VEHICLE OVER SPEED DETECTION SYSTEM By EITHAR ...

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VEHICLE OVER SPEED DETECTION SYSTEM

By

EITHAR ABD ALSLAM MOHAMMED AHMED

INDEX NO. 124034

Supervisor

Prof. Mustafa Omer Nawari

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO

University of Khartoum

In partial fulfillment for the degree of

B.Sc. (HONS) in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

(Control and Instrumentation Systems)

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY

I declare this report entitled “Vehicle over speed detection system” is my own work except as cited in

references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and it is not being submitted currently in

candidature for any degree or other reward.

Signature:

Name:

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Unlimited praise for Allah for his blessing and guidance.

I would like to present my gratitude and thanks to our supervisor Prof. Mustafa Omer Nawari for his

support, motivation, patience, humility and also, problems resolving.

Also many thanks to all my colleagues for their support and help.

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ABSTRACT

WHO Statistics showed that over speeding is the main contributory factor in road crashes.

This project aims to monitor vehicles’ speed to prevent crashes occurrence and reduce the impact

when they occur, lessening the severity of injuries sustained by the victims.

The project proposes a modern and an efficient methodology for detecting and reporting illegal

speeds.

The System mainly consists of a GPS module for speed measurement and location identification,

Raspberry PI as the processing and controlling unit and A GSM module for sending infractions

to authorities’ web server.

The system alerts the driver if he exceeded the allowed speed limit. An infraction is reported

against him if he didn’t slow down within a predefined amount of time.

The infractions are sent to a central database and are displayed in a webpage.

The system was implemented in a local network, so an Ethernet cable sufficed for the

communication purpose.

The RPI controls all the other units and the overall system.

The project objectives were successfully met. More features, e.g. Google map, are suggested to

be added in future work.

Over speeding has been identified as a major cause for traffic accidents. The accidents due to

high speed result in crashes, dangerous injuries and death.

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المستخلص

تظهر إحصاءات منظمة الصحة العالمية أن السرعات العالية التي تسير بها المركبات في الطرق هي العامل الرئيسي في حوادث الطريق.

صاباتاإلما يقلل من خطورة و رصد السرعات العالية لمنع وقوع الحوادث و الحد من تأثيرها عندما تحدث م يهدف هذا المشروع لقياسو

و الخسارات في األرواح.

. ارعات غير القانونية واإلبالغ عنهويقترح المشروع منهجية حديثة وفعالة للكشف عن الس

الذي رسا المخالاات إل خادم الوي إلو وحدة وحدة معالجة و بجهازتحديد المواقع العالمي يتكون النظام أساسا من وحدة قياس السرعة

. تمتلكه الجهات المسؤولة

سرعة. يتم اإلبالغ عن مخالاة ضده إذا لم يبطئ في غضون فترة محددة مسبقا من يقوم النظام بتنبيه السائق إذا تجاوز الحد المسموح به لل

بإستخدام موصل وقد تم تنايذ النظام في شبكة محلية.يتم إرسا المخالاات إل قاعدة بيانات مركزية ويتم عرضها في صاحة وي .الزمن

. االنترنت

بل.في المستق و استخدام مخدم عالميطة جوجل الميزات، مثل خري المزيد منو سوف تضاف وقد تحققت أهداف المشروع بنجاح.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY .................................................................................................. II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...................................................................................................................... III

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... IV

V ................................................................................................................................................. المستخلص

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. XI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... XII

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Project Background ............................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Motivation ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.5 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 2

1.6 Thesis Layout ........................................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 GPS ....................................................................................................................................... 4

2.3.1 Positioning, Navigation and Timing ............................................................................. 5

2.3.2 More detailed description ............................................................................................. 6

2.3.2.1 Space Segment ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3.2.2 Control Segment. ................................................................................................... 7

2.3.2.3 User Segment ......................................................................................................... 7

2.4 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) .............................................................. 7

2.4.1 The GSM Network Parts .............................................................................................. 8

2.4.1.1 The Switching System ........................................................................................... 8

2.4.1.2 The Base Station System ....................................................................................... 8

2.4.1.3 Mobile Station ....................................................................................................... 9

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2.4.2 GSM Modem ................................................................................................................ 9

2.5 Processing and Controlling ................................................................................................. 10

2.5.1 Raspberry PI ............................................................................................................... 10

2.5.1.1 Raspberry Pi Generations .................................................................................... 10

2.5.1.2 RPI General Properties ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5.1.3 Raspberry Pi Hardware ........................................................................................ 12

2.5.1.4 External Peripherals ............................................................................................. 12

2.5.1.5 Raspberry Pi Operating System ........................................................................... 12

2.5.2 Python ......................................................................................................................... 13

2.6 Similar Papers and Researches ........................................................................................... 13

2.6.1 Detection of Over Speeding on Highways ................................................................. 13

2.6.2 Automated Over Speeding Detection and Reporting System..................................... 13

2.6.3 Car Over Speed Detector ............................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 14

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14

3.2 Initiating The Project .......................................................................................................... 14

3.3 Planning The Project ........................................................................................................... 14

3.4 System Design .................................................................................................................... 15

3.4.1 Location (GPS) ........................................................................................................... 15

3.4.1.1 Message Structure ................................................................................................ 16

3.4.2 Processing (RPI) ......................................................................................................... 17

3.4.2.1 Reporting Methodology ....................................................................................... 17

3.4.3 Communication........................................................................................................... 17

3.4.3.1 PuTTY ................................................................................................................. 19

3.4.4 Web Serving ............................................................................................................... 19

3.4.4.1 XAMPP Server .................................................................................................... 19

3.4.4.2 phpMyAdmin ....................................................................................................... 20

3.4.4.3 Web Page ............................................................................................................. 20

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ................................................ 21

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21

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4.2 System Implementation ...................................................................................................... 21

4.2.1 Hardware..................................................................................................................... 21

4.2.1.1 GPS Module ........................................................................................................ 21

4.2.1.2 GPS Antenna ....................................................................................................... 22

4.2.1.3 SMA to UFL Adapter Cable ................................................................................ 23

4.2.1.4 USB to TTL Cable ............................................................................................... 23

4.2.1.5 Ethernet Cable ..................................................................................................... 24

4.2.1.6 Raspberry Pi......................................................................................................... 24

4.2.1.7 SD Card ............................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1.8 Power Supply ....................................................................................................... 26

4.2.1.9 Buzzer ................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.2 Software ...................................................................................................................... 26

4.2.2.1 LX Terminal ........................................................................................................ 27

4.2.2.2 XAMPP ................................................................................................................ 27

4.2.2.3 PuTTY .................................................................................................................. 28

4.2.2.4 phpMyAdmin ........................................................................................................ 28

4.3 Hardware Implementation .................................................................................................. 39

4.3.1 Interfacing the GPS with the RPI ............................................................................... 29

4.3.2 System Implementation .............................................................................................. 30

4.4 Software Implementation .................................................................................................... 30

4.4.1 RPI software ............................................................................................................... 30

4.4.2 Connection to MySQL ................................................................................................ 31

4.4.3 Web Page Software..................................................................................................... 31

4.5 Testing................................................................................................................................. 31

4.5.1 RPI Testing .................................................................................................................. 31

4.5.2 Internet Connection Testing ......................................................................................... 32

4.5.2.1 USB Tethering Configurations ............................................................................. 32

4.5.3 GPS Testing ................................................................................................................. 33

4.5.4 External Antenna Testing ............................................................................................ 35

4.5.5 Buzzer Testing ............................................................................................................. 35

4.5.6 Network Testing........................................................................................................... 35

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4.5.7 System Testing ................................................................................................................ 36

4.6 Results .................................................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................ 39

5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 39

5.2 Problems and Limitations ................................................................................................... 39

5.3 Future Work ........................................................................................................................ 39

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 40

APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................................... A-1

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: GPS Positioning ..................................................................................................................5

Figure 2-2: Raspberry Pi Logo............................................................................................................ 10

Figure 2-3: Raspberry Pi 2 Model B.....................................................................................................11

Figure 3-1: Involved Technologies........................................................................................................15

Figure 3-2: Server Configuration .........................................................................................................18

Figure 4-2: Adafruit GPS ..................................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4-3: External GPS Antenna...................................................................................................... 22

Figure 4-4: SMA to UFL Adapter Cable............................................................................................. 23

Figure 4-5: USB to TTL Cable............................................................................................................. 24

Figure 4-6: Ethernet Cable................................................................................................................... 24

Figure 4-7: Raspberry Pi....................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 4-8: SD Card............................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 4-9: Power Bank......................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 4-10: Buzzer................................................................................................................................ 26

Figure 4-11: LX Terminal..................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 4-12: XAMPP............................................................................................................................. 27

Figure 4-13: PuTTY Terminal.............................................................................................................. 28

Figure 4-14: Interfacing the GPS with the RPI................................................................................... 29

Figure 4-15: GPS Readings................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 4-16: System Implementation....................................................................................................30

Figure 4-17: Pinging Google.................................................................................................................. 33

Figure 4-18: GPS Connections............................................................................................................... 34

Figure 4-19: GPS Readings.................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 4-20: Pinging the Raspberry Pi................................................................................................. 35

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Figure 4-21: Pinging the Server......................................................................................................... 36

Figure 4-22: Database......................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 4-23: Web Page........................................................................................................................ 37

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RPI Raspberry Pi

WHO World Health Organization

OS Operating system

SSH Secure Shell

SQL Structured Query Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

GPS Global Positioning System

CSS Cascading Style Sheets

GPIO General Purpose Input Output

GPSD Global Positioning System Daemon

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface

PHP Personal Home Page Tools

SD Secure Digital

IP Internet Protocol

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

USB Universal Serial Bus

NMEA National Marine Electronics

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Introduction

This chapter is intended to give the reader a general idea about the project background, problem

statement, motivations and project objectives. In addition, an overview of thesis layout will be

presented.

1.2 Problem Statement

Over speeding has been identified as a major cause for traffic accidents. The accidents due to

high speed result in crashes, dangerous injuries and death.

WHO statistics showed that in high-income countries, speed contributes to about 30% of deaths

on the road, while in some low-income and middle income countries, speed is estimated to be the

main contributory factor in about half of all road crashes.

Controlling vehicles’ speed can prevent crashes occurrence and reduce the impact when they

occur, lessening the severity of injuries sustained by the victims.

1.2.1 How does speed affect traffic collisions and injury? [1]

The higher the speed of a vehicle, the shorter the time a driver has to stop and avoid a

crash. A car travelling at 50 km/h will typically require 13 meters in which to stop, while

a car travelling at 40 km/h will stop in less than 8.5 meters.

An increase in average speed of 1 km/h typically results in a 3% higher risk of a crash

involving injury, with a 4–5% increase for crashes that result in fatalities.

Speed also contributes to the severity of the impact when a collision does occur. For car

occupants in a crash with an impact speed of 80 km/h, the likelihood of death is 20 times

what it would have been at an impact speed of 30 km/h.


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1.3 Project Background

The project aims to provide applicable knowledge of:

GPS technology and GPS tracking.

GSM technology.

Raspberry pi.

Web application.

1.4 Motivation

Solving this serious problem with a suitable and economically feasible solution.

Learning more about the Raspberry Pi; its abilities and applications.

Learning about new technologies like GPS and GSM.

Learning more about Linux OS.

Getting introduced to web serving.

1.5 Objectives

The main objectives of the project can be summarized as follows:

Designing speed monitoring system to monitor the speed of travelling buses in highways.

Alarming the driver when the speed exceeds the maximum allowed speed.

Reporting illegal speeds to central server if the driver continues with the high speed.

Designing a web site linked with google-map for tracking buses and viewing reports.

Protecting the device from tampering.

Establishing a secure connection between the web server and the tracking system.

1.6 Thesis Layout This section provides brief information about the rest of the thesis. It is organized as follows:

Chapter 2: Literature review: This chapter overviews various technologies that have been

employed in the design and implementation of vehicle over-speed detection system. It also gives

an overview about the similar systems.

Chapter 3: Methodology: This chapter describes the design of the system (the hardware

design and the software design).


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Chapter 4: Implementation and results: This chapter shows the implementation details of

the system, including a brief description of the hardware and software components. The testing

performed and the results obtained were also discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and future work: This chapter shows the conclusion of the results

obtained and discusses the future work.

References: Contains the citations indexed by numbers.

Appendix A: This appendix contains all the codes used in the project.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter overviews various technologies and techniques that have been employed for the

design and implementation of vehicle over-speed detection system. Besides, presenting the

similar researches and papers. It also aims to provide guidance through the remaining chapters.

2.2 Overview

The system consists of server side (monitoring side) and client side (vehicle). The block of the

controller (RPI) and the sensor (GPS) constitutes the link between these two ends.

The project may be divided into four main parts:

GPS.

Communication.

Processing and controlling.

Web serving

2.3 GPS

Global Positioning System or GPS is a United States space-based radio-navigation system that

helps pinpoint a three dimensional position to about a meter of accuracy (for example latitude,

longitude and altitude) and provide nanosecond precise time anywhere on Earth.


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Figure 2-1: GPS Positioning

2.3.1 Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) [2]

The term Positioning, Navigation, and Timing is commonly used to describe the services that

Global Positioning System (GPS) / Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constellations

provide, or to denote the various methods and technologies by which navigation is supported.

These words are defined as follows:

Positioning is the ability to accurately and precisely determine one's location and orientation

two-dimensionally or sometimes three-dimensionally when referenced to a standard geodetic

system such as World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) or the International Terrestrial Reference

Frame (ITRF).

Navigation is the ability to determine current and desired position (relative or absolute) and

apply corrections to course, orientation, and speed to attain a desired position anywhere around

the world, from sub-surface to surface and from surface to space.

Timing is the ability to acquire and maintain accurate and precise time from a standard

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) anywhere in the world and within user-defined parameters.

Timing also includes time transfer.

The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized satellites. The

satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the


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ground clocks. Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. In the same

manner, the satellite locations are known with great precision. GPS receivers have atomic clocks

as well. However, they are usually not synchronized with "true time", and are therefore less

stable.

GPS satellites continuously transmit data about their current time and position. A GPS receiver

monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver

and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for

it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from

satellite time).

2.3.2 More Detailed Description

Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal.

A pseudorandom code that is known to the receiver is used for modulation. By time-aligning, the

time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be found in

the receiver clock time scale.

A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS system time

scale) and the satellite position at that time.

Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite

signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four time of flight (TOF) values,

which are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite range

differences. The receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from

the four TOFs.

The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to latitude, longitude and

height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model.

The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment, a control

segment, and a user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space

and control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses

these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the

current time.


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2.3.2.1 Space Segment

A constellation of at least 24 US government satellites-to improve reliability and availability of

the system- distributed in six orbital planes inclined 55° from the equator in a Medium Earth

Orbit (MEO) at about 20,200 kilometers (12,550 miles) and circling the Earth every 12 hours.

2.3.2.2 Control Segment

Stations on Earth monitoring and maintaining the GPS satellites.

2.3.2.3 User Segment

Receivers that process the navigation signals from the GPS satellites and calculate position and

time. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of

the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and

scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service (see GPS navigation devices). In general,

GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites,

receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include

a display for providing location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described

by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.

Receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels.

Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183

protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics

Association (NMEA), references to this protocol have been compiled from public records,

allowing open source tools like gpsd to read the protocol without violating intellectual property

laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the SiRF and MTK protocols. Receivers

can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection, USB, or Bluetooth.

2.4 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) [3]

GSM is a second-generation digital mobile telephone standard used for transmitting mobile voice

and data services. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and it is the


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most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies - CDMA (Code Division

Multiple Access), GSM and TDMA. GSM digitizes and compresses voice data, then sends it

down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at

either the 900, 1800 or 1,900MHz frequency bands. It is expanded over time to include data

communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport

via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution,

or EGPRS).

GSM was initially developed as a pan-European collaboration, intended to enable mobile

roaming between member countries. As at March 2003, GSM digital wireless services were

offered in some form in over 193 countries. In June 2002, about 69% of all digital mobile

subscriptions in the world used GSM phones on GSM networks.

2.4.1 The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts: [4]

Switching System (SS)

The Base Station (BSS)

Mobile station (MS).

2.4.1.1 The Switching System (SS)

SS is very operative system in which many crucial operations are conducted. SS systems holds

five databases with in it which performs different functions. It performs call processing and

subscriber related functions. These databases from SS systems are HLR, MSC, VLR, AUC and

EIR. The MSC in cooperation with Home Location register (HLR) and Visitor location register

(VLR), take care of mobile calls and routing of phone calls. Authentication center (AUC) is

small unit which handles the security end of the system and Equipment identity register (EIR) is

another important database which holds crucial information regarding mobile equipment.

2.4.1.2 The Base Station System (BSS)

BSS has very important role in mobile communication. Base station systems are basically

outdoor units which consist of iron rods and are usually of high length. They are responsible for

connecting subscribers (MS) to mobile networks. All the communication is made in Radio

transmission. The Base station System is further divided in two systems BTS and BSC. BTS

(Base Transceiver station) handles communication using radio transmission with mobile station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDGE


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and BSC (Base station controller) creates physical link between subscriber (MS) and BTS, then

manage and controls functions of it.

2.4.1.3 Mobile Station (Subscriber)

MS consists of a mobile unit and a smart card which is also referred as a subscriber Identity

Module (SIM) card. This card fitted with the GSM Modem and gives the user more personal

mobility. The equipment itself is identified by a unique number known as the International

Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile

telecommunications that includes

High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD).

General Packet Radio System (GPRS).

Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE).

Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).

2.4.2 GSM Modem [5]

GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a

subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator

perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.

When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM

modem to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most

frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for

sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.

A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth

connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.

GSM modem is used as a generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of

the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.5G technologies GPRS and

EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.

http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/High-Speed-Circuit-Switched-Data

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GPRS

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/EDGE

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/UMTS


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To transmit data using GSM Modem, there are various methods that can be used, such as:

SMS

CSD or HSCSD

GPRS / UMTS

2.5 Processing and Controlling

2.5.1 Raspberry Pi [6]

The Raspberry Pi (short: RPi or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost credit-card sized Linux computer

which was conceived with the primary goal of teaching computer programming to children. It

was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity, with the

intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.

Figure 2-2: Raspberry Pi Logo

2.5.1.1 Raspberry Pi Generations:

The first generation is Raspberry Pi 1 Model B, followed by the simpler and

cheaper Model A.

Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+: A board with an improved design.

Raspberry Pi 2: More RAM is added.

Raspberry Pi Zero: Smaller size, reduced input/output (I/O) and general-purpose

input/output (GPIO) capabilities.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_input/output

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_input/output


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Raspberry Pi 3 Model B: Bundled with on-board WiFi, Bluetooth and USB boot

capabilities.

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B: it is the newest mainline Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi Zero W: it is identical to the Raspberry Pi Zero, but has the Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth functionality of the Raspberry Pi 3

Raspberry Pi models have either 26 pinout pins (Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B) or 40 pins.

In this project, Raspberry Pi 2 model B is used.

Figure 2-3: Raspberry Pi 2 Model B

2.5.1.2 General Properties:

All models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC), which includes

an ARM compatible central processing unit (CPU) and an on-chip graphics processing

unit (GPU, a VideoCore IV).

The Foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as

third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IOT Core, RISC OS, and specialized media center distributions.

It promotes Python and Scratch as the main programming language, with support for many other

languages. The default firmware is closed source, while an unofficial open source is available.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit#Integrated_graphics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit#Integrated_graphics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoCore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspbian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10_IoT_Core

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenELEC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source


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2.5.1.3 Raspberry Pi Hardware

The Processor: This chip is a 32 bit, 700 MHz System on a Chip, which is built on the

ARM11 architecture.

USB port: Most boards have between one and four USB slots

Ethernet port

Status LEDs: Provide visual feedback.

Analog Audio output: This is a standard 3.5mm mini analog audio jack, intended to drive

high impedance loads.

Power input: MicroUSB connector is used to supply power.

General Purpose Input and Output (GPIO) and other pins: A physical interface between

the PI and the outside world.

The Display Serial Interface (DSI) connector: This connector accepts a 15 pin flat ribbon

cable that can be used to communicate with a LCD or OLED display screen.

The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) connector

P2 and P3 headers: These two rows of headers are the JTAG testing headers for the

Broadcom chip (P2) and the LAN9512 networking chip (P3).

2.5.1.4 External Peripherals

Power supply: A microUSB adapter that can provide 5V and at least 700mA of current is

used.

An SD/microSD Card: At least 4GB, and it should be a class 4 or a higher class (up to

class 10).It is used to store the operating system and the programs.

VGA to HDMI convertor: Needed if the Raspberry Pi is connected to a screen.

2.5.1.5 Raspberry Pi Operating System

Many options are available. But most of them are Linux OS.

The install manager for Raspberry Pi is NOOBS. The OSs included with NOOBS are:

RISC OS

Pidora (Fedora Remix)

Raspbmc

Archlinux ARM

OpenELEC

Raspbian

In the project, Raspbian OS is used.


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2.5.2 Python

Python is a powerful high-level programming language for general purpose programming that is

easy to use (easy to read and write). It is created by Guido Van Rossum and first released in

1991. It is capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.

Among the several different languages available to be used with RPI, python was used in this

project for a couple of reasons. Python has a large and comprehensive standard library. Besides,

Python’s syntax is very clear, with an emphasis on readability because it uses English keywords.

2.6 Similar Papers and Researches

2.6.1 Detection of Over Speeding Vehicles on Highways[7]

The entire implementation requires an IR transmitter, an IR receiver, a control circuit and a

buzzer. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon the traffic at the

certain location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is

calculated by control circuit and displayed on seven segment displays. Moreover, if the vehicle

crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting the police.

2.6.2 Automated Over Speeding Detection and Reporting System [8] The system involves a speed gun which is used to check for over-speeding of vehicles by placing

it in the direction of moving vehicle. This involves manpower with a person holding the gun. If

over-speeding is detected, the person informs the Toll where the vehicle can be charged.

2.6.3 Car Over speed Detector [9]

This project consists of two pairs of transmitter-receiver. A microcontroller calculates the speed

(displacement/time). If the speed exceeds the particular limit the buzzer buzzes.

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY

1


14

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter illustrates the phases that the project has gone through, beginning with the initiation

phase, planning, design and concluding with the implementation procedures.

3.2 Initiating the project

The project idea was proposed by the Nile Center for technology researches and an approval

from the department was obtained. The planning for the project started in January 2017 and the

final project form was agreed on with the supervisor.

3.3 Planning the project

After the project approval, a comprehensive plan was set up.

The required components were specified.

The project was divided into small modules. The technologies to be used were stated and the

learning process started.


15

Figure 3-1: Involved Technologies

3.4 System Design

The design of the system has passed through several steps; each one took a specified amount of

time to be completed.

The system is formed of four units:

1. Location (GPS).

2. Processing (RPI).

3. Communication unit.

4. Web serving and Maps.

Each unit will be explained next in details.

3.4.1 Location (GPS)

The purpose of this module is to acquire the speed, location of the vehicle and record the time of

data acquisition


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The data is sent in standardized protocol called NMEA which is developed for communication

between electronic marine instruments. It uses a simple ASCII, serial communications protocol.

Data is transmitted in the form of "sentences".

3.4.1.1 Message Structure

The NMEA sentence starts with $, followed by two characters identifying the talker and three

others identifying the type of the message. Then the data field is followed by an asterisk if a

checksum is supplied.

NMEA sentence structure

The GPS receiver performs a two-dimensional sequential search process for satellite signals. It

looks for at least four visible satellites. A LED blinks at about 1 Hz while it's searching for

satellites and blinks once every 15 seconds when a fix is found.

The measurements must be taken under a clear view of the sky and in area that doesn't contain

tall buildings which block the signal, however this is not the case in highways.


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3.4.2 Processing (RPI)

The RPI continuously checks the value of the speed, if it was above the allowed limit (80 km/h

in Sudan) the buzzer's pin is derived high to warn the driver. If the driver didn't slow down

within 7 seconds, the infraction is reported.

3.4.2.1 Reporting Methodology

A message contains the plate number, location, speed value, date and time of the infraction is

stored in the database and then sent to the web server.

The infraction is displayed in the web page-the monitoring side- and the driver is charged later.

Sometimes, due to various causes, the network signal may become poor, that's why the

information is stored in the database so it can be sent when the signal is strong again.

Also the accumulation of data allows statistical analysis to be carried out which plays an

important role in stating policies and any other decisions by the responsible authorities.

3.4.3 Communication

A network is established to allow the Raspberry Pi to connect with a server through Ethernet

cable. The RPI represents the client-side and the laptop represents the server-side.

To transfer the data from the Raspberry Pi to the server, both of them were given static IPs.


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Figure 3-2: Server Configuration

Client Configurations:

Firstly, SSH is enabled by the following command:

sudo raspi-config

Interfacing options window is displayed from which SSH is enabled.

Then the interface file is edited to set the network configuration:

sudo nano/etc/network/interfaces

A static IP is set. It must be of the same class and gateway of the server.

The bind-address in MySQL configuration file should be edited to allow the Raspberry Pi to

connect to the MySQL database.

The configuration file is found in

.\xampp\mysql\bin\my.ini.

Bind-address parameter is changed to 0.0.0.0.

(The default value is 127.0.0.1, which allows only the local computer to connect).


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For auto start of the system, the executable python program is added to the boot.

Commands:

sudo bash #switching for root to have administrator privilages

chmod +x code.py #Make the file executable

nano /etc/rc.local

The execution file is added to the boot by adding

/home/pi/file.py

in the startup

3.4.3.1 PuTTY

It is a free implementation of SSH and Telnet for Windows and UNIX platforms, along with an

Xterm terminal emulator, serial console and network file transfer application.

3.4.4 Web Serving

3.4.4.1 XAMPP Server

XAMPP: Cross-Platform, Apache HTTP Server, MySQL, PHP and Perl.

Cross Platform means it works equally well on Linux, Mac and Windows.

It is a development environment that contains Apache server, MariaDB database, PHP, and Perl

interpreters. It is an open source package.

Apache

It is a free and open-source cross-platform web server software.

MySQL

It is an open source relational database management system (database server). MySQL is a

central component of the XAMPP web application software stack.


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PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. It is a widely used open source general purpose scripting

language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTMLP

3.4.4.2 phpMyAdmin

It is a free and open source tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of MySQL

with the use of a web browser. It can perform various tasks such as creating, modifying or

deleting databases, tables, fields or rows, executing SQL statements, or managing users and

permissions.

3.4.4.3 Web Page

Main building components are HTML and CSS.

HTML

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. It is the standard markup language for creating web pages

and web applications. It is used to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into

visual or audible web pages.

CSS

CSS: Cascading Style Sheets. It is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a

document written in HTML. It describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper,

in speech, or on other media.


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CHAPTER FOUR IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

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CHAPTER FOUR

IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter shows the implementation details of the vehicle over speed detection system,

including a brief description of the hardware components and software tools.

Also, the results are displayed and discussed. Moreover, the challenges we have faced during the

implementation phase are represented.

4.2 System Implementation

The system can be divided into two main parts: hardware and software.

4.2.1 Hardware

4.2.1.1 GPS Module:

Among the available technologies to be used in measuring the speed of the vehicles, the GPS

technology was chosen due to a major reason. It provides multiple and accurate data items,

including the speed, location, date and time, which are the pieces of information we are

interested in. Other technologies, for example IR sensor based systems, require separate

components for measuring each of the three data items.

In this project, Adafruit Ultimate GPS is used. This one was certainly chosen according to

restricted specifications:

Low Power consumption. It can be powered by the Raspberry Pi, i.e. no external power

source is needed.

Accurate speed readings.

Readings are updated every few seconds (every 2 seconds)

Acceptable fault range (less than 100 meters)


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Figure 4-2: Adafruit GPS

4.2.1.2 GPS Antenna

An additional antenna was needed to strengthen the signal coming from the satellites in order to

make the GPS find a fix in a small time. This antenna draws about 10mA and gives an additional

28 dB of gain.

Figure 4-3: External GPS Antenna


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4.2.1.3 SMA to UFL Adapter Cable

This cable was used to connect the GPS with the GPS antenna.

Figure 4-4: SMA to UFL Adapter Cable

4.2.1.4 USB to TTL Cable

This cable was used to connect the RPI with the GPS. Inside the USB plug there is a USB to

Serial conversion chip and at the end of the 36 cable there are four wires as shown below:

Red power: provides the 5V – 500mA direct from the USB port.

Black: ground

White: RX into USB port. It provides 3.3V

Green: TX out of the USB port. It provides 3.3V


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Figure 4-5: USB to TTL Cable

4.2.1.5 Ethernet Cable

This cable was used to connect the Raspberry Pi with the server.

Figure 4-6: Ethernet Cable

4.2.1.6 Raspberry Pi

RPI 2 Model B was chosen to be the processing and controlling unit of the project since it

satisfies the required specifications. It has 512 MB RAM, two USB ports, a 10/100 Mbps


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Ethernet.

Figure 4-7: Raspberry Pi

4.2.1.7 SD Card

It is used to store the operating system and programs. The Raspberry Pi should work with any

compatible SD card, although there are some guidelines that should be followed:

SD card size:

For installation of NOOBS, the minimum recommended card size is 8GB.

SD card class:

The card class determines the write speed for the card; a class 4 card will be able to write at

4MB/s, whereas a class 10 card will be able to write at 10MB/s.

In this project 16 GB, class 10 micro SD card with adapter is used.

Figure 4-8: SD Card


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4.2.1.8 Power Supply

In our system a LINDO power bank model 310 with capacity of 80000mAh 29.6 Wh and output

5V -2A was used to supply the Raspberry Pi with the required power.

In the real implementation the device will be powered from the vehicle battery.

Figure 4-9: Power Bank

4.2.1.9 Buzzer

An electric buzzer was used to alarm the driver when he exceeds the speed limit. It operates in

the range of (3-24) V.

Figure 4-10: Buzzer

4.2.2 Software

There are many software tools used in this project. Some of them are listed below:


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4.2.2.1 LX Terminal

This terminal allows a user to directly manipulate his system (in this case RPI) through

commands and scripts.

Figure 4-11: LX Terminal

4.2.2.2 XAMPP

XAMPP was used to create a local web server for testing and deployment purposes (Local

Hosting).

Figure 4-12: XAMPP


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4.2.2.3 PuTTY

PUTTY is a terminal emulator for the Raspberry Pi. It was used to operate the RPI headless

without a need for a monitor.

Figure 4-13: PuTTY Terminal

4.2.2.4 phpMyAdmin

It is used for the administration of MySQL database with the use of a web browser.


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4.3 Hardware implementation

4.3.1 Interfacing the GPS with the RPI

The GPS was connected with the RPI using USB to TTL cable. The GPSD understands the GPS

message and can make use of it. Figure 14-4 shows the connection between the GPS and the

RPI.

Figure 4-14: Interfacing the GPS with the RPI

Figure 4-15: GPS Readings


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4.3.2 System Implementation

Figure 4-16: System Implementation

4.4 Software Implementation

The software implementation process was divided into three parts:

4.4.1 RPI Software

This is the code which converts the GPS readings into raw text, stores them in a database server

and controls the operation of the whole system.

It was written using Python programming language through Python IDLE which is already

provided in Raspbian; the RPI operating system.


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4.4.2 Connection to MySQL

This code inserts the acquired data from the client into the database server.

4.4.3 Web Page Software

A free template was customized and edited. Some libraries were installed, e.g, Bootstrap, to

support additional features.

It worth mentioning that the main libraries needed in the project are:

GPSD

Python MySQLdb

MySQL Server

Open SSH Server

4.5 Testing

Each unit was tested separately to ensure it has a proper response.

4.5.1 RPI Testing:

Raspbian OS was installed on a SD card. The card was inserted into the RPI and the latter was

connected to the power supply. The status LEDs lighted indicating that there is no failure or fault

with the chip.


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The RPI was connected to a screen with a VGA to HDMI converter to ensure that the OS was

successfully installed.

4.5.2 Internet Connection Testing:

Internet access was needed to download the required libraries.

The RPI model we are using doesn't support WiFi. So USB tethering feature was used instead.

4.5.2.1 USB tethering configurations are as following:

1. Booting Raspberry Pi

2. In the startup screen the following command is entered to open the file “interfaces”

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

3. The line “iface usb0 inet dhcp” is added below the following lines


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auto eth0

iface eth0 inet dhcp

4. The file is saved

5. Rebooting Raspberry Pi by executing the command

sudo reboot

To test the internet access, a ping request to google was issued and a reply is received indicating

successful connection.

Figure 4-17: Pinging Google

4.5.3 GPS Testing:

The GPSD library was installed then the GPS was wired to the Raspberry Pi.


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Figure 4-18: GPS Connections

The GPS readings were checked with the following command:

cgps -s

Figure 4-19: GPS Readings


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The readings were reasonable.

4.5.4 External Antenna Testing:

After adding it to the system it took it a little time to find a fix and the signal was stable.

4.5.5 Buzzer Testing

It was connected with +3.3 V and ground. It beeped.

4.5.6 Network Testing

A local network containing the RPI and the laptop was established. Ping command was used to

test the communication between the network devices.

At first, no reply was received. After a lot of search and trials the cause of the problem was

determined. It turned out that the windows firewall is configured to block the ping request. The

problem was solved by reconfiguring the firewall and setting the bind address to 0.0.0.0 instead

of 127.0.0.1

Pinging the Raspberry Pi

Figure 4-20: Pinging the Raspberry Pi


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Pinging the laptop

Figure 4-21: Pinging the Server

4.5.6 System Testing

The system was developed till completion and tested on a moving car. The results were accurate

and all the required outputs were met. No modifications were needed.

The speed limit was set to 10 Km/h for testing purposes due to the traffic congestion.

4.6 Results

The results of the final implementation are:

The speed was measured accurately; GPS speed readings matched the car’s speedometer

readings.

Speeds above the specified limit were successfully reported after the buzzer alarmed the

driver.


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The database and webpage were continuously updated without realizable amount of

delay.

Figure 4-22: Database


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Figure 4-23: Web Page


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CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

39

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion

The main objective of the project, which is the design and implementation of vehicle over-speed

detection system has been achieved successfully, the project status can be elaborated as follows:

The system can measure the speed of a vehicle accurately. If the speed exceeded the

allowed limit, the driver is alarmed and given a chance to slow down.

If the driver didn't slow down within the specified time, an infraction is reported.

A web page is designed from which the authorities can get access to the list of over

speeding infractions.

5.2 Problems and Limitations

The GPS was sensitive to weather variations. It needs a clear sky.

The system is implemented on a local host due to the expensive fees required to rent a

server

5.3 Future Work

Using global domain and online hosting.

Adding more features to the system, e.g., connecting it with google map for location

identification.

Guarantee secure connections.

Manufacturing a product that is well-packed and protected from tampering


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1

40

References

[1] WHO, “Road safety- Speed,” p. 2, 2004.

[2] T. Mai, “National,” 2015.

[3] M. Rouse, “What is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)? - Definition from

WhatIs.com.” [Online]. Available:

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM.

[4] “GSM @ searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com.”

[5] “GSM Modem” [Online]. Available: https://www.nowsms.com/faq/what-is-a-gsm-

modem. [Accessed: 01-Sep-2017].

[6] “Raspberry Pi” [Online]. Available: https://elinux.org/RPi_Hub. [Accessed: 01-Sep-

2017].

[7] “Monika Jain1, Praveen Kumar2, Priya Singh “Detection of Over Speeding Vehicles on

Highways,” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 613–619, 2015.

[8] “Automated Over Speeding Detection and Reporting System” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 613–619, 2015.

[9] “http://www.projecttopics.info/Embedded/Car-Overspeed-Detector.php”

[10] https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-ultimate-gps-on-the-raspberry-pi

http://www.projecttopics.info/Embedded/Car-Overspeed-Detector.php

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APPENDIX A

Vehicle Over Speed Detection System Codes

A-1 RPI Code:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import os

from gps import *

import MySQLdb as mdb

import time

import threading

db = MySQLdb.connect(host="168.254.130.134",user="root",passwd="root",db="reports")

cur = db.cursor()

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)

gpsd = None #seting the global variable

os.system('clear') #clear the terminal (optional)

class GpsPoller(threading.Thread):

def __init__(self):

threading.Thread.__init__(self)

global gpsd #bring it in scop

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gpsd = gps(mode=WATCH_ENABLE) #starting the stream of info

self.current_value = None

self.running = True #setting the thread running to true

def run(self):

global gpsd

while gpsp.running:

gpsd.next() #this will continue to loop and grab EACH set of gpsd info to clear the buffer

if __name__ == '__main__':

gpsp = GpsPoller() # create the thread

try:

gpsp.start() # start it up

while True:

#It may take a second or two to get good data

os.system('clear')

print 'speed (m/s) ' , gpsd.fix.speed

speed= gpsd.fix.speed

if speed >= 80:

GPIO.setup(11,GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.output(11,GPIO.HIGH)

time.sleep(7)

GPIO.output(11,GPIO.LOW)

if speed >= 80:

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cur.execute("insert into company(plate,speed) values (%s,%s)",('1',str(speed)))

cur = db.cursor()

db.commit()

except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit): #when you press ctrl+c

print "\nKilling Thread..."

gpsp.running = False

gpsp.join() # wait for the thread to finish what it's doing

print "Done.\nExiting."

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A-2Web page Code

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="utf-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">

<meta name="description" content="">

<meta name="author" content="">

<title>Bare - Start Bootstrap Template</title>



<link href="vendor/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

<link rel="stylesheet"

href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

<script

src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>



<style>

body {

padding-top: 54px;

}

@media (min-width: 992px) {

body {

padding-top: 56px;

}

}

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</style>

</head>

<body>

<body>

<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<table class="table">

<thead>

<tr>

<th>Plate Number</th>

<th>Speed</th>

<th>Date & Time</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<tr>

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "reports";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username,

$password, $dbname);

// Check connection

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if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn-

>connect_error);

}

$sql = "SELECT * FROM company";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

?>

<?php

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

echo "<tr>";

echo "<td>".$row['plate']."</td>";

echo "<td>".$row['speed']."</td>";

echo "<td>".$row['time']."</td>";

echo "</tr>";

}

?>

</tr>

</tbody>

</table>

</div>

</div>

</body>

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<script src="vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>

<script src="vendor/popper/popper.min.js"></script>

<script src="vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

</body>

</html>

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