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NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN VOLUME I DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL ' COMMERCE CITY, COLORADO AUGUST 1981 S9193A03 * NoN-OOJ Re.V1f¥/E.O z"' 0 coPY , 2 AU ti '('I ri 1
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Transcript of z"'0 coPY - ECOS
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN
VOLUME I
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL '
COMMERCE CITY, COLORADO
AUGUST 1981
S9193A03 * NoN-OOJ Re.V1f¥/E.O
z"'0 coPY , 2 AU ti '('I ri 1
Preface
This plan was prepared by: Dr. Howard R. Alden, Department .of
Outdoor Recreation, Colorado State University (Outdoor Recreation P~o
gram); Dr. E.T. Bartlett, Department of Range Science, Colorado State
University (Range Conservation and Restoration Program, and soils and
vegetation assessment); Dr. David R. Betters, Department of Forest and
Wood Sciences, Colorado State University (Coordinator of the project,
Historical Background, Environmental Impact Assessment); Mr. Merlyn J.
Paulson, Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University (Landscape
Program); Ms. Susan Russell, Horticulturist, Ft. Collins, CO (Landscape
Program); and Dr. John Schmidt, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
Biology, Colorado State University (Wildlife Program).
Several individuals were helpful in providing information and as
sistance, at Rocky Mountain Arsenal: Brian Anderson, William Doweli,
David Heim, Garland Guenther, David Thorne and William Trautmann: i·lith
other organizations: John Greist and Bruce Roseland, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service; Tom Howard, Steve Steinert and John Seidel, Colorado
Division of Wildlife; Eldie Mustard and Jeff Burwell, U.S. Soil Conser
vation Service; Stephen Flickinger and Bob Hyde, Colorado State Uni
versity. The authors are grateful for these individual's assistance
and cooperation.
The plan is organized into five major sections. This first section,
I, General, discusses the plan's goals and the historical background of
RMA as it relates to the natural resources. This section also contains
the baseline information pertinent to various sections of the plan. The
V
'·
next three sections.Ii, Range Conservation, Restoration and Landscap
ing Programs; III, Wildlife Program; and IV, Outdoor Recreation Program,
discuss each respective program's objectives, management situation
and recommendations. Finally, section V, Environmental Impact Assess
ment, points out the likely environmental impact of the proposed actions.
The plan is separated into two volumes. Volume I contains the basic
plan. Volume II contains supplementary data and large scale maps of
baseline inventory information.
I . GENERAL. . .
1 . Purpose.
2. Goals. .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
a . Over a 11 NRMP Goa 1 . • . . . • • • b. Range Conservation, Restoration and
Landscape Program Goa 1 . • . • c. Wi1 d 1 i fe Program Goal . . . . . . d. Outdoor Recreation Program Goal.
3. Historical Background,
a. Military Mission . b. Wildlife ..... c. Landscaping ...........•.... d. Agriculture, Range, and Water Conservation e. Outdoor Recreation (other than hur.ting and
4. Base Line Information.
a. General Location . b. Climate.... . . c. Topography and Drainage. d. Soils ....... .
(1) Truckton Series . (2) Ascalon Series .. (3) Platner Series .. ( 4) Bl akel and Seri es. . (5) Loamy Alluvial Land (6) Nunn Series ... . (7) Weld Series ... . (8) Sandy Alluvial Land (9) Other Soils ..... .
(10) Contamination of Soils.
e. Vegetation ...
(1) Range Sites
(a) Sandy Plains Range Site. (b) Loamy Plains Range Site. (c) Deep Sand Range Site . (d) Overflow Range Site ... (e) Wet Meadow Range Site ..
Pace -l
1
1
1
1 1 2
3
3 4 9
. . . . 9 fishing). 12
13
13 15 17 19
21 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30
32
32
32 37 38 39 39
(1) Range Sites (con't)
(f) Gravel Breaks Range Site (g) Clayey Plains Range Site (h) Salt Flat Range Site
(2) Woodlands ....... . (3) Natural Areas ..... . (4) Contamination of Vegetation
f. Wildlife ..... g. Improved, Semi-improved, Unimproved Areas.
40 40 40
41 41 41
41 43
II. RANGE CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND LANDSCAPING PROGRAMS 45
1. Range Conservation and Restoration
a. Objectives . b. Present Problems c. Prescriptions ...
(1) Range Improvement and Restoration
( 2)
(a) Manage as is ... (b) Reseed areas covered by annuals.
Control of Noxious Weeds.
(a) Manage as is . (b) Canadian Thistle Control (c) Field Bindweed Control
(3) Barren Areas. . . . (4) Renovation of Contaminated Land (S) Grazing . .
d. Alternative Plans. . .
(1) Low Budget Level Plan (2) Moderate Budget Level Plan. (3) High Budget Level Plan.
e. Recommendations.
2. Landscape Program ..
a. Objectives .. b. Landscape Deficiencies/Issues.
(1) Entrance Gates and Roadways (2) Consolidated Mess Area.
45
45 45 48
48
48 so 54
54 55 57
58 53 59
59
-o :J -60 65
55
69
69 69
59 -, I~
2. Landscape Deficiencies/Issues (can't)
(3) Headquarters Area. (4) Fire Station
c. Recommendations .
(l) Entrance Gates and Roadways. (2) Consolidated Mess Area . (3) Headquarters Area. . (4) Fire Station . . . . (5) Reoccurring Maintenance.
III. WILDLIFE PROGRAM.
l. Objectives ..
2. Management Limitations.
3. Specific Management Needs
a. Weedy Monotypes b. Prairie Dogs. c. Aquatic Weeds d. Bird Mortality. e. Lack of Data . . f. Deer Herd . . . . g. Recreation Conflicts.
4. Recommendations . . .
a. Natural Resources Coordinator . b. Cooperative Agreement Revision. c. Monitoring for Contaminants d. Bird Repellents ... e. Range Restoration •. f. Aquatic Weed Control. g. Aerators •...• h. Fishing Reports ... i. Deer Management . . . j. Shrub Plantings . . . . k. Fish Stocking - Lake Mary .. . l. Inventory of Fish Populations - Lakes Ladora and
Lower Derby ..... . m. CSU Cooperative Program . n. Artificial Raptor Perches o. Food Plots. . . . .. . p. Trapping ........ . q. Dog Trials. . . .. . r. Goose Nesting Structures. s. Other Wildlife Inventory. t. Wildlife Intrepretation .
5. Budget for the Recommendations.
Paae --7 /l 77
80
80 83 85 88 93
96
96
96
97
97 98 98 98
100 1 DO l 01
1 01
101 1 01 102 l 02 103 103 104 105 105 107 108
108 108 110 111 111 111 11 3 113 11 3
r"'\
--
IV. OUTDOOR RECREATION PROGRAM.
1. Objectives .....
2. Area of Concern and Planning Methods.
3. Findings . .
oaae -122
122
122
124
a. General Inventory and Recreation Classification 124
4.
(1) Experience Opportunity ....... . (2) Physical Social and Managerial Setting
b. Speci fie Inventory.
( 1) Resource . . (2) Facilities.
(a) Signing ( b) Toilets . . . (c) Fi re Protec ti on ( d) Picnic Tables . . . ( e) Miscellaneous, Campground ( f) Swinmi ng Poo 1 . . . . ( g) Sport Fishing - Lake Mary
(3) Use. (4) Management
Recommendations
a. General . . b. Specific Recommendations.
( 1 ) Resource. ( 2) Facilities
(a) Signing (b) Toilets ( C) Water . . . ( d) Fireplaces/Grills (e) Picnic Tables ( f) Garbage Cans .
(3) Use. . . . (4) Management. ( 5) Implementation
(a) Manpower. (b) Material. ( C) Estimated Cost. (d) Time Line
( 6) Alternatives
124 125
127
127 127
129 129 129 133 133 133 138 138 1,:15
148
148 148
148 155
155 155 155 155 164 164
154 171 171
1 71 173 173 174
l 7 4
Pace -V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. 175
1. Proposed Action. . . 175
2. Existing Environment 175
3. Probable Impact of the Proposed Actions. 176
4. Adverse Environmental Effects. . . . . . 176
5. Short-term Use and Long-term Productivity. 177
6. Irreversible and Irretrievabie Commitments cf Resources. 177
7. Summary. . . 177
VI. REFERENCES CITED 177
V
SECTION I
I. Genera 1
1 . Purpose
The purpose of this Natural Resource Management Plan (NRMP) is
to provide guidance for manaoing the natural resources of the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal (RMA) in accordance with AR420-74, OARCOM and ARRCO~
supplements to AR420-74, AR200-l, AR210-20, DAPAM420-i, and TMS-630.
2. Goals
The following goals are applicable to the overall plan and
specific portions "Jf the ;,lan. This set of goals is consistent with
those stated in the pertinent Army regulations.
a. Overall NRMP Goal
To restore, improve, protect and preserve, through wise,
integrated resource management, the installation's natural
resources, providing optimum multiple use benefits, present and
in the future, for the U.S. Government, Rocky Mountain Arsenal,
and the general public as is consistent with the assigned military
mission.
b. Range Conservation, Land Restoration and Landscape Program Goal
To improve, restore, and protect soil and water resources
with special consideration given to protection and restoration
of environmentally sensitive areas and to maintain and improve
the appearance of the installation's facilities and grounds.
c. Wildlife Program Goal
To restore, improve, protect and preserve desired new and
existing fish and wildlife species with special consideration given
to endangered flora and fauna, and manage these resources in
a manner consistent with the carrying capacity of the land.
2
d. Outdoor Recreation Program Goal
To develop, maintain, and improve outdoor recreation programs
and facilities to provide the maximum benefits possible both for
installation personnel and the general public as is consistent
with the military mission.
These goals were translated into specific five-year objectives for
each resource area within the plan. These objectives were formulated
based on input from the RMA Conservation and Beautification Committee
and the judgement of the planning team concerning RMA natural resource
needs, suitabilities and capabilities. The objectives for a particular
resource program are presented at the beginning of that resource's respec
tive plan section.
3. Historical Background
a. Military Mission
The RMA lands were purchased in 1942. Prior to the U.S.
Government purchase of the lands, the area was used primarily
for agricultural purposes. The mission of RMA at that time was
to produce toxic gases and gas manufacturing plants were built
to construct such weapons. In 1946, these facilities were
leased to Shell Chemical Company and the manufacturing plant
was modified by that company for production of insecticides and
herbicides. This lease and pesticide production have continued
to the present time. In the early 19SO's RMA was selected as
the site for production of GB nerve gas. A plant was constructed
in 1953 and this gas was produced until 1970. Within the same
time frame RMA also produced an anti-crop agent, TX. Since the
early 1970's RMA's military mission has changed from one cf
3
production to that of demi1itarizing various types of toxic agents
including mustard, phosgene and GR.
The mission of RMA has had two major impacts on the natural re
source management program. One, it has caused a fairly limited public
access program over the years. This exists at its strictest level at
present. And two, it (along with pesticide manufacturing) has re
sulted in various degrees of land and water contamination. This has
been caused by the accidental spills and the past practice of dumping
or burying chemical wastes or routing waste effluent into one of
several unlined disposal basins or deep wells. These means of dis
posal were discontinued several years ago.
b. Wildlife
Rocky Mountain Arsenal has relatively diverse habitats
ranging from almost pure stands of native shortgrass prairie
to extensive fields of brome cheatgrass, moist wetlands,
intermittent streams, and permanent lakes. More mesic sites
provide cattail marshes and stands of cottonwood and willow.
These habitats in turn support an abundant and varied animal
life. A species list (Fairbanks and Legros, 1975abc; Legros,
1975; and Fairbanks and Thorne, 1975) of animals known to
occur and which might occur on the Arsenal include 8 amphibians,
20 reptiles, 24 fishes, 356 birds, and 50 mammals.
The wildlife species are of value in a variety of ways.
Because of high populations of certain game species, e.g.
pheasants, doves, waterfowl, mule and white-talied deer, rain
bow trout, Northern pike and Northern largemouth largemouth
bass, there has been considerable interest in hunting, fishing
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4
and trapping.· In addition, nonconsumptive uses have been made
of the wildlife resources. Bird watching groups and wildlife
photographers have been attracted to RMA. Other trad~tional
values attributable to wildlife, i.e. education, scientific,
and corrrnercial (other than trapping), have not been realized
to a great extent.
Management of wildlife at RMA has varied since the post's
establishment. During the 1960's a Rod and Gun Club was
established. Both federal civilian employees working at RMA
and military personnel were eligible for menbership. The Club
built a clubhouse, and trap and skeet ranges. In addition they
were active in stocking certain wildlife species. Approxi
mately 1500 pheasants per season were released. Bob~hite quail
were also released in certain years. Northern pike, bluegill,
Northern largemouth bass, and channel catfish were stocked in
Lake Ladora in the 1960's. Lake Mary, established in 1960,
has been stocked with rainbow trout, Northern largemouth bass,
brown bullhead, and bluegills for "put and take" fishing. How
ever in the 1970's the Rod and Gun Club was disbanded when per
sonnel cutbacks and other problems. primarily dealing with con
tamination, made continuation of this program infeasible.
Trapping for fur bearing animals was authorized on a very
limited basis in the l960's and early 1970's. No trapping is
currently allowed except when in conjunction with wildlife con
tamination studies.
Both the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Colorado :)i
vision of Wildlife have been involved to some degree in RMA
wildlife management. A cooperative agreement between the t1~0
5
agencies and RMA was firs-:. arranged in the mid-1960's. The
agreement was recently reaffirmed in 1978. Since
discontinuation of all hunting, trapping and consumptive fish
ing in the 1970's, there has been little cooperative work con
ducted between these agencies.
Some habitat management has been practiced over the years
at RMA. Perhaps the most regularly conducted activity was the
planting of small food/cover patches for wildlife. Species
have included wheat, mi11et, corn, sorghum, and alfalfa. The
acreage planted each year has varied from about 100 to 300 acres.
In most recent years, one or more lakes has been chemically
treated to reduce undesirable aquatic plants. Other activities
have been accomplished as deemed desirable. For example, ten
duck nesting bo,ses were built in 1971. Ten goose nesting boxes
were constructed and placed around RMA lakes in 1975. Twelve
kestrel nesting boxes were constructed of which 10 are still
functional. Lake Mary was dredged in 1976 to deepen and widen
it and thereby making it a better fishery. Several potholes
were created along First Creek to enhance duck nesting.
Since the mid-1970's there has been a fairly extensive
program initiated to monitor contamination in fish and wildlife
species. These studies have been conducted by both RMA per
sonnel and by others contracted to do the work. At present,
the contamination levels are a major concern regarding the wild
life and fisheries management program and the major reason for
discontinuing consumptive use.
6
Perhaps the best brief history of contamination of wild
life at RMA was given by Thorne et al. (1979) in the intro
duction of their report:
"RMA has been used since 1942 for the production,
testing, storage, and disposal of various toxic chemicals
which are either proven or potential environmental pol
lutants. In 1974, a Dugway Proving Ground report esti
mated that some 1,400 acres on RMA, consisting of known or
suspected dumping sites and implicated water bodies, were
polluted to varying degrees. This estimate did not in
clude possible migration paths of the chemicals in the
soil or groundwater. Contamination of the industrial lakes
with chlorinated pesticides was implicated in substantial
waterfowl mortalities during the 19SO's and 1960's.
Miscellaneous plant and animal samples collected on RMA
and analyzed by the Denver Wildlife Research Center from
1963 to 1966 showed significant levels of several chlori
nated pesticides. In 1970, levels of dieldrin in fish from
Lake Ladora were confirmed by several laboratories.
Hundreds of dead waterfowl were observed around the shore
line of Basin F by RMA and Dugway personnel in 1973.
Various soil, water, and animal samples collected on RMA
and analyzed by the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency
during 1973, 1974, and 1975 showed significant concentra
tions of several chlorinated pesticides. Dugway per
sonnel detected high levels of dieldrin in largemouth bass
taken from Lake Ladora in 1975."
7
Analyses by personnei of the U.S. Army Environ-
mental Hygiene Agency of dead starlings collected from
an unexplained die-off of many of these birds near the
RMA Headquarters Building in 1976 showed high tissue
residues of dieldrin. Although dieldrin could not be
pinpointed as the cause of death in these birds, it was
concluded that abnormally high levels of the pesticide
in the environment may have been a predisposing cause."
Therefore, they concluded that an ecological monitoring pro-
gram was necessary to gain insight into the actual extent of con
tamination and food chain involvement of the pollutants unique
to RMA. The resu1t of the study is best summarized in Table
I-1 which was taken directly from their publication (Thorne
et al., 1979:4-11). Some of their key conclusions were:
Chlorinated pesticides, of one or more kinds, are
present in all areas and biological species studied;
High levels of several contaminants were found in fish
and game animals;
Conswnption of fish and game harvested on RMS presents
a health risk.
As a result of Thorne et al.'s (1979) study and other related
factors, all hunting and consumptive fishing was discontinued at
RMA.
V
\_)
8
Table I-1 . Contaminants in fish and game animals on RMA
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9
c. Landscaping
The RMA grounds do not currently have many improved areas
where landscape plantings and maintenance is necessary. ihe
only building areas, not manufacturing or storage/maintenance
facilities, are the post headquarters area, RMA conso1idated
mess, security area, post fire station, and the Headquarters
and Headquarters Company's barracks. Other areas requiring
landscape maintenance are along major access roads.
In the mid-1970's the barracks area was vacated because
of the construction of a new runway for Stapleton International
Airport. The planes take off and land near these buildings
and the noise levels are beyond acceptable limits.
These buildings are now scheduled for removal. Other individ
ual houses for assigned military, located even clo3er to the
airport runway, have already been removed. Thus, the number
of improved areas requiring landscaping is declining.
At present, regularly scheduled landscaping activities
involve irrigation, mowing and some plantings. On an inter
mittent basis there is also some pruning of trees, spraying
for insect and disease control, a~d fertilizing of lawns.
d. Agriculture, Range, and Water Conservation
At various times, RMA lands have been used for agricul
tural outleases. Five-year grazing leases were first estab
lished in 1960. A total of 2800 acres were leased annually
for cattle grazing. These leases continued until 1970. The
area grazed included those sections along the western boundary.
V
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1 0
Approximately 250 cattle were grazed there each grazing season,
from 1 May to 1 October. As recer.tly as the early 1570's, a
few horses were pastured on the RMA lands. Currently, however,
there are no agricultural outlease areas at RMA and none are
being considered for the future.
There haven't been any major water erosion problems, on
a continuing basis, on RMA lands; although there has been some
intermittent flooding. In 1965 runoff caused road and dike
damage when culverts become clogged with debris. Additional
culverts were installed after this incident. Some major water
caused erosion damage occurred in 1973 when the earthen dam
of Upper Derby Lake washed out, resulting in considerable dam
age to roadways, railroad beds and dikes of other lakes below
it. This large amount of runoff was prod~ced, in part, by the
newly constructed Montebello industrial area just outside of
the southern boundary. These dikes have now been repaired and
the water drainage pattern changed so runoff is diverted by
drainage ditches and culverts to Section 12 and First Creek.
At times wind erosion has been a problen on certain areas.
Particularly, those areas where spillage of chemical contami-
nants destroyed the vegetation. Attempts to revegetate these areas
have been made to provide a protective vegetative cover.
Range fires have not been a major problem. There are fire
breaks around the entire RMA perimeter and there are roads lo
cated along each section boundary which serve as firebreaks.
Some additional firebreaks have been installed around picnic/
campsite areas.
11
By far, the most significant land and water restoration
problem has involved toxic chemical contamination. At present,
the area of contamination is fairly extensive in certain sec
tions within the interior of RMA grounds; in particular
Sections 26 and 36, where waste basins were once located. These
basins have since been closed. Other sections are also contami
nated, but less so. The sections !!21 having a history of some
type contamination are sections 3, 7, B, 12, 22, 27, 28, 33,
and 34 (Records Evaluation Report No. 107).
Since the mid-l9SO's there have been complaints by farm
residents outside the RMA boundaries, concerning groundwater
pollution. In response to these complaints in 1957 a sealed
reservoir, Reservoir F, was built and all the unlined basins'
e'ff1,1ent was drained into that reservoir. These actions, how
ever, did not stop the groundwater contamination and in 1975 a
cease and desist order dealing with pollution of groundwater
was issued to RMA. A pilot project was then initiated on RMA's
north boundary which involved stopping the flow of the ground
water, then pumping it through a purification facility, and re
turning it to the soil at the north RMA boundary. This pilot
project is now being expanded considerably. In addition, over
140 monitoring wells have been established at various points
within RM.A. to check groundwater flow and levels of contamination.
Surface waters also have some contamination. The surface
waters of the lakes in the southern area of RMA have a history
of chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination. This has been caused
primarily by one major spill from the Shell Chemical Company
V
V
12
plant. Most of the lakes in the southern section, except Lake
Mary, are used as a source of industrial water for Shell's
pesticide manufacturing operation. The level of contamination
varies by lake with Lower Derby having the highest level and
Lake Ladora and Lake Mary having lesser amounts, in that order.
First Creek, ,fn intermittent stream, has also been found to
contain contaminants. Again, the north boundary purification
facility is being expanded to process and purify waters flow
ing off the Arsenal.
This water restoration project and plans for restoring
the basin areas and lakes are the major problems facing the
RMA land and water conservation and restoration program at
this time. Understandably, these contamination problems have
had a major impact on both the natural resource use possi
bilities and environmental protection activities.
e. Outdoor Recreation (other than hunting and fishing)
The outdoor recreation program, outside of hunting and
fishing, has been fairly limited. There are picnic and camp
ing areas in the southern por:ion of the Arsenal. For the
most part these facilities/areas have been used by groups, such
as the Girl/Boy Scouts, church groups, school classes, Audubon
Society, dog clubs, and Army Reserve units for training. These
groups must write a letter to the security office, requesting
use of these facilities. If approved, a permit (except for
military use) is then issued. ihe availability of these facili
ties has normally not been advertised to the general public.
They have, however, been mentioned as being availaole to traveling
I C
1 3
military in Army travel bulletins. Under these conditions, it ", ;J I has been estimated that approximately 10,000 individuals use these
facilities/areas each year.
J) "
One of the campsites has water (not potable) available.
However. the majority are unimproved campgrounds and campers
that use the area should have self-contained units. Portable
rest rooms are placed in the areas during the summer months.
In general. these facilities are currently in rather poor
condition.
In the past. there has been very limited contacts between
RMA and either the U.S. Bureau of Outdoor Recreation or the
Colorado Division of Parks and Recreation. This has been a
function of RMA's 1imited public access program due to its
mission and security concerns. Further, the staffing and funds
necessary to handle a larger number of public users has not
been available in the past.
4. Base Line Infonnationl/
a. General Location
RMA is located in Adams County, ten miles northeast of down
town Denver. The RMA lands amount to a total of li,074 acres.
RMA is surrounded by agricultural lands to the north and east. an
industrial area and Stapleton International Airport on the south,
and a residential area on the west (Fig. I-1).
l/Large scale maps containing base line information and tables containing extensive amounts of inventory data are in Volume !I of this plan. Where appropriate these maps and tables are cited as: See Vol. II, map/table_within the text here.
.~.
.,J i . _,. -
'·-·· J t...,.,. ·-·~
·-· __ ! L-.4-i I ·-·
. r· Eastlake I r· . '--··-· L. I
-· c.:. ~·-·- ·-,., C
Westminster I Northglenn ~ )
r··: ·-·-·- _J i ! -'-, c:~ J Ll Tho.:~:_ ,·
!-=..:1..l r ·-· ' '- ,._ _,,,_. . ( \r·l
-·-·.:...., c: -.)
c...,
-· -. I I . l
N OENVER
A • !
14
Eldorado Springs 0
CJ Brighten
8 Henderson
·-, I I
..r·---·~~ I :-.......,. -- I--· I , \. Aurora I
r·-· I"
Figure I-1. Rocky Mountain Arsenal and Vicinity.
15
The area surrounding the Arsenal (Adams, Jefferson. Arapanoe
and Boulder counties) has a large proportion of the tota1 state
population and has one of the highest population growth rates in
Colorado (Table I-2).
Table I-2. Regional Population Statistics for the Areal/ Surrounding RMA
Year
1975
1980
1985
Percent Percent Population Regi ona 1 of state five year density
population population growth rate people/sq .mi1 e
1,418,300 55.8 14 .0 279
1,558,411 55.B 9.8 307
1,751,159 55.4 12 .3 345
l/Includes Adams, Jefferson, Arapahoe and Boulder Counties
Source: Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Planning, Population Estimates and Projections, Colorado Tabulated Final Population Projections, Series CP-25, No. 79(a)-S. August 1979.
b. Climate
The area has a semi-arid climate. The climate is classed as
moderate with a growing season of about 135 days, from approxi
mately 10 May to 25 September. Frost nonna11y ends the later part
of April and usually occurs again in mid-September. The mean
temperature is 64 degrees Fahrenheit (F). The maximum temperatures
\...J
normally occur in July and lowest temperatures in January. 7he ·~
16
maximum temperature on record is 105° F and minimum -30 deg~ees
(F). The following is a listing of long-time U.S. Weather Bureau
average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures:
Average Average Month Maximum ( 0 F) Minimum (°F)
January 43.5 16.2
February 46.2 19. 4
March so. 1 23.8
April 61.0 33.8
May 70 .3 43.6
June 80 .1 51. 9
July 87 .4 58.6
August 85.8 57.4
September 77. 7 47.8
October 66.8 37.2
November 53.3 25.4
December 46.2 18.9
The average yearly precipitation is 15.51 inches. Almost 78~ er
this falls during the growing season. thus it is more effective
for crop production than indicated by the total. Sr.oi·da11 amounts
to nearly 6.0 inches (water equivalent) and generally snow melts
within a short time. The U.S. Weather Bureau's average monthly
rainfa11 records show:
1 i
Month Averaoe Pr ec i o i ta ti on (inches)
January .61
February .67
March 1.21
April 1.93
May 2.64
June 1. 93
July 1. 78
August 1 .29
September 1.13
October 1.13
November .76
December .43
c. Topography and Drainage
Generally, the RMA lands are gently undulating to undulati~g
and rolling. The elevation is approximately 5300' {MSL) at the
southeast corner and 5100' (MSL) at the northwest corner. The
average elevation is 5250' (MSL) (See Vol. II, Map 1).
The RMA lands lie in the South Platte River drainage. The
principal streams are intermittent and include the Sand Creek
lateral and First Creek iateral. These streams average about 10
feet in width and 3 1/2 feet in depth with a slope of .002:;.
First Creek drains the southeastern portion of RMA, runs to the
north boundary. and eventua11y discharges into the O'Brian Cana1.
Sand Creek drains the southcentral portion of RMA and drains into
either Basin C or First Creek (Fig. I-2). Groundwater flows to
the north, northwest.
\...-1
18
r NORTH BOG
I'
WAREHOUSE AREA ' D LAKE MARV
~·
1m ~ II --STA-PL._E1~118NATIONAL AIR~RT
!~Hr r Figure 1-2. Surface Water F1ow Pattern at RMA.
19
The lakes located in the southern sections overflow to the
west with the exception of Upper Derby Lake which flows into
First Creek. The waste basins overflow to the northwest. There
are approximately fifteen miles of drainage ditches and channeis
(See Vol. II, Map 2).
d. Soilsl/
The soils that occur on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal are based 4 ·.~~
..,,.,..__.t..l : ·,,. ~ .........
,:: ,n the Denver-Arapahoe geologic formation. They are we1~.drained J•
to somewhat excessively drained and have been fonned in wind-laid
deposits and in old alluvium. The soils are sandy and loamy with
sandy soils predominating. Four soil associations occur on the
area: Ascalon-Vona-Truckton, Alluvial Land, Blakeland-Valent
Tevey, and Platner-Ulm-Renohill {_Fig. I-3). An association is a
landscape that has a distinctive proportional pattern of soils
and normally consists of one or more major soils and at least one
minor soil. It is named for the major soils.
The Ascalon-Vona-Truckton Association covers approximate1y
74~ of RMA and is formed in wind-laid deposits. 7he soils on RMA
in this association are sandy loams and loamy sands. The Platner
Ulm-Renohill covers 17~ of RMA and is composed of loamy soils.
These soils are well drained on old a11uvium on interbedded shaie
and sandstone. The Alluvial Land Association comprises 6% of
the area and is composed primarily of loamy soils with some clays.
This association occurs along First Creek in the northern portion
of the Arsenal. The B1akeland-U1m-Renoh1ll Association comprises
only 3~ of the area and is made up of well drained loamy sands.
21so11 infonnation was -taken from Sampson and Bader (19i4), Soil Survey of Adams County, Colorado. This reference shouid be referred to for a more detaiied discussion of the soils.
-·-·,
N
~ l
I
[D ,
20
,
1
I
I
DJ 1
I I
1 Ascalon-Vona-Truckton Association 2 Alluvial Land Association 3 Blakeland-Valent-Terry Association 4. Platner-Ulm-Renohill Association
[] Industrial Area
,
4
Figure I-3. Soil Association of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (Johnson and Baker, 1974).
21
Soils that have profiles almost alike make up a soil series.
The major series of an area in turn make up a soil association.
A series is divided into phases .to represent such factors as slope,
stoniness or some other characteristic that affects use of the
soils by man. The soil phases (based on slope) are shown in
Table I-3; however, discussion will be limited to soil series in
order of descending size of area. The suitability of soils for
various uses is shown in Table I-4. The distribution of the soils
is shown in Figure I-4 (the base map is in Vol. III, Map 3).
(1) Truckton Series
Soils in the Truckton series are mol11sols and are well
drained and formed in wind deposits. Available water capacity
is low, but the soils absorb water rapidly. Runoff is slow
to medium depending on slope. The hazard of water erosion
also is dependent on slope and varies from slight to moderate
on sandy loams, but is severe on the Truckton loamy sand
(3 to 9 percent slopes). The hazard of blowing is severe on
all soils of the Truckton series.
Soils of this series vary in suitability for cultivation
depending on slope. Truckton sandy loam (1 to 3 percent slopes)
is suitable for cultivation to most crops and to irrigated
pasture. However, special cultivation practices are necessary
to protect the soil. Most of the Truckton loamy sands (3 to 9
percent slopes) are under cultivation in Adams County; however
the soil is generally unsuitable for cultivation because of
slope and is better suited to permanent pasture. Truckton
sandy loam with slopes of 3 to 9 percent are also unsuitable
22
Table r-3. Soils and Acreage of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
Soi1 Seri es Soil SlopeC~) Acres(Hectares)
Truckton Truckton loamy sand 3 to 9 71 (29) Truckton sandy loam 1 to 3 286i ( 11 60) Truckton sandy loam 3 to 9 3249 (1315)
Ascalon Ascalon sandy 1oam 1 to 3 l S46 (626) Ascalon sandy loam 3 to 5 908 (367) Ascalon sandy loam s to 9 198 (3C) Ascalon-Vona sandy loams 1 to 5 2639 ( 1068)
Platner Platner loam 0 to 3 2724 (1102)
Blake land B1akeland loamy sand 3 to 9 83 (34) Blakeland-Truckton Assoc. 395 ( l 60)
Loamy A 11 uvi al Land ---------·-------- ------ 430 ( li4)
Nunn Nunn loam 0 to 1 95 ( 38)
"" Nunn loam 1 to 3 67 ( 2i) Nunn clay loam 1 to 3 64 (26)
°"' Weld Weld loam 1 to 3 226 ( 91 }
I -- Sandy Alluvial Land ------------------ ------ 10? .,_ (78)
Wet Alluvial Land ------------------ ------ 1 6J. (66;
Stoneham Stoneham loam 3 to 9 l 03 (~2)
Gravelly 1 and-Sha 1 e Outcro;J Comp1 ex----- ------ 93 (38)
Vona Vona 1oamy sand 3 to 9 50 ( 2 0) Vona sandy loam 3 to 5 42 ( 1 7)
Arvada Arvada loam 0 to 3 0 ( 2. ~)
Tab
le
I-4
. E
ng
inee
rin
g
inte
rpre
tati
on
s o
f so
ils
(Sam
pson
an
d B
aber
, 19
74)
---~=
-=-=
.:-:-.
:.:..:
:...=
....:_
=:.--
=-=-
=----
--==-
----
--'
__ .....:_
____
____
,_,._ _
____
_ -_
--___
__ -
----
---~
-~ ~
-----------~
. --
---------·-
.. -
fop
so I 1
Sa
ncl
and
Gra
ve,
-------
----
-------
I hum
cla
y
1011
11
rlat
ner
Stum
~ha1
1
Jrn
i.:kl
on
Von
a
Wel
d
w~ t
A II
uv
I -a
I la
nd
(
Fair
Gen
eral
ly
fa I
r b
ut
900d
In
u
pp
er
8 In
ches
Goo
d to
fa
Ir
Poo
r to
h
tr
Fil
Ir
to
po
ot
Gen
eral
ly
1K)()
r bl
,t
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Od
In
UJl
lll!r
6
Ind
ies
Poo
r to
fa
ir
Un
suit
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Poo
r
fair
to
po
or
for
san
d
ra Ir
so
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e fo
r fi
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sand
Fai
r so
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r sa
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led
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go
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feet
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11
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rtg
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ll
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ns
ror
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on
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ank
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ter
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ld
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fair
to
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po
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r to
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od
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d
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d to
fa
ir
Poor
to
h
lr
Poor
Slo
w pe
nuea
hll
lly
; sl
op
es
of
0 lo
.l
perc
en
t
Slo
w p
e111
1ea-
bl I
t ty;
slo
pes
of
Oto
5 p
er
ceu
t
Hod
er a
te
per1
11ea
b
l l
ll.y
; sl
op
es
of
O t
o
9 p
er
cen
t
Rap
id
pen
nea
bll
-ll
y;
slo
pes
of
0 to
9
per
cen
t
Rap
id
1•en
nuti
I l -
lty
; sl
op
rs o
f 0
lo
9 p
en
en
t
Slow
p
Pn
aeab
ll
lt y
; sl
o11e
s o
r 1
lo
J p
erce
nt
S 11
es
l I"
' I l
e,I
lo
dulJ
l'
om
ls;
l1 I 9
h w,
1 I e
r
Hr.d
h111
to
lo
w
Slo
w
per
11
eab
ll-
shear
s tr
en!l
th;
tty
; go
od o
ut-
•ed
I 111
111
pip
ing
le
ts
haz
ard
Hed
t111
11
to
low
S
low
p
erm
ea-
shear
stre
ng
th;
bt
l tty
11
1edt
u,1
pip
ing
hi
l zar
d
be
1 O\f
dep
lh o
r 18
In
die
s
Hed
lu11
1 sh
ear
S ll
'Cll
!J th
; hl
1Jh
pip
ing
ha
zard
Hed
lum
sh
ear
stre
n9
th;
tll'd
l 11
111
to
hig
h
pip
ing
ha
zard
He,
! I ut
11
shea
r st
ren
gth
; 11
1edh
111
to
hig
h
pip
ing
h
azar
d
Not
n
eed
ed
No
adv
erse
re
atu
res,
bu
t d
rain
age
sel-
d1111
n
eed
ed
No
adv
erse
fe
atu
res
I ow
to
~,r.
d h11
11 S
low
p
en1
eab
l 1-
stie
ar s
tren
9th
; H
y.
good
01
1t-
111e
'1l11
1n
to
low
le
ts;
un
slah
le
11 Ip
I 09
h;1
Zai
-d
d Il
e h
-ba
nh
Vd.
-lr1
t,le
de
l•
l'iit;
p
ip
Ing
hal
ard
I h1
I I e
,1
011t
-l e
t s;
rre1
1111
!nl
flo
od
I n9
t .•
,hlr
; fn
(I
H•'.
nl.
(\ o
o,1
-
111•1
C
Slo
w
Inta
ke
rate
; n
eed
s d
rain
age
In
pla
ces
l1od
Pri
1te
to
slo
w
lnta
t.e
rate
; h
igh
av
a lh
ble
w
ater
ca
pac
lty
Mo
der
ate
lo
sev
ero
h
az
ard
or
ero
sio
n
low
to
111
11de
r-ate
av
ail
ab
le
wat
er
cap
act-
ly;
ero
dib
le
sol
I;
slo
pes
o
r O
to
g p
er-
Cf'
nl
low
to
111
oder
-ale
av
ail
ab
le
wa
lPr
cap
acl-
ly;
ero
dib
le
so 11
s;
s 1 op
es
of
O t
o
9 p
er-
cen
t
Hod
era
t<'
111-
tak
e rd
te;
gnud
av
ail
ab
le w
ater
cap
acit
y
Hot
. arp
lt
ub
l e
flod
era
le
lo
sev
ere
: h
igh
sh
rtn
k-s
wel
I
po
ten
t ta
I
Ho
der
ale
to
sev
ere
: m
ud
era
le
lo
hl!J
h sh
rln
~-s
wel
l p
ole
nll
a I
Sli
gh
t
Sli
gh
t
S 11
gh
t
S 11
gh
l
Sev
ere;
h
igh
w,1
ler
t.il
,le;
fr
e11u
enl
floo
'1 l
oq
Sev
ere:
'>
low
pe
nnca
b 11
1 ly
S 11
g It
l lo
mo ti
e,
· ate
; m
od
er
a I e
f)<
'rine
a -
bll
ily
b
elo
w
dep
th
of
18
i II(
hP5
Sll
9h
l w
herP
s
lnl'
es
are
0
lo
S p
cn
en
l;
n1od
era
t e
wh
ere
slo
pes
,H'e
S lo
9
per
cen
t
Sll
1Jhl
w
hen
' sl
op
rs
are
O
In
S re
rcr.
nt;
m
oder
a le
1ih
c, e
s
lup1
.•s
arr.
5
lo
9 pe
rcen
t
Sli
gh
t w
here
s l
upt>
s ,1
re
0 lO
5
JlP
r(l!
lll;
m
oder
a le
whe
re
slo
pes
are
5
lo
9 11
e1·c
.eol
Sli
ght.
lo
aM
11l
era
lP;
mo
der
ate
l'<!l
"UIP
rlh
l 11
ty
be
low
,le
plh
of
n ln
llu
>s
S1
·vrn
':
h 1,,
11
w,1
I er
t ,1 hi
e ;
1 ln
od
iuy
(
\
Tab
le
1-4.
C
on•t
----
-----
---
.... __
____
_ _
_ S
0iJ
Je1
ture
s_ A
ffec
t In
g
So
tl
L11
11ha
tlon
s F
or
fou
nd
atio
ns
Sep
tic
lan
k
Top
soil
S
and
and
Roa
d F
tl 1
---------
Fan
n P
on
ds-----
Ag
rtcu
ltu
ra 1
lr
rlg
a ti
on
fo
r Lo
w
rt lt
er
Gra
vel
R
eseJ
VO
tr __
Are
~ E
•ba
'!km
en t
Dra
inag
e B
uil
din
g
Fie
ld
-------------
---
----
----
---
-· -
--
-·
____
____
____
... _.. . .
....... .
. ... .
·----
-A
rvad
a P
oor:
u
ltn
e-
Un
suit
ed
Poo1
· V
ery
slow
per
-lo
w
to m
edt11
111
Ver
y sl
ow p
er-
Ver
y sl
ow p
er-
Sev
ere:
h
igh
S
ever
e:
ver
y
alk
ali
cl
ay
111r
.abl
llty
In
sh
ear
s tr
en
th;
•eab
t 11
ty
mea
bl 1
tty
; sh
rin
k-
slo
w p
enne
-at
I d
epth
su
hso
11,
11o
d-11
edh1
111
pip
ing
st
ron
gly
sw
ell
po
-ab
ilit
y
en
tely
rap
id
liu
ard
alk
ali
ne
ten
ll•
I pe
r111
eabi
l Hy
so
ils
In s
ubs
tra t-
lDi
slo
pes
n
f O
to
l
per
cen
t
Asc
.t Io
n F
air
to
poor
P
oor
Goo
d to
N
o11P
.ra l
e t
o
Hed
tu11
sh
ear
No
adv
erse
M
od
erat
e lo
S
lig
ht
to
Sli
']h
t w
here
fa
ir
1101
lera
tely
st
.-en
glh
; fe
atu
res.
h
igh
av
ail
-1i
oder
a le
s
lo1u
~s
an?
I ra
11id
1i
e111
1ea-
1mdh
1111
p
ip-
able
wat
er
shr
ir1k-
lo
!i p
erce
nt i
h
ll lty
; In
g h
uar
d
cap
acit
y;
I sw
ell
pc,-
1110
•ler
ate
whe
re
slo
pes
of
I to
9
per
cen
t te
nt t
a I
s l1
111e
s are
!i
"1
lo 9
per
cen
t.
slo
pes
to
9 p
erce
nt
_.,.
01
.iel
and
P
oor
Goo
d to
G
ood
Rap
id
per
nea
-N
ediu
m s
hear
Hot
ne
eded
Lo
w
ava
i I a
ble
SI
ly
ht
Sli
gh
t w
hern
fa
ir
for
b I H
ty
, st
ren
gth
; wa
I.e
r u
pac t-
s lo
p11s
are
l
sand
sl
op
os
or
l 11
edl1
n p
ip-
ty;
ro II
i ng
lo
~
prr
u>
n l
; tu
9
per
cen
t In
g ha
zard
to
11
od
erat
ely
m
o,le
rate
whe
re
slo
pin
g
slo
pes
are
5
tu
9 11
erce
nt
Gr ,1
111!
11 y
ro
or
Sp
ott
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25
Figure I-4. Soils Distribution, Rocky Mountain Arsenal
----,_
26
Figure I-4. (Con 1 t) Legend for Codes. Soils Map of Rocky Mountain Arsena 1 .
Map Code
AdB AsB AsC AsD AvC
BoD Bt
Gr
Lu
NlA N1B NuB
P1B
Sm StD
TtO TuB TuD
VnD voe
Wt WmB Int w Water
Source:
Legend Soil and S1 ope
Arvada loam. Oto 3 percent slopes Ascalon sandy loam. 1 to 3 percent slopes Ascalon sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes Ascalon sandy loam. 5 to 9 percent slopes Ascalon-Vona sandy loam, 1 to 5 percent slopes
Blakeland loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes Blakeland - Truckton Association
Gravelly land - Shale outcrop complex
Loamy alluvial land
Nunn loamt Oto 1 percent slopes Nunn learnt 1 to 3 percent slopes Nunn clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes
Platner loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Sandy alluvial land Stoneham loam 3 to 9 percent slopes
Truckton loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes Truckton sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes Truckton sandy loam, 3 to 9 percent slooes
Vona loamy sand, 3 to 9 percent slopes Vona sandy loam, 3 to 5 percent slopes
Wet alluvial land Weld loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes Intermittent lakes and ponds Perennial lakes and ponds Perennial lakes and ponds
Sampson, John J. and Thomas of Adams County, Colorado. Soil Conservation Service. 72 p. + 94 maps.
G. Baber. 1974. Soii Survey U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office.
27
for cultivation. All soils of the series are in the Sandy
Plains range site. In addition they are fairly well suited to
tree planting.
(2) Ascalon Series
This series is well-drained and occur on uplands. The
soils are mollisols and are formed in loamy material and
contain varying amounts of sand and gravel. Soils absorb
water at a moderate to rapid rate and the available water
capacity is high. Runoff is slow to moderate depending on
slope. As the slope increases susceptibility to water
erosion increases from slight to moderate. Also soils of
the Ascalon series are susceptable to severe wind blowing
especially on unprotected areas.
Most of the soils of this series are cultiv~ted for
either dry farming or irrigated farming. The limitations
to farming increase as the slope increases and more conserva
tion practices are needed. All soi1 in the Ascalon series
are classified in the Sandy Plains range site. They are also
fairly well suited to tree planting.
(3) Platner Series
The soils are well-drained and are on nearly level to
gently sloping soils on uplands, They formed in old alluvium
and are mo 11 i sols .. Platner soils absorb water s 1 owly and the
available water capacity is high. The only soil of the
Platner series that occurs on the RMA is Platner loam, Oto 3
percent slopes. Surface runoff is slow and the hazard of
water erosion is moderate to slight. Soil blowing can be
severe on unprotected areas.
,_.;
28
Most of the P1atner loam is cultivated in Adams County,
mostly in irrigated farming. The soils can be farmed with
few limitations. The Platner series is classified as a Loamy
Plains range site and is only slightly suited to tree planting
as seedlings are difficult to establish.
(4) Blakeland Series
This series only occurs on 3% of the RMA. The soils are
mollisols and are somewhat excessively drained, occurring on
gently sloping to moderate soils on uplands. Water absorb
tion is rapid and available water capacity low. Water runoff
is medium to slow. The hazard to soil blowing is severe on
the Blakeland loamy sand and moderate on the Blakeland-Truck
ton association.
The soils in this series are not suited for cultivation
because of dominantly stony, uneven slopes. The Blakeland
series is included in the Deep Sand range site. The soils are
only marginally suited for tree planting.
(5) Loamy Alluvial Land.
Soils of this type oc:ur in drainways within areas of deep
silty deposits. On the RMA, this soil occurs along First Creek
and is subject to flooding. Soils absorb water at a moderate
rate, and available water capacity is high. The hazard to
water erosion is very severe in cultivated areas because
gullies form easily if areas are not protected from flooding.
These soils are included in the Overflow Range Site. These
soils are suited for tree planting with species that tolerate
moisture and flooding.
29
(6) Nunn Series
The Nunn series includes well-drained, nearly ievel
soils that have formed in loamy alluvium. Nunn soils are
mollisols. Soils absoro water at a moderate rate, and the
available water capacity is high. Nunn clay loam has a
clay loam surface layer and consequently, permeability is
slow. Permeability is moderately slow on Nunn loams. Sur
face runoff is slight and hazard of water erosion is slight
on Nunn soils with slopes less than 1 percent. Hazard of
water erosion on 1 to 3 percent slopes is slight to moderate.
Hazard to wind erosion is moderate on areas without protec
tive cover.
Most of Nunn soils are under cultivation in Adams
County. Nunn loams are included in the Loamy Plains Range
Site while Nunn clay loam is included in the Clayey Plains
Range Site. The Nunn clay loam occurs next to the loamy
alluvial land along First Creek and is the only clay soil
on the RMA. Tree planting is not well suited as seedlings
are difficult to establish.
(7) Weld Series
Weld loam on slopes of 1 to 3 percent is the only soil
of this series occurring on the RMA and is a mollisol. This
soil is well drained and formed in wind-worked loamy material.
Water absorption is moderate, and available water capacity
is high. Surface runoff is medium, and the hazard of water
erosion is moderate to severe. The hazard of wind erosion
is severe in dry/arid areas if precipitation is below normal.
30
The soil is included in the Loamy Plains Range Site, and
is not well suited for tree planting.
(8) Sandy Alluvial Land
This soil occurs along First Creek in the southeastern
portion of the RMA. Sandy alluvial land has coarse soils
that are extremely droughty in dry periods. It is either
barren or covered by a sparse population of weeds. ihe
SCS does not place it in a range site, but it has been
classified in•the Sandy Plains Range Site for the purpose
of this study. It is not suitable for tree planting.
(9) Other Soils
Several other soil series occur on the area but are of
minor importance. They include wet alluvial land, Stoneham
loam, gravelly land-shale outcrop complex, Vona loamy sand,
Vona sandy loam and Arvada loam. Arvada, Stoneham and
Vona soils are aridisols. Stoneham loam is in the Loamy
Plains Range Site; Vona soils are included in the Sandy
Plains Range Site; wet alluvial land is in the Wet Meadows
Range Site; Gravelly land is in the Gravel Breaks Range
Site; and Arvada loam is in the Salt Flat Range site.
(10) Contamination of Soils
It is not known to what depth the soil has been con
taminated, but is likely that the top soil has been con
taminated in at least Sections 19, 23, 24, 25, 25, 30, 31,
35 and 36 (Fig. I-5). Soils need to be sampled to determine
the nature and extent of contamination. Any prescription
that would involve removal of the contaminated soil must
consider the revegetation of the area without the topsoil
present.
m • Cl ,.., I
. I '.JI . " I
I .I ·' I ' 'I
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m ··r' l I; ii /; / I
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31
. l~
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C:::J J ,jj :: l ll :~ 1t l ,. ,,
[¥Et£; GS & VX CMLORINE
MUST A.RD ®ffiS WT' & INCENOl.:.RY
TX DEEP weu
F' • LANDFILL LAKES
;,;..';~:.-'~A:; CONTAMINATE:, BASINS
F,:)~::-9:J HYOR.A%1NE
PHOSC.!NE a. OTM:i( CMEMICALS
* !SU NOTE!
r-·-, '.>; IMPAC'l' & HE r-----1 OLC Pl.AMT AREA
*NOTE, LEW1~1Tt rAR~ENI::'. IIAS£1 ARSENlr. TR1c; .. c,,n1of ... \JST 4HO c.:.~ r .. ,001G:. YCOL
--
w ... 1 rr ""~SPHOR.v'S •wo~P~l!E.S.,.. .... oS..,,MATl5 C:'"tU,JRIO[S CAUSTIC !.OOA LIME SW L '"'HS ., .0.C Pf. T ! S Ol'G.:. .. ,cs II, C:Ht0AU4NE .. Olh.OR1·, ISOP"'O,, ... L :.LCO .. uc
-IT( •-O~ORUS CMLOll1Q£ t,.i,,.ISITE
.. ..-OHOHUOl<IC .>.:;1~ OM ~rll)lllM , l '10Hlt)f -t.,tl[~Hv:,.Pl"IU~,..toN•C AC.ILJ 61 SOD1Uht C~L.ClUfl.ol )~;,, f'.j
A~UM1NUM CHt0Uf0E GB CH£ .. ,CAL. .o.,;l,. l
.,uST&AO c.11 IN.C:f~C•••"
Figure I-5. Approximate locations of potentially contaminated a~eas. (Records Evaluation Reoort No. 107)
\._I
_/
32
e. Vegetation
Originally, vegetation of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal was
typical of the western Great Plains with a mixture of warm and
' cool season grasses dominating. The natural vegetation was disturbed
by cultivation before the establishment of the Arsenal and much has
continued to be disturbed by activities by the Army. Large areas I
were seeded to crested wheatgrass; however many of the seedlings
were failures or only partially successful. Two studies have been
done on the vegetation (Strahler, et al. 1978 and 1979) and show
that much of the Arsensal is covered by annual weedy species. The
following discussion is organized around range sites which are
based on soil similarities. Specific vegetative cover can be found
on the map contained in Strahler (1979). A vegetative species
list is shown in Vol. II, Table 1.
(1) RangeSites
A range site is an area where climate and soil are
sufficiently uniform to produce about the same kinds and
amounts of vegetation. Range sites that occur on the RMA
arid area covered by each is shown in Table I-;. A map
showing the distribution of range sites is shown in Figure
I-6 (See Vol. II, Map 4 for base map). The predominant range
site is Sandy Plains thatma!c.esup 73 percent of the Arsenal.
Loamy Plains makes up 20 percent with the remaining 7 percent
comprised of Deep Sand, Overflow, Wet Meadow, Gravel Breaks,
Clayey Plains and Salt Flat.
(a) Sandy Plains Range Site
Sandy Plains occurs in the western and southern
33
Table I-5. Range Sites and Acreage of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Range Site Acres (Hectares)
Sandy Plains ll .761 (4760)
Loamy Plains 3215 ( 1301)
Deep Sand 478 ( 193)
Overflow 430 (174)
Wet Meadow 164 (66)
Gravel Breaks 93 {38)
Clayey Plains 64 (26)
Sa 1t Flat 6 {2.4)
\....I
\J
34
--·
Figure I-6. Range Sites, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
35
Figure I-6 (con't). Legend for codes, Range Sites of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
Lea end Map Code Range Site
CP C1ayey Plains
OS Deep Sand
GS Gravelly Breaks, Shale Breaks
LP Loamy Plains
OF Over fl ow
SF Salt Flat
SP Sandy Plains
WM Wet Meadow
Source: Sampson, John J. and Thomas G. Baber. 1974. Soil Survey of Adams County, Colorado. U.S. Dept. of Agr., Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Govt. Printing Office. 72 pp.+ 94 maps.
--·
36
portions of the Arsenal. Climax potentiai vegeta~ion
includes 75-85 percent grasses, Oto 18 percent forbs and
2 to 16 percent shrubs on a biomass basis. Prairie
sandreed dominates in the climax condition with needle
and-thread and blue grarna sub-dominant (SCS, 1980). Other
important species are little bluestem, t~ickspike wheat
grass, sideoats grama and sun sedge. In normal years,
production of this range type averages 1800 kg/ha
(1600 lb/ac).
Present conditiorJ/ of the Sandy Plains Range Site
varies from poor to high-fair to low-good. Seven percent
of the Sandy Plains is covered by bluegrama dominated
vegetation (Strahl er, et al. 1979). Blue grama :ype
in scattered stands is on the western and cen:ral ~ortions
of the RMA and is considered to be in high-fair or low-good
condition. Needle-and-thread dominates the vegetation
in scattered areas on approximate1y A percent of the area
and is also considered to be in high-fair to low-good
condition. Needle-and-thread and cheatgrass dominate
an additional 5 percent and is in low-fair condi:ion.
Western wheatgrass dominates in small areas in the east
and central portions (1 percent) and can be considered
to be in low-good condition. Two percent is covered by
a sand sage and needle-and-thread community (in the south
1/condition of a site is based on comparing existing vegetation with the kind and amount of vegetation that the site ha~ a potential to produce.
37
and southeast) and is in fair condition. Established
stands of crested wheatgrass occur on 15 percent of the
Sandy Plains range Site. Condition of this type cannot
be made on the basis of comparison to climax vegetation
as crested wheatgrass is an introduced species that has
been seeded. For purposes of soil protection, this area
can be considered in good condition. The vigor of the
plants should be monitored over time as crested wheat
grass sometimes decreases on sandy soils.
The remainder of the Sandy Plains Range Site is domi
nated by annual and perennial weedy species, and are in
poor range condition. Fifteen percent of the area is
covered by pure or almost pure stands of cheatgrass.
Other w~edy species (tumble mustar~, globe mallow, and
musk thistle) cover 35 percent of the area. The remain
ing 6 percent is covered by various types including
locust groves.
(b) Loamy Plains Range Site
Loamy Plains Range Site is the second most prevalent
range site occurring on the RMA, and occurs mostly in the
northern and northeast sections. The potential vegetation
is dominated by blue grama with associated species being
western wheatgrass, sedges, buffalo 3ras.s, needle-and-thread,
and prickly pear (SCS, 1976). Western wheatgrass is
dominant on areas receiving extra moisture. Average
production is 1125 kg/ha (1000 lb/Ac) of air dry material.
---/ _,.
38
The condition of the Loamy Plains Range is
generally poor except for areas dominated by crested
wheatgrass (15 percent), western wheatgrass and needle
and-thread (3 percent) and alkali saltgrass (3 percent).
These areas are in fair to good condition. The remain
ing 71 percent of this range site is covered by cheat
grass, Kochia, other weedy species and some bare ground.
(c) Deep Sand Range Site
Sandy Plains occurs in the northeastern corner of
the RMA, between Lake Ladora and Derby Lake and, in the
northern part of Section 19. Dominant species are sand
bluestem and prairie sandreed on areas that are in ex
cellent condition. Associated species include needle
and-thread, sand dropseed, bluegrama, switch grass,
little bluestem, sideoats grama, sand sagebrush and
yucca (SCS, 1975b). Average production is 1350 kg/ha
( 1200 1 b/ Ac) .
The Deep Sand Range Site is generally in better
condition than the other range sites. The area near the
lakes is primarily sand sag~ and needle-and-thread, and
provides good groundcover. The areas in the southeastern
corner are in fair to good condition and consis~ of
needle-and-thread, cheatgrass-needle-and-thread, and
sandsage-needle-and-thread communities. The Deep Sand
in Section 19 is covered by cheatgrass and small white
evening star. Small areas are covered by rabbitbrush,
cattails and alkali saltgrass.
39
(d) Overflow Range Site
The Overflow Range Site occurs on loamy alluvial
land along First Creek and between Ladora and Derby
Lakes. The potential plant corrmunity consists of ta11-
grass prairie species such as big bluestem, witchgr:ss,
Indiangrass and prairie sandreed (SGS, 1975d). Western
wheatgrass, blu-egra::1a, sideoats grama, slender wneat
grass and buffalo grass may also be abundant. Average
production is 2800 kg/ha (2500 lb/Ac) for Overflow in
excellent condition.
The area between Ladora and Derby Lakes is covered
by cattails and alkali saltgrass. Along First Creek,
musk thistle is the dominant vegetative type. Also
occurring on the Overflow Range Site are cheatgrass
(15 percent of the area), crested wheatgrass (3 percent)
and tumble mustard (3 percent). The condition along First
Creek is generally poor; however, soil protection is
provided.
(e) Wet Meadow Range Site
The potential vegetation of the Wet Meadow Range
Site is similar to that of the Overflow Range Site. It
occurs south and northeast of Upper Derby Lake and in
Section 19 along First Creek. The cattail and alkali
saltgrass vegetative types predominate (70 percent of
the area). Chea tgrass, Koc hi a, musk thistle, woodland
and crested wheatgrass seedlings comprise the remainder
of the wet meadow type.
40
(f) Gravel Breaks Range Site
The Gravel Breaks Range occurs in Sections 24,
25, 35 and 36. Potential vegetation includes sideoats
grama, and little bluestem with blue grama (SCS, 1975c).
The area in Section 35 is primarily in blue grama and
is in good condition. The areas in Sections 25 and 36
are in flexweed and mallow and are in poor condition.
The northern area consists of cheatgrass (40 percent)
needle-and-thread (25 percent) and musk thistle (35
percent) and is in poor to fair condition.
(g) Clayey Plains Range Site
This range site only occurs west of First Creek in
Sections 19, 24 and 25. Western wheatgrass is the most
important species of the potential plant community on this
site. Other important plants are blue grama, four-wing
sal tbush, alkali sacaton and buffalo grass (SCS, 1975a).
The present condition is poor, as all but 5 percent of
the area in Clayey Plains is occupied by weedy vegetation
(cheatgrass, 35 percent; Kochia, 20 percent; musk thistle
40 percent). Crested wheatgrass occupies the remaining
5 percent.
(h) Salt Flat Range Site
This range site is unimportant on the RMA as it only
occurs at the northeast corner of the Arsenal. Present
vegetation is cheatgrass and rabbitbrush.
(2) Woodlands
There are some isolated thickets of black locust (0.7';
of RMA area) in the southern sections and some scatterings of
cottonwood and willow (1 .9% of RMA area) around the lakes.
·. '
·,
41
Some areas where old farmsteads existed have a few plant
ings of lilac, honeysuckle, and currant shrubs as well as
cottonwood, Chinese/American elm trees. Most of these areas
have not been maintained over the years and the trees/shrubs
are in rather poor condition; but they do provide cover for
various types of wildlife.
(3) Natural Areas
Natural areas are defined as a physical and biological
unit in as near natural condition as possible which exhibits
unique soil and/or vegetation features. There are no areas
which have such vegetation conditions at RMA.
(4) Contamination of Vegetation
Little is known of the contamination of plants on the
Arsenal. Collection of samples has been made but only samples
from 2 collection points. The collection points are in the
southwest corner of Section 36 and along the southern boundary
of Section 23. No computation of this sample data has been
made. This data needs to be analyzed to determine the extent
of underground and aboveground plant contamination.
f. Wildlife
A wide variety of wildlife species are known to inhabit or
have the potential to inhabit RMA grounds (See Vol. II, Table 2
through 6). Wildlife are abundant throughout the RMA grounds, but
are particularly prevalent in the perimeter sections, especially
the sections along the southern border.
The most abundant small mammals (See Vol. II, Table 2) are
deer mice, plains harvest mice, Ord's Kangaroo rats, and prairie
42
dogs. The larger, abundant rodents include the blacktailed
prairie dog, thirteen-1 ined ground squirrel, and fox squirrel.
The prairie dog population is particularly large. Blacktailed jack
rabbits are fairly widespread. Desert and eastern cottontails are
also conmen. Mule deer are the most common deer, and there are a
few whitetailed deer also present. The most abundant predatory
manvnal s are the coyote, badger, and longtail ed weasel.
There are a variety of bird species (See Vol. II, Table 3).
A recent census indicated 43 species as permanent residents, 48
species as summer residents, 26 species winter residents and 93
species migratory. The most common birds are the western meadow
lark, lark bunting, horned lark, mourning dove, redwinged blackbird,
house sparrow, short-eared owl, tree swallow, mockingbird, sage
trasher, orchard oriole, black-billed magpie, grasshopper sparrow,
ringnecked pheasant, and Brewers sparrow. There are a number of
raptors, including ferriginous hawk~. redtailed hawks, American
kistrels and marsh hawks. Golden eagles and prairie falcons are
also present in small numbers. Wintering owls include longeared,
shorteared, barn and great horned owls. There has been sightings
of endangered or threatened bird species, including the peregrine
falcon, prairie falcon, and spotted owl. However, none of these
species are indigenous to RMA. Several species of waterfowl migrate
through RMA, including Canadian Geese and various types of puddle
and diver ducks. Most of these birds are normally found in the
permanent lakes, but they also rest infrequently in First Creek.
A threatened migratory species, the white pelican, has been observed.
43
Fish inhabit all of th~ pel"'ITlanent_bodies of water (See Vol.
!I, Table 4). Thirteen spe~ies have been identified. The mast
common species are b1ack bullheads, mountain bluegills, large-
mouth bass, western white suckers, and green sunfish.
There have been sixteen species of reptiles and amphibians
{See Vol. II, Tables 5 and 6) identified including the bull snake, '- )
plains garter snake, lesser.\lizard, tiger salamander and bull frog.
g. Improved, Semi-improved, Unimproved Areas
AR 420-74 defines this classification of areas as (1) improved
areas are those acres requiring intensive land maintenance on an
annual basis, (2) semi-improved areas are those acres requiring
periodic land maintenance, (3) unimproved are a11 other acres that
are not classified as improved or unimproved. Given these defini
tions, improved acres now requiring (or in need of) iandscaping
maintenance include: V
B 1 dg 11 l •
Bldg 112,
Bldg 141 ,
B1dg 368,
Bldg 312,
Headquarters Area
Headquarters Area
West Gate
383, Consolidated Mess Area
Fire Station Area
Total
Acres
5.73
.52
l.50
6.69
1.50
15. 94 acres
These improved areas are maintained by mowing, watering, fertilizing.
landscape planting and tree and shrub pruning.
Semi-improved areas involve:
44
Storage areas (Sec. 6 (100 A), Sec 31 (300 A))
Firebreaks
Road Shoulders
Picnic/Camping Area
Wildlife Food Plots
Acres
400
250
90
2600
200
3540
These semi-improved acres are maintained by mowing about storage
areas and road shoulders, blading and mowing firebreaks, discing
and planting for food plots, and mowing and clean-up of picnic/
camping areas.
Unimproved grounds are made up of buildings and structures not
requiring landscape work and all the lakes, streams and lands not
included in the preceding two classifications. The unimproved areas
are:
Building and structures
Ponds, lakes, streams
Pavement and railroads
Other
Total
77 acres
648 acres
473 acres
12421 acres
13619 acres
SECTION 11
45
II. Range Conservation, Restoration and Landscaping Programs
1. Range Conservatinn and Restoration Program
a. Objectives
The following objectives are defined based on the plan
ing goals (Section I) and RMA Conservation and Beautification
Committee guidance. The objectives are:
To conserve, improve and restore the condition of
the plant conununities and to protect the soil and water
resources;
To control noxious plant species (Canada thistle
and field bindweed and;
To develop methods to rcvegetate barren areas.
b. Present Problems
As described in the discussion of range sites, much of
the area has been disturbed and is in ar ear:y succ~ssional
stage. Annual vegetation that covers much of the Arsenal
include cheatgrass, Kochia, prickly lettuce, flexweed,
tumble mustard and prairie sunflower (Fig. !!-1). Musk
thistle, a biennial, also covers a large area.
Several noxious weeds al so occur ·on the RMA. Under
Colorado law, prohibited noxious weeds are those weeds that
are especially detrimental and difficult to control. Field
bindweed and Canada thistle are the two noxious weeds that
occur on RMP.. Field bindweed occurs in scattered sites along
the boundary, along roads and in Section 36 (Fig. II-2). Fiel=
bindweed is a creeping pe:ren11ial tr.at reproduces by seeds and
-·
46
N
Legend A Annual and bienn1al weedy types p Perennial types w Water CJ Industrial areas
Figure I!-1. Genera1 vegetation types of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal (takl!n f'l"om Strahler. 1979)
Legend
N
~ i
~T
47
~CTr FB
Canada thistle Field bindweed
CT
F8_.c ~ CT
CT FB MT Vegetation along First Creek with possible Canada thistle w Water CJ Industrial areas
Figure!!-?.. Distribution of field bindweed and Canada thistle on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
__,,.·
48
rhizomes (Thornton and Harrington, 1964). Bindweed can be
controlled by repeated cultivation or 2,4-D.
Canadian thistle occurs in scattered areas on the RMA. It
also is a creeping perennial that reproduces by seeds and rhizomes
(Thornton and Harrington, 1964). It occurs in association with
other species, particularly musk thistle (Fig. II-3). Along
First Creek, Canadian thistle occurs with musk thistle in Sec
tion 19, 24, 25, and 30; however in Section 8, musk thistle
does occur with little if any Canadian thistle in evidence.
Canadian thistle can be controlled with repeated applications
of 2,4-D. Repeated mowing keeps it from seeding but does not
eliminate it where it exists.
c. Prescriptions
(1) Range Improvements and Restoration
(a) Manage as is
An alternative prescription is always to continue
to manage the land as it is currently being managed.
In terms of restoration of areas dominated by annual
or biennial weedy species, managing ''as is" would rely
on natural plant succession to improve the vegetative
communities. Eventually, climax grass species will
dominate with species present from earlier successional
stages. This process is not of short duration in the
semi-arid Great Plains of Colorado. Costello (1944)
found that with exceptionally favorable conditions,
succession on abandoned fields in ~leld County could
reach climax in 25 years, and that in most cases it
49
Figure II-3. Musk thistle and Canada thistle growing near First Creek.
.... /
so
would take 40 to 50 years for natural succession to
restore rangelands.
If the vegetative corrmunities on the RMA were left
to restore themselves, the hazard to soil erosion (wind
and water) would continue to be above the hazard found
on comparable soils with good vegetative cover. In ad
dition, the fire hazard would be higher, especially on
areas dominated by cheatgrass. There is also the danger
of spreading contamination to the drainages as more sur
face runoff occurs on lands that are dominated by annual
species.
(b) Reseed areas covered by annuals
An alternative prescription to the slow process of
natural succession is to seed a mixture of those species
that would be present at climax. The following recommenda
tions were developed after consultation with Mr. Jeff
Burwell of the Soil Conservation Service, Brighton,
Adams County, Colorado.
Seeding Method - The seeding method described be
low applies to seeding done on Sandy Plains, Loamy Plains
and Deep Sand range sites. The area to be planted should
reasonably smooth and free of rills and gullies ~o pro
vide the best possible soil conditions for seeding. The
area should be free of perennial plants, and to the
extent possible, free of annual weed seeds. The seedbed
should be firm. The seedbed can be prepared by deep
plowing, discing, and harrowing. This should bury the
51
cheatgrass and hopefully reduce weed competition for
moisture and nutrients. Field work should be done in
spring just prior to cover crop planting.
A cover crop of sudan, sorghum, or millet should
be planted to reduce wind erosion and evaporation, catch
snow, and protect the grass seedlings; mow the cover
crop shorter than eight inches. The stubble of the crop
will provide firm seedbed into which the grasses can be
seeded.
A double disc drill equipped with depth bands and
press wheels should be used. The drill should have an
agitator to prevent seed from lodging in the seedbox.
Seed should be seeded at depths not to exceed 1/2 inch
on the Loamy Plains range site. Seed should be planted
about 3/4 to l inch on the Sandy Plains and Deep Sand ~
range sites. Interseeding is not recommended on the
Deep Sand range site due to the large amount of weedy
species present. Seeding should be done in the early
spring prior to mid-April. Seeding mixtures and rates
are shown in Table II-1.
Weeds can be controlled by chemicals or by mowing.
2,4-0 can be used on perennial grass seedlings at a rate
of l 1/2 pounds of acid equivalent per acre. If chemi
cals are not used, mow newly seeded areas periodicall.y
to control weeds.
Expected Results - The seedling prescription should
result in a good cover native grasses within 3 to 5 years. \J
) )
Tab
le 1
1-l
. S
eedi
ng m
ixtu
re a
nd
rate
s fo
r th
e R
ocky
M
ount
ain
Ars
enal
Ran
ge S
ite
Spe
cies
V
arie
ty
% o
f M
ix
Poun
ds
PLS/
Acr
e
Loam
y P
lain
s bl
ue g
ram
a L
ovin
gton
40
0
,6
sid
eoat
s gr
ama
Vau
ghn
25
1. l
w
este
rn w
heat
gras
s A
rrib
a 1
5
l. 2
1 it
tle h
lues
tem
P
astu
ra
10
0.4
ye
llow
sw
eetc
love
r C
omm
on
lO
0.4
Sand
y P
lain
s bl
ue g
ram
a L
ovin
gton
20
0
.3
litt
le b
lues
tem
Pa
s tur
a 20
0
.7
pra
irie
san
dree
d G
oshe
n 20
0,
7 U
I l'
\J
thic
kspi
ke w
heat
gras
s C
ri ta
na
lO
0.6
cr
este
d w
heat
gras
s N
orda
n 10
0
.5
need
le a
nd
thre
ad
Com
mon
10
0
.8
alfa
lfa
Ran
ger
10
0.4
Dee
p Sa
nd
pra
irie
san
dree
d G
oshe
o 20
0
.8
sand
bl
uest
em
Woo
dwar
d 20
l.
6
need
le a
nd
thre
ad
Con
unon
20
l.
5
thic
ksr
ike
whe
a t9
ras
s C
ri ta
na
20
l. l
cres
ted
whe
atgr
ass
Mor
dan
10
0.5
al
falf
a R
an9e
r 10
0
,4
·-·-
----
---
--~
---------
~--------------
53
~ ihe cre/ted wheatgrass on sandy soils wi11 decrease
if competing with native perennial grasses. It was
included here in order to hold the soil until natives
became established. The presence of the weedy species
can be expected throughout the life of the seeding,
but most predominantly in the first two years. Mowing
the weeds in the first year or two will result in less
competition to the perennial grasses.
Thus the time to reach a permanent community with
a mixture of climax species will be reduced to approxi
mately 5 years. In addition these species will provide
equal or better wildlife habitat. !n addition, the
vegetation will be green for a ionger period than
presently, and will thereby reduce the fire hazard.
The perennial vegetation will protect the soil better
and will increase water penetration. This will reduce
surface runoff, and associated hazards of movement of
contaminated material.
It must be pointed out that seedings are not always
successful, and a second effort may be required if a
failure occurs. Also the natives are often slow to
establish, sometimes requiring 3 to 4 years. Therefore
care should be taken in evaluating the seedings so that
failures are not declared prematurely.
Areas to seed - The areas presently covered by
annual species should be seeded first. The northeast
quarter section of section 36 should be included in the
54
first year to determine if the seeding is appropriate
for contaminated areas. This quarter section appears
to be the least contaminated area of Section 36.
Approximately half of the section is Loamy Plains and
half Sandy Plains. The appropriate mixtures should be
seeded (see Table II-1).
Other sections that should be seeded in.order of
priority are Sections 35, 23, 24, 30, 32, 29, 20, 9, 2i,
4 and 31. Seeding of all areas will probably be beyond
the 5-year horizon of this plan. r Section 19 should be
seeded in conjunction with whatever decision is made to
deal with the contaminated soil and reservoirs:". If the
top soil is contaminated and removed, a new seeding
method and mixture must be developed. Additionally
the ammunition storage bunkers may need to be seeded
to prevent erosion and gullying. The area in the northern
sections disturbed by the installation of the ground
water barrier should aiso be seeded if not done by the
present contractor.
(2) Control of Noxious Weeds
(a) Manage as is
This prescription would involve no effort to control
bindweed and Canadian thistle. If a no control policy
55
is followed, the Canadian thistle on the north boundary,
al~ng First Creek and in Sections 1, 2, 6, 7, and 9 is
expected to increase. However, it is doubtful that the
Canadian thistle could be eliminated from the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal as seed sources exist on adjacent
property, especially to the north. There would be con
tinued field bindweed problems in Sections 20, 22, 23,
27, 28, 31, 32, and 36, and along roads. The roads
are graded periodically which serves to knock field
binkweed back, but does not control this rhisomotrous
species.
(b) Canadian Thistle Control
Canadian thistle can be controlled by cultivation,
chemicals or a combination of the two. Mowing has also
been used but does not result in a control of the thistle·~
as the roots are not effected. Mowing does reduce
the spread of Canadian thistle if done in such a manner
as to prevent seed production. Where Canadian thistle
grows in association with other plants (along First
Creek and near lakes), a mowing program would decrease
cover for wildlife and may in fact be in conflict with
PAM 420-7 paragraph 2-2.f.6 which states "excessive
mowing will be avoided. Scalped areas are unsightly
and prone to both wind and water erosion." In addition,
a mowing program would prove expensive.
Cultivation - It has been found that repeated culti
vation every 21 days will eliminate Canadian thistle in
56
1 1/2 seasons. Cultivation should be a depth of 3 to
4 inches (Seely 1952). On the Arsenal, repeated
tillage would expose the light soils to wind blowing,
would be expensive and would destroy wildlife habitat.
This method is not appropriate for rangelands.
Chemical - Of the chemicals that have been tested
for the control of Canadian thistle, 2,4-D seems to
be the safest and the most recommended (USDA and USDI
1966; Hodgson 1968a and 1968b; Thornton and Harrington
1964). The Herbicide Manual for Noncropland Weeds
(Army, TM 5-629) reports that 2,4-D should be applied
at the rate of 2 lbs. of acid equivalent per 20
gallons of water (USDA and USDI 1966). The first treat
ment should be in late spring or early summer at early
bud stage and when the plants are actively growing.
Follow up treatments should be made 3 to 4 weeks after
new growth appears and the following year at early
bud stage. ihe effectiveness of the control should
be monitored to assess the need for another late spring
or early summer treatment (Hodgson 1968a). Application
can be made with a tractor-mounted or trailer-mounted
boom sprayer.
2,4-D will kill other broad-leafed species and
trees. This is an important consideration along First
Creek and near the lakes. In addition wildlife habitat
will be reduced. On other areas, the area will most
likely become infested with cheatgrass unless perennial
grasses are present or seeding is done.
57
Cultivation and Chemical Control - Where Canadian
thistle occurs on areas that are to be reseeded, 2,4-0
should not be applied 2 months following seeding as
grass seedlings are quite sensitive to 2,4-0. Alfalfa
and yellow sweet clover should not be included in the
seeding mixtures as it is susceptable to 2,4-D. Follow-
up treatment may be necessary.
(c) Field Bindweed Control
Field bindweed is very difficult to control.
Tillage is effective but requires 3 years of cultivation
every two weeks during the growing season (Heikes and
Fults, 1971). A mixture of picloram (1 lb.) and 2,4-0
(2 lbs.) gives effective control but picloram has a
long life in the soil and can be transported in surface
runoff. Because much of the bindweed is along the \...._,/
boundaries of the Arsenal, there is a possibility of
damage to crops and ornamentals. Therefore, this
chemical should not be used.
2,4-D controls the tops and with repeated appli
cations will eventually deplete the root carbohydrate
reserves and kill the plants. One pound of 2,4-D amine
per acre in 20 gallons of water should be applied in
spring or summer when the plants begin to bloom. Re
peat the treatment as new growth appears (Heikes and
Fults, 1971). The treatment will need to be repeated
until the bindweed is eliminated. The establishment
of perennial grasses increases the effectiveness of
the control program.
-
58
l3) Barren Areas
Bare areas occur in Sections 26 and 36. These areas are
bare because of past toxic material disposal and chemical
contamination. The soil is exposed to both water and wind
erosion which in turn may spread the contamination. Several
alternatives are possible. The area could be covered with
non-contaminated topsoil and seeded to annuals or perennials.
Perennials have root depths that extend beyond 6 feet, and
may not become established in a foot of topsoil. Shallow
rooted annuals would at least provide some soil protection.
The contaminated soil may also be removed. However,
it is not certain how deep the contamination is. If it
were removed, top soil would need to be applied to facilitate
establishment of vegetation. The contamination obviously
extends to a fairly great depth as the ground water is con
taminated. Therefore, removal of the contaminated material
may not be feasible.
Another alternative is to allow natural succession to
revegetate the bare areas. This would probably occur in
some of the areas in Section 26. In Section 36, the soil
has been bare for a long period and plant growth will probao1y
not occur for some time.
(4) Renovation of Contaminated Land
Restoration of all the contaminated land except the bare
areas can be accomplished with the seeding methods described
earlier. It is difficult to determine the extent of con
tamination to the plants. While plant samoles have been
59
taken at many sample points, only samples from two locations
have been chemically analyzed. The rest of the samples need
to be analyzed and the results interpreted. At this point,
it is very doubtful that removal of contaminated soil material
should occur on most areas.
(5) Grazing
Managing lands to produce food and fiber is one of the
objectives for natural resources (AR 420-74, 1-3.b.7). Graz
ing outleases would accomplish the objective. However, graz
ing should not be done until restoration of the range resource
has been accomplished. And then only on areas that have been
shown to be free from contamination. Fencing would be nec
essary to contain the livestock on uncontaminated areas.
While grazing is not recommended within the next five years,
the possibility should be considered 1n future plans.
d. Alternative Plans
The following plans differ as a function of budget. As the
budget is increased from a low level to a high level, more land
is restored and noxious weeds are controlled on a larger area.
Cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service (Brighton District
Office, Greeley Area Office and Colorado State Office) and the
Colorado State Extension Service (Adams County Office and CSU
Range Extension Specialist) should be actively pursued in a11
restoration actions.
(1) Low Budget Level Plan
The Low Budget Level Plan differs little from the
"manage as is" alternative. Some noxious weed control is
60
proposed in this plan. The scheduling and costs of weed
control is shown in Table II-2. Field bindweed control
would occur only along the roads within the boundary fences.
It is estimated that 2,4-0 application will be required
twice in the first year, twice in the second year and once
in the fourth year. With an estimate of 25 miles of bind
weed problems and S20 per mile of application the total cost
will be S2,900 over the 5-year period. This includes S200
per year in year 4 and year 5 for spot treatment of field
bindweed.
Canadian thistle will be controlled near the boundary
of the RMA (Sections 7, 9, 20, 23 and 24). The control will
not occur where Canadian thistle is mixed with musk thistle
and other species along First Creek (Fig. !I-1). Total
acreage to be treated is estimated to be 20 acres. Two treat
ments will be made the first year (2 lbs. of acid equivalent
per 20 gallon of water per acre at $14/acre) and one the
following year. It is estimated that another treatment will
be necessary on approximately one-quarter of the area in
the third year. Total cost of this treatment will be $1010
which includes S50 per year for follow-up treatment in years
4 and 5.
(2) Moderate Budget Level Plan
The moderate budget level plan includes all actions that
were included in the Low Budget Level Plan plus increased
control of field bindweed and Canadian thistle and seeding
400 acres of the annual weedy-type each year (Table II-3).
C T
able
11-
2.
Sch
edul
ing
of
acti
on
s an
d co
sts
for
land
res
tora
tio
n u
nder
th
e Lo
w B
udge
t A
Her
na
tiv
e
---
Pre
scrJ
l!io
n
Yea
r B
indw
eed
Can
adia
n T
his
tle
Seed
ing
Sand
y Lo
amy
Con
trol
C
ontr
ol
Pla
ins
Pla
ins
1 A
cres
!/
Alo
ng
Roa
ds
20 a
cres
0
0
Cos
t?...
/ $1
000
$560
0
0
2 A
cres
A
long
R
oads
20
acr
es
0 0
Cos
t $1
000
$280
0
0
3 A
cres
A
long
Roa
ds
5 ac
res
0 0
Cos
t $
500
$ 70
0
0
4 A
cres
As
Nee
ded
As N
eede
d 0
0
Cos
t $
200
$ 50
0
0
5 A
cres
l\
s N
eede
d As
Nee
ded
0 0
Cos
t $
200
$ 50
0
0
·--·
!I A
crea
ges
a re
appr
ox tm
a t 1
ons.
I/ A
ll
cost
s ar
e 19
81
cost
s.
foot
note
ll _
See
ding
co
sts
vary
due
to
co
sts
for
nat
ive
gras
s se
ed.
The
pric
es f
or
nat
ive
gras
s se
ed
is h
ighl
y v
aria
ble
and
sh
ould
be
dete
rmin
ed
each
yea
r (s
ee A
ppen
dix
at
the
end
of
this
se
ctio
n f
or a
lis
t o
f se
ed c
ompa
nies
).
Ord
ers
shou
ld b
e m
ade
earl
y a
s su
pp
lies
of
som
e n
ativ
e gr
ass
seed
is
li
mit
ed.
C
01
__
.
C
) l ·,.
)·
Tab
le
11-3
. S
ched
ulin
g o
f ac
tion
s an
d co
sts
for
land
res
tora
tio
n u
nder
th
e M
oder
ate
Bud
get
A 1 te
rna th
e
Pre
scri
pt i
on
Vea
r B
indw
eed
Ca n
ad1a
n T
his
tle
seed
1nq
Sand
y Lo
amy
Con
trol
C
ontr
ol
Pla
ins
Pla
ins
-1
Acr
es'J.
/ 60
Ac
& A
long
R
oads
60
Acr
es
320
80
Cos
t·Y
$244
0 $1
680
$ 64
80
$ 16
20
2 A
cres
60
Ac
&
Alo
ng
Roa
ds
60 A
cres
30
0 10
0
Cos
t $2
440
$ 84
0 $
18
7\ 5
$
4385
3 A
cres
60
Ac
& A
long
R
oads
15
Acr
es
100
JOO
Cos
t $1
220
$ 21
0 $1
3875
$
9025
4 A
cres
As
N
eede
d As
N
eede
d 10
0 30
0
Cos
t $
400
$ 10
0 $
5975
$1
4925
5 A
cres
l\
s H
eede
d As
Nee
ded
320
00
Cos
t $
40
0
$ 10
0 $1
0430
$1
04 7
0
6 C
ost
---
---
$126
40
$ 23
60
-
--
-------------------. -
~--------~
----
-------------
Y A
crea
ges
are
appr
ox h
na t
ions
.
?/A
ll
cost
s ar
e 19
01
cost
s.
)
0\
N
63
Field bindweed will be controlled along roads· and in
all sections that it occurs (Sections 20, 22, 23, 28, 31,
32 and 36; Fig. II-2). The approximate area is 60 acres.
One pound of acid equivalent of 2,4-D amine and 20 gallons
of water will be applied twice in the first year, twice in
the second year and once in the third year. In the fourth
and fifth years spot treatments should be made where bindweed
is found. The total increase in cost over the Low Budget
Level Plan is S4000 (at S12 per acre).
Canadian thistle control will be increased to include
all of the Canadian thistle areas near the lakes in Sections
1, 2 and 6 (Fig. II-2). The method of control is the same
as in the Low Budget Level Plan and represents a total cost
increase of $1920.
Reseeding will be initiated on 400 acres in the first
year and continued at the same rate over the planning period.
Figure II-4 shows the areas that are to be seeded each year.
Seeding starts with seedbed preparation and the planting of
the cover crop followed by a mowing. The next spring the
grasses are seeded and one mowing occurs. The total costs
on Sandy Plains are $20.25 the first year and S39.50 the
second year. On Loamy Plains, the costs are S20.25 the
first year and S29.50 the second year (based on 19Bl SCS cost
extimates). The difference in costs on the two r~nge sites
is due to the different seed mixtures. Total cost of seeding
will be $110,900 over the 5 years with the seeding costs in
the sixth year included. Costs will be S6C,115 and $42,785
~
64
N
31
41
D SI
58 I I
11 1 I
~ 1s
[I] LI ~
D
Figure II-4. Seeding plan under the Moderate Budget Leve1 Plan. {Numeral indicates year to initia:e seeding; le:ter indicates sandy plains mixture(s) or loamy plains mixture( 1).}
65
on the Sandy Plains and Loamy Plains, respectively. Total
cost of this plan is $120,730. V ( 3) High Budget Level Plan
The High Budget Level Plan differs from the Moderate
Budget Level Plan in that more land is treated for Canadian
thistle infestation and more acreage is restored through
seeding. The field bindweed control is the same in both the
Moderate and High Budget Level Plans.
In addition to the area treated for Canadian thistle
infestation in the previous plan, 60 acres of land along
First Creek will be treated. This area will be selected
based on the severity of the infestation. Personnel must
be trained in the identification of Canadian thistle so
that they can distinguish it from musk thistle, a biennial.
The cost of the thistle control will be twice that of the \._..)
previous plan (Table II-4). The same chemical treatment is
recommended that was discussed in the previous alternative
plans.
Seeding is recomnended to occur on approximately 1000
acres each year. The total cost for seeding will be S286,215.
Areas to be seeded during each year are shown in Figure II-5.
The major areas of annual types would be restored under this
plan. Total cost of the plan is approximately S300,000.
e. Recommendations
At the minimum, the Moderate Budget Level Plan should be
implemented. Additional acreage can be seeded each vear depending
on the availability of funds. The following is a listing of
priorities for the implementation of the plan:
) l.
)·
Tab
le
11-4
. S
ched
ulin
g o
f ac
tio
ns
and
cost
s fo
r la
nd r
esto
rati
on
und
er
the
Hig
h B
udge
t A
lter
nati
ve
Yea
r B
indw
eed
Con
trol
--------+
------
Pre
scri
pti
on
Can
adia
n T
his
tle
Con
trol
-
1--
----
----
-~ -
Acr
es!!
60
Ac
& A
long
C
ostY
$2
440
2 A
cres
60
Ac
& A
long
Cos
t $2
440
3 A
cres
60
A
c &
Alo
ng
Cos
t $1
220
4 A
cres
As
N
eede
d
Cos
t $
400
5 A
cres
As
N
eede
d
Cos
t $
40
0
--·-
6 C
ost
.!/A
crea
ges
are
appr
oxim
atio
ns.
?/A
ll
cost
s ar
e 19
81
cost
s.
Roa
ds
120
Acr
es
$336
0
Roa
ds
120
Acr
es
$168
0
Roa
ds
30 A
cres
$ 4
20
As
Nee
ded
$ 15
0
As
Nee
ded
$ 15
0
-
-~
-~··
~·
_S_ee
_d_i_n
___ g _
__
_ Sa
ndy
Loam
y P
lain
s P
lain
s
67
0
330
$135
67
$ 66
83
940
80
$455
00
$113
55
460
540
$464
45
$132
95
500
500
$290
65
$260
55
1000
0
$400
00
$147
50
$395
00
0 ----
)
o,
o,
67
N
}
' 21
41
11 21
D 21 31
5s 3s
31
Q. 18 11
~ 5s 31
I 3•
Sa D
4S
Figure II-5. Seeding plan under High Budget Level Plan. {Numeral indicates year ta initiate seeding; letter indicates Sandy Plains mixture (s) or Loamy Plains mixture (1).)
\.J -~
68
Priority 1 - Coooeration
Cooperate with the Soil Cunservation Service and the Colorado
State Extension Service in all restoration activities.
Priority 2 - Vegetation Inventories and Noxious Weed Control
Conduct a vegetation inventory to determine cover, species
composition, and frequency of the vegetation types on the Arsenal.
Past studies have only identified dominant vegetative species.
Cost should be $20,000 or less. Analyze, interpret and monitor
contamination levels in the vegetation.
Control field bindweed along roads.
Control Canadian thistle near boundaries.
Priority 3 - Control Noxious Weeds
Field bindweed in all locations
Canadian thistle near lakes
Priority 4 - Range Restoration
Restore as many acres each year as funds allow. Seed with
the recommended mixtures.
Priority 5 Seed igloos to protect from erosion
Priority 6 - Restore Isolated Weedy Types
69
2. Landscape
a. Objectives
The following objectives are defined based on goals (Section I)
and RMA Conservation and Beautification Committee guidance:
To provide an overview of site deficiencies;
To develop conceptual landscape plans for the con
solidated mess, entrance gates, post headquarters and
fire station;
To outline a landscape maintenance program.
b. Landscape Deficiencies/Issues
Landscape architectural planning of any area includes the defi
nition of existing problems or deficiencies of a landscape and the
development of solutions to solve these problems. Deficiencies
existing within the Rocky Mountain Arsenal landscape may be divided
into two broad categories. The first category deals with entry
experiences and involves the lack of visual quality evident upon
approach to an entrance of buildings or roads. A second area of
deficiency involves the lack of environmental quality in the work
experience at the Arsenal due to the harshness of the surrounding
work environment.
(1) Entrance Gates and Roadways
Specific problems with entry experiences are easily de
fined. Both the west and south gates of the Arsenal exhibit
similar difficulties. Vertical and overhead planes are lack
ing at both entrances except for the guard house, various
signs and few trees (Fig. II- 6 and Fig. II- 7). The dominant
feature consists of an axis formed by the roadway and pow·erl ines
V
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1
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70
'\ :....:..t..· ~; ~.:,·
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-~ • •. I \,::--;:: •
• I, '~
.,,,,,.,,., I I - .. ----0 S 10 2'.:l
Prepal'9d for= Department of the Army
Prepared byi Landsc:a~ Architecture Program, C.S.U.
Figure II-6. Existing Vegetation. South Gate.
l It
T
71
•i:
!
"' r1<•
iii;
"
Prepared for: Department of the Army
Prepared by: Lands~ Architecture Program. C.S.U.
Figure II-7. Existing Environment, South Gate.
72
which create a monotonous sequence with no visually attracting
focus ahead. Finally, the view toward the gate reveals the
area's visual entirety, discouraging one's curiosity of what
is to come.
Views along accessways, particularly the main roads with
in the Arsenal, are in need of interest and variation. These
roads consist of corridors formed by intermittant verticai
planes such as powerlines and some trees. The only foca1
points along these are signs and buildings. Plantings aions
these roads would eliminate the monotony of the view.
(2) Consolidated Mess Area
The entrances to buildings, like the Consolidated Mess,
should blend in with the surrounding land without any abrupt
vegetation changes. Normally, bui1dings should not have un
necessary parking lots in front of the structure. The function
of a building should be easily identified by appearance a1one.
In the case of the club the entrance should be associated with
a park-like landscape.
Surrounding the Consolidated Mess, horizontal, vertica~,
and overhead planes and spaces are all nonexistent. ihis area,
designed for recreation and leisure cannot be identified by
appearance alone, from the entry, as having a recreational
function. The entrance to the pool area is also poorly defined
with vertical and overhead planes lacking. The parking area
contains sparse, if any, vegetation making the area exceedingly
hot during the summer and creating a sterile windblown atmos
phere in the winter. Figures II-8, II-9, andII-10 serve to
illustrate these deficiencies.
i3
Figure II-8. RMA Consolidated Mess Entrance.
. .. . J
Figure I I- 9. RMA Consolidated Mess Parking Area.
74
Figure II-10. RMA Consolidated Mess Picnic Area.
(3) Headquarters Area
The circulation approach to the Administration Building
is not particularly receptive. The symmetrical architecture
of the building itself creates a postive character of permanence
and established order (Fig. II-11). It is especially noticeable
upon approach that the existing landscaping around the building
creates a new and controlled landscape, apart from the surround
ing neglected landscape. The entrance would be greatly en
hanced by the proper use of vegetation.
75
Figure II-11. Headquarters Entrance - Note lack of plantings and lawn di eback.
The individual's working environment effects his/her
mental attitude and related productivity. The views into
courtyards and spaces between buildings are two of the many
factors which contribute to the tota 1 work expel"i ence. None
of the Headquarters' area courtyards contain a focal point or
point at which the eye can rest. Some of the existing planters
are currently vacant. holding no more than bare soil. Much
of the planting consists of mature trees and includes very
few shrubs or groundcover of any kind. Some powerlines and
unsightly utilities exist in the center of courtyards and be
tween buildings (Fig. II-12).
\,_)
--i . .-,
76
Courtyards and spaces between buildings may be vastly
improved by creating points of interest to attract attention.
Addition of a variety of shrubs, groundcover and mulches would
also supply an interesting diversity of plant materials and
reduce maintenance. Those powerlines and utilities in direct
view within courtyards could be sublimated through the use of
vegetation or reimplemented underground.
. -
I • ·-·-. ~. _:-·~·:-:-:.::.:~~ ... __ .. ·----· -·- ··.·.::...-:-.:.=-:.~ -=
I ...... ----·--·--••- •.
Figure II-12.· Headquarters - Example of an Existing Courtyard
Many of the views from windows are not defined spatially,
and as a result, dull. These views need to be subdivided and
defined spatially to create interest and buffer harsh views.
Some windows look directly into parking lots or to concrete
surfaces; those facing industrial areas employ no visual buffars.
7i
Other windows totally blocked by mature trees against the
building. Trees which have overgrown to block the view from
windows should be pruned or removed (Fig. II-13). Finally,
the parking area is essentially unshaded creating a poor appear
ance and an uncomfortable atmosphere.
1 ::;; --" _1j(
I !:di -. i' ·.' 'iif'. a 'I • -...,,_ .·.. ..
\ -.. , •. '--
Figure II-13. Headquarters - Example of a tree, cutleaf weeping birch, requiring pruning.
--·
78
area around the building is esse~tia11y weeds and dirt (Fig.
II-14). The volleyball and basketball court facilities are
unshaded and there are no plantings about the building for
shade (Fig. II-15 and Fig. II-16). The area epitomizes a
sterile, uninteresting working environment.
Figure II-14. Post Fire Station - Lack of Overall Landscape Maintenance.
79
Figure II-15. Post Fire Station - Lack of Foundation Plantings.
Figure II-16.Post Fire Station - Volleyba11 and Basketba11 Courts
··-
80
c. Recor:,mendations
The following landscape plan recommendations use a combination
of both elevation and ground sketches for suggesting landscape plant
ing and maintenance. In certain cases, it may be necessary to do
a more detailed site analysis to carry out the planting/maintenance
scheme. For example, irrigation systems plans are not included.
However, the plans do indicate appropriate measures to meet the NRMP
objectives.
The recommendations involve the areas considered of highest
priority and these are listed in order of their individual priority.
The plants suggested are approved for the general area as per the
American Standard for Nursery Stock (1973).
· ( 1 ) Entrance Gate and Roadways
Entries could be made inviting, thus increasing anticipa
tion of following experiences. Figure II-17 and II-18 illustrate
how appearance of the South Gate could be enhanced through
plantings. Similar plantings would be appropriate for the west
gate area. These canopy trees and other plant materials
supply the vertical and overhead planes that are presently
lacking. This enframement by vegetation clearly defines the
entrance.
By using native and drought tolerant plant species, instead
of exotic species, maintenance can be kept to a minimum and
watering reduced significantly. Examples of species which fit
this description include the Russian olive, pinyon pine, ash
and locust among many. It is estimated that this type entrance
design would cost approximately saooo (including plants, labor,
31
Landsc:al)e Program
~ .... ".'"' ... .,7 ... --::-.-"':'"'"ii:":,.,-..~ ,. --:-= .... "'t -, .. ,,.... .. ,, 1•,, ..... ,, ... ,,,... ·.:...,w· .. _.. :!··~,~j:. .• ,1:. .. ..,. ... ..,,..._.._,,w,.. .,..,. "' .... _..., __ .. .....-,~
Adams County, Colorado
Prepared tor• --0 5 10 20
Department of the Army Prepared by• L.andsc:aoe Architecture Program,C.S.U
Figure II-17. Conceptual Planting Scheme for the South Gate
Figure II-18. Ultimate Effect
82
•
Prepared tor• Department of the A
Prepared by• rmy
Landsca Program ~C.SArchitecture ' u.
' outh Gate .. of Plantings S
. .. ---:
83
and equipment) to construct, 15 man-days to· maintain for each
of the first four years, and 5 man-days per year thereafter.
Scattered plantings of native species such as these would
also be appropriate along roadways and the perimeter of the
Arsenal. On the perimeter the ascentuation of positive visual
elements would increase the viability of the Army as a neighbor
to the surrounding residents and as a responsible st~1ard of
the land to passers-by.
Since the trees on the perimeter would also serve as wild
life habitat and windbreaks the trees could be obtained through
the Colorado State Forest Service at a minimal cost. The state
forest service has detailed instructions for planting such trees
including the design of such areas and maintenance requirements
over time (Shaw, 1974). •
(2) Consolidated Mess Area
The proposed landscape planting plan (Fig. II-19) emphasizes
plantings of trees and shrubs to provide shade and visual
diversity. A combination of deciduous and evergreens is recom
mended to provide seasonal color and variety. The plan in
cludes plantings along the approach to the club to present a more
desirable park-like appearance. Shade trees are placed south and
west of building and parking areas to provide shade. The patio
is expanded and a new lawn area shown as an extension of
the patio. A plant bed is proposed for the patio area and en
trance. These beds would be edged and mulched. Shade trees
and evergreen plantings on the east side of the patio are used
to screen the storage building. Along the front of the club,
84
I E.,r.. l'V
I
Figure II-19. Landscape Plan for RMA Consolidated Mess Area.
85
evergreen vines in planters provide color and variable
texture to the brick siding.
These plantings may be helpful for both real and psycho
logical noise abatement. At the Arsenal the majority of the
noise pollution is caused by air traffic. However, roadway
traffic, especially truck traffic contributes significantly
to the level of negative noise.
Table !I-5 indicates the plant list and its associated
costs. The majority of these species are native to Colorado
and have a high degree of resistance to drought and insect/
disease. Note that the total costs do not include the labor
and equipment necessary for installation or the costs for
irrigation facilities and mulch/metal edging.
(3) Headquarters Area
The Headquarters buildings appearance would be enhanced
by some plantings around the foundation. The proposed design,
Figure II-20, shows a variety of deciduous shrubs, evergreens
and groundcovers which exhibit different color and form. Low
maintenance, in terms of watering and weeding, can be achieved
through the use of edging materials and mulches. Mulching
helps the retention of soil moisture and slows the growth of
weeds. Either l 1/2" river rock gravel (existing) or pole peel
ings could be used.
The plan proposes removal of the rose and iris beds and
their replacement by evergreens that will provide more height
and texture as well as color in the winter. Plantings along
the west walkway entrance would give that area more appeal.
\_I /
36
Table II-5. P1ant list for RMA consolidated mess
K~v Otv. S1:; i i:r.t Hj i; ~!i:.m: ~Q!!!m!2" ~111"1'!: ~ i ... '"~ ''ri • o ... ; ~i:.
Tre!S ~ 3 Fraxi nus pennsylvanica green ash 3/4" BS s 125.0C
G7 4 G1editsia triacanthos honeyloi:;us! 3/4" BS 12S.OC inel'fflis
M'O' 3 Mal us 'Dolgo' dol go crab 5-5' cont. ;:1 . 25
pp 1 P1cea pungens spruce 5' SB 1 cc. :o
P~1' 4 Pinus ponderosa pondertisa pine 5' BS S,:. DD
PV 4 Prunus virginiana red chokecherry 6-8' cont. 3.3. 50 'Canada red'
~ QM 3 Quercus macrocarpa burr oak l 3/4" SB 130.00
Shrubs EA 2 Euonymus alatus bul'ning bush 1 B-2.:." 12. ss EA'C' s Euonymus alatus compacta dnwf burning bush 1 B-24" ; 4. :0 -- ES 4 l:uonymus sarcoxie sarcoxie euonymus 2 ga T. 1. - ~
'l • --
JC Juniperus cnineitsis pfitzer juniper 5 ga:. l:. SC pfi t:eriana
JS'S' 15 Juniperus sabi na buffalo juniper i;a 1. ~:. :: 'Buffa 1 o'
JS 21 Juniperus scopulorum upright juniper 5 ga 1. :z.sc
PF 19 Poten ti 11 a fruti COSII gold drop 5 gal. 1 C. ~5 'Gold drop' pottnti 11a
YG 10 Yucca glauca yucca 5 ga 1. " . -~-~~
Tota 1 S3~l~.2~
'tf'~.
4-~
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ure
11
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and
scape
Plan
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88
The courtyard appearance may be improved by using a variety
of shrubs and groundcover.
The area now requires landscape maintenance. The exist
ing shrubs· and trees need pruning. The dead spruce at the
entrance to the headquarters drive needs to be removed. The
lawn has many weeds and requires fertilizer. The lawn should
be fertilized at least 2 times during the summer with a ferti
lizer containing herbicide. The trees and shrubs should be
fertilized in the spring.
The proposed plantings list is shown in Table II-6
Almost all the species indicated are drought tolerant de
cidious and evergreen trees and shrubs.
(4) Fire Station
The fire station area requires shade trees and the estab
lishment of a lawn. A patio area around the existing picnic
table and barbeque would enhance the working environment.
Foundation plantings would improve the visual appeal of the
station. Some plantings along the perimeter of the area will
help screen the pipe and manufacturing area (Fig. II-21).
The proposed lawn area would require at least three cubic
yards of manure per thousand square feet. This should be rota
tilled into the soil to a depth of 6" to 8''. Seeding (with
bluegrass) should be done in early Spring or Fall. Until the
lawn is established it will require sprinkling 3-5 times per
day. After the 1 awn has reached a height of 2 l /2" to 3" it
may be mowed to a height of 2". The lawn should be fertilized
twice a year with 20-5-5 slow-release fertilizer and receive
about 1" of water each week.
The proposed planting list is shown in Table II-i.
89
Tab1e !I-6. Plant list for RMA headquarters
K,!y Qty. Scientific ~ame Connon riame Size ,mo Uni: Price
Trees F? 2 Fl"axinus pennsylvanica green ash 3/4" BB . 125.CC lanc:eolata
G7 2 Gleditsia triacantnos honey1 ocust 1 3/4" es 12;.0C inermis
PA z Pi n11s aristata bristlecone pine 5' SB 12:.:c
PPo 2 Pi nus ponderosa ponderosa pine 6' BE 90.0J
pp Existing Picea pungens spruce
PV 3 Prunus virginiana red cnoKechel"ry 6-2' con:. ;~. ::0 \._I • Canada r-ed'
TC 2 Ti1 ia c:ordau 1itt1e1eaf linden 1 3/~" BS i 25 .:J:
Snr-ubs ... I,~ 15 Cal"yopteris i ncana blue mist spirea 12-1B" 10. ::
cs e Cornus stolonifera Isanti aogwooa 18-Zd" 11 . :c 'Isanti'
EA 9 Euonymus a latus compacta dwarf burning Cush 15-2:." 1:.. 5C
EK 5 Euonymus lciautschovica Manhattan euonymus 5 ga 1. l:. i:
ES z Euonymus sarcoxie sar-coxie euonymus 2 ga 1 . l: .25
J Existing junipers
JC 12 Juniperus chinensis gold coast juniper s ga 1. 15. 5: 'Armstrong' aurea
JSS 6 Juniperus sabina Scandia juniper 5 ga 1. 1 S. 50 'Scandia'
90
Table II-6. Con•t
i<ey Scientific Name Co111T1on :,ame size a nc Ur.it ::>r; •:e
irees .JST 10 Junioerus sabina urrrny juniper 5 ;a 1. s 15. 50 'Tamari sc ifo i ia '
JS 21 Juniperus scopulorum upright juniper 5 ga 1 22.5C
PF 18 Potentilla fruticosa gold drop 5 ga 1. 10.95 farren "Gold drop' potentilla
PB 13 Prunus besseyi sandcherry 18-2~" 18.59
SH 9 Spirea ni pponi ca snowmound spirea 18-2~" 12. 75 "Snawnound'
~ sv Existing Syringa vulgaris lilac
Ground EC 40 Euonymus coloratus purrl el ea f gal. ~ .:; I wi ntercreeper -- Covers VM 150 Vinca minor periwinkle ga i . .l ,,.,
. ~"
io:a l $3932 .5G
91
N I --
V
92
Table II-7. Plant list for RMA fire station
Key Qty. Botanical Name Cormior. r:ame Size an~ Unf: ?rice
7rees FP 3 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green asn 3/:." BS s 12:.00 1anceolate
G7 3 Gleditsia triacanthcs honey locus: 3/4" BS 125 .O:J inermis
PE 3 Pi nus eduli s pinyon pine 6' BB 85.00
?S 2 Populus sargentii cottonwood 2" BB 125. OD
Shrubs cs 16 Cornus stolcnifera red twig dogwood 18-2.!" 10.50 coloradensis
r",, CA 26 Coton11ster acut1fo1ia ?eking eaten- ',. --~ 1;. SC easttl"
EA 'C' 13 Euonymus a la tus compact burning 18-2.1" 1.!. 5:J J compacta !:lush
JS'T' 9 Juniperus sabina tammy juniper 5 ga 1. 1 =. ::i 'Tamari sci fo 1 ia'
JS A Juniperus scopu1orum uprignt juniper s gai. 22. SC
?F 8 Potentilla fru, i cos a gold drop 5 ;a 1. 1:. t5 farren 'Goid droo' potenti1 la
P'J 6 Prunus virginiana red chokecherry 2-3' , "3 ~-I •. • ~
'Canada red'
SN ,, Spirea ni pponic:a snolllllOund 1 8- 24" : 2. 75 'Snowmound' spirea
VL 5 Viburnum 1antana wayfaring tree 2-3' 12. JS
Tota 1 S25,5.30
93
(5) Reoccurring Maintenance
In addition to the plantings and maintenance procedures
mentioned above it is recolllllended that the road shoulders and
picnic/camping areas continue to be mowed, intermittently, to
a height of ~rom 2 1/2" to 3". Routine pruning, fertilizing,
irrigation and spraying for insects and disease should be done
in accordance with procedures outlined in Rocky Mountain Horti
culture (1957).
V
94
Appendix to Section II
Arkansas Valley Seeds, Inc. P. 0. Box 270 Rocky Ford, Colorado 81067 (303-254-7460 or 7469)
Anderson Seed Co., Inc. 19240 Colorado U.S. Hwy. 85 Giicrest, Colorado ( 303- 737-2217)
95
Seed Companies
Northrup King Co. (Intermountain Division) P. 0. Box 998 Longmont, CO 80501
Cenex Seed Plant P. O. Box 279 Gering, Nebraska 69341 (308-436-3146)
Curtis and Curtis, Inc. Star Rt Box BA Clovis, New Mexico ( 505-762-4 75 9)
Sharp Bros. Seed Co. Healy Kansas 67850 (316-298-2231)
Denver Warehouse 4625 Colorado Blvd. P.O. Box 16025 Denver, Colorado 80216 (303-399-4736 or 4737) (Tom Voges)
\J
SECTION 11 I --
III. Wildlife Program
1 . Objectives
96
The following wildlife management objectives have oeen defined
based on the planning goals (Section I) and RMA Conservation and
Beautification Committee guidance:
To reestablish native habitats and perennial plantings:
To maintain current wildlife populations. No signifi
cant increases in game (both fish and wildlife) is desired
or planned;
To increase the variety and abundance of certain non
game species through habitat management;
To increase the value of RMA for nonconsumptive wild-
1 ife uses.
2. Management Limitations
Generally, wildlife management programs have been directed in
one or a combination of two ways. Traditionally consumptive uses,
i.e. hunting, fishing, and trapping, have received the primary
emphasis. In recent years nonconsumptive uses, e.g. birc watch
ing and wildlife photography, have become increasingly popular.
At RMP. distinct limitations have been imposed on both of these
types of uses. Hunting and fishing (for consumptive uses) have been
curtailed due to contamination of the game species involved. Trap
ping was curtailed for other reasons. For security purposes, access
is regulated at RMA for the entire area and many areas within RMA
are totally restricted due to contamination and/o,o military reasons.
As a result, nonconsumotiv? uses of wildlife must be at low levels.
97
Another limitation regarding management is the lack of per
sonnel to conduct and supervise such a program. At present,
wildlife management activities are conducted as an overload to
other on-going programs.
3. Specific Management Needs
Several needs/opportunities concerning wildlife have presented
themselves. Most of these relate to habitat deficiencies or prob
lems. Others relate to lack of knowledge of the wildlife resource.
a. Weedy Monotypes
Several extensive areas of undesirable plants have de
veloped at RMA. It has been estimated that 32.5% of RMA is
in an early successional vegetative type. Usually this is
not a problem for wildlife and may in fact produce a good
mixture of food and cover beneficial to wildlife. Unfortun
ately at RMA a large portion of this type is nearly pure
stands of brome cheatgrass (Fig. III-1). With few exceptions
these areas offer little benefit to wildlife.
I I"-~ - .·
Figure III-1. Extensive area of cheatgrass.
98
b. Prairie Dogs
Prairie dogs have been increasing in abundance in several
colonies at RMA. A distribution map is shown in Fig. III-2.
It is estimated that 12,000-15,000 acres are currently oc
cupied by prairie dog colonies. These colonies are of
high esthetic value as the rodents are active during day
light hours and their comical behavior and cute appearance
are enjoyed by most persons. Several colonies are in areas
that are not restricted to visitors at RMA. Furthermore, the
colonies provide habitat for other wildlife species such as
burrowing owls, rattlesnakes, and cottontails. However, dense
populations can create problems relating to human health and
competition with other herbivores. Specifically, prairie dogs
have been found to be one of the primary carriers of bubonic
plague, an insect borne disease. To avoid a potential problem
of this sort, the population should be kept in check.
c. Aquatic Weeds.
Certain aquatic plants are a perennial problem for fisher
men in the lakes in the southern portion of RMA. Chemical
treatment with herbicides has been the recommended solution
to this problem for the past several years (Rocky Mountain
Fisheries Consultants, 1977). This problem has required annual
treatments and has always taken a large portion of the limited
budget for wildlife management.
d. Bird Mortality
Bird, especially waterfowl mortality at Basin F has been
a constant problem over the last few years. In 1975, 283
99
X
\ I
Figure I II-2 Locations of MaJ'or Prairie 0
32
, es. og Colon·
...
ac' ... "'.
• 2 5
100
migrating birds were found dead in and around the pool
(Charles E. Lane, personal corrrnunication). In May, 1980
special agents from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
area supervisors for the Colorado Division of Wildlife
found 375 dead migratory birds in the same area. During
the latter investigation they found only 2 of 5 bird scare
devices functioning and attributed the mortality to that.
Subsequently the number of devices were increased to ten
including 6 "Zen guns" and 4 "Av-Alarms."
e. Lack of Data
There are essentially no data collected in a syste
matic manner relative to density, distribution, and manage
ment needs of wildlife at RMA. This relates primarily to
the lack of personnel available to work in wildlife manage
ment and to the lack of any reporting requirements of
fishermen using RMA. Basic information about not only den
sity and distribution but population trends, production,
mortality, etc. would be useful for managing important
species of wildlife. For managing the lakes, basic infor
mation obtainable from fishermen such as species of fish
caught, size, location, time of year, etc. would be desirable.
f. Deer Herd
A potential problem exists with the size of the deer herd.
The population has been expanding since the 1950's. At the
present time there is no indication of over population or over
utilization of forage. However, should the deer population
continue to increase, a problem could arise.
V
l 01
g. Recreation Conflicts
Few potential problems exist relating to recreation
and campground use at RMA. Some disturbance and harassment
undoubtedly occur during periods of high recreational use.
However, it is not considered to be important enough at
current levels of recreation use to be significant.
4, Recol'lll!endations
The following seven recommendations a. through g. are con
sidered to be of the highest priority.
a. Natural Resources Coordinator
One person should be designated as "Natural Resource
Management" coordinator. Currently several people in various
sections are more or less involved in wildlife management,
specifically, and natural resources management, generally.
This situation has acted as a deterrent to progressive pro
grams and to cooperation and understanding between various
Army programs.
b. Cooperative Agreement Revision
There are several changes which perhaps should be made
in the Cooperative Management Plan between the Colorado
Division of Wildlife, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
and RMA to update it and to emphasize needed work. In as
much as hunting and trapping have been discontinued, all
references to this should be deleted. Secondly, there is
no longer a "Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife'' as
referred to in the 1973 portion of the agreement. The
agency's ·name is now Fish and Wildlife Service. This change
102
should be reflected in the agreement. Thirdly, there
should be specific reference made to the contamination
problem and who is responsible for monitoring it in wild-·
life species. This is undoubtedly the number one problem
concerning wildlife at RMA and des~rves mention in this
document. It would seem logical that RMA staff would be
assigned this responsibility since they have the capability
and are currently involved with monitoring for contaminants.
However, they could receive some assistance from other
agencies. Lastly, specific responsibility shouid be dele
gated to one or more parties to detennine deer herd carrying
capacity and to maintain the herd at or below that number.
This action is specified in DARCDM Supplement l to A.R.420-74,
Page 5-2, paragraph 5-6 under Population Control (See Appendix
at the end of this section for a copy of the existing agreement).
c. Monitoring for Contaminants
Monitoring for contaminants of all wildlife should con
tinue on a regular basis. If levels of contaminants on any
of the game species once again become acceptable, a hunt for
these species could be reinstituted. Likewise, if fish
populations in the southern lakes reach acceptable levels,
consumptive uses of fish could co11111ence once again.
d. Bird Repellents
Continued maintenance of the Av-Alarms, Zen Guns, and
flashing lights is recorrmended to alleviate bird mortality
problems in Basin F. This is only a short-term preventative
measure, however. A more desirable, permanent solution
would be the complete elimination of Basin Fas a water
V
-
103
storage facility which attracts birds, especially migratory
·waterfowl. However, it is understood that this project is
being conducted as fast as is feasible.
Other temporary measures which should be instituted
include habitat destruction around Basin F and habitat im
provements to draw birds away from Basin F. Vegetation within
a minimum of 100 yds of the fence around Basin F should be
reduced substantially. This could be accomplished by mowing
close to the ground four or five times a year, or periodic
disking. Other habitat improvements discussed later in
this report should be kept at least half a mile from the
Reservoir F's perimeter fence.
e. Range Restoration
Extensive areas of early-successional weedy-type vegeta
tion especially the large areas of cheatgrass should be
rejuvenated and converted to native vegetation. Planting rates
and species recorrmended are covered in the Range
Conservation and Restoration section of this plan.
Following these recommendations will provide additional
habitat diversity for wildlife and follow Army goals which
are to enhance perennial native species rather than maintain
ing annual plantings.
f. Aquatic Weed Control
Aquatic plants will undoubtedly continue to plague fisher
men during the Sl11111ler months for years to come unless signifi
cant changes are made in the lake depths and/or nutrient con
tent of the water. Apparently the present program of regular
104
treatment of herbicides has been successful and may be the
preferred treatment.
Another alternative which may be considered, at least
on an experimental basis, is the introduction of grass carp
as a natural "herbicide." Grass carp have been used experi
mentally for aquatic weed control with varying results.
Generally speaking the young carp feed on filamentous
algae growth whereas older carp feed on aquatic vascular
plants. Positive results are expected when the population
attains a mass of about 125 pounds per acre. Since stocking
is fairly expensive, normally about 25 carp (8-10 inches in
size) are stocked. Results can most often be seen during the
second growing season.
Advantages of grass carp over herbicides include:
Less maintenance costs. Unless fish were caught and
removed they would only have to be restocked every few years:
A new source of soort fish. Grass carp have been found
to be moderately attractive fish in terms of sporting value
and a highly attractive fish in terms of food value:.
A more natural method of control. A list of suppliers
is given in the Appendix at the end of this section.
g. Aerators
Aerators could be installed on an experimental basis in
Lake Mary. Possible advantages include: accelerating break
down of pesticides and other pollutants, reducing weedy growth,
and eliminating the possibility of winter and sunmer fish kills.
The next six recorrmendations, h. through n. are considered to be of
1 ess er priority.
--
105
h. Fishing Reports
!tis recomnended that a brief daily report be required
of all fishennen fishing on RMA property. This will provide
useful data relative to fish populations in the respective
1 ak es. Furthermore, it wi11 be 1 i ttl e inconvenience for the
fishermen as they are already required to check in. The
fishermen could simply leave these where they are already
required to check out.
A Natural Resources Management coordinator would be
responsible for collecting these records. Over a 5-year
period, trends would be evident regarding size and abundance
of certain species of fish caught as well as fishing success.
This information would then be used by a consultant (either
from the Fish and Wildlife Service, Colorado Division of
Wildlife, or private) who would be making recommendations
for management. An example questionnaire is shown in Figure III-1 ..
i. Deer Management
The deer herd which includes both mule deer and white
tailed deer should be monitored to determine if the popula
tion is increasing, decreasing, or stable. Perhaps the
easiest method for this would be road transect counts taken
at two times during the year. The first count should be in
August. The emphasis here would be on doe:fawn ratios, al
though buck:doe ratios would be counted as well. At this
time fawns are almost always seen near their mother and yet
they are still small enough to be easily distinguishable from
yearlings and adults. Counts should be made from one half
hour before to one hour after sunrise.
l 06
Table III-1. Exa;.1j:'le of a questionnaire to be completed by
fishermen.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL FISHING QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME-~~~~~--~--~~~- DATE-~~~----------~
Number of persons fishing on this permit today?---------------
How many hours did you fish today?~~----~--~--~--------~
If group fished, estimated average time for group?----------~
Number of fish caught? -----------------------------
Please fill in the requested information in the table below. If
lots of fish of the same size and species are caught in the same
lake. you may group your report.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - - - -I,ype fish Size (inches) Lake
Example: 2 bass 8 inches Mary
1 northern pike 16 inches Ladora
-
- - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
This report wi11 provide Rocky Mountain Arsenal with valuable infor
mation relating to improving fish management. Please leave question
naire at the clubhouse. We appreciate your cooperation.
V
107
It is recommended that the counts should be made six tir.1es
during August over the same route. If an acceptable amount
of variation is obtained stay with six. If there is too much
variation in the counts take more.
Further these same transects should be counted for deer
during the last half of November and December. The emphasis
here will be buck:doe ratios since bucks are more visible at
this time of year than any other, due to the occurrence of the
rut. Again at least 6 counts should be made during the same
time period as before. These counts will give biologists
valuable information about herd productivity and relative
population size.
An estimation of overutilization of the range should be
made using a method described by Gysel and Lyon (1980). If
the deer population increases to the point that range destruc
tion is occurring, a limited, hunting season should be in
stituted. If levels of contaminants have not fallen below
acceptable levels, the Colorado Division of Wildlife would
have to authorize a nonconsumptive hunting season. If a
season is reinstituted weapons should be limited to archery
and/or muzzle-loading rifles for safety reasons. Due to the
proximity of public roads and dense human dwellings a high
powered rifle season would not be in the best interest of RMA.
j. Shrub Plantings
Areas lacking thickets of woody cover should be planted
with such. Skunk brush sumac, wild plum, sand cherry and
locust are recommended species. These should be planted bare
108
root in clumps approximately 10-15 feet in diameter. They
will have to be weeded and watered for the first growing
season. Areas devoid of such plantings for a distance of
one half mile or more should be considered for such thickets.
Suggested locations for these plantings are shown in Fig. III-3.
Approximately 20% of these could be planted each year until
the project is complete.
k. Fish Stocking - Lake Mary
To improve the fishing in Lake Mary new forage species
should be added. A combination of bluegill and black crappie,
each stocked at 10 adult pair/acre in the fall, is suggested.
In addition to this 1000 fathead minnows/acre should be added.
In conjunction with this, the current largemouth bass popu
lation may have to be thinned by 50% to allow for improved
growth. This could best accomplished by gill netting or
electro shocking.
l. Inventory of Fish Populations - Lakes Ladora and Lower Derby
Little data is available relative to existing fish popu
lations in these reservoirs. To properly manage, a complete
inventory needs to be done. Procedures to accomplish this
are described in a fact sheet entitled "Sampling Fish Popula
tions in Warm Water Reservoirs" (1980 published by the Colorado
Division of Wildlife.
m. CSU Cooperative Program
Developing cooperative program related to wildlife re
search and management with Colorado State University, Depart
ment of Fishery and Wildlife Biology should be considered.
This department is recognized nationally as a leader in :his
__, ' I
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' ','SE.VJ NT M
-·-
109
i,
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• Suggested location for shrub thicket
h UI
Figure III-3. Suggested Locations for Shrub P1antings.
110
field and offers a variety of programs such as internships,
independent studies for undergraduate students, and applied
research at the graduate level. These academic programs
would allow RMA to accomplish several of the above-mentioned
recommendations by well-trained students under the supervision
of prominent authorities in their field.
The last seven recommendations n. through t. are considered to be
of lesser priority.
n. Artificial Raptor Perches
Artificial raptor perches are recorrmended for extensive
areas where no natural perches or powerlines exist. In the
southern areas there are sever a 1 dead ("snag") trees that
serve as excellent raptor perches (Fig. III-4). Powerlines
and poles also are adequate for raptor perch sites. However,
there are large areas throughout RMA where no perch sites exist.
High priority locations for these should be in and around
prairie dog towns. Many studies have been made indicating
the usefulness of such perches (Hall et al., 1979; Warburton,
1972; Snow, 1974).
Figure III-4. Natural Raptor Perch.
_ _,.
111
o. Food Plots
Annual wildlife plantings which in recent years have
consisted of wheat. alfalfa and clover could be discontinued
without serious detriment to the wildlife resource. This is
mentioned because of the Army's desire to promote perennial
plantings whenever possible. However. the plantings could be
of greater value to wildlife if a more attractive mixture of
species was used and if more plots of smaller size were
planted. Sunflowers, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, corn, and
barley would attract a variety of species. Since clover and
alfalfa's greatest benefit is for nesting cover, of which
there is no shortage on RMA, its continued use is not recommended.
These plantings should be quite small, one-two acres in
size and distributed in areas close to winter cover to achieve
maximum benefit. Suggested locations for these plantings are
shown in Fig. III-5.
p. Trapping
Trapping could be reinstituted on a limited basis. Inas
much as the furbearers on RMA produce a valuable resource that
can be harvested on a sustained basis and the meat is not
generally consumed eliminating any risk of contaminants there
is ample justification for utilizing this resource. Furthermore,
if leases for trapping were let on a competitive basis, funds
could be added to a wildlife enhancement fund for habitat work.
q. Dog Trials
Dog trial work should be avoided during periods of time
when ground nesting birds such as pheasants and meadowlarks
X
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e I
'
112
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7' /• .,.. 11 ... T[NTH l1 &VE.
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/J,·,/' i: 11! en, •vE f,i;_.. NINTH , • .
. 111[ e "'T :;\ ~\" :! - t:. : ,;l' • i : : ... '/ ! t -· • a:, ... '\'."°\:;- ..
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• 11 •
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• Suggested food plot locations
Figure III-5. Suggested Locations for Food Plots.
•: - T II ""ail .. .,
.. _./
113
are nesting and in areas where good nesting habitat occurs.
Generally the bulk of nesting activity is over by July l,
so dog training conducted after this time should pose no
pro bl ems.
r. Goose Nesting Structures
Goose nesting structures should be added to southern
lakes area to bolster goose production at RMA for aesthetic
purposes. Although a few structures remain, new ones need
to be added. Approximately 4 (total) per lake are ideal
the first year. If use is 50% or better, additional structures
may be added later. Complete instructions for building and
installing can be acquired by consulting the Colorado Division
of Wildlife.
s. Other Wildlife Inventory
For other major species of wildlife not already mentioned,
seasonal estimates of population density and distribution
should be made at RMA. This will give managers a much better
indication of what species are present and approximate num
bers. Methods for censusing are described by Davis and
Winstead (1980).
t. Wildlife Interpretation
A series of wildlife educational signs could be developed
to help the public identify common wildlife species as well
as the management program. This would not only be an appreciated
public service by RMA but would foster better public relations
with visitors to RMA.
11 4
5. audget for the Recommendations
Table III-2. Budget for the Recommendations
Item Mate!"ials Labor Total
Natural Resources $10,000 $25,000 $35,000 Coordinator
Cooperative Agency 0 17,000 17,000 Revision
Monitoring for Con- 500 4,500 5,000 tami nants
Bird Repellents
Mai ntena nee of 700 500 1,200 scare devices
Vegetation Control 100 1,700 1,800
Rangeland Restorationl/
Aquatic Weed Control (200 acres)
14,000 1; 000 1 S, 000
Stock Grass Carp in 900 l 00 1,000 Lake Mary
Aerators.£/ 2,000 500 2,500
Fishing Reports 50 200 250
Deer Management 0 2,000 2,000
Shrub Plantings 800 2,500 3,300
Fish Stocking - 1,000 500 1,500 Lake Mary
\.._/
~
--
11 5
Table III-2. {con't)
Item Materials Labor Total
Inventory of Lakes and s 500 S 2,200 S 2,700 Lower Derby
CSU Cooperative Program a 1,000 1,000
Artificial Raptor 1,000 1,000 2,000 Perches (20)
Food Plots 500 1,500 2,000
Trappingl1
Dog Trails a a 0
Goose Nesting 650 l, 200 1,850 ( 16)
Other Wi1dl i fe 1,000 17,000 18,000 Inventory
Wildlife Interpreta- 1. 000 2,000 3,000 tion
1'sudget for this is included under the "Range Conservation, Land Restoration" section of this plan.
Y RMA' s Figures.
ll'could bring in $200 through competitive bidding.
11 6
Appendix to Section III
117
List of Suppliers of Grass Carp
l. Aquatic Fann 7. Leon Hill 's Catfish Hatchery 49-139 Kam Highway and Farm Kaneohe, HI 96744 Lonoke, AR 72086 (808) 237-8515
... Culvers Fish Fann, Inc. 8. J.M. Malone & Son " . 720 West Kansas P .0. Box 158 McPherson, KS 67460 Lonoke, AR 72086 {316) 241-5200
3. Elmore County Fish Hatchery 9. Pacific Aquaculture ::a rpora ti on Route 1, Box 115 P .o. Box L Elmore, AL 36025 Laie, HI 96762 (205) 567-6787 ( 808) 293-5213
4. Fann Fresh Farms, Inc. l O. M. Seiden Fish Co., Inc. P.O. Box 697 227 South Street Hollandale, MS 38748 1lew Yori<., 1!Y 10002 (601) 265-3579 (212) 349-1430
r", 5. Hartley Fish Fann 11. Southern Fi sh Culturist Box 1 P.O. Box 251
~ Kingman, KS 67068 Leesburg, FL 32748
6. Hi-Tide Aquatic, Inc. 67 Chrystie Street New York, NY 10002 (212) 267-3393
assess S'!'ec:..::.:
... ·---.. -,. I -· + -•--·
118
··----.-.,.4 :;_.:.. ., -:·--·
Co-ancie:- ciee::.s
S:a:e o: Colo=acio ~ice:se :or one o: :he above S?o=:s ac:~vi:~es. :~e ~
holde:s o: :he spec!.al pe:::i.: vill be subjec: :o :he laws c: :~e S:ate o:
2. :e=s de:ived f:om :.:i.e special pe::i: Yi:l be used exclusively :o~ :he
b.abi:a: "-:-rove:::enc in ac::ord.ance vi~'l AP.. 420·74. . .. ~~--be applied :or ~,:o~gn :he ~ovos: Marshal, C::ice B~il~ing No. 141. :he
Comp::oller vill be responsible :o: ccllec:~on of :ees, a:::.c! :.~e Proves:
~..arshal v~ll iss~e all per::u.cs. Personnel el~gible :o be issued spec:.al
Such ~ividua.ls ;ay ~e issued seasonal pe::i:s 'irilich must be rene~ed
az:mual!y.
, j -
119
(b) E.esicie?::.: ::i::.li:a::-y, me::be::-s of t!lei: i=ec.:!.a:e housellolci, a.:ici
bot:.:.fiae ~ouse gues:s.
(:) !::s:alla::'..on :esiden:s, :e-~e=s of :~ei= :.:::iecii.a:e household.,
a~p:ova.l).
(e) Depa..~:~of A:::J.y civ-"-lia.n i:ts:alla:ion e::;>loyees.
(g) Lessees.
(h) O:he::-s, as ciee:iec. necessa=y by ::le Coi:::::::a.ncier o: Coi:::iande='s
:epresene.a.:ive :o provide popula:iou con:=cl as recor:,encie~ :y :~e
3. M-~;es cier;v-~ ~cm s-ec:~~1 pe---·~ .~ees ~~e ·.o ~e "~e~ s-.ec·.·-~-•~~,--·.~ ...., .. _ - C'- -- I:' _.. --- - ... - .. ~ .....
fer the .:olloving applica:ions, and will be a.ccou:i.:eci for and =e?c::aci
in acco:-c:ance 'l.·i::h A?. 3i•l02 ~ci il 37-108.
(a) Purchase of seed, plan:s :o i.::?rove habiu:.
(b) Purchase of chei::.icals and b.a.=civare c.o aid in :he pre :ec:ion a1,:
conse:vaeion o: ~ildlife.
120
( C.;
V
~- .. -~-
(e) :..iC :o :he S:a:e o! Coic~adc a:: :ece.al p:cs=a:.s o: Rocky
'· -·
f!.sh.i::.g,
:.-ie neec
a: a:inual basis :o eac~ ca:egory cf eligible i:ii:!ivi~uals es-:.a.:lis~ec
above.
5. This supple=e:: is subjec: to all s:ipula:icns ani:! ag=e~ec:s cf ::ie
~.ou::ain A=sl!?lal d&:ed 19 Oc:ooer l9i3.
6. :he a:mua.l cos: o:f. :he special pe:c:i: :ees s:1all 1:>e $lZ.50 pe= yea=
per yea= fo= a combinai:icn cf boi:!1 hun:i:lg and .:ish.ing pe::i:s pe::
_ _.
~C~"ZO w.,~~~·!S, ..i"'R. C.:Slocel, C::!C Ccm:"-and :.11g.._
121
&agicnal Ji:ec:==
11&.-'"" •• ~ ---·.
r~ or cci:a..;:io :cR -==~· :.·s! ~::~ ~-E!T 01 ,;,.; .. ~L:!'!r ::::sn~.r~:c:~
Executed this 28th day of Auoust l~iS at Roc:k.·r .~ounrair: .!.rsenal, C~&rc:e CI t y , CQ lo i=aao.
SECTION IV
___ ,,./
122
IV. Outdoor Recreation Program
1 . Objectives
The following outdoor recreation management objectives are de
fined based on the planning goals (Section I), RMA Conservation and
Beautification Committee guidance, and requirements/guidelines and
policies in Chapters 4 and 5, AR28-1, Chapter 7, AR42D-74, and
Sections 1-5 a(10); 2-5a (4) and (5) and 2-9 b(15) and (19) of
AR200-1. The objectives are:
2.
To improve the land area and facilities currently avail
able for recreational use;
To continue to provide and enhance the diversity of out
door recreation ~pportunities currently provided at the Arsenal
for both military personnel/groups and the public; and
To maintain the present levels of visitor use consistent
with the existing resource, facility, management capability
and military mission.
Area of Concern and Planning Methods
The area considered for this section is limited to the southern
perimeter of the Arsenal (Figure IV-1) currently available for access
to sport fishing (Lake Mary, Ladora Lake, and Lower and Upper Derby
Lake), dog trials (Sections 4 and 9) and camping and picnicking
(areas 1 through 10, Section 11). In addition, consideration of
potential for use was given Sections 12, 7 and 8 on the southern
perimeter. No other land areas were considered for outdoor recreation
due to "off-1 imits" and/or contamination (See Vol. II, Map 5 for base map).
The methods used to meet plan objectives are as follows:
Resources and facilities were evaluated based upon on-site
application of standard recreation resource capability procedures
~.,.;.·· .. ,j> .. ••
_/..:,
123
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tt 20 .. .. ~
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29 ... .
C II:' -· llh
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30
EtGMT H
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r.::'t sr~ ;/ IIITlllft&TDIIL. . . '
~ = .... ·"'-··---· --··· ............ .
EE: ~s.H:I :~a':"'J:Si.
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C:::J ::a. , ..... i.1:.e :.aeeu
.. • •
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\.
•
....
Figure IV-1. Recreation opportunity/land classification for recreational use of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. (Classification source, Brown, Ori ver and McConne11. 1978)
TH
--
.r'\
124
utilized by the U.S. Forest Service (1974a, 1974b) and Brown,
Driver and McConnell (1978);
Baseline data for types and levels of use far both military
groups and the public were provided by the Rocky Mountain
Arsenal staff;
Assessment of resource, facility and management capability
was based upon staff interviews and on-site inspection.
Findings and recorrmendations are presented under separate heading
3 and 4 respectively. Findings are presented first in a general in
ventory context and then resource, faci1ity, use and management prob
lems. Recomnendations are presented in the same categories under
findings but give suggestions to deal with problem areas.
3. Findings
a. General Inventory and Recreation Classification
The primary areas allocated for both military group and public
use are Sections 4 and 9 for dog trials, camping and picnicking
in areas 1 through 10 in Section 11, and sport fishing: in Mary,
Ladora, Lower and Upper Derby Lakes (Figure IV-1). ihese areas
can be classified as roaded-natural (RN) and are characterized
by the following (Brown, Driver and McConnell, 1978):
· (1) Experience Opportunity
"About equal opportuniti~s for affiliation with user groups and opportunities for isolation from sights and sounds of man. Opportunity to have a high degree of interaction with the natural environment. Challenge and risk opportunities are not very important. Prac:ice and testing of outdoor skills may be important. Opportunities for both motorized and non-motorized forms of recreation are possible."
1Sport fishing is "put and take" only due to contamination of the
water.
125
(2) Physical, Social and Managerial S~tting
"Area is characterized by predominantly natural environment with moderate evidences of the sights and sounds of man. Such evidences usually harmonize with the natural environment. Concentration of users may be low to moderate with facilities sometimes provided for group activity. Evidence of other users is prevalent. Controls and regimentation offer a sense of security and are onsite. Rustic facilities are provided for convenience of the user as well as for safety and resource protection. Moderate densities of groups are provided for in developed sites and an roads and trails. Low to moderate densities prevail away from developed sites and facilities. Renewable resource modification and utilization practices are evident, but harmonize with the natural environment. Conventional motorized use is provided for in construction standards and design of facilities."
While the public access to the recreation areas has been classified
as Semi-urban, that is only for the purpose of emphasizing the
multi-purpose function of the roads into the Arsenal from the
West Gate.
Figure IV-2 represents a landscape management objective map
that reflects natural diversity of the areas--a diversity that
has been shown in other locations to enhance the recreation ex
perience. For example, the area in Figure IV-2 (East half of
Section 11) is an area on the Arsenal having not only vegetational
diversity but one that also provides shade and screening. In
addition, it is an area, given the location and amount of public
use on the Arsenal, where the user probably would be concerned
about significant manipulation or destruction. ihe designation F6 1 B
R for the eastern half of Section 11 means that a great
number/all of the users can observe the resource (FGl) and that
the resource (as compared to other similar ecosystems) is moderately
diverse (U.S. Forest Service, 1S74a1. l·lith these factors in mind, ·........._,;
---
'
. ll
STIPUTON INT!,.,.,.. TION.11.
~T. I... ; ~-,y-;
: !' . I
-~ .. -,.,.
126
.. ~-·..:. •.:· ::,r.,.a.-r"l• • ,;'" If • , ...
-~-~-=-t=======~=:;:==i::::======":~=======::::::::::=='=
.. ... ... IZ
AVE,
.. _,r 'i '
•,: . .,.. ... ·. W,.!'
.. ... .... IZ' ... ....
- l s
......:..--
.;;; .. ::
Figure IV-2. Landscape classification and management objectives for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Foreground is in close proximity to the viewer, visual sensitivity is the viewer opportunity to observe the area and diversity is the diversity of vegetation and land features. Retain, partially retain and modification are landscape management objectives that imply possibili~y for change, but change to enhance landscape quality or diversity whenever possible. (Source. U.S. Forest Se!'"vice, 197 .. a).
1 Zi
the resource base should be retained (R) as is or enhanced as
a recreational and scenic resource (See Vol. II, Map 6 fer base ma;;)V
b. Specific Inventory
( 1 ) Resource
The resource is presently being used for picnicking,
camping, sport fishing, dog trials. All of these uses
are compatible with the resources of the area. Dog trial
use occurs predominantly in March and September-October.
This does not appear to be in conflict with wildlife values.
While several other uses may be compatible with an area
the size of the Arsenal, it is felt that only other potential
uses worth considering are bird watching, horseback riding
(including an equestrian training area) in Sections 4 and 9,
and reinstitution of a rod and gun club.
The significant resource problem is the deteriorating
condition of the areas used for picnicking and camping.
Figure IV-3 (Area 3) clearly shows the denuding of vegetation
that results from the lack of interior traffic control. Public
campers and picnickers as well as military groups can and do
camp and drive all over the area eventually destroying
significant ground cover. Figure IV-4 (Area 7) is an area
where the vegetative screening and ''taller" shade trees are
gradually being used far firewood. The same problem of loss
of ground cover is starting to occur in Area 7 as well as
several of the other areas.
(2) Facilities
The facilities at the Arsenal, whi1e somewhat functional''-./
epitomize the lack of short- and long-range planning and low
128
Figure IV-3. A portion of area 3 where ground cover-vegetation has been lost due to lack of interior traffic control.
Figure IV-4. A "panoramic" view of Area 7 illustrating how overuse and no traffic control cause the increased impact upon/loss of vegetative cover.
129
priority given to outdoor recreation by some installations.
ihe following figures serve as examples of camping and
picnicking area deficiencies.
(a) Signing
Figure IV-5 shows a guide sign to areas (the
most professional);
Figure IV-6 shows another sign to guide people
to areas (poorly maintained and with bullet holes);
Figure IV-7 shows a typical area designation sign
(poorly done and maintained).
NOTE: Signing is not uniform, and in the context of
"public image" or military image, is poorly
done.
(b) Toilets
Figure IV-8 shows two porta-johns. There is no
consistency between number and location of toilets and
development (user) capacity of the various areas;
(c) Fire protection
While it is understood that public users are sup
posed to check with the installation fire marshall,
and comply with installation fire regulations, several
problems may exist:
Inadequate number of water barrels;
No extinguishers in extinguisher boxes
(Figure IV-9);
No fixed and designated campfire rings other
than cumbersome grills that can be moved everywhere \.J
(Figure Iv-10;.
130
F.igure IV-5. A more standard/professional direction sign to camping and picnic areas.
Figure IV-6. A second style of direction sign to camping and picnic areas that is weathered and poorly maintained.
1 31
Figure IV-7. A typical hand-made area designation sign that is totally different and of poorer quality than other recreation signs.
Figure IV-8. Two standard type San-0-Le~ portable toilets. These are irregularly located among sites.
j --
132
Figure IV-9. An example of barrel for water storage and fire extinguisher box for fire protection.
Figure IV-10. An example of a ''heavy duty'' fire grill found in campgound and picnic areas. Note the lush spring vegetation that may well become a fire hazard when the area dries out.
133
NOTE: Figure IV-10 a1so illustrates another poter.tia1
fire hazard. The potential hazard is that of
lush spring vegetative growth that subsequentiy
dries out and is right where someone has placed
a fire grill.
(d) Picnic Tables
Figure IV-11 shows poor maintenance, implies van
dalism by users, and in the background tables just spread
around.
(e) Miscellaneous, Campground
Figure IV-12 shows an area access point with a
ditch wide and deep enough to cause problems for some
users' vehicles;
Figure IV-13 shows poorly maintained sign nailed
to a tree (trees with nail holes usually have insect
and disease infestation first);
Figure IV-14 shows broken and unmaintained play
ground equipment;
Figure IV-15 shows the well-intentioned providing
of firewood--unfortunately most of these boards have
exposed nails that are hazards.
(f) Swirraning Pool
Figure IV-16 shows a very pleasant and attactive
setting;
Figure IV-17 shows how capable users are of being
sloppy plus poor maintenance.
I
_,/
134
Figure IV-11. An example of picnic tables that have been moved indiscriminately, probably vandalized and poorly maintained.
Figure IV-12. An example of access into a designated area where ditching has become a limiting factor.
135
Figure IV-13. An example of old signing nailed to trees that in turn increases the potential for insect and disease infestations.
Figure IV-14. An example of broken and unmaintained playground equipment that represents a hazard to users.
I _,,,
136
Figure IV-15. An example of providing firewood from old building material. The major problem here is exposed nails where users are recreating.
Figure IV-16. The Arsenal swimming pool area.
137
Figure IV-17. An example of users leaving litter at the pool area plus the need for better maintenance.
Figure IV-18. Access to sport fishing a: Lake Mary.
·-
138
(g) Sport Fishing - Lake Mary
Figure IV-13 shows the ease of access that is
common to all the sport fishing lakes;
Figure IV-19 shows the ease at which cars can
get off the road between parking barriers and "create"
excessive vegetation damage between the road and the
1 ake.
(3) Use
Table IV-1 shows the 1980 monthly distribution and
number of public users of the Arsenal by location, activities
participated in and organization. Table IV-2 summarizes the
weekday and weekend use on a monthly basis. These data
may be looked at graphically in Figures IV-20 and IV-21.
Figure IV-20 shows peak season of use to be late spring
and early surrrner with two peaks in March and September.
These early and late peaks are primarily due to dog trials
held in Sections 4 and 9. Figure IV-21 shows aggregate
non-military use of the Arsenal for 1980. The total public
visitor day use is approximately 5450. Confounding assess
ment of total use (military and non-military) is the fact
that records of military use by units training at the
Arsenal are not as well kept. The problem here is that
while the military has first priority by regulation to use
the recreation areas--including camping for training (while
this may only occur for two weeks)--this use creates an ad
ditional impact upon the recreation areas. ihis may be
significant given the nature of the present development.
139
Figure IV-19. An example of where excessive spacing between barrier posts plus not stringing cable between posts make it possible for vehicles to drive to the lake and destroy vegetation between the road and lake.
140
Table IV-1 • Recreation user data. Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 1980 21
Activitv and Location
Dog Otnel" Qate Oav Adults You:l'I C.amoi nc ~ic. Fish. Tr-! a 1 s Activities Or-::ani:!:ion
Z/15 F'r"i 8 e as;. 16 Sat 8 8 17 Sun a e 22 Fr-, l 5 2 es;. 23 Si:: l 5 2 " 24 Sun 1 s z 2J Sat 2 zo as.:. 24 Su ' "
J/2 Sun 60 4,9 Oog :1 u~ a Sat 11 S 4,9 9 Sun l ls 4,9 14 Fri 4,9 15 Sat 4,9 30 Sun 50 4 9
4/11 Fri s as.:. 12 Sit 8 . lJ Sun 8 19 Sat z 20 8 BSA 20 Sun 2 20 8 .
~ 26 Sit l 10 B Astronomy Eas: 27 Sun 1 10 B .. Hi:~ S:~ool
5/23 Fri l 9 Scn~Ties 24 Sat 2 10 es..: 25 Sun z 10 - 31 Sat 30 Leacers, 1 o SSA
6/1 Sun 30 Training " 21 Sat 50 150 1,2,3,9,lC Day Use Onl1 BSA 22 Sun so 150 1,2,J,3, 10 " 23 Mon so 150 1 ,2,3 .S, 10 24 Tues so 150 1.2.3,9,10 25 wee 50 150 1,2,3,9, 10 25 Thurs so 150 1,2,3,9,10 Zi' FT"i so 150 1,2,3,9, 10 ZB Sat so 150 l,2,J,9,10 2: Mon 30 1 zc 4-8 GSA 2~ Tues 30 120 4.3 25 Wed 30 120 A.a 25 Thurs 30 120 '-8 27 Fri 30 120 4-8
June Twice 30 Assum~ to oe A~:, July a 30 weekend use Medi:ai Aug. Month 3C " Uni ts (AMUS) ~e!lt. , . .- ---·- ---
J
7 /19 Sat 52 23 ~owr:-· ,:.r; 22 Tues 41j 1,a 19 Sat 6 16 ! as.:. 20 Su,, 6 16 2 21 Mon 6 i6 2 22 Tues 6 16 2 2J Wee 6 16 2 :!.4 Thurs 6 16 2 .. 2S Fr1 6 16 2 26 Sat 6 16 z
'~
141
Tab 1 e I V-1 • Con' t.
A<:ti vi tv anci Location Dog Othe,-
Cate Oav Adults Youth Camoino li'i,:. C'! Sh. Tl'ia 1 s A.c:;vi:ies (J .. :a,,~=~:ic:~
7/2':, Sat 100 50 7 , S_v,.; a~ "."em~ie ' .~ S/S rr, Jo I ,0 i...eace!"S n 1;; c.;, ...
9 Sat 40 1 ,a Training 10 Sun 20 15 1 ,a AMYS 12 Tues 46 e 16 Sat 75 60 2,3 2,J Al"!lly Reserve 16 Sat 10 20 :SA
9/5 Fl'i 2 -......--,---. .;, ... avy 6 Su 2 " 7 Sun 2 6 Sat 60 4,9 Dog Cl uo 7 Sun 60 4,9 " 7 Sun 180 7,8 U.S. Navy 20 Sat 100 4,9 Dog ~, \10
21 Sun 100 4,9 25 Thurs 100 ,,9 26 Fri 100 4,9 \..,_,;I 27 Sat 100 4 ,9· . 28 Sun 100 4,9
l 01.; Sat 2 6 8 Cuc Sc:outs B;:,,., 5 Sun 2 6 8 . 4 Sat 4,9 Dog Club 5 Sun 4,9 11 Sat 8 25 7 BSA 12 Sun 8 25 7 11 Sat 60 4,9 Do; Clue 12 Sun 60 4,9
ll/7 Fri 3 5 8 0 BS,. 8 Sat 3 15 8 8 9 Sun 3 15 8 8
1/oata pl"ovided by the Security Section, RMA.
)
Table IV-2. Monthly weekday (WO) and weekend (WE) use sunmary for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. 1980
·- rm -1-IAHCII- J\l'Rll - IIAY ---.iiiiif"- -jijf-y -· -AOO- ~sfpf- OCJ --,111-v-Group3 mi~"E _ :l·Rli::'1£ __ 111~'-IIE _ :HH WE _J!...j:--~f _u, 1 \-IE_ :111111£ _1i11i14 ~HE ~ 1~
12 :. 04 l 66 66 10001630 220 11 IO 80 70 l : 123 36 54 I I I t I •
2 : :1so : : 200 : s20 nzo I I I I I I
J : : 33 10 I : : I I I I I I
4 I : 75r I I :
5
6
7
8
9 I --.------
lOlALS : Ill; 12 : Uf: : f:4
-----··- .!... . ---
' • • ' I • '
------,--' I • I
150 : 99 - . -- ! ---- • ---
' I I I I
'
60
---+-- --,---' . I I
10 : 11so: I 66 :690
-----·- ----· -----". ---
46 60
75
150
--- ,-·---• I
226: : .ltJ!i I
46 95 60
135
4 186 --,-- --,----
• I I I
126: 204 : :Joo 1776
- --- ! ---~- -·- - ..
--,--- --··,----1 I I I
: )6 : :2u I 54
-----·--·---- -----·- .. , . -!
!g~•It"( __ ~~---- i__ _ _J~_o ___ j __ ~~--- -· 76 _J __ ,.2'140 __ L __ 6.-,_1 ____ 1 __ • 426 _L ,_,n ___ L_20 __ j ___ 90 ___ _
GRMID 11[[1'.llJ\YS: 2404 U51 TOIJ\L U[CUllllS: 3047 ···----------------------·---··-··-------- ~ -~-- ---. ·--~-- ~--- "'" . ~ --~ ..
!J GROUP CODE : 1: Boy Scouts of America 2: Oog Clubs 3: Schooh 4: Girl Sco,1ts of ~erlca 5: ~qertcan Hedlcal vets 6: Lowry AFB 7: Syrian Te1Rple B: Army Reserves 9: U.S. ll.ivy
TOTAL RCCR[ATION VISITOR DAYS WO • • Total
1348 IZOJ 2551 200 990 1190
10 l1 4J 750 750 92 275 367
75 75 150 150 135 135
4 186 190
)047 5451
)
143
V 2400 ~ 2300 I: 2200
I \ 2100 I : 2000
: \ 1900
1800
1700
1600 en
Weekend > 1500 <[ C ----- - Wttkday
a: 1400 -··- Total
0 ... 1~00 en > 1200 z
. 1100 '-.I 0 j:: <[ 1000 ~
~\
a: (,) 900 LI.I a:
800
700
600
500
400
300
200 /A,. .,,. \ \
100 \
\ ---JAN fl'!B MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
MONTHS, 1980
Fi:1ure IV-20. Average 1980 Monthly Use in Recreation User Oayst Rocky Mountain Arsenal. \.J
.~
l __.,
144
!5500 _,,-----..... 5000 I 4500 I
I
(I) Weekend / > 4000 c:[ ------- Wetkday Q /'
3SOO ---- Total I a: 0 I-- 3000
,. (I) J - I > z 2SOO 2 .... I c:[ 2000 I I.I.I / /' a:: <.) I.I.I 1500 a:
I I , l
1000 /_ !500
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUI.. AUG SEP OCT NOV OEC
MONTHS, 198 0
Figure IV-21. 1980 Aggregate Recreation Day Use, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
145
Figure IV-22 shows the relative density of recreation use '-,}
by recreation areas. If one were to go on site and compare
the condition of areas with total use and density of use, one
would find the most heavily used areas in the worst condition.
The "worst condition" is in part attributed to problems pointed
out in the facilities inventory plus pool/no campground de-
sign when the areas were established. Table IV-3 shows total
use on a site/area basis (See Vol. II, Map 7 for base map).
Some of the problans associated with the user data re
late directly to record keeping. There appears to be no
simple yet systematic way to record user information. This
problem not only relates to information required for annual
Installation Natural Resource Reports but it also relates
to developing use trends, projecting budget needs and deter
mining cause and effect relationships between use and resource
deterioration. While the 1980 data can be "manipulated" to
show several attributes of use and users, it only represents
one point in time and can hardly be used to compare with
resource conditions or user satisfaction.
( 4) Management
Based upon personnel/staff interviews, it is the feeling
that personnel and staff do the best they can with·what is
available to them--an inherited system of keeping records,
S6000 to S8000 a year for management, some assistance from
military personnel on work projects and some labor assistance
from the Adams County labor manpower program. Considering the
~ondition of areas and facilities plus levels and types of use,
the management resources (particularly without a management
plan for guidance) are considered inadequate.
\J
.,-')
' _ .. ···•
146
/ '
• • 1'" . .,
.. .. _ .. _.:-~~::::: --"l{ ...... ~ .. 11~ .. !~· Cillllll1'11VC.ti0tll1 ... ~.
Ill' •••
. .. ,._ :'
19 zo
,; ·;;;, ====== c,::-,-..;,"l:.,;l.;."l:..;,.T.;.H;__::'"!:_,,----,-,,,c==A:::::1/:::::E::::::==== ======= ~ ~.
T l ll
I' ••
•H
k' ........ \ /~ •I • 1, ·,• \
?• ... d - .........
-· •• /.. 0,:~ • za u· ; ~ Zt /t:=!':' ./· ~--~~\! /,f '.'.~ .... ....
"" .. ...
EIGHTH-
35 ... ~~--
·.:n•
,. ,_.\.' ·: 25
\ _,
' ' .. "' "' II: .. \'· lO
., .... -i.a.,,...,.. -- ... . , . -. &.Vt.'.,. •• -.~~ ' --- -·:-:-,..-;,· -----·"'."91"' ..... ---··-:-: .. ... o.;
• ..
c:::J~ t;;!:::::::::!::;:;:,
c:::Jc
•
.... i
Z9
32
Figure IV-22. Use density ranking of recreation areas/sites. Rocky Mountain Arsenal.
.. "' .... •• ... ... .
• i s
• :,5
147
Table IV-3. Visitor use per day of actual use and per day by season for use areas at RMA, 1980.
Total Days of RVOs/Area/ RVDs/Area/ Use Area Use Actual Day of Day by Density Number (RVDs) Use Actual Use Season of Use Ranking
1 356 10 36 4 4
2 748 20 37 7 1
3 388 9 43 4 4
4 150 5 30 2 6
5 . , so 5 30 2 6
6 150 5 30 2 6
7 529 13 41 5 3
8 735 22 33 7 , 9 320 8 40 3 5
10 320 8 40 3 5
Sect ions 4 595 14 42 6 2
9 595 14 42 6 2
V
\......,/
4. Recommendations
a. Genera 1
148
When considering the findings in aggregate, par:icularly the
condition of the vegetation and the camping/picnicking areas, the
first recommendation is to "redesign" each of the areas. This is
easily achievable and does not require elaborate plans or the re
rention of expensive consultants. Figures IV-23, IV-24 and IV-25
are examples of camp and picnic site layouts that would be com
patible with the Arsenal setting and its resources. Several key
elements, however, must be a part of such layout to minimize use
impacts. These are:
Units within an area must be designated;
There should be on the average 10 units per existing
area (capacity of up to 35 people per area per day);
Tables should be anchored;
Parking must be designated;
Parking or traffic barriers need to be installed along
roads and around parking spaces within each area.
Figures IV-26 and IV-27 represent standard barriers or guard
rails that could be easily adapted to layouts at the Arsenal.
b. Specific Recommendations
( 1 ) Resource
Assuming that layout recommendations are carried out, the
following should be considered to further protect the resource
and enhance the recreation experience:
Extend a water line from the Rod and Gun Club building
to the camping and picnic areas.(see Fig. IV-28) for
O' SO'
Figure IV-23. Campsite 1ayout.
Grave I t' aC: ro F rt Tr•• Qpe,i 1 n; s.
o"e Conrour os, Mvi:n 01 =o.ss.u,le.
150
10·· 20'
Figure IV-24. Picnic site layout, Trailside.
\
\ I
\
\ I
I I I I
1 51
9' 10' 20' ._....._._ ............ _......_ .....
Figure IV-25. Picnic site layout.
152
3··~ ,----i
,___""':"_·-+--------------·-":"'"'---~-------..;_-· ___ ...JI ~-~
I .
EL.EV A TION
rt ,. r
• 1'- c··-------•·- rt•-------------, .. c··----- 1• _ o .. -
e ........ y lie c:lowecl
:::-::..u.._--,_...·_~j i--1-....C~'-· __ ; __ ~<=_,,_) ____ ~c=.,,....2_____, b I ----
-----------------10'-O"-----------------·-·
()::
r-2'----------10'----------- ,·----------10'-------- .. ...
PL.AN SHO"NING SPAC:ll~G BETWEEN SAF!l.:11:P.S
O' 2' 4'
Figure IV-26. Parking barrier.
_,,,-- l'' Note,,
,-,/ G7" . ..... ~';~2- ?;_ .. 0 1:•• Moc~i"• \...: · .;;_• !:iol, ""'"" .,. 1 ,,,.. 1
Slo,., for cifoi"•I• _/~·I \
1. aii ~orn 901yon11oa
'1
Ground L.in• ! ' "'""'"'e;t~~ : ,~~t'·;., .. ,,_
I , SECTION .. 1,: II
!11 .___. f
_..;
--
153
L'
G R ·t r"' t'~ G a - ' Mord 01 . ~ 1 • '-. l. . uor l"tOt• ,,~., _... . .....
. 6 100'' 10'-0" 60'-0" 10'-0" 10'-0"
PARKING AREA SEC:TIOM
A sucrci ra11 acrrier of limited ap~I icction. It aiiorci1 th• acivanta9• oi using native 1091. Pre1sure treatment is es1ential to ootain maximum life. Reinforcea concrete posn, wirn L.-bolt, may be precast ana piacea ofter curin;.
~! ~o.:? .. cl _______ P_l_a_nt_i_n ... p_S_N __ c_• ___ _
112" 5'-0" 10'-0"
CITCi B,-,RRI ER OET AIL
s •" ,.. 16" &alt, a-, R!eill 12'-0'' l.11n9 4'-0" Int-I
, Sh,w !.i" Per = i
/lf-=, ===========-==~::--~.,-~-".:"'.'.-__ ::'."_ ::: __ ::::_ ===-1 6" .2"(~(
__ :_?-_: ___ ~/~it. -10" L~
t·j.; ___ = -I ---- ~
-1- --~ ... "---· - - - -- .:;· __ ~--......... ---------:.,...,..._ ____ ........ __ ....... -----..... ---_ _,,...~ .·,·, ;,,,· ·.
·,~i~ . ' d
,.
ELEVATION
1_ - - ---
12 II ------~----2-'_-_c_·_· ---------1~~ SECTION
0 6"
Fi~ure IV-27. Guard rail.
~
. ._/
154
- -- -·- ---· ·--- •-- - .. ---- ·- - --· .
\ i::::= ... I II
• ,,:W; 12 -/ IIA1'1Gt I -
j' / ----- l.J
i1 ,.,/
:
ci')QUT14 li,ATI:
j1 56th AVE.
- • !:!i "'
Figure IV-28. Location of 1 1/411 p1p1ng necessary to provide potable water to the recreation areas in Section 11. The length is approximately 7640 feet originating from an existing line.
domestic camping use, periodic irrigation and fire
protection;
Extend a water line to the dog trial area for the
same purposes (see Figure IV-29);
Mow camping and picnic areas up to two times a
month during the growing season;
Remove signs from trees, remove hazard trees, prune
trees to remove hazard branches.
( 2) Faci1 ities
All recommendations are directed toward replacement or
rehabi1 itation.
(a) Signing
Develop a consistent, quality sign style that con
veys a positive public image (Fig. IV-30); signs to be
included are directional, site designation and regula
tion (in a positive context);
(b) Toilets
Provide at least two San-0-Lets or construct two
durable sealed vault toilets perare3(Figs. IV-31 and IV-32);
(c) Water
Assuming water can be made available, install a
V
standard pump or water outlet per area (Figs. IV-33 and IV-34);
(d) Fireplaces/Grills
Anchor existing large grills in group units;
Install/anchor individual grills and/or fire rings for
each camp or picnic unit in each area (Figs. IV-35
and IV-36).
-·
156
-u =
3 ~
I
i.. n! r--ltQ'!.,.a&. St1tv1ct ~ ., ,~, Ill
\ I I
9 . =mt~ 10 / "'-: r ~·
' i!
sit I ' \ I I ~
\ I; I I \ ~
i;.
. / ' ,. . ' I ,~ I , : I (G i / / I
I 'i . \ i . . ! \ ' .
Figure IV-29. Location of 1 1/4" p1p1ng necessary to provide potable water to the dog trail areas in Sections 4 and 9. The length is approximately 2220 feet originating from an existing line.
157
..... _,, --, .. --6'· - •. '" · •. 1,: .. ,·=·· - --=---1·- 11•• • o
: r,0 "
:. ,:
re
== ·•• I -·------~·.;·I--------.
:
...
,,, a ••
"'D
: ..
,· -'-.,.
1 :u ::) H:rdwo::,ci dowels. wa•e•
praoi 91 .. e
I I ~·~·1
u ~ = 0 .. ;., " " ..
;,..
-1--·--
NOTS:
1"
. . .. . .
._cr,cr••• s"CI' ;e oar,:,•r.ic ~•,..•~t CO'l'\O:P"ef•
kClv1"9 Cl,,.; ... eomo,eu,ve ....... ,p~ oi ~coc ....
-t··-~ ~ ........... -I~ t'.i :"'.t - ' ~--•.•~ p• 0 1-;Qrciwocc 01n1, crive 1,• ·1 ·~--._ .
:--, ! /' _ · lhceuec .
I .,. ~-iH & ••; .. 10ticwu I , -· ~ .... , i.,,. ~ios,,c er pr,nre-a ' I •
l r.1 :.::::::::··· '-" I
_:.,.._.L
J--~~_l_ S:CTIC:-- S· :!
~ . ~-.,;.,-~· ' :~.:~~ .. -;+- ~ .. i : "-t::: .. J • ·: r · · ~ ~- -~» i ~ ... :.. - . .. ··- ..
..:"
':" Ouottitt rout1e t:.s,.,~,, w · ?h,1,os "cn1cl b,.,n scn,ws
Figure IV-30. Sigr. for posting regulations.
~·· - - ·''
r 7' -A"
-·- - -----...,
________ s'_-_:::·_· ------
Pt.AN FOR MEN
r . 1i; I · '' 'I
-- -'i,1 . 'I
• I : ' I~ .I ..
j11 : '·I IC:l=j =-=· ,:=, - - - - - ·- - -- ·- - . - -- ·:;;j
1: l , · 1 '.:I
h.. - - - - - - ·- - •• - - - - - - - .. ··! -,.. t::I ====::::,,=...::..:;..::.-=-'::..;=-:::..;;..1 .• -=-'_=_ -_=-_ ... _ ... _.=_.:..,_.;. ~; ~
158
-.,
;-;,;------- r··
Et.EVt..T?ON
Figure IV-31.
I I' I
·---,:·-----' :..;,;_i ______ Ll!.J
Pit 1atrine an<l enclosure.
J i •, . . ,l '
' . . ' . . ' ' . " : .;-
~I -0''
~--. . l ~ .. :J f -
~! I • •
.., ' 1 :
.------..;; _..s;; == .s:a.a ... ....__z
t:• "'" - __ ..;:w;.._-.;;.~---•
PLAJ,i FOR WOME!,.
~' -CII ..
f;11 Ii l r J -'---::~ ....... --====--=----=-~~--~ "'"··· ....... ,......... . ..... ,.· ..
SECTICi,i
159
. .; . ::.
-tr------------------------~ . I , . : I l Cl."'·_:.·==•'::.~., ..... _-·=,: .c •. ·u a·.:.-·' - : ., .... . p . ]
I- • .._ J · .· ~ r
1, !1~-~ ! I ·., © -~ j_j ·-~ ~~~1 1 II \(.,_, I' 'i ~ 1' : I I , ;:. 10) r 1i O 11 :·~ i I V : .::_.:.1, 1
I I \ \ 11 I \ ' I /' / ; • • l 1 I: \:..; I ,_.,. I / '·., ... ,.-.
I• \ : I '1/ ,>.,·.·:1 [ ] ::i \, i; i /,1 ... ,,1~ I
I 11 ,, / ,I .,··,
I .i. \ !1 1'1 / ;; ,.. I i:, i I' \I.I. . / -~ r- - -r- ----~ - --=-/-::--- -:::"' - -- -\; -- --1
I 1" . \. / i""' ! I Ir.-! i=!:. .
!-:; ·. / ·1·~ '\. I I ,·., .. ,-:< .,,., I IJ·. i1 : ./'C'--._ '-~ I
1 I .. '' ' / ------ ~,,, I i·:~:::·/-~ ---------~I , i .. , ... -. - .· I l "..J .· · · ·5 . : · : , · .:!.I - G .q: ,
i I
-'- L ______ ~ ... - ~~ - ---- - - ____ _i
Figure IV-32. Vault-type toilet.
I I ,I
! '
.... Ir· .. -,.1
I ' I
I: I
160
.. , -----------12· . .:'' ----------- "', ___________ , :·· . .:··-----------~:?'· 6"---------!1
• ~'·--------2·. ~··-., I
12·. ·"--------.;· . .: .. --------:·. :"j
• ii ~ 5 - .:
t 2'· 0"
!
r 2",. .5" 6roc:e
6"& 6" 1='011 I
rt . • • ,~.,.. C· . ._,. I ~:~·
- . ..:J.::.L
i I
fr I f .. ~..,. ::S 1.1mo J. ...... .., l'l c:::::::::l j .:",. a"~ 16" Ii~ · t=::!~ I S0li4 C.M.:.:.
,111111 ·== i t
: • 1: ~---.i...--- -~ ; 1 •torte or CD.L_.,-,_,.J""'---~-----~-._J I . t )) ,·--------- . ;ri:,veitwllt
C c,,c:,et• ..... - - - - - - - - .... - - - -i I Gravel../ -- --- ~ 7,v well !
F~:~r':' '--- --~
,,. ,:c,iic. :aD
--· ' ....... ... .-;..;;;... ____ ....;-1s. ..... _____ ..;;...i..."I
~ ·-------------------;.,.....,:_1~------- ----- _ .... ... ,.,
; . :111,p.,:n~::u,1• . .:uf,.Ptll' .. .:" ;n:
\..- ·" .,. '6"S·· ~ · ". - • -= • • oue ·- .. ~~--. ,~ :otm ;= .:"!iootron 'to, ..:" orcnecuon oi o,ei,s
~lOTE: Ro119n size l1.1m11er ,.,,.,o .. r e11c:epr v . . o,n• re:: ::i.c:" SIOE
..,.- t;: ., line oi roof r---------------, I i I ~! i ~ ~ -~ ~--,-
1 ,,~,, ·---'. ,i,...: ]! I .__. I •
I 1!11·1· ·r-~~\..,neoic::inc:.co'D ~, ·~· I I s I • ! f I I p a~n prt .. , .. : ,c,.ened aro,n 'J . ·- - - -, I I' ~ _./ I 11
11 11 I r:=r-------- ----- I I 11 !I ~-.r_-----1- -!'i:-;- :---Ory well j I I K - I~ ~loii• • ~ ·'1-....'----
\I ~ 'JI r: ~ ; .. I !I 'U t ~
..:" 'l! 11 !" r.
.......-i:.1-. r I ~- ~ J • to '!. ".( 7'. :",. ; I. O" F 1-........J.!:..~ Ccnc,e•o ~n• ~ ,1 1·,..... ;; , •I-· 1 , ·11 I I! + •1~·--I = -- ~ ~I 171 7--r=-r-1·-~·· • I, ... :"' "".
I , •. ~II :
1-..----------------
Figure. IV-33. Manua1 pump shelter
~ : ,·,
....
. ... I
!
I •
- 1
iD
,.
Figure IV-34.
..
• ..
"'"I
l 61
: --I ... ~ .......
- ...... _1! ,_.. I r•""-"·'""' ... - -.I ,,..... .. ~
V -~ ~ "i. ~,:, .... ------- I I I ,
~0 I'-• - : ·----------"11
.":. . .: ., -··.
,.- s. 1•-..:,:=,s, .. ; 5,.;: .. ~=~111
------ ..,,,11Y.1 s~ ... , ----_L __ - ------ ·- - -
'"
Forest fountain.
Q
... ;.,
•
NOT!S:
~Cllfl w1!'. De :r•,ir ~. ,,,at;ft! :..~119eDDII' := l'H
c:~,..a••111Q1 ~ ~~, mo11. ,:a~,
ef
·.:.ieov• 9"'~h,;""!Q oortt,:1"!111
:i::aiat• w1il t:e stOn"I•: .,,,1
=.~.:_. :ro'"" ltD•"•
',Jf"tci•,;•::-.,nc $!:aO C:"'.: •:~rt:
- :: f'tC' :e c::1citot •· :,.o.
•1S;O"~Ot· b• -..oaill!' fo.,. ::~w•
••9 i,""' "'' ,'I"' •"' •e =-·•"•Pl• -·"··· ; ..... ";·
Bolt Of'\~ nut c:ount•rsur,k ir, ,rate
I
I lJ" ,,
-La..--------9»1 \
\
O" 2" 4"
--·- L,_ ______ .;... _____ _,
162
-C',._ - . --.
I .' : , --e-
. .. ;-~-- Holes---
- &·
.
, . -:··----.
-·-&
$ECil0N QB
I ~,-,------------.,11 I· ---1 1 r -~,. - ---- ---- - ·--- --- . --- . --- ---- - ,----
Ji ~ 1: •
; I ~ f j -
- - - .- ..:. - - - - - - = = ----- -::. = =:.-=. - -:. -=. ~i --=::--- - - -------- t
I -----: c·,"----+---"t""------------
~~~ ", •.. \, . ),-.. · vo ,-on, uo -. .. ~, ~'
\ ' ......... ' /
1 ......_ ••.•• ... 0e·van1%"e ,o,:.:~ ··=-L.c ... .
A-
Figure IV-35. Park stove and mount.
C..o,...,d Lavel Jc5_t'to 60°
Figure IV-36. Fire ring.
163
01:otionoi 10 un
,_. fla'!" sto"e-lor tttrn '·
' around c-1r1:le ,
V·
36":o 60 .. -----
F;,,. ~ol• '!IOoe of ,:orr,.,,ccn•c:I t"'\•fof .,.,~~. L•P'lgtns o4 prptt or ei,.iri,r\ ,,,a .. :,e us1tc.
-. .__./
Use
164
(e) Picnic Tables
Replace existing tables with new tables (Figs. IV-37
and IV-38);
Anchor tables by units within each area.
(f) Garbage Cans
Provide a garbage can for each unit within areas
(Figs. IV-39 and IV-40);
Anchor each can.
( 3) Use
Use should be consistent with the capability of the
area resource base plus rehabilitated facilities and
campground layout for each of the areas;
Rehabilitation in terms of 11 layout 11 and facility
recommendations should permit 7 to 10 campground units
per area (up to 35 people/area/day) with resulting use
levels not only maintained but user impacts upon area
resources reduced significantly.
The Rocky Mountain Arsenal Security Office SOP 190-25,
dated 15 May 1981, should be rigorously followed. A
simple yet specific record keeping and registration sum
mary format should be added to the SOP and followed (Table
IV-4). For example, a simple summary table by area based
upon data from Table IV-4, on site evaluation of vegeta
tion and facilities. could be kept by management interns
to include the following:
Vegetation Facilities j · I Condi ti on
Monthly, (of Ground
I I j I
i Condi ti on l l Cond1ti on 1'
: of Tota 1 I Aggregate I Cover I Trend ! Comments
!
I I ,. I Faci 1 i ti es l ... crrrnents
y:-' o\Q.o i : ~ '
'(: 1' - S"
ENO ELEVATION
~·· OETA.ILS
.. I
1"" c.1. Pi- I w.~.ci .. ro ""ti• l
l .. i
165
·-, . '
,~e,al c,a j , . /
• i:ai-te. Foo11ng t".10·····- :l"
i,."x1''•2" S1ru11 1,111., ••laetl to Pipe
Figure IV-37. Prefabricated picnic table.
-. -._
SIDE i:LEVA.TION
6'-C"
~-·- ~---------~--~ ;.;-
;r, ~.. 2'' •6" \. I -~ ~ -=·-----------------"'-" 2 ... 12''
"'"·
~.! . .,. ~ Ii ·-·
--
.I"\,
:O:,j .. ;..
'
- '
' •
166
~· .. C ,.
0 / -------------.....---
-· .... ' • C -----------__________ .;._ ____________________ . ...
1...-_ -- '-------------------------------------'
~~~-- -------------------------------------------------------------------------.. C
1., _____ '---------------------------------------'
Figure IV-38. Picnic table.
...
~ .... , .. ,. ( ... ,gn..,"!1
j r, ,.
::-j '
'
\ l I
' 'I
:,
" -·
. re IV-39. F1 gu
;.,
...
Garbage ca
l 67
l", l"r J 16" ~.n~:c l•:,n
.. "'· ,-. "· >
n rack.
.. "
\..Ii:) iilNGi:
2"
..:.-·,
~· L '' ~'
"' C 1 .. ,,.. , ... " ~ ~:
s.:da 5 lo• ~ , ---..__,. '/ .... ,
I :_ _ J S" I
2" Hoi91
Cs,. 60 It. \..-I
-~·!·~. \ .. -
·---
Figur e IV-.!O.
168
. , i:~ri.
,: i l"I ;rOi..,l"I;
I ...J
i_::, • • tr~=,.4tc, Qr
·-:-· • ·~ 3 ::;..;rs ereo$or, ..
) ....... -. '----~.--,....____ / . . .,.-! f_.;:., / :'(__,.
I !----- .... ~l ' J .
c ____ -:---1
. I I . !
lj I I ! !
;_ -
_, =\',:.-,;:JI-.. .:; __
~-' . ·--,.-I . =I:-;,,:,. ..
for Support garbage car..
:.
!
Table
fy.4
. G
roup re
cre
atio
n re
gistra
tion
and u
se su11111ary, R
ocky Mountain A
rsenal,
sample d
ata
, June
1981.
________ Date
--~
G
roup or
__ !_~--O
ut _
Org
anizat to
n
3/6/81 6/6/81
. B
oy S
cou
ts
13/6/81
20/6/81
Tota 1 U
se
(
14
/6/8
1
21
/6/8
1
Audubon
Soc .
Cub S
cou
ts
l U
sers I T
otal
· A
ctiv
ities
.Adults !C
hild
ren S
tay
ser
Areas
· --i
: U
~l~
L !lays.}
!9
j_
Assig!!~~C
amp __;f.!£· IJ!!!.9
T F
ish. _1 __ 0th~_r __
3 25
14
112 2
! x
1 x
I Merit
: B
adge
35 I 2
70 8
x B
irdin
g
25 25
65 50 .( ' I 2
100 7 &
8
I I I i /
X
X
Fath
er Son F
ishin
g
·Derby
(
Ol
w
-·
liO
This type of summary form will allow more accurate infor
mation to be used in annual reports, for assessing :rends
in types of activities, levels of use and compare impacts
of use on specific areas. Summary data should be kept for
at least five years so trends and relationships can be
developed to justify future management recommendations and
budget requests.
Consideration should be given to moving Ar~y Reserve
units who come to the Arsenal for training to Sections 12,
7 and 8 in order to allow extended public and military
recreational use of existing areas.
Military recreational use should continue to have
priority over public recreational use.
While there is a recent directive from the RMA Con
servation and Beautification Committee (Meeting minutes,
9 April, 1981) stating use should be maintained at present
levels, without rehabilitation and better management
public use should be terminated.
Sections 4 and 9 should be considered for horseback
riding and training for jumping, etc. The lake areas should
be considered as part of a nature trail from the camping
areas (this would be a good project for Boy Scouts with
supervision by management interns).
Consideration should be given to reinstating the Rod
and Gun Club for such a club plus utilizing some of the
buildings for management interns .that would be needed to
manage the camping, picnic and dog trial/horseback areas.
171
( 4) Management
The management recommendations are not meant as criticism
of existing management efforts, rather to reinforce/acknowledge
needs of staff to do "the righ: kind of job."
Again, assuming reasonable rehabilitation, work load
analysis was conducted on minimal management functions to main
tain camping and picnic areas (Table IV-5). The results of
this analysis represent recorrrnendations for carrying out needed
management functions. Based upon interviews and on-site in
spection, it appears no increase in supervisory staff is needed.
It is, however, reco1T1Tiended that outdoor recreation management
student interns be employed to carry out needed on-site manage
ment. Thr~ student interns are needed in the spring, two
during the su11111er and one in the fall. The Recreation Resources
Department, Colorado State University, requires students to
complete an interr.s~i;:> for graduation. These students have
management backgrounds and usually receive subsistence pay plus
enough income to cover their basic tuition.
( 5) Implementation
For purposes of implementation, a brief listing of resources
that would be most available and economically efficient is
presented:
(a) Manpower
Layout - recreation students from CSU;
Facility replacement and rehabilitation, water line
installation - 244th Engineer Battalion (training/work
projects);
Continuous Management - existing supervisory staff,
CSU recreation management student interns.
Table IV-5.
l1dna9l~11ent fund Ion
GrounJs 1-1,l i 11ten<111<:e
lake Area 1101 k ilUJ
Ae')istration
law f 11furcc111enl
Roads and Tr~ II s HJ i 11tenance
Fire Control
Md i nleuance of Structures
TO I Al 5----.
Hours
S. ta rt lleed-~ ?/
) ~ , ... ' -.
A suim1ary of man hours on an ?nnual and seasonal basis to manage/maintain camping and picnic areas. Rocky Mountain Arsenal,·19811
Total ____j_J:lrlng S11111Mer fall Winter -~--~--Studeiit --Student Student Student -~S~t-u~de_n_t_
Superv_l~or.r_ __ lnlern _ Sueervisory_ Intern _Supervlsor1___l11lern Sup_ervtsorr.__ Intern Su~e,.vlsory _Intern_
158.50
60.00
0.72
5 .85
2H.01
Superv I sory Student Intern
1065 .00
1942.91
54. SI
45.79
51.51
8.00
46.00
3220. 54
158.!iO
16.00
0.07
2.92
178. 29
0.4
------------------·--
899.20
409.65
5.4S
4.58
Z1 .95
18.00
1444.111
3.0 l.4
24.00
5 .,.,
29.67
0. l
153.10
924.45
35.43
29. 76
1.6)
8.00
852.97
I.Ii I. 9
16.00
2 .09
2.93
21 .02
0.04
I .14
6.20
424. 81
13.08
10. 99
21. 95
28.00
511.03
1.1
-.--·--------------
4.00
0.09
4.09
U.01
0.21
6.20
104.00
0.5!>
0.46
111.21
O.l
l/lletal Is of the wo1·kloaJ analysis are found In the Whr.011st11 worUoad .11111lysis and work st,rnd.inls (1914).
2'couvel'sion folt:Lul': 19211 hrs rull Time Equivalent 4110 hrs = 1 '!>l!.tsona 1 wo,·kcr
__. ....., N
173
( b) Mater i a 1
Camping and picnic area redesign and layout -
basic cost of drafting materials.
Facility replacement and rehabilitation, water line -
Government surplus or standard commercial suppliers.
Management - Basic management equipment plus housing
of interns and equipment.
NOTE: It is recommended that the Rod and Gun Club be used
to house equipment, management staff (interns) plus
be a focal point for information and help to campers,
etc. once they are situated in the recreation area.
This could also be an interpretative center covering
use, wildlife and vegetation of the Arsenal.
(c) Estimated Costs
Manpower for Management - Supervisory, no change;
interns, $4.50/hour or approximately $4500 annually as
long as the recreation areas are available for use.
Facility replacement and rehabilitation, water line.
Source military surplus materials-costs unknown.
Source commercial materials:
tables - $115
vault toilets - S8000/double unit
water outlet/pump - S1500
grills - S100
garbage cans - S30
water line - S7.50/L.F.
barricades - S3.00/L.F.
174
Summary one time cost per area (10 units/area)
Commerci a 1 ma teri a 1 :
tables
gri 11 s
grabage cans
barricades
vault toil et
H2o outlet
TOTAL
$ 1150. 00
1000.00
1 so. 00
7000.00
8000.00
1500 .00
$18800.00
Ten areas rehabilitated via commercial materials,
$188,000.00
Ten areas rehabilitated via surplus materials and
244th Engineer Battalion projects - significantly
less (consideration should be given to using any
appropriate materials from the barracks to be
removed from the Arsenal).
(d) Time Line
If all recorrrnendations are approved, rehabilitation
could occur within one year. Maintenance/management wou1d
be an annual/recurring function and expense.
(6) Alternatives
Based upon this evaluation, it is recommended that only two
alternatives be considered:
(a) Follow the substance of recommendations as presented;
(b) Close the recreation areas and terminate public use
of the Arsenal.
The third alternative is "no change." It is felt, however,
that this alternative wil1 1ead to further significant resource
SECTION V
..... /
V. Environmental Impact Assessment
l. Proposed Action
175
The RMA NRMP proposed action involves, in general, the following
activities:
Seeding to develop climax type grassland vegetation and
spraying to control noxious weeds;
Rehabilitating recreation campsites and picnic are?s;
Planting and seeding around buildings requiring landscaping
and maintaining existing landscape plantings;
Monitoring wildlife population sizes and levels of contami
nation, controlling aquatic weeds through natural, mechanical,
and chemical means, and plantings to develop food and cover plots
for wildlife.
ihe proposed action is recorrmended in order to improve, protect
and preserve the installation's natural resources. The action is in
accordance with guidelines presented in AR 420-74, AR 200-1, AR 210-20,
DA PAM 420-7 and TM 5-630.
2. Existing Environment
In general, the installation's waters and land base are currently
unmanaged in terms of meeting natural resource needs. Landscape main
tenance of facilities has been minimal. Landscape plantings are non
existant or carried out on a very limited scale. Camping and picnick
ing facilities are generally in poor condition and improper1y main
tained. Large acreages of noxious weeds exist and certain areas are
not adequately covered with vegetation to prevent water and wind
erosion. ~oil, water and vegetation in certain areas are contaminated
by toxic chemicals and wildlife populations are tainted with varying
degree of contaminants.
176
3. Probable Impact of the Proposed Actions on. the Environment
Essentially all tne proposed activities will enhance and/or
imorove the existing environment. The rehabitation of the recreational
facilities will benefit both installation personnal and the general
public. This rehabilitation will help prevent further damage to soil
and vegetation in the recreation area. The landscaping activities
will improve the appearance of facilities and provide a more pleasant
working environment conducive to the health, welfare and morale of the
personnel. The range and land restoration activities will help pro
tect soils, decrease the fire hazard, and halt the spread of noxious
plants. The wildlife management activities will provide for monitoring
present contamination levels and decreasing the possibilities of
additional contamination. The proposed wildlife management activities
will both maintain and improve the existing habitat.
In addition, the proposed activities have several secondary im
pacts. The activities will improve the appearance of the installation
as a part of the local conmunity. The proposed recreation site re
habilitation will provide facilities for which there is a major need
·within the region. The elimination of noxious weeds will help reduce
the transfer of these species to neighboring agricultural lands.
4. Adverse Environmental Effects
The only activities that may be construed as having a possibie
negative impact would be those involving the use of chemical treatments
far aquatic and noxious weed control. However, the chemicals recom
mended have been thoroughly tested in both laboratory and field con
ditions and, properly used, will pose no health or environmental hazard.
V
I"".,.
177
5. Short-term Use and Long-term Productivity
The proposed activities will not involve any tradeoffs between
short-term environmental gains at the expense of long-term productivity.
All activities reco1T1T1ended will enhance both short- and long-term pro
ductivity.
6. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources
None of the proposed actions forecloses future land use options.
There are no irreversible or irretrievable commitments of the natural
resources involved.
7. Summary
In conclusion, this environmental assessment indicates that no
significant environmental impact will result from the proposed actions.
Implementation of the recommended activities will not be environmentally
sensitive or controversial. An environmental impact statement is not
required.
SECTION VI
178
V ! References Cited
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Brown. P. J .• B. L. Driver. and C. McConnell. 1978. The Opportunity Spectrum Concept and Behavioral Information in Outdoor Recreation Supo1y Inventories: Background and Application. A pacer presented at the National Workshop on Integrated Inventories of Renewable Natural Resources. 7ucson, AZ, Jan. 8-12, 1978. 12pp.
Colorado Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation. 1981. 1931 Coiorado Outdoor Recreation Plan. Chapter 6, pages 15 tnrougn 20.
Co5te11o. David F. 1944. Natural reveceta:ion of abanaoned p1owec iand in the Mixed Prairie Association of Northeastern Colorado. Ecology 25(3; :312-326.
Davis. David E. and Ray L. Winstead. 1980. Estimating the nurr:ce!"~ of v1ildlife populations. Pages 221-245 in S. 0. Schemnitz (ed.) ~ildlife Managemen: Techniques Manual. The Wild1lfe Society. Washington. D.C. 68600.
Department of the Anny, the Navy and the Air Force. 1970. Herbiciae man~al for noncropland weeds. Army, TM-5-629.
Fairbanks, Randal L. and Charles R. Legros. 1975. Preliminary soecies ~is: of the amp hi bi ans of Rocky Mountain Arsena 1. Oeot. of the A.rrr:.:,', Rocky Mountain Arsena 1. Techni ca 1 Note AM-1. 2pp.
1975b. Preliminary soecies list of the mammals of Rocky Mountain Arsena1. Deot. of the Army, ~ocky Mountain Arsenal, Technical Note MA-1.
1975c. Prel irr.inary soe,:ies 1ist of the reptiles of RocKy Mountain Arsenal. Qept. of the t..rrny, Rocky Mountian Arsenal. Technical Note RE-1
Fairbanks, Randal L. and David S. Thorne. 1975. p .. elir.1inary s:,ecies 1,s: of the birds of Rocky Mountain Arsenal. wept of the Anny, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 7echnical Note BI-1. 13pp.
Gysel, Leslie ~I. and L. Jack Lyon. 1980. Habitat analysis and evaluation. Pages 305-327 in S. D. Schemnitz (ed.) Wildlife Management 7echniques Manual. ihe WiTd1ife Society, Washin~ton, D.C. 686cc.
Hall. i. R .• \~. E. Howard. and R. E. Marsh. 1979. Feasibility study of controling field rodents biologically with ractors ta reduce ceoendence upon radenticides. Final Report University of California, Davis, Spp.
Hodason, Jesse M. 1968a. Canada thistle and its control. U.S. Dep~. of Agriculture. Leaflet No. 523. Spp .
. 1968b. The natu~e. ec810ov and cant~ol of Canada :nis:1~. U.S. ~eot. or Agriculture iecnnica: Bul1eti; Na. 1386. 32op.
179
rieikes, P. Eugene and Jesse Fults. !971. Colorado Weed Control hand~ook. Colorado State University Extension Service.
Legros. Charles R. 1975. Preiirninary species list of tne fishes of Rock,;,' Mountain Arsenal. Dept. of the AnT'y, Rocky Mountain P..rsena1. 7echnicai Note FI-1. 2PP.
Records Evaluation Re.port No. 107, Vol. 1, Installation A.ssessment of qocky Mountain Arsena 1 . March 1977. Office of the DA Project Manager for Chemical Demilitarization and Installation Restoration, A~e .. deen ;rovins Ground. Maryland 21010
Rocky Mountain Fisheries Consultants. 1977. Preliminary .;quatic Surve_v, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Unpublished Report. 76pp.
Rocky Mountain Horticulture. 1957. By George Keely, ?r·.;e:: ?u:::. Co .. 3:~'.:er.
Sampson. John J. and Thomas G. Babes. 1974. Soil Survey of Adams Coun:;, Colorado. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 72p.
Seely. C. I. 1952. Controlling perennial weeds with tillage. Idaho Agricul::.ir-: Experiment Station Bulletin 106. lOpp.
Shaw. 0. L. 1974. The Farm Windbreak. Colorado State Forest Service, Cclora:;r State University. Fort Collins, CO. 4lpp.
Snow C. 197 4. Ferragi nous Hawk ( Suteo veoa l is) . U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Technical Report No. T/N 255. Denver, CO. 2300.
Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Technical Guide, Section E. 1975a. Range site description for Clayey Plains. 40. 1975b. Range site description for Deeo Sand. 4p. 1975c. Range site description for Gravel Breaks. 4p. 1975d. Range Site description for Overflow. 4p. l 975e. Range site description for Net Meadow. 4P. 1976. Range Site description for Loamy Plains. 4c. ~980. Range Site description for Sandy Plains. 7p.
Strahler. Alan H., Jim Blakley and Wayne Hallada. 1978. Vegetation mac o-;-Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Corrmerce City. CO. Santa 5aroara Remote Sens in= Unit. University of California, Santa Barbara. Final Reoort of Army Ccn:~a:: DAAAJS-78-0853. 20pp.
Stranler. Alan H .• et al. 1979. Arsenal. Commerce Ci:y. CO. California, Sartta Barbara.
Vegetation study of the Rocky Mo~ntafn Geograohy Remote Sensing Unit, Un1 vers i :y cf
rinal Report of Army Contract DAAAOS-79-u:-2223.
ihorne, David S., John K. McBride, S. Manlove. 1979. Biological and other contaminants. Deot. City, CO.
Charles R. Legros, James 0. ~ils, and Michae'. monitoring of pestici~es, heavy metals of Army, Rocky Mountain Arsena 1, Cor.:rnerce
ihornton. Br\Jce J. and Harold D. Harrington. 1964. \·leeds of Colorado. Colorado State University Agric~lturai ~xo. Sta. Su1. 51!-S. 2:a:o.
. . -~--
180
USDA and USO!. 1966. Chemical control of ranae weeds. Report of Plant Control Subcommittee Range Seeding Equicment Comm~:tee.
the Che~i ca i 39op.
U.S. Forest Service. 1974a. National Forest Landscaoe Manaaement. Volume C. Chaoter 1. The Visual Management System. U.S.D.A. Hand5ook Number 462. 4ipp.
1974b. Recreation Opportunity Inventory and ~valuation. U.S.O.A. Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana. 76pp.
Warburton. J. L. 1972. Environmental analysis Puddle Valley raotor study. Unpubl. Report U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Salt Lake City. Ctah. 7~o.
Wisconsin Oepart~ent of Natural Resources. 1974. Forests 'workload Analysis and Work Standards.
Parks and Recreation State 25p.
TABLES FROM VOLUME II
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN VOLUME II
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL
COMMERCE CITY, COLORADO
AUGUST 1981
Tc.:0:3e Vege-;a~ion Speaies
Acrc=u~on eristc7U.r.: Aaror;uron smitr.ii Aaro=uron traahuo::i-~Zwrr Al"istida Zonaiseta Bou~eZoua ar~iZis Gromus teoto?"'..ir.: CaZc:r.cvitfa Zon=i.:ozia Cazte: :=. '"" . • • 1 • 1.11.,s~?M.,an." ~s Eahir:oah:oc. !Zu:r.~s oanadensis EZ.um,~s maoour.ii Eraaros~is aiZiar.ensis Horde'Ull'I. ;iubatur.: Hordewr. =usiZZu~ J u:ncus SrJ •
MuhZenb"ercr;c. asr;e!"';.:ozic. Pzr:.iaurn ~~iZZc::!le ?oa s=. PcZu=ocor. mor.sr;eZier.sis Saizr:;us arne"!'iaanus Sitanion hustri= Soorobo ius ar~.r=-:a.r.d_v,,o.A.s Stir;a aomata Vu7..:,ic oc-=o~:or~
. - . :'3~ w-OS":CZ~."'!~·c:.
Amar~~hus aZ~us ~~emone in~ermed~~ Ascia~ias inc::."""'?'U:~~ AsaLe~~as soe~~osa Cc::!'duu.s nu. ;;ans Chamaesuae cz~~~as~erm~ C"nenor;ociwn a~=ur.: C-n.eno:,odiur.: :e~ -:.c:,h~·: :~ Cirsiwr; a.."l.lense c:eome se?"ruZ.c-:c Co~voZJu:us ~vensis Conuza ~anc:i.ensis Cr~r:or. ~e:::ensis cr~~~an=ha ~€nd!2~~ DesC"...Lr~~~ia so=h.i~ ...., .. . . ;!":.aeror. a~~eraens Erioaonu.'71 e .:.:us..r.: Ero-;oco~u~ annuW"
r • . J./ ..,i.s~-~;
Corrmor. N~e.::
-~ Crested. western
wr.aa.=,;rc.ss W'n.ec.-;;rc.ss
SZert.Cer ~ne=~gr=as Red ~hreea:.,-r. EZu.e Gr:::r:c:. Chec::':gr~ss ( J...)
Pra.iri2 Sar.6'e2i Sedge Dese"!'t Sa!-=g"!'~ss Ea..~y:::t'd Gr::.ss (i ... ) Cart.c:.da ~v"i z.c_..,.,.:ie WiZ.a:"te S~inkgrc:.ss (J.J F c:";ai. Z. Eazw :e2 Li .. :-:3.a 3czaZ2~- ( :S.)
Rush Sa:?1c:--;c.11.~~as ~.:i.-:ah Gr~ss (A) EZuegra.ss E~=i ~:-.. oc-; Gz-=.ss Am eza-".:a::::n Eu :.Z"' ~a it Sc--""ir.-e :-~ai:. Sc::r.d Jr::r;:see:i lieedZ.e-c:n.d-':,;,,:e.::.i Si.=-weeks ?es~u.a
··es• ~,...- ~ ...... o;
, . ' I-~'
, • 1 ; rs. I
w ~~~ ·:-~--- _._ ':-:J.~:; t,€ ?:,.g--...;ee~ ( ;..,1
P~~ak:y ?~??t (~J M=-sh x-:.:~ueec. S!IC-w? 1,,::, :~eai i\Jus K ~h:,s = :.e ; 3 J C-=!"!".A.g:::.-;2-se.2:i.eC. S~ge (.~,' Lc::r.bse4~vt-;a'!'s ( =~e:~n '?7.~-·a~3.) ,\1:::,-z,7:,;_ :ec:::e:i C-oose.~QQ-; ,:_..;,) C::11.::.d::.. ~his= Zia ~ccky - ...... :·-:..ev..::
Cr>c-;cm ( . .;,; ?er..de-zas :a--:se".je ( . .:...) ?Z. i::w:ia ed. ( A O!' 3) S?reaiir~ ?Zea==r.~ - . - . .::u.sn.y :.r~g.?n:.c;."':'7
, . ' i A,
:'.::::. ~!'':gonu--:: (.4,1
?!*~i?J:,,a ~u.r..--.,=:.:a~ I.-:,_.
~=:.·::-:.:rnd Ge :d2r: .~s-;a!'
(c~m:;.)
?orbs (~or.:;inued) .X~~(°.--:_c; '!,?1::::1':"' ... CC
:~~~UC~ s~c:_wio:.::
~ :o,r.:::r~ !ad _~ro-:-:: et 'a!. (1978)
21(,, - 11./
... .. . . J.,:..-~c;=esm6;,e, JUn~a:: /v!2dic~~o sa-=i-::c:
nz ... C= ....... Uer.:;ze z.-::a C2r..ctr.e?t~ Cer...=-:i:e!"=
CC!lO?"!:'::'-:.. -=;.. :..;:
___ ,,..,.... .... ,... .. ...,,,,. ---- _,. .......... _.,. ___ , - .. . . ~~ ... :.;c~nu~ y,,::;ros ... .,s&-:,.';7"~-. ?so~:2~ =2~~~~:cr~ - . . ~:.a= ~!""' ... s="".,.s s~:.s~:a s=. Sis~·r:'!~?-":.ur: .4.: tis a...:.~.;..~ s~r-=e~~Zce~ co~~~~2~
~~·=i?.t: .mc-~s!i.~o:-::c Z":..·:,.;.. ..= ~a-:i ~o 1 i~
.;t,..• .. .,.:~.-.- •• : ,.. ... w' V' ..1 ............
a par~i=3 a;~:~~3 ~~s~ =~~~~~~~ ~d. S!i1~.:::.2r- e:: ~,;... (:J7J_..
- . . .. .: t.er:n-:..c: .... ;
K.och-::a ( J..) ?ri~~:2 ~e~-;-~~e (A) ,,...., ,,...a_,,:r:_- :,~...,-e'Yl,..,,..,.....se (l) -~:;-='"" .. "=" ... ·-:":" -::-- ... ... Rus~ s~a~e~or. ~ee~ AZfc:Z.""'::: Swee-:; :7Z.o".Je!' Ye:Z.o-~ s~ee-:; :;:over ( .A. C!' Sma:: Nni=e ZJenin; Staz' :~~- :a=. .. .:- ;-.;-er:.:."/!; ?~m:rQse - . - . ::.ver::."l!g :Z'":,."7':Z'QS6
~~cu.r.3.~~e?1!"2' ;/oc:: j .? :.~'."'! ::.::-::;-:. ( J.... J 3usr:.2· .=JZ.c-:-... Hiid (.l .. )
s:i~:-:..o~e!' Scu:;)e~ ~u.z1Zy Jo~K. Eu.ss--:.::.n :'""nist!e ~~~=ze l-1:.J.sta~
( /..)
(A)
'y'"' - ~ - • "" ~ ...,,,: ~ .. _e .... ., ..... w :a. .... ~"'.:_;j ·-Na.r'!"C'i.u-i.,;J~:vea ~a:;-:;a::...;.. 3roai-:ea~ei ~~~t~iZ Gre::.-: k~ Z :eir: ( 2 J ~~- ~~r~- JQ..,,,be~~ (A) - ,.,~ .. ..,. -- .... -: -: Go~~en ~roi.,"7!.~ec:.z1~ (A)
Sc::r;,.; Sc.ge'br-.A.sh Bu.bbe~ R~bi=bZ"~s~
?zaiaK.Z.y ?e=-..,,, ·- . :, -,,, r:-:.. ~e _ ov :...c:......,..
?:ains Co=~cm.JcQC Ne,.,; Me=:.::=r. La::::...s:; E:.::c~ .:oaus:: ~. --·...,i!!":.,nase :. :...."':". =:!:'=c~:Z S'>u:..<eweaC
-, :,;
Lis-:
Order - HARSUPIALZA Fa=ily - DIDELPHIDAE
Oposswn
Order - INSECTI~"ORA F.JJZlily - SORICIDAE
lfe:riaz:i' s shrew itLeast shrew
Order - CHIROPTERA Faa:ily - VESPERTILIOr:r::.E
.r.!ttl• brown bat Small-footed myotis Silver-haired bat Big brown bat Red bat Boary bat
Order LAGOMORPHA Family - LEPORIDAE
*Eastern cottontai; *Desert cottor.ta.il
White-tailed jackrabbit *Black-tailed jackrabbit
Order - RODl:.iiTIA Fam.i.ly - SCIURIDAE
*Thirteen-lined grou:id sauirrel ·spotted ground squirrel .,.BlacJc-tailed prairie dog * Foz squirrel
Fol:ti.llJ - GEOMYIIJAE
Northern pocket ge;~e: * ,lains pocket gop.".:e:
;;" ;:./ .... -~-
Didelohis r~rsueialis
Sorex mer:iar.:i Cruptotis oa:·J"a
Huotis lucifucus Huotis lei.b:.i .tasionuete:is r.oc:~va~~r.s Eotesicus tuscus -----~ ~~~ Lasiurus bore~lis Lasiurus cinc:eus
Stllvilaaus !lo:idzi.~s Sulvilaaus audubcr.~~ Lecu.s to:,mscr.:::i.:: Leaus calito:nicus
Sacr::r:iahilus :~idccemli~~a:u~ Soer:~~hilus seilo~c~a Cunc~us ludovici~us Scir.u-us nicer
Tho.~o:m:Js eal;:,oides Gec:r:us bursa=~us
.,
*Olive-back~d pock.-! llX>Use *Plains pocket mouse * Silky pocket: mou3a * Hispid pocJcee zr:o::se *Ord's kangaroo ra:
Family - CASTORIDAE
Beaver
Familr; - CRICE'!'IDAE
* Plains harvest: i::oi;se * fie.stern harvest: .=:use * Deer mc:n:.se * Nor:hern t;ra.sshc;:;:,er =,use * Headt:r.11 vole * Prairie vole * Muskrat:
Family - HrJRIDAE
* Bouse mouse * Norwag ra:
Fami.l'!I - 'ZAPODIDAE
Porcupine
Order - CJ.RNIVORA Fa:rily - c;.JlII;;>.E
*Cogot:e Red for Sw.:.ft: fox Gray for
Family - PROCYONZDAE
Perocnaehus :asci~eus Pe roan a :::us ! l ,1vescer.s Pero~a:hus :lavus Pcroc-naehu.s hisaidus DipodC::1'JS ordii
Casto-: car.adensi.s
Reit:hrod~n:c~us ~r.~anus ReithrOCon:c=~s ~~~~c=~~ Pera~<Jscus ~anicuid:~s Onueh==us leu::::~-:?s:~: M.icroci:~ ::,a:::::?:;::.!.· .. ·.:~! c:.:s Hicroeus ec~:~~~~:~~ Onda::a :ibeth:.c~s
Hus r:usculus -Raet:us no:-.-e~ ic~s
Zai,us hudsoniu.s
Eret:hi:cn do:saeu~
Car. !s lat:rans Vul :,es vul =es Vul r,~s velc:c Urocucn r::..-:e~eea~er.. e!!~s
,•.
Tab l,e 2 ( a~r;:;. )
FW.l':I - KUSTEI.IDAE
Er::.i.ne * Long-tailed i,,easel
SJ.ack.-footed ferre: Hink
* Badger "Stri.ped sJcur.Jc
Bobcat
Orde: - AP.TIODACTYU FIIJ:li.l':I - CERVIDl.E
* .Hille deer * iihi. ee- ea.i.1. ed deer
Mustela e:r.:.:r:ea Museela frenaca Huseela r.icri~es Hustela. vison Taxidea taxus Hephitis ..... r.teo::i .. .is
Limx ru~us ------Odocoileus he~ionus
Order - GAVIIFOR~S Fa:u.J.g - CAVIIDAE
Cor.:r.on loon fellow-billed loon Arctic locn Red-throated loon
Order - PODICIPEDIFOP~S Family - PODICIPEDI:,;.E
Red-necked grebe * Horned grebe * Eared grebe * Western grebe * Pi.ed-billed grebe
Order· - PEI.ECA::IFORMES Fai:zil'J - PELECJ.:lID!,E
* fihj te pelican
Fa:::ilg - PHALACROCOP.ACIDAE.
l)ouble-crested c:or=orane Olivaceou.s co_.cr.:.::e
Family AJ.11IllGIDAE
Anhinga
Order - CICONIIFOR.MES Tami.lg - ARDEIDAE
* Great blue heron * Green heron Li:tle blue heron
* Cattle egret * Great egra: * Snowy egret
Louisiana hercn * Black-c:roi.ned ni g,'1; heron
fello.,...cro-.ned night heron Least bittern
* J.~eric:an bi e:crn
-.. · ... -...., ... o;> ... ~.
•.
-:;,,,,1/ .. ..;·~ .... -
Gavia i=:er Gavia ad.;:::si.i ca .. ·ia a:c:ica G,n-ia s:ellata
Podic~es arise~er.a Podic~~s au:;t~~ Podicc~: r.ic:=;cc1lis Aec:r-~~-~=r:is o~~.! C:.: .~ =~lis Podil rt::".h!!S :c:;di ::~r.;;
Phalac:occra:ir aurieus Phalacroc:,r.:.:c o.i.; •.·ac~us
Ar..hinaa anbi.r.c:a
Ardell herodi.zs Bctoridcs virescens Florie~ cz~ru~ca Subulcus ibis c~sr.~:edi~s ul:us Eare:i1 :.~::la H~drer:a~~a Nu:::icor~x 1,·ucear.ast:a Ixcb:-1:cf::.:s
r::ir::ila:
•..... ; • r"' .... ___ _
-~ -•11.4 _., .-~·.;.-.'
Fa:z:i.ly - CICONIIDAE
· Wood stork
Fai=i.ly - TSP.ESKIOR.v:rr.IDAE
* fi1u te-faced ibis
Order - A//SERIFORMES Faz:zlly - ;.VATID~
Wh.i.stli.ng swan Black brar.:
* Canada goose Whi.te-fro:.i:ed gocse
* Sno111 goose Ross' goose
" llfallard Mexi.ean duck Black duck Mottled due.Jc
* Gadwall * P.intail * Green-winged teal * Blue-winged teal * Cinnam:in teal " American wigec:: * Northern shovel er * Wood duck * Redhead * Ri.ng-necked duck * Canvasbl'ck
Greater scau;, * Lesser scaup * Co::::aon goldeneye * Barrows golde::eye * Bufflel1ead
Oldsquaw cor..mon eider Whi to-winged .1icocer Surf sco:er Bl•ck seater
" Rudd'} duck * Hooded merganser ~ C~.mon mergar.~ar * Red-breasted z:;er~anser
•
Hucteria c'lr.lericana
Pleaadis cr.i.lli
Olor colr::::bi.anus -Branea niaric~~s Bran:a c~nadcnsis Anser alti£::::s f!:!E_ ca~rul~~c~~s Chen rossii Anas ola:~:hur.chcs Ana.s c:iazi Anas ru: :::i oes ------Anas ft:l viau.!.a Anas s:rcocra - . ~ acu:a Anas crccca - ...;;;.;;,;;.;;.., An.as discors -Anas cu.a::oo:a:a Anas ar.::eric.:nc ------~ clur.~aea Aix si,or:sa Authua ~~:e:icana Autlwa coll.:.:is J.ut:.'wa valisir:eria Authua ;:;a:ila At~:J:ua at:i::i~ --=----;;.;;. Buce~iala cl.:.~~ula Bucc~hala isl~r.~ica Buceehala al;~ola Clan cul a l::ic:::al is So~ataria ~olli~si~a Helanie~a dO':Tl~~di Hel~r.ie:a o~rs~icilla:a Hela..,i e:a ::f..c::e
Merer~s :.e~aa~~~r 1-:er~s sa.r:::.cc:
Order - FALCONIFOR.~ES Fa.r:zi.ly - C~TP.ARTIDAE
*'l'Urkey vulture
FD.zr:.ily - ACCIPI'!'RID;.z
Goshawk " Sharp-shin.-:ed hai.k * Coopers hawk * Red-tailed hawk
Red-shouldered hawk Broad-~inged r.awJc
* Si,,ainson's hawk * Rough-legged hawk * Ferrugi~ous hawk * Golden eagle " Bald eagle * Marsh hawk
FUJ.ily - PA/iDIONIDAE
* Osprey
Fa ... ~ ly - FAI.CO:iIDl.E
Cgrfalcon * Prairie falcon
Peregrine falcon * Merlin * American kestrel
Order - GAI.LIFOPJ-!ES Fa=.ily - TETFJ.ONID:.Z
Sharp-tailed gro~se
Famj,ly - PHASI).NIDAE
" Rint]-necJced pheas.a..,e * ChuJcar " E..:,.:,whi te
Order - GRUIFOR~S
.. ..
Ca t:.hart.es au:a
Acciai:e: c9~:ilis Ae::icice: s::i,l=;;s Acciciee: cc-=r..erii buteo "'a-•.- ,.r:_.,. '.s --- J ··-- - .• ·=-=--Buteo li.-:e,1 :us Buteo elae~o:e:us Butco s: .. 2.u:soni Buteo la~o!!):.:s Suteo rc=alj,s Aauil a c:::~::c:.~:os Hali&ee:~s le~cc=~~r.al~s Cire:.:s c::e::et.:s
Pandion ha1iae:us
Falco rus:icolus Fal CO Z::!!Xi cz::::.:.s Falco e.e:e~rinu.s Falco col:.::-.!lari:.:s Falco s~.c.:,,e~ii.:s
Pedioeceee.s oh~.siar.~11:.:.s
Pha.sianu.s colchic:.:s Alecco:zs c~~k~: Co.1..!r::.;.,:; i•.::::::;.!-:.-::.:s
:: c::; !a J ( c::mt. )
!'ami.lg - RALLIDAE
* Virginia rail Sora rello"' rail Slat:Jc rail Coz:::on gallinale
* A:lerican cc,ot
Order - C.YAP.A~P.IIFC~!'!ES Family - CH1iRAI)l~II~J.E
Se.ci;al=ated plo\•er Pipin~ plo-..cr Snc-.i!J pl r:wer
* Killdeer * Hounta.i.n plover " "1:Jerican golden plover
Blat:Jc-bellied pl:=ver
Faz:zilg - SCOLOPACII.J..E
Ruddy turnstone }.J:Jerica.n woodcocr.
* Cc:=on s:iipe * Long-billed cu:le,.. * Wh.i.z:brel * Upland sandpiper * Spotted sandp.i.per
Solitary sandpiper * Greater ycllcwle,;s * Lesser yellowlegs * Willet
Red knot Pectoral s~ndpi~er White-r=ped sar:::pipcr
* Baird's sandpiper * Lease sandpiper
Dunlin * Semipal:::aeed sar.c;;,i.per * Western .sandpiper * Sanderling
Store-billed dowitche: " Long-billed dowi ::.':er
St:il t: sandpiper Buff-b:casted sar.~pipe: Harbled god:,i. t Hudsonian godwie
•
Rallu:s lir::icola Porz.u:a carclir.a Coe.urn.i.co~s no .... ·,:=orace!"tsis Latcrallcs 7~~~ic~~~is Callinula cr.loroous Fulica a:::e:ic-.:.,a
Charadrius se~i~a1~at~s Charadri~s r~leCus
Arenaria ir.tc~~:c~ Philc::ela =:ir.::-Ca-oella calli~~=o 1:u::~niu.s ~~~~ .ic=.:::.:s N~nius ~~acor-::s Bartrar.::ia lcncic~::ca Ac:.i tis ::act1lz.:-i~ Trinaa solit~:i~ ~rinr:a c:i!lc:::ol cv~a T:.i.nca flavi c-cs Catooero:~orus s;;..~i~alr.::a=::s Calid:i.s car.u=us Calidris h.glar.oc~s Calid:is tuscico~lis Calidris baircii Calidris r.::· nutilla Calidris al r.i::a Calidris ~usillus Calidris raurl Calidri:; al:::i Lir..r.odrc~::s -~r :!.seus ~ir~cd~~7.~S scQlor.?.c~~s Micro~al~~J hi~:r.=c~~j Truncitcs sub~ut~=~~~~s Lir.::osa fecoa Li~osa b~e~~s:ica
Table J (aont.J
Fam.ill} - RECURVI~OS':RIDAE
*Amerlcan avocet Black-necked st.:.l:
F~=ilg - PHAr.:.ROPOCI~AE
Red phalarope *Wil=on's phalarope *Nor:.~ern phalarcpe
Porr.arine j=1.e;er P4rasitic j~eger
Glaucous gull Icel,md gull
*Her:i::g gull Thage:'s gull California gull
*Ring-billed gul~ L.:ughing gull
*Frwnklin's gull Bonaparte's gull Ivory gull Bl~t:.k-legged kit:i-ake Sabine's gull
*Forster's te:n Coc:ion tern Arctic tern Lc.:::t tern
*Black tern
Fa~ill} - ALCID;.z
Ancient murrelct
Order - COI.U~::;JI F'OP-•:!:S
Far:-.ily - COLU.'!Eiw.E
•
Recu:~·i ros-::a a:-'.~ r i cana Eir.~nco=~s r::::xicar.~3
Pr.ala:o~us ful;ca:ius Sec~~r.c~us ::icolc:
See:co:a=:. us ~!"t_..._,,, ....... -··-. _ ..... _._ .. ___ _,
La.?"us a:: i cil 2.i:
Xcr:::z s~!: .!n::. -----sec: .. "la !c:!:-=.e:i Stern a .':.! r:.::::::,
Sea:r:.J ~=i=:c::.3 -------Chlido~~~s nic~:
r~:e 3 (aon.t.)
*Black-billed ~a~pie White-necked r.2ven
*Com:i:,n crow Pin;;on jay
F~l_g - PARICAE
"'Black-cap;>ed chi~~adee *Mountain c~ickadee Bushtit
Whiee-bre~stgd r.~~~atch Red-breasted nutJ:~ech
-+Bre;m cree;;er
Familg - Tl<OCZ.C1'Y':'I~l.E
*Ho:ise w:en Winter wren
·. Bewick' s s.·ren Carolir..2 i.·:an
*Long-billed :::.,.:st wren * Roe.Ir: i.·ren
Fa::ul31 - l!I,!ZDAE
* Hoc.lr:ingbi rd "'Gray catbird Cllrve-l:illcd t."1:~she:
"'Bro-.. -n cr.:.:sher "'Sage eJt..:.::she:
-+ Arr.ericzn robin Varied t."lrus.'l
* Wcod chrush * Herr::.i c tl:iri.:s,'l ~swainso~'s t~rush Grag-c.",ceked tr.=~~h
*Vccry Eastern bli.:e~i:d
*Mountain bluebird *To:.,nsend's solitaire
•
Pica Dicct --. Cor.-.".1~ c:-;1r.ee le:ic:i.~ Cor,:;.:s J;:;:;,ch:::-r..:.~:-:~ G:.::::::o::.~i::t.:~ c:~·~::.::c-:- ~.-:,.:111 :.is
Sitta c~roli~e~~is ~it~r e~~~~=~~!s Cerchia f~=:1iaris
Troalc:~t~s a~=on Trc!Ilci~?r.cs t==':'!' 1 =.ir'":~!Z
Th:::.:-:-=!':~S Z.~;:~ ~.=:i;: Thr::~:r.:::::s 1,:::::.·:.-i c:: ~:::;s Talr-...lt~:.:·ttcs ,.. .:2. t:~~ :-.: ~
Mi~us polu~lot=cs Du=ctcll~ c===~~~~n~is
Turdus ~iar~tcrius Ixc:reus r.ca,;,.i us Hulocichl~ ;~-.:~~~lir.a Cc:.tl:a.r.::.s cu::.: ::4J Cath.;1:u.,; ust::.:la:·a
SiMli.t1 .!: i.-:1.: s S.i..:il.i.a cu:-r:::oic:s /'!11aci c:stcs tc::;::: c:::: i
\
Fanilg - SYLVI!ZAE
Blue-gray ~natcz:c~e: *Golde.~-cro~~ed xir.;l~:
Ruby-crc~':"!ed ki:=,;let
*Wa:er pip.:i.e Sprague' s p.i.p.i.:
*Bohe::uan waxw.i.r.~ Cedar w;;;.-., ir.;-
Fa:::ily - PTII/XO:;;.:::;; E
P hai.r:o ;:e ;:l.s
F.:!!li.lg - Li".:,'III;.:Z
·*l1or::..':ern s.':rir.e *Loggerhead shrike
Fa:ily - S':U!'.::IDJ.E
*Starling
F.u::ilg - V~REO.'lIDJ.E
Bell' & vireo Ycllc-,.r-t/;ro.ated ..-::reo
*Sol.:i. t:ary vireo *Red-eyed vireo Philadelphia v:f.:eo Warbling vireo
Bl,ck-llnd-white war~ler P:ot.':cnoc.:iry -..·~:::le: Swainson's w~:blcr Wo~-ea:ir.g wa:t~c: Colden-winged war=lcr Blue-winged warbler
•
Polioetila c~e:ul~a .f:!~~ulus S!;!rr.1~:1
Rc~ulus calc::dula
Anthus s~i~~lee·~ Aner.us s~~a~~~~i
Z:-:-~".:=il~:! C"ilr!"t!l !.!S
~=f~t.:-:} l .! a cc~·=~ =i.:."7':
Vireo ::~lli.i Vireo f~.:·.-:.frc.::,;
Vi~co ol:.· .. ·~cc::~ vireo pr.:. l.:cd ohi cus Vi:eo c i l v·:.:s
}Tniot:il ta ._ .. ;;.:i.i Pro:c~c~~~;~ c~=-~~ Jicl:-:-.itr~r..::s v<:;-:-·~·.:.-:~-_·3
llcr=:.ii·c,:a c!:=·t. -:=":':!:::.J
;; ( oor:-;. J
Tenr.essee warbler Orange-croi.~ed wa:bler Nashville warble: Virr;inia's warbler Nortl:~rn ;;arula
* feller- warbler Magnolia warbler Bla=k-tr.rouecd blue warbler Yellci.-ru:pcd wa:!iler Black-throated ~:.1g w~rble: Townsend's warble: Black-throated gree."l warbler Cerulc.:."l warble: Grace's warble:
. Sla:: kb rz:n.:i.an warbler Yello:.-throated i.·.a:blcr Cr.astr::.zt-sic:ed s.·a:l:ler Bag-b:easted wa:~icr Black~ll warble: P.:i..-ie warble: Pll.lt!l i.·arbler Over.bird Northern 1o·atert1:r::sh
*Ma~tllivr~g's ~~=ble: ~Co=::on gellc:r.:.IJ::.:: Yelle-.-brea~tcd c~at Hoodad wa:1:lar
*Wils:n's ~~rblc: Cana:=a wa.=.=ler /;ierican redsta::
Futilg - PLOCEIDAE
*House s;.~:ow
Faz::.ilg - ICT~RZD.ll.E
Bobolink *Western ~eaaowla:k *Yello:.-headcd blackbird *Red-wir.ged bla=ktird *orc1:.Jrd oriole "llorehaz:ioriole * liuseg bl.Jc.l:bi:rd *s:ewer's blackbird "ca=on gracJ:l.c ~Srown-hcadcd cc~:i:d
Fa:::ilg - THP.AUPIDAE
Vc~i'.·~:-~ Vc~.:vc=a
•
~r!',::rina --cr.l ~ ': ·"
Df:'r:~:-oi ~.zz. :-:: tee.~:: a t:-z.~,.;-:-o, .-:, r.:~·=::~ll-3
Dcndroica co?"c::.::a
Dcnd.roica. t-···- ..... -,.:; D~r.drcica v=:~~s Dcr.'ircica c~=:!lc.::r ------,----,---~~ ~nC:rcie:! --~-· ... ,., ,.,. ... ~--'--
Opor~:::i.s :':'2:-:f,:i Gco:l1ln:i:;1; e=i~.~;:.s Ic:c:itJ. ~·.::::-::j Yiil~:':!i.:! C.! ::-.:.~-~
ftilsa::i.L:. c .. ~~=~~~~~is Seto=t~~~ r~:ic~~2~
Passer c:c~estic~s
Dolicl1~r:!..·r er~zi.".-::~cs Sturr.~11~ r.~lcc:~
Ic:c::;.:; .~-::~it..:z Ictc~~~ c-~1.=::l..J Euch~r.~s c~:~l;~~s
Go-- -
* Scarlet tanaga: * su=er bnager
Cardinal * Rose-breasted i;r;:;:':eak * Black-headed gros:eak * Blue grosbc:.k " Indigo bunting * La:uli bur.rein;;
Painted bunting Dickcissel
* Evening g:osbeak Pur;-le finch Cassi::s 's finc."J.
* Eouse finc.'2 Pine g:csbeak Gra~-crowr:ad rosy finch Bl1:.ck rosy finch Bro:.m-capped res~ fir.ch
* Co:::::on recpoll "Pine sisk.i.n * ;;..-,arican ~olt::i.:::.1 · Les:;er goldfinc.': ·Red c:os::bill "h:-:.::.tc-winged cressbill
"Grae:i-tailed tc:.·.':se * .Rufous-s.i.ded tc:.·.':ee
Bro:...z ecw::ee * Lark bun::.i::g
Sl1.var.nah sparrow "Grasshopper sparrow
B2..i::c' s spa::e:1 z.eco::te's s,arrcw
* Vesp=r sparrow * L.71.rk sparro...,
Ri;fo:;s-crc:,::cd s;J.rrow *Cassin's sparrow
Black-t.~roa:ed sparrow Sag~ sparrow
* L).jrJ:-eyed junco *G:ay-hcadad jur.c-::, * Trae sparro"' '*Cl·upping sp~::o-J
Clay-colored sp3r:ow "B:a~;er' 3 spar::c:.1
f'ield spl1.rrow *F.a::is' s;~r:cw ~ Wi:i ee-cro:.":':.cd s;,a.:~::r-,
Goldcn-cro~r.9d s.e.a.:row ;.,·r..i. :e-cJi:oaccd S;,<lrrcv
"Fc:r spzrrcw
..
• Piran=o oli~acea
• Piranco rubra
Cl1.rdir.~lis c:~=i~ulis Pl'l~uc:ei cus l U!;°c·/.ic.i '3n?:s
Guiraca caaruica Passerina c~a~~a
Passe:i.:;a r:i::i..s Sciza c!...-=.e.:-i:::.::..-:1.! Hes~:i :1:~r:a t'"t.i!'"_~!:'rtir:a C~rpa:aC"~S c~=p~:cus Car.:c":ac:Js c.::ssi::.ii Ct1:r.;ed.:i~..:.5 ~x.:c::.~::s
Le~ceseic!e t=~h~cco:is Loucesticee at:=ea
S:.ir::::;; ::;i.r:::s Scin:.:.s e:.i~: is Soir.:.:s ~:;:!l -:::.: a
Lex ia lc:.::-c.,::,..~a -Chlcrurl1. c~1c:~=~ Pi ci..!o e.:-e:.i'-::c= .. =:=."::!.!=:::~
Passerc:;l :.:s ~ .. -: ~c:-: .! c~:~::si!j Ar-.-::odr~r.:::s sc:?._.·~r:::.:::.:~ A.~.r.od:~~s b~i::Cii
Chond~s:es ~~~-~~c~s Ai~~~ila ru:~===s Ai~o~hila c~~si~ii l.r:~~i~~~=a bilir.c~:a }_-::nhi.s=i=.J i:elli Jur:,::, ht~·c=.al is J..:r:co ca::ic~~s Soi:c2l~ arko~ca s~i:all~ ~=~~ari~a
S-ci:clla r..all.!~:i
s~izclla c:.:s.illa Zo.-:: ::-..! =-~i.a c:.:.r.rula Zo:::,::i.=.~:.u. 1-c:.;c==-"'!:~.:s
J ( c:jn::. )
* Lincoln's spar:c-" * Sw~-::p spa.r:ow * Song sparrow * Mt:Cown 's lon;sp:.:: * Lapla.-id lo:i;-spur * Cheser.i:t:-c:;ll,::~= lc::ss;,ur
Snow buntir.g
•
Y.elospiza linc:~lni.i f!clc~.r--:.:.£ f~""':=cin:-:., M~lc~-~~= ~~lcdia
f.f.::.~2 l~:-;.::;i,:~$ C~i.c~:i:.:~ c:-~~:::.::;
..
~.:zb Ze :3 ( cor..-;. )
Order CUCO'lIFOl<.f!ZS Fa::.i l !1 - CtJCTJLI Dl.E
Yelloi.-billed cu::xoo *Black-billedcuckco
Order - STRIGIFO:i.'!ES F~ly - T~·r;::,:;!;;J.E
*Barn owl
Fa::ily - STIUGIDJ,Z
Screech owl *Great horned owl
Sno-..-,; owl Pyg:::; owl
* Burro-.ring o:d *Spotted awl *.t.cng-cared owl *short-earec owl . Saw-whee owl
Ord!tr - CAPIU!!'JI,:;IFC:-".:':ZS Family - CAPF/.II!ULG!=rS
-Poor-1,:ill * COz:::ion nig.'lt:hawk
Order - APODIFOP..~ES F.:J:1.ily - J..PODI;;;.E
F.u:i.ly - TROCP.!LI:C:.Z
Black-chin::sd h:.::=~ngbird Broud-tailed h"~'r.gbird
* Ru~ous hu=ingbi:d
order - co:u.c=rror.!!!:S Fil!!lily - J..LCZDI.'iIDAZ
" Belted >:.int;fislier
•
Cocc~1=us ~r.!'!rir:a:"::.: Cc:c;.,=:.;s ert1.: :?rcr,-c~-:r:1.l~-·s
Tueo e.lba --Ot:us asio ~ ~i~i.::r.:.:!:' r:u::c;1. ::c=:-.=::.:-::., Gl~~~iCi~~ ~~==-~ s~:ott::::o c::..-:ic::le:ri,: Strix cc:-.:>:c:::~l.;.s Asia c:t.:s --~ :1,-_-:-=.~::.s Ae~oli~s ac~dic~s
Phalae~~~:ilu~ ~~=~~2:~ Chorceilcs ~ir.or
Chaetura ~~le~ica
Archiloc~us alcx~~dri
Scl~s r:h:,r~s
~caaccrule alcucn
•·
Order - PICIFOP...'!ES Familg - Picx;;.z
Coc:icn flicker Red-bellied wc~;,ecker
*Red-headed -·oa:!;;ec.lccr Lewis' wooc;;et:ker Yellow-bellied s~;:sucker
*Hairg ~~oc~cker ... Downv woodper::ker
Order - PASSZRIFOR..~ZS F.u:.i.ly - TYRA:if/IDAE
*Easter.:. k.:i~;blrC *Western kir.:;bird *cassin's kir.gbir: Scissor-tailed f~~ca:c.~er Great-t:rcs:ed El =:·=att:her Ash-tr.roate= f~g;a:t:her Eastern p.':oebe
"Sug's phoebe Willc-J flyca:c.":!::
.Alder fl~c~:r::!:cr Least flyco::her BM==o.~d's flyca::.':e: Dusky flgca:c.~e:
* Western fl:;:;;.::::e: Eastern 1,1c,oc: ~:.-ee
* Western wood pe:.·ee *olive-sided flyca:cher
Ve.r:.illic:r. flyc"e:ter
Family - Alau::idae
* Horned lark
Far.:ily - HIP..r.::;OINI=i.z
* Violee-gree:2 sw~low * Tree ::wallow * Sank s11.-allov * Rough-wi:::;ed sw.:!.llo-., "' Barn s-..;.Jllo.1 * CliEL :.allo:.-
Fai=i.ly - CORVIDAZ
•
Colaoecs aur~eus Ccntu:,;s c'"ro!;r.~s
Aau~ae~:us lc~is S:hr.:ra:·icus t·.::irit:s Dendroco:,as t·.:.llcsus
Turannus :u~~~~cs T~ri!n~us vcr:ic=l!~
S.:i:ornis c,,'::,~b:? Sw uor:z.!!; s~t:.l Er.i":Jid~::ax t:c1i.!.l.i.i Er.;oiCC!'..,;-:c c:lr:::=t.·~ Er.::ic::::i.a;: E..~oi CC::l ,~.Y
Er.:oic::-:-.~r Er.!'Jii::..:::.x
r.: J. r. .1.::: ;; s
c:·• •.:,·-" r, ,-·--------c.: . .,te!'lu~ v:..:c:,s Conta=~s so:UiC~lc5 1:uttallc~:::.~ a~=c.=!lis Pyrocc c:.'l.:il us :.:l.·.1.~us
Tach~cineea et~lass±~a I:iC~==c-::::e l:.i cclc: Ri=~ria ::.r::::-::h StalaiCo-~cr:.·x rw!i::::;llis llirc::co n:s::.: ca
•
Table 4. List of Fish Potentially Occurring at R.'1.1.l./
Family - SAL..~ONIOAE
*Rainbow trout Cutthroat trout
Family - ESOCIJAE
*Northern pike
Family • C..~I0S!~1! DAE
Western longnose s~:~er *Western white sucke:
Family - CY!'RIN!DAE
* Carp Northern creek chub Longnose dace Northern co::::ion sh~~== Plains sand shiner Bigmouth shiner
* Plains red shiner Northe=n ?iains mi~~~w
* Flathead minnow Plains stoneroller
Family - AM.!!URIJAE
*Channel· catfish *Black bullhead *Central plains kil~:.;ish Plains top minnow
Family• C!NIRAR.Ol.I~
*Northern large aiout:: bass ;'Green sunfish Pumpkin seed
*Northern bluegill Black crappie
Fa:ily - P~RCI~
1:Yellow per.ch
*K.'1own t: o inhabit ~L'\..
Sa 1r., -:a i::-:ineri Salmo clarki
~ lucius
Catosto~us catos:~~usi Catosc~~us cc~~:rs~~
Cvorinus caroit SemotiLus atro~scuLa:us ;llii.ni.chcn·~·s ca:~ra=~ae Nortro~is cor~utu~ Nor:=o~is ~=li:~u:us Nortroois do::-sac:s Nortroois Lutr2r.s:.s Hvbro~nachus ~~n:~:2 Pimeoh~ses ::ro~~~as Camovs tv~.s a n~~c: .i. i.;.::
Ictalu::-us ou~ctatus Ameiurus r.,eLas Funduli..s kansae Fundulus sciaci:us
Microote::-us sal~oides Leoomis cva~ellu£ Leoomis e.in::osu::; Leoomis ~ac:ocnirus Po~oxis ni~:J~~: 1.t~a:us
Perea flavesce~,
l/_ - :roe Leg::-cs, C. R. ?::-eliminary Species List o: che Fishes of R.'1A,
Technical Note FI-1, November 19ij, Ecosys~em Analysis Division.
•,.; .... -...; .... ~ ....
F.izuly - CHELYDRIDAE
*Sna.pp~ng turtle
Family - TEST~DINIDAE
Pa.inted turtle *Western boz turtle
Famlly - TRIONYCHIDAE
Ch•ludra. ser:,entina
Chrusemus picea Terraz:,er.e ornaea
Spiny soft-shelled eu:e.le T:ionur soini:erus
Fu:i.ly - IGTJMIDAE
* ZAsser ea.rless li::a.rd Ea.stern fence lizard Short-horned lizard
Famlly - SCI11CI!JAE
Great plains sJtink * lfanl}-lined sJcinJc
Famlly - TEIIDAE
S.ir-lined racerunne:
Family - COLUBRIDAE
*Western hognose snake ,. Racer * Bullsna..ke
Hilk snake * Col:111(),J w,a te: snake * Cor.::,on ga.:ter snake *Plains garter snake
Lined snake
Bolbrookia a:aci;laea Scelooorus unaul~:us Phrunose-=a dou~lassi
Euz:ieces obsoletus Euml!ces mulliviraae.us
Cne!ll.idoahorus sexline::~s
Pla.ins black-headed snake
Heterodon ~icus Coluber conse.ric:or Pie.uoohis ~~l~noleucus Lamc:ocel:is ::i~~~ul~~ Nae.rix si ~den Thar::noohis sirtalis Thamnoohis radix T:ooidoclanicn li~e•=~~ Taneilla niaricc=s
Family - VIPERIDAE
*Prairie raee.lesna..ke
=-1:r~rr: :"=...:rt~nks ~r:.= :e;?tcs
. "'l6-=2 .-.~-.:.. De-=:;:;;;'!' ~1i.=..
C:oea.lus viridis
?!'e:i."":":"in=~~' =.is-; ·=.- .. ~2'F-:...:.:as .:= =':?~s:...·s-:.:;-.~ J.r~.'..::.Js-.,.~ ';~:."'-:.~-:~~ •
•
- I
;ist o; ;1..r.:p~~=iar:s ?o-;an-:=""~aZ Z.y :c:!U.!'?1in: c:-= ,.:;_;,11;..:::J
Family - AXBYSTOHIDAE
*riger salaJ:Jander
Fa=i.lg - PELOBA~IDJ.E
*Plai.ns spadefoot
Family - BUFOllI'DAE
*Woodhouse's toad Great plains toad
Fa=.i.lr; - HYLI'DAE
Cricket frog Chorus frog
Fam.i.lg - IU,HIIJAE
*Leopard frog Bullf::og
*Wa~er dog sata11'1ander
Bufo woc::ho?Jsel -~ coc::e:t:!:
Acri.s cre~i. ec?::s Pscucec:.:s e:is~:ia~a
Rana r:.: o.: er.s Rana ca:esbeiana
;_; - ~ . . . . - - . . . . . - .:·!'om :c::·:.,p::;;c:::n.K.s ana """eg"!'CS _-y-e :.r:"-:..r::::r~ ~:..s-; c: ;:!.r.7?n:..,:,-:..cr:s c.- _=:)!.!...
':'2chnia~: ,"ilo~e AM-7.. Avai.Z.ab e a:~ ~~OS".fs-:a~ . ..;.n.::::~·sis :•:.:~";;a"'~~r:.
