. _ , AE 21. ZeUSiEIep/lAAI t,

~MC 14, 1'+, gcwo rot M II9Sirnilar. Fine, ooly .. "" " .. "" ..... ,, JO 120 - , C.waLo. au-.c.tta.AE 21. Tyck >tdf. L & K 2056, VF, .,e, for 'er, ,,1j,..,.. -"',dm.d"""". . "". """." ",35 121 -. Laodku, EIaa"""'ius,A-£ 20, OC over _ . .v v.-ithm ~h. L & K xm ( ..... ioch). VF 40 122 _, -, - , AE 17, Bust ofT)~l>e io "",toed .!lvtroe. L& K2 100AF+ JO 12>-, Scie"'iaJ>;eria.s.p. . S<YO"",AE 11 . fu>-<oI. >Iwirr, ""'k><in8 """"<I ","" of Zeus Kosios. F/af'. IW.>ck pot :10 1::4 COEl .F.·SYRIA. Heiiopoli •. GlI lic""" AE 26, Th"" pri'~ C<<),,'" BMC JO, FNF .. .. Xl 12S TRACHONmS, ~r.ni.o.~ c..n.:.H .. AE 20. 7~", -"<lg. R"""'~ 28, Fine; ""'" , .. 60 126 1~IO~:NlcrA , A"","~ 2'" cerL Be. AE 2(). tid. ofT)rlo<Il"=Odoo ><aIcd t. 00

i!>.I!ey e",,",'ni ng Athcno. L & K 223();, 4(1

127 _ . _ , M.AUt<h""..-.:!J.. Vetus,Ws oonfrontOO. AE 21. T)TOC """'00 00 nol­<l«. flaf'.g"",n rot, ,,, ... "" .. " " " ... ,, 45 f28 -. Il<tytu>,Roo"",timco,AE II, tid, of T)dl<, rll'ych< 00 f>lIcy, F+; =c 35 129 _ , _. (,......, .. 1 .. AE 2.l. Rour-ool.

"n1pIeofA<WIC, wt<>iscro-v.:ocd b)' NiL:. L& K 126.I .Good flOC ."",, .. ,," ... ,,' 65 lJO-.- , Gallic"",-" d I.,AE26. """"" <tdS __ beside her, N;1:c on coiurm, B),fC Y:P. F. laVF .. "" .. "" ... "" " .. ",, ... ,, '" W IJI _. R)'hIo<, eoo,moo"", AE 2l w. I'I1oM on ".r" hok);"i ""I. L & [( :>28(1. F • . ""nor die fl ... , on rev.: """"" W 1 32-,~~ l"cent. IlC.AE 19.Hd. cl~bk.~, L&K2303". F+ , . ~S 13}-,Si<I<>l,Tho~,AE2J C><lmu<~. 00 prow, W. , __ ,. orm ",«00«1; yr, ill, L & K 2329. F!F+ .. ..60 134-. T)-re, p"""" ti""""AE21 f\oJ. of ).Jeiqort·llcroJ<ksQub;'-' I_-hne Iej;er<I; y,.nL&K236 l v.F.,<legantt.:l. 6.'i 13SSAMARlA Ne.>polis. F"",,,,,, ft,AB 27 T)""" >tdg. Roocnbe'8"l20, FID<: fc< thisissuc. .40 136-,-.~cmkd. "A -- ~Se>-, Alex'OOcr (Ho..-. (,66), (pe,lo,p'" • ",I/on"""", o",.-.:;.-i",," of "" unpopo1:r cmpccc<\ AE22. Me G"",lim, VO: co.l;. F: int=sti"i. Xl f37 _ ._ ,i"li>.M ..... AE II\. T)d>e<*lg R=51\:af'nc.; """ ~ 13g JUDEA, A",.lon, AE 14. II<.!. " T;doeIHKC (~222=1 I)WAD) 0= war pHe)'. Ro...70.Good fioc 35 IJ9-. -,Scv, Ab""",,",AE 16. Node Kyhele >tdg., OOkIing f10lL Ko«. 121. RoogltflOC,,,,",,,, . 50 140 ARAHIA, 1"""- I;hgab>.l".. AE 18. I'Io",in, """ne. L & K 2548, F, .. .. ,,' 25 141 M~:SOI'OTAMIA, &ie, ... &1". Srn:rus, AE 18, Bust of King Abgar VII, wcoriog high tiaD, hok);nt scepler. L& K 257Ov. Roo~ 1-' )I) 142 _ , _, Mocri ""~ AE 16. Bu", of T)-clrc. r, L& K~74", F~.ll'W' pot. 4~ !4}_. _.~IU. _I., wjd,,"idd.

"10 24, II,,,,, "' K;ngAbg ... '.Il'I-IC I~. Good r",c.""""" "" ..... "" ... "" ... ,,"" ~ 144 ~:GVPT I_m)' I. AI: 2l. Hd. of Alex..-.hthc Gno.lt we;ot;n, c.".,..' "'in cap' 1;"gIe. W'"8'~. h 40 14j l£UG ITANlA, Carthage. c 2((1 Be. A£ 15. Hd. ofThni~ ",-nOatIKd "ill> grain ~~ , __ palmtrc< behind. VFIF

.. " ". "" " .. "" ... "" " .""" •• ,,,, .... ,,",, . :;1)

ENDO)<'SALE

November 2000 23

K Y /.. -ikenes. We pro­pose the following classifica­tion:

The obverse of a silver trihemiobol from Thasos (on the left) is shown with the obverse of an efectrum stater from Kyzikos. (Thasos trihemiobol courtesy of CNG, Inc. (Auction 53, lot 271), and the stater photo courtesy of Dmitry Markov Coins & Med­als. Both photos are enlarged).

Group A: (Fritze's Group I with tunny fish on ob­verse as a main de­sign), is­sued by the trea­sury of Kyzikos and for the

is granulated, which is not the case with the other groups. The coins of Group IV, when found in a larger hoard contain­ing previous issues, are always in sub­stantially higher grade than the coins from Groups II and III , usually a sign of a substantial time gap between those is­sues. That leads us to believe that the coins from Group IV were issued dur­ing the Second Athenian Confederation, 378-338 Be.

Therefore, we see it possible to cor­rect the classification and d,lt ing of the

24 The Gelator

needs of Kyzikos itself. Group B: (Fri tze 's Group I with

topical designs as well as Groups II and III) issued on behalf of the First Athenian (Delian) Confederation cir­ca 477-404 BC, using th e contribu ­tions col lected from the allies of the umon.

Group C: (Fri tze 's Group IV) is­sued on behalf of the Second Athenian Confederation circa 378-338 Be, us­ing the contributions collected from the all ies of the union.

In Group C there is a type, which is common and comprises large por­tions of the hoards, with a male por­trait as its design. The discovery of the tomb of Philip II of Macedon brought to light some artifacts with a definite portrait of Philip II. Not surprising to us , these ponraits turned out to be the same as the male portrait on the Kyz­ikenes. After Phil ip's defeat of Boeo­tia and Athens in 338 BC, a new Greek League was formed and ratified by 337 Be. It is most likely that the Kyzikenes with Philip 's portrait were minted as the contribu tion from Macedon to the League, however the coins for other states issued during that time are in­distinguishable from those of the Sec­ond Athenian League.

The issue of the Kyzikenes was not long and it concluded Kyzikos' part in the coinage of the leagues. In conse­quent times, Kyzikenes were replaced in trade by the gold staters of Mace­don. Du ring the entire issue of e lec­trum Kyzikenes, their appearance and technology remained the same and preserved an archaic standard for two hundred years, while the coinage for local needs consisted of si lver and bronze and changed in compliance with the standards of (he day.

The obverse of an electrum stater from Kyzikos depicting Philip /I of Macedon. (Photo courtesy of Omitry Markov Goins & Medals. Photo is en­larged).

It is important to note that the pre­cedent of issue for a union of states was established prior to the issue of Kyzikenes. In 499 BC during the Ion­ian Revolt, electrum staters were is­sued for the members of the revolt, supposedly in Mi1eIOS.

Tn conclusion, the above-stated hy­pothesis can not be viewed as an ab-

ANTIQUA INC

ANNOUNCES

CATALOGUE IX FEATURING

THE COLLECTION OF DR. MILTON V. ANASTOS (PRIVATE CALIFORNIA COLLECTION II)

SUPERB ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS OF THE HIGHEST QUALITY ANTIQUITIES FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Following the huge success of Catalogue VJJJ (Private Cal ifornia Collection 0, Catalogue IX will feature the stunning coins from the private collection of Dr. Milton V. Anastos, concentrating on superb ancien t Greek coins oflhe lines! quality and historical Roman coins of the Constantinian and Chri stian era. An interesting selection of Antiquit ies from the Eastern Med iterranean will feature items from Mesopotamia to the Holy Land and Byzantium , with a large collection of reli gious artifacts available in time for the Holiday Season .

AVAILABLE IN NOVEMBER 2000 Complimentary catalogue sent upon request

ANTIQUA INC

20969 Ventura Blvd., Suite #1 1, Woodland Hil ls, CA 9 1364 USA Te le. 8 18-887-00 11, Fax 8 18-887-0069, E-Mail - AllIiquainc@aoi .com, Web Address: Antiquainc_com

Kenneth W. Dorney Classical Numismatist

Ancient coins and antiquities on the web at:

www.coolcoins.com • Online Auctions

• Continuous Online Buy or Bid Sale • High Quality Color Photos

• Easy Navigation • Instant and Secure Online Ordering

With Your Credit Card P.O. Box 493362

Redding, CA 96049-3362

530-222-8207 dorney@aol. com

November 2000 25

solute admonition of undispu ted truth. Much more research is need~ ed on the topic , but th is hypothesis suggests a new direction and a new system; the exploitation of which may lead to the broadening of OUf

spectrum of knowledge of this per~ haps most interesting period of Greek history.

Copyright © 2000 by Yuri Pokras

About the aUlhor-A native of Kiev, Yuri Pokras began collecting coins in 1973 when he was 12-years old. Since 1982 he has concentrat­ed his interest on ancient co ins. His specialty i s ancient Greek gold, which at the moment numbers over ISO pieces, 51 of which are staters of Kyzikos . He is the Vice -president of the Ukra inian association "Re­li kvia" (Relics), an affiliate of the Nationa l Academy of Science of Ukraine. He has published other ar­ticles that regularly appear in Ukrai­nian pe r io dica ls , which cover a range of subjects on ancien t and modern numismatics . The above ar­ticle, his first for The Ce!aror, was translated by Chicago-area numis­matist and dealer, Alexander Sasok .

26 The Celator

Educational Forum Scheduled for the New York International

Lancaster, PA- lhe New York Interna­tional Numismatic Convention (NYINC) has announced its educational forum for Satur­day, December 9th, 2000 at the Marriott World Trade Center during their 29th annual convention. All scheduled meetings and pro­grams will be held on the 3rd floor of the Marriott. The schedule is as follows: 10 AM-3 PM-Young Numismatists Program by Larry Gentile & John Wilson 1 PM-Russian NumismatK: Society Speaker:To be announced (TBA) 2 PM-Societe Amerk:aine pour l'Etude de la Numismatique Fran<;aise (SAENF) Speaker: Richard Margolis on "Collecting the Coins, Essays, and Tokens of the French Revolution and Napoleon for nearly Half a Century" 3 PM-Society for Ancient Numismatics (SAN) Speaker: Dr. Lawrence A. Adams 4 PM-Classical & Medieval Numismatic Society (CMNS) Speaker: Dr. William E. Metcalf on "Rome & Asia Minor in the 2"" and 3'" Centuries AD" 5 PM-Oriental Numismatic Society (ONS) Speaker: Dr. Michael L. Bates, Curator of

Islamic Coins for the American Numismatic Society (ANS) 6 PM-ANS Standing Committee on Islamic Coins Meeting 6:30 PM-ANS Standing Committee on Cen­tral & South Asian Coins Meeting 7 PM-ANS Standing Committee on East Asian Coins Meeting

A special American Numismatic Society exhibit will be on view on the bourse floor. The exhibit is tilled: 'Power, Worth & Image; Imrtalion in Ancient and Medieval Coinage"

Forfurther information on the NYINC edu­cational forum, please contact Kerry K. Wetterstrom al (717) 291-9870 (Tel./Fax) or by e-mail atKerry@Celator.com. For general information on the NYINC, please contact Kevin Foley at: P.O. Box 370650, Mitwaukee, WI 53237, TeL (414) 421-3484 or Fax: (414) 423-0343. For more details on the conven­tion ilooH, please see their ad OIl page 13 of this issue.

ANS'ONSArab-Byzantine Forum VI Slated For November 18'"

New York-The sixth forum on the Arab­Byzantine coinage of Bilad ai-Sham in the seventh and eighth centuries CE will take place at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. on Saturday, November 18"', 2000 at 10 AM. The forum is being hosted by Dumbarton Oaks, and is co-sponsored by the American Numismatic Society and the Oriental Numismatic Society. Coffee and doughnuts will be served from 9:30 AM.

The Forum is a casual venue for all inter­ested people to present research and dis­cuss issues relating to all aspects of the coin­age of the period. Special interest this year is being paid to Byzantine influences on Bilad aI-Sham, with discussions on archaeologi­cal and historical aspects of interest to nu­mismatists. Those wishing to present a short (ten-to-fifteen-minute) paper relating to Arab­Byzantine coinage or its influences should contact the Forum Coordinator as soon as possible.

There will also be presentation and dis­cussion of new material by Forum partiCi­pants. Lunch will be provided for participants. A smail donation to offset the cost of the F0-rum will be requested: ANS Members-$30; Non-members-$35; Students-$20

Foradditional information, please contact: FOJ1Jm Coordinator-Charlie Karukstis; Tel. 909-576-8809; E-mail: charlie@charliek.com

Forum Chairperson-Michael Bates, Cu­rator of Islamic Coins;Tel. 212-234-3130, ext. 222; E-mail: bates@amnumsoc.org

Interpreting Celtic River

Findings

by Dr. Calista Fischer

Archeological ite ms found in rivers have a lways inspired people to wonder about the original intent and purpose for these items being deposited there. Re­cently, an interpretation of prehistoric Celtic river findings from Greal Britain has been presented by Chris Rudd in Ih is magazine (The CefalOr, Vol. 14, No.6, June 2000). The author focused on Celtic iron ingots found in rivers in Oreal Britain and interpreted them as sacrifices to the Ri ver Gods.

II is this writer's opinion thallhe pre­sented interpretation orlhe river findings is oversimplified and the complexity of the river findings and the Celtic sacrificial practice is neglected. The following ar­tiele seeks \0 provide a better understand­ing of river findings and aspects of Cel tic sacrificial practices. It JXIints out in which manner the two categories are correlated and where the pre...cntcd interpretation by

Rudd falls short. Furthennorc, it wi ll be made clear why Great Brilain is nol the ideal place for studying the reli­gious behavior of the prehistoric Celts.

Great Britain- not lin ideal case study for prehistoric Celtic tim e. ..

In archeology, a trustworthy inter­pretation has to be based on findings from well-documented excavations. Unfortunately, the archeological record of prehistoric Great Britain for the first Millenniulll Be is very scarce. Only a few well-documented archeological excavations exist for this period. Most of the known objects of the time be­tween 450 Be and 15 Be are from so­called isolated and undocumented fi nd­mgs.

Great Britain admittedly has a rich wri tten record that also treats aspects of the Celtic religion. This is the rea­son why studies dealing with Celtic religion are often based on records from there. However, il is often forgot­ten that the written documents arc com­paratively recent, and in most of the cases heavily influenced by the Romans and later by Vikings and the Christian reli­gion. The record is fascinating and in-

Figure 1-A Celtic noble on his horse. In the background if can be seen how Belgian art­ist Benoit Cfarys pictures a human sacrifice to the God of War on the bridge of La Time, Switzertand, around 250 BG. The captured weapons on display are clearly visible (after MOiler 1999, courtesy of SGUF).

spiring, but oflcn corrupted with these imer influences. From a scientific point of view, it is a dubious source of information on Celtic religious practices prior to the Ro­man Conquest. ...

Please visit us at our Web site to see our offerings of higher-quality ancient coins (Including new listings of Greek bronze

coins) and antiquities (Including a selection of ancient Roman glass):

www.olympusnumismatics.com

Olympus Numismatics P.O. Box 4541

Crofton. MD 21114-4541 (410) 766·1660

custserv@olympusnumismatics.com

November 2000 27

One may argue that the Romans never conquered cenain pans of Great Britain and therefore no such influence could have distoned the Ce hic religion in these areas. But in

------ ..

interpretation of Celtic sacrifi cial prac­tices and their correlation with the river findings.

for archeology to identify and analyze several Celtic temples thoroughly. The analysis was based on excavations in France. The temples arc characterized

by the specific nature of the sacrifices car-

____ ried out and by thei r this case we must con­sider the Celtic migra­tion. As is known today, there were seve ral waves of Celts immi ­grating to Great Britain . But little is known of the people seuled there at the time when Ihe Celt ic tribes first arrived. It is quite clear that the local popu lat ion ou tnu m­bered the immigrants. It is also clear that the Celtic reli gion of Great Britain was influenced by the re ligion of the local populations. The wri tten documents men­tioned above therefore also reflect concepts of their relig ious be liefs. Fu rth ermo re, Great Britain is on the very pe­riphery o f the Ce lt ic world. The religion of

__ / architecture. The sac­rifices often consist of several hundreds of weapons and other war related gear. Among the weapons present are swords, scabba rds, spears, shields and some­times helm ets and other gear that is as­sociated with war such as two-wheeled chario ts and ho rse harnesses. Bones of sacrificed animals and humans are a lso present. Funhermore, in the items sacri­fi ced, me n's o rn a­ments can be identi­fied, but no jewel ry re lated to wo men

Figure 2~ The distribution of iron ingots in Wes tern Europe during Celtic times. Triangles stand for sword-shaped, rhombs for rhomboid-shaped iron ingots. The ingots of Great Britain are mainly of the first type (after Kurz 1995).

the prehistoric Celts and their material cuhure cannot be understood without considering the heartland of the Cel ts, the place where the migrating Celtic tribes first originated, Central Europe.

To cons ider the heartland of the Celtic cu lture offers more advantages. Contrary to Great Britain, the archeo­logical record of Centra l Europe dur­ing Celt ic times (450 BC- 15 BC) is very rich. Information gained from the study of well-documented archeologi­cal excavations is readily avai lable. Recent excavations of Ce lti c sanctu­aries in France and of Celtic harbors in France and Swi tzerland are of great importance for the understanding and

Cellic Temples and sacrifice practices

Before launching into the interpre­tation of river fi ndings and dealing wit h the question of whether they are sacri­fices, it is imperative to have a look at archeological situations where the sac­rificial character is certain. Sacrifices are easiest to identify when they were carried out in a clearly designated area with constructive elements around. A look at well excavated Celtic temples and the nature of the sacrificed objects provides the necessary awareness for analyzing the river findings.

In recent years, it has been possible

Largest Stock of Ancient Coins in the World!

Coins in quantities include: Greek, Roman, & Byzantine bronze & silver

Dealer inquiries only. Educational Coin Company

28 The Celator

P.O. Box 892. Highland. NY 12528 Phone, (973) 728-8650 Fa" (973) 728-0204

such as nec kl aces, glass ann rings and special types of belts are present in these temples. Iron in­gots sometimes figure among the sacri ­ficed objects.

Julius Caesar, who fought the Celtic tribes in France between 58 and 51 BC, gives us some information about the God to whom such sacrifices was dedi ­cated: " When they, (the Gauls) have decided to fight a battle. it is to Mars that they usually dedicate the spoils they hope to win; and iJthey are successful. they sacrifice the captured animals and colleci all the rest of spoils in one place. Among many oflhe tribes it is possible to see pi/e.r of these objects on com'e­cra/ed ground."

The objects found in the temples rep­resent the booty made in battles. The recovered weapons of the defeated en­emies served as trophies and were dedi­cated to the God of WaI as described by Julius Caesar. The captured prisoners of war and the animals of the enemies were dedicated to the same God. The Celtic tradi tion to sacrifice humans is men­tioned by the Sicilian Diodor who lived in the first century BC: Quoted here, "They. (the Celts) dedicate prisoners of a war to the Gods. Some of them also kill the captured cattle together with the humans or burn them, or kill them in some other cruel way". (Oiodor 5, 32.6)

Continued on page 34

DMITRY MARKOV Coins & Medals Mail-Bid Auction # 9

A Sale with NO buyer's fee

Closing December 14-15, 2000

Important Greek, Roman and Medieval coins Coins will be on view at the following shows:

Bay State Coin Show, November 16-19,2000, Boston, MA New York International Numismatic Convention, December 7-10, 2000, table # 88

Quality full y illustrated catalogs were mailed out to our active customers. If you are not already currently on our mailing list please, send $15.00 (refundable with any purchase) for the sales catalog.

(J O;:~";;~it::~~~: ~:i:W:S::::;:et. P.O. Box 950

New York, N.Y. 10272 Ph.: 718/332-4248 Fax: 718/332-8676

www.russian-coins.net e-mail: markov@banet.net

November 2000 29

THE FINEST COINS 0] AVAILABLE FROM SPINK T

NEW YORK A Select Offering of Byzantine Gold

Justin J and Justinian J (April4-August 1, 527 AD), AU Solidus (4.47 gms), Constantinople Mint, Officina T, scaled Emperors facing , rev., Victory L (Sear 117), double struck, extremely fine and fGre $4500

Philippicus, Bardancs (November 4, 71 I-June 3, 713), AU Solidus (4.48 gms), Constantinople Mint, Officina Z, facing bust of the Emperor, rev., Cross on steps (DO I), wavy jlan , as struck, good extremely fine $2800

Anastasius II, Artemius (June 3, 7I 3-Summer 715), AU Solidus (4.3 gms), Constantinople Mint, Officina I , facing bust oflhe Emperor, rev_, Cross on steps (DO 2),jlatly struck on the {ower bust, lustrous as struck

$2800

Theodosius III of Adramytium (Summer 715-24 July

SPINK FOUNOE:O 1666

COI"S " "" ""OTE S M ~ ""LS ST " .... S

55 East 59'" Street, 15,h Floor

New York, N ew York 10022 U,S.A . TEL: + 12124863660 FAX: + 12129809825

E_mail: spinknewyork@spiubndsQQ,cQ!U

Web Site: wwwspjnk online com

30 The Gelator

71 7),AU Sol idus (4.35 gms), Constantinople Mint, Of­ficinaA, facing bust of the Emperor, rev., Cross on steps (DO 1), as struck with a wonderful realistic portrait, very rare $8000

Leo III , "The Isaurian" (717-741), AU Solidus (4.44 gm~) , Constantinople Mint, Officina S, Letter C fo llow­ing, facing bust of the Emperor, rev .. Cross on steps (DO 2), silky lustrous surfaces. as struck $2500

Theophilus (829-842), AU Solidus (4.33 gms), Constantinople Mint, facing bust of the Emperor, rev., Michael II and Constantine busts facing (Scar 1653), extremely fine $750

2x

Thoophilus (829-842), AU Tremissis (0.99 gms), Syra­cuse Mint, 831 -842, facing bust of the Emperor on each side (BN 13), as struck, extremely fine $500

Basil II, Bulgaroktonos (976- 1025), AU Histamenon Nomisma (4.43 gms), facing bust of Christ with two crescents within nimbus, rev., Basilli and Constantine Vill facing with pellet on shaft oflong cross (Sear 1800-rare variant, BMC 1213), a choice specimen on a large jlan, with three magmficent portraits, as struck, ex­tremely fine $ 1150

THE ANCIENT WORLD -IROUGHOUT THE WORLD

LONDON

SICILY. LEONTlNOI (ca. 430 -425 B.C.), AR Tetradrachm (17.37 gms). Laureate head of Apollo right, his hai r a mass of curls behind; on left, laurcl-lcafand beny. Rev. LEONTINO!. Lion's head right with open jaws, framed by three grains of barley and a large fish . Boston 282; Boehringer, Studies in Memory of Marlin Price 62 obvl66 rev. VFlgood VF $2000

SICILY. SELINOS (ca. 440 B.C.), AR Tetradrachm (17.29 gms). Slow quadriga driven left by Artemis be· side whom Apollo stands, firing a bow. Rev, LEAINOt. Young river-god Sclinos standing left, holding a branch and sacrificing from phialc over an altar, in front of which is a cock; behind hull on pedestal and selinon leaf. Rizzo pl. XXX!, 9 obv/JO rev. VF $2250

SICILY. SYRACUSE (ca. 410 B.C.), AR Tetradraehm (17.30 gms), signed by Eumenos. Charioteer driving fast quadriga left, with Nike flying right to crown him; be­low is EY and in ex., fish. Rev. EYPA KOETON. Head of Arethusa left, her hair rolled, framed by fou r dol­phins; behind head is EY. Tudeer 33 (J 1117); BMC 146. Egg-shaped jlan. About VFIgood VF $3300

THRACO-MACEDONIAN TRIBES. THE

BISALTAI (ca. 480 B.C.), AR Oktodrachm (28.48 gms). Bridled horse right, behind which stands young male, wearing petasos and holding two spears. Rev. Quadripart ite ineuse square. Cf Svoronos pl. XII, 2. Note the charming archaic feature whereby the legs of the man are in admnce of his body. Good metal. Al­most EF

KINGDOM OF SYRIA. TRYPHON (l42-138 B.c.), AR Tetradraehm( 16.70 gms),Anlioch. Diademed head of Tryphon right. Rev. BAEIAEOI: TPY$ON OI: A YTOKPATOPOI:. Spiked Macedonian helmet with ibex hom, the bowl decorated wi th an cagle in a circle, the cheek guards decorated with a thunderbol t; on left, monogram; the whole within oak-wreath. SMA 262. A superb piece, well centred on a large jlan. Rare. EF

$6000

SASANIAN DYNASTY. VARHRAN II (A.D. 276-293), Gold Dinar (7.40 gms). Draped bust of Varhran right, weari ng his personalised winged headdress sur­mounted by a korymbos (a silk ball , often adorned with jewels); Pahlevi legend. Rev. Zoroastrian fire -altar be­tween two regal attendants facing away from flame whieh divides two symbols. Giibl III; De Morgan, pl. XLIX, 10. Toned. Rare. EF $6000

SPINK FOU ND ED 1666

co rN S BANKNOTE S MECAI.S STA MP S

6'J Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, London,WClB 4ET

Unite-d Kingdom Tel: +44 {O)20 7563 4000 fax : + 44 {Ol20 7563 4060

E-mail: info@spinkand,on.cotll Web-Site: www.spink-onlinc.com

November 2000 31

New Israel Numismatic Jou rnal 13 Published Honoring Dr. Arie Kindler

The Israel Numismatic Society has pub­lished the Studies in Honor of An"e Kindler: Israel Numismatic Journal, 13, in honor of the 80th birthday of Dr. Arie Kindler, first di­rector althe Kadman Numismatic Museum, a part of the Haaretz Museum complex in Tel Aviv.

Kindler, born in Berlin in 1920, "saw his nonnal youth cornelo an abrupt end in 1933, when his father, witnessing the burning of books by Nazi mobs, realized that the burn­ing of people alive was bound to follow. The family arrived in Tel Aviv in July 1933,· writes Hebrew University Professor of Archaeology Dan Barag in his introductory tribute. Barag is aJsothe ediloro! the INJ. A Kindler bibiiog­raphy compiled for this volume lists 178 ar­ticles, monographs, and books by Kindler.

INJ 13 contains 20 important artides on

ancient numismatics related to Israel, includ-

ing 'The Coinage of Yehud and the

Ptolemies" by Dan Barag; 'Coins of Roman Governors Issued by Nysa-Scythopolis in the Late Republican Period," by Rachel Barkay; "A Countermark of the Legio Quinta Scytica from the Jewish War," by Dan Barag and Shraga Qedar; ''The Chronology of a Late

Ptolemaic Bronze Coin-Type from Cyprus," by Haim Gitler and Alia Kushnir-Stein; "Four Nev.r Jewish Lead Coins or Tokens," by David Hendin; "Two New Coin Types of Antipatris,' by Ya'akov Meshorer, and "Crusader Coins from Caesarea Maritima" by D.M. Metcalf

and L. Holland.

Studies in Honor of Arie Kindler: INJ 13 has durable card covers and 200 pages, of which 20 are photographic plates. The vol­ume can be ordered in the U.S. from Am­phora, P.O. Box 80S, Nyack, NY 10960.The

price is $50 postpaid.

l'lrofiles in jF!umismatics

Peter Oluf Br0ndsted 1780-1842

Peter Oluf Br¢ndsted was born in 1780 in Jutland . He travelled extensively, especially in Greece, where he spent most of the years of 180910 1813. A contemporary of Lord Byron, Br0ndsled was an ardent philhellenisl who look Ihe side of Ihe

Greeks against Turkish rule. He was charmed by Greece and its classical re­mains, and he amassed a considerable amount of material for a great work on the archaeology of Greece, including a number of coins. Restless by narnre, Br¢ndsted resided in Rome as a Danish Royal Agent from 1819 10 1823, also acting as a commissionary for the Royal Coin Cabinet. During the fol!owing years until 1832 he lived mostly in London and Paris where he acquired many valuable contacts and gained an international reputation as an archaeologist. Br0ndsted was the first scholar to draw attention to the famous Athenian dekadrachms of the 5th century BC, a specimen ofwhicb was then in the {Xlssession of Lord Strangford. He published two volumes of his Voyages et Recherches dans fa Grece in 1826 and 1830, which contained many illustrations of ancient coins, including rare specimens from his own collection. He was appointed Director of the Danish Royal Coin Cabinet in 1832, and held this post until his death.

This feature is provided courtesy of George Freder ick Kolbe Fine Numismatic Books, Crestline, CA 92325

32 The Gelator

Dr. Arie Kindler

Missouri Numismatic Society Reprints Lovette's Biblical Related Coins

The Missowi Numismatic Society has established anAncient Coin Prognun that is free to all members. Whcn a member signs up for the progmm, they are given a bronze coin and a pre-printed guide on how to re­search the coin. The participant may consult a member who has agreed to volunteer to help guide the beginner.

A major asset is the extensive numismatic library thai the society ha~ placed on long tenn loan with the SI. Louis County Library so that it can be used by anyone who has an interest. Thesociety in conjunction with The World Coin Club in SI. Louis then spends severnl thousand dollars per year purchas­ing additional material for the library.

Mr. Jim Lovette, has given the MNS the rights to his book Biblical Related Coins and the society has had the book reprinted. The author has generously al­lowed us to put all of the proceeds above the actual cost to a special education fund that can only be used for educational pur­{Xlses.

The book retails for $25.00 (plus $2.50 shipping and handling) from MNS, P. O. Box 41 0652, St. Louis, MO. 63 141-0652.

Ponterio & Associates, Inc. Schedule Auction No. 110 for November 7 th

, 2000 San Diego, CA- Ponterio & Associ­

ates , Inc. announces its forthcoming auction No. 110, a Mail Sid Sale includ­ing Foreign Paper Money and Ancient Coins. This auction 01 598 lois closes Tuesday, November 7th, 2000.

There are 42 lois of Ancient Gold inc luding a Syracuse Drachm of Agathokles, Macedon ian State rs of Philip II and Alexander III , Staters of Mithradates VI of Ponlcs. an Aureus of Maximinus II from Antioch, ca. 31 0/31" a Tremissis 01 Anthemius, a T iberius II Constantine Solidus of Carthage, a Vis igolh ic imita t ive Soli d us of Valentinian II I and Tremessi of Ll uva (Tole do), Recc esvinth (Toledo) and Egica with Wiltiza (Emerita) .

There afe 193 lots of Greek coins wi th Danubian Celt ic Tet rad rachms, Taras Staters and Didrachms, a Stater and Hall-Slater 01 Metapontion, and Sicily has a Leontini Tetradrachm, a Selinos Didrachm and a Siculo-Punlc Tet ra drachm . Macedon has an Aka nthos Tetradrachm and Tetradrachms 01 Philip 1" Alexander II I (Mesembria, Rh odos) & Perseus. Thrace features a Maronei a Stater, the Thrac ian Isl and of Thasos has 3 State rs and 5 other pieces, Athens has 3 "old style" Tetradrachms, and Aigina has 3 dilferent Staters. Lampsakos has a "female Janus· Drachm, Kolophon has 2 ~Iyre" Drachms, Caria has a Stater 0 1 Hidrieus and Didrachm 01 Pixodaros, Lydia has several pieces from the Time of Kroisos and Lycia has several early Dynast pieces and a Puna Stater. Cilicia has 3 State rs of Nagidos, Tyre has 3 Shekels and 2 Half·Shek­el s, Judaea has a "Bar Kochba" Dena rius, t here are 2 Characene Tetradrachms of Attambelos I, Parthia includes Tetradrachms of Mithradates II, Golza res II and Volgases I, and Bak tri a has Tet radrachm s of Antimachos I and Eukratides (3), etc.

The Roman Republic section has 24 lots including an anonymous Didrachm and Denarii of L. Lucretius Trio, Julius Caesar (3), L. Mussidius Longus. Sextus Pompey and Mark Antony (Le­gions XVIII Lybicae & III).

The Roman Empire section com­prises 69 lots featuring a Cistophorus of Augustus from Ephesus and Denarii of Augustus (Capricorn, soldiers pre-

A gold aureus of Maximinus II, 309·313 AD, from the Antioch mint. Lot 284 in Ponterio Sale No. tID, Ghoice Extremely Fine, estimated at $7,()()(}-9,OOO

senting wreath), Antonia and Claudius (Pax), a Nero C laud ius Drusus

Please turn to page 39 ....

A silver tetradrachm from Akanthos in Macedon, circa 484·424 BG. Lot 356 in Ponterio Sale No. 11 0, Ex­tremely Fine, estimated at $3, 000· 4,000

~c ~lbc ((uriozitic ~boppc (a div. of RCCA Lid.) located at

111 South Orange Avenue· South Orange, NJ 07079

A complete collectors gallery selling: U. S., ancient, & foreign coins, U.S. & fore ign stamps, paper money, tokens & medals, Classical Antiquities of Greece, Rome, Egypt, & Judaea, Pre-Columbian, American Indian, African, & Ethnographic objects

& artifacts, along with historical and popular autographs & manuscript material, RevoiutiOllQry War & earlier Americana.

BUYING & SELLING - FREE APPRAISALS "You'd be amazed at what we will buy & how much we will pay"

Prop.: Dr. Arnold R. Saslow Associate Director : Erik Gold

Phone (973) 762-1588· Fax (973) 761-8406

Email: yocs@prodigy.net

Gallery hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 - 6:00 Visa, MasterCard & American Express Accepted

------ Gift Certificates Isstled --- - --

November 2000 33

Fischer Coot. from page 2S

Unfortunately, the name of the Celtic War God may be lost forever as Juli us Caesar wrote for a Ro man audience and only gave us the name of the Roman God of Wur-Mars.

In these te mples the weapo ns, the sacrificed humuns and parts of the sac­ri fi ced animals, especiall y their heads, had been put o n exhibi t ei ther on spe­cially erected poles or on walls. Peri­odically the exhib its were re moved and dumped into a ditch within the temple to make room for new spoils. In most cases, the weapo ns, especially the swords and scabbards, were ri tually de­stroyed prior to being dumped into the d itch.

Sacrificed objects in riverbeds

Celtic bridges were exca­vated and docume nted. Un­derneath and on the sides o f (he bridges, a great number of archeological items were fo und. As in the described Celtic temples, the material orig inating from these two bri dges is war related and exclusively from the world of men. Beside the ri tuall y destroyed swords and scab­bards, spears, shields. two­whee led war chariots a nd ha rness for horses a re present. Re ma ins of human bodies and animal bones are also present among the find­i ng s.

Careful an alysis o f the o bject s found und erneath these brid ges proves th at

Figure 3-lmitations of gold staters of King Philip fI of Macedon (359-336 BC), such as the coin shown here, mark the beginning of Celtic coin­age. Philip's gold sla lers with the head of the Greek god Apollo on the obverse and the biga on the reverse were copied throughout Cenlral Europe. As claimed by the ancient writer Diodor of Sicily (Book 16, 94, 3), King Philip /I had been murdered with a Celtic dagger (from the collec­tion of www.moneymuseum .com) . Photo en­larged.

Most of the objects orig inating fro m riverbeds were just dragged out of the river during construction work. The context of these fi ndings remains un­known and a scientific interpretat ion is d iffi cu lt.

Fortunately, among these undocu­mented fiver fi ndings there e xi st some nlre exceptions. In Sw itzerl and , two

they had been exposed to the weather and the troph ies had been put on exhibit jus t l ike in the a lready descri bed temples. In the material found under­neath these two bridges every single el­ement of the sacrifices of temples on firm land is present and the sacrifi cial practice is identical.

Gi ven all these facts, the findings from these two Swiss sites must be in-

www.numismaticliterature.com Ancient alld medieval books. catalogs and periodicals have been selling very briskJy on our site and as a consequence we really need to obtain books both for tbe website list and to satisfy our customer's wants. Titles needed immediately. on consignment or for outright purcbase, include:

(Tbese are only a few of our needs; many other titles wanted)

Alm ldi: Festival of Isis ... IVth Century Allen : BMC Cellic. volumes 1-111 Besley+8 Iand: Cunelio Treasure Brett: Greek. Coins., Boston Museum, 19:5 :5 Crawford: Roman Republican Coinage, 1974 Forrer: WebCT Greek (original or reprinl) Gallatin : Syracusan Dekadrachms .... 1930 Geissen: Alex. Kaisermilnzen ... K6In, S vols G6bl: Sasanian Numismatics (English ed.) Grose: McClean Greek (original or reprint) Holioway+Jenkins: Terilla

Howgego: Greek Imperial Countennarks Jenkins: The COinage orGela Kent+Hirmer: Roman Coins Kraay+Hirmer: Greek. Coins May: Ainus. lIS History & Coinage: Newell: Alex. Coinage of Sidon & Ake: Robenson: Hunter Roman (:5 vols, any of) Sellwood and Shan: on Parthian SNG's: ANS 1-2. Ashmolean, Berry, Fitz­william, Lloyd, Locket. Ml.lnchen 1-2 Youroukova: ... Ancient Thracians. 1976

Jobn F. Bergman Numismatic Literature PO Do.!: 1187 1 Lakewood, CA 90714 1 USA 1 Fax: 562-421-2208 Tel: 562-421-0171 (10AM-8PM, 7 days) Vuit byappoiotment

E-mail: jobo@numi~maticliterature.com

Our 'paper' list is available for $5, refundable with fi rst order

34 The Celator

terpreted as sacri fices to the God of War. The two bridges have to be labeled as a Iype of Celtic temple dedicated to the God o f War. In the sacrifi cial practice, the river itself plays a minor role. It serves us a dumping spot of the removed exhibits,just as the ditches in the temples on firm ground. As for the ditches, no­body wo uld regard the fin al depositing of the removed weapons as "a sacrifice to a ditch" . Logically, the same is true when it comes to the fi nal dumping of the trophies and the executed prisoners from the bridges imo the river. In both cases, the trophies had been dedicated to the God of War and exhibited as such. The ite ms found in the riverbed repre­sent no sacrifices to the river, but sim­ply the removed objects from the exhibit.

Rivers as means of transportation

As pointed out, it is the combination and presence o f various elements and traits, which allows us to identify the removed remains from te mples located on bridges a mo ng the ri ver fi ndings. Clearl y, a si ngle isolated Ce ltic object fou nd in a ri ver or a lake is no indica­tion fo r the prese nce of a temp le. But, ne verthe less, as a science , archeology has to come up with plausible, unbiased, expl anations for these objects, even if by being less fantastic, they may be con­sidered less att ractive.

As the rece ntly excavated Celtic h:lr­bors in Switzerla nd and France have made clear: not only big streams, but also small rivers were widely used for transportation during Celtic times. tn these harbors, the loading and the un­load ing of the boat's freight took place. Just like today, this was always a risky moment because the rocking of the boats

and rafts was unpredictable and cargo could be lost quite easily in a moment of inattention. Heavy metal items are hard to recover because they quickly sink into the muddy ground of the har­bors and are difficult to detect. Even today, the grounds of the harbors are covered with lost items and it requires scuba divers to recover them. It is also relevant that the Celts, being described by the Roman and Greek historians as very superstitious, may we ll have re­garded the losing of freight as a bad omen and have been reluctant to recover it.

The crossing of rivers, with or with­out the help of a ferryboat, is another risky task and opponunity to lose freight. Such accidents had surely taken place in Celtic times and arc another possible source for the not so mysteri­ous category of river fi ndings.

During the time we are talking about, iron ingots were of high value and traded over considerable distances . It is of no surprise that they figure among the find­ings from riverbeds. Of the iron ingots fou nd in the riverbeds, there is ev idence that they had been transported in boxes or were at least stacked together, whereas the sacrificed iron ingots found in the temples were never stac ked or boxed.

A fe w remarks on the use of iron ingots

The article by Rudd, which led to the writing of this one, was based on the in­terpretation of iron ingots. A few addi­tional remarks on iron ingots and the ir use seem justified. It is also necessary to correct a few mistakes and false in­format ion on Celtic ironwork that were presented there.

Contrary to what might be believed after reading the article on iron currency bars, iron ingots are most commonly found in hoards (large accumulations of findings in a limited a rea) on firm grou nd (Fig. 2). In most cases, these hoards were found during farming or construction work and much critical in­formation is lacking. Fortunately, recent excavations prove that hoards of iron ingots existed within settlements and have to be seen with a blacksmith's ac­tiv ity. Hoards containing iron ingots occur along known transportation routes since they are heavy and unnecessary carrying was avoided.

Celtic iron ingots come in various shapes and types. The most frequent type being the one where the ingot has a rhomboid form. There the center of the body of the ingot is thicker having two

pointed endings. This form is particu­larly handy for transporting and stack­ing . There also exist other forms such as the sword-shaped iron ingots . Much more work had been invested in the fab­rication of these ingots than in the pre­vious ones. Contrary to what might commonly be believed, it was not pos­sible to melt metallic iron before the 19th Century. Before this time, the only way to work iron was through forging. Forg­ing iron is a complex process, heavily depending on the quaiity of the iron re­sulting from the smelting process of the iron ores.

The hardness, which always resu lts in britt leness, and the flexibili ty of iron, depend on the amount of carbon in the metal. Celtic blacksmiths were capable of welding together layers of iron dif­fering in their amount of carbon and hence producing an item with such con­tradictory qualities as hardness and flex­ibili ty at the same time. Thi s technique is of special importance for the produc­ing of weapons such as swords. By forg­ing the ingots into a sword-shaped form, the blacksmith proves to the future buyer of the ingot that the iron used can in fac t be forged and therefore is of the high quali ty necessary for producing weap­ons.

The author of the here quoted art icle points out correctly that the often-used term "currency bars" for iron ingots is misleading. For people not familiar with Celtic prehistory, the term "currency bar" may somehow incorrectly imply that the iron ingots were a substitute for money and that a real coinage did not exist. Celtic coinage actually goes as far back as the 4th Century BC and has to be seen with the Celts serving as mer­cenaries for var ious Mediterranean kings and tyrants and the Celtic migra­tion. At the beginn ing, Celtic coins were minted in gold on ly (Fig. 3). From the 2nd Century on, smaller denominations in sil ver and potin (an aHoy of copper and lead) were minted in the Celtic oppida (cities), constituting a system of currency and being contemporary to the discussed iron ingots (Fig. 4).

Conclusions

Among river fi ndings, two catego­ries of archeologica l rema ins can he safe ly iden t ified. There are items dumped into the river originating from temples located on bridges. The tem ples on the bridges were dedicated to the God of War. The identification of this cat­egory is based on the combination of

NUMISMATIC LITERATURE Mail Buy Or Bid Sale

(Closes December 1, 20(0)

This month featuring Medieval -Bateson. J .• CoiMge [nScOliMd .... .... .... .. .. ... ... . Ii S4Q

[jattenrerg, c.. Die Swnmlwtgdcr Sieg<'I.I"le~1 in K~"'ner Mu<"um HS3~ &"ITT\Wl. A.. Papal Coins (Middk Ages to DJle) .. H S«l --. Papal!y·umismalic !lisl,,!)· H $29.5(1 Brooke. G.c.. English Coins From 1M Sewmh Cm!ury W 1M Pre,~m Day. . II $30 Brunk. G., WOrld Cou"fermarirs Of! Medieval.{ Modern COOlS ... ... ... .... .. .... ...... ... .... .... ......... ... ... .... ... ...... H$45 Calico, EX.. FllJru",s DeArogon .. .. .. ..... .. ... 1I S20 Cas tano CJCaY"'l. c., LLl.' MO""'im lli.'fIlmo Mu.<ulm""", Y Cri.\tia",,(711_) HS<l5 Dc M<.-y. J .• European Crow" Si,ed Coins .{ Mull.)'I~s. Gen"",,} (1488-1:199 AD). 331 Pr. Nearly 1M Crowns illuS/l"atcd ... ... ... ..... ... ... .. ... .. .... ... H $55 Duplcssy. J .. 1£, M""""i~. frwlfaiJes lWywej (981· 1793) 2 vols .. 2nd cditioo ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ........... .. ....... .. H S 115 Elias. £.. 1heA"8~IiJ: Coins. Henryll-HeJlJ)· VI ( 1154· 14:13AD) HS4S Frie<lI,:nOCrg. D. M~i"'"(lIJ"",ish Seals ...... ... ... .. H $65 Frey. "!he Dated EurtJpelJ11 Coim8e Prior 10 1501. 3m reo vised editioo (new) ..... .... .. .... ... ... ..... .. ... ... .. .... .. 11$60 GriO"'lrl. p. Coim vfMedieval Europe .... .. ..... ... . H $75 Gn.rson & Blackbum. Mt'ilieval EuroPf M ComaI!<', If>/. I IEMlyMlddl,Age., 5· IOth Cenl.) .. ... ... ... ..... H $205 --. MEe. J.bL J. Pt.4 (1Ial,: South lUll): Sid/): & Sardinia)

.... .. .... ...... .......... ... ..... : .... ... ... ... ... .... ............ .. H $205 Hu"",. L. Miin*Jl(J.loS U"S(Jrn 11(X)()Af).1979) H $75 Krusy. Il. '*8ensfN1¥>e1 AufMiinun,u, SfX1tmillcwllers. 442 Pr. 19 pI"tes (Count""""-fks 00 Co;", ofLa1. Moii· eval Period, mostly Gennan) H $75 Lambros. Medkml CoilOS of Ki"8dom ojC}prn< . H $35 lholka. J .. Medie."llIm(::'''''lel S $ 12 Lllotk" &Anderson. Mtt/levallbe/1m' Coinag~$ .. S $15 Malloy. CoillS ojthe CmstUlerSlale. !& Iilluej! . H $.85 - - . Medieval Coins i" n", Christi"" Thomsen Coi/Rclioo

... .... .... ... .... .. ...... .... ... ... .... ...... ...... ....... ........... H $79 MCl.;lllf. OM . Coin"8eojSoulilroslern Ewvp< (820·1396 AD! .. . .. .. ... .. ..... .. ............. . . . .. .. ... . H145 --. Thrrm""-, & Sec"rtes m IheAshnwka>, M«Seum. Ox· ford. 1.f>I. ! .... .... .. .... ... ....... .......... ... ... ... ... ... ....... II $60 - _._1.f>I.1I.. . .. .... ..... .. 11 $60 --. - Iflill/ ..... ... ... ...... .... .... ... ...... ... ...... ......... H$loo - - . Coim'ke oflhe Cmwe" and Ihe /JJlin t4JI in lhe AshmtJiffin Mus""" H $ 105 Mitchi,.." . M .• The Mu/"plc Dirhc"" of MedWvalAfshani· )/(J/l • . •• .. • .•..• • . . . . • ..•.. ••.• .. • . •• .• • . • .. • .. • . . • . . • . . • . •• . • • . •• . • .. S $35 - - . k wm. Med"I"" & Tok<'m· (Vol. I) MedieVllI .{ Nurembe>g .. ... ... ... ... ... ....... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ... ... ... .. II $ 145 --, - (lift. II~ The L?w Cowlln·e., & Franc~ H $ Ll.~ __ , _ (If"'. Ill). (,""",1 Hriwin H ,~ 1 35

- - . Medina! Pil8 rim & &cuklr Badges .. ..... .. .... Il $60 North. J. Enxli,h !/mnmen;d CoilUl8fi; If>! 1 (6S0 AI)· 1172AD! H S70 - - , - 1M. /I (1172 AD· /M] AO) .. ... ... ... .... ... ... ... H $60 NO<th & l"mlun·MCJrky. 1he John Brookn Co/I. of Coil" lljCll(lrles I .. ....... .. ... ..... ........ .... ... ... ....... ... ... ... .. H 143 Pegge, Coin',Ij''''' Archhi$llOfI.' ofCante""'!)' S $20 1'roI>;t &. Ungebcur. Pr(/i.:<-CmaJogue IIImtredes M~s /.wxmlxmrgeoises (1(J26· 1998! .. ... ... ... .... ... ... ...... S $30 RhodesJGaIbrissdvVaklettaro. The Coinage'!/Nepal/576· 19IIAf)) .. ........ .. .. .. .................... .. .. . H $95 Roberts, J.N., Th~ Sir."i'r Coin< ,!/Mt'ilkml Fmnc~ (476· 161OAf)) H S95 RO&:VCatC. The BriliJh 1r~",~'): an l/i.wricQI Tmumem fmm1t)S6AD(400W) HS30 Seaby. Standard Catalog of Coins of England-2f)')1 ed (,)Cw) H S32 Spink & Son. L~L . Dwuve Col/ec'ioll ofSconish Coin; (AlIC1ioo Catalog) .. . . . .. S S20 Woc.:il..".J & Liddell. The Herberl Sd"",/dcrCoIl. ofEn· 81im Gold Coild !fen!)· 11/10 £h"d>elh I. 1257. 1603!o1J)

. . . .. ... .. ... ... ... .. ....... ............. .. ........ ... ...... ... H $IIO

ADO S5 00 rn'\.l title. $1.50 ClI<h additional title for pos1-age. NY res;.xnt,addsab lax. LislSu,·";I(Ihk:: US!Canao:::ta. fun:ign. 0<" Ar.o:;i, .. ntIMcdieval $1 . .50 each fCJr pos1ag •. All three @ $3.00 . Special Reques1s Honored . (H=l larOCovered : SoSoftco,'ered: OO~I-{)f·prinl).

SANFORD J. DURST I I Clinton Avenue

Rockville Center, NY, 11570 USA Phone (5 16) 766-4444; Fax (516) 766-4520

E-mail: SanfordJDurst@aol.com

November 2000 35

Nov. 2-3

Nov. 4

Nov. 4

Nov. 10-11

Nov. 12

Nov. 15

Nov. 17-19

Nov. 20-21

Nov. 22-24

Dec. 2

Dec. 5-6

Dec. 5-6

Dec. 7

Dec. 7-10

2001

Jan. 4-7

Feb. 22-25

March 5-6

Coming Events .... Numismatica AfS Classica AG, Auctions 19 & 20, Zurich

London Coin Fair, Cumberland Hotel

Northern California Educational Symposium, Berkeley

Astarte SA Auction 6, Lugana

Malter & Co. Inc., Auction 77, Los Angeles

Spink & Son Ltd. , London, Ancients

Bay State Coin Show, Boston, Radisson Hotel

Numismatik Lanz Auction, Leo Benz Part If, Munich

Gerhard Hirsch Nachf. Auction, Munich

Jean Elsen S.A., Auction 64, Brussels

Triton ,V, New York City

Stack's NYINC Auction, New York City

The New York Sale, Auction III, NYINC

NYINC, World Trade Center, New York

46th Annual FUN Show, Orlando, Florida

Long Beach Coin & Collectible Expo

Gorny & Masch Auctions 107-109, Munich

LONG BEACH COIN & COLLECTlBLE EX PO

February 22-25, 2001 Come join our fine group of

ANCIENT & FOREIGN COIN DEALERS

Auctions by Heritage Numismatic Auctions and Ponterio & Associates

Dealer Set-up Wednesday, February 21st, 2:00-6:30pm

Over 400 Booths of Ancient and Foreign Coins, U.S. Coins, Paper Money, Stamps, Sports Cards,

Phone Cards, Jewelry & Collectibles ...

36 The Gelator

and 2,000 dealers.

Contact Us For Show & Bourse Information: 1103 State St., Santa Barbara, CA 9310 I

(805) 962-9939 • r" (805) 963-0827 email: Ibexpo@gte.net

web-site: www.longbeachshow.com

Ronald J. Gillio-General Chairman

several clements , such as the presence of exclusively war related gear origi­nating from the world of the men, ritu­ally destroyed weapons and sacrifices of humans and animals. The usually large quantity of objects proves the repetitive character of the sacrifices carried out in the temples. The sec­ond category of river findings consists of objects from harbors and river pas­sages where they were lost during the loading and unloading of cargo.

Isolated or undocumented s in gle findings from riverbeds cannot be in­terpreted safely. Nothing is gained if the archeological evidence is stressed beyond scientific standards only to make it fit into some wishful explana­tory pattern.

Concerning the sacred nature of rivers during Celtic Limes: As we have seen, river fi ndings are often incorrectly interpreted as sacrifices to the rivers. The aspect of receiv­ing sacrifices the n se rves the authors to postulate the saned nature of th e rive r itself. After what has been demonstrated here, it is clear that the Celtic river findings do not prove the sacred nature of rivers since they have neve r been ded icated to the river in the first place. It is of inter­est that in the written record before the Roman Conquest of Gaul, there is no indication that the Celts ever wors hipped r ivers. After what has been said, it is obvious that the pos­sible sacred nature of rivers during Ce ltic times remains yet to be proven. Such proof would need to be established independently from the phenomenon of the river findings .

Ahout the author-Dr. Calista Fischer works for www.moneymuseum.com a virtual museum featuring coins from an­tiquity to modern times-and is a visit­ing scholar at the Department ofAnthro­pology of the University of Arizona. She studied at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, where she received her Ph.D. degree in Archeology_

References Jean-Louis Brunaux: Les reli­

gions gauloises. Rituels celtiques de fa Gaufe independante (Paris 1996).

Calista Fischer: Sacrifice 10 the River Gods-a Celtic Sacrifice Prac­tice Revised (forthcoming) ._

Gilbert Kaenel, Anne-Francine Auberson: " Un coin monctaire celtique au Mont Yuilly (canton de Fribourg)." Archeologie Suisse 19, 1996,3,pp.I06-111.

Figure 4a

Ki ng, Soffe 1994 - A, King: G. Soffe, "Recherche s recen les SlIr les temples romuno-c c!t iqu cs de Grande -Bretagne. L'cxernple de H ayling I s land." In : Le s sanc/uaires de tradition indigene en Gallle ro maine. A c tes du colloque d'Argenloll!a814S (Pari s 1994), pp. 33-48.

Gabri e le Kurz: Keltiuhe Ho rt- und Gewiisse rf llnde in Milteleuropa. Deponierungen lier Latellezei/ (S luu gart 1995).

Felix Mil ll er: " Kult und O pfe rpHi tze ." I n : SPM I V Eisell1.eit ( Basel 1999), pp. 272-280 .

Acknowledgme",s-The author wa nl s to thank the Sc hwciz ­erische Ge sell schafl fUr Ur- und Fruhgcschi chlc for the usc of the drawing by Benoit C larys. Spe ­cia l thank s go to Richard Troy Thorpe for proofread in g th is m anuscript and importan t sug­gest ions and to Prof. L eo Milden­berg for hi s interest.

!!i1 I

c

Figure 4a+b-One of the approximately 20 known dies for striking Celtic coins in Cen· tral Europe. The die was made for the ob· verse of silver deniers depicting Roms with a helmet and was found near the Celtic oppidum of Mont Vully, Switzerland. The die is dated to the end of the second! beginning of the first century. The en­graved die consists of bronze, the rest of forged iron. Its actual size is ca. I inch (after Kaenel et Auberson 1996).

Antiquities Specialist John Ristow Opens New Gallery in Marin County

Kentfield, CA-Antiquities dealer John Ristow recently announced the gGrand Opening" of a truly unique new galery at 937 Sir Francis Drake Blvd., Kentfield, Marin County, Calilorrja 94904.

John has enjoyed positive re<::oglition in local, national and international circles for <Ner adecade. Hiseclecticexhbtscontinue to stand out at finer antique shows from FI. Mason to Santa Fe. Areas of focus include Ancient Greek, Roman , Egyptian, and Middle Eastern art, coins and artifacts, as well as authentic primitive and tribal art from virtually all over the world. Log onto WWW".ristow.com for a peek at the kinds of treasures you'll find, or call 415-459-203S.

Locally, John has spoken on ancient art belore the Rotary, Commonwealth Club, and American Association of University Women and has held adult education workshops on the subject.

While John's client list includes several museums and many serious collectors, the new gallery will cater to the casual buyer and beginning collector as well as the ad­vanced. Located a half block from the Col· lege of Marin, the Gallery is just minutes from the Golden Gate or Richmond/San Rafael bridges, Pt. Reyes National Sea· shore and the Wine country. Hours; Mon· day through Saturday 11 :30 • 6:00, eve· nings by appOintment.

Numismatic Literature

Prices Reduced Due 10 1hc =1 drop of 1M nlue of m. Pound ,',1hc Dollar. we ~ able 10 .... dotte OUr pritt on all in pint tit les ""bli>Jocd in london.

G reek. Roman, 8 yzantine

Batesoo.c.....,.lt, /limit ' VII. Ry:tJntint ....... $80.00 C¥t3dice-Pri"", CoirlllS" in C",d I4mM .... ..... 3~.00 Clain_Stcfanelli: Roman R~fH'bIiran Coi1t(J8~ ... 17.50 V_barr"" Oah IA1~ Homan ........................... 90.00 D><rnbarrmr Oab I (491-«J2J .•..•..•. 130.00 Vwtrbarrmr 0aJ:s 2 (602.717). 2 "OIL .. 160.00 /Jumba",,,, Dab J (717.1081). 2 vol'.. . .... 21000 I)",n/Krrr"" Dab -I (/001·/ 261). 2 ,vi, . ....... 240.00 I)umbalfotl Oak.< 5 (1258· /451 ). 2 vol •.. ... ..... 210.00 HarlIn : HOIMn H~""bli~an M()fj~y"" .. ...... ... .. "40.00 Jcn~ini; ilnclmr Creff. Coins ... ...... ...... ... ....... ... 6.5 .00 l<.>fbcr: ilmphlpoli5. Th~ Ch'le Coil1Og~ ........... 50.00 Pe nn ; M~dicine 01> C"d &: RO""'N Coilll ... .. '"40.00 Re«e: Id~nfifying RomLln Coins 20.00 H""wn !ml'uia! Coinage I. Augff·Vitelliu , .. .. 120.00 HOI'''''' !m[Vria! CO"'Jil8~ 2. Vu pn·Hot/rian ..... 70.00 ROIt"'" l"'l'ulo/ Coinag. 3. Anr Pius·Comm .... 70.00 Haman Im!",rial C"in{Jg~4. Pertru·Uran. . . 110.00 Romatl/"'f!eri~1 C()in"flr 5. V~lm·Am"mlu$ . . 200.00 R/)Itl/m ImPfria/ Coinagr 6. Dioc/n ·MlUmus .. .. 80.00 R<Jmim Iml¥rial Coinage 7. COIllI/U·/.kinU5 ... 80.00 R",,,,m Im~rial Coinage8. Cmma>llill~ ... ... .. 150.00 Hi/miln Iml",.ia/ Coinage 9. W.ltn · n.~IxJ,. 60.00 Hom,m Imf"yiol Co;"ag~ IQ Divided Emp;FI'. 160.00 Romo" Im""ri,,1 Coinag~ 1· IOrom[>l<' •...... .. 97~.00 R()ItI(1n P"",inei~1 Coillllg~ I. 2 vol •......... ... "'400.00 RI)m(JII Provine;,,1 ClJlfIIIgc /I 27~.00 R()ItI(1n Prodnewl CoifI(J8~. I" Supplement ...... 3~.00 Ruucr. Gm. Coins ofStMh Italy anJ Sirily ... 40.00 Sear. 8r..JJnlin~ Coins and lli/ ..... ............ ........ 80.00 Sear. Gmt Coins & llil"", I IOu""", .............. 50.00 5oar. Gmt Coins & IOl/""s 2 . ...... io & ,0./&0 ... 50.00 Scar: Cruk I~nal Coins and llil ..... ............ 75.00 Scar. R_ Coins &: lli/...,s New Edition ...... 7~.00 $e.aby: RMlIJn Si/,vr J r~nin<U·rt<pi~nlLf ........ 37.50 Scaby: RQma" Sil,""y 4 Coni II/·Prmrmws ....... 37.50 Sear. Rnman Silwr ~ Ca",U5;ILf·Rom""S ........ 37.50 Sear. Roman I~rown -/9·21BC .................... 80.00 St'G Israel: Hmlgklan SfHUr S~/"""id ........... 135.00

Medieval and Modern

lJalo$: COins ,,/,/rLiI.))"uhid. $40.00 Doty: Th~ So/w Mint .. ... . .. ..................... . W.OO r"Orl"Cr: HioKmphkal DicrimJilry. 8 vol •.... ... .. . 4.50.00 Grierson: Coi". 0/ Medi"",,1 EurtJ/'" 65.00 Gricr>on· Ul ac kbum : Mrdje,."ll. 5-/0 C~nI . " 195.00 Gricr>oo ·Tnwiani: Medirval i5./lalyO) ...... 185.W Melt.lf: Coins o/S. E. E~rof'" 820· /396 . .... ... 3.S.00 Mitcnincr: JelOns I, Middle Age., . JVunmbrg .. 121.00 Mitchincr; JClOns 2. Franc~. Low Coumrin .. 125.00 Mitch in~r: J~IOIl' 3. Bri/ish Isl~s . ................. 1)~.OO Mitch i""" Ori~nwl I. Worldojl.,·lam 225 .00 Mitchi""" Oriml,,12. Ancient '" C/"$Skal .. " 300.00 Mitchi"". : Oriema/ J. N","/s/amic .. .... ... ... ... . 12H.) Mitchi""" Coillagr ofSoulh~m Illdia Part I .... \10.00 Mitchi""" (."oi1,ag~ ofSourh~m Illdia Pan 2 ... 90.00 Mitchi""" Coillag~ ofBanglede,h .. ............ ..... 90.00 Milchi""" Coinag~ O/Soklh Em/Asia ...... .. ... .. 90.00 Mitchil>l.T. Illdian Tok",s. AMiens · PFI"MI . .... 90.00 Munroe· l lay: Ahumjl~ ClJlfIIIgc .................... . ~~ .OO Spink (Scaby): OH,., of EnglanJ. 2001 ........... 30.00

All books are new. an: 1M Ia!C$I editions. and "'" in . lock. Un~ noted ("").311 are hardbound. Out-of·pim titles are OOIro (op). PJcasc add S35() for domestic shipping for the first lille and SI.OO for each additional. For ror~ign orrkrs. pay"""" must be in U.s. doll .... d"""n on * U.S . balI k. Shipp;ng is available aI cost.

Charles Davis P.O. Box 547

Wenham, Mass'" 0 1984 Tel : (978) 468 2933 Fu, (918) 468 1893

Numi, lil@aoi .com O,'Po!!w ... w .• .,.I:o<:ooI;. •• o .... ""'Q"""n"mi,m ..

CoWoj.",," oftt.e $ 1 M;Il.", ('lwnP<' r.;",";,.,,,,,,, lib.",:. Mom"" ,;"'. l%ijo EAC 142 ANA 60027

November 2000 37

The Professional Numismatists Guild, Inc. has stoOdjOf KNOWLEDGE, INTEGRITY & RESPONSIBILITY since 1955. The PNG membership list includes dealers from all around the world. A directory of PNG members is available free by conraclin&'

Robert Brueggeman, PNG Executive Direct{'lf, 3950 Concordia Lane, Fallbrook, CA 92028 Tel. (760) 728-1300 Fax (760) 728~8507 e~:li !: ir:fo@pngdealers.com

~

-I'~'''~~ .. ,-"~I·'''· ;::::;

P.N.G. www.pngdealers.com

BOSTON ... The Ancient and Foreign Coin Mecca of The Northeast!

SemiMAnnual BAY STATE COIN SHOW

November 17- 18-19,2000

Special Ancient & Foreign Section

Chairman: Ed Alca Box 400, Winchester, MA 01890

78 1-729-9677

Over 35 yea rs .. . "New England's Largest

Coin Show/!! " Bourse space $J95 and up

Show Held At: Radisson Hotel

200 Stuart Street Room resenatioru;;: 617-482-1800

,.' ,~:~::~> Find That Rarity or Forgery!

COLLECTORS ANO PROFESSIONALS WORLD· WIDE USE AND RECOMMEND THIS FINE INSTRUMENT

The MP-413 + MP-513 NUMISMATIC STEREO MICROSCOPES ... are the ideal too ls lor seMous collectors and dealers to use ... when examining specia l leatures. grading. evaluating damage or repa irs and delermining Authenticity - OiS(':O\fflr that Rarity or Forgery. -These l ull-sized, durable, profess ional instruments provide true 3-0 and quality dual li\lhting. perl9(:t lor viewing your cO ins in their true colors . -The scopes are 35mm SLR Camera adaptable, so thaI you can now Photo· document precisely what you own, buy or sell. Deluxe Mod!tl.Mf:1L1 tax & 30x or tax & 40~ (Retail Value $525) Your Net Price $290

-Adjustable diopter correction on one eyepiece. -Adiustable interpupillary distance. now with quick locus.

_45" Inclined binocutar head lor comfortable viewing .

-Easy magnification change wi th rotating objectives,

-Dual illumination (top and bottom) bu ilt in for both transmitted and incident lighting, now positional>le top light.

I'IM MP-513 Model...

Liltest peluxe Model MP-513 lax & 30x or tax & 40x (Retail Value $625) (Net Pric6lndudes shipping.' ""~.~~''' .'' Your net price $340 !oK, HI, CellBd,a and overseas shipping willlNJ invoiced, )

.. .features a new advanced lighting system with variable quartz halogen down light and up light, controlled by dual rheostats. as used by professional grading services. Previously available only on our expensive Zoom Scopes.

IlISCQVfR. VISA. MASTERCARJ) & AMERICAN EX PRESS ACCEPTED

38 The Gelator

Post Office Box 15134. Portland. OR 97293 USA Phone: (503) 234-1262

E-mail : artofmollcy@uswest.nct

Distributed by Ma", BettingfJr

QPrIONAJ.. EQVIPM£NT, • ,5X ond 2()X Hf.I'1IlCI[S o S106 1* poll' · lSnVnC ......... ~tlAPTER <t $ali (Spocl1)o camora make ond

"""""SlR ocI)o)

Davissons Ltd. Auction 14 Cata­log Now Available

Cold Spring, MN- Exceptional. un­usual and important coins, tokens, med­als, out-ol-print relerences and rare books are offered by Davissons Ltd., Cold Spring, Minnesota, in a sale closing November 15th , 101 lots of gold coinage include su­

perb examples of a Babylon Mint stater of Alexander the Great and a Julius Caesar aureus. Also. a major collection of British hammered and milled gold that includes the finest Edward II I noble (essentially l us­

trous Uncirculated) ever seen by the cata­loger, and a prooll ike W ill iam III "fine work"

5 guineas with a spectacular sculptural strike highlight the sale.

84 G reek lots incl ude a gorgeous Ta ren tine d idrachm (Vlasto 955) , tetradrachms of Katane and Gela in Sic­

ily, Maroneia in Thrace, Athens, Herakleia ad latmon, and staters from Thasos, Sikyon, Samos, l ycia, Kelenderis, and Soloi-all selected for style and condition-­are just a few of the more important coins offered .

112 Roman lots include two choice ex­

amples of Mamilia 6 (Ulysses greeted by Argos) and an attractive, rare Mussidia 7. A collection that included many rare but wom rarities at affordable prices is complemented by choice, high-grade and rare p ieces. (Sc ipio, Cnaeus Pompey and Sextus

Pompey, Julius Caesar. Brutus, Cassius, Mark Antony, l epidus, livia, Agrippa, TIberius, Drusus, Caligula, Claudius, Nero C laudius Drusus, Antonia, Nero. Galba, Otho, Vitelli us, Titus, NeNa, Pertinax, Didius Ju lianus, C lod ius Alb inus, Balbinus,

Pupienus. Carausius, Julian II, and many more difficult issues are included),An attrac­

tive group of late Roman siliquae is followed by a Byzantine offering that includes many difficult silver issues.

The medieval British section includes in Extremely Fine condition such rarities as

Beomwulf (North 620; ex Norweb, distinc­

tive envelope included, estimated al$6000). Aethelred I, Alfred the Great, Edward the Martyr, and Harold II are highlights in the Ang lo -Saxon sect ion . The Normans . Plantagenets, houses of lancaster and York. and T uclor and Stuart reigns are all well-rep­resented, and run into the Commonwealth and milled coinage, and coins of medieval Scotland and lreland_

The catalog is fully illustrated. For a free copy, contact Allan and Mamie Davisson, Davissons ltd., Cold Spring, MN 56320.

Telephone (320) 685-3835; Fax (320) 685-8636; or by e-mail: daycoin@aol.com.

Ponterio Cont. from page 33

Sestertius, an As of Ga lba (Aequitas), Denarii of Otho (Securitas), Viteliius (Concordia) and Vespasian (Judaea Capta). Domitian has an Apollo/Raven Semis, Trajan a 101 /102 Concordia As, Hadrian an Hispania As, Pertinax a Laetit ia Denarius, Macrinus a Jupiter Denarius and Diadumenian has 2 dif­ferent emperor and standards Denarii. Balbinus has a Liberalitas Denarius, Constans a Si liqua of Trier, Procopi us an ,lE3 (Procopius right with "CONSA"

Berman Acquires Numismatic Division of Allic Books, Ltd.

Fairfield, CT-Allen G. Berman Publica­tions is pleased to announce the acquisition of the complete run of all publications of Allic Books LtdlNumismatic Division currently in print. This is a natural evolution considering the long relationship between the author and coin dealer Allen G. Berman, and Attic Books, which has published a number of his works. Attic Books, Ltd. wi ll continue operations, which have recently focused on production of books in other special ized fields, rather than numismatic publishing and distribution. Bennan will be bringing back into print a num­ber of formerly out-of-print titles currently in demand.

"I think that Allen is the right person to keep the ball rolling," said Alex G. Malloy, president of Attic Books Ltd., "and I feel that these titles will be in good hands." The body of literature available on medieval coins has greatly expanded in the last two decades. This is in part due to the efforts of Attic Books, Ltd. Berman commented, "I believe in the importance of these books, and am excited by the opportunity of maintaining many of them in print, as well as the possibility of ex­panding their circulation into new markets." Many of the books now to be published by Berman deal with medieval and ancient nu­mismatics and are unique in the market.

An expanded discount schedule for deal­ers and wider availability for collectors are both planned for the fall season. Another innovation isan internet site featuring detailed descriptions of most of these titles, accom­panied by full color cover illustrations. This book page can be found as the first link on www.bermania.com. Readers not on the intemet may obtain the same information by writing directly to the publisher: Allen G. Berman, POB 605, Fairfield, CT 06430. Dealers and distributors are invited to send for a wholesale list of these titles by faxing (845) 434-6079 on their letterhead, or by e­mail at books@bermania.COm.

in exergue) and there is a Lib ius Severus Half-Siliqua of Rome. The sale concludes with 4 Byzantine lots includ­ing an IE Tetarteron of Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus and a Vandal AR 500 Nummi of Gunthamund.

Catalogs for this sale may be obtained from Ponterio & Associates, Inc. at 1818 Robinson Avenue, San Diego, CA 92103 for $20 per copy. For more information, call (619) 299-0400, (800) 854-2888, or Fax (619) 299-6952. You may visit us and view our catalog with fu ll color illustrations at www.ponlerio.com. and for the fi rst time

bids may be placed by E-mail in one of our auctions.

YOU CAN HELP US save time and money

by renewing early

The Celator p.o. Box 839

Lancaster, PA 17608 TeUFax: (717) 291·9870

E-mail: Kerry@celator.com

www.oldromancoins.com

Classical Cash

Enlarged 1.5x

AUCTION 14 EXCEPTIONAL CLASSIC MATERIAL

Ancient Greek, Roman & Byzantine coins A major collection of British medieval gold and silver

Important books and references

320-685-3835 -

November 15, 2000 Ask for your free copy.

CJJavi$sOI].S Ltd.

Cold Spring, MN 56320-1050

FAX 320-685-8636 -email: DAVCOlN@AOL.COM

November 2000 39

The Internet Connection

The Ebay Phenomena by Thorn Bray &

Kevin Barry

By now I am sure that most of you are familiar with the names, the biggies such as Ebay, Yahoo and Amazon, as wel! as the smaller auctions such a~ the ancient collec­tors own NumisArt and the late (but unla­mented) NOL. You will probably have pe­rused the oflCriogs at lc.1..~t oncc searching for the overlooked and undervalued coin. You may have bid or even been a seller on one or more of them.

But what are they really? Online rum­mage sales or valuable assets to the hobby?

All ofthcones mentioned have basically the same business model; they differ only in minor details and the look thaI they present to the public. They provide a public forum \0 bring buyers and seUers together in an expe­ditious manner. A conduit, if you will, that brings the two parties together. They are not agents per se, and do not become dirct-tly

involved with the sales process. Indeed, most of them go out of the way to stay out of the "line of lire'" between seller and bidder.

They do not provide any guarantee of authenticity (in the case of ancient coins and artifacts), that is up to the individual sellers. They do not guanmtce that a sale will becon­summated lmd problem resolution is usually problematical at bes\. At ilS worst, it is non­existent.

What they do provide is an audience in the tens, if not hundreds of thousands. And they may very well be responsible for the largc..o,;. growth in numbers of collectors that this hobby ha.<;evcrexperience.d. People who once thought that ancient coins were auto­matically cxpensi vc because of age (after all, if it is ovcr I,(XX) years old, it has to be really expensive. right?) are now fmding out that they are affordable after alL Just by brows­ing the variou s auctions . they find a Constantine commemorative online, bid and win it for $1 O. And right then they are finnly hooked. Pretty soon, they are buying the OOoks, magazine (aka The CefalOr), looking

Learn All About Collecting Ancient Coins

www.ancientcoinmarket.com New Articles Monthly

WWW.NUMISTORY.COM Qu.alltv Ancient, j1tedlelJal &. 'f\.cnaissancc Coins

Onlil1c catal0!1s l1Jith hi<)h 'lcsolu.tion colo'l irna<)es

Phil Wallick III P.O. Box 61 Simpsonville, MD 21150 Email: philw3@numistory.com Tel: 410-381-5124

40 The Celator

Andy Singe r P.O. Box 235

Greenbelt, MD 20768

Email: andy@numistory.com Tel: 301-805-7085

for dealers and expanding their knowledge as well as their collections.

Not bad for an online rummage sale? Good for the hobby and very good for deal­e».

Of course there is a downside for deal­ers. The prices realized are frequently way out of line with trnditionru valuations and may lead to unrealistic expectations in some col­lectors. Th..is is particularly true for r.rre or very popular coins. The proverbial $1 ()() Athena Ov.'ljust doesn't exist no maucr how many times you tell some collectors.

As I sit here on a quiet Saturday after­noon and browse the auctions, I find that Ehay (for example) has over 3,4(X) entries under the ancients heading. That is far more than you wi]1 fmd on any smgledeaJersi!eorcata­log. There are 16 sulxategories under the ancients heading with the smallest being 39 coins in China and a whopping l ,429 in Ro­man Imperial. And you will find not only smaU dealers or collectors sell ing ofT dupli­cates, but take a lookand you will find eNG, Harlan Berk, Pegasi (B&D and Pieces Of Timeofcoursc) among others. I have to ad­nut that I was amused to find that even the Good Doctor from the Back Page has made his fir.>t steps into online auctions. TIle big ooys have gonen the online auction habit in a big way. "They realize that the online auc­tions are not only a sales tool, but also an incredibly cheap and effective mrnketing tool for their own web sites.

Ahls, along with the dealers you will find the usual smattering of tourist fakes and grandfat.her/uncle/father left this to me and­J-havc-n(}-idca-if-it~is-rcaltype auctions. You will also find misattributed coins, overly op­timistic grading (which is sometimes known as Ebay grading) and just pla.in junk. That is the negative aspect of an unregulated auc­tion market and one that will not be resolved anytime soon. It means that you should be knowledgeable in your chosen area of col­lecting, bid wisely and seek feedback from others if you arc uncertain. lJ it looks too good to be true, it probably is. Caveat EmplOr is the phrase of the day when dealing with online aUl.:tions.

Just remember Didius Julianus and the outcome of his auction. It may not have been online, but it was an auction and the result was unfortunate for him.

The botlom line to this article is, if you are a wise collector you can find good deals at the online auctions. When you bid, bid with your head and not your ego. Which means don 't get caught up in a bid­ding frenzy just because someone else has outbid you .

In a future article on this subject we will explore the bidding process, feedback and staying safe online.

Until then, see you all online and at the auctions.

G. HIRSCH OF MUNICH ANNOUNCES

AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC AUCTION OF ANCIENT AND FOREIGN COINS

Aureus. Max imian us Herculius 286-3 10 A. D. OEM 6,000

Tetradrachm. Rhodes 408~394 B.C. DEM 8,000

Drachm. Amph ipolis 369-368 S.c. DEM 14,000

Liciniu s I AV 308-324 A. D.

AUCTION No. 212 22-24 November 2000

COlalogued and sold by

Gerhard Hirsch NachfoJger Promenadeplatz J 0 0 -80333 Munchen. Gennany Tet +49 (089) 29 2150 Fax: +49 (089) 2283675 E-mai l: coinhirsch @compuserve.com Internet: www.coinhirsch.de

r---------------, I Munzt'nh:llldiung I I Gerhard llinch Nachr. I

I Promfnadeplatz 10, 0 -80333 Munchen, Germany Enclosed please filld 530.00 ror your I

I Auction Sale Catalogue and Prices Realized (after !>ale). I I Name I I SI~1 I I ~ - ~ I L _______________ ~

November 2000 41

Coinage & History of the Roman Empire

by David L. Vagi

CLAUDIA OCTAVIA AUGUSTA , A.D. 54-62

during a tragic life. Her date of birth is unknown, but certainly was before 41, short ly a ft er which her brother Bri tanni cus was born .

FIRST WIFE (AND FIRST COUSIN­ONCE-REMOVED) OF NERO DAUGHTER OF CLAUDIUS AND VALERIA MESSALlNA

She was originally betrothed to Lu cius Jun iu s Si lanus, a nob leman descended from Augustus who was in good favor with Claudius . But Si ianus was disc redited so tha t Claudia Octavia cou ld be be trothed to Nero in 49 (for th at match had dynastic impor­tance; in that same year her father, the emperor Claudius, married his own niece Agrippina Junior, who happened 10 be the mother of her fu ture husband, Nero). Claudia Octavia and Nero were married in 53, apparently premature of the normally acceptable age of 15. But sin ce they were first-cOllsins-once-re­moved, and their parents were niece and uncle, this was just one of several dubious aspects of thei r family rela­ti ons . The families of Claudi us and Germanicus were now linked by two marriages. Nero's marriage to Claudia Octav ia was especiall y importan t, for he was al ready Claudius' adopted son, and in 5 1 was hai le d princeps

SISTER OF BRITAN NICUS STEPSISTER OF CLAUDIA ANTONIA

Claudia Octavia, A.D. 40(?)-62 . The youngest daughter of Claud iu s and his third wife, Valeria Messal in a, Claudia Octavia died young after en-

The Coinage and History of the Roman Empire by David L. Vagi

Order #360-14

A major all-new work on the Roman Empire, its rulers and ils coinage is now available from Coin World Books. Covering over 550 years of Roman coinage and history, this indispensable work conlains 284 cur­rent biographies with up-to-date val­ues in three grades and over 1,000 coin illustrations.

-Two hardbound volumes 01296 pages 0$125.00 plus shipping

oTo order, call 1-800-253-4555, or go to

www.coinworld.com

COin\\bidBooksIl!l.l Box 150, Sidney, Oh;o, 45365

42 The Gelator

iuventutis. Thus, the marriage virtually guaranteed he would be Claudius ' suc­cessor.

In the following year, 54, Nero be­came emperor after Claudius was poi­so ned. With her new hu sband being hail ed emperor, Claudia Octavia was made Augusta, a title she held until her downfall eight years later. One can only imagine how she viewed this honor­perhaps reluctantly, as she had earned it only because her father had been mur­dered. Her anguish could only have been increased when she witnessed her only brother, Britannicus, die violently fro m poison at a banquet thaI she also at­tended.

In addition to witnessing the murder of her father and brother, the young bride was treated terribly by Nero, who tried to strangle her to death several times and openly engaged in adulterous relation­ships. After five years of sour marriage, Nero became enamored of Poppaea Sabina, who then was the wife of Nero's close friend, the future emperor Otho. In 58, Nero seduced Poppaea and sent Otho to Lusitania (mod. Portugal) so that he could have her to himself.

Nero's relationship with Poppaea continued until, in 62, he determined to get rid of Claudia Octavia so he could marry Poppaea. To ach ieve thi s, he claimed Claudia Octavia was sterile (which may well have been true), and that as such she could not perform the duties required of an empress. The di ­vorce was quickly granted (in 62), and Claudia Octavia was sent to rura l Campania to live under mi litary guard.

But the ex-empress was very popu­lar among the people , and when a ru­mor of her reinstatement was sparked, Nero decided to get rid of her by invent­ing charges of adultery and treason. Claudia Octavia, then perhaps 22 years old , was ex il ed to the is lan d of Pandateria, where she was executed on June 9th of 62, after which we are told Nero's new wife, Poppaea, gloated over her severed head.

NUMISMATIC NOTE: Two catego­ries of coinage were struck for Claudia Octavia. The earliest pieces depict her as the daughter of Claudius (on which she always appears with her step-sister, Claudia Antonia) and the later pieces as the wife of Nero.

(Exce rpted from COINAGE AND HI STORY OF THE ROMAN EM ­PIRE, C. 82 B.C.- A.D. 480 by David L. Vagi. © 2000 by David L. Vagi and reprinted hy the kind permission of both the author and his publisher, Coin World, Sidney, Ohio)

G. Hirsch Nachf. to Conduct Sale No. 212 on November 22-24 In Munich

Munich- Gerhard Hi rsch Nach­falger will hold its last auction of the year on November 22-24. About 800 lots of ancient coins will be offered the first day, almost 450 of which will be Greek. Among these are 15 Celtic coins, including a stater of the Vindcli­ci in near EF condition (estimate 3000 DM).

A mint state Lysi machos stater (es­timate 4750 OM) and a drachm of Amphipo lis of marvelous style from 369-368 BC (estimate 14000 DM) will highlight the Greek mainland section. A very rare Seleukid tetradrachm of Antiochos III will be estimated at l7500 DM and from Egypt comes a gold Pentadrachm with the bust of Ptolemy [(estimate 10000 DM) .

Two issues from the time of Juliu s Caesar will highlight the Roman civil war period- an aureus of L. Minucius (estimate 3750 OM) and a portrait de­narius of Caesar (estimate 2750 OM) . The imperial Roman section wil l in ­clude a very rare au reus of Claudius and Agrippina Jr. from 41 AD (esti ­mate 6000 OM) and a near EF aureus of Nero (estimate 7500 OM). Byzan­tine coins and large lots will conclude the first day's offerings.

The balance of the auction consists of about 1475 lots; the second day be­ing for German coins and the last day for other coins, medals and decorations. For further details on the sale, see the fi rm's ad on page 41 of this issue.

Silver tetradrachm of Antiochos III, lot 402 in Hirsch Auction 212, estimated at 17,500 OM.

Chris Rudd's NO'\ImIber catalogue contains many rare Cdtic coins. including an &en gold stater VA n5. a Trefoil gold starer VA 811 ,

and an Ale Sea silver unit VA 996. Gi!:l your free copy now. Chris Rudd, PO Box 211, Aylsham, Norfolk NRlt (ilY Tel 01263 735 707. Fax 01263 731 777. [-mail: liz@celticccoins.com "'~i .. , W\\W.crlticcoins.com •. ,...

01 ChrisRudd FirSf choice choia· Cdri(

THE HANDBOOK OF ROMAN

IMPERIAL COINS: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE HISTORY, TYPES AND

VALVES OF ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE By David Van Meter

You WON'T NEED TO MEDITATE ON THIS!

With over 8,100 coin types listed, and more than 1,000 photos, Van

Meter's Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins is still the Best One-Volume Reference Catalog!

Soft-cover: $34.95 Hard-cover: $75.00

(plus $4 sh'pping)

I. .. u.'oo PubIRh'~ P.o. Box 8128, utica, NY 13505-8128

(315) 792-4747 or visit http://members.aoi.comjlaurionPub/

November 2000 43

Antiquities

The Forger and the Collector­Should I Collect Classical Jewelry?

by David Liebert

Jewelry was an important part of adorn­ment in the Greco-Roman world, even a~ it is to this day. It is not surprising then that ancient jewelry is eagerly sought after by collectors of antiquities. What might be sur­prising is the fact that so much genuine an­cient jewelry, even precious metal jewelry has sUlVived to be collected. There is hardly a sale or dealer's catalog of antiquities that goes by without some examples included.

Because of this popularity it is often the target of antiquities forgers, after all, it pays to manufacrure what can be readily sold. As an added bonus to those of low moral char­acter, ancient gold nonnaUy sUlVives in re­markably good condition thus making the job of the art forger even easier than it might be in the case of other objects. Some collectors are put off by this and are afraid to collect

jewelry at all. lbis should not be the case because ancient jewelry is in reality no more risky to collect than llilything else, provided you take the time and effort to learn as much a<; you can about it, and of COllffiC deal (IDly with those you have fOWld lO be honest and reputable dealers who fully guarantee their merchandise.

However this advice is true of all antiqui­ties collecting and should not daunt the pro­spective collector of ancient jewehy in par­ticular. Although it takes years of smdy and experience to become prolicient at detecting fakes, that is one of the things you pay an antiquities dealer for. This being said, the collector would not be wise lO pursue the hobby in blissful ignorance, relying on the expertise of others.

The subject of ancient jewelry and its manufacture, both in antiquity and today, is a vast one but it is incumbent on the collector, as well as the dealer and the scholar, 10 undertake it. Indeed it is far too

Classical Coins & Art of

the Ancient World Greek, Etruscan,

Roman, Egyptian, & Near Eastern Antiquities

We arc pleased to announce the Millennium Edition of

Jerome M. Eiscobc,S L.'>1277

Art of the Ancient World, our new 64 page catalog illustrating

167 objects in full color.

DEALERS: We will exchange our antiquities for your ancient coins!

royal-athena galleries Jerome M Eisenberg, PhD., Director Established 1942

153 East 571h St.. New York, NY 10022· Te l: (212)-355·2034 · Fax: (2[2)-688-0412 • e-mail: ancicnlart@aol.com· Visit our Website, updated monthly with our latest acquisitions:

www.royalathcna.com Royal-Athena at Seaby, 14 Old Bond Street, London WIX 3DB. England

• Tel: 0207-495-2590 · Fax: 0207-49 1- 1595

44 The Celator

complex to be adequately addressed in the scope of these articles. However, one musl start somewhere so I thought I might give a brief overview of one aspect of the many manufacturing methods used in antiquity in the hope the reader will pursue his or her studies further.

Decoration is one of the key elements in the manufacture of jewelry whether ancient or modem. It is often because of a misunderstanding of the ancient methods of decoration that the modem forger is revealed. Forexample, faceted stones were not generally used in the classical period and in the rare instances of their use, the method of faceting was different from the technique used in later times. Recently I have seen a number of pieces where ei­ther modem faceted stones were added 10

genuine rings and the like to enhance the value, or the entire piece was manufac­tured to imitate ancient examples but the forger for some rea~on forgot this detail and used faceted stones. This is only one example of how useful knowledge of an­cicnt manufacturing can be.

There were several methods of jewelry decoration available in the classical world, and they can be divided in to four general categories:

l. The addition of more metal to the object. This would cover decoration tech­niques such as granulation, filigree, and the addi tion of other ornamental elements in the same metal as the basic piece or in olher metal such as gilding.

2. The addition of other substances to a metal piece of jewelry such as stones, beads, enamel, glass inlay, and the like.

3. The removal of some of the metal in a decorative pattern. This would include carving, engraving, piercing, intagliocarv­jng, and the like.

4. The molding or modeling of the ob­ject into a decorative form. This would include the lost wax process, repousse work, or the beating of sheet metal in to a mould usually made of stone.

To detect a forgery one must be famil­iar not only with the style of ancient jew­elry but with these methods of decoration and exactly how they were used in antiq­uity, and many other technical consider­ations as well. Good luck in your further studies as in the end they will prove fasci­nating, enlightening, and useful.

Through the L ooking Glass

The technical obverse: another archaic convention

by Wayne C. Sayles

I was recently chided by a colleague that my decision to illustrate Cori nthian staters with the head of Athena as the ob­verse instead of the reverse is "'00 tacky for words and is an unacceptable insul! to [myl numismatic readers," Fortunately, this comes from a friend, my enemies would nO( have been so kind. So it goes in the world of numismatic semantics.

In A Dictionary of Ancient Greek Coins, Professor John Melville Jones tells us that the wordsobverSU$ (turned toward) and reversus (IUmed away) describe " the more and less important sides of a coin." He further explains that in Greek coinage "the obverse bears the head of a deity or ruler, or the recognized heraldic emblem of the city, while the reverse bears an ob­viously less important type ... " In other words, the "head and tail" of the coin. Let us call this explanation the art historical approach. Joncs gCX!s on to say that when in doubt it can be assumed that the ob­verse type wa.~ struck by the lower or an­vil die. Let us call this the technical ap­proach.

There nonnally is not a contradiction between these two approaches to deter­mining the obverse, since most Greek coins were struck with the predominant motif engraved into the anvil die. How­ever, there are exceptions to the nlle­aren't there always? Certain coins, nota­bly the state~ of Corinth and its colonies and some silver coins of Sicily, werc struck with the primary motif engraved into the punch die. This does not present a prob­lem when one holds the coin and turns it with admiration-as the artistry of both sides is enjoyed.

It is in the process of illustrating coins that we nm into a quandary. By conven­tion, numismatists illuSlrate the obverse of a coin 10 the left and the reverse to the right. So the art historian sees a Corinthian stater di ffere ntly than the technical numis­matist. One might ask what difference it makes whether the obverse is set to right or left? The answer is that conventions ease our ability to communicate about coins.

Fewdisciplincs aIC more deeply rooted in tradition than numismatics. We call coins of the Romaioi "Byzantine" even though it is widely acknowledged that the

term is a complete mi snomer. Why? Tradition. We catalogue Greek coins in a completely irrational and confus­ing way rather than simply by alpha­betical arrangement. Why? Because it has been the accepted convention since the 18th century- more tradition. 1llese are not issue.s of real substance, but they arc defended tcnaciously by some who value the conventions of a cenain schol· arly tradition. At the root of thi~ i~ a sort of ultra-<XJnSCIVatism that reja.1S external influence or innovation.

Taking the silver stater of Corinth as an example, it is obvious to the most ca­sual observer that the image of Athena is the "head" side of the coin, while the im­age of Pegasus is the "tai l" side. In terms of importance, Athena could never be rel­egated to a st.IN S lower thlm that of a horse, even if it were a very special horse. Why should we portray a coin of Athens with the head of Athena on the left and then portr.ly the same basic iconography at Corinth wi th the head of Athena on the right? Because a die engraver in antiquity felt that the image was struck up better if it was engraved into one die or the other? Ln real ity, it does nO( maner which image is engraved into the an· vii die. Either way, the result is a coin with twO sides, bearing two images, one of which takes precedence over the other. It is this pre­cedence of imagery whieh should in every casedilitinguish theobversc from the reverse.

Numismatists working in the field of Islamic coinage face a similar situation. Most Islamic coins do not bear images at all, but they still have an obverse and re­verse. By convention, the side of a coin bearing the Kalimah or profession of faith is always considered Ihe obverse- the predominant side of the coin-regardless

Corinth, AR stater, 350·306 BC Obv: Head of Athena - Rev: Pegasus

ofwhcther it was engraved into the anvil die or the punch die. We wou ld dowell to adopt such a practical approach in the field of classical numismatics. What is wrong with heads to the left, tails to the right? Oh, I forgot, it is too tacky for words.

We have been burdened with some ar­chaic conventions in numismatics for too long. At a time when only academicians and nobility pursued the hobby, ~ome of these conventions may have served as a mark of learning and erudition. However, the growth of ancient coin collecting as a hobby of all classes has opened new op­portunities for common sense to challenge ilT'.:ational traditions. Portmyi ng staters of Corinth with the image of Pegasus to the left docs not follow any rational scheme. Anyone who knows enough about these coins to care which side is struck from the anvi l die will alrc:ldy know the answer.

It is imponant that we have standards to guide us in presentation and in such tasks as cataloguing. But, it is not pro­ductive to slavishly ~tand by outdated [enns, centuries old logic and arcane meth­odology just for the sake of tradit ion. Even the fiddler on the roof knew that tradition is an evolving characteristic of the human experience.

ACTIVELY SEEKING COINS FROMANAZARBUS

Call or write if you have items for sale

WAYNE G. SAYLES, ANTIQUARIAN p.o. Box 9 11 , Gainesville, r.-tO (j.::;655

(4 17) 6 70-2 142 • fax (4 17) 679·2524. waynC@ancicllIcoins.<lC

visit US at http://ancientcoins.ac

November 2000 45

Coins of the Bible

Roman I40ns in AncientIsmel (Part 2)

by David Hendin

Legio X Fretensis

The Tenth Legion probably acquired its name, Frelensis, from the Fretum Siculum, the strait~ where the legion fought successfully in the Sicilian War against Sextus Pompey. From at least 6 CE, the troops of the Tenth Legion were stationed in northern Syria at Cyrrhus north of Antioch. In 18 CE at the Tenth Legion's camp, Tacitus reports on a confrontation between Germanicus and Pisa. Thereaf-

TENTH LEGION counter­mark LXF with boar and dol­phin, plus a countermark of a galley on a heavily worn bronze coin of Sebaste in Samaria struck under Domi­tian. (Hendin 802).

ter, Germanicus suddenly died, likely by being poisoned and possibly on the orders of the jealous Tibcrius. Piso was accused of the deed and took his own life in Rome rather than stand trial.

Still stationed in northern Syria, the Tenth took part in Corbulo's successful Anneniancampaign of 57-58 CE. From there, the legion was moved to Cilicia in southeastern Turkey, but was moved back to Syria in 63 CE.

The Tenth Legion, then commanded by Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of the future EmperorTrajan), formed the forces that Vespasian led to Akko and against other northern portions of ancient Israel in his campaign of66 CE.lt pmtici­pated in the sieges and capture of Tarachaeae and Gamala and advanced on Jerusalem via the Jordan River valley, tak­ing Jericho and destroying Qumran. The Tenth also made up a good part of the force that destroyed Jerusalem under Titus in 70 CEo During the siege, it was stationed on the Mount of Olives overlooking the city. 1bree years later the same unit besieged and destroyed the zea lot fortress of Masada.

The Tenth Legion soon became the offic ial , permanent un it of the Roman Province of Judaea. After the Bar Kochba War, the province was renamed Syria­Palestina and the legion wa~ garrisoned in Aelia Capitolina (fonnerly Jerusalem) while the Sixth Legion Ferrata guarded northern Israel. The Tenth remained in }crusalem unti l Diocietian, at the end of the Third Century, moved it south to the port of Eilat to help safeguard the sea ac­cess to the East from the developing power of the Am bs.

WHOLESALE TO ALL! 100 ancient coins in flips and attributed. A diverse lot including Nero, Caesar Augustus, Alexander the Great, Biblical "Widow's Mite", etc, Only $475.00 postpaid, with satisfaction guaranteed! (including Van Meter's book Collecting Roman Coins)

JLonbon (!totn ~aU£rt£5' Suite 27, Mission Viejo Mall, Mission Viejo, CA 92691

(949) 364-0990· E-mail: londoncoin@home.com Internet: www.lcgmv.com

46 The Gelator

TWELFTH LEGION countermarks LXII and XII on a 26 mm bronze coin of Antioch struck under Domitian

Some years ago, archaeologists discov· ered an extensive Tenth Legion camp at the Ramat Rachel Kibbutz on the outskirts of Jerusalem. In the early 1990's, another major Tenth Legion site, perhaps its head­quarters, was discovered during the exca­vation of a parking lot next to Jerusalem's National Auditorium. The archaeologists did their work, and today a good part of that sitc, including a portion of the Tenth Legion's factory to manufacture ceramic ti les and water conduit pipes, is preserved and on display in the downstairs section of the National Auditorium.

Insign ia~ of the Tenth Legion were the boar, the galley, the dolphin, and Neptune as well as various abbreviations of its name (LX, XF, LEX, LXF, XFR), These abbre­viations can be found on ceramic tiles pro­duced by the Tenth Legion in the factory mentioned above. A stone lamppost near the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem's Old City bears a Latin inscription referring to the Tenth Legion as LEXFR. Many coins are countermarked with the Tenth Legion's various insignias, among them city coins, especially from Sebaste, Ascalon, and Sidon, and some local Judaea Capta is­sues.

Hebrew University Professor of Ar­chaeology Dan Barag concludes that the coins countennarked by the Tenth Legion date from about 68 to 96 CE, or possibly 132 CE at the latest.

Legio XII Fulminata

1be Twelfth Legion was one of the origi­nal legions of Augustus. It possibly existed at the time of Julius Caesar, and may have been in MarkAntony's army in the East. The Twelfth was in NotthAfrica in 30 BCE and in Syria in 14CEand 23 CE. ltalsowas part of the army in 62 CE during the Roman cam­paign and defeat in Annenia.

By 66 CE, the Twelfth Legion, "re­nowned for its valor," according to Josephus, had rctwned to Syria and Cestius Gallus moved it into Judaea to capture Jerusalem. However, Gallus and the Twelfth, with adetachment from the Sixth, turned back from Jerusalem and were soundly defeated by an anny of Jews be­tween Jerusalem and Antipatris.

The Twelfth Legion was one of the le­gions that helped capture and destroy Jerusalem in 70 CEo But, it did not partici­pate in the sieges of Machaerus and Masada because it was transferred back to Syria and stationed at Miletus on the Euphrates because Titus wished to send the Twelfth away as quickly as possible on account of its ignominious defeat at the beginning of the First Revolt.

Joini ng other legions, the Twelfth was also part ofTrajan's army that defeated the Parthians and may have accompanied Trajan as far as the Persian Gulf.

Countennarks of the Twelfth Legion occur most frequently on the coins of Antioch with the large SC reverse design .

Legio XV Apollinaris

Augustus formed the Fifteenth Legion while he was sti ll known as Octavian, and was named after h is protecting god, Apollo.

After the death of Augustus, while sta­tioned in Carnuntum just east of Vienna, Austria, the Fifteenth Legion joined the Ninth (Hispana) and the Eighth (Augusta) in a rebellion for more pay and shorter ser­vice. Tacitus reports that Orusus was fi­nally able to extinguish this rebell ion with

FIFTEENTH LEGION coun­termark X VI on a 19 mm bronze coin of the Jewish War. This is the first exam­ple of a Fifteenth Legion countermark on a Jewish War coin ever discovered.

the help of a lunar eclipse and some heavy stonns.

The Fifteenth was part of Corbu lo's successful Armenian campaign in 63 CE and was shortly thereafter moved to Egypt where it ended a local rebellion of Jews in Alexandria, who had attacked the Greek

Continued on page 50

~~~ AMPHORA 11X~~.fg~\ ~Y,\," PO Box 805 ~~~ it! ~/\i; Nyack, NY 10960 ~~f.0?,./

914-358-7364 Email: AmphoraCoins @aol.com

We buy and sell better quality ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine

coins, weights, and antiquities Our specialty is Biblical and

ancient Jewish coins Free illustrated catalogs on request

Our web site contains an errata and conversion table for Guide to Biblical Coins by David Hendin at:

www.davidhendin.com

THE SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY Founded in 1879

At the forefront of scientific and historical research for over one hundred years. the Swiss Numismatic Society has establ ished a world-wide reputation by its work with leading scholars, col lectors and dealers di1fused through its wel l known Revue and Gazette journals with articles in four languages. together with numerous monographs and special publications in such series as Typos and the Catalogues of Swiss Coins.

The Society itself owes its inception in t 879 to the pioneering spirit of Dr. Charles Fran90is Trachsel, its founder and fi rst president, but the Swiss numismatic tradition goes back to the earliest days of coin collecting in the late 15th century when connoisseurs like the Amerbach family of Basel. inspired by Renaissance humanists such as Erasmus of Rotterdam then residing in the city, established important cabinets.

The Society continued from the old century under the guidance of Eugene Demole and Paul Stroehlin, while the new was presided over by eminent scholars such as Dietrich Schwarz and Colin Martin.

The Swiss Numismatic Society remains today at the service of the international numismatic community, dedicated as it is to the furtherance of the knowledge of those small but invaluable witnesses of art and history, the coins 01 Greece, Rome, Byzantium, the Orient, the middle ages, the modern period and Switzerland itsel!.

By joining this leading SOCiety you will be able to participate directly in numismatiC research and moreover be eligible to receive the annual Revue and the quarterly Gazette, as well as members' discounts on most special publications.

Applications lor membership in the Society are welcome from al l with an interest in ancient and modern numismatics.

The membership fee is Sfr 100 per year (Sfr 50 for members under 25) and Sfr 2000 for/ife membership, or a sponsoring membership from Sfr 250 per year. Make checks payable to Swiss Numismatic Society, Credit Swiss Bank, Berne, Switzerland, alc 0094-100849-41.

SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY c/O Jean-Pierre Righetti, Regie de Fribourg SA

Rue de Romon! 24, CH-1700 Fribourg

November 2000 47

Long Before Columbus

Site Unseen by Joe Rose

That the building of a pyramid required Herculean effort by tcns of thousands of workers and technicians has been a "giv­en" for centuries. This is one fact that is universally accepted by virtually everyone interested in the subject, just as the "ramp" theory of construction has been a "fact" for an equally long period of time (more on this later). But not near so well known was the amount of preparation and plan­ning necessary long before the first huge stone block was quarried.

To begin with, a site had 10 be select­ed, and this had to be done according to long-revered rules. First, as a matter of practicality, the nearer the site was to the Nile River, the shorter the di stance the stones had to be sledged from the barges that brought them from the quarries. This wa<;, of course, an important time consid­eration. Next, true north had to be deter­mined for the four sides of the pymmid

had to face the four points of the compass, according to the ancient Egyptian's reli­gious beliefs. Lacking compasses, the in­vcntive engineers would build a circular wall on the selected site, this wall being high enough to block the view of the hori­zon from within. As night fell, a priest would stand in the center of this wall to await the rising of a previously selected star in the northern skies. He would mark the spot where this star rose, thcn wait for the starto fall at dawning, marking the spot where it disappeared below the wal l. The spot exactly halfway between the two marks would be true north, and oncc this was established, marking the other three points was simple.

Pyramids were traditionally built on the west side of the Nile, because the Egyp­tians believed that the sky was actually the body of the goddess NUl, and that her head lay at the western horizon. and her groin at the east. Each day, they believed, the sun would be eaten by Nut in the west, travel through the underworld and be oorn again in the morning. The west bank was

Arte Primitivo

48 The Gelator

Specializing In:

Classical and Egyptian Antiquities; Pre-Columbian Art;

African and Tribal Arts;

Asian Antiquities; and Ethnographic Art;

Related Books

Howard S. Rose Gallery 3 East 65th Street, Suite #2

New York, N.Y. 10021

212570-6999 Fax 212 570-1899 E-mail: arteprimitivo@earthlink.net

www.arteprimitivo.com

Catalogues $15 USA / $18 Foreign annual subscriptions $25 USA / 540 fgn.

or free PDF file on website

known as the "Land of the Dead" because the sun died there each evening, therefore the Pharaoh was expected to dwell in this land.

or equal importance as the actual site was the fact that the ground on which the Pyramid was to rise had to be perfectly level, and strong enough to support the enormous weight of the structure. Engi­neers would criss-cross the site with a grid­work of trenches, filling these with water after the grid was completed. They would mark the water level of each trench and then have the workers dispose of all the earth above this mark. The result was an absolutely level field, and when the emp­tied trenches were then filled with rocks, an area that could support the pyramid. So well did this simple method work that the great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) is only one half inch taller at the southeast corner than it is at the northeast~a virtual engineering miracle!

Once the preparation of the site had been completed, other work had to be done before the actual building of the pyramid could begin. Whatever subterranean pas­sageways and rooms were caBed for in the plans were built at this time, and the huge outer stone sarcophagus that would house the pharaoh's remains would be put into place, since hauling it through the narrow passageways of the completed tomb would have been impossible. After all this was done, it was fmally time to begin the actual construction of the pyramid itself.

It is interesting to note that, while oxen were readily available to peTfonn the back­breaking labor of loading the blocks on sledges at the quarry, hauling them to the Nile where they were placed on barges, unloading them back on to sledges and then pulling these sledges from the Nile to the site, the Egyptians preferred to use human labor. Oxen were too expensive to risk, and humans worked without pay (money was not known in ancient Egypt), usually for food and clothing. Additional­ly, many other types of workers were necd­ed-doctors for the sick or injured, priests to serve the religious needs of the work­ers, cooks, brewers, accountants to keep track of the inventories and many others.

Contrary to what most laymen think, the pyramids were actually built from the inside outward, this being the most prac­tical mcthod. The huge limestone blocks were carefully lined up and numbered, and then hauled to their assigned spots. There they would be meticulously fitted one to the other, so carefully done that a knife­blade cannot be inserted between them. How this precision was attained is just one of the many questions still unanswered about these "Wonders" of the ancient world (the only ones of the original seven

still extant). How did the engineers man~ age to maintain an unvarying 52-degree angle for the walls without any of the modern tools we rely on today, and how did they manage to hoist the mammoth capstone to the pyramid top once the building was completed. These are on ly a few of the questions wanting answers.

But the biggest question of all is how they could have completed these mono­li ths in the relatively short period of time allotted to them. Considering that Khu­fu 's tomb contains about 2.3 million stone blocks, averaging about 5000 pounds each (more than an automobile weighs), and that the work was completed in a mere twenty-three years, the fi gures stagger the imagination. Because if you factor in a ten­hour workday, and a year-round schedule, this comes to adding a block to the pile just aoout every two minutes! Seems im­possible, even for builders today, and yet they did it! But how?

99% Sold In Frank S. Robinson Mail-Bid Sale

Albany, NY-Out of 671 lots, 665 were sold, more than 99%, in dealer Frank S. Robinson's 48th unreserved mail auction of Ancient and Early coins, which closed Sep­tember26. Of291 bidders participating, 213 were successful, and the great majority of bids were reduced, the average reduction being 19'%.

The highest real ization among Greek coins was $890, reduced from a $1350 bid, for a Bactrian Tetradrachm of Antimachos, showing the ru ler in a kausia, grading EF, albeit slightly smoothed and with traces of porosity. A price of $532, also reduced from a bid of $685, was realized for another 8aktrian Tetradrachm, of Eukralides, in EF with a slightly shortflan; a rare Stater of Issos, Sear 5553 brought $390 on a$75O bid, in F­VF grade; and a nice AEF Lysimachos Tetradrachm brought $590 on an $8B5 bid.

Among Roman coins, a Ca ligula sestertius with "Adlocut" reverse brought the sale's highest price of $1300. It was graded AEFNF. An As of the same ruler, VF-EFNF, realized $430 on a $525 bid; an Orbiana denarius in EFNF-EF brought $396; and a "Pax" antonianianus of Carausius, deemed Superb EF, fetched $390 on a $450 bid.

Also noteworthy was a VF middle bronze of Valerian I from Lamus in Cilicia, a rare city; it sold for $301, although the winner's bid limit was $1200.

Three mail· bid sales are conducted an­nually by Robinson. Il lustrated catalogs may be obtained free of charge from Robinson al PO. Box 304OA, Pine Station, Albany, NY 12203; phone/fax 518-482-2639; e-mail FR@albany.net.

JEAN ELSEN s.a. Celtic, Greek, Roman, Byzanti ne, Mediaeval and Modern coins.

Quarterly auctions - Fixed price li sts .

64th Public auction, 2nd December 2000. Collections of Ancients, Medieval alld Modern coins.

www.elsen.be

For a complementary catalogue, please specify your interest and apply to JEA N ELSEN s.a., 65 avenue de Terv ucrcn, Belgi um- J040 Bruxelles

Tel.: +32-02-734 .63.56 Fax: +3 2-02-735.77.78

ARTIS OPUS GALLERY

ANCIENT COINS ANTIQUARIAN BOOKS" PRINTS

ART" ANTIQUITIES

NOW FEATURING:

• Coins of Magna Graecia • Antiquarian archeological books • Early 18th-century engravings of classical

architecture, sculpture, vases, and coins

935 Washington Avenue SE, PMB #346, Minneapolis, MN 55414

WWW.ARTISOPUSGALLERY.COM

November 2000 49

Hendin Cont. from page 47

population after an incident in the local am­phitheater. Josephus reports that when Tiberius Alexander, the apostate Jew who was prefect of Egypt, "realized that noth­ing less than a major calamity would quell the rebels, he let loose among them the two Roman legions [XV Apollinaris and XXII Deiotariana] stationed in the city, together with two thousand soldiers who happened to have come from Libya, to complete the ruin of the Jews. He gave them leave not merely to kill them but to plunder their property and burn down their houses." (Wars; II, 8, 8)

Once Vespasian was ordered by Nero to crush the Jewish revolt in Judaea, Titus was dispatched to Alexandria to bring the Fifteenth Legion to Ptolemais to join the Fifth and Tenth. The Fifteenth Legion took

part in battles for Gamara near Ptolemais and then the siege of Jotapata in Galilee, in which Josephus himself commanded the defending Jewish army. Titus and a small detachment of the Fifteenth made a surprise nighttime assault on Jotapata af­ter 48 days of the siege, and took the de­fenders by surprise. The city was captured and Josephus surrendered, thus ending his career as a Jewish patriot and beginning one as the most important contemporary historian of Jewish history and the Ravian dynasty.

Next, the Fifteenth was sem to Nysa­Scythopolis to reorganize itself, while the other two legions were sent to Caesarea. In September, Vespasian united all three legions at Nysa and attacked Tarichaeae on the Sea of Galilee. The Jews who were defending their city climbed aboard their boats, but Vespasian had his troops con-

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP. MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Requi red by 39 U.S.C. 3685). Title of Publication: The Celator, Publication No.: 1048--0986. Dale of Fili".. , 9129/00. Frequency of Iss",, : Monthly, No. of Issoos Publ ished Annually: 12. Annual Subscription Price : $27, Complete Mai~ng Address 01 Known 00>ce of Publication: P.O. Box 839, Lar.caster, PA 17608-0639. Complele Mailing Address of Headquaners or General ausin~ss 011"", 01 Pubiisher: P.O. Box 839. Laocaster. PA 17608-0039. P.mIisher: Kerry K. Watterst",m, P.O. 8oJ<839. Lancaster. PA 17608-0839. Edilor: Kerry K. WeUerstrom. P.O, Sox 839. l.aricaSier. PA 17608-0839. Managi".. Edilor: None. 0..,*: Paradigm Numisma!ics & Publish­ing . IrIC .• P.O, Box 839. uoc.asler. PA 17608-0039; Kerry K. W"U~rstrom. P,O. 8oJ< 1079. LancaSler, PA 17608·1079. Koowo 80ndh0i<lers. Morlgal/M" and Other Security Holders Owrling Or Holding I Percent or More of Toial Amouni of 8onds. Mortgages. or Other Securilles: NoM. Exlenl and Natura 01 Cirw lalion (Average No. Copies Eac/1lssU<l OoJri".. Preoeding 12 Monlh$lActual No. Copies 01 Singfo Issue Published Nearest to Filing Date): Total No. Copies (2450/2450); PakllReqU<lsted o."l si<le.counly Ma~ SlIbscriptions (194611969): Paid In·Counly Subocriptioos (010): Sales Through Dealers and Carriers. Street Vendors , Counter Safes and Other Non·USPS Paid Distribution (oo); Olher Classes Mailed ThrC>Ugh 100 USPS (3201 3(8); Tolaf Paid arldlor ReQuest&d Circulation (226612277); Free Di$1ribution by Mail. Carrier or Other Means, Samples. Complimentary arid Other Free Copies (71m). TOial DiSiribution (2:>37123&4): Copies NO! DiSiribut&d, Office Use, Leftovers, Un8COOUnled, Spoiled Altar Prin~ng (113100): Ret",n From News Agents (OIO); Total (245012450): Percent Paid and/or Re­quested Cirw labon (97"1Ji17%).

TRIVIA QUIZ . This group was the Spartan equivalent of a secret police. (ts . members were selected and authorized by theephors to patrol the remoter parts of Laconia and to murder secretly any supposedly dangerous helots. Plutarch dated its institution to the period after the helots' revolt of 464 BC, and quotes the murderof2,OOO helots in 424 BC. Who were they?

(Answer on page 58)

~DEMOCRACY IN ACTION w DEPARTMENT: A SPOKESMAN FROM THE REPUBUC OF ROMA EXPLAINS THE WORKINGS OF A FREE AND OPEN ELECTION

OK,lET'S SEE IF YOU UNDERSTAND HOW THIS VOTING

THING WORKS.

50 The Celator

I GErlT I EUGIBLE CITIZENS CAST BALLOTS ..•

... TO CHOSE THE PERSONS WHOM

BEUEVE ...

... WlLL DO THE BEST JOB

OF GOVERNING THE EMP'IRE.

struct rafts from which the legions fought a sustained sea battle resulting in an im­portant victory for the Romans. Many be­lieve that Vespasian's VICfORIA NAVA­LIS coins (Hendin 779) were struck to commemomte this bloody battJe.

In OClober, the legions attacked Gamaia, in the Golan near the Sea ofGa­lilee. It wa~ a tenacious battle and when Gamala's wall was finally breached, the Fifteenth poured into the city. The Jews, however, stood on the rooftops and pelted the soldiers with missiles. The Fifteenth fought its way up the heights of the city in a bitter battle, and Vespasian himself was nearly killed or captured. Ultimately, Gamma was destroyed and the legions marched to Jerusalem, Today, the ruins at Gamala are preserved along with many of the Roman siege missiles used in that battle.

At Jerusalem, the Fifteenth built the most important siege tower, facing the monument of the High Priests. The Jews destroyed the tower and the Fifteenth re­built it. This time they used the tower and its battering ram to accomplish the first Roman breach of Jerusalem's walls.

Once Jerusalem was destroyed, the Fifteenth was moved to Caesarea, then to Egypt, then back to Carnuntum. In J 15 eE, the Fifteenth was moved back to the Middle East permanently, where it was stationed at Satala in northeastern Tur­key.

Countermarks of the Fifteenth Le­gion are hard to find, and the coin pub­lished here (Hendin 807b) is the unique fi rst example ever published of a Fif­teenth Legion countermark struck on a coin of the Jewish War, although other LXV countermarks are known to occur on coins of Neapolis and Aradus in Phoenicia.

Copyright © 2000 by David Hendin

GOONA VOTE ONCE

BUT THE ONLY BIRDS RUNNING

WERE TVR((EY91

Professional Directory

( "Antiquities ) ( Antiquities

fRAGMCJ1TS Of liMe MUSEUM-QUALITY ANCIENT ART

Specializing in Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Etruscan

Antiquities

P.O. Box 376 Medfield, MA 02052-0376

Tel: (508) 359 - 0090 E-mail : Fragments@aol.com

Contact us for our complimentary catalogue of fine antiquities

Visit us on the Internet at:

hltp:llwww.antiquities.net

HD ENTERPRISES >- Antiquities ... Indian Artifacts & Pottery ... Pre-Columbian Gold & Pottery ... Ancient Coins ... Antique Bottles .. Old West & Indian War Relics ... Antique Religious Art ... Old Paper ,. Estate & Ancient Jewelry

Attn: Hank Johnson P.O. Box 22082CL, Denver, CO 80222 Ph: 303-695-1 301 Fax: 303-751 -3281

E-mai l: maj@ix.nett:Om.t:Om

(Our Nllilil add~~ i~ ilIl&' QIl[ cHID' S!'lIcr D<lI1l!:l Denver Showroom: 1930 So. Havana, #4

On-line catalog: www.hde-inc.com

'F .... _- ~.

Howard S. Rose Gallery

3 East 65th Street, Suite 112

NYC 10021

212570-6999 Fax 570-1899

Catalogs available annual $25 USA

$40 Foreign or free PDF file on

website www.arleprimitivo.com

e-mail arteprimitivo(opearthlink.net I

The Roman Connection

Specializing in ancient Greek and Roman coins, and fine Antiquities

Call or write 10 be placed OJ] the mailing lis! for future catalogs and shows

1'.0. Box 794391 Dallas, Texas 75379

972-801-9773 bridgesd @metronet.com

:r I'lI[.'D 5l'l{C I'E'l{'T 'T,!('E5lS'U'!('ES

/Vi The Time

Machine Co. Fine Archaeological

Art and Coins

P.O. Box 282 - Flushing Sta. Queens, NY 11367

(718) 544-2708

www.ancientart.cc

Ancient Art & Artifacts

Howard Nowes P.o. Box 1672

New York NY lQ009

(2 12) 254-4432

Send us your want list &

join our emailing list !!

By Appointment

) ( Antiquities/Books )

Antiquities, Jewelry Ancient Coins Authentic Fieces

Low Prices · Free List

A~ P.O. Box 35231, Brighton, MA 02135

(617) 926-3420

Antiques n Collectibles V Ancient

Artifacts

John Ristow Curiosities send for lis t

937 Sir Francis Drake Kentfie ld, CA 94904

(415) 459-2035

Eclectic Esoterica www.ristow.com

PAPYRUS BOOKS Specialists in literature Oil Allcient

Numismatics and Antiquilics

ActiYely buying, selling and trading book.~ and journals on the Ancient Near East, Egypt, Greece, Rome and Byzantium_

Complimentary catalogues on request

or visit us on the Internet at:

www.PapyrusBooks.com

6167 Jarvi, Ave .. #152. Newark, CA 94560 Tel: (510) 790- 1342' Fax: (510) 790-2676

E-Mail: ancicn!@PapyrusBooks.com Web s ite: hnp:llwww.Papyrus l3ooks.com

FINE NUMISMATIC BOOKS Bought and Sold

Numismatic Arts of Santa Fe

P.O. Box 97!2, Santa Fe, NM 87504 Phone 505-982-8792 · Fax 505-982-0291

E-mail: ART_ RUBI NO@ MSN.COM

We are always keenly interested in buying important Antiquarian and Out·Of-Print Numismatic Books and Libraries in all

languages. Ancients Catalog $5

November 2000 51

Professional Directory C ___ -=B:.::oo::.:ks=--_~)

C;OODBOOKS ON ANCIENT COINS

WANTED We actively purchdsedesirable numismafit books, (dialogues & ~riodicaJs in all fields .

FOR SALE Visit Our Web Site: W'\'<W. l1l.1mislit.oom

QEORQE FREDERICK KOlBE Fine Numismatic Books

P. O. Drawer 3100. Cm tJine, CA 92325 Tel: 19(19) 338-65l!7. Fax: (909) .HB-6980

email: numislil@compuserve.,om MU>III'", IAPN • MIA· N>lS. llNS· NIS· £TC.

( ___ -'C""O""iOS"'-__ )

Glenn Schinke Numismatist

wokfor us at: Nov. 17-19-Expo Show, Santa Clara,CA Nov. 24-26-Pasadena, CA Dec. 8-IO-NYLNC, New York City

P.O. Box 3371 Rosemead, CA 91770

(626) 446-6775 Fax (626) 446·8536

KIRK DAVIS Classical Numismatics

Greek· Roman' Celtic Numismatic Literature

Illus trated Catalogues issued quarterly Top dollar paid for single coins

or entire collections Please call or write and express your inUrest

Post Office Box 324 Claremont, CA 91711 USA

(909) 625-5426

52 The Celator

( Coins

Brian Kritt Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins

Specializing in Ancient Greek, Roman & Judaic Coins

P.O. Box 558 Burtonsville, MD 20866

(301) 236-0256· fax (301) 989-1796 e-mail: BrianKritt@aoLcom

Visiting New York?

When you're downtown touring WalJ Street,

why not shop for quality Ancient Coins at RM. Smythe?

To schedule an appointment contact our specialist,

David Vagi, at 212-564-6360

Soflware for Your Coin Collection No Matter What You CoHeet!

• ,",,", "l>s".d II"',,,,,,,J ("",. h " , ('" )"000' ""', ..

• .""~ ''''''' '" , _ "'~' .... ~., . ..,., ~,.", H ~, • s,,,...ooj p<; " """"" "f ' '''', "'. ooi".

THE VIRTVAL (OIN (ABINET WI~OOWS & M"CI~"TOSH 5OI-TWARE CD ...... $49.9\

If!01tOl'GHLY "m"~ DUOI",,' ",.,,""" 01' "u'c~~'>$ uSt '

STEPHEN M. HUSTON sox 1936,1. SAN FRANCTSCO CA 94 11 9

I ·~ 1O ·471 · ~614 for info,m"joo and Old."

) C ___ ---'C""o""in"'s'--_~)

AN(IENTGREEK& ROMAN BYZANTINE

EARLY RUSSIAN MEDIEVAL BALKAN

P.O. Box 6955, San Jose, CA 95150-6955 http: //wwwAcbiz.nct/ rudnik

c_ ntail, ,,,unik@<kbiz. nct

TE. Bray's

P IECES OF TIME Ancient Coins

Frequent BUY OR BID SALES at OUT web site:

http://www.romancoin.com

Lavender Rose Productions, Inc. BOX 82082, Portland, OR 97282

(503) 777-0159 Fax: (503)775-2238 email: bray@romancoin.com

Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. PO. Box 479, Lancaster, PA 17608 Tel: (717) 390-9194 Fax: (717) 390-9978 London Office: 14 Old Bond Street, W1 S 4PP United Kingdom Tel: (020) 7495-1888 Fax: {020} 7499-5916

Professional Directory

( Coins

Ancient & World Coins

PONTERIO & ASSOCIATES, INC.

1818 Robinson Ave. San Diego, CA 92103

(619) 299-0400 (800) 854-2888

Fax (619) 299-6952

,-~ ""(I"",, PNG #308 , r(l,'II' ISlll1l1~' '"'' . ",

M· ANA-LM

Our unique on-line auctions

allow you to PAY THE

PRICE YOU WANT TO PAY

Our fully il/uslrared on.line.auclio~s contam

" View our auctions at

www.colocoincx.com or send/or catalog-

Colosseum Coin Exchange, Inc. P.o. Bo)[ 21CL, Hazlet, NJ 07730

(732) 264-1161· Fax (732) 264-6467

CALGARY COIN GALLERY ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL COINS AND ARTIFACTS

(lIf": -"", , fJ'- . "% . I

GREEK - ROMAN - BYZANTINE BRITISH - EUROPEAN - ISLAMIC

CHINESE - PARTHIAN · SASSANJAN

JUDAEAN -INDIAN & MUCH MORE (AS WELL AS THE MODERS WORLD)

YOUR COIN SHOP ON THE INTERNET

www.calgarycoin.com e-mail calcoins@cadvision.com

) C~ ___ C",o=i=-ns ___ )

Specialist in Ancient Coins

Roman, Gn'Ck and Large 'Ibalcrs, 1486-1800, In Exceptional QuaJity also stock World Minor Coins,

Medals, Crowns, Artifacts. Books and Coin cases

QUI: invs;:ntQI) is amQn!i: the finest in America

Occasional Lists Available

JAMES E. BEACH Numiscellaneous

p,o, Box 1 \3, Owosso, MI 48867 (517) 634·5415 ' FAX (517) 634-9014

Classical Cash Always Buying!!!

Visit our web-site at

www.oldromancoins.com

(413) 733-4511

210 Maple Street Springfield, MA 011 05

E-mail: ccash@empire.net

Coins

Look for us at: Nov. 4-5--Sacramento Valley Coin Cluh Nov_ 17-19-NewOrleans

Nov. 24-26-Pasadena, Texas Dec. 2-3--Texas Coin Show, Grand

Prairie, TX Soon to be at

WWW. VCOlflS.com

P.O. Box 3442 Austin, TX 78764

Tel.: 512-441-7158: e-mail: BKalm@aol.C(lm

C~~_-,C",o:!:ins",--__ )

SPARTAN NUMtSMATfCS

PO Box 19 Furlong, PA 18925

(215) 343-9606

Free Illustrated Catalog Attractive, Low Priced

Ancients Medieval

Antiquities

"No One Seils Better for Less"

Buy or Bid Sales of Quality Ancient Coins

Dr. Keith Candiotti PO. Box 416673

Miami Beach, FL 33 141-8673 Tet (305) 868-8099 Fax: (305) 868-8079

HIPPOCAMPOS, Inc.

November 2000 53

Professional Directory

Maine Classical Numismatics

2069 Atlantic Hwy., Warren, ME 04864

Bowley's: A full service coin center Open 7am to Spm Mon. thru FrL

and 7am to 4pm on Sat.

U.s. Route #1, Warren, Maine Business: 207~273-3462

Home: 207-273-2653 When in Maine stop in and see us.

We will be glad to see you.

Barrie Jenkins Classical Numismatist

Islamic, Indian and Central Asian Coinages

I list

Persic Gallery P.O. Box 103 17

Torrance, CA 90505 (3 10) 326-8866 • Fax: (3 10) 326-56 18

persic@emaiLmslI.oom

54 The Celator

FRANK STERNBERG AG Schanzengasse 10, CH-8001

Zurich, Switzerland tel:01141 1125230BB fax:2524067 email: StembergAG @swissonline.ch

http://www.stemberg.ch

Bought and Sold COINS AND MEDALS

Ancient, Medieval and Modern NUMISMATIC LITERATURE GEMS, CAMEOS, JEWELRY

AUCTION SALES

For the finest of numismatic art,

write for a complimentary copy

of our fixed price and mail bid catalogues.

PRo PavL RyneaRson 30 years in issuing

catalogues of ancient coins.

P.O. Box 4009

Malibu California 90264

Jonathan K. Kern Co. Bachelor of Arts, Numismatics

Ancient, Medieval, Early American Numismatics

441 S. Ashland Lexington, KY 40502

(606) 269·1614 Email: JKemCoins@aoi.com

PRICE LIST OF ANCIENT COINS We offer frequ~MI Ancient Burguin Price Li5tS

which contain a nice selection oJlhe following:

Ancient Greek Coin' (s il ver & bronze)

Greek Imperial Coins

Roman Egyptian Coins

Judaean & Biblical Coins

Coins of the

Coins of the "I'w.l"" Ca."",,, Roman Republic Coins · Roman Imp.;'iCoim Byzantine Imperial Coins ' Early England, Scotl and, & Ireland ' Anglo-Callic

Write for your free copy of our latest Bargain Price Ust of Ancient Coins

Dealers in Ancient coins since 1965

M&RCOINS 11407 S. Harlem Ave. Worth, IL 60482-2003 (708) 671-0806 or (708) 430-1445 Fax (708) 636-4247

NUMISMATIK

LANZ MONCHEN

Dr. Hubert Lanz Luitpoldblock, Maximiliansplatz 10

D-80333 Miinchen, Gennany

•

Te l. (49) (89) 29 90 70 ~ Fax. (49) (8? ) 22 07 62 t .. www.numlSlanz..com ~ •

Send a copy of this ad for a FREE sample of one of our latest auction catalogs and tell us what you are collecting.

Edgar L Owen, Ltd. Fine Ancient Coins

Antiquities, World Art

W Huge Internet Gallery

Major On·Line Auction Unso ld Items Now At

Bargain Reserve Prices

www.edgarlowen.com EdgarOwen @worldnet.att.net

Tel: 973·398·9557, Fax: 398-8082 POB 7 14, Lake Hopatcong, NJ 07849

Professional Directory

( Coins ) ( . Coins )

Visiting: San Francisco?

The Silicon Valley? Stanford University?

Visit ... TREASURE

ISLAND We carry a large inventory of

Ancients as well as the largest Philatelic stock in the Bay Area.

TREASURE ISLAND 3703 EI Camino Real Palo Alto, CA 94306

(650) 855-9905 email: rudy@ticoins.com

www.ticoins .com

Kenneth W. Dorney QC!assica! ~umismatilit

Now on The Web: www.coolcoins.com

p.o. Box 493362 Redding, CA 96049-3362

(530) 222-8207

Pegasi NUMISMATICS Ann Arbor, MI Holicong, PA

Classical numismatists serving beginners thru advanced collectors

Free Illustrated Catalogs

Classical Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Medieval

Coins, Books & Antiquities

P.O. Box 131040 Ann Arbor, MI 48113

Phone: (734) 995-5743 Fax: (734) 995-3410

Len Spevack's Numismatic & AnJiquarian

Marlrelplace Specializing 1n Coins & Artifacts of

Classical Antiquity (Greek, Roman, BYUlntine, ludaean, Etc.)

Visit My Website At: www.wolfandtwins.com

(business transacted mainly on website)

~ PO.Bo'" '. Montreal (Cole SI. Luc)

. . Quebec, Canada H4V lH8

E-Mail: lenspevack@videolron.ca Phone: (5 14) 995 -0154

~~ ~:. RARE COINS

Specializing in the Coinage of Judaea

* Ancient +11. * Medieval ~ * Modern .~ William M. Rosenblum

P.O. Box 355 Evergreen CO 80437·0355

Phone: (303) 838-4831; 9 [0-8245 Fax: (303) 838-12 13

E-mail: wmrcoins@qadas.com www.rosenblumcoins.com

_ F'p, n.~ ColI.cto,-

ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL COINS

C~ __ ...:C:::o:::ins",,-_~)

AMPHORA Jewish· Biblical Greek· Roman Coins· Weights

Antiquities· Jewelry Free illustrated list

available upon request

"We wrote the book on Biblical coins!"

PARS COINS

A ncient Coins of Akaemenid-Parthian-Sasa7lian Persis-EI}'mais-Charax and .

Bu),-Sell-Trade-Appraise

P_O_ Box 9667> San Jose, CA 95157 Tel 408-244-4995 Fax 408-244-49%

ISLAMIC & INDIAN COINS

From the earliest times to the present day

Price lists issued regularly, available upon request

STEPHEN ALBUM P.O. 80X 7386

SANTA ROSA, CA. 95407 USA phone: 707·539·2120

fax: 707-539-3348

November 2000 55

Professional Directory

( Coins )

Dr. Ralph DeMarco Interesting Ancient Coi ns

of High Qual ity

"Not your average hoard material "

P.O. Box 705 Murray Hill, NJ 07974 (9OB) 464-7252 marcoins@home.com http://members.home.net/marcoins/

Fred B. Shore Classical Numismatics

Ancietl/ Greek, Roman and Parthian coins of/he highest

quality bought and sold

PO Box 398 Schwenksville, PA 19473

(610) 287-4820 fax (610) 287-4821 E-mail: fred.b.shore @gte.net

56 The Gelator

( Coins

SUPERB ANCIENT COINS

d . ..' . -'I~ " , - ~ .

DAVIDL.VAGI 2 12·564·6360

DELPHI INTERNATIONA L

A N CIE NT ART

Box 20155. Greeley Square Statton New York • NY . 10001-0155

Twente Ancient Coins Animals a SpecialTy

J ohn Twente DBS 105 Lefevre, UNC CoIurrtlia, MO 65211

(573)-445-3389; JoMTwerneC webtv.net

NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA

ANCIENT COINS AND MEDALS

GREEK

ROMAN

BYZANTINE

MEDIAEVAL

RENAISSANCE

AUCTIONS' LISTS

VALUATIONS

C.hiopel 01 ~ .... r_1

.nn~"'.bKriplloo> nt. cur 100

N UMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA

Ni<d<rdorf.....,.4) T.kJ>h<-1XM116117OJ P_O_ 110> 14S. Td.f.,. OOU 1161 n 2~ Ol-lO'lS Zurid!. ho'p:fl-a._.oncl...a.dl

)

Reach II /IlI'geted audience. Classified ads get results!

( Coins

JEAN ELSEN s.a. Celtic, Greek, Romnn. Byzantine,

Mediev(li amJ Oriental coins.

www.elsen.be Avenue de Tervueren, 65

B - 1040 Brussels Fax: +32-2-735.77.78

Ancient & Medieval Coins

Donald R. & Marcella Zauche P.O. Box 2000

Westminster, MD 21 158 (410) 857-2369; (412) 937·9720

CELTIC, ROMAN and HAMMERED COINS

boughr &: soId-ilIustroled /iSI upon n:quul P.O. Bolt 2874, Colchester, Essex,

England C04 SUR TeVFax 44-1-206-752 11 0

email: mike.vosper@vosper4coins.co.uk website: http://www,vospcr4ooins.oo.uk

)

Professional Directory

C Coins ) ( . Coins

Christian Blom G reek, Roman and

World Coins

write for free price list P.O. Box 7618

Arlington, VA 22207 703-525-3910

noon to midnight

As you're reading this, think about how many other people are reading it too-Advertise!

ILLUSTRATED PRICELISTS

Greek Roman

Byzantine Request yours today.!

Wayne C. Phillips P.O. Box 4096

Diamond Bar, CA 91765·0096

Phone: (909) 629-0757

M&M g{umismatics, Ltd.

Fixed Price Lists Public Sales· Appraisals

Buying and Selling

Contact Lucien Birkler 1100 17th Street NW, Suite 900

Washington, D,C. 20036 Tel. 202-833-3770 · Fax 202-429-5275

Coin Cabinets

)

Serving the collector since 1959 c~. ~B=.;oo::.::k:o.S:::.lpeclal§==-~)

Send a free copy of

~ The Celator ~ to a friend!

Write to us at:

The Ceiator P.O. Box 839

Lancaster, PA 17608-0839 TellFax: (717) 291·9870

0' Email: Kerry@celator.com

BE INFORMED!! SEAR'S Roman Coins & Their Values

NEW! ! Vol J ~ (280 Be· 96AD) (532 pp. , 1200 illustrations, , 'alues)

$80.00 Retai l (Each) Vol. IT (Nerva-UIlO) expected January 2001

RESERVE NOW" VAN METER"S

Handbook of Roman Imperial Coins (Over 8IXXJ Coins L isted, Rarity Guidt;:) Haroco .... cred, Autograp/lcd $75.00 Retai l

Softcovcrcd $35.00 Retail VAGr s

Coinage & HiWlry oflhe Roman Empire 2 vols., J 200 pages, prizewinner"

SI25.00Retai[ SPECIAL!!

AU 3 Hardcovercd at $229.00 ppd.

Sanford Durst II Clin lon Ave. Roc kville Center, NY, 1]570

Ph: 516·766A444; Fa;>; : 5 16-766-4520

(

(

NumiSIftatic Services

Coins of Antiqnity Services

Professional cataloging, attributions, packaging

and copywriting.

Rob Golan, numismatist P, o . Box 193, Hillsborough, NC 27278 Ph (919) 644-6069 Fax (9 19) 644-7506

rob@coinsofantiquily.com hnp:/lWW\\'.coinsofantiquity.com

Celator Products

The Celator has a great deal to offer:

• Cordex Binders • Best of The Celator • Back Issues (prior to the June, 1999 issue)

Wayne G. Sayles, Antiquarian P.O. Box 911

Gainesville, MO 65655 Tel: (417) 679·2142 Fax: (417) 679-2524

Email: doris @celator.com

32 page, updated and expanded (covers 1987 to Dec. 1998)

The Celator Index Now Available

$8 postpaid (U.S.) $10 postpaid (all others)

Wayne G . Sayles, Antiquarian

P.O. Box 911 Gainesville, MO 65655

Tel: (417) 679-2142 Fax: (417) 679-2524

Email: doris @cciator.com

)

)

November 2000 57

INDEX OF DISPLAY ADVERTISERS Aloom , Ste»/len ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,." ... ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,., .... ,.,., 55 Amphora 47.55 Ancient C<>n Mar1<et (ACM'L) ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,." .......... 40 Ancient ~ Rare Coins 56 Antioch Associates ............ ... " ................................... 23 Antiqua Inc, , 25 Art. Prirnitivo .. . ...... ............. 48. 51 Artifacts ,.,.,.,., ...... ,.,.,., .,.,.,.,., ...... ,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,." .,., 51 Art of 36.55 Artis Opus 49 Astarte SA , 26 Bay State Coin Show ..... ................... ......................... 36 Beach, James E ..... ................................................. " 53 Bergman, John F, 34 Berman.AllenG ..... " .. " ................. " .. "" .............. ..... " 14 BIom, Christ ... n 57 Cal!l<'ry Coin GaHery C&d9rlirtd, Tom ......................... " ...... Insid<l Front CGB · CGF ................. ......... .. , .......... ...................... 24 CIMSicaI ClI$h 39. 53 Classical Coin Cases ..................... . " .. ....................... 57 Ctusical Numismatic Group. Inc. 52, Back Cover C<>n World 42 C<>ns of Antiqui1y .................. .. .. ...................... .... ....... 57 Colosseum C<>n EXCM"l}Il .......................... ...... ..... .. 53 Davis , Charles 37 Davis. Kirk ................ . " ........................................ 21 . 52 Davissons Ltd , ... , 39 Delphi Intemational 56 DeMafCO, Dr. Aal»/l ....................... ..... ....................... 56 Dorney. Ke nneth 25.55 Durst. Santon! J, , .. ... .. ....... , .. " ...... " ..... 35. 57 Educational C<>n Company ................................ ... .... 28 Elsen S.A.. Jean ................................ ......... .... ..... 49. 56 Fra(/ments ot Time .. ............................. ..................... . 51 Freeman & Sear . ... , .. . 15 GieSS9n.er M"".han(llur>g 56 Goldberg , Ira <'to Larry .... ............... ........ ......... " ............ 11 HD En1erp rises ............................................... " ........ . 51 Hippocampos . , .. . 53 Hirs.", Gerhard Nach!. 41 Hustoo. Stephen ................ " .................................. 6. 52 Independent Coin Grading (ICG) .................. " ........... 17 Kem Co .. Jonathan K ..... .. ... . " ................................... 54 Kolbe. Gaorge Fr&derick 32 , S2 Kovacs. Frank L, ................ "" ....................... " .... " ....... 8 Kri~. Brian ......... " ...................... " .......... . 52 L8vri<>n Publishing 43 L"" Numiorrn>tics. Ltd 15 London Coin Ga!erias ........... "" ............ .......... ... " .. ... 46 Long Beach Coin ~ Collectib les Exf'O 36 Maine Classical Numismalics 54 Maller, Joel &. Co, 22 Markov, Dmitry .................................................... " ..... 29 MOnzen urn! Me<laillen AG ............ " ................... " " .... . 9 M ~ M Numismatics. Ltd. 57 M &. A Coin ..... "" .. "" ........ ... ...... """" ................. ",, ... 54 ~w Yorl< International Numismatic C""" 13 ~w York Sale, The 19 N~us CoinsIKaimbach ...... . " .. .............. .............. . " ..... 53 !'lowe •• Howard 51 Numismatic Arts ot Santa Fe ............................. .. ..... , 51 Numi$maticll Ar$ Classica AG 10, 56 Numismatik Lan . ...... " ........ .............. " ................. , 2, 54 Numistory,com .. " .. "" ................ . " .. "" .. .... .. ................ 40 Olympus Numismatics 27 Owen. Edgar L. 54 Papyrus 6001<s ..... " ................ ...... . "" .... ................. ,,' 51 Pars Coins 55 P"I}aSi Numismalics ."" .. " ............ ....... "" .. " .. " ...... 7 , 55 Persic Galery 54 Poos , Dr, Bu$SO NachfOlger . . ... .. ...... 18 Ph illip$. Wayne C. 57 Pieces of Time ............ " .. "" ............... .. """ ........ ,, ...... 52 Pont~rio ~ Associates 5.20. 53 Professiona l Numismatists Guild 38 Ristow. John 51 Roman Connection. The 51 Rosenblum. Wil iam M, . . ...... , 12. 55 Royal Athena Galleries. . .......... " .... , 44 Rud<! , Chris 43. 53 Rudn i~ NumismatiCs 52 Rynearson , Paul """"" .......... . """ .. ,,",, .............. . ,,"" 54 Saslow. Dr, .... rnold A. 59 Sayt~s, Wayne G .. AntiQuarian ." .............. , ........ 45. 54 Schinl<e. Glenn .. """" ...... " ........ .... ... " ................ ..... ,, 52 Shore, Fred 8 .. """ .... ................. "",, ...... ,, ............. .. .. 56 Smythe , R,M, . . . .... 52 Spartan Numismat>cs 53 SpeoacK Len .......... """ .. " ...... ....... """""",, .. ,, ........ . 55 Spink America 30.31 Stack's ........................... "" ............... Inside Sac, Cover Sternberg , Frank AG 54 Swiss Numismalic Soci<lty 47 Time Machine Co. 51 Treasufe Island .................. " .. " .... ....................... " ..... 55 Triton IV Sale 3 Twentc Ancient Coin$ 56 Vosper. Mike 56 WaddeH. EdWafd J, Ltd, ........... "" ........................ \6,52 Zal>Che. Don to Marcetla ... 56 Ye Ofcle Curiositie Shoppe .......... ,," " "" " ... .. ....... . ,,'" J.3

58 The Ce/ator

Notes for Authors & Contributors

All contributions to The Celatar are welcome and encouraged. As a popular journal, it is our goal to serve as a venue to educate and en­tertain our readers, and to provide a forum for the interchange of ideas. The editor does reserve the right to edit and / or modify any submission to insure compliance with our edi­torial policies. We cannot guarantee the publication of any submission. Preference will be given to original, previously unpublished material, but previously published articles, etc . are welcome provided the

Reach A TargetedAudieItC«­Profe'$wlUtl Directory

Ads Get Results!

proper releases and rights are sub~ mitted at the time of publication.

Manuscripts should be typed and double-spaced on 8 1 / 2 x 11 inch or A4 white bond paper. Sub­missions on 31/2 inch 'floppy' dig.. kettes (or 100mb Zip d isks, Zips will be returned) are greaUy appreciated. Please try to use ASCII format (with­out carriage returns) or MS Word, if possible. Zip disks will be returned to the author after publication.

Manuscripts and illustrations should be sent to the Editor c/ a The Celatar, P.O. Box 839, Lancaster, PA 17608-0839.

November Trivia Answer: "The Krypteia"

Please include me as a subscriber to The Cela tor:

Name

Address

City ____________ _

State ________ Zip ____ _

D Enclosed is a check or money order

D Please bil l my MastercardNisa

Visa or Mastercard #

Subscription Rates: (1-year/2-year) $27 I $50 United States $36 I $68 Canada $481 $90 International

(Visa/MasterCard Accepted: Checks fo r Canada and tnterna­lionat subscriptions must be in US $ drawn on a US bank) OvetSeas delivery byair·remail

Mail to: The Celator P.O. Box 839,

---- --- - ---- ---- Lancaster,PA Exp. Dale _ _ I __ Signature 17608-0839, USA

L ________________________ ~

Paid Advertisement

~e <0lbe jiacke llaige Dear Celator Reader:

The topic this month is coin shows since I have just fin ished putting two ol lhem on, in San Francisco and NYC. In this country coin shows are taken for granted, as there are at leasl several shows every week­end someplace in the US. Look al the show listings in Coin World or Numismatic News some time, and Ilhink you would be amazed at the number 01 shows that there are. The shows themselves vary from one-day affairs al the Legion Hall to major shows thai go on for four days or more. I think thai coins shows are a peculiarity of this counlry. Once you go 10 Europe, you find that coin shows are quite infrequent, and often are a once or twice yearly national event.

In London. you have COINEX, which is held each October. At one time, in the early 1980's, the show was overrun with American dealers, and Ihe organizers were concerned that they might have to limit the tableholders from the U.S. My understanding now is that they would welcome, wilh open arms, any U.S. dealers that might like 10 lake a stand. It was quite an interesting show in its early days, as you had to supply you r own cases and table lamps and hope that you had a wall as there were not power points throughout the center 01 the room. They also had this peculiar idea of not having chairs for patrons, just for dealers. So you would see 80-year-old collectors slooped over your case, trying to look at coins, and at times, I felt so sorry for them, I gave them my chair. The show also had a bar with in the bourse room.

In Germany, the main show was In Munich, and it had the added charming appeal of being held in one of the original beer halls in which Hitler used to give his speeches in the 1930's. Apparently, we missed it in the firebombing that took place during WWII. This was a most peculiar show as tableholders were on the stage in the main room, and on a balcony on an upper level above the main room. Of cou rse, it was a beer hall so you also had a lot of locals, wearing liederhosen and swigging giant steins of beer as the show went on. But the wiener-schnitzels were quite good. I understand that the show now is held in a more prosaic location.

I always wanted 10 do a show in Rome, but in the old days, Italo (Vecchi) was good enough to explain to me that il could take up to six months for the authorities to clear the coins that you brought in, as they had to make sure that they indeed were the coins that you wanted to take out. When we were in London for our honeymoon, Italo now explained that with the EEC in place, you should, technically be able to enter England with your ancient coins, using a broker and entering them legally, and then simply drive or lake the train to Rome, participate in the show, and leave the same way that you came. The expla­nation, by the way, came with a simply sumptuous meal. Perhaps a number of the ancient dealers, who are now doing the one-day in Phoenix, the next day in Cleveland shows, might want to think about Rome. This certainly intrigues me, and I want to check out the details of this.

I am sure that there are simply amazing shows in Amsterdam, or Antwerp, or Oslo, but I have never heard of anyone going to any of these, so I have no idea about the olher major shows, if indeed there are any, in Europe. Per­haps a reader might take the time to write an article on the European shows, giving times, places, etc. so that some of us could plan to allend, if only as buyers. I am not su re that I am prepared at the moment to sell my coins in ex­change for ECU's.

Back in the USA shows are now flooded with brand new collectors, who having discovered the new state quarters and the "golden" dollar, are intrigued to find out about coins. At­tendance is setting new records at a lot of shows. The only problem is that these new collectors have interest, but don't seem to be indined to actually txJy anything. The ANA in Phila­delphia had a record crowd, which seemed to be about 50% people with just about every kind of holiday change or inex­pensive coin that they needed to have examined and ex­plained. After actually taking some time and being nice enough to do this, they would then move to the dealer across the aisle and go through the same routine, as you obviously were ill·informed in having told them that what they had was worth­less. What perplexes me even more is that at the recent NYC show we put on, it was obvious thai groups of 2 or 3 people, each had paid $5- to get in, only to try to find out about coins thai had no value at all. The idea of using the library seems to be a distant thought. We also get loads of calls asking us to tell the caller which are the "good coins", and could we send them a list of these . Interest does not translate into sales, and if you don't have sales, then you don't go to shows.

I am about to sign a new lease for the Gallery, which wi ll be good for the next 10years. Hmmm, I just tumed 57 so that puts me up to 67. I wonder if at that time, I will have any interest or be doing any shows at all ? My granddaughter, Mattie, will be 13 and Erik will be well into his 40's, so perhaps the next generation will either carry on or we will be doing all ou r buying and selling through our wristwatch computers.

UPCOMING COIN SHOWS:

Bay State, Boston, Nov. 17·19th, Radisson Hotel (old Ho-Jo) on Stuart 51. Show hours 10-7 Fri. & Sat. & 10-4 on Sun. This is New England's best show by far !!

Rare Coins & Classical Arts Ltd. "Specialis ts in Museum Quality Coins" Member: ANA, ANS, SAN. AtNA, INS,

Ex-Fellow RNS

P.O. Box 374 South Orange, NJ 07079 Phone: (973) 761-0634 Fax: (973) 761-8406 Email: yocs@prod lgy.net

"At the Gallery" 111 South Orange Ave.

South Orange, NJ 07079 Phone: (973) 762-1588

November 2000 59

Celator Classifieds Rates: $5.00 for the first 20 words, 20tt each additional word.

STILL LOOKING for a special book on ancient or foreign coins? We stock aOOuI I,(XXldifi"erent titles. Please write: A.G. van der Dussen. Witmakerssuaat 14A, 6211 JB Maastricht, Netherlands, orfax.: +31433 216 014 or e-mail: numis@vd-dussen.demon.nl

GREEK, ROMAN, MEDIEVAL coins. Monthly catalogs with very reasonable prices and discounts issued for 33 years. Francis J. Rath. Box 266, Youngstown. NY 14174.

SWAN ANCIENT COINS, A 40 year ancient coin accumulation. some 2000 coins. is being sold over the internet. About 80 coi ns are and will be illustJated at one time. The enti re col­lection will be displayed and sold over a two to three year period. Visit the web site at www.cadvision.comlswancoi ns/

BULK LOTS-Ancient Roman coins, buy direct from the source of supply, just im­ported, not picked over, many types, sold ''AS IS" 110 for $69.75. Francis Rath, PO. Box 266. Youngstown, NY 14 174

THE OTHER ANCIENTS: Mideast, Asia, Orient. Free catalog. Huge book stock too. Scott Semans, Box. 22849·P, Seattle, WA 98 122; (206) 322·4 180

CQMPRESSORE ANCIENT COINS and Artifacts. Conservatively graded and fair-priced items. Please check out our website at: Http ://www. roe mi sc he­muenzen.de or oroer an illustrated paper list free: Fax Gennany 06582 99039

AGING BUT AMIABLE COLLEC ­TOR invites you tocheck out his website: hup:llwww.deepfi eld .comlanool. Art Noot, N-3 166 Johnson Rd., Winter,WI 54896--7503, email: anoot @win.bright. llel

Display Advertising Rates

"',"

1/6 Page - $69

1/3 Page - $126.50

1/2 Page - $184

Full Page - $368 (single insertion prepaid rales)

Annual contract & multiple insertion

discounts available

Targeted directly to col/ectors

of ancient and medieval coins and antiquities.

Call or write for more information or a copy of our currem rate card!

60 The Gelator

The Celator P.O. Box 839, Lancaster, PA 17608

TeVFax (717) 291-9870 Email: Kerry@celator.com

ANC IENT and :MEDIEVAL COINS. Historical background given foreach coin listed. Robert G. Lilly, P.O. Box 75374, Charleston. WV 25375, 304-776-4080, Web Site: httpJ/W\\IW.wvinter.nelf- lilcoins

SOFTWARE: Print tags. illustrated catalogs, collection/inventory records. The V IRTUAL CO IN C ABINET handles all numismatic material ! Win­do wsIMacintosh CD $49.95. Ordersl questions: Stephen Huston, Box 19362 1, San Francisco, CA 94 119. 1-5 10-475-8624.

TH E ROMAN COIN COMPEN­DIUM first four CD-Rom diskette prices have been slashed in half in effort to in­crease sales and hopefully allow comple­ti o n o f the project . C heck it o ut at www.cadvisio n.comlswancoinsl

ANCIENT GREEK MINTS Windows 98 Software. Numismatic Corporation. 51 15 North Socrum Loop Road, Apart­ment 197, Lakeland. Florida, 33809. Mr. Todd Martin Miller. President.

PA RTHIA.COM - Parthian culture, history, art, coins plus an extensive bib­liography. Parthi an-related coin s of Rome and much mo re. http: // parthi a.com.

KNOSSOS COINS WANTED: Silver coins depicting labyrinths andlor other aspects minotaur myth, VF+ or bener o n ly. A lso seekin g copy l e Rider " Monnaies Cretoises ." Please COnlact: William Bayer, 1592 Union Street #475, San Francisco, CA. 941 23; or e-mail: DavidDHunt@aol.com.

DIVESTING 30 YEAR COLLEC­T ION. Ani mals and P lants. Inquiries about your speciruty to: John Twente, DBS 105 Lefevre Hall, UNC Columbia, MO 6521 1, (573) 445-3389. E- mai l : John1\vente@webtv.net

SELLING PERSONAL LIBRARY BOOKS - (Greek/Roman/ JewishlBibli­cal ). Prices discounted . SASE-James Lovette, 117 N. Park, Little Rock, AR 72205-4434

DISCOVERED Three Sets Out or Print, British Museum, Roman Provincial Coins, Volume I (two boxed volumes). Sold up to $600 - Just $360. Supplement $40. Volume n (two box:ed volumes) also available $275. Sanford Durst. II Ointon Avenue. Rockville Center, NY 11 570

FINE ANCIENT COIN REPRODUC­TIONS. Custom 'ancient style' coins with your own portrait Cl1eck out please: hnJ2;il acar.hyperlink.cz or write: Pavel Neumarm, PO Box 125. CZ-62500 Bmo, Czech Re­public.

An Important Sale of

ANCIENT, FOREIGN AND

UNITED STATES COINS PUBLIC AUCTION

December 5, 6, 7, 2000

held in conjunction with

THE NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONVENTION

Featuring

An Outstanding ColleCMn of Ancient Judnean Silver and Bronze Coins; A Splendid SelecMn of Ranum ImperifIl Aurei; pllltO;

A Specialized CollecMn of Roman ImperifIl Bronzes; Choice Rarities of the Ancient Greek and Roman W,,,I,I'

Medieval Goid and Silver Coins; Foreign and U.S. Coins in all metals.

The Ancient and Foreign coins will be sold at Le Parker Meridien Hotel, 118 West 57th Street, New York City between 6'" and 7th Avenues, Thesday and Wednesday Evenings, December 5 and 6, 2000, starting at 6:30 PM.

65 Years of Rare Coin Auctions

CATALOGUED AND SOLD BY

123 WEST 57TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10019·2280 TELEPHONE; (212) 582·5955 OR (212) 582· 2580

FAX; (212) 245-5018 (IT (212) 582. 1946

Visit us on the World Wide Web http://www.stacks.com

A REMINDER

ltaJal C!otn ~aUcrtc5

Fall Mail Bid Sale. over 3,200 lots of Ancient, Foreign and

U.S. coins and medals, closes

NOVEMBER 8, 2000

Sessions 3 & 4

December 6rh)

In conjunction with the 29th Annual New York IntemationalThe extraordinary collection of

HenryV. KarolkiewiczFeaturing Polish Coins from a rhousand years

Presenred b), Kafl StephenSThis tremendous sale features 1076 lots which include

486 lots pertaining to the Polish Kings110 lots relating to Russia

(including all four varieties of the tarnous "Family Ruble")and over 100 lots of coins issued in Silesia, Prussia. Pomerania and the Teutonic Order

Rounding out this offering is an important collection ofKarl Goetz Medals in silver, gold and platinum.

Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.Lancaster. PA London. Ensland

Freeman & Searlns Anseles, CA

Numismatica Ars ClassicaZurich, Switzerlad