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1982

Where philosophy meets medicine : acupunctureand modern physicsKamau KokayiYale University

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WHERE PHILOSOPHY MEETS ]}ffiDICINE:

ACUPUNCTURE AND MODERN PHYSICS

by

Kamau Kokayi

A Thesis

Submitted to the

Yale University School of Medicine

in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

Doctor of Medicine

1982

Clad- Ltd-

<\\3 i\x

50<bc{

To my parents

and the

rebirth of Hern

PREFACE

Eor the last one and one half years, my reply to the

query of my fellow classmates as to the topic of my thesis,

acupuncture and modern physics, has either left them visibly

trying to suppress their amusement or elicited statements

expressing their amazement that i would attempt such an enter¬

prise. At the outset of this thesis, it became clear to me

that in the minds of many of my colleagues and professors, i

had stepped out of the bounds of science, at least as repre¬

sented in current medical education. Yet for me, the writing

of this thesis has been one of the more absorbing and fulfil¬

ling efforts of my student career. The fact that i am writing

about a controversial area is not the key issue. The topic

has provided me with a vehicle to express some ideas already

shaped before i had heard of acupuncture per se. The present

effort represents one of the few instances in my academic

training where i have had the opportunity to creatively syn¬

thesize various fields of study and then apply them to an

important area, in this case, health.

The thesis format has given me the opportunity to deal

with questions not typically addressed in medical school, to

go beyond the constraints of standard medical socialization,

and to create a setting in which I can question some theories

that i have learned in my medical education. While doing this

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i have been struck by the significance of Thomas Kuhn's

statement,

Applications given in texts are not there as evidence but because learning them is part of learning the paradigm at the base of the current procedure.

If applications were set forth as evidence, then the very failure of texts to suggest alternate interpretations or to discuss problems for which scientists have failed to produce paradigm solutions would convict their authors of extreme bias.

Accordingly, this thesis is not directed primarily at

the facts generated by particular models but rather at the

level of the theoretical suppositions, the paradigms them¬

selves—where philosophy meets medicine.

I wish to acknowledge the inspiration and bits of

insight passed down to me through the following: Ra Un-Nefer

Amen, the Ausar Auset Society, Madinah Powell, William Wade,

Ronald Davidson, Derek Davis, Ram Bhagat, Tony Binlayson,

Gary Schwartz, Milford Graves, Mark Seems and David Butler.

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TABLE OE CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE. ii

INTRODUCTION . 1

I. HISTORY OF ACUPUNCTURE IN THE WEST. 5

II. SCIENCE SAYS. 11

III. ROOTS OF MISUNDERSTANDING. 24

IY. WHERE PHILOSOPHY MEETS MEDICINE . 41

V. TOWARDS THE DEMYSTIFICATION OF AN ART .... 52

APPENDIX. 90

FOOTNOTES.109

IV

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INTRODUCTION

A source of amazement to me throughout my medical

education, especially my ward experience, is how little is

actually known ahout health and disease. Despite all the

important data generated hy the traditional mechanistic

approach to health, there is still a large grey zone which

has "been clouded "by current medical terminology. The more

obvious expressions of this are witnessed in such terms as

placebo effect, spontaneous remission, idiopathic, crypto¬

genic, etc.

It a deeper level, the mechanistic approach to research

asks us to believe that it is primarily through matter that

the processes of life are correlated, regulated and integrated.

Despite its shortcomings, this underlying approach to the com¬

prehension of health and disease and the formulation of ther¬

apeutic modalities is often not taken seriously to task. The

prevalent thinking is that areas of study lacking satisfactory

explanations will be cleared up through the accumulation of

more data in the already existing models. Nor example, it is

generally believed that eventually researchers will develop

the appropriate experimental models to isolate the chemical

processes in question. Yet the insufficiency of this general

approach was foreshadowed as early as 194-7, by Dr. Henry

Margenau, Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and Natural

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History at Yale* He wrote, "There is a vague though wide¬

spread feeling that particle techniques based on what is

called mechanical reasoning cannot solve the ultimate

riddle of biological organization." Unfortunately, the

weight of such statements has been felt by relatively few

and the implications investigated by fewer. Science typic¬

ally selects problems that can be solved with conceptual

and instrumental techniques already in existence.

The underlying premise of most of medical education

and practice is that life is ultimately a chemical phenom¬

ena. Yet if one were to travel across Yale's campus and

speak to a physicist one might hear something akin to the

words of the physicist and mathematician Erwin Schrodinger,

The arrangements of atoms in the most vital parts of an organism and the interplay of these arrangements differ in a fundamental way from all those arrangements of atoms which physicists and chemists have hitherto made the object of their experiments and theoretical research. . .

Whether we find it astonishing or whether we find it plausible that a small but highly organ¬ ized group of atoms be capable of acting in this manner, the situation is unprecedented. It is unknown anywhere else except in living things.

What Schrodinger describes has been referred to as life's

unique ability to feed upon 'negative entropy.'

While 1 do not venture to put forth a vitalistic con¬

ception of life, i do think it well within the bounds of

respectable scientific investigation to draw on other areas

of scientific understanding which transcend chemical deter¬

minism, in an effort to come to grips with my own experi¬

ences which suggest, as Sir. J. Arthur Thompson puts it,

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that, "Life is a unique activity, requiring concepts trans¬

cending those of mechanism."

Where does acupuncture fit in this? Acupuncture is a

non-Western technology grounded in a science, which on the

surface, appears to he no more than primitive philosophical

conceptions. However, surface appearances can he misleading.

Lor the purpose of this thesis, it will he shown that the

science underpinning acupuncture attempts to handle the same

set of facts and variables that Western medicine deals with,

except that this information has heen organized within a

different set of references, thus taking on a new signifi¬

cance. This non-Western framework reflects a way of looking

at the world which emphasizes patterns of relationships to

he seen in all fields of knowledge. This non-Western induc¬

tive approach contrasts the Western analytical approach to

knowing in which the specialist learns, so to speak, more

and more about less and less.

It will further he demonstrated that acupuncture repre¬

sents an important link between modern medicine and modern

physics. Indeed, acupuncture can help crystallize the con¬

frontation that is taking place between mechano-corpuscular

physics and electromagnetic field theory.

My approach to this topic begins with a historical

review of acupuncture in the West and then a representative

sampling of the experimental work involving acupuncture. The

latter will demonstrate that no one paradigm of physiological

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interaction can sufficiently explain all the experimental

findings involving acupuncture. In the remainder of the

thesis, i will attempt to resolve this theoretical crisis

in a manner which is compatible with well established

scientific observations. It is only in. the appendix that

i give myself the liberty to reflect in a more speculative

manner, on the implications of the divergent philosophical

approaches of the West and many ancient non-Western. cultures.

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I. HISTORY OR ACUPUNCTURE IN THE WEST

For the mind likes a strange idea as little as the body likes a strange protein, and resists it with similar energy. It -would not he fanciful to say that a new idea is the most quickly acting antigen known to science. If we watch ourselves honestly, we shall often find that we have begun to argue against a new idea before it has been completely stated.

Trotter

It has been nearly a decade since two events suddenly

put acupuncture into the limelight in the Western world:

in 1971, columnist James Reston's account of the successful

treatment of his post surgical pain with acupuncture, in

China, appeared on the cover of the N.Y. Times; less than a

year later former President R. Nixon visited China and

there was more reporting on this ’miraculous' healing art.

From the standpoint of acupuncture's introduction into

the American health care system, its 'newness' has been both

an asset and a liability. While the American public's imag¬

ination has been fired up, the American scientific community

has been aloof, apathetic and more often than not, scornful.

Part of this ill-feeling is a reaction to the faddist nature

of the American public and the claims that acupuncture is a

cure all. Part of it also reflects the difficulty that

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American scientists have had in grasping the theory behind

the practice of Chinese medicine and developing paradigms

that -would explain its effects.

Within the history of Western medicine, ideas running

counter to the mainstream of medical thought, while having

some clinical efficacy, have come under harsh criticism and

censorship, because their 'scientific' basis was at question.

Such was the case of the homeopathic school of medicine,

which flourished during the late 1800's and early 1900's.

It was practiced by respected physicians of the day and

indeed St. Raphael's Hospital was, in part, a homeopathic

hospital. It is only in recent years that scientific jus¬

tification for its practice has begun to appear.

While the art of acupuncture is still plagued with mis¬

understanding, the key to the comprehension of its underlying

mechanism has been uncovered and will be later discussed in

this paper. Moreover, developments in the physical sciencies

will aid in the unraveling of such non-Western conceptions

as Ch'i, Yin and Yang, and the five elements.

Most people are unaware that throughout the history of

Western medicine there has been repeated encounters with

acupuncture. Perhaps its inexplicability prevented it from

seriously being incorporated into Western therapeutics.

Looking back into the 4th century B.C. we see that

Hippocrates describes in his sixth book the treatment of

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acupuncture is well described in the Hwang; Ti Nei Ching

o Su Wen (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine).'

This ancient medical classic was published 2,500 years ago

with parts of it thought to be over 4,000 years old. -Accord¬

ing to the french neurophysicist Paul Nogier, who developed a

system of auriculotherapy using microcurrents, ear acupunc¬

ture treatment has been in the Middle East for more than

2,000 years.- Auricular cauterizations in the treatment of

sciatica neuralgia were described by a Portuguese doctor,

Zacutus Lusitanes in 1637 and by Professor Ignac Collain,

1810. Indeed, the esteemed D'Antonio Valsalva points out

in a book, in 1717, that some areas of the external ear can

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be cauterized for the relief of cases of severe toothache.

Acupuncture was also mentioned as early as the 1500's

by a Portuguese, Fernando Mendez Pinto, following his travels

to Japan. Ten Rhyne (1647-1690), physician of the Dutch East

India Company who served in Japan, wrote perhaps the first

illustrated book of acupuncture to appear in Europe. He

discussed the various techniques of acupuncture and indicated

that it was particularly useful in abdominal and head prob-

lems. The distinguished German naturalist and traveler,

Englebert Kaempfor, also a surgeon for the Dutch East India

Company, discussed in detail methods of acupuncture and moxi-

bustion (dry heat from the burning of Mugwort, Artemesia

6 Vulgaris) in his book History of Japan (1716).

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The first European to practice this form of Chinese

medicine was the Frenchman, Dr. Louis-Joseph Berlioz (1776-

1848), father of the famous French composer, Hector.

Berlioz found acupuncture useful in the treatment of pain

due to neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism, as well as

diseases of the nervous system. In fact, In France, acu¬

puncture enjoyed as great a vogue as auscultation during

the early 1800's. The Academie des Sciences appointed a

committee to study it, and clinicians such as Cloquet and g

Trousseau were among those interested. Following this

widespread interest was displayed in acupuncture and dozens

of works on the subject appeared in Italy between 1825-1863.

The authors included specialists and academicians such as

9 Professor A. Riberi, head of the Turin Surgical clinic.

In England, Croley was one of the first to describe

his experiences with acupuncture in 1802. He was particu¬

larly interested in the treating of abdominal distention

employing gold and silver needles."*-^

During the 1800’s, there are a number of references to

the beneficial use of acupuncture in the American medical

literature. Bach was one of the first physicians in the

U.S. to use acupuncture for the treatment of miscellaneous

problems (Horth American Medical and Surgical Journal, 1826).

It is a wonder that individuals tolerated the treatment as

needles were left in situ for up to 24 hours.'*''*' Acupuncture

was also advocated in the Southern Medical and Surgical

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12 Journa1 of August 1836 and later by a report on acupuncture

in the Journal of the American Medical Association in

October, 1897-^

The famous physician, Sir William Osier, was quite

familiar with acupuncture and in his classic textbook, The

Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1892, he wrote,

Por lumbago acupuncture is in acute cases the most efficient treatment, ileedles of from three to four inches in length (ordin¬ ary bonnet-needles, sterilized will do) are thrust into the lumbar muscles at the seat of pain and withdrawn after five or ten minutes. In many instances the relief is immediate, and I can corroborate fully the statements of Ringer who taught me this practice, as to its extraordinary and prompt efficacy in many instances.!^

Moving back to Prance, we find a resurgence of acupunc¬

ture in the early 1900's as an outgrowth of the work of

George Soulie de Morant, the Prench Consul in Shanghai, from

1907-1929- Morant was fascinated by Chinese medicine and

brought a vast stock of Chinese medical books and was totally

indulged in studying them as a non-physician. The result was

the book L'Acupuncture Chinoise, published in 1939, and the

creation of a new era in Prench Medicine. Acupuncture found

widespread usage in major hospitals, physicians' offices,

and in the formal teaching and research at medical schools.

Wow there are approximately 600 Prench doctors of medicine

who practice acupuncture. Similarly trained professionals

are to be found in Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,

15 England, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Russia. Indeed,

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the Soviet Union established an acupuncture research insti¬

tute in 1951 and has been actively involved in investigating

16 the mechanisms and applications of acupuncture ever since.

Clearly, acupuncture has a significant history in the

Western ■world. It has been around much longer than most of

the therapies employed today in modern medicine. Nonetheless,

acupuncture has never found a real niche in American medical

therapeutics, despite its advocation by many famous physicians.

Its present reintroduction differs from past encounters in

that the mass media has taken it straight to the public. The

latter has viewed demonstrations of acupuncture, including

surgery with acupuncture as the only anesthetic, and more

importantly, has made acupuncture a marketable commodity.

Such broad exposure has not only piqued the interest of the

scientific community but has posed a challenge to some very

fundamental notions in allopathic medicine. I plan to address

this at length but some preliminary work has to be presented

first to dispel any ill-found notions concerning acupuncture's

legitimate role as a viable therapeutic modality.

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II. SCIENCE SAYS

Science says:

Medicine’s position today is akin to that of state religions yesterday—it has an officially approved monopoly on the right to define health and illness and to treat illness.

Elliot Ereidson

Since the early 1970's, literature dealing with acu¬

puncture has increased exponentially. Several medical jour¬

nals have also appeared in English, including the American

Journal of Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture Research, and the

American Journal of Acupuncture. Research into the mech¬

anisms, effects and clinical applications of acupuncture

has been undertaken in several American and Canadian medi¬

cal institutions, not to mention an increased exchange of

personnel and information between the People's Republic of

China and the U.S. Despite this and in contrast to the

greater than 30 years tradition of practice and research in

Europe, the question that is still asked here in the U.S.

is does acupuncture really work.

A brief review of some of the literature available in

English will hopefully dispel any major doubts as to whether

acupuncture works or not. Moreover, some of the material

presented should raise some eyebrows, as the implications

are quite profound. As we shall see, the real question is

how does it work. 11

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It is only -within this decade that the American medi¬

cal literature has begun to catch up to the Japanese and

Europeans in terms of dealing with the mechanisms behind

acupuncture. As with many other medical therapies, this

has not stopped American doctors from utilizing acupuncture

in such diverse clinical situations as inducing labor and

the treatment of cancer. Indeed, this ad hoc practice has

served as the groundwork for the formulation of many theories.

During the early 1970's, many researchers depicted acu¬

puncture as a psychosomatic modality or hypnotic trick. Yet,

French doctors, while at the Peking Municipal Veterinary

Hospital, witnessed a horse undergo abdominal surgery with

acupuncture as the only anesthesia. Immediately after the

operation and suture, the horse was able to walk around

17 without showing any signs of pain. ' In fact, m the more

than 400 operations on large animals at this hospital, there

18 has been a 95% success rate for anesthesia.

In the U.S., D. Les et al., while demonstrating the

bankruptcy of the psychosomatic theory of acupuncture, also

make it evident that acupuncture is more than a substitute

anesthetic. In a series of experiments on dogs anesthesized

with halothane, they were able to correct sinus arrhythmias

by digital pressure and acupuncture to an acupuncture loci

used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias (large Intes¬

tine 5, a limb point). Similar attempts at conversion using

. . pq sham points were unsuccessful.

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13

In another experiment, the same group of researchers

applied the dry heat from burning mug-wort (moxibustion), to

an acupuncture loci (governing vessel 26 located below the

snout) in one group of dogs and to a sham loci in another

group cf dogs. Both groups were anesthesized with halothane.

A significant increase in cardiac output and stroke volume

and a significant decrease in the total peripheral resistance

was observed on the group stimulated at the acupuncture loci.

These effects continued to be present in dogs even when

measurements were taken two hours after the moxibustion

treatment .20

According to Kroger who strongly held the belief that

acupuncture works through hypnosis, it (hypnosis) can only be

utilized in about 10% of carefully selected patients. Yet,

the Chinese show their acupuncture anesthesia success in

thyroidectomy and 80% effective in surgery of the extremi¬

ties."^

Another theory which enjoyed some attention during the

early 1970's was the Gate Control theory of Melzak and Wall.

It was proposed that impulses from incoming A-delta and C-

fiber nerve afferents were modified by the cells of the sub¬

stantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

It was thought that acupuncture anesthesia resulted from the

substantia gelatinosa cells being stimulated by the large A-

fibers to block the impulses in the small C-fibers (generally

associated with the mediation of pain sensation) from

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ascending up the lateral spinothalamic tract into the cen¬

tral nervous system. However, the gate control theory can¬

not be a total explanation for the effects of acupuncture as

it does not explain how stimulation of points on the extremi¬

ties results in anesthesia of areas of the head. Addition¬

ally, the areas anesthetized may be on the opposite side of

the head or body. I have personally seen this demonstration

at a N.Y. State Acupuncture for Physicians and Dentists

teaching conference. Wall, one of the co-authors of the

original Gate Control theory, wrote in 1972, "My present

guess is that ... it will emerge that acupuncture doesn't

generate the specifically pain inhibiting barrages for which

22 I was looking." Since then, multiple gate control theories

25 have been posed by Chang, and it has been postulated that

24 acupuncture's effects are mediated by way of the thalamus.

However, as of yet, the hypothesized entity known as the gate

has yet to be identified.

further attempts to explain the analgesic effects of

acupuncture have focused on the body's endogenous opiate

substance, endorphins. It has been shown that morphine

reduces the synaptic transmission between, pain fibers enter¬

ing the spinal cord and their target cells in the dorsal

horn. Cells in the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe

magnus, richly endowed with opiate receptors, detect the

presence of morphine and transmit this message down the dor¬

sal horn of the spinal cord. Here the terminals of the

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descending fibers release serotonin, -which through mechanisms

yet to he discovered, interferes with the excitatory synaptic

processes between the primary pain fibers and spinal neur-

25 ons. ^

In line with the above, scientists at the Peking Medical

College were able to induce an increase in pain threshold in

rats who received the cerebral spinal fluid of an acupunctured

26 group of rats. Purthermore, it has been shown repeatedly

that the analgesic effect of acupuncture can be reversed by

27 naloxone. With this as a basis, Dr. H. L. Wen demonstrated

that acupuncture is an effective modality in relieving the

28 29 symptoms of withdrawal m drug addicted patients. ’

Acupuncture stimulation of endogenous opiates has als'o

been proposed as a mechanism to explain its clinical effi¬

cacy in the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes,

despite the latter’s differing underlying pathological proces¬

ses, i.e. herniated disc, trigeminal neuralgia and bursi-

tish0’?1

While the endogenous opiate theory has given scientists

considerable mileage, there are still some pieces that do not

fit. Why should pain relief from ear acupuncture be selec¬

tive only for very specific parts of the body, i.e. accord-

82 mg to the ancient prescriptions. McLeuran et al showed

that in electrical or chemical lesions of the raphe, serot¬

onin output abolishes electro acupuncture analgesia in

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66 rabbits. Experiments "by Chapman and Benedetti, Pomeranz

and Cheng also indicate that the reversibility of acupuncture

analgesia with naloxone was frequency dependent. Bo inhibi¬

tion occurred at frequencies above 200hz. At higher frequen¬

cies, it was found that a serotonin synthesis inhibitor

64 parachloraphenylalanme, partially blocked analgesia. This

may explain the fact that in one study on immunassayable

B-Endorphin levels in the plasma and CSE of heroin addicts

treated with electroacupuncture, there was no evidence of an

increase in plasma or CSE B-endorphin levels. Yet the major¬

ity of addicts experienced a reduction of withdrawal symp-

66 toms during treatment. Unfortunately, the researchers did

not attempt to block the effect of the electroacupuncture

with naloxone or a serotonin antagonist.

It should be kept in mind that endorphins are simply

one class of brain chemicals with many others waiting to be

discovered. Since 1977, "Valium receptors" have been

reported and now the search is on for body chemicals that

66 resemble valium structurally. The key point is that the

effect of acupuncture, whether brought on my manual vibra¬

tion of the needles or electro acupuncture, may be mediated

by an unknown number of body chemicals. To simply identify

the chemicals involved does not get at the underlying mech¬

anism by which acupuncture mediates its effects. Vhat we are

calling causes may actually be effects. The question that I

■ I

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am hoping will come out of this is how can acupuncture be

involved with so many different aspects of the body's func¬

tioning. What will become clear is that the complexity of

the matter depends on the level of perception and inter¬

pretation of that which is being observed, lor now we

should just note that an essential factor in the endorphin

experimentation was that the frequency of the electrical

stimulation determined what chemicals were and were not

involved.

Numerous researchers have noted that acupuncture to

certain loci has a direct effect on the pituitary-adrenal

axis. Using sensitive radio immunoassays, E. Malizia et al.

have shown that there is a concomitant rise in the peripher-

eal blood of levels of B-endorphin and ACTH with electroacu-

57 puncture on healthy adults. ' In fact, the investigations of

Boeva and colleagues revealed that stimulation acupuncture

produced an effect similar to that seen following the injec¬

tion of 25 I.U. of ACTH.^® It should be noted that in the

hands of a skilled acupuncturist, no pain or physical dis¬

comfort is experienced by the patient and that these responses

are not produced at sham points.

Acupuncture can also be used to inhibit the hypersecre¬

tion of adrenal cortical hormones. This was demonstrated by

Dr. Ying Yi Liao et al with rabbits placed in situations

inducing stress (immobilizations, exposure to cold and heat).

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18

Again there was no significant effect when sham points

89 were utilized.

Also of note is the extensive use of acupuncture as an

aid in inducing labor. This grew out of the concept, based

on traditional Chinese teachings, that certain acupuncture

loci should be avoided in pregnancy as stimulation of these

may cause abortion or premature labor. In fact, acupuncture

has been used as an abortifacient through the induction of

uterine contractions. The main set of loci used are on the

extremities. In one study with 60 primigravidae, the sub¬

jective length of labor and the objective active phase of

labor were significantly reduced as compared to a non-acu-

punctured control group.^

Group with Subjective length Active phase Acupuncture_of labor_of labor

#60 6.5 - .03 4.85 ± 0.3 pi 0.02 Pi 0.1

Group without #60 8.1 t 0.5 5.8 ± 0.39

Avg. length of labor in hours

± Standard deviation

Another theory for acupuncture's effects has focused

on one of the essential regulatory systems in the human

body, the autonomic nervous system. Many have felt that the

wide ranging physiologic changes that may take place in the

body as a result of the interacticn of the sympathetic and

parasympathetic nervous system could explain the diverse

effects of acupuncture needling:

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It appears that the impulses stimulated by various needle points on the skin are transmitted to the internal viscera through the somatovisceral neuronal synapses, in the spinal cord. During the process of transmission through such synapses, one of the components of the visceral nerves—either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic— seems to he selectively stimulated and adjusts the function of the autonomic nervous system.^1

Lee et al. at the Medical College of Ohio working with

dogs anesthetized with halothane, were able to block the

increase in cardiac output and decrease in total peripheral

resistance following acupuncture and moxibustion to the

point Jen Chung (60-26), with phentolamine, an alpha-

adrenergic blocking agent. The same occurred with the use

42 of propanolol, a Beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Con¬

versely, with acupuncture to the point Tsu Zanli (st-36),

located one finger breadth lateral to the anterior crest of

the tibia, cardiac output was decreased, an effect blocked by

atropine. In both sets of experiements, the effect of anes-

46 thesia alone was unremarkable.

Experimentation in rats has shown that the acupuncture

locus Eung Lung (Stomach 40 anterior aspect of the leg)

causes a significant decrease in total peripereal resistance

44 without causing an increase in cardiac output. In fact,

there are no less than 11 points which are said to be effec¬

tive in the treatment of hypertension in humans.^ Thus far,

i have only seen anecdotal case reports to support the use of

acupuncture in the treatment of essential hypertension.

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20

In line with the above research has been my own exper¬

ience with asthmatic patients treated with acupuncture.

While working at a clinic in New York which combined Chinese

and Western medicine, i participated in the treatment of a

ten-year-old Haitian girl who developed a non-allergic

asthma three months prior. Her attacks were precipitated by

upper respiratory tract infections, emotional upset and

exhaustion. During the month preceding her visit, she had

been to the emergency room no less than six times and had

been hospitalized for three days following her severest

attack. Two days prior to her first visit, she had been to

the emergency room and was discharged on Actifed.

At her first visit, she was disconsolate but her lungs

were clear and her cardiac exam was within normal limits.

Aside from her acupuncture treatment, she received several

12" sticks of moxibustion. to be used as a dry heat if she

experienced any difficulty breathing. This proved to be very

useful during the first week, as the mother informed us that

had it not been for the heat of the moxa, she would have had

to take her daughter to the emergency room. What really

struck me was that the points that the mother was told to

heat on the back correspond to the area over the sympathetic

chain within the dermatones of the lung. It is not hard to

conceive of the heat as a stimulant to the release of nor-

adrenalin thereby facilitating bronchodilitation. As i have

not laid the groundwork for the discussion of the way this

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21

patient was treated overall, i will gust add here that

after seven visits she required no more treatments and was

asthma free after two months of follow-up. Of note is that

there is documentation which demonstrates that acupuncture

may effect "blood levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine,

diamine oxidase, acetylcholine, acetyl-choline esterase

46 and histamine.

In patients with peptic ulcer, acupuncture has been

shown to decrease the mean basal acid output and the mean

47 maximal acid output following pentagastrin stimulation. '

The New York State Commission on Acupuncture also cites

the ANS as being the structure through which acupuncture medi-

48 ates its effects. finally, Dr. Gerald Li Looney of the

University of Southern California School of Medicine at Los

Angeles, writes:

If these reports can be confirmed and the autonomic theory of acupuncture validated then the astounding implications of acu¬ puncture, from the patient's point of view, may very well be surpassed by the physi¬ cian's point of view. An entirely new look will have to be taken at human physiology in general and the nervous system in. par¬ ticular. The simple comfortable concepts from the past may have to be redefined as we find the CNS/ANS axis actually seems more comprehensible when viewed as a highly integrated and unified system, and that this unitary nervous system, in turn is involved intimately in the dysfunction and pathology of all other body systems.^9

This statement is intuitively appealing yet it goes

against the grain of the established order. Yet, how can we

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22

explain the diversity of acupimctnre's effects. And still

we have only skimmed the surface. There are even studies

at the Rush Pain Center in Chicago, Illinois, demonstrating

acupuncture's beneficial effect in a significant percentage

of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism,

peripheral vascular disease, and stroke. Por me to con¬

tinue on in this manner would only add to the confusion and

make it appear that i am presenting acupuncture as panacea.

As i pointed out in the beginning of this paper, key

to the acceptance of acupuncture is the delineation of its

modus operandi. Without this, it will remain a quasi-medical

field and skepticism will abound. While the information i

have presented thus far does not conclusively answer the

question, 'how does it work,' it strongly suggests that it

apparently does work and that it might prove to be a formid¬

able tool in the medical repetoire of therapeutic modali¬

ties.

Other obstacles to its acceptance include:

1. Commercial exploitation and charlatanism which gives acu¬

puncture a non-professional aura;

2. Difficulties in conducting properly controlled double

blind clinical research;

3. The fact that different acupuncturists may use different

groupings of loci in order to obtain the same results;

4. Confusion caused by several classification systems for

loci;

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23

5* The extravagant claims in Eastern literature.

Clearly, culture shock and the commercialism of the

American economy have taken their toll on acupuncture.

American physicians are as little prepared to deal with

concepts such as Yin and Yang as the pharmaceutical indus¬

try is prepared to deal with a non-pharmaceutical medical

therapy. However, despite these obstacles and what science

says, acupuncture with over 2,000 American physicians prac-

. . . . 51 tic mg it, will continue to grow.

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III. ROOTS OR MISUNDERSTANDING

One of the greatest qualifier's of a man's life is his conception, perception and/or interpretation of reality.

R. A. Straughn

Through my daily exposure to the practice of acupunc¬

ture during 1980, it became clear to me that patients were

receiving considerable benefits from their treatments. I

felt compelled to get to the essence of acupuncture. My

biggest obstacle was that i could not reconcile what appeared

to be metaphysical foundation of acupuncture with modern

medicine. Something had to be amiss. Rrom the scientific

standpoint, the human being can only reflect one reality.

All medical technologies must therefore flow from the same

scientific foundation. I realized that the confusion in the

understanding of acupuncture was much deeper than acupunc¬

ture itself. The latter is only the by-product of an ancient

conception of the Universe that has its roots in the metaphys¬

ical as opposed to modern medicine which has its roots in the

physical world of pre-twentieth century classical physics.

In my efforts to get to the root of the divergent

approaches of Western and Eastern medicine, i had to study

the philosophical underpinnings of both disciplines using

the physical sciences as a back drop. Indeed, the development

24

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25

of nuclear physics and electromagnetic field theory have

proven key in the Western world's attempt to not only under¬

stand acupuncture hut to comprehend much of the so-called

magico-religious thinking of 'primitive man.'

Let us begin by examining the Western allopathic medi¬

cal tradition.

It would be incorrect for us to return to the Greeks

of the ilk of Plato, Eudoxius or Aristotle. Eor, unlike the

medicine of today, they emphasized the oneness of nature—

continuity, unity and its field character. Rather, we return

to the point at which modern medicine begins to develop in

leaps and bounds—the 17th century. Here the development of

Newtonian classical physics provided the model which would be

used to describe the universe, and indeed, life itself.

The stage of the Newtonian Universe, on which all physi¬

cal phenomena took place, was the three dimensional space of

classical Euclidean geometry. It was an absolute space,

always at rest and unchangeable. In Newton's own words,

"Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to any-

52 thing external, remains always similar and immovable."" All

changes in the physical world were described in terms of a

separate dimension, called time, which again was absolute,

having no connection with the material world and flowing

smoothly from past, through the present, to the future.

"Absolute, true and mathematical time," said Newton, of

itself and by its own nature flows uniformly without regard

to anything external.

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Newton's laws were based on observations of the every¬

day world. These observations were concerned with the func¬

tional properties of the elements which moved in this abso¬

lute space and absolute time. As Newton clearly made a dis¬

tinction between space-time and the particles which moved

within it, his laws explained the motion of these particles

in space and time. Within this cosmology, matter could not

be destroyed and was thus always conserved. As for elemen¬

tary matter, this was created by God and not subject to fur¬

ther analysis. In his work Opticks, Newton gives us a clear

picture of how he imagined God's creation of the material

world:

It seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles, of such sizes, and figures and with such pro¬ perties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to the end for which he formed them, and that these primitive par¬ ticles being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them; even so very hard, as never to wear or break in pieces; no ordinary power being able to divide what God himself made one in the first creation.5^

While one could say that this statement does not reflect

the truth of the matter (pun), this level of comprehension was

in keeping with the philosophical notions of the day. For

example, Descartes, prior to Newton's work, introduced the

fundamental division of the I and the World. In this concep¬

tion, it was believed that the human, observer could objec¬

tively describe any process going on in the world and that

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such an objective description was indeed an ideal. The

Universe was seen as essentially a Great Machine.

Men such as Galileo and Newton laid the scientific

foundation for this particular conception, perception, and

interpretation of reality. By the time Laplace had

succeeded in explaining the motion of the planets, moons,

and comets, in the 1700's, the story goes that Napoleon, to

whom he had presented his first work remarked, "Monsieur

Laplace, they tell me you have written this large book on

the system of the universe and have never ever mentioned its

Creator." To this Laplace replied bluntly, "I had no need

for that hypothesis."^

Within this framework, modern science sought to dis¬

cover the workings of the Great Machine. This mode of inves¬

tigation enabled Western man to analytically dissect such

concepts as heat, the motion of fluids, and the vibration of

elastic bodies. Moreover, Newtonian physics laid the founda¬

tion for the present approach to health and disease. The

physics of the Great Machine was applied to the physics of

the human body. H. S. Burr writes,

Galileo had no sooner developed his physical and mechanical theory of the inorganic uni¬ verse than Harvey proceeded to apply physical and mechanical conceptions to living crea¬ tures in the discovery of the circulation of the blood. Levoisier revealed the chemical character of respiration in metabolism in living things at the same time that he placed chemistry upon a secure foundation with the discovery of the principle of conservation of

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of mass. Gradually with Liebig and a vast army of physiological chemists, the chemi¬ cal nature of living creatures become more and more evident.56

As we shall see, this does not necessarily mean that

this was and is the only way to comprehend life or indeed

that the conclusions drawn actually reflect the truth of

the matter. Logical conclusions have nothing to say about

the truth of the initial observation. Nevertheless, infor¬

mation was derived which proved useful in Western man's

efforts to comprehend the body's internal functioning.

Observations could be rendered meaningful in a systematic

way. Indeed, this particular conception., perception and

interpretation of reality opened the door for much of today's

technology and the power wielded by the Western world.

With the coming of the 20th Century, the discoveries

of modern physics necessitated profound changes in concepts

such as space, time, matter, objectivity, cause and effect,

etc. Out of these changes emerged a new and radically dif¬

ferent world view, still in the process of formation. Niels

Bohr wrote:

The great extension of our experience in recent years has brought to light the insufficiency of our simple mechanical conceptions and as a consequence, has shaken the foundation on which customary interpretations of observation are based. 57

With the discovery and investigation of magnetic

phenomena in the late 19th Century, Western scientists had

to go beyond the Newtonian laws of motion and replace them

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29

with fields of force. While many experimenters tried to

hold onto the old mechanistic interpretations, Albert

Einstein would not let them. In 1905, he published his

Special Theory of Relativity.

In relativity theory, the notion of the absoluteness

of space and time was discarded. Einstein proved that both

were intimately connected, forming a four dimensional con¬

tinuum space-time. Within this framework, space and time

could not be separated. On one level, this is similar to

our designation of time by the position of the hands on a

clock.

Einstein's new conception of space and time forced a

reappraisal of some very fundamental Western concepts con¬

cerning the nature of the Universe. Through Einstein came

the comprehension in the West, that matter is nothing but

p a form of energy—E = MG . He wrote:

We may therefore regard matter as being instituted by the regions of space in which the field is extremely intense. . . There is no place in this new kind of physics both for the field and matter for the field is the only reality.58

Also occurring during the early 20th Century, though

inexplicable within the realm of classical physics, was

the realization that the atom was not one solid particle.

This subatomic reality required the development of quantum

mechanics to describe the movement and interaction of

extremely small particles in the vast regions of space

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which composed the atom. Quantum mechanics pictured this

interaction as the exchange of packets of energy—quanta.

However, the distinction between the particles and the pack¬

ets of energy became blurred. It was no longer possible to

measure both the position of a particle and its momentum at

the same time. It was shown that matter does not exist with

certainty at definite places but rather shows tendencies to

exist. Because physicists needed to remain anchored in the

concrete sense realities of everyday life all the laws of

atomic theory were expressed as probabilities of intercon¬

nections.

Philosophically, these findings have profound implica¬

tions :

Not only do we influence our reality but in some degree, we actually create it. Because it is the nature of things that we can know either the momentum of a particle or its position, but not both. We must choose which of these properties we want to determine. Metaphysically this is very close to saying that we create certain properties because we choose to measure these properties. Said another way, it is possible that we create something that has position for example like a particle, because we are intent on determining position and it is impossible to determine posi¬ tion without having something occupying the position that we want to determine39

In other words, the way we approach a situation pre¬

determines what we possibly will and will not find. In tel¬

ling us that we somehow create what it is we want to measure,

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quantum mechanics is saying that it is no longer possible

to observe reality without changing it. To think that one

can be an objective observer, describing an absolute truth

in the world, becomes an unscientific notion, a point of

view. Quantum mechanics pushes us from the realm of obser¬

vation to that of participation. And as a participator,

human consciousness becomes an important aspect of describ¬

ing the world.

While one might remark that these conclusions can

only be made with regard to microscopic phenomena we will

shortly see that this reality also holds for the macro¬

scopic world.

In the autumn of 1927, physicists working with the new

physics met in Brussels, Belgium, to essentially deal with

the question, 'What is it that quantum mechanics describes?'

While they were unable to answer this question, there was

general agreement on the universal interconnectedness of

things and events. David Bohm, professor of physics at the

University of London, wrote:

One is led to a new notion of unbroken wholeness which denies the classical idea of analyzibility of the world into separ¬ ately and independently existing parts . . . We have reversed the usual classi¬ cal notion that the independent 'elemen¬ tary parts' of the world are the fundamen¬ tal reality and that the various systems are merely particular contigent forms and arrangements of these parts. Rather, we say that relatively independently behaving parts are merely particular and contingent forms within this whole.60

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The interpretation that came out of this conference

was known as the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mech¬

anics. It said in effect that it does not matter what quan¬

tum mechanics describes. The important thing is that it

works in all possible experimental situations. This is

very similar to the stance Newton had taken some two hun¬

dred and fifty years earlier with regard to the nature of

the elements that he was dealing with. He knew that the

laws of motion were applicable to physical bodies and left

the atomic world to the secretion dominion of God.

In contrast to Newton's period, there were many 20th

Century scientists who continued to probe and hypothesize

as to what it was that quantum mechanics described. In

1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published a thought exper¬

iment which transcended even what quantum mechanics could

adequately describe. They showed that an area, SI, could

simultaneously react, that is react greater than the speed

of light, to an event occurring in a spatially separated

area, S2. This defied one of the basic assumptions of

physics, that nothing can travel faster than the speed of

light. Einstein closed his argument with the following

a side:

One can escape from the conclusion (that quantum theory is incomplete) only by either assuming that the measurement of SI (telepathically) changes the real

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situation of S2 or by denying independent real situations as such to things -which are spatially separated from each other. Both alternatives appear to me entirely unacceptable.61

This experiment laid the basis for, "the most profound dis-

62 covery of science." In 1964, a physicist, J. S. Bell,

published a theorem (verified by the Glauser Breedman

experiment in 1972) which proved that the interconnected¬

ness of the subatomic world is also the reality of the

macroscopic world.

Bell's theorem disproved the Theory of Locality of

Causes which said that what happens in one area (macro¬

scopic level) does not depend upon variables subject to

the control of an experimenter in a distant space-like

separated area. Scientists were now forced to consider

what Einstein, had considered unacceptable, 'superluminal

information transfer' (telepathy) .62

Bell's theorem proved that there could be no such

thing as chance and that all things and events depend on

what is happening elsewhere. This was clearly a step

beyond the pragmatism of quantum mechanics in which the

occurrence of individual events were seen as pure chance.

While predicting the probability of potentialities, it

could not predict which interaction would result in which

potentiality. Henry Stapp, a physicist at the Lawrence

Berkely Laboratory, writes:

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. . . the conversion of potentialities into actualities cannot proceed on the "basis of locally available information. If one accepts the usual ideas about how informa¬ tion propagates through space and time, the Bell's theorem shows that the macro¬ scopic responses cannot be independent of far away causes. This problem is neither resolved nor alleviated by saying that the response is determined by 'pure chance,' at least to the extent of allowing some sort of dependence of this response upon the far away cause.64

We might question Stapp's use of the word cause as

the interconnectedness being described here transcends cause

and effect. The astronomer Bred Hoyle is more to the point

when he writes:

Present day developments in cosmology are coming to suggest rather insistently that everyday conditions could not persist but for the distant parts of the Universe were taken away. Our everyday experience even down to the smallest detail seems to be so closely integrated to the grandscale fea¬ tures of the Universe that it is well nigh impossible to contemplate the two being separated.65

While science is pointing to the oneness of life, of

the Universe, the philosophical, cultural, and spiritual

implications of this world view are only very slowly coming

to light. The mechanistic fragmented view of the world still

prevails within all areas of Western life, including health

and medicine. Within the latter, the cause of events is

looked for in the molecular realm, in a manner prescribed by

models of reality which at best only deals with our abstrac¬

tions of reality.

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Under the influence of fast growing technology, every¬

thing in medicine is thought to he measurable, i.e. isolat-

able and subject to being manipulated, constructed or visual¬

ized. However, the multitude of interrelating internal and

external factors which make our living existence possible

present a hopeless tangle for the relatively crude and rigid

investigational methods which have come to dominate medical

science in the last decades, from the point of view of 20th

Century physics, the functional and metabolic definitions of

disease given by present day medicine do not adequately

describe reality and therefore may serve as misleading guide¬

lines for the development of new therapeutic concepts. The

problem is in the approach as opposed to a lack of data. A

closer look at gains made reveal that for the most part they

concern either technical manipulations and related fields or

attacks on diseases which arise by intervention of foreign

organisms from the environment as, for instance, bacterial or

many viral infections. In success and failure, the underlying

approach has been to treat the physical manifestation of

disease by either direct intervention or manipulation of fac¬

tors shown to have a role in the pathophysiology of the dis¬

order. In many instances, treatment focused at this level can

only mask symptoms at best (anti-inflammatory agents and

steroids). The reality that matter is but a form of energy

does not translate into conceptual approaches to health and

disease. Meaningful discussion does not go beyond the realm

of physiology and pathology.

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Areas of study such as psychology and psychiatry either

resort to a chemical substance to describe the interrelation¬

ship between mind and body or are unable to fit their results

into a paradigm that has an 'acceptable scientific' basis.

Phenomena such as the placebo effect, which suggest that one's

molecular functioning may be altered through mere suggestion,

cannot really be investigated because there is no place for

such conceptualizations within the mainstream conception,

perception, and interpretation of reality. Yet modern physics

suggests that there can be no such thing as chance. Perhaps

things and event/phenomena which we call chance or that do

not fit into our system of thinking reflect the inadequacy or

incompleteness of our present models to grasp the whole/true

picture.

By 1975, the physicists who had been watching the unfold-

ment of quantum theory, the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen

thought experiment, and Bell's theorem were led to consider

the possibility of a fundamental unity lying deeper than quan¬

tum theory and relativity theory—a fundamental unity which

somehow allowed faster than light connections between appar¬

ently separate parts of physical reality. This is to say

that the fundamental process of Nature lies outside of a

space-time domain but generates events that can be located in

space-time. Matter in this context becomes, "... merely a

disturbance of the perfect state of the field at that place,

something accidental, one could almost say merely a 'blem-

66 ish.'"

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37

While Bell's theorem allowed scientists to more closely

approximate reality in their thinking, they, like the pro¬

ponents of the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Physics,

had to admit that it might not he possible to construct a

model of reality. "This was more than the recognition of

the limitation of this theory or that theory. It is a recog-

67 nition throughout the West that knowledge itself is limited."

Max Plank, the father of quantum mechanics, had intuited this

earlier: "Science . . means unresting endeavor and continu¬

ally progressing development toward an aim which the poetic

intuition may apprehend, but which the intellect can never

68 fully grasp." At the basis of these realizations rests the

understanding that the physical world is determined ultimately

by our conception, perception, and interpretation of reality.

What is interesting to note is the similarity between

the reality of modern physicists and the wisdom systems of

non-Western people. Let the following statements serve as

examples:

The great scientific contribution in theo¬ retical physics that has come from Japan since the last war may be an indication of certain relationship between philosophical ideas in the tradition of the far east and the philosophical substance of quantum theory.6?

Werner Heisenberg

The Buddhist does not believe in an inde¬ pendent or separately existing external world into whose dynamic forces he could insert himself. The external world and his inner world are for him only two sides of the same fabric, in which the threads of

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38

all forces, and all events, of all forms of consciousness, and of their objects, are woven into an inseparable net of end¬ less, mutually conditioned relations.70

Tantric Buddhist, Lama Anagrika Govinda

. . . the root of all things is subtle, while the material things are gross (appear¬ ance of reality): all measurable quanti¬ ties fall short of the truth of reality. . . not being is the constant phase (of life) and all things can be traced to the Great One.71

Taoist Philosophy

Time, space and causation are like the glass through which the Absolute is seen ... In there is neither time, space, nor causation.72

Swami Vivekananda

In the philosophical construct which is universal to

indigenous African people, there are four categories of

reality. The Bantu-speaking people call them:

Muntu - the foreless imperceptible reality

Kintu - energy matter (things and forces) , this

includes the emotions

Hantu - the space-time continuum in which all

things must be placed

Kuntu - the Relative world acting within the

Absolute; the modalities through which

these interact

The determinative stem ETU is the same for all these

categories. It is the universal force which never occurs

apart from its four manifestations. ETU is that force in

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39

which being and non-being coalesce. It implies that energy,

73 matter and the unknowable have never been separate.

It is important for ns to realize that modern physics

understanding of reality is approximated by peoples whose

culture bears very little resemblance to the Western way of

life. Nor have they studied quantum mechanics, Bell's the¬

orem, or even been educated in the Western sense.

One way to view this curiosity is in terms of the split

brain analysis. In the treatment of epileptic patients, it

was discovered that the left and right hemisphere character¬

istically differ in the manner in which they perceive and

interact with the world.

In right-handed persons, the left side of our brain

tends to interpret the world in an analytical, linear manner.

It experiences things in a temporal fashion, expressing more

of a strict, literal mode of interpretation and expression.

That is, it functions logically and rationally. It is this

side of the brain which probably creates the concept of

causality, because it pictures things or events as one pre¬

ceding the other. This is the required mode of thinking for

present day technology.

The right side of the brain tends to interpret the world

in whole patterns. It is the 'artistic' side of the brain.

Thoughts are represented through symbolical imagery. Is it

views things through spatial and phonetic symbols, it is prob¬

ably the basis for synthetic and inductive thinking. On one

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40

level, in comparison with the left hemisphere, one can say

that it is the irrational mode of cognition.

Without exaggeration, it can he stated that Western

society reflects a left-sided dominance. Among other things,

it is very rational and 'objective.' It is a very difficult

medium for the cultivation of higher modes of right hemis¬

phere cognition. Indeed, cultivation of the latter results

in what Asian and African cultures call wisdom.

The advent of science marks the beginning of the ascent of the left hemisphere thinking into the dominant mode of Western cognition and the descent of the right hemisphere thinking into the underground status. . .7^

The recognition that 'knowledge' itself is limited with

regard to constructing a model of Reality acknowledged that a

complete comprehension of reality lies beyond the capacity of

rational thought. Indeed, it was a recognition of the limi¬

tations of left hemispheric thought. Professor Bohm has even

suggested that, "We must turn physics around. Instead of

starting with parts and showing how they work together (the no

Cartesian order) we start with the whole."'"

If scientists follow this suggestion, i hope that they

would at least give some consideration to the philosophical

constructs that have already existed for thousands of years.

Not only should they evaluate these constructs but also the

manner in which they give rise to social institutions includ¬

ing medicine. It is here that philosophy meets medicine.

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IV. WHERE PHILOSOPHY MEETS MEDICIHE

One need only study Eastern philosophy and Maxwell's equations to appreciate that man may have described electromagnetism no less than electromagnetism described man.

Stuart Hameroff

The Chinese speak of a primordial root no-thingness, a

formless chaotic reality, from which arises a dual power held

to be instigator of all change. Change was viewed as the

expression of duality, as an emergence of a second out of a

first state. The two components of this dual power were

called Yin and Yang. Within this classification system, Yin

and Yang were said to be complementary forces shaping the

structure of all things and ordering the unfoldment of all

events.

The mandala or archetypal image associated with this

concept is called T'ai-chi T'u or Diagram of the Supreme

Ultimate, drawn here.

41

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The •universality and the pairing of Yin and Yang are

thus created and imposed on reality at all levels. Yin and

Yang are Just polar specks of the one root primordial being.

On the subatomic level, this is reflected in the elec¬

tromagnetic force that holds the atomic nuclei together

(physicists call it the strong force—Yin structure, pro¬

viding stability, counteracting the repulsive force-Yang of

tightly packed protons and neutrons). Physicists have called

this the fundamental glue of the Universe. This attraction

and repulsion of charged particles (or rhythmic alteration

of the two fundamental forces) also occurs on the atomic and

molecular levels and indeed is universally responsible for

structures and events manifesting on these levels.

What we should keep in mind here is that 20th Century

nuclear physics states that the underlying reality is to be

found in the field force or flux of what the Chinese call

Ch'i. Matter is just a condensation of the field at a par¬

ticular point in a space-time continuum that reflects the

vibratory motion of its fundamental polar qualities. Our

solid reality is in actuality, "a rapidly pulsating matrix

of fields of energy, an interference pattern of waves filling

the vast vacuum of our bodies (between nuclei and electrons),

76 and continuing beyond them in a more diluted fashion.'

Within tissues and organs, the vibratory flux is still pres¬

ent but the field character, or quality of the Yin-Yang inter¬

action is denser, such that we experience it through our five

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43

senses as physical matter. Needham writes,

The Chinese physical universe in ancient and medieval times was a perfectly con¬ tinuous whole. Ch'i (vital energy) con¬ densed into palpable matter was not par¬ ticulate in any important sense, hut individual objects acted and reacted with all other objects in the world. . . in a wavelike and vibratory manner dependent in the last resort, on the rhythmic alternation at all levels of two fundamental forces, the Yin and Yang. Individual objects thus had their intrinsic rhythms. And these were integrated into the general pat¬ tern of the harmoney of the world.77

If the field constitutes the underlying reality, then

it should be discernible at all levels. Indeed, it has only

been within recent history that modern science has begun to

understand the Earth's electromagnetic field and its relation

ship to life.

It is well documented now that the entire electromag¬

netic field of the Earth fluctuates with the circadean., lunar

and yearly periods, with longer periodicities (11 years)

imposed by the solar cycle. In fact, within the biosphere,

there exists the cyclic fluctuation of all frequencies of

the electromagnetic spectra, from the Earth's field to that

of gamma rays. Thus, we see that even such a body as the

Earth reflects the rhythmic interaction of Yin and Yang and

may be affected by the fields of other bodies, i.e. sun,

moon.

That electromagnetic fields permeate various levels of

biological organization is clear now.

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We know that the biological cycles of sleep- wakefulness, evident in all living things, are the result of the same cycle of rhythmic fluctuations in the earth's EM field. The migration of many animals is guided by the earth's EM field; in fact the navigational ability of the homing pigeon is based upon a magnetic compass far more sensitive than the best instrument we can manufacture. In the geologic past, the magnetic field reversed itself on many occasions; these were associated with 'great dyings' during which entire species of animal were elimin¬ ated. . .78

Back in the 1940' s, Dr. Saxton Burr, a Yale anatomist,

performed an. experiment here in New Haven, in which he

recorded changing electrical properties in a maple tree,

an elm tree, the earth, and the atmosphere. He writes,

Erom the beginning an extraordinary cor¬ respondence in the four records appeared. The two trees, the air and the earth exhib¬ ited variations at approximately the same time. The magnitude differed but all four showed increases in the positivity of the 'hot' electrode at the same time.79

In the book Electromagnetic Yields and Life, A. S.

Pressman gives evidence to support the idea that

1. Nature uses EM fields as information carriers between the

environment and organisms

2. Electromagnetic processes are involved in informational

interconnections within living organisms

3- Electromagnetic fields facilitate informational inter-

, .... .80 change among living organisms.

Pressman documents the manner in which EM fields may

disturb the neurohumora1 regulation in an organism and the

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45

consequent alteration of the functions of the endocrine

81 system, cell metabolism, and enzymatic processes.0 He indi¬

cates that artificial EM fields have been used to affect the

embroyonic growth and development of plants and animals.00

Because the field penetrates the animals entire body, it can

directly affect macromolecular processes in the body, fur¬

thermore, EM fields have a direct effect on germ cells and

may be responsible for the physicochemical intracellular

regulation processes and the destruction of intracellular

structures. Indeed, the lining up of the intracellular

fibrils during mitotic events is reminiscent of the way iron

filings line up when placed in a magnetic field!

With regard to human health, the role of EM fields is

only slowly coming to light. Piccardi points out (1965)

"Since the time of Hippocrates no one has considered the

effect of cosmic factors on biological processes. Only

84 obvious meteorological variables have been considered.

Pressman writes,

A relationship between the daily changes in diastolic pressure and total leucocyte count in the human blood and daily changes in the earth's electromagnetic field intensity was reported as long ago as 1955 (Alverez). At about the same time Dulls (1936) examined a large body of statistics (40,000 cases) and found a correlation between 67 magnetic storms over a period of 60 months and an increase in the incidence of nervous and psychic diseases. A correlation of the same kind was established later in the period from July, 1957, through May 1961, from an analysis of more than 28,000 cases of psychic diseases for 7-14-21-35, Jay oc periodicities corresponding to magnetic storms. ^

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46

In the figure below, the correlation between the mean

of 60 periods of magnetic storms and 4,899 deaths from car¬

diovascular disease in Copenhagen and Frankfurt is demon¬

strated.^

o Magnetic Activity

1.1 • 9

.7

• 5

Days -15 -10 -5 0 -r+5 Not only does man reflect the fluctuation of the natural

electromagnetic environment, but it is now being realized that

the EM fields generated from electrical power and communication

process may have biological effects.

Magnetic fields as low as one gauss in inten¬ sity, fluctuating at frequencies close to that of our power lines, can produce changes in human reaction times and other measurements of overall neural functioning as well as major alterations in blood lipids, which can be associated with arteriosclerotic disease. Electrical Fields of a few thous¬ and volts in strength, fluctuating at a power frequency of 60 cycles, are known to produce marked stress responses in animal populations chronically exposed to them.87

Of note is that when electrical power was instituted

earlier this century, there was an uproar from what we would

call the environmentalists, concerning the safety of such

measures.

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47

Weak electromagnetic fields have also been shown to

affect the behavior of both hnmans and animals and more

importantly, these changes can be correlated to altered neuro

physiological activity and modified brain chemistry.What

has been concluded is that the mammalian central nervous

system function can be modified by electrical gradients in

cerebral tissue that are substantially smaller than those

known to occur in postsynaptic excitation, as well as those

presumed to occur with inward membrane currents as synaptic

89 terminals during the release of transmitter substances.

A direct extension of the above has been made to the

explanation of so-called psychic phenomena. Since all matter

animate and inanimate, is ultimately an electromagnetic phe¬

nomena then one can postulate that certain individuals have

an enhanced capacity to detect EM fields generated by other

life forms. Dr. R. 0 Becker, of Upstate Medical Center,

writes,

... is it not practical to predict that cer¬ tain individuals have enhanced capacities to control and enhance their own EM fields? Since we do know that the cellular function of our bodies are controlled by our own inter¬ nal DC field, can it not be that the 'healer' can generate 'supportive' electric currents and voltages which he or she conveys to the patient to bring about resolution of the path¬ ological state?90

In fact, in 1969 Teilhard de Chardin postulated that, in addi

tion to the biosphere, there is a noosphere, a world field of

91 thoughts and the perceptions of all living things. This

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conception is similar to that of many ancient cosmological

systems to he discussed in the appendix. Perhaps working

out of a framework that is grounded in field theory we can

begin to comfortably discuss such understandably controver¬

sial matters.

Of note is that EM fields have been shown to alter

sense perception of the kind we are more accustomed to think¬

ing about:

1. D'lrsonaval (1893) discovered the phenomenon of phosphene

(sensation of light flashes in the eye) due to the action

of an EM field.

2. Jaski (i960) reported that people exposed to an EM field

in the frequency range 380-500MHz are subject to visual

hallucinations.

3- People exposed to a pulse modulated EM field hear various

sounds (buzzing, knocking, or whistling), depending on the

modulation. The sound source seems to be somewhere in the

region of the occiput. Experiments involving screening of

the head showed that 'radiosound' could only be perceived

in the temporal region.

4. Noval (1963) reports a tactile sensation in man due to a

pulsed electric field. The subject, situated inside a

solenoid, experienced jolts—on both sides of the spine

in the femoral region when lying on his back, in the epi¬

gastric region when lying on his side, and in the stomach

region when lying on his stomach.

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5- Frey (1963) also described tactile sensations—itchiness

or soreness on the skin of the face or forearm—in people

situated close to the antenna of an ultra long wave (14.7

Khz) radio station.

In summary, what i am trying to demonstrate here is that

matter and energy are different degrees of the same thing.

Their underlying reality is rooted in the cyclic interaction

of Yin and Yang which occurs at all levels of manifested real¬

ity. It is from the standpoint of the field that the Chinese

have developed their conceptions of health and disease. This

interpretation of reality approaches Einstein's conclusion

that matter results from regions of space where the field is

extremely intense. Moreover, we will shortly see that the

acupuncture meridians and loci are very much tied up with

electromagnetic phenomena. Before moving on to this, let me

further synthesize what the 'new physics' is begging us to

behold.

1) The human being is a part of a living universe which

is tied together in a web of electromagnetic energy inter¬

relating all things. That is, the field characteristics of

a living system is a basic property of manifested reality

and is part of the overall or general pattern which repre¬

sents the Universe.

2) In the same way that Werner Heisenberg demonstrated

that on a subatomic level, there is no such thing as 'exact

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50

sciences,' so to on the macroscopic level must we realize

that experimental isolation, imposes an inherent limitation

on our ability to know, since all is interconnected in a

very real way.

3. Human beings are on-going dynamic, shifting,

changing field entities that serve as a matrix for the

flow through of biological substances and various simple

chemicals. In this light, chemistry represents a scalar

property requiring the organizing influence of 'the field'

to give it direction.

According to Dr. Henry Margenau, former Eugene Higgins

Professor of Physics and Natural Philosophy, here at Yale,

Of all the known, forces it is only electro¬ magnetic, or electrodynamic fields which can act as signposts to direct such continuous chemical, metabolic, or molecular transfor¬ mations in the system—fields which in fact appear to underwrite the development of struc¬ ture even prior to any known chemical reac¬ tions. 93

4. The cyclic fluctuations of EM energy is rhythmic,

and there is a synchronicity in this flux that occurs at all

94 measurable levels i.e. subatomic to galactic. Moreover,

disturbances in. the EM fields at one level of organization,

eg. solar, will have an effect on the EM fields at another

level of organization, eg. the human body. If H. S. Burr

had known where to place an electrode on his body, he would

have seen that the energy potential at that point would have

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51

been synchronous with the cyclic fluctuations of his measure¬

ments in the trees, air and earth!

If there is any measure of truth in the above statements,

then what is lacking is a model which predictively displays

the dynamics of electromagnetic field interactions with par¬

ticular regard to health and the human body. Only correla¬

tions are recorded in the literature at this time.

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V. TOWARDS THE DEMYSTIFICATION OF AN ART

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (Huang; Ti Nei Ching Su Wen) is in reality a hook dealing with electro¬ magnetic field interactions within and without the human body.

Ling Y. Wei

Well, what does modern physics have to say about the

meridians and acupuncture points? From what has been said

thus far, it should be clear that they are tied up with elec¬

tromagnetic phenomena within and without the body. And,

indeed, they may be.

In 1950, Yoshio Nakatani, while still a medical student

in Kyoto, Japan, undertook to study the problem of meridians

and devised a simple method of measuring skin resistance. He

discovered that on the skin there are a series of points at

which the resistance was lower than the surrounding area.

This effect was particularly pronounced in the unhealthy

state. By taking skin resistance measurements in various

patients with different kinds of diseases, Nakatani was able

to locate most of the highly conducting points and thus the

lines connecting them. To his amazement, all the points and

lines in his map fell into positions of the acupuncture loci

95 and meridians as defined by the Chinese.

A similar event took place in Germany in 1953- Reinhold

Voll used these findings to develop electroacupuncture. Since

52

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then "both Nakatani and Voll have refined their techniques

for diagnosis and treatment. Voll, with the use of a transi¬

tional dermatron (modified volt-ohmmeter) can accurately

locate points and is then able to make a diagnosis as to

the underlying pathology based on the range and stability

of the needle deflection and the speed and time course of

this deflection. Voll further classifies these factors into

96 subunits, each of which corresponds to certain symptoms.

Similar work, in the verification of acupuncture loci

and meridians in the Western hemisphere, has also been per-

97 98 99 formed. 1 ’ ’ While a correspondence has been made between

acupuncture and muscle motor points, nerve plexi, and super¬

ficial cutaneous nerves about 16% of the points of the Ching-

Lo (meridian) network lie in tissues unrelated to the nervous

system.The point here is that the Ching-Lo network may

include the nervous, circulatory, and lymphatic system but

the level at which this network mediates its effects is more

fundamental than any of these.

In 1962, Becker et al. 'discovered' a primitive data

transmission system within the human body in which D.C. elec¬

tronic signals are generated and distributed.'^'1'

This system has been related to several physiological processes such as: the pat¬ tern of D.C. potentials exhibited by living organisms both grossly (Becker, I960) and within the central nervous system (Becker, Buchman, and Slaughter, 1962), growth and healing process of several types (Becker,

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54

1963), and levels of consciousness such as hypnosis (Friedman, Bekcer, and Bachman, 1962; and anesthesia (Becker, 1962).102

Indeed, Becker is responsible for the use of electro¬

magnetic fields in the healing of fractures because it was

shown that the fractures were more electronegative than the

surrounding tissue. Furthermore, both Becker and Pressman

note that it is this primitive data transmission system

which interacts with and may be modified by electromagnetic

fields.103,104

The concept of DC potentials within the human body is

not a new one by any means. Galvini in the mid 1700'd held

that electricity was the vital force distinguishing living

from non-living and that actual electric currents flowed in

all living things, conveying information and controlling

life functions. With the conretization of the classical

school of thought, the focus was placed on chemical processes,

and the idea of electric currents was not seriously worked

with. However, with the recent advances in solid state

physics, it has become quite possible to consider actual

electronic processes in living organisms based upon the

solid state properties of organized structures within tissues

and cells.

In such processes current is carried by electrons or 'hole' (defects in the crys¬ tal lattice assumed to carry a positive charge). While the current carriers have high mobility, the current capacity is low and such materials are limited to small

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currents. The highly organized state of cells and tissues revealed by electron microscopy appeared to make them fully capable of processing such properties as semi-conductivity.105

Becker goes on to write:

The high mobility of charge carriers makes them particularly susceptible to external electrical and magnetic fields, and charges in these fields will produ.ce corresponding pertubations in the DC potentials in a semi¬ conducting lattice. It has been reported that magnetic field reversals in the past were accompanied by major biological events and such a semiconductor system would pro¬ vide an effective environmental linkage mechanism in this case.1^6

Becker has further shown that the conductance field

plots are very precise and remarkably well-organized for

107 many of the acupuncture points he has studied. ' There also

appears to be a proximo-distal negative gradient along merid¬

ian lines and a dorsi-ventral negative gradient on the extrem

ities.^^’ Predictably, there is a circadian fluctuation to

the electrical potential over acupuncture loci studied. Addi

tionally, a short periodic cyclic fluctuation (15 minutes)

was noted in the total overall DC potentials at and in the

109 immediate vicinity of acupuncture points. It will be

interesting to see the results of experiments which test the

ideas that the various meridians are maximally energized for

two-hour periods during the day.

Within this context, acupuncture meridians, i.e. the

Ching-Lo network, serve as transmission lines and acupuncture

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points become 'booster' amplifiers, restoring signal strength

and maintaining intelligibility over distance. The acupunc¬

ture points are points where 'Ch' i comes to the surface' and

can be modified by Eli fields in the environment or those

artificially created by needling or electroacupuncture. In

actuality, the surface potentials are just points in a field

which penetrates the entire human body. This DC potential is

the manifestation of Gh'i in the internal environment. Becker

postulates that it is the perineural cells, i.e. the Schwann

cells periphereally and the satellite and glial cells cen¬

trally which serve as the transmission lines and centrally

integrating areas.110 S. Hameroff, at Tucson Medical Center,

postulates that the microtubular system is the anatomical

substrate. He cites evidence to suggest that microtubules

are the right size, shape and configuration to be tuned

resonators, and electrical waveguides for atmosphere UV

111 radiation whrch rs refracted by the stratum corneum.

Key to the comprehension of how acupuncture was developed

is the realization that it is a product of the right side of

the brain's conception, perception and interpretation of real¬

ity.

The Ancient people of China did not work by summarizing a series of separate results and systematizing them into an abstract conclu¬ sion, but went further and interpreted each isolated fact from a general conception which gave it position and meaning as part of the whole.112

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Manford Porkert, an MIT professor -writes in his Theoreti¬

cal Poundations of Chinese Medicine,

Chinese Medicine, like other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity cor¬ responds to a logical link between two effec¬ tive positions existing at the same time in different place in space. (Conversely caus¬ ality is the logical link between two effec¬ tive positions given at different times at the same place in space). In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus called effects.115

This statement should bring to mind Einstein's super¬

luminal energy transfer, mentioned earlier, and the experi¬

ments of H. S. Burr, demonstrating the synchronous electrical

readings in trees, the air, and earth.

Through induction, the Chinese developed an understanding

of health around a system of correspondence in accordance with

conventional standards of value.

Jung has coined the term 'synchronicity' to designate the particular logical principle that forms the basis of Chinese thinking. Needham states that what he calls 'correla¬ tive thinking' underlies all Chinese science and defined the basic action concept 'reson¬ ance. ' 114

In this context, the comprehension of the workings of Yin

and Yang in the human body parallels physiology, albeit crudely.

I will use Porkert's term for this interaction, phase ener¬

getics. The difference between physiology and phase ener¬

getics is that the latter, being of inductive origin,

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integrally relates the individual to everything in his

environment (link between things existing at the same time

but separate in space).

Phase energetics not only applies to Chinese but to

all areas of traditional Chinese thought. It lays the foun¬

dation for the book of wisdom, the I Ching, called by

Confucious the perfect book. In this inductive system,

phase energetics gives rise to the conventional standard of

value upon which all correspondences are made.

To begin our discussion of phase energetics, we first

need to know where Tin stands in respect to Yang and visa

versa. They are to be seen as compliments manifesting in

all things and events. Their complimentarity may be expressed

(Yin - Yang) as internal -external, deficiency - excess, base -

acid, parasympathetic - sympathetic, anabolic - catabolic,

structive - active, etc. As i have shown, these are polar

aspects of any system, and there cannot be one without the

other. As both express opposite functional qualities, they

cannot manifest themselves at the same given time. This is

represented below and should be viewed from the point of view

of an electromagnetic wave.

Yang

Yin

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59

In the introduction to the text of the Yellow Emperor's

Classic of Internal Medicine, Veith writes,

As can be expected, the affinity of Yin and Yang to each other was held to have decisive influence upon man's health. Perfect har¬ mony between the two primogenial elements meant health; disharmony or undue preponder¬ ance of one element brought disease and death. . . But man is not helplessly exposed to the whims of Yin and Yang. Man had received the doctrine of Tao as a means of maintaining perfect balance and to secure for himself health and long life. In the I Ching, the most ancient of the live Canons it is said, 'The Yang and Yin of the Uni¬ verse are called Tao.' This knowledge of Tao and of the workings of Yin and Yang was considered even strong enough to coun¬ teract the effect of age. Thus we find it said in the Wei Ching that those who have the true wisdom remain strong, while those who have no wisdom grow old and feeble. The ideal age expounded by the Wei Ching was one hundred years.115

Using this two pole model, the Ancients established con¬

ventional standards of value defined by their location on this

cyclic flow of Ch'i.

Yarn Fire

Within this model, a fifth element is added, Metal.

In ancient China, Heaven (Chien), the metaphysical world, was

associated with gold (chin). The latter became its emblem

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60

116 and the generic word for metal. The Greeks, Egyptians

and ancient people of Indus-Kush (India) also had four

'elements' with the addition of a fifth one (Greeks-Apeiron

or Aether; Indus Kush-Akasha). ' The following diagram

depicts the movement from the subjective realm of the

Creator to the energetic phase of the five elements.

top: Thai-Chi, Grand

Ultimate; Frime

Matter; Cosmic

Center: Yin-Yan ,

Negative and

positive phases

Of Cosmic Energy;

Cosmic Soul

Bottom: Five Cosmic

Elements;

Creation.

Wood- V/ind= Air

113

Porkert calls these standards of value the five evolu¬

tive phases which in clinical circles are commonly referred

to as the five elements.

61

The Five Evolutive Phases as their name implies, constitute stretches of time, temporal segments of exactly defined qual¬ ities that succeed each other in cyclical order at reference positions defined in space. Or couched in terms closer to practice the E.P.s define conventionally and unequivocally energetic qualities changing in the course of time. They typify the qualities of energy hy the use of five concepts (wood, fire, earth, metal, water) because the richness of their asso¬ ciations, are ideally suited to serve as the crystallizing core of an inductive system of relations and correspondence.119

In China, this model is called Wu-Hsing. Wu means

energy matter, among other things, and Hsing means motion,

action and interaction. This model first appeared in the

Hung Fan (Great Plan) chapter of the Shu Ching (Historic

Classic). The latter is dated at about 1000 B.C. The fact

that Wu-Hsing appears in a historic classic speaks for its

120 antiquity.

Within the electromagnetic energy field -which consti¬

tutes the human body, the five evolutive phases are imposed

on energetic channels or meridians (Ching-Lo) through which

Ch'i flows, reflecting the rhythm of Yin and Yang.

While there are over seventy meridians in the body,

our discussion will only deal with what are called the 12

regular meridians. Six are Yang and six are Yin. While 11

of them were named after organs, when translated by

Westerners, it would be incorrect to look at these meridians

as anatomical/physical constructs. Porkert writes,

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62

Whereas in anatomy Western medicine, causal and analytic, primarily describes aggregate carriers (or substrata) of effects, induc¬ tive, synthetic Chinese medicine is primar¬ ily interested in the fabric of functional manifestations of the different body regions.

Porkert calls the counterpart to Western anatomy "oris-

nocography.' He writes,

The ambiguity of the technical term 'orb' (orbis) reflects almost exactly that of the Chinese term tsang which refers on the one hand to a bodily substratum with ill-defined material and spatial contours, and on the other hand to a physiological function asso¬ ciated with the substratum and qualitatively., pp defined in time with precision and subtlety.

Lacking this comprehension, Western writers tell us

that the Chinese had an ill-defined comprehension of anatomy

not perceiving (the writers) that something else was being

125 represented. An anatomical correlation that does come to

mind is the one that occurs between the pathway of the orbis

cardialis and the pain of coronary occlusion. In the latter,

pain radiates down the inside of the left arm the very course

traversed by the cardiac meridian. One might ask if this is

really an anatomical correlation in the strict sense of the

word.

As i stated above, the 12 meridians are divided into

Yin and Yang meridians. The six Yin orbs are commonly

referred to as the heart, spleen, kidney, liver, pericardium

and lung. The Yin meridians are associated with structive

potential. They store Ch'i (energy) and are 'solid' orbs.

The six Yang meridians are commonly referred to as the gall

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63

bladder, bladder, triple heater, small intestine, large intes¬

tine and stomach. They transmit and assimilate but do not

store energy.

According to the Chinese, the meridians are not separ¬

ate but follow one after another. Moreover,.each meridian

has a two-hour period during which it is most energized.

Lung 3 to 5AM - - - - - Large Intestine 5 to 7 AM

Stomach 7 to 9AM - - - - Spleen 9 to 11AM

Heart 11 to 1 HI-Small Intestine 1 to 3 HI

Bladder 3to5H1- Kidney 5 to 7 HI

Pericardium 7 to 9 ^ - Triple Heater 9 to 11 PM

Gall Bladder 11 to 1 AM - Liver 1 to 3 AM

In theory, in terms of the system of correspondences,

the triple heater and pericardium are not included as they

are the manifestations of endogenous processes which are

effects of the interactions of the Live Evolutive phases.

The following diagram relates the EP's to the Yin and Yang

orbs of the body. Included are the set of correspondences

■which relate the forces of Nature (wind, heat, humidity, etc.),

the emotions, colors etc., to the evolutive phase which has

the greatest functional connection to it. These correspond¬

ences also serve as a basis for the discussion of symptoma¬

tology and treatment.

Some of these functional relationships might seem obvious

while others are not so. The effect must be comprehended at

the level of Ch'i. We must also remember that we are dealing

with orbs, not organs.

Liver - nourishing the muscles, i.e. glycogen

Kidney - is important in the mineralization of bone via the

regulation of calcium and phosphorus

Lungs and Large Intestines - epithelial tissue produces mucus

Heart - with the heat of the summer many susceptible indi¬

viduals have cardiac problems

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66

Spleen - the pancreas is a part of this orb and its associ¬

ation with sweets is mediated through insulin. An

excess of the flavors is thought to be damaging to

the element to which it belongs. Not so obvious is

the fact that the onset of insulin dependent diabetes

peaks in late summer and winter. This is actually

consistent with more complex accounts of Chinese

'pathogenesis'

Kidneys - potentially ototoxic aminoglycosides (hearing) are

also toxic to the kidney tubule mechanism

Kidneys - this orb includes some functional aspects of the

adrenal glands including the release of epinephrine

as part of the fear response

All of these functional relationships are explained in

detail within the Nei Ching and other Chinese medical classics.

Here is an example of the way this might appear,

Thus one is able to smell only if lung Ch'i penetrates the nose; one can distinguish the five colors only if liver Ch'i penetrates the eyes; one can taste only if heart Ch'i penetrates to the tongue; one can know whether one likes or dislikes food only if spleen Ch'i penetrates the mouth.125

The capability of the seven holes (eyes, ears, nose, mouth) depends upon the penetration of the Ch'i from the five solid organs.126

The idea of Ch'i penetrating a particular sensory

organ does not seem adverse to physiological principles from

my vantage point. The relationships described in physiology

characterize the interaction of matter energy at a certain

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67

level of organization. But even on this level, the body

reflects the fluctuation of Yin and Yang. We see this mani¬

fested in the diastole and systole of the cardiac cycle and

more pertinent to the above quote we must come to understand

that nervous enervation within the body follows a wave pat¬

tern in which information (Ch'i) is translated into action

or rest (Yang or Yin). While Western medicine has dissected

the workings of structures from the molecular standpoint, the

Chinese have come to understand function from the backdrop

of the larger field.

Within the Wu-Hsing model, there are energy matter con¬

servation laws that are expressed by production and control

cycles. Each element is connected to the other four elements

by two production and two control processes. Each of these

processes is not independent, but is interfered with or coun¬

teracted by some other process. The interconnections and

interactions in. the Wu Hsing diagram make excellent pictorial

127 representations of the Yin - Yang balance.

W ood

dotted lines control cycle

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On a gross material level, we see that water gives

rise to the growth of plants (wood) which nourishes fire.

Burning of wood makes ash (earth) and the melting of metal

reduces it to liquid (water). In the control processes, it

is self-explanatory that water quenches fire; fire can

soften metal and metal can cut wood. The other two control

processes (wood-earth-water) may he understood from the fact

that wood can preserve earth in shape (i.e. by preventing

it from being washed away by rains and floods) and that

128 earth (rock, clay and cement) can hold or block water.

Within this context, Yin would be the control process

and Yang the productive process (structive-active).

Under a condition of equilibrium (i.e. the condition of Yin and Yang balance) each of the five elements can neither be destroyed completely nor can be created indefinitely in the Universe. The Wu-Hsing diagram also makes it very clear that when one element Is destroyed it is transformed into another ele¬ ment, that is, mass is conserved. The mutual production and control processes among the five elements not only represent the vital forces in the Universe, but also embody the fundamental laws governing the functioning and survival of man's world. Thus in the broadest sense, the Wu-Hsing model is the simplest form of a dynamic model of both the macrocosmos and the microcosmos.129

Now that there can be little doubt that acupuncture has

a scientific basis, the question of 'how did they know' arises.

As this is beyond the scope of this paper, it will only be

lightly touched upon in the appendix of this paper, when i will

suggest that the theoretical basis of Chinese medicine is also

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69

embodied by other ancient non-Western cultures. Let us first

consider some of the implications of electromagnetic field

theory with regard to pathophysiology, diagnosis and treat¬

ment in both Eastern and Western medicine.

Within traditional Chinese practice, variations in the

'outer Ch'i' (EM fields 'outside' of the body) is given con¬

siderable attention in the Nei Ching in terms of its effect

on human health. The adjectives describing the variations A

in 'outer' Ch'i are cold, warm, hot, windy, dry and wet.

Clearly, the first three (cold, warm, and hot) indicate

the air in the three ranges of sunlight intensity arising from

temperature gradients. The dry and wet Ch'i signify the air

with lower and higher contents of moisture. What we see is

that the conception, perception interpretation of reality on

the part of the ancient Chinese allowed them to take into

account the weather and its effect on the human body.

Interestingly enough in 1961, Weiss proposed a scheme

of interactions within an organism, that also can be applied

to the actions of environmental EM fields on the organism.

That is, the organism must have protective mechanisms that

either do not transmit electromagnetic energy of a disturbing

nature or are able to modify them so disturbances do not

take place. Weiss points out,

No outer agent can influence any of the inner shells except through the mediation of the shells in between, which may or may not modify that factor during its inward passage. Con¬ versely, products of inner systems may not

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reach outer shells as such hut may he significantly screened and altered in transit.130

70

Environme , - s C >

Environment

Within the traditional Chinese approach to health, the

hody is organized in a similar manner. As stated earlier,

the meridians are interconnected. While the five element

theory classifies the 12 pairs of meridians into five cate¬

gories and utilizes clinical laws for the selection of merid¬

ians and loci to he utilized, the Three Yin - Three Yang

system organizes the human hody into different energetic

levels. Within this syhtem, meridians are paired so that

131 the combinations run the entire length of the hody.

small intestine - bladder Outside

Yan^ triple heater-- gall bladde]

large intestine - stomach

pericardium - liver

lungs - spleen

Inside heart - kidney

Vm ■

71

It would be a mistake for us to say that the Three

Yin - Three Yang system represents only a subdivision of one

of Weiss' concentric circles. The Chinese conception is a

vitalistic one in which the various levels of Weiss' diagram,

from the gene to the environment, are taken into account

within each energetic level of the Three Yin - Three Yang

system. As pointed out earlier, the interaction of Yin and

Yang occurs at all levels of energy matter.

Within traditional Chinesje therapeutics, disturbances

within the body caused by 'outer Ch'i,' or what is now

referred to as perverse energy, have diagnostic symptoms which

manifest at various levels of the Three Yin - Three Yang

system.

Using this paradigm, information that allopathic physi¬

cians are not systematically able to use, i.e. problems that

flare with wet or humid weather, now becomes meaningful and

translatable into terms that will benefit the patient.

Clearly, phase energetics is an area which certainly needs

to be investigated more thoroughly. It is actually the key

to the comprehension of many ancient religions and symbols.

Porkert's MIT group feels that its inadequacies are without

exception due to the inadequacy of its technical foundation.

As to the theory itself, Porkert writes,

. . . for the basic pattern of phase ener¬ getics is worth taking seriously as a par¬ adigm for the further development of medi¬ cine. Taking into account the complex nature

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of phenomena described, phase energetics offers a simple, transparent, and rather consistent mode of explanation for cli¬ matic and other macroscopic influences in physiology. It describes systemically unequivocal relationships, which may be tested by experience, between macrescopic events on the one hand and physiological, immunological, and pathological conditions on the other.132

In clinical practice, the acupuncturist pits his or

her skill and the vitality of the patient against the 'per¬

verse' form of energy penetrating that person's living space

or to re-equilibrating a self-perpetuating internal func¬

tional disturbance. It should be remembered that acupunc¬

ture is just one tool in the arsenal of the 'traditional'

practitioner. However, reliance on China's formidable

pharmocopeia is still subject to the same application of the

harmonizing of Yin and Yang in the body. In fact, using this

approach, the Chinese had devised a technique for the extrac¬

ted tion of hormones from urine to treat infertility in 1023 -AH.

As mentioned earlier, the vibratory interaction of Yin

and Yang or the field character of the body varies according

to the area in question.. The Chinese express this as differ¬

ent manifestations of Ch'i. While Porkert describes no less

than 32 forms of Ch'i, here is an abridged English version.

Hsien-t'ien ch'i - inherited ancestral energy

Yuan ch'i - the active part of Hsien-t'ien ch'i

Tsun ch'i - ch'i in lungs extracted by air

Ku ch'i - ch'i extracted from food

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Chen ch' i - true and nourishing ch'i to which Ku ch ' i and

Tsun ch'i contribute

Ching ch'i - energy circulating in the meridians differen¬

tiated out of Chen ch'i

Wei ch'i - defensive energy differentiated out of Chen ch'i

Cheng ch'i - a reservoir of reserve energy, stored in the

kidney orbs, to be drawn on when required by the body.

It is a refined portion of Chen ch'i which has not

134 differentiated into Wei ch'i or Ching ch'i.

Hsien-t'ien ch'i is the Ch'i of the sperm and ovum.

This Ch'i cannot be increased but it can be weakened by

excesses imposed on the body. In the fetus, this is the

only Ch'i. The other Ch'i conversion functions (triple

heater system) are carried on for the fetus by the mother.

Yuan ch'i, the active element of ancestral energy, acts

as a catalyst (this brings to mind the idea of certain genes

of an individual's gene pool being expressed). It circulates

from the kidney orbs by what are known as the eight extra

136 meridians and transmutes one form of Ch'i into another."

Note that people in chronic renal failure, on dialysis, are

infertile.

What is being described here is not very different

from Western physiology, except the latter is more concerned

with phenomenal interaction at the molecular level. While

some of the relationships posed above make sense from the

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74

standpoint of Western physiology, i.e. Ku ch'i and Tsun.

ch'i giving rise to Chen ch’i, others such as Chen ch'i

giving rise to Ching ch'i, energy circulating in the merid¬

ians; Wei ch'i, defensive energy (reticuloendothelial sys¬

tem?); Cheng ch'i, energy stored in the kidney orbs, may

not be as clear. Perhaps it reflects a relationship as yet

not uncovered by Western medical research. It may prove

very enlightening to evaluate Porkert's 32 transformations

of Ch'i -with an eye toward their physiological correlates.

With regard to diagnosis, emphasis is placed on the

history, evaluation of the tongue, point sensitivity on the

body and pulse diagnosis. The latter is the most fascinating.

The pulses measured represent the fluctuations of Ch'i in the

12 regular meridians of the Ching-Lo network.

The practitioner of this art palpates three positions

bilaterally over the radial artery. The positions are separ¬

ated by a half inch, with the middle position being roughly

opposite to the radial apophysis. Each position has a super¬

ficial and deep position representing the Yang and Yin orbs

respectively. The superficial position has been compared to

the sensation of the arterial wall and the deep position to

the sensation of the flow of blood within the artery. A

description of the pulses in the Nei Ching may read as follows,

One should feel whether the pulse is in motion or whether it is still. When the upper pulse is abundant then the rebellious Ch'i causes a swelling in the abdomen. If the pulse appears to stop then Ch'i has decayed.137

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In the hook Acupuncture, Dr. Felix Mann describes 28 differ-

188 ent pulse qualities which are appreciable to master. "

In Western medicine, the arterial pulse is actually an

energetic pulsation Oy resulting from the contraction

of the heart, the distensibility of the arterial vessels,

and the rebound of the previous pressure pulse, as opposed

to the flow of blood. Perhaps the budding field of hol¬

ography, where information is stored in the interference

patterns of waves, could render an explanation for the way

the energetic vibration or wave pattern of one orb could

affect the pulse palpated at the radial artery.

One should not be surprised that different orbs are

represented by different points along the same artery. This

situation resembles the monochord of Pythagorus in which he

demonstrated the relationship between math and music. If one

plucks this chord, each position relative to the point of

contact, has a particular relationship with that impulse

which can be represented mathematically or as a musical note.

Working in a clinical setting with a skilled acupunc¬

turist, i have seen this technique used repeatedly in con¬

junction with other Chinese diagnostic techniques. Though

skeptical at first, i became impressed as i began to see

patients improve on the basis of the acupuncturist's diag¬

nosis. I must add that i could consistently note changes in

the character of the pulse following treatment. Mann writes,

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arm _left wrist _

water * wood * fire element element element

superficial bladder * gall bladder

small intestine

deep kidney * liver heart

_finger tips

arm_ fire

element superficial triple

heater

_right wrist_ * earth metal

element_element * stomach * large

intestine

_finger tips

deep pericardium * spleen lungs

A doctor skilled in its practice would— without even speaking to or seeing the face or body of his patient and with no more contact than a hand thrust through a hole in a curtain to give access to the radial artery of the wrist—be able to arrive at a reliable diagnosis in a mat¬ ter of minutes. It can be used to con¬ firm a diagnosis already arrived at by clinical and laboratory methods. It can be of very great benefit in a case, where, although the patient is obviously ill, it has not been possible to arrive at a con¬ clusive diagnosis in spite of thorough clinical and laboratory investigations.

Of note is that during the mid-seventies the personal

physician of the Dalai Lama of Tibet, Yeshi Dhonden, was

invited to make rounds at a teaching hospital here at Yale.

He examined a female patient selected by a member of the

house staff. Her diagnosis was unknown to him and the house-

staff. After long inspection of her body and palpation of

her pulse, he personally examined a specimen of her urine,

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77

vigorously stirring and smelling it. His diagnosis was

that she had an unwanted open gate and eddying currents of

an eroding and flooding river, which actually described a

congenital heart defect and its ensuing cardio-respiratory

impairment. The diagnosis was confirmed by the only attend¬

ing physician who was familiar with her case—congenital

heart disease—interventricular septal defect, with result-

140 ant heart failure.

As i have pointed out earlier, the refinement of elec-

troacupuncture has allowed for physicians to use it as a

diagnosis tool and thus skirt around sphygmology (study of

the pulse), a skill that takes many years to develop.

The use of skin potential as a diagnostic test is some¬

thing that is not new to Western medicine. In the 1940's and

1950's experiments were performed within OB/GTW departments

around the country to test the hypothesis that cancer altered

the measurable electrical skin potential in women. It was

demonstrated that when measures of these potentials were

properly made, obvious differences in the field properties

of patients, with and without malignancy, can be determined.

A polar reversal of the field forces between the cervix and

ventral abdominal wall was shown to exist in most patients

(98.7%) with malignancy involving the female generative tract.

Following successful surgical treatment, the potential reversed

itself. Wo reversal took place after radiation therapy or in a

women who underwent a radical procedure.

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It was thought at the time that this technique could

he very useful In general screening and in follow-up of post-

142 surgical patients. "" These findings held up after consider¬

able experimentation on thousands of women. What ever hap¬

pened to this research? The implications are profound. lor

one, such a technique could have been carried over into other

diagnostic areas, i.e. colon, prostate cancer, etc. Such

work is only to be found outside the realm of standard medi¬

cal practice today—people using the Voll system and

Nakatini's Ryodoraku. Of note is that researchers at that

time, while postulating that cancer was the result of an

alteration of the individual's EM field, did not attempt to

affect a physical change by altering the field. They relied

on the scalpel.

In another interesting series of experiments performed

here in the days of Max Taffel and Samuel Harvey, it was

shown that there exists a voltage gradient between the fin¬

gers of the left and right hand. One particular medical

student showed a potential gradient higher than all the rest

of the subjects. It was discovered that he had a history of

emotional instability. Before the end of the year, he

148 became psychotic and had to be remanded to an institution.

These findings parallel the work of Akabane in. Japan.

In 1953, He discovered, by accident, that the sensitivity to

heat of each acupoint was different from the other points.

This effect was particularly pronounced during sickness. By

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79

using the terminal and beginning points of acn-meridians,

which include the tips of the fingers, Akabane could diag¬

nose the state of disharmony within the meridian and hence

the state of illness of the related organs. He would simply

note which meridians showed the greatest potential gradient

between the left and right side.

This technique has actually been refined by Hiroshi

Kotoyama, a scientist with doctorates in physiology, phil¬

osophy, and psychology. Motoyama has developed a machine

which measures the energy flow within the meridian system.

The devise, called the "Apparatus for Measuring the Func¬

tioning of the Meridians and Corresponding Internal Organs"

(AMI),

. . . reads the meridians via twenty eight electrodes attached to the end points in the fingers and toes. A computer compares each reading with criteria for normality in major organ and control systems. These cri¬ teria were established during research on 5,900 subjects.

AMI distinguishes between chronic and acute disorders of the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, kidney, spleen and other organs. It also detects specific disease tendencies. The machine's reliability has been verified by conventional diagnostic procedures.144

In line with the above is the recent study performed

at the Department of Anesthesiology at the Tokyo Medical and

Dental University in Japan. It was demonstrated that in

patients with histologically documented stomach cancer vs. a

'non-stomach cancer' group vs. a healthy control group, the

latter two displayed statistically different heat sensitivities

0

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80

than the stomach cancer group. What's more, the stomach can¬

cer group had a characteristic pattern of meridian imbal-

ance.

These examples are given here to reemphasize that Hi

fields in the context of health and disease are not new to

the allopathic medical tradition. Not only can correlations

he made between field states and bodily pathology but there

is some suggestion that Eli fields can be of predictive value

as well. At present, prognostic indicators with regard to

disease states are dealt with in terms of the physical nature

of the affliction and the structures involved. In many

instances, certain signs and symptom complexes are correlated

with a particular outcome. If Hi fields are indeed respons¬

ible for the ordering of physical structures, as Dr. Henry

Margenau asserted, then aberrations in the Eli field that

constitutes an individual, whether measured by pulse diag¬

nosis or instrumentation, should, in many instances, be of

predictive and prognostic value. Clearly, EKGs and EEGs have

been used in this respect. However, as i have pointed out,

Eli fields, except for the repair of fractures, have not been

fully utilized therapeutically. All the evidence i have

thus far presented points to the conclusion that physical

changes in the body can be brought about through the use of

Eli fields.

I feel that a modality which makes use of EM fields

could be of invaluable use in many chronic diseases. In

such diseases, the physician, for lack of clear comprehension

0

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81

of the -underlying etiology, is limited to symptomatic treat¬

ment in an effort to stave off severe and organ damage. I

have personally witnessed patients with hypertension and

diabetes receive considerable relief with acnp-uncture and

in some instances no longer require medication. In one

particular case, i worked with a women who had been taking

50 units of NPH insulin daily. Within six months of a pro¬

gram which included acupuncture, exercise, and dietary man¬

ipulation, she no longer required insulin and her fasting

blood sugars were consistently below 125.

If we were to list all the named afflictions of the

human body, we would find the suffix itis in a good percent¬

age of these designations, i.e. gastitis, endocarditis, bron¬

chitis, colitis, vasculitis, arthritis, etc. It simply means

that that particular structure is inflamed. Pathology teaches

us that inflammation is the body's reaction to injury and

that it is a necessary step in the healing process which

hopefully ends in repair and restoration of function. In

many cases, the nature of the injurious agent is unknown or

an autoimmune process is diagnosed. The latter still does

not identify the initiating agent. What results in these

cases is the prescribing of anti-inflammatory pharmaceuti¬

cals including steroids, which by definition deny the body

the opportunity to repair itself.

I propose that it is well within the realm of possi¬

bility that aberrations in the field energetics of an

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82

individual could in and of itself lead to a focal inflam¬

matory process. Already considerable evidence has been

cited to demonstrate the cause and effect relationship

between EM field changes and alterations of various param¬

eters of bodily function, i.e. cardiovascular disease,

leukocyte count, blood pressure etc., as well as the exper¬

imental evidence concerning acupuncture. That inflammation

too can result from field changes should not distress the

conservative thinker.

Clearly, a new era of investigation must begin within

the Western medical tradition. Eor if we ask what causes EM

fields to be altered, we are forced to rephrase the question

and ask what does not! Western medicine would be thrown into

the age of relativity, a world of 'invisible' fields and

forces. Even the little understood placebo effect would now

have a mechanism to be. Perhaps words like idiopathic and

spontaneous remission could be replaced by more meaningful

phra ses.

Within the context of electromagnetic fields of modern

physics even the word medicine itself would take on a 'new'

meaning. Its semantical root medi, as in meditate and medi¬

ate, implies a centering process, a reequilibration. Erom

the relativistic standpoint, a drug would no longer be synon¬

ymous with the word medicine. In fact, no thing, in and of

itself, would constitute a medicine, but rather all things

would be seen in terms of their potential to have a medicinal

83

effect. Sound, food, drugs, emotions, thoughts, plants,

minerals, etc. would all have to be understood in terms of

their field qualities.

Returning to the experimental data on acupuncture, it

is no surprise that the different frequencies of electroacu¬

puncture stimulation caused different chemicals to be

released (Chapman and Benedetti, Pomeranz and Cheng).

Clearly, the field characteristics of the stimulation was

the determining factor in what chemical would be released.

In general, the various theories and approaches to acu¬

puncture developed within the classical chemical framework

all had some viability because they were measuring effects.

That is, they had artificially isolated and focused on points

in space-time, within the body, and taken these to be causa¬

tive phenomena. Though the underlying mechanism was not

comprehended its physical effects were to be seen in various

chemical systems in the body. The theory employed to organize

the chemical data was not the essential factor.

This situation is no different than the early quantum

physicists attempting to describe their exploration into the

subatomic world of energy quanta, particle position and

momemtnm, in terms of everyday sense realities. Like modern

medical researchers, they were not equipped with the concep¬

tion, perception and interpretation of reality that would

allow them to get to the root of the phenomena they were

o.:: :s o u • -.t o t xtf;!'/ :

'o '

0 • ' .':n t - ;f

11 XRUt

84

exploring, at least not •without radically revising some very

fundamental 'common sense' notions. As did modern physics,

so to must medicine begin to realign its thinking and prac¬

tice with an 'unseen' world. The statements of the physi¬

cists in the section entitled The Roots of Misunderstanding

leaves little room for question as to the extent that this

must be done.

While EEGs, EKGs and the like are diagnostically

employed, today's doctors, under the weight of a mental

orientation fostered in an extremely left-sided (hemisphere)

educational system, take an overly mechanical approach to

health and disease. Acupuncture is regarded as a dubious

novelty and discussion of EM field theory draws blank stares.

Indeed, patients often become diseased organs to be treated.

Both patients and doctors have been systematically denied the

full benefits of modern physics' accomplishments and those of

non-Western cultures.

On a more optimistic note, the technique of Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which has been used since the 1950's

to study matter at the molecular level, has recently been

applied to the mapping of the internal structure of the

human body. It employs radio frequency radiation which delin¬

eates the distribution density of protons in cellular water

and lipids. NMR has the advantage of being non-invasive,

avoiding the use of ionizing radiation, penetrating bone

146 without attenuation and thus far being without known hazards.

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85

However, from the vantage point of the material thus far

presented, i would not he surprised if the fields generated

by the UMR were shown, in some instances, to affect various

parameters of body chemistry. As promising as MIR appears

to be, it must still be relegated, as with EKGs and EEGs,

to the area of diagnosis.

Pressman does note that EM fields have been employed

therapeutically on a limited basis. While the basic research

has been carried out in Europe and the Soviet Union, the

techniques are slowly being recognized in this country.

Treatment with EM fields of various ranges either

entails contact application of the Hi field to the patient

(diathermy) or action at a distance (UHE therapy). "Micro-

wave therapy has been shown to be effective for the treatment

of musculoskeletal diseases, various eye ailments, gyneco-

147 logical diseases, and tooth diseases." EM fields have

also been found to have a stimulating effect on hemopoieses,

. . 14 which has proved useful m connection with radiation mqry.

While EM fields have been shown to have an inhibitory effect

on malignant tumors in experimental animals, further inves-

149 tigations are pending. It will be interesting to see

whether artificial EM fields will be used to offset the

deleterious effects that magnetic storms have been shown to

have with regard to cardiovascular disease.

A related area that has shown promise is Kirlian

Photography. In Kirlian Photography, a high frequency

tOC U - - l Dili r'r - .r- -

C ' 'O ''

_r r±

.

86

electrical field is established between two plates of a high

frequency generator's oscillation circuit. These plates are

coated with photographic film and the object to be photo¬

graphed is placed between the plates. The high frequency

discharge between these symmetrical plates corresponds to

the object's topographical configuration. In some cases, as

with photographing a man, only one plate is needed with the

man, connected to ground, serving as the other plate.

The Kirlians have documented that in a high frequency

field, auto-electron and auto-ion emission is characteristic

150 of all bodies of nature, rncluding living organisms. An

object of inanimate nature will give a characteristic picture

secondary to its electrical properties, i.e. degree of con¬

ductivity, density, capacitance, etc. It follows, then, that

from the electromagnetic standpoint, there would be some

credibility to the idea that when jewels, as well as metal

and plants, are applied directly to the human skin some

electromagnetic influence is exercised over the physical

cells I

Since we are dealing with the dynamic nature of living

things, change is a constant. As such, the electrical proper¬

ties of the living organism will reflect these changes. The

Kirlians write,

These channels (paths along which discharges occur) carry the physical, chemical, and dynamic characteristics of the object, trans¬ formed into electrical characteristics which are represented on film or on a screen as

! .1

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. „ . T-

:

• 'r;0'ru". ”"^0 ,.‘o I b.vs.ros r.~ ' r;

87

geometric, dynamic colored figures. Since a "biological object emitting discharges is a complex electrode, then evidently such discharge channel carried a spectrum of its bioelectrode and its components.151

With regard to this modality's use in the area of health,

Ling Wei, Ph.D., a writer with profound insights into acupunc¬

ture writes,

The most interesting feature of Kirlian pictures of living things, be they plant leaves or finger pads, is the aura sur¬ rounding the photographed body. The color, brightness and width of the aura depends on the physical and mental health of the living being. Tor example, the aura of a fresh green leaf is found to be very dif¬ ferent from the same leaf when dying. A calm person's finger pad usually has a blue aura, but it turns to red when the person becomes intoxicated. All these results suggest that the inner Ch'i exists in life and it changes with the condition of the living body.152

Not surprisingly, we find that acupuncture stimulation

l^x can alter the image of Kirlian photography.

A possible scenario for the use of Kirlian photography

as a preventive and precise screening measure might be the

following: The Kirlian photograph of a patient could be fed

into a diagnostic computer where thousands of standard pat¬

terns and their associated pathology, either within the

field and the body, or the field alone, could then be matched

to the patient's pattern, with the resultant print out of a

diagnosis and recommended course of therapy. If such a thing

were to occur, clearly acupuncture would have a role to play

in the care of the patient.

88

Without a doubt, the principles of Eirlian photography,

in many ways analagons to MIR, opens up a whole new arena of

investigation, especially in medicine, botany and biology.

Clearly, the all-pervasive nature of electromagnetic fields

of Yin and Yang will lead to the further development of tech¬

niques which will help man to better comprehend the field

character of life.

In conclusion, i must emphasize the point that whether

or not electromagnetic field theory, acupuncture, and other

field conceptions become acceptable areas of medical research,

depends on those in the medical community (and perhaps the

pharmaceutical industry) who determine the conceptual and

instrumental framework which is accepted by the whole medi¬

cal community.

I have tried to demonstrate that medicine's current way

of defining health and illness serves to shut out as much as

it keeps in. The impermeable wall of this conceptual scheme

must take on membranous characteristics as Western physicians

assess and assimilate the perception and interpretation of

reality offered by modern physics and Chinese medicine. Other

cultures including the Chinese have done no less with regard

to Western technology. In the final analysis, ideas are

universal, belonging to no man or society, to be discovered/

received by anyone who is prepared to know.

'r; 3 '".n

'7 .r ;; --rr-'- ■ r_I f

0

o.’1

0 "'0

r) f

89

Perhaps through the aid of electromagnetic field

theory, the scientific community -will discover that acu¬

puncture is really not a foreign antigen, but rather a famil¬

iar friend in foreign clothes. I believe that when the dust

finally settles, it will be clear that there is only one

medicine in the world. East and West, energy and matter,

left hemisphere and right hemisphere are just different

degrees of the same thing. And while the left and right

hemisphere are capable of functioning independently, with¬

out being cognizant of what the other side is doing, a

more equilibrated and enlightened existence would benefit

all.

It is probably true, quite generally, that in the history of human thinking the most fruitful developments frequently take place at those points where two different lines of thought meet. These lines may have their roots in quite different parts of human cul¬ ture, in different times or different cul¬ tural environments or religious traditions; hence if they actually meet, that is, if they are at least so much related to each other that a real interaction can take place, then one may hope that new and inter¬ esting developments may follow.

Werner Heisenberg

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APPENDIX

LOST KEYS

It is present mankind's false sense of accomplishment that induces it to look down its nose upon the Ancient teachings. Teachings which are the well waters of its salvation. It dies daily of thirst, yet it knows not.

E. A. Straughn

This paper would he incomplete without a brief exposi¬

tion on the Ancient cosmogonies, which like the cosmogony

giving rise to Chinese medicine, is in harmony with the phil¬

osophy flowing from physicists' investigation into the nature

of that which is.

Fundamental to these non-Western cosmogonies is the

orientation which views life hierarchically from the non¬

material to the material. Their classification systems are

always rooted in their perceptions of that which is beyond

the physical. In fact, throughout the Ancient cosmogonies

of Africa, including the Kabalistical tradition, the physi¬

cal realm was only one-tenth of manifested reality. Their

conceptions rest on the notion that there is an inherent

order throughout the span of Creation, from the non-tangible

to the tangible. Or, as stated earlier, the cyclic inter¬

action of Yin and Yang is to be seen at all levels. Straughn

writes,

90

. . V . , 1

0.

. P, '•

" o' o : y. .

or *

, X oJ:

: 'X i3.r

o

91

While on the physical plane events and things are infinite in number and infi¬ nitely differentiated from each other, they were seen to be the manifestation of a limited number of forces operating in the metaphysical realm.

As these few forces are responsible for the structuralization of the infinitude of things, and the order in which events unfold, they were used by the Ancient Philosophers, represented by symbols, as a means of classifying the host of physical manifestations. 154-

Within this framework, the physical word is the grossest form

of energy-matter or what has been termed spirit.

In these cosmogonies forces of the unseen world, includ¬

ing man's inner world of thoughts and emotions, were also

looked upon as things except that their forms were made up

of more subtler vibrations of energy matter. It is in this

light that EM fields are understood. Of course, never once

does the word electromagnetism appear in these ancient con¬

structs and Western anthropologists using a materialistic

set of references have tried to reinterpret these constructs

in light.of their everyday sense realities. Nonetheless,

'primitive' thinking has no more been pigeoned-holed into

the philosophical framework of classical physics than has

quantum physics. However, the former continues to be

maligned by most contemporary thinkers while the latter con¬

tinues to pave the way for further technological advances.

While the Ancient cosmogonies aimed at helping man to

grapple with his outer world by master of his inner world,

technologies flowing from modern physics focus on further

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manipulation of the environment, never mind to what end.

Indeed, today we live with the results of the latter, and

in apprehension of what tomorrow will bring.

Let me begin to give more form to the statements i

have made above. Central to this work has been the concept

of knowing or more to the point, how one comes to know. The

word science itself is derived from the Latin word scire,

meaning to know.

The process of knowing has been the subject of the deep¬

est philosophical investigations of all people. In the West,

the scientific method constitutes the rules by which one

comes to know something. Other cultures have also derived

systems by which one comes to know.

This process was called by the Kishis (pre¬ cursors of Hinduism), Jnana yoga, by the Greeks gnosticism, and symbolized by the Egyptian sages by the ankh. A study of the ancient linguistics will reveal a common semantical key running through all of them; JLTana , GNosis, aHKh, and KHow.155

According to the ancient systems of knowledge, the

process of knowing beings intuitively. This intuitive proc¬

ess is rooted in concepts and ideas constituting what is

called religion and philosophy. This explains why the

ancient Greeks called the products of their intuition theor¬

ies (Theo=God), i.e. Divine Laws.

The discussion of knowing brings us back to the split

brain analogy posed earlier. Clearly, the intuitive approach

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to knowing is more characteristic of the right hemisphere

while the more analytical, 'scientific' approach to knowing

is characteristic of the left hemisphere.

Within the ancient Egyptian cosmogony, medicine is a

natural extension of philosophy and religion. Two of the

most important medical papyri, the Ehers papyrus and the

Edwin Smith papyrus, include a considerable amount of anatomy,

herbal pharmacology, pathology, physical diagnosis (movement

of the heart, pulse, diagnostic percussion), chapters on hel¬

minthiases, opthalmology, gynecology, contraception, surgical

treatment of abscesses and tumors, fractures and burns, along-

• • 196 side of what today is called magic and religion.

Interestingly, Galen (200 AD), who devotedly continued

the Hippocratic teachings, and Isocrates, a peer of Hippocrates,

attribute the discovery of the art of medicine to the Egyptian

197 priests. " Isocrates informs us that Pythagorus introduced

philosophy into Greece after study among the Egyptian priests.

This instruction included medicine, as among the Ancients

philosophy and medicine overlapped. To quote Isocrates in

full,

And the priest, because they enjoyed such conditions of life, discovered for the body the aid which the medical art affords, not that which uses dangerous drugs, but drugs of such a nature that they are as harmless as daily food, yet in their effects are so beneficial that all men agree that the Egyptians are the healthiest and most long of life among men; and then for the soul they introduced philosophy's training, a pursuit which has the power, cot only to establish laws but enables one to inves¬ tigate the nature of the universe.158

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Out of this context, the Egyptians formulated the con¬

cept of the fundamental opposites of nature, adopted by

159 Pythagorus and Hippocrates. Hippocrates expressed this

theory as the four bodily humors, which when unbalanced

resulted in illness. These four bodily humors correspond

to the four fundamental opposites of nature as follows:

Eire-Black bile, Earth-Yellow bile, Water-Phlegma, and Air-

Blood.

In Health Teachings of the Ageless Wisdom, R. A.

Straughn writes,

Never did they believe as contemporaries claim, that physical matter is composed of fire etc. . . . There is more than neces¬ sary evidence to prove that these were mere classification sets.

The structure and function of all life forms and all things affecting them (and all things do) exhibit characteristics classifiable under one of four sets. Biochemistry, Anat¬ omy, Physiology, etc., from the Ancient perspective are not then studies dealing with an awesome array of diverse phenomena, but of only four types.160

According to Straughn, the tetragrammatic classifica¬

tion system was a product of the interaction of the two primal

forces, Yin and Yang. He writes,

As all things and events are effects of the interaction of these two forces, at the 'points' at which they interact, two rela¬ tively neutral modes are formed. They both partake of the qualities of the two primary forces differing in that while one 'favors' or tends toward the centripetal (Yin) the other tends toward the centrifugal (Yang) polarity. Because the two primary forces must interact, giving rise to the two

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'neutral' modes, it is in some instances more practical to adopt a tetragrammatic classification in place of the dual.161

Within the ancient Egyptian cosmogony on a more abstract

level, the primordial duality of Yin and Yang expresses itself

in the words Nu and Neter (root of the Latin word natura from

which we get nature) as well as Soph (root of the word phil¬

osophy, signifying energy matter in its undifferentiated

state) and Ain (not - that which is without form, i.e. con¬

sciousness). This primordial duality is also symbolized by

the Egyptian caduceus (also known as the Tree of Life), which

is identical to the Western civilization's symbol to the

162 healing arts, Aesclepios.

In fact, the biographer Hurry writes that Aesclepios

usurped the.position of Imhotep, who lived in the reign of

Pharoah Zoster of Egypt, at about 2800 BC.1^ Hurry credits

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164 Imhotep -with authorship of the Edwin Smith papyrus. Sir

William Osier wrote that he was "the first figure of a

165 physician to stand out clearly in the mists of antiquity."

As the Ancient cosmogonies are functioning from a

framework in which things and events are perceived and inter¬

preted as integral parts of a whole, the distinction between

these two becomes blurred. They are just points in space-

time. Meaning is derived from the understanding that there

are four parts to every cycle and that points in one quad¬

rant express similar modes of energy, irregardless of the

specific cycle. The following mandala depicts this and its

variants are to be seen in many ancient cultures including

the Kabalistical and Egyptian traditions.

166

97

Note that South and North are reversed reflecting the fact

that the sun is north of the equator in our summer and south

of the equator in the -winter. While one could divide the

circle in half vertically, as suggested by the T'ai Ch' i Tu

symbol in the center, this is actually a tetragrammatic

representation of space-time. The dual has given way to

four.

If we return to the Bantu classification system alluded

to earlier, we see that their categories of reality also

reflect the same relativistic way of viewing the world.

Kintu, i wrote, is the category of things. It includes the

human body, emotions and thoughts. By definition, all Kintu

occur in Hantu, space-time. Kuntu are the different modal¬

ities expressed through things as a function of that par¬

ticular point in space-time. This is to say that in the

realm of space-time, life is experienced cyclically. We see

this in terms of the climate variations during the four

seasons and in the functioning of the human body, both on a

behavioral level (sleep and wakefulness etc.) and on the

chemical level (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous

system expressing opposing functions).

Within Bantu cosmogony, as well as the other cosmogon¬

ies i am presenting in this section, the cyclic fluctuation

of energy matter at one level could be used to diminish or

enhance the cyclic fluctuation at another level. This was

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the basis of acupuncture's therapeutic effect (phase ener¬

getics) and it was also demonstrated in the discussion of

EM fields affecting chemical changes in the body.

If we move east of Africa to the peoples of Ancient

Indus Kush (India), we also find four elements. Like the

Greeks and Chinese, a fifth element was added to symbolize

the influence of Heaven, or, on the one hand, the 'no¬

thingness' which is the substantial basis of things, and

on the other that which is stable and has permanency. Eor

the Greeks it was called Apeiron, in China symbolized by

the element metal, and in Indus Kush, Akasha. The Indus

Kush equivalent of Yin and Yang is Shakti and Shakta. The

concept paralleling Ch'i is embodied in the word Prana.

A very basic application of the tetragrammatic clas¬

sification system is to the chemical periodic chart. Prom

the Ancient perspective, there are basically four types of

elements—metals, non-metals, transition elements that tend

to act as non-metals, and transition elements that tend to

act as metals. We can say that the more inert elements in

the center of the periodic chart correspond to the fifth

element of the Ancient cosmological systems.

While Western culture is well versed in. the workings

'outer Ch'i,' or the environmental use of EM fields, there

is very little study of the workings of inner Ch'i. Within

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cultures where vitalistic concepts have developed, there

have been technologies devised to control and focus inner

Gh'i. In Indian today, one can find a vast array of yoga

techniques and systems.

The word yoga actually comes from the Sanskrit root

yuj, meaning to bind, attach, yoke, or to direct and con-

167 centrate one's attention. On one level, what is being

yoked or bound together is the energy field constituting

the person, jivatma, to that constituting the 'Universal

Spirit,' Paramatma.

Another way to view this is to return to the concept

of Yin and Yang. The interaction of these two primal forces

is acknowledged by the yogi and he seeks to put himself in

Tao, i.e. in harmony with these forces using various tech¬

niques, including: asanas - postures to make the body a

fit vehicle for more subtler energies; pranayama - rhythmic

breath control; bandhas - postures in which certain organs

or parts of the body are contracted as the yogi attempts

to cleanse the nadis, "tubular channels in the body through

which energy flows'1^® (through the use of bandhas and

mudras or sealed postures, the positive and negative

aspects of Prana are conjoined); and mantras - sounds which

have a sympathetic effect on various aspects of the individ¬

ual's psychical and physical make-up. A more vulgar expres¬

sion of the latter are the moods and behaviors stimulated by

the music we listen to.

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As i pointed out earlier, the Sanskrit term for knowing

is jnana. Not surprisingly, we also find an aspect of yoga

called qnana yoga.

To the yogi, energy and matter are regarded in the same

light, regardless of how it manifests, i.e. electricity, the

density of matter, thoughts, emotional impulses, etc. Thus,

yoga provides a means, a technology by which an individual

can harmonize mind, body and spirit, or from the perspective

rendered in this appendix, harmonize consciousness and spirit

(energy-matter).

In China, conceptions of inner Ch'i gave rise to the

art of Tai Ch'i. Through concentration, breath control,

relaxed musculature, and slow, smooth body motion, the prac¬

titioner learns to recognize the flow of Ch'i in the body. A

Tai Ch'i veteran can direct the flow of intrinsic energy any¬

where in the body at will. It is this ability that is asso¬

ciated with strength as opposed to say the circumference of

one's biceps.

Actually, the list of systems developed for the esta¬

blishment of inner field equilibrium is as long as the list

of these Ancient cosmogonies themselves. However, i cannot

really think of a comparative system available to all people

in American society. The 'inner Ch'i' of most Americans

appears to be more harmonized with the EM force coming

through the TV than anything else. I dare think of what

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101

people would do without the latter. Moreover, the rising

incidence of alcoholism, drug addiction, and mental illness,

in many respects, reflects the fact that there is no tech¬

nology in American society designed to help individuals

gain inner equilibrium. The martial arts come closest to

this hut for the most part the public has been caught up

into a very physical, competitive expression of these arts.

In reality, this too comes from the East.

What has struck my person is that the philosophy

behind 20th Century physics, while confined to physics and

parapsychological fields in the West and embodied by the

Yogis and spiritual aspirants of the East, is an integral

part of the daily life of those African people, still prac¬

ticing their traditional religion. Let us turn our full

attention to the latter.

Among the Bantu in West Africa , we find the cosmogony

of the Dogon people. In 1948, Marcel Griaule published his

conversations with an elder of the Dogon community, Ogotem-

meli, concerning that peoples' cosmogony. Ogotemmeli

related to Griaule that the one God, Amma, had intercourse

with Earth, resulting in the birth of homogenous products

169 of God, the twin Numrno spirits, carriers of the 'Word.'

Relative to each other, they expressed polar aspects of the

Creation. This is actually another way of saying Yin and

Yang and that what is being carried (the 'Word') is Ch'i.

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The Dogon say that the first act in the ordering of

the Universe was the creation of helicoid spirals. It is

written that the Nummo spirits, looking down from heaven,

seeing their mother, the Earth, naked and speechless, came

down to Earth hringing with them fibers pulled from plants

already created in the heavenly regions. ' (Note that the

ordering of metaphysical reality precedes tne physical.

By Earth is meant the phenomenal or physical realm.) The

helicoid spirals made from the essence of Nummo,

. . . were Nnmmo in motion, as shown in the undulating line which can be prolonged to infinity. When Nnmmo speaks what comes from its month is a warm vapor which conveys and itself constitutes speech (the power to initiate something). This vapor, like all waters, has sound, dies away in a helicoid line.171

(through water germination occurs and its substance is util¬

ized as that which germinates takes form. However, the intrin¬

sic helicoid pattern is maintained). The Dogon go on to say

that, "The spiral of the Word gave to the womb its regenera-

177 tive movement" ' (womb of Earth, i.e. the power of the

physical world to sustain life). Thus, it is through plaited

coils that the Word was revealed on Earth. These plaited

coils were the Earth’s first set of clothes.

Clearly, this is a right-sided (hemisphere) conception

of the creative process. However, there is an inherent logic

to what is being said, comprehensible to those that have the

symbolic keys. It was said that helicoid pattern or plaited

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coils were the source of the regenerative movement through

which God expresses itself on Earth. If one were to reread

this excerpt visualizing this process, one cannot help hut

think of the double helix of DNA. In this African cosmogony,

the emphasis is on recognizing this Yin-Yang type, cyclic l

image, as an archetypal pattern, to be seen in all organic

processes and to be used in everyday life, in man's efforts

to harmonize with the Whole. In the West, the approach has

been to dissect and analyze the DNA itself with an aim

toward manipulation and control of this process.

Of note is that since the 194-0' s the Western world has

taken a deep interest in Dogon cosmogony. In the book The

Sirius Mystery, Robert Temples, a professional astronomer,

discloses that the Dogon have had considerable knowledge of

astronomy for over two thousand years. What is more, they

were aware of the fact that the star, Sirius, has an invis¬

ible companion, Sirius B, called Potolo by the Dogon.

Sirius B's existence was not suspected by Western astronomers

until this century, and it was photographed successfully only

172 in 1970. Wot only did the Dogons know of its existence

but they knew that it was one of the heaviest stars in the

galaxy and that is periodicity is every 50 years. Indeed,

every 50 years the Dogon celebrate the renewal of Potolo's

cycle with an elaborate ritual.

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Sirtut’B'O

LINEAR EXTENSION BASED ON

AFRICAN MODEL

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By what means do the Dogon have the power to know such

things? Their physical technology has been described as

stone age yet this does not appear to have denied them the

force to know. Bor the Dogon as with all Bantu people, the

physical plane, earth, is only a symbolic representation of a

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105

larger reality. The Logon himself is Muntu (Bantu is the

174 plural of Muntu . . . "God is a great Mnntu.";, ' the form¬

less, imperceptible will and consciousness, that spans the

entire Creation. Bather Placcide Temples writes in the

book, Bantu Philosophy,

The Bantu feels and knows himself to be a vital force in an intimate personal rela¬ tionship with other forces acting above him and below him in the hierarchy of forces.175

The concept of separate beings of substance which find them¬

selves side by side yet entirely independent of one another

is foreign to Bantu thought. He knows himself to be a vital

force ever being influenced by forces and ever influencing

others. In Bantu cosmogony, the world of forces is held like

a spider's web of which no single thread can be caused to

vibrate without shaking the whole network.

Among the Bantu to know what particular vital influence

has attacked a man, to cause his sickness, one consults a

specialist in the science of the interference of forces.

However, direct knowledge of the living force within one's

being is not accessible to everyone. It is only the privi¬

lege of 'seers,' the ones with the force to know.

The Bantu have no problem with the idea that the vital

force can be concentrated at a point in the body or that it

may be exteriorized to bring about a particular effect. In

fact, among the Bantu of Southern Africa, William Ten Rhyne,

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a 17th Century physician for the Dutch East India Company,

recorded the use of acupuncture and scarification for the

176 treatment of gout.

On another level, the idea of exteriorization of vital

force expresses itself in the concept that man can directly

reinforce or diminish the being of another man,

A living man's words or his gestures are considered, more than any other manifes¬ tation, to be the formal expression or sign of his vital influence, from that, if words or gestures lead to favorable or unfavorable effects as they are applied to a predetermined person, one may deduce therefore that such a person exercise his vital influences, for good or ill, upon such other persons.177

In a recent Mayo Clinic issue, Pruitt has demonstrated that

1 7ft such an influence can indeed cause death. ' In the West,

the vital influence concept is expressed in the placebo

effect.

While the majority of us will accept the notion of

vital influence, as we experience it in our everyday lives,

we will question the degree that such an influence can have

and further that people whose physical technology is inferior

to that of the Western world's could harness such energy. By

what means it is asked. A reply—By the same means that

Western technology has developed in the direction that it

has, willful direction resulting from a particular perception

and interpretation of reality.

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Peoples of the world, separated in time and space

have looked for the answers to life's questions and prob¬

lems in different aspects of the world. Por many, 'the

field' has been the backdrop from which their answers have

arisen. They have focused their energies and genius within.

Where metaphysical realities have been denied, materialism

has been the major shaping force in the culture. On the

other hand, where the true perception of subtler realities

has been lost, superstition has been the dominant force.

Without the power to know, there can be no balance, no evolu¬

tion.

Though i have not explicitly said it, the master key

is culture. Culture or a peoples' way of life will provide

the framework through which their creative energy will

express itself. That which is cultivated in a people will

manifest itself in terms of how they conceive of and inter¬

pret reality. Whatever that people gives attention to

becomes reality. Prom the standpoint of field physics,

that which is reflects only one Uni-versal order; therefore,

there are only questions as the answers already exist.

Indeed, many non-Western cultures have lived the answers

to the questions that have yet to be seriously posed by

the Western world.

Where a culture is not allowed to do what it wills,

not only does that people suffer but so does the rest of

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humanity. Another key in the organic evolution of mankind

becomes warped, perhaps only to return to the mold for which

it was intended after those cultures remaining either make a

conscious, wholehearted effort to establish a more equili¬

brated existence or stagnate and extinguish themselves in

their own deficiencies.

The mainstream of Western civilization continues to

miscomprehend the cultures of many non-Western peoples, and

thus the peoples themselves. Little value is seen in their

orientation toward life. Indeed, the artifacts of their lands

have made quaint museum pieces as the people and their way of

life have yielded to 'progress.' The Western world, blinded

by its own accomplishments and orientation toward life, have

branded such cultures as primitive and made them into Limita¬

tions of its own. Products of these 'primitive' cultures,

ike including acupuncture, have been atAleasty viewed as anachron¬

isms, areas to be investigated by anthropologists.

As we approach the 21st Century and the signs of decay

in the Western world become too malignant to be ignored, per¬

haps then it will be realized that the present road to progress

is in need of some major repairs. Maybe then society will take

stock itself in the light of those who have traveled a differ¬

ent road.

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FOOTNOTES

1. Sae-il Chun, M.D. and A. J. Heather, M.D. , Auriculo- therapy: Microcurrent applications on the external ear, AJCM, 1974, 2, 399.

2. Ihid.

3. William Khoc, M.D. , Letters to the Editor, AJCM, 1974, 2, 449.

4. Chun, and Heather, p. 399*

5. William Preacher, M.D., Adverse reactions: Contra¬ indications and complications of acupuncture and moxi- hustion, AJCM, 1975, 3., 35-36.

6. Ihid., p. 36.

7. Ihid.

8. P. Huard and M. Wong:, Chinese Medicine (New York: McGraw Hill, 1968, p. 142.

9. Ling Y. Wei, Ph.D., Scientific advances in acupuncture, AJCM, 1979, 7, #1, 53.

• 0

S-

1 Preacher, p. 37*

• 1—

1 1—

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12. Jackson W. Riddle, Report of the New on Acupuncture, AJCM, 1979, 2, 291.

York State Commission

13. Thomas H. Mauley, M.D. , On the local in the arthroses of the extremities, 773-774.

abstraction of hlood JAMA, Oct. 1898,

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15- Ihid., pp0 291-292.

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18. Ibid.

19. bo Chill Lee, Myang 0. Lee, and Donald H. Clifford, Conversion effects of acupuncture in anesthetized dogs, AJCM, 1974, 2, 271-282.

20. Do-Chill Lee, Myang 0. Lee, and Donald Clifford, Cardiovascular effects of moxibustion at Jen Chung (60-26) during halothane anesthesia in dogs, AJCM, 3, 245-261.

21. Wei, p. 55-

22. J. E. Chaves and T. Barber, Acupuncture analgesia, in Psychoenergetic Systems, ed. by Stanley Krippner (New York, Gordon and Breach, 1979), 176.

23. Choh-Luh Li, Neurological basis of pain, AJCM, 1973, JL, 66.

24. P. Toyama, M. D. and Michimasa Nishizawa, The physio¬ logic bases of acupuncture therapy, Journal of Medicine (North Carolina), May 1972, 426.

25. Shin-Ho Chung and Anthony Dickenson, Pain, enkephalin, and acupuncture, Nature, June 1980, 243.

26. Gregory Chen, Ph.D., Enkephalin, drug addiction and acupuncture, AJCM, 1977, 5., 25-30.

27. R. Cheng and B. Pomeranz, Electro-acupuncture analgesia is mediated by stereospecific opiate receptors and is revised by antagonism of type I receptors. Life Sciences, 1980, 26, 631-638.

28. Treatment of drug addiction by electro-acupuncture stim¬ ulation, Asian Journal of Medicine, 9., 138-141.

29. P. G. Bourne, Non-pharmocological approaches to the treatment of drug abuse, AJCM, 1975, 3., 235-244.

30. Chun, pp. 399-410.

31. Soon Jack Leung, Acupuncture treatment for pain syndrome, AJCM, 1972, 1, 317-326.

32. Kitade, O.M.D. and Hyado, M.D., The effects of stimulating ear acupuncture points on the body's pain threshold, AJCM, 1979, VII, 241-252.

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33* Bruce Pomeranz and Richard Cheng, Electro-acupuncture could he mediated by at least two pain-relieving mech¬ anisms: endorphins and non-endorphin systems, Life Sciences, 1979, 28, 1957-1962.

34. Ibid., pp. 1957-1962.

35. H. C. Wen et al., Immunoassayable beta endorphin level in the plasma and CSE of heroin addicted and normal subjects before and after electroacupuncture, AJCM, 1980, VIII, 154-159.

36. James Hasset, Acupuncture is proving its points, Psychology Today, December 1980, 86.

37. E. Malizia et al., Electroacupuncture and periphereal B- endorphin and ACTH levels, Lancet, Sept. 8, 1979, 578.

38. Toyama, p. 426.

39. Dr. Ying-Yi Liao et al., Effect of acupuncture on adreno¬ cortical hormone production, AJCM, 1980, VIII, 160-166.

40. E. Kubesta and H. Kucera, Acupuncture as a method of preparation in obstetrics, AJCM, 1974, _2, 283-287*

41. Toyama, p. 426.

42. Do-Chil Lee, Myang Lee, and Donald Clifford, Modification of cardiac function in dogs by acupuncture: A review, AJCM, 1976, 4, 333-346.

43. Ibid.

44. Daryl Chiu et al., A study of the mechanism of the hypo¬ tensive effect of acupuncture in the rat, AJCM, 1974, 2, 413-419.

45. Ibid.

46. Toyama, p. 426.

47. J. Sodipo, M.D. and I. M. Ealaiye, M.D., Acupuncture and gastric acid studies, AJCM, 1979, Zi 356-361.

48. Riddle, p. 295*

49. Ibid., p. 296.

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50. Tak Ho Liu and Max Sadove, Scalp needle therapy: Acu¬ puncture treatment for central nervous system disorders, A JCM, 1971, 2, 261-269.

51. Hasset, p. 82.

52. Eritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics (Boulder, Colorado, Shamhala Publishers, Inc., 197577 4-3*

53* Ibid.

54. Ibid., p. 44.

55- Ibid., p. 46.

56. Nelville Burr, Blueprint for Immortality (London, Spearman 1972), 27.

57* Niels Bohr, Atomic Physics and the Description of Nature (Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 1934), 2.

58. M. Capek, The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary Physics (Princeton, N. J. , W. Van Nostrand, 1961)~, 319-

59. Cary Zukav, The Dancing Wu Li Masters (New York City, William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1979), 28.

60. Capra, p. 124.

61. Albert Einstein, "Autobiography Notes" in Paul Schilpp's (ed.) Albert Einstein, Philosopher - Scientist (New York, N. Y., Harper and Row, 1949), 82.

62. Zukav, p. 299*

63. Ibid., p. 295*

64. Henry Stapp, The Copenhagen Interpretation and the Nature of Space - Time, American Journal of Physics, 1972, 40.

65* Capra, pp. 195-196.

66. Ibid., pp. 200-201.

67. Zukav, p. 307-

68. Max Planck, The Philosophy of Physics (New York City, Norton 1963), 83.

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69. Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy (New York City, Harper Torchbooks, 1958), 202.

70. Capra, p. 129•

71. Yin Yutang, The Wisdom of haotse (New York, N.Y., Random House, 194-8), 201.

72. Capra, 173*

73. Jahn Janheinz, Muntu: The New African Culture (New York City, Grove Press, 1961), 100-101.

74-. Zuka v, p. 40.

75* Ibid., p. 308.

76. Itzhak Bentov, Stalking the Wild Pendulum (New York, Bantum Books, 1977) , 4-7.

77* Capra, p. 201.

78. R. 0. Becker, Application of direct current neural systems to psychic phenomena, in Psychoenergetic Systems by Stanley Krippner (ed.) (New York City, Gordon and Breach, 1979), 140.

79. Burr, p. 102.

80. A. S. Pressman, Electromagnetic Pields and Life (New York City, Plenum PYess, 1970).

81. Ibid., pp. 110-140.

82. Ibid., p. 187.

83. Ibid., p. 189.

84. Ibid., p. 198.

85. Ibid., pp. 201-202.

86. Ibid., p. 202.

87* Becker, p. 140.

W. Rose Adey, Cerebral cooperativity in Punctiona1 Linkage in Biomolecular Systems, ed. by Schmidt, Schneider and Crothers (New York, Raven Press, 1975), 325-326.

88.

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89. Ibid., p. 326.

90. Becker, p. 141.

91. Ibid.

92. Pressman, pp. 249-231*

93. Burr, p. 156.

94. Pressman, p. 31.

95* Wei, Scientific Advances, p. 56.

96. Ibid.

97- M. Reichmanis, Ph.D., Andrew Morano, Ph.D. and R. 0. Becker, M.D. , D.C. skin conductance variance at acu¬ puncture loci, AJCM, 1976, 4, 69-72.

98. Y. Liu, Ph.D., M. Yarela, M.D. and R. Oswald, R.P.T., Correspondence between some motor points and acupuncture loci, AJCM, 1975, 3, 347-358.

99. M. Reichmanis, Ph.D., Andrew Morano, Ph.D. and R. 0. Becker, M.D., Laplace plane analysis of impedance on on the heart meridian, AJCM, 1979, .7, 188-194.

100. Riddle, p. 295-

101. R. 0. Becker, Electrophysiological correlates of acu¬ puncture points and meridian, in Psychoenergetic Systems, ed. by S. Krippner (hew York City, Gordon Breach, 1979), 163.

102. Ibid.

103. Pressman, p. 239.

104. Becker, p. 163.

105. Ibid., p. 162.

106. Ibid.

107. Ibid., p. 165.

108. Ibid., p. 167-

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109. rbid,

110. Ibid., p. 165.

111. Stuart R. Hameroff, Ch'i: A neural hologram, A JCM, 2, 163-170.

112. J. W. Schiffeler, Fundamental philosophical tenets found in traditional Chinese medicine, A JCM, 1980, 8, 289.

113- Manford Porkert, Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine (Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1974) , T.

114. Ibid., p. 2.

115. Ilza Veith, The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (London, University of California Press, 1949;, 17.

116. S. Mahdihassan, Indian and Chinese cosmic elements, AJCM, 1979, 7, 321.

117. Ibid., p. 317.

118. Ibid., p. 320.

119. Porkert, p. 45-

120. Ling Wei, Theoretical foundations of Chinese medicine: A modern interpretation, AJCM, 1976, 4, 361.

121. Porkert, p. 107.

122. Ibid.

123. Veith, p. 25.

124. Felix Mann, Acupuncture (New York City, Random House, 1962), 36.

125. Veith, p. 121.

126. Mann, p. 48.

127. Wei, Theoretical foundations, p. 362.

128. Ibid., pp. 361-362.

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129. Hid. , p. 362.

130. Pressman, pp. 242-243.

131. Electrical phenomena for the interpretation of Gh'i in acupuncture, AJCM, 1975, 3., 71-74.

132. Porkert, p. 106.

133. Lu Jeng Peng, Theoretical fonndations of medieval preparations of urinary derivatives, A JCM, 1976, 4, 347-354.

134. Woollerton and McLean, Acupuncture Energy in Health and Disease (Wellingborough, Northhamptonshire, Weatherby Woolnough LTD, 1979), 12.

135. Ibid.

136. Ibid., p. 13.

137. Mann, p. 151.

138. Ibid., pp. 166-171.

139. Ibid., pp. 151-152.

140. Leonard Jones, The Tibetan art of healing in Dimensions in Holistic Healing by Herber A. Otto, Ph.D. and James W. Knight, M.D. (Chicago, Ill., Nelson-Hall Inc., 1979), 472.

141. Burr, pp. 137-153*

142. Ibid.

143. Ibid., pp. 85-86.

144. Electronic device reads acupuncture meridians, Brain/ Mind Bulletin, December 14, 1981, _7, 1.

145. Jean Garney, M.D., Oriental diagnosis in stomach cancer patients, A JCM, _7, # 1, 91-99.

146. Pressman, p. 269.

147. Hawkes, Holland and Moore, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Overview, Radiography, November 1980, 253-255-

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148. Pressman, p. 270.

149. Pressman,, p. 271*

150. S. Kirlian and V. Kirlian, High frequency currents and photography, Psychoenergetic Systems, ed. hy S. Krippner, 185.

151. Ibid.

152. Wei, Scientific advances, p. 570.

153- S. Krippner and D. Rubin (eds.), The Human Aura in Acu¬ puncture and Kirlian Photography, (New York City, Gordon and Breech, 1973).

154. R. A. Straughn, Health Teachings of the Ageless Wisdom (New York City, Oracle of Thoth, 1980), 7-

155. Ibid., p. 2.

158. Prederick Newsome, M.D. , Early contributions to early history of Western medicine, Journal of National Medical Association, 1979, 71, #2, 191.

157. Ibid., pp. 191-192.

158. Ibid., p. 192.

159. Ibid., p. 191.

160. Straughn, pp. 11-12.

161. Ibid., p. 8.

162. Ibid., p. 40.

163. Newsome, p. 181.

164. Jamieson B. Hurry, Imhotep (London, Oxford University Press, 1928), 87-88.

165- Sir William Osier, Evolution of Modern Medicine (New Haven, Conn., London and London, 1921), 10.

166. R. A. Straughn, Realization of Neter Nu (New York City, Oracle of Mast, 1975), 90.

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