User survey conducted at the Medical Library of the University of Limburg at Maastricht

26

Transcript of User survey conducted at the Medical Library of the University of Limburg at Maastricht

��

����

����

����

���������

V���$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV���,�ZLVK�WR�DFNQRZOHGJH�WKH�KHOS�DQG�VXSSRUW�,�KDYH�KDG�LQ�SODQQLQJ��FDUU\LQJ�RXW�DQG�UHSRUWLQJ�WKLV�VXUYH\�IURP�5RHO�7LOO\��P\�VXSHUYLVRU��DQG�IURP�3HWHU�1LHVWHQ��)RQV�YDQ�GHQ�(HFNKRXW�DQG�7UXG\�0HLMHUV��VHQLRU�OLEUDULDQV�DW�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\��/LEUDU\��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ��,�ZLVK�WR�WKDQN�DOVR�-HURHQ�WHQ�+DDI�DQG�7RQ\�%HDUG��RI�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�1RUWK�/RQGRQ��IRU�WKHLU�FRQVWUXFWLYH�FULWLFLVPV�DQG�LGHDV��0DULH�/RXLVH�.QROV�IRU�KHU�KHOS�LQ�VHDUFKLQJ�RQOLQH�IRU�UHOHYDQW�OLWHUDWXUH��6DQGUD�(KUHQV�IRU�KHU�KHOS�ZLWK�WUDQVODWLRQV�DQG�IRU�EHLQJ�ZLOOLQJ�WR�FDUU\�RQ�ZLWK��SKDVH�WZR���/HQ\�&DULV�IRU�KHU�LQYDOXDEOH�KHOS�DQG�SDWLHQFH�LQ�JHWWLQJ�WKLV�UHSRUW�LQWR�D�SUHVHQWDEOH�IRUP��WKH�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�ORDQV�GHSDUWPHQW�ZKR�KDYH�SXW�XS�ZLWK�PH�LQIHVWLQJ�WKHLU�RIILFH�IRU�WKUHH�PRQWKV�DQG�ZKR�KDYH�SURGXFHG�QXPHURXV�GRFXPHQWV�IRU�PH�ZLWK�SURPSWQHVV�DQG�HIILFLHQF\��DQG��ODVW�EXW�QRW�OHDVW���DOO�WKRVH�VXUYH\�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZKR�KDYH�WDNHQ�WKH�WLPH�DQG�WURXEOH�WR�GLVFXVV�IDLUO\�DEVWUXVH�PDWWHUV�ZLWK�PH�LQ�(QJOLVK�DQG�ZKR�KDYH�DGGHG�PXFK�WR�P\�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�PHGLFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�XVH�DQG�RI�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDULDQVKLS����

&RQWHQWV���,QWURGXFWLRQ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������%DFNJURXQG��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������/LEUDU\� � � � � � � � ������3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ������������������������������������������������������������������������������8VHU�HGXFDWLRQ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3UHYLRXV�VXUYH\V�DQG�UHVHDUFK������������������������������������������������������������������6FRSH�� � � � � � � � ������������� � ��/LWHUDWXUH�UHYLHZ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������0HWKRGRORJ\���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5HVXOWV�������0HGLFDO�VWXGHQWV������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������+HDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV�� � � � � � ���������������)DFXOW\�PHPEHUV������������� � � � � � ���������� ��$�QRWH�RQ�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV���&RQFOXVLRQV����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3DUWLFXODU�LVVXHV�IRU�SKDVH�WZR�RI�WKH�VXUYH\�� � � �����������������2WKHU�SRVVLEOH�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�IRU�WKH�OLEUDU\��������������������������������������������������$SSHQGLFHV������/LVW�RI�DFDGHPLF�VWDII�LQWHUYLHZHG����������������������������������������������������������������6WXGHQW�LQWHUYLHZ�VFKHGXOH��UHYLVHG�����������������������������������������������������������)DFXOW\�LQWHUYLHZ�VFKHGXOH������������������������������������������������������������������������1RWHV� � � � � � � � ������������

,QWURGXFWLRQ���7KH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ��5LMNVXQLYHUVLWHLW�/LPEXUJ� �58��LV�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV�PRVW�UHFHQWO\�IRXQGHG�XQLYHUVLW\��7KH�PHGLFDO�VFKRRO��QRZ�)DFXOWHLW�GHU�*HQHHVNXQGH� �)G*��ZDV�HVWDEOLVKHG�LQ�������WKH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�IDFXOW\��)DFXOWHLW�GHU�*H]RQGKHLGV�ZHWHQVFKDSSHQ� �)G*:��LQ�������7KH�SUHVHQW�PHGLFDO�OLEUDU\�RSHQHG�LQ�-XQH������DV�SDUW�RI�WKH�QHZ�XQLYHUVLW\�KRVSLWDO��$FDGHPLVFK�=LHNHQKXLV�0DDVWULFKW� �$=0��FRPSOH[��,W�VHUYHV�SULPDULO\�WKH�QHHGV�RI�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\��DOWKRXJK�DFFHVV�LV�SHUPLWWHG�WR�QRQ�XQLYHUVLW\�DIILOLDWHG�SHUVRQQHO�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$=0��7KH�KRVSLWDO�LV�VLWXDWHG�LQ�WKH�HDVWHUQ�KDOI�RI�WKH�FLW\�LQ�D�QHZO\�GHYHORSLQJ�FRPPHUFLDO�DQG�LQGXVWULDO�DUHD�ZLWK�YHU\�IHZ�ORFDO�DPHQLWLHV��,W�DGMRLQV�D�EXV\�GXDO�FDUULDJHZD\�DQG�KHDYLO\�XVHG�UDLOZD\�OLQH����7KURXJKRXW�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\�D�UHODWLYHO\�QRYHO�WHDFKLQJ�DSSURDFK�LV�HPSOR\HG��NQRZQ�DV�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��3%8��LPSRUWHG�RULJLQDOO\�IURP�0F0DVWHU�8QLYHUVLW\�LQ�&DQDGD��7KH�PHGLFDO�FXUULFXOXP�LV�D�VL[�\HDU�SURJUDPPH��7KH�ILUVW�IRXU�\HDUV�DUH�GHYRWHG�WR�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�GLVHDVH�PHFKDQLVPV��WKH�ILQDO�WZR�\HDUV�DUH�IRFXVHG�RQ�FOLQLFDO�WUDLQLQJ��7KH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�FRXUVHV�DUH�RI�WKH�QRUPDO�IRXU�\HDUV�GXUDWLRQ��$�ODUJH�QXPEHU�RI�VSHFLDOLVPV�DUH�UHSUHVHQWHG��)ROORZLQJ�D�FRPPRQ�ILUVW�\HDU��NQRZQ�DV�WKH�SURSDHGHXVH��VWXGHQWV�GLYLGH�LQWR�WKUHH�VWUHDPV��EHKDYLRXUDO�VFLHQFH��DSSOLHG�VRFLDO�VFLHQFH��ZKLFK�LQFOXGHV�WKRVH�ZKR�ZLOO�XOWLPDWHO\�VSHFLDOLVHG�LQ�QXUVLQJ�VFLHQFH��KHDOWK�SROLF\�DQG�PDQDJHPHQW��DQG�KHDOWK�SKLORVRSK\�DQG�HWKLFV��DQG�ELRORJLFDO�VFLHQFHV��7KH�LPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�3%/�IRU�WKH�OLEUDU\�DUH�GLVFXVVHG�IXUWKHU�EHORZ��S��������7KH�QHZ�OLEUDU\�LV�VLWXDWHG�ZLWKLQ�D�VHPLFLUFXODU�EXLOGLQJ�DQG�RFFXSLHV�IRXU�IORRUV��VHH�SODQ�DSSHQGHG���,W�RFFXSLHV�D�WKLFN�DUF�DURXQG�WKH�RXWHU�HGJH��WKH�FRUH�RI�WKH�VHPLFLUFOH�LV�RFFXSLHG�IURP�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�XS�E\�D�ODUJH�VQDFN�EDU�UHIHFWRU\��7KH�WZR�DUH�VHSDUDWHG�E\�FOHDU�JODVV��7KH�WHPSHUDWXUH�DQG�YHQWLODWLRQ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�DUH�FOLPDWH�FRQWUROOHG��$�FORVHG�VWDFN��FRQWDLQLQJ�ROGHU�PRQRJUDSKV�DQG�DOO�ERXQG�MRXUQDO�YROXPHV�SUHYLRXV�WR�������RFFXSLHV�WKH�JURXQG�IORRU��7KH�PDLQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�LV�RQ�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU��DQG�FRQWDLQV�WKH�UHIHUHQFH�FROOHFWLRQ��SULQWHG�ELEOLRJUDSKLHV��&'�520�WHUPLQDOV��ORDQ�ERRN�VWRFN��FXUUHQW�MRXUQDOV��DQG�ERXQG�MRXUQDOV�IURP������RQZDUGV��23$&�WHUPLQDOV�DUH�VLWXDWHG�KHUH�DQG�RQ�WKH�IORRU�DERYH��7KH�ORDQV�GHVN�DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�GHVN�DUH�VLWXDWHG�FHQWUDOO\�QHDU�WKH�HQWUDQFH�DQG�H[LW��ZLWK�D�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�DUHD�DGMDFHQW��QHLWKHU�LV�HQFORVHG��7KH�XSSHU�WZR�IORRUV�DUH�JLYHQ�RYHU�WR�D�SDUWLFXODU�IRUP�RI�OLEUDU\�SURYLVLRQ�ZKLFK�UHODWHV�FORVHO\�WR�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�YHUVLRQ�RI�3%/��NQRZQ�LQ�'XWFK�DV�WKH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS���7KHUH�LV�QR�VDWLVIDFWRU\�(QJOLVK�WUDQVODWLRQ�RI�WKLV�WHUP��WKH�SKUDVH�XVXDOO\�JLYHQ�DV�WKH�(QJOLVK�HTXLYDOHQW��OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFH�FHQWUH��LV�LQ�RUGLQDU\�XVDJH�PHUHO\�D�V\QRQ\P�IRU�PXOWL�PHGLD�OLEUDU\�DQG�IDLOV�WR�FRQYH\�WKH�SDUWLFXODU�VLJQLILFDQFH�RI�WKH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS�ZLWKLQ�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�3%/�V\VWHP��,�IUHTXHQWO\�IRXQG�P\VHOI�XVLQJ�LQ�FRQYHUVDWLRQ�WKH�OLWHUDO�WUDQVODWLRQ�³VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH´��WKH�DEEUHYLDWLRQ�6/�LV�XVHG�LQ�WKLV�UHSRUW���,W�FRQVLVWV�RI����D�VHSDUDWH�UHIHUHQFH�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�PXOWLSOH�FRSLHV�RI�WH[WERRNV�DQG�RWKHU�ERRNV�PRVWO\�IRU�XQGHUJUDGXDWH�XVH��FODVVLILHG��OLNH�WKH�VWRFN�LQ�WKH�PDLQ�OLEUDU\��DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�/&�V\VWHP�����DQ�DXGLRYLVXDO�UHVRXUFH�DUHD��$9�UXLPWH���VHUYHG�E\�WZR�VSHFLDOLVW�VWDII�����DQ�DQDWRP\�DUHD��DQDWRPLH�UXLPWH���ZKHUH�DQDWRPLFDO�DWODVHV�DQG�PRGHOV�DUH�DYDLODEOH��DQG����D�FRPSXWHU�DVVLVWHG�OHDUQLQJ�DUHD��FRPSXWHUUXLPWH����7KLV�LV�UXQ�E\�DQRWKHU�VSHFLDOLVW��DOWKRXJK�LW�LV�KRXVHG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��LW�LV�RXWVLGH�LWV�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�VFRSH�DQG�LV�QRW�FRQVLGHUHG�IXUWKHU�KHUH���7KH�QHZ�OLEUDU\�EURXJKW�WRJHWKHU�UHVRXUFHV�ZKLFK�KDG�SUHYLRXVO\�EHHQ�GLVWULEXWHG�EHWZHHQ�D�QXPEHU�RI�VLWHV��+HDOWK�VFLHQFHV�PDWHULDO�KDG�EHHQ�KRXVHG�ZLWKLQ�ZKDW�LV�QRZ�WKH�)DFXOWHLWHQ���EXLOGLQJ�DW�3HWHU�'HE\HSOHLQ�RSSRVLWH�WKH�KRVSLWDO�HQWUDQFH��ZKLOH�WKH�PHGLFDO�FROOHFWLRQ�ZDV�KHOG�DW�WKH�ROG�XQLYHUVLW\�KRVSLWDO�VLWH�DW�6W��$QQDGDO��7KLV�LWVHOI�UHSUHVHQWHG�DQ�DPDOJDPDWLRQ�RI�WZR�HDUOLHU�VHSDUDWH�SUH�FOLQLFDO�DQG�FOLQLFDO�OLEUDULHV��7KHUH�ZDV�DOVR��DQG�VWLOO�UHPDLQV��D�VHSDUDWH�SV\FKLDWU\�OLEUDU\�DW�WKH�9LMYHUGDO�PHQWDO�KRVSLWDO��6RPH�RI�WKH�LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\�GHSDUWPHQWV��VXFK�DV�KHDOWK�HFRQRPLFV�DQG�PHGLFDO�VRFLRORJ\��QHHG�WR�XVH�PDWHULDO�ZKLFK�LV�KHOG�DW�%RQQHIDQWHQ��WKH�RWKHU�XQLYHUVLW\�OLEUDU\�VLWH�LQ�WKH�FHQWUH�RI�WRZQ��WKLV�FDQ�EH�UHDFKHG�ZLWKLQ�KDOI�DQ�KRXU�E\�ELF\FOH��EXW�LV�QRW�FRQYHQLHQW�RI�DFFHVV�E\�FDU�RU�E\�SXEOLF�WUDQVSRUW�����7KHUH�LV�QR�FDUG�FDWDORJXH��WKH�HQWLUH�XQLYHUVLW\�FROOHFWLRQ��DSDUW�IURP�WKDW�RI�WKH�-HVXLW�OLEUDU\��LV�FDWDORJXHG�RQOLQH��7KH�23$&�LQFOXGHV�IDFLOLWLHV�IRU�VHDUFKLQJ�E\�VXEMHFW�NH\ZRUG�DV�ZHOO�DV�E\�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�FRGH��KRZHYHU�WKHUH�LV�QR�RQ�VFUHHQ�VXEMHFW�LQGH[�DQG�UHIHUHQFH�KDV�WR�EH�PDGH�WR�IROGHUV��NHSW�EHKLQG�WKH�UHIHUHQFH�GHVN��ZKLFK�SURYLGH�UHIHUHQFHV�IURP�NH\ZRUGV�WR�VXEMHFW�FRGHV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ�WKH�23$&�SURYLGHV�DFFHVV�WR�WKH�5HJLRQDOH�&DWDORJXV�/LPEXUJ��FRYHULQJ�OLEUDULHV�RI�RWKHU�HGXFDWLRQDO�LQVWLWXWLRQV�LQ�WKH�DUHD��DOVR�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�6WDGVELEOLRWKHHN��DQG�WR�WKH�FDWDORJXHV�RI�RWKHU�VHOHFWHG�OLEUDULHV��PRVWO\�XQLYHUVLW\�OLEUDULHV��7KHUH�DUH�VHSDUDWH�VHFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\�FDWDORJXH�IRU�DXGLRYLVXDO�PDWHULDOV��WKHVHV�DQG�VHWV�RI�VWDWXWHV��ZHWVHWV�����

7KH�OLEUDU\�UHFHLYHV�D�EXGJHWDU\�DOORFDWLRQ�IURP�WKH�IDFXOWLHV�IRU�WR�FRYHU�DOO�FRVWV�RWKHU�WKDQ�DFFRPPRGDWLRQ�DQG�VWDII��7KH�WRWDO�DPRXQW�LV�LQGH[HG��DOEHLW�LQDGHTXDWHO\��IURP�\HDU�WR�\HDU�WR�DOORZ�IRU�LQIODWLRQ��5HVSRQVLELOLW\�IRU�ERRN�RUGHULQJ�LV�GLYLGHG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWV�DQG�WKH��:,'���DFDGHPLF�VXEMHFW�OLEUDULDQV��VHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\��HDFK�GHSDUWPHQW�LV�DOORZHG�WR�RUGHU�WZHQW\�ILYH�ERRNV�D�\HDU�IURP�D�WRWDO�DOORFDWLRQ�RI�WKLUW\��ZKLOH�:,'�RUGHUV�WKH�UHPDLQLQJ�ILYH��-RXUQDO�DOORFDWLRQV��ZLWK�D�QXPEHU�RI�H[FHSWLRQV��DUH�GLYLGHG�HTXDOO\�EHWZHHQ�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWV��7KHUH�LV�QR�DJUHHG�ZULWWHQ�DFTXLVLWLRQV�SROLF\����7KH�OLEUDU\�KDV�WKUHH�&'�520�WHUPLQDOV�SURYLGLQJ�QHWZRUNHG�DFFHVV�WR�0('/O1(��([FHUSWD�0HGLFD��3V\F/O7��(5,&��&XUUHQW�&RQWHQWV��DQG�6FLHQFH�&LWDWLRQ�,QGH[��7KHVH�DUH�KHDYLO\�XVHG�GXULQJ�WKH�DFDGHPLF�\HDU��D�UHVHUYDWLRQ�V\VWHP�LV�LQ�IRUFH��7XWRULDOV�IRU�0('/O1(��3V\F/L7�DQG�(5,&�DUH�DYDLODEOH�RQ�WKHVH�WHUPLQDOV�EXW�QRW�HOVHZKHUH�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��D�IORSS\�GLVF�FRQWDLQLQJ�WKH�0('/,1(�WXWRULDO�FDQ�EH�SXUFKDVHG�E\�VWXGHQWV�IRU�I�����������$�UHVHDUFK�QHWZRUN��0$$61(7��ZDV�VHW�XS�LQ�������1RW�DOO�LQGLYLGXDO�DFDGHPLFV�\HW�KDYH�LW��DQG��IRU�UHDVRQV�RI�FRPSXWHU�VHFXULW\��IHDUV�DERXW�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�KDFNLQJ�LQWR�KRVSLWDO�UHFRUGV��LW�KDV�QRW�EHHQ�PDGH�DYDLODEOH�WR�WKH�FOLQLFDO�GHSDUWPHQWV��,W�LQFRUSRUDWHV�D�QXPEHU�RI�SRZHUIXO�ELEOLRJUDSKLF�IDFLOLWLHV��LQ�DGGLWLRQ�WR�WKH�OLEUDU\�23$&��WKHVH�LQFOXGH�DFFHVV�WR�/&�UHFRUGV�DQG�WR�D�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�(XURSHDQ�DQG�1RUWK�$PHULFDQ�OLEUDU\�FDWDORJXHV��ZLWK�FRQQHFWLRQV�SRVVLEOH�WR�D�QXPEHU�RI�RWKHU�VHUYLFHV�VXFK�DV�%/$,6(�/,1(��7KHUH�LV�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�&'�520�QHWZRUN�DFFHVV�EHLQJ�SURYLGHG�RQ�WKH�V\VWHP�LQ�WKH�QHDU�IXWXUH����%DFNDURXQG������/LEUDUY���7KH�VXUYH\�DURVH�IURP�D�QHHG�IHOW�E\�WKH�VHQLRU�OLEUDULDQV�WR�PRQLWRU�WKH�DFWXDO�XVH�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�DQG�DOVR�WKH�RSLQLRQV�DQG�DWWLWXGHV�RI�OLEUDU\�XVHUV�DIWHU�D�\HDU�LQ�WKH�QHZ�SUHPLVHV��ZLWK�D�YLHZ�WR�KLJKOLJKWLQJ�SUREOHPV�DQG�LPSURYLQJ�VHUYLFHV��7KH�PRYH�KDG�LQHYLWDEO\�HQWDLOHG�FRQVLGHUDEOH�FKDQJHV�LQ�VWDII�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�LQ�SDWWHUQV�RI�VHUYLFH�WR�XVHUV�DV�ZHOO�DV�LQ�SK\VLFDO�ORFDWLRQV�RI�IDFLOLWLHV��8QGHU�WKH�SUHYLRXV�DUUDQJHPHQWV��ZKLOH�DFFHVV�WR�VWRFN�KDG�EHHQ�UHODWLYHO\�SUREOHPDWLF��WKH�OLEUDU\�VWDII��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�FOLQLFDO�OLEUDULHV��KDG�IHOW�DEOH�WR�NHHS�LQ�FORVH�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�QHHGV�RI�XVHUV��7KLV�VLWXDWLRQ�ZDV�QRZ�IHOW�WR�KDYH�EHHQ�UHYHUVHG��ZKLOH�DFFHVV�KDG�JUHDWO\�LPSURYHG��LQIRUPDO�FRQWDFWV�KDG�VKDUSO\�GHFOLQHG����7KH�GHILFLHQFLHV�RI�WKH�DXWRPDWHG�V\VWHP�SUHVHQW�D�GLIILFXOW\�LQ�PRQLWRULQJ�OLEUDU\�XVH��LW�LV�QRW�UHDGLO\�DEOH�WR�SURYLGH�DFFXUDWH�VWDWLVWLFV�RQ�FXUUHQW�OLEUDU\�PHPEHUVKLS�E\�FDWHJRU\�RI�XVHU��DQG�PRQLWRULQJ�WKH�FLUFXODWLRQ�RI�SDUWLFXODU�FDWHJRULHV�RI�VWRFN�RU�LQGLYLGXDO�WLWOHV�UHTXLUHV�D�JUHDW�GHDO�RI�FRPSOH[�DQG�WLPH�FRQVXPLQJ�PDQLSXODWLRQ��6WDWLVWLFV�DUH�PDLQWDLQHG��KRZHYHU��RQ�DFTXLVLWLRQV��ERRN�ORDQV��LQWHUOLEUDU\�ORDQV��DQG�VWDFN�UHTXHVWV��IRU�HDFK�PDLQ�VLWH��7KH�XVH�RI�WKH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS�LV�DOVR�PRQLWRUHG�E\�GLUHFW�REVHUYDWLRQ�PHWKRGV��DQG�KHUH�D�IDOO�LQ�OHYHOV�RI�XVDJH�KDG�EHHQ�REVHUYHG�������3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��7KH�HVVHQFH�RI�WKH�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ�DSSURDFK��VHH�DERYH��S����LV�WKDW��SDVVLYH��IRUPV�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�WUDQVIHU�IURP�WHDFKHUV�WR�VWXGHQWV�DUH�NHSW�WR�D�PLQLPXP��KHQFH��OHFWXUHV�DUH�UHODWLYHO\�OLWWOH�XVHG��DQG�WKDW�OHDUQLQJ�DFWLYLWLHV��L�H��WKH�DFTXLVLWLRQ�RI�EDVLF��DQG�FOLQLFDO�VFLHQFH�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�RI�SUREOHP�VROYLQJ�VNLOOV��DUH�IRFXVHG�DURXQG�SDUWLFXODU�FOLQLFDO�SUREOHPV��7KH�V\VWHP�LV�LQWHQGHG�WR�LQWHJUDWH�EDVLF�VFLHQFH�ZLWK�FOLQLFDO�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�WR�GHYHORS�WKH�IDFLOLW\�DQG�PRWLYDWLRQ�IRU��OLIHORQJ��OHDUQLQJ��L�H��WKURXJKRXW�D�VWXGHQWV�IXWXUH�SURIHVVLRQDO�FDUHHU��,Q�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKHVH�SUREOHPV�LQ�VPDOO�WZLFH�ZHHNO\�WXWRULDO�JURXSV��VWXGHQWV�LGHQWLI\��OHDUQLQJ�LVVXHV��IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��$IWHU�VWXG\LQJ�WKH�UHOHYDQW�OLWHUDWXUH�WKH\�UHSRUW�RQ�DQG�GLVFXVV�WKHLU�ILQGLQJV��7KH�JURXSV�DUH�IDFLOLWDWHG�E\�D�WXWRU��ZKR�PD\�RU�PD\�QRW�EH�DQ�H[SHUW�RQ�WKH�VXEMHFW�PDWWHU�RI�WKH�SUREOHPV��,QGHSHQGHQW�VWXG\�DQG�WKH�QHHG�IRU�FR�RSHUDWLYH�ZRUN�LV�HPSKDVLVHG��$V�ZLOO�EH�VHHQ��WKLV�KDV�LPSOLFDWLRQV�IRU�WKH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�VWXG\�VSDFH�DQG�VHDWLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��7KH�EDVLF�XQLW�RI�FRXUVH�VWUXFWXUH�LV�WKH�VL[�ZHHN��EORFN���(DFK�EORFN�KDV�D�SDUWLFXODU�WKHPH��VXFK�DV�FKHVW�SDLQ��IDWLJXH��EORRG�ORVV�HWF��7KH�EORFNV�DUH�JURXSHG�LQWR�JHQHUDO�WKHPHV�ZLWKLQ�HDFK�DFDGHPLF�\HDU��$SSURSULDWH�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN��VNLOOV�WUDLQLQJ��ODERUDWRU\�VHVVLRQV�HWF���LV�LQWHJUDWHG�LQWR�WKH�FRXUVH��������

,W�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�UHDOLVH�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�QR�VLQJOH�HQWLW\�FDOOHG��SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ����$�³WD[RQRP\��RI�GLIIHUHQW�IRUPV�RI�3%/�LV�SURYLGHG�E\�%DUURZV��������7KH�IRUP�RI�3%/�LQ�XVH�DW�0DDVWULFKW�LV�UHODWLYHO\�WHDFKHU�FHQWUHG��LW�UHSUHVHQWV�D�VXEVWDQWLDO�PRGLILFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�RULJLQDO�0F0DVWHU�V\VWHP��7KH�DSSURDFK�WR�OLWHUDWXUH�XVH�LV�KLJKO\�SUHVFULSWLYH��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�HDUOLHU�VWDJHV�RI�WKH�V\OODEL��)RU�HDFK�EORFN��VWXGHQWV�DUH�SURYLGHG�ZLWK�D��EORFN�ERRN���ZKLFK�JHQHUDOO\�FRQWDLQV�DQ�H[WHQVLYH�UHDGLQJ�OLVW���7KH�H[LVWHQFH�RI�EORFN�ERRNV�IRU�WZR�PHGLFDO�FRXUVH�XQLWV�WDXJKW�LQ�(QJOLVK�DOORZHG�PH�WR�H[DPLQH�WKHVH�LQ�GHWDLO���)RU�WKH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV��FROOHFWLRQV�RI�OLWHUDWXUH�KDYH�EHHQ�SURYLGHG�XQWLO�UHFHQWO\��FRSLHV�RI�MRXUQDO�DUWLFOHV��HWF���ZKLFK�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�KDG�WR�SKRWRFRS\�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��WKLV�LV�WR�VDYH�WKH�WLPH��ZHDU�DQG�WHDU�RQ�ERXQG�MRXUQDO�YROXPHV�HWF��7KH�FROOHFWLRQV�ZHUH�IRUPHUO\�YHU\�FRPSUHKHQVLYH��XS�WR�����SS��RI�PDWHULDO���IROORZLQJ�D�FKDQJH�LQ�GHSDUWPHQWDO�SROLF\��GHULYLQJ�IURP�FRQFHUQ�DERXW�SRVVLEOH��VSRRQ�IHHGLQJ��RI�WKH�VWXGHQWV��WKHLU�VL]H�KDV�QRZ�EHHQ�FRQVLGHUDEO\�UHGXFHG��WR�DURXQG�������SS��6WXGHQWV�DFDGHPLF�SURJUHVV�LV�HYDOXDWHG�SULPDULO\�WKURXJK�0&4�WHVWV��5HODWLYHO\�OLWWOH�ZULWWHQ�ZRUN�LV�H[SHFWHG�RI�VWXGHQWV��PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�DUH�QRW�UHTXLUHG�WR�ZULWH�SDSHUV�RWKHU�WKDQ�IRU�WKHLU�UHVHDUFK�HOHFWLYH��ZKLOH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV�DUH�UHTXLUHG�WR�ZULWH�RQH�ORQJ�HVVD\�DQQXDOO\�RQO\��������3DUDOOHO�WR�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�IDFXOWLHV��WKHUH�H[LVWV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\�D�ODUJH�GHSDUWPHQW�RI��HGXFDWLRQDO�UHVHDUFK�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW��RQGHUZLLVRQWZLNNHOLQJ�HQ�RQGHUZLLVUHVHDUFK� �2���2���ZKLFK�FRQGXFWV�DQ�H[WHQVLYH�SURJUDPPH�RI�HGXFDWLRQDO�UHVHDUFK�DV�ZHOO�DV�EHLQJ�LQYROYHG�LQ�FXUULFXOXP�SODQQLQJ�DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ��&HUWDLQ�PHPEHUV�RI�WKLV�GHSDUWPHQW�KDYH�DQ�LQWHQVH�LQWHUHVW�LQ�PRQLWRULQJ�DQG�LQYHVWLJDWLQJ�VWXGHQWV�VWXG\�EHKDYLRXU��DOEHLW�IURP�WKH�SHUVSHFWLYH�RI�HGXFDWLRQDO�SV\FKRORJ\�UDWKHU�WKDQ�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VWXGLHV��6RPH�RI�WKHLU�SXEOLVKHG�DUWLFOHV��KRZHYHU��DUH�KLJKO\�UHOHYDQW�WR�WKLV�VXUYH\��VHH�EHORZ��S��������7KH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS�ZDV�PHQWLRQHG�DERYH�DV�DQ�LQWHJUDO�SDUW�RI�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�3%/�V\VWHP��,Q�ERWK�PHGLFDO�DQG�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�FXUULFXOD�WKH�6/�LV�VHHQ�DV�D�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFHV��DYDLODEOH�QHDU�VWXGHQW�VWXG\�DUHDV�DQG�FROORFDWHG�DQG�DUUDQJHG�LQ�D�PDQQHU�WKDW�ZLOO�VWLPXODWH�FULWLFDO�VWXG\�RI�WKH�VXEMHFW�PDWWHU��7KH�XVH�RI�WKH�/&�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�6/�IXQFWLRQV�DV�D�IRUP�RI�LQWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�PDLQ�OLEUDU\�FODVVLILFDWLRQ��,Q�SULQFLSOH��FRQVLGHUDEOH�HIIRUW�DQG�HQHUJ\�LV�SXW�LQWR�NHHSLQJ�6/�UHVRXUFHV�FXUUHQW�DQG�ZHOO�IRFXVHG��/LEUDU\�SROLF\�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�6/�LV�VWDWHG�LQ�D�SROLF\�GRFXPHQW�������(DFK�GHSDUWPHQW�KDV�D�PHPEHU�RI�VWDII�ZKR�KDV�VSHFLILF�UHVSRQVLELOLW\�IRU�WKH�6/��HYHU\�WZR�\HDUV�WKH\�DUH�VXSSRVHG�WR�ZHHG�RXWGDWHG�VWRFN��ZLWK�WKH�DVVLVWDQFH�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�VWDII��DQG�DOVR�FKHFN�RQ�WKH�FRQGLWLRQ�DQG�DYDLODELOLW\�RI�ERRNV����%HFDXVH�RI�EXGJHWDU\�FRQVWUDLQWV�WKH�OLEUDU\�LV�QRW�DOZD\V�DEOH�WR�SXUFKDVH�VXIILFLHQW�FRSLHV�RI�D�UHTXLUHG�ERRN��RU�WR�UHSODFH�ROG�HGLWLRQV�LPPHGLDWHO\��7KH�WZR�IDFXOWLHV�GLIIHU�VRPHZKDW�LQ�WKHLU�SROLFLHV�RI�ERRN�VHOHFWLRQ�IRU�WKH�6/��)G*:�VHOHFWV�D�FRUH�WH[WERRN�IRU�HDFK�EORFN�DQG�H[SHFWV�WKH�VWXGHQWV�WR�EX\�WKLV��FRSLHV�RI�WKH�VXSSOHPHQWDU\�ERRNV�DUH�SODFHG�LQ�WKH�6/��,Q�WKH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�FXUULFXOD�WKH�6/�LV�HQYLVDJHG�DV�D�SODFH�ZKHUH�VWXGHQWV�ORRN�IRU�DGGLWLRQDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ��GLIIHULQJ�SHUVSHFWLYHV�HWF��EH\RQG�WKH�VFRSH�RI�WKH�EDVLF�WH[WV��7KH�)G*��E\�FRQWUDVW��HQYLVDJHV�WKH�6/�DV�D�UHVRXUFH�DUHD�IRU�DOO�NLQGV�RI�ERRNV��DQG�VHHV�RQH�RI�LWV�SXUSRVHV�DV�WKDW�RI�SURYLGLQJ�DFFHVV�WR�FRSLHV�RI�EDVLF�WH[WERRNV�IRU�VWXGHQWV�WR�WU\�RXW�DQG�FRPSDUH�EHIRUH�SXUFKDVLQJ��0HGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�DUH�H[SHFWHG�WR�XVH�WKH�6/��FHUWDLQO\�LQ�WKHLU�HDUO\�\HDUV��DV�D�SODFH�WR�VWXG\��ZKHUHDV�IRU�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV�WKH�6/�LV�VHHQ�PRUH�DV�D�VRXUFH�RI�UHIHUHQFHV��6LQFH�ERWK�JURXSV�RI�VWXGHQWV�XVH�WKH�VDPH�UHVRXUFHV��WKHVH�GLIIHUHQFHV�FDQ�OHDG�WR�FRQIOLFW�RYHU�SXUFKDVLQJ�RI�WH[WV��HWF�������8VHU�HGXFDWLRQ���$SDUW�IURP�D�RQH�KRXU�RULHQWDWLRQ�VHVVLRQ�IRU�VWXGHQWV�HDUO\�LQ�WKHLU�ILUVW�\HDU��DQG�RQH��KRXU�FODVVHV�IRU�VWXGHQWV�RQ�XVH�RI�WKH�&'�520��ZKLFK�DUH�KHOG�RQFH�D�ZHHN�IRU�VPDOO�JURXSV��WKHUH�LV�QR�IRUPDOLVHG�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�SURYLGHG�E\�WKH�OLEUDU\���,Q�DGGLWLRQ��OLEUDU\�VWDII�ZLOO�SURYLGH�EULHI�ILYH�PLQXWH�LQWURGXFWLRQV�WR�&'�520�XVH�IRU�LQGLYLGXDOV���$OVR�WKHUH�LV�QR�ZULWWHQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DYDLODEOH�DERXW�WKH�OLEUDU\�RWKHU�WKDQ�EDVLF�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�VHUYLFHV��RSHQLQJ�KRXUV�HWF��,Q�YLHZ�RI�WKH�HPSKDVLV�SODFHG�RQ�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDULHV�RI�&DQDGLDQ�DQG�$PHULFDQ�PHGLFDO�VFKRROV�HPSOR\LQJ�3%/�FXUULFXOD��WKLV�ZDV�DW�ILUVW�VLJKW�VXUSULVLQJ��QRW�WR�VD\�DQRPDORXV��7KH�SHUFHLYHG�QHHG�RU�RWKHUZLVH�IRU�PRUH�IRUPDOLVHG�RU�H[SOLFLW�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�HPHUJHG�DV�DQ�LVVXH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�VXUYH\��VHH�EHORZ��S�������������

����3UHYLRXV�VXUYHYV�DQG�UHVHDUFK���1R�SUHYLRXV�JHQHUDO�VXUYH\V�RI�XVHU�EHKDYLRXU�RU�DWWLWXGHV�KDYH�EHHQ�XQGHUWDNHQ�E\�WKH�OLEUDU\�LWVHOI��HDUOLHU�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�KDYH�IRFXVHG�RQ�VSHFLILF�LVVXHV�VXFK�DV�FDWDORJXH�XVH�DQG�LQWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ�UHTXHVWV��,Q������WKH�WZR�VWXGHQW�VRFLHWLHV��5()/(;��)G*��DQG�$*25$��)G*:��FDUULHG�RXW�D�TXHVWLRQQDLUH�VXUYH\�RI�VWXGHQW�RSLQLRQ�DERXW�OLEUDU\�VWRFN�DQG�VHUYLFHV�XVLQJ�D�/LNHUW�VFDOH�FORVHG�TXHVWLRQ�IRUPDW��7KH�UHVXOWV�RI�WKLV�VXUYH\�ZHUH�XVHG�E\�WKH�VHQLRU�OLEUDU\�VWDII�DV�DLG�WR�SODQQLQJ�WKH�OLEUDU\�SURYLVLRQ�LQ�WKH�QHZ�SUHPLVHV��6RPH�RI�WKH�2��2�VWXGLHV�KDYH�IRFXVHG�RQ�DVSHFWV�RI�OLEUDU\�DQG�OLWHUDWXUH�XVH��QRWDEO\�*HHUOLJV�LQ������FDUULHG�RXW�D�GHWDLOHG�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�VWXGHQW�XVH�RI�WKH��6/������0RUH�UHFHQWO\�'ROPDQV�����KDV�LQYHVWLJDWHG�OLWHUDWXUH�XVH�DV�SDUW�RI�KHU�VWXG\�RI�KRZ�OHDUQLQJ�LVVXHV�LQ�3%/�UHODWH�WR�DFWXDO�VWXGHQW�OHDUQLQJ����6FRSH���7KLV�VXUYH\�DLPHG�WR�EH�JHQHUDO�LQ�VFRSH�DQG�WR�LQFOXGH�L��WKH�HQWLUH�XQLYHUVLW\�UHODWHG�XVHU�SRSXODWLRQ��LL��SRWHQWLDOO\�DOO�DVSHFWV�RI�XVHU�EHKDYLRXU�DQG�RSLQLRQ���2EYLRXVO\�GHWDLO�LV�VDFULILFHG�LQ�VXFK�D�JHQHUDO�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ���,�UHFHLYHG�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�UHTXHVW�WR�LQFOXGH�LQ�WKH�VHFRQG�SKDVH��VHH�EHORZ��S����QXUVLQJ�VWXGHQWV��L�H��IURP�WKH��KRVSLWDO�EDVHG��GLSORPD�VFKRRO�RI�QXUVLQJ�EDVHG�DW�9LMYHUGDO��WKH��JHQHUDO��VWUHDP�RI�ZKLFK�VSHQGV�WLPH�DW�WKH�$=0�DQG�LV�LQ�D�SRVLWLRQ�WR�XVH�WKH�8%��7KH�XVHU�JURXSV�WR�EH�VXUYH\HG�WKXV�LQFOXGHG�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�LQ�ERWK�IDFXOWLHV��UHVHDUFK�VWXGHQWV��MXQLRU�GRFWRUV��L�H��VSHFLDOLVWV�LQ�WUDLQLQJ���UHVLGHQWV��LQ�$PHULFDQ�WHUPLQRORJ\���UHVHDUFK�VWDII��DQG�OHFWXUHUV���%HFDXVH�DOO�VHQLRU�PHGLFDO�VWDII�KDYH�VRPH�WHDFKLQJ�UROH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�)G*��WKHVH�ODWWHU�DUH�WKHUHE\�DXWRPDWLFDOO\�LQFOXGHG���([FOXGHG�IURP�WKH�VHFRQG�SKDVH�TXHVWLRQQDLUH�VXUYH\��EXW�QRW�IURP�WKH�LQ�OLEUDU\�VWXGLHV��ZRXOG�WKXV�EH�KRVSLWDO�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH��SDUDPHGLFDO�DQG�QXUVLQJ�VWDII��DQG�XQLYHUVLW\�VHFUHWDULDO�DQG�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�VWDII��7KH�UHVXOWV�RI�WKH�ILUVW�SKDVH�RQO\�DUH�LQFOXGHG�LQ�WKH�SUHVHQW�UHSRUW����/LWHUDWXUH�UHYLHZ��

�����������$�JUHDW�GHDO�KDV�EHHQ�SXEOLVKHG�RQ�WKH�UDWLRQDOH�IRU�DQG�PHWKRGRORJ\�RI�XVHU�VXUYH\V�DQG�WKHLU�

UHODWLRQVKLS�WR�WKH�SODQQLQJ�RI�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV������$�QXPEHU�RI�VLJQLILFDQW�VWXGLHV�KDYH�EHHQ�SXEOLVKHG�RI�XVHU�RSLQLRQ�DQG�EHKDYLRXU�LQ�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDULHV��WKHUH�KDYH�EHHQ�IDU�IHZHU�UHODWLQJ�WR�PHGLFDO�OLEUDULHV���)RU�PHGLFDO�OLEUDULHV��WKHUH�KDYH�EHHQ�D�QXPEHU�RI�LPSRUWDQW�VWXGLHV�RI�FORVHO\�UHODWHG�LVVXHV��VXFK�DV�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�����DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�XVH�E\�FOLQLFLDQV������,Q�DGGLWLRQ��WKHUH�KDYH�EHHQ�ODQGPDUN�VWXGLHV�RI�WKH�WKHRUHWLFDO�SUREOHPV�RI�LGHQWLI\LQJ�XVHU�QHHGV������,�DOVR�GUHZ�RQ�VRPH�RI�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDU\�PDUNHWLQJ������DQG�VRFLRSK\VLFDO�DVSHFWV�RI�OLEUDU\�GHVLJQ�������7KH�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ�DQG�OLEUDULHV�LV�UHODWLYHO\�VSDUVH��DQG�WHQGV�WR�EH�YHU\�JHQHUDO�LQ�LWV�DSSURDFK��������,QWHUHVWLQJO\�WKHUH�DSSHDUV�WR�KDYH�EHHQ�QRWKLQJ�SXEOLVKHG�LQ�(QJOLVK�RQ�WKH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFH�FHQWUH�FRQFHSW���7KH�IROORZLQJ�VWXGLHV�DFWHG�DV�TXDVL�PRGHOV�IRU�WKH�SUHVHQW�RQH��LQ�WKH�PHGLFDO�FRQWH[W��%UHPEHU�DQG�/HJJDWH�������3RUW�������&KLWQLN�������LQ�WKH�DFDGHPLF�FRQWH[W��%XGG�'L&DUOR�������6HOLHQ�-LURXFK������DQG�'DYLV��������

�0HWKRGRORDY���3UHOLPLQDU\�LQWHUYLHZV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG�ZLWK�VHQLRU�OLEUDU\�VWDII�DQG�ZLWK�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFHV�FRPPLWWHH�UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV�WR�FODULI\�LVVXHV�RI�FRQFHUQ�DQG�JDWKHU�LQLWLDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ��7KH�ERRNVKRS�PDQDJHU��3HWHU�9HUKHLM��ZDV�DOVR�DVNHG�TXHVWLRQV�DERXW�VWXGHQW�ERRN�SXUFKDVLQJ�KDELWV�DQG�DERXW�WKH�VKRSV�UHODWLRQVKLSV�ZLWK�WKH�OLEUDU\�DQG�ZLWK�OHFWXUHUV����,�KDG�D�SHULRG�RI�RQO\�WKUHH�PRQWKV�DYDLODEOH�WR�PH��IURP�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�-XQH�XQWLO�WKH�HQG�RI�$XJXVW��WR�FDUU\�RXW�P\�ZRUN��7KH�QRQ�DYDLODELOLW\�RI�VWXGHQWV�GXULQJ�PRVW�RI�WKLV�SHULRG�FRQVWLWXWHG�D�PDMRU�SUREOHP��$FFRUGLQJO\�,�UHVROYHG�RQ�D�WZR�VWDJH�VWUDWHJ\�����WR�FRQGXFW�DQ�LQLWLDO�LQWHUYLHZ�VXUYH\�RI�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV�DQG�VWXGHQWV��ZKLFK�ZRXOG�EH�ERWK�VHOI�FRQWDLQHG�DV�D�VRXUFH�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�FRXOG�EH�XVHG�DV�WKH�EDVLV�IRU�����D�PDMRU�TXHVWLRQQDLUH�VXUYH\�DQG�LQ�OLEUDU\�VWXG\�WR�EH�FDUULHG�RXW�LQ�WKH�DXWXPQ��ZHOO�LQWR�WKH�QHZ�DFDGHPLF�\HDU��E\�RWKHU�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�VWDII���7KH�SURSRVHG�TXHVWLRQQDLUHV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�HOVHZKHUH���������6WXGHQWV�ZHUH�FRQWDFWHG�WKURXJK�RIILFHUV�RI�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�VRFLHWLHV��VHYHUDO�ZHUH�WKHPVHOYHV�SRVW�KROGHUV�ZLWKLQ�WKHVH��6WXGHQW�LQWHUYLHZV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG�ZLWK�JURXSV�RI�EHWZHHQ�WZR�DQG�IRXU�VWXGHQWV��WKLV�ZDV�IHOW�WR�EH�HDVLHU�IURP�WKH�SRLQW�RI�YLHZ�RI�WKH�ODQJXDJH��VWXGHQWV�FRXOG�RIWHQ�SURPSW�

RQH�RWKHU�ZLWK�(QJOLVK�YRFDEXODU\��WKHUH�ZDV�XVXDOO\�RQH�VWXGHQW�ZKRVH�(QJOLVK�ZDV�PRUH�IOXHQW�WKDQ�WKDW�RI�WKH�RWKHUV�DQG�ZKR�FRXOG�DFW�DV�VSRNHVSHUVRQ���LW�DOVR�PDGH�TXLFNO\�DFFHVVLEOH�D�UDQJH�RI�H[SHULHQFH�DQG�RSLQLRQ��,�ZDV�DEOH�WR�LQWHUYLHZ�RQO\�RQH�JURXS�RI�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV��UHSUHVHQWLQJ�ILYH�RI�WKH�VSHFLDOLVPV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�IDFXOW\��KHDOWK�SROLF\�DQG�PDQDJHPHQW��%HOHLG�HQ�EHKHHU�YDQ�JH]RQGKHLGV]RUJ� �%%���EHKDYLRXUDO�VFLHQFH�KHDOWK��*HHVWHOLMNH�JH]RQGKHLGNXQGH� �**.���PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFHV��%HZHJLQJVZHWHQVFKDSSHQ� �%*,���QXUVLQJ�VFLHQFHV��9HUSOHJLQJVZHWHQVFKDSSHQ� �9:��DQG�ELRORJLFDO�VFLHQFHV��%LRORJLVFKH�JH]RQGKHLGNXQGH� �%*.���0\�LQWHUYLHZ�ZLWK�WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�KDG�VRPHWKLQJ�RI�D�SUHOLPLQDU\�FKDUDFWHU��DQG�IRFXVHG�YHU\�PXFK�RQ�SUREOHPV�RI�OLEUDU\�OD\RXW��HQYLURQPHQW�DQG�IDFLOLWLHV��)RU�WKH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV��ZKRP�,�LQWHUYLHZHG�DW�D�VOLJKWO\�ODWHU�VWDJH��DV�WKH\�ZHQW�GRZQ�ODWHU�WKDQ�WKHLU�PHGLFDO�FRXQWHUSDUWV��D�VHPL�VWUXFWXUHG�IRUPDW�ZDV�XVHG�XVLQJ�D�VFKHGXOH��6WXGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKHLU�VWXG\�KDELWV��WKHLU�SDWWHUQV�RI�OLEUDU\�XVH�DQG�WKHLU�RSLQLRQV�RI�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV��7KH�VFKHGXOH�ZDV�QRW�DGKHUHG�WR�ULJLGO\��DQG�WKH�TXHVWLRQV�DQG�HPSKDVLV�FKDQJHG�VRPHZKDW�GXULQJ�WKH�SHULRG�RI�WKH�VWXG\��DV�LVVXHV�HPHUJHG�DQG�ZHUH�GLVFXVVHG�ZLWK�OLEUDU\�VWDII�DQG�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV��7KLV�SUHVHQWV�VRPHWKLQJ�RI�D�SUREOHP�LQ�SUHVHQWLQJ�WKH�ILQGLQJV��7KH�ILQDO�YHUVLRQ�RI�LW�LV�DSSHQGHG��VHH�SDJH���������(DFK�JURXS�LQWHUYLHZ�ODVWHG�DERXW�ILIW\�PLQXWHV����7KH�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV�ZHUH�QHDUO\�DOO�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV�IRU�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�GHSDUWPHQWV��7ZHQW\�SHRSOH�ZHUH�LQWHUYLHZHG��7KH�VDPSOH�ZDV�QRW�VHOHFWHG�LQ�DQ�HQWLUHO\�VFLHQWLILF�ZD\��DJDLQ��QRQ�DYDLODELOLW\�RI�SRWHQWLDO�UHVSRQGHQWV�GXULQJ�WKH�VXPPHU�YDFDWLRQ�ZDV�D�SUREOHP���$Q�DWWHPSW��KRZHYHU��ZDV�PDGH�WR�VHOHFW�D�UHSUHVHQWDWLYH�UDQJH�RI�GLVFLSOLQHV�DQG�GHSDUWPHQWV�ZLWKLQ�ERWK�IDFXOWLHV��,�DOVR�LQWHUYLHZHG�WKH�FOLQLFDO�FR�RUGLQDWRU��3URIHVVRU�(VVHG��DQG�WKH�FKDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�MXQLRU�GRFWRUV�DVVRFLDWLRQ��'U��GH�+DDQ��ZLWK�D�YLHZ�WR�LGHQWLI\LQJ�WKH�RSLQLRQV�DQG�SULRULWLHV�RI�WKLV�XVHU�JURXS��(DFK�LQWHUYLHZ��DJDLQ��ZDV�FRQGXFWHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�D�VFKHGXOH��DSSHQGHG��S����I����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�WR�UDWH�WHDFKLQJ�UHVRXUFH�SURYLVLRQ��FOLQLFDO�SUDFWLFH�DQG�UHVHDUFK�UHVRXUFH�SURYLVLRQ��DQG�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV��WKH\�ZHUH�DOVR�DVNHG�DERXW�WKHLU�RZQ�UROH�DV�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV��WKH�XVH�RI�RWKHU�OLEUDULHV�E\�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQW��DQG�WKHLU�H[SHFWDWLRQV�RI�OLEUDU\�XVH�E\�VWXGHQWV����5HVXOWV������0HGLFDO�VWXGHQWV���,�LQWHUYLHZHG�WRJHWKHU�RQH�VHFRQG�\HDU�DQG�RQH�WKLUG�\HDU�VWXGHQW��7KHLU�HPSKDVLV�LQ�UHVSRQVH�WR�P\�YHU\�RSHQ�HQGHG�HQTXLULHV�DERXW�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZDV�RQ�WKH�VKRUWFRPLQJV�RI�WKH�EXLOGLQJ��WKH\�IHOW�WKDW�WKH�SUREOHPV�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�DV�IDU�DV�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�FRQFHUQHG�OD\�SULPDULO\�KHUH�UDWKHU�WKDQ�LQ�WKH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�VWRFN�RU�VHUYLFHV��7KHLU�FRPSDULVRQV�ZLWK�FRQGLWLRQV�LQ�WKH�ROG�EXLOGLQJ�ZHUH�XQIDYRXUDEOH��,Q�WKHLU�YLHZ��WKH�ROG�EXLOGLQJ�KDG�EHHQ�FRQJHQLDO��LW�KDG�EHHQ�SRVVLEOH�WR��EHKDYH�QDWXUDOO\��WKHUH��7KLV�KDG�EHHQ�D�IXQFWLRQ�ERWK�RI�LWV�JHQHUDO�SK\VLFDO�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV��DV�D�EULFN�EXLOGLQJ�ZLWK�ZLQGRZV�WKDW�FRXOG�EH�RSHQHG�RU�FORVHG��DQG�LWV�SDUWLFXODU�OD\RXW��GLIIHUHQW�VWXG\�URRPV�KDG�OHG�RII�D�FHQWUDO�FRUULGRU���,Q�VRPH�RI�WKH�VWXG\�URRPV�WDONLQJ�KDG�EHHQ�SHUPLWWHG��2QH�KDG�QRW�QHHGHG�WR�JR�IDU�WR�ILQG�D�IHOORZ�VWXGHQW�LQ�RUGHU�WR�GLVFXVV�VRPHWKLQJ��LW�KDG�EHHQ�SRVVLEOH�WR�RSHQ�ZLQGRZV�DQG�UHJXODWH�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH��YHQWLODWLRQ�DQG�H[WHUQDO�QRLVH�OHYHOV��PRUHRYHU�RQH�FRXOG��HVWDEOLVK�WHUULWRULHV��DQG�HQMR\�D�GHJUHH�RI�SULYDF\��,W�KDG�DOVR�EHHQ�SRVVLEOH��XQRIILFLDOO\��WR�EULQJ�LQ�DQG�FRQVXPH�UHIUHVKPHQWV����%\�FRQWUDVW��WKH\�H[SHULHQFHG�WKH�QHZ�EXLOGLQJ�DV�FRQVWUDLQLQJ��,Q�WKH�6/��RQO\�YHU\�TXLHW�FRQYHUVDWLRQ�LV�SHUPLWWHG��WKH\�SHUFHLYH��KRZHYHU��WKDW�FRQVLGHUDEOH�QRLVH�HPDQDWHV�IURP�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�GHVNV�RQ�WKH�ILUVW�DQG�VHFRQG�IORRUV��WKH�ORDQV�GHVN�DQG�WKH�SKRWRFRSLHUV��7KH\�WKLQN�WKLV�WHQGV�WR�OHDG�WR�DQ�HVFDODWLRQ�LQ�WKH�JHQHUDO�QRLVH�OHYHO��7KH\�GLVOLNH�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�D�PHPEHU�RI�VWDII�SDWUROV�WKH�6/�WR�NHHS�WKH�QRLVH�GRZQ��WKH\�KDYH�QLFNQDPHG�KLP�WKH��6WLSR���VWDQGLQJ��SUHVXPDEO\��IRU��67XGLHODQGVFKD3�32OLWLH����:KLOH�WKH�VWXG\�URRPV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�WDONLQJ��WKH�RQHV�ZLWK�WKH�WZR�VHSDUDWH�GHVNV�DUH�LQ�WKHLU�YLHZ�QRW�VXLWDEOH�IRU�WKLV��DOVR�WKH�URRP�ZLWK�WKH�WZR�VPDOO�ZLQGRZV�LV�QRW�SOHDVDQW�WR�ZRUN�LQ��$OWKRXJK�YHQWLODWLRQ�FDQ�EH�DGMXVWHG�LQ�WKHVH�URRPV��RSHQLQJ�WKH�DLU�YHQWV�LQFUHDVHV�QRLVH�IURP�WKH�URDG�DQG�UDLOZD\��$QRWKHU�DVSHFW�RI�WKH�QRLVH�SUREOHP�LV�WKDW�ZKLOH�RQH�SDUW�RI�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�6/�LV�W\SLFDOO\�TXLHW��DQRWKHU�LV�W\SLFDOO\�QRLV\��DQG�WKHUH�LV�QR�SDUWLWLRQLQJ�EHWZHHQ�WKHP�����7KHVH�VWXGHQWV�DOVR�H[SUHVVHG�GLVOLNH�RI�WKH�WLQWHG�JODVV�LQ�WKH�VHFRQG�DQG�WKLUG�IORRU�ZLQGRZV��7KH\�FRPSODLQHG�WKDW�WKH�IOLFNHULQJ�RI�WKH�IOXRUHVFHQW�OLJKWV�ZDV�XQSOHDVDQW��DQG�OLDEOH�WR�LQGXFH�PLJUDLQHV�LQ�VRPH�SHRSOH��7KH\�KDG�DOVR�H[SHULHQFHG�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�IXUQLWXUH�DQG�OD\RXW��7KH�VWXG\�FDUUHOV�WKH\�KDG�IRXQG�WR�EH�FODXVWURSKRELF�DQG�WRR�VPDOO�IRU�ODUJH�IRUPDW�PHGLFDO�WH[WERRNV��WKH�GHVNV�XSVWDLUV�QH[W�WR�WKH�DQDWRP\�DUHD�ZHUH�FRPIRUWDEOH��EXW�WKHLU�OLJKWV�ZHUH�QRW�ZRUNLQJ��KHQFH�WKH\�FRXOG�QRW�EH�

XVHG�DW�SUHVHQW��WKH�VPDOO�GHVNV�EHVLGH�WKH�VKHOYHV�RQ�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�DIIRUGHG�DQ�XQSOHDVDQW�VHQVDWLRQ�RI�EHLQJ�LQ�D�JROGILVK�ERZO��7KH\�OLNHG��KRZHYHU�WKH�DUPFKDLUV�LQ�WKH�FXUUHQW�MRXUQDO�UHDGLQJ�DUHD��OHHVKRHN��DQG�WKH�FLUFXODU�WDEOHV�QHDU�WKH�MRXUQDOV�GHVN����7KH\�KLJKOLJKWHG�WKH�IROORZLQJ�OD\RXW�SUREOHPV�����PHGLFDO�GLFWLRQDULHV�DUH�NHSW�QHDU�WR�WKH�VHFRQG�IORRU�FDWDORJXH�WHUPLQDOV��WRR�IDU�DZD\�IURP�WKH�PDLQ�PHGLFDO�6/�DUHD��LL��ZKLOH�LW�LV�FRQYHQLHQW�WR�ZRUN�QHDU�WKHVH�FDWDORJXH�WHUPLQDOV��QRLVH�LV�JHQHUDWHG�LQ�WKLV�DUHD�E\�DFWLYLW\�DW�WKH�UHIHUHQFH�GHVN��DQG�SDUWLFXODUO\�E\�WKH�WHOHSKRQH��LLL��WKH�$9�VKHOYHV�VKRXOG�QRW�EH�VLWHG�LQ�D�TXLHW�VWXG\�DUHD��VWLOOH�]DDO���VLQFH�VWXGHQWV�WHQG�WR�PDNH�D�ORW�RI�QRLVH�ZKLOH�VHOHFWLQJ�YLGHRV��2QH�DGGLWLRQDO�SUREOHP�WKH\�PHQWLRQHG�ZDV�WKH�IURQW�GRRU��ZKLFK�WKH\�ILQG�VWLII��DZNZDUG��DQG�KDUG�WR�QHJRWLDWH�ZKHQ�ODGHQ�ZLWK�ERRNV��ILOHV�HWF���WKH\�VDZ�LW�DOVR�DV�SUHVHQWLQJ�D�SUREOHP�IRU�GLVDEOHG�DFFHVV����$FFRUGLQJ�WR�WKHVH�VWXGHQWV��WKH�ORDQ�ERRN�VWRFN�ZDV�PXFK�EHWWHU�WKDQ�LQ�WKH�ROG�OLEUDU\��WKH\�IHOW�WKHLU�FROOHDJXHV�DSSUHFLDWHG�WKH�LPSURYHG�DFFHVV�DQG�ZHUH�ERUURZLQJ�PRUH�ERRNV�WKDQ�EHIRUH��7KH\�DOVR�IHOW�WKDW�WKH�6/�FRQFHSW�ZRUNHG�ZHOO�LQ�SULQFLSOH�DQG�ZDV�SDUWLFXODUO\�XVHIXO�LQ�SURYLGLQJ�D�PHDQV�RI�HYDOXDWLQJ�WH[WERRNV�IRU�SXUFKDVH��,Q�WKHLU�YLHZ��YHU\�VKRUW�OLVWV�RI�UHFRPPHQGHG�UHDGLQJ�DUH�D�GLVLQFHQWLYH�WR�ZLGHU�VHDUFKLQJ��WKH\�DOVR�XQGHUPLQH�WKH�WXWRULDO�SURFHVV�E\�FUHDWLQJ�WRR�PXFK�FRQVHQVXV�RQ�D�WRSLF��7KH\�GLG�QRW�IHHO�WKDW�WKH�UHWHQWLRQ�RI�ROG�HGLWLRQV�RI�WH[WERRNV�DORQJVLGH�QHZ�RQHV�ZDV�D�SDUWLFXODU�SUREOHP��7KH\�GLG�PHQWLRQ��KRZHYHU��WKDW�IRU�EORFN������RQ�DJHLQJ��ZKLFK��LQFLGHQWDOO\��LV�WDXJKW�LQ�(QJOLVK��WKHUH�ZHUH�QRW�HQRXJK�FRSLHV�RI�ERRNV��-RXUQDO�KROGLQJV��WKH\�WKRXJKW��ZHUH�DGHTXDWH�IRU�VWXGHQWV�SXUSRVHV��:KLOH�WKH\�WKRXJKW�WKH�VWDFN�VHUYLFH�ZDV�HIILFLHQW��WKH\�ZHUH�DZDUH�RI�WKH�GHWHULRUDWLRQ�LQ�VHUYLFH�UHODWLYH�WR�WKDW�LQ�WKH�ROG�OLEUDU\��KDOI�DQ�KRXUV�ZDLW��DV�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�ILYH�PLQXWHV���7KH\�IRXQG�ERRN�ORDQ�SHULRGV�DGHTXDWH��DQG�ZHUH�DSSUHFLDWLYH�WKH�UHODWLYH�OHQLHQF\�RI�WKH�VWDII�DERXW�RYHUGXH�LWHPV��7KH\�WKRXJKW�WKH�FDWDORJXH�ZDV�XVHU�IULHQGO\�DQG�WKDW�HQRXJK�WHUPLQDOV�ZHUH�DYDLODEOH��6WDII�DWWLWXGHV�ZHUH�FRPPHQGHG��SDUWLFXODUO\�WKH�KHOSIXOQHVV�RI�VWDII�DW�WKH�VHFRQG�IORRU�LQIRUPDWLRQ�GHVN����:ULWWHQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZDV�QRW�DQ�LVVXH��WKH\�IHOW�WKDW�LW�VHUYHG�D�SXUHO\��WDOLVPDQLF��IXQFWLRQ�DV�SDSHU�WR�FROOHFW��DQG�ZDV�QRW�FRQVXOWHG�DIWHU�WKH�ILUVW�YLVLW��7KH\�KDG�QRW�H[SHULHQFHG�&'�520�XVH�RU�DYDLODELOLW\�DV�D�SUREOHP��LQGHHG�WKH\�VDZ�LW�DV�EHLQJ�UHTXLUHG�RQO\�IRU�UHVHDUFK�HOHFWLYHV�DQG�QRW�D�KLJK�SULRULW\��/LEUDU\�RULHQWDWLRQ�WKH\�IHOW�ZDV�JHQHUDOO\�DGHTXDWH��EXW�WKDW�LW�VKRXOG�KDYH�VWUHVVHG�MRXUQDOV�PRUH��DV�WKHVH�DUH�XQIDPLOLDU�IURP�VFKRRO��7KHLU�RQO\�RWKHU�VLJQLILFDQW�FULWLFLVP�ZDV�RI�WKH�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�IDFLOLWLHV��ZKLOH�WKH�FRSLHUV�DUH�IDVW��WKH\�UHGXFH�RQO\�$��WR�$���ZKHUHDV�PDQ\�MRXUQDOV�DUH�%��IRUPDW��DQG�WKH�UHVXOWLQJ�FRSLHV�DUH�VPDOO�DQG�WLULQJ�WR�UHDG��7KH\�ZRXOG�OLNH�WKH�IDFLOLW\�IRU�SD\LQJ�IRU�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�YLD�WKHLU�6PDUWFDUGV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�KDYLQJ�WR�SD\�I�����HDFK�WLPH�IRU�D�VHSDUDWH�FRS\�FDUG���,QHYLWDEO\�WKH\�KDG�IRXQG�LW�IUXVWUDWLQJ�WKDW��ZLWK�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�FKDUJHV�IRUPHUO\���FW��SHU�SDJH�FKHDSHU�LQ�WKH�FRS\�VKRS�WKDQ�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��PXFK�PDWHULDO�FRXOG�QRW�EH�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�ODWWHU��������+HDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV���$Q�LQWHUHVWLQJ�UDQJH�RI�UHVSRQVHV�ZDV�VHHQ�IURP�WKLV�JURXS�RI�VWXGHQWV��7KH�WKUHH�VWUHDPV�GLIIHU�ZLGHO\�IURP�HDFK�RWKHU�DQG�IURP�WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�LQ�WHUPV�RI�WKHLU�LQIRUPDWLRQ�XVH����$�VXPPDU\�RI�WRWDO�KRXUV�VSHQW�LQ�DFDGHPLF�ZRUN��ERRN�EX\LQJ�WR�GDWH��DQG�KRXUV�VSHQW�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�SHU�ZHHN�LV�JLYHQ�EHORZ��2QH�UHJUHWWDEOH�RPLVVLRQ�LQ�P\�VFKHGXOH�RI�TXHVWLRQV�ZDV�DQ�LWHP�DERXW�KRXUV�SHU�ZHHN�VSHQW�LQ�SDLG�HPSOR\PHQW��WKH�**�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�WKH�RQO\�JURXS�ZKRP�,�DVNHG�DERXW�WKLV���������������

� 7RWDO�VWXG\�KRXUV�SHU�ZHHN��

1R��ERRNV�ERXJKW�WR�GDWH� +RXUV�VSHQW�LQ�OLEUDU\�SHU�ZHHN�

%%� �������

���� ����%*.� ���H[FOXGLQJ�SUDFWLFDOV�

����� $SSUR[����

**� ������LQFOXGLQJ�SUDFWLFDOV� ���������SHU�EORFN��RWKHUV�RI�LQWHUHVW�

$SSUR[����9:� ���

�1RW�VWDWHG� �����

%:� ����

��SHU�EORFN��VRPH�RWKHUV� �����2QH�VWXGHQW�UHSRUWHG�ZRUNLQJ�LQ�D�UHVWDXUDQW�RQ�WZR�HYHQLQJV�D�ZHHN��IRU�D�WRWDO�RI�WZHOYH�KRXUV��DQRWKHU�KDG�YDULDEOH�FRPPLWPHQWV��ZRUNLQJ�LQ�D�UHVWDXUDQW�RQ�ERDUG�D�ULYHU�ERDW�ERWK�GXULQJ�WKH�GD\�DQG�RQ�VRPH�HYHQLQJV��DQG�DV�D�FLQHPD�XVKHUHWWH�RQ�RWKHU��HYHQLQJV��IRU�XS�WR����KRXUV�SHU�ZHHN�����7KH�JHQHUDO�SDWWHUQ�DSSHDUV�WR�EH�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�DUH�YLVLWLQJ�WKH�OLEUDU\�GXULQJ�JDSV�LQ�WKHLU�WLPHWDEOH��6RPH�KDYH�SUHIHUHQFHV�IRU�HDUO\�PRUQLQJ��ZKHQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�LV�TXLHW��RU�WKH�ODWH�DIWHUQRRQ��WR�HQVXUH�HDVLHU�DFFHVV�WR�SKRWRFRSLHUV��$IWHU�FODVVHV�LV�D�W\SLFDO�WLPH��DV�RQH�PLJKW�H[SHFW��:KLOH�VRPH�KDYH�QR�SDUWLFXODU�SUHIHUHQFH�IRU�ZKHUH�WKH\�ZRUN��PRVW�IHHO�PRUH�FRPIRUWDEOH�DW�KRPH��HYHQ�ZKHQ�WKH�HQYLURQPHQW�WKHUH�LV�QRW�SDUWLFXODUO\�FRQGXFLYH�WR�VWXG\���$FFHVV�WR�IRRG�DQG�GULQN��EHLQJ�DEOH�WR�VPRNH��DQG�KDYLQJ�VWDWLRQHU\��RZQ�ERRNV�HWF��WR�KDQG�DUH�IDFWRUV�KHUH���7KH�RYHUDOO�SUHIHUHQFH�DSSHDUV�WR�EH�WR�SKRWRFRS\�OLWHUDWXUH��SDUWLFXODUO\�MRXUQDO�DUWLFOHV��IRU�XVH�DW�KRPH��VWXGHQWV�ZLOO�VWD\�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�RQO\�LI�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�LV�QRW�SUDFWLFDEOH�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�PDWHULDO���7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV��ZKRP�,�DVNHG�VSHFLILFDOO\�DERXW�WKLV��UHSRUWHG�VSHQGLQJ�EHWZHHQ�I�����DQG�I������SHU�EORFN�RQ�SKRWRFRS\LQJ��WKLV�PHDQV�XS�WR�����SKRWRFRSLHG�VKHHWV�����,W�LV�HYLGHQW�IURP�WKHVH�ILJXUHV�WKDW�RQO\�D�UHODWLYHO\�VPDOO�SURSRUWLRQ�RI�WRWDO�VWXG\�WLPH�LV�EHLQJ�VSHQW�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\���:LWK�KLQGVLJKW�LW�ZRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�PRUH�XVHIXO�WR�DVN�DOO�WKH��VWXGHQWV�DOVR�DERXW�WLPH�VSHQW�RQ�LQGHSHQGHQW�VWXG\��L�H��RXWVLGH�WXWRULDO�JURXSV��SUDFWLFDOV�HWF���6RPH�RI�WKH�)G*:�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�KHDY\�SUDFWLFDO�ZRUN�FRPPLWPHQWV�DW�FHUWDLQ�WLPHV��,QWHUHVWLQJO\��WKH\�WKLQN�RI�WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�DV�XVLQJ�WKH�6/�IDU�PRUH�WKDQ�WKH\�GR���2K��WKH\�OLYH�LQ�WKH�VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH���ZDV�RQH�W\SLFDO�FRPPHQW��**�VWXGHQWV�EX\�WKH�PRVW�ERRNV��DQG�%%�VWXGHQWV�WKH�OHDVW��%*.�VWXGHQWV�W\SLFDOO\�IHHO�WKH�QHHG�WR�EX\�RQO\�EDVLF�ERRNV��GHSHQGLQJ�RWKHUZLVH�RQ�UHYLHZ�DQG�MRXUQDO�OLWHUDWXUH��LQ�WKLV�WKH\�UHVHPEOH�ELRORJLFDO�VFLHQFH�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�LQ�D�QRQ�PHGLFDO�FRQWH[W����7KH�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKHLU�SUHIHUUHG�SODFH�WR�ZRUN�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�DQG�DERXW�WKHLU�RSLQLRQV�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW�JHQHUDOO\��7KHVH�ODWWHU�JHQHUDOO\�UDQJHG�IURP�LQGLIIHUHQW��³LWV�2�.����WR�FOHDUO\�KRVWLOH��7KH�6/�DUHDV�ZHUH�W\SLFDOO\�GHVFULEHG�DV�WRR�QRLV\��WKH�QRLVH�EHLQJ�WKRXJKW�WR�HPDQDWH�IURP�WKH�GHVNV�GRZQVWDLUV��RU�IURP�RWKHU�VWXGHQWV��DQG�WRR�RSHQ��FI��WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��DERYH��S������6WXGHQWV�FRPSODLQHG�RI�GLVWUDFWLRQV�IURP�WKH�UHIHFWRU\��IURP�WKH�DQDWRP\�DUHD��ZKLFK�WKH\�IHOW�VKRXOG�EH�FORVHG�RII��DQG�IURP�WUDIILF�RXWVLGH��DQRWKHU�SUREOHP�WKH\�VHHPHG�WR�KDYH�ZDV�RI�EHLQJ�WRR�DFFHVVLEOH�WR�WKHLU�IULHQGV��7KH\�DOVR�PHQWLRQHG�WKH�OLJKWLQJ�EHLQJ�LQDGHTXDWH�DQG�WRR�KDUVK�LQ�WRQH��DQG�LQDSSURSULDWH�WHPSHUDWXUH�UHJXODWLRQ��³WRR�FROG�LQ�VXPPHU��WRR�KRW�LQ�ZLQWHU´�ZDV�RQH�FRPPHQW���7KH�VWXG\�URRPV��VWXGLHNDPHUV��ZHUH�GHVFULEHG�DV�EHLQJ�LQFRQYHQLHQW��WRR�LVRODWHG��DQG�WRR�VPDOO��DJDLQ��VHYHUDO�FRPSODLQHG�DERXW�WKH�WLQWHG�JODVV��*HQHUDOO\�WKH\�FRPSODLQHG�RI�D�ODFN�RI�SODFHV�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH\�FRXOG�WDON�DERXW�WKHLU�ZRUN��7KH\�UHSRUWHG�WKDW�WKH�WDEOHV�GRZQVWDLUV�ZHUH�RIWHQ�XVHG�IRU�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH�RU�IRU�ZULWLQJ�SUDFWLFDO�UHSRUWV��DV�GLVFXVVLRQ�ZDV�SHUPLWWHG�WKHUH�GH�IDFWR��WKH�SROLFLQJ�RI�WKH�6/�WR�HQIRUFH�VLOHQFH�ZDV�LQWHQVHO\�GLVOLNHG��6RPH�VWXGHQWV�SUHIHU�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�FDUUHOV�DV�D�SODFH�WR�VWXG\��DOWKRXJK�WKH\�ILQG�WKLV�DUHD�QRLV\�DOVR��$OO�JHQHUDOO\�OLNH�WR�ZRUN�QHDU�WKH�ERRNV�RQ�WKHLU�VXEMHFW����6WXGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKH�DYDLODELOLW\�RI�ERRNV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�6/��,QHYLWDEO\��PDQ\�RI��WKHP�KDG�H[SHULHQFHG�VKRUWDJHV�RI�FRUH�WH[WV�DW�SHDN�WLPHV��7KLV�KDG�DIIHFWHG�%*.�VWX��GHQWV�LQ�SDUWLFXODU��WKH\�UHSRUWHG��KRZHYHU��WKDW�WKHUH�ZHUH�XVXDOO\�DFFHSWDEOH�DOWHUQDWLYHV�DYDLODEOH��VXFK�DV��'DUQHOO�HW�DO���LQVWHDG�RI��$OEHUWV���**�DQG�9:�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�JHQHUDOO\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�WKH�OHYHO�RI�

SURYLVLRQ��ZKHUHDV�%:�DQG�%%�VWXGHQWV�FRPSODLQHG�RI�VKRUWDJHV�RI�ERRNV�IRU�FHUWDLQ�EORFNV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ�WKH�%:�VWXGHQWV�PHQWLRQHG�D�WHQGHQF\�IRU�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�VFKHPH�WR�VFDWWHU�ERRNV�LQ�FHUWDLQ�DUHDV��VXFK�DV�HUJRQRPLFV����3HUFHSWLRQV�RI�WKH�ORDQ�VWRFN�YDULHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�VXEMHFW��$JDLQ��**�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�JHQH��UDOO\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�SURYLVLRQ��DV�ZDV�WKH�9:�VWXGHQW��%:�VWXGHQWV��ZKLOH�DOVR�IHHOLQJ�WKDW�VWRFN�LV�E\�DQG�ODUJH�DGHTXDWH��DOVR�XVH�RWKHU�OLEUDULHV�DQG�ZLOO�WUDYHO�FRQVLGHUDEOH�GLVWDQ��FHV�E\�WUDLQ�WR�XVH�WKHP��7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV�FRPSODLQHG�WKDW�WKH�ERRNV�ZHUH�RIWHQ�REVROHWH��DQG�ZHUH�WRR�KHDY\�DQG�FXPEHUVRPH�WR�FDUU\�KRPH�DQ\ZD\��7KH�%%�VWXGHQWV�IHOW�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�WRR�PXFK�SUHVVXUH�RQ�WKH�ORDQ�VWRFN�LQ�WKHLU�VXEMHFW�DQG�WKDW�ERRNV�DUH�RIWHQ�QRW�DYDLODEOH�ZKHQ�QHHGHG����6WXGHQWV�ZHUH�JHQHUDOO\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�WKH�MRXUQDO�SURYLVLRQ�ZLWKLQ�WKHLU�VXEMHFW��DOWKRXJK�WKH�%%�VWXGHQWV�ZRXOG�OLNH�WR�EH�DEOH�WR�SURSRVH�QHZ�MRXUQDO�WLWOHV�WKHPVHOYHV�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�OLEUDU\�LQVWHDG�RI�YLD�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV��**�DQG�%*.�VWXGHQWV�KDG�ERWK�QHHGHG�WR�UHDG�DUWLFOHV�LQ�MRXUQDOV�WKDW�ZHUH�QRW�KHOG�E\�WKH�OLEUDU\��7KH\�KDG�XVHG�WKH�LQWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ�VHUYLFH��,%O��WR�REWDLQ�WKHVH�DQG�KDG�ERWK�EHHQ�YHU\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�WKH�SURPSW�DQG�HIILFLHQW�VHUYLFH�WKH\�KDG�UHFHLYHG��7KH\�KDG�SDUWLFXODUO\�DSSUHFLDWHG�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�WKH�PDWHULDO�ZDV�VHQW�WR�WKHLU�KRPHV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�KDYLQJ�WR�EH�FROOHFWHG��%%�DQG�**�VWXGHQWV�ERWK�IHOW�WKH�VWDFN�VHUYLFH�ZDV�XQVDWLVIDFWRU\��WKH�IRUPHU�H[SUHVVHG�D�ZLVK�WR�KDYH�ORQJHU�UXQV�RI�ERXQG�MRXUQDOV�XSVWDLUV����$OO�WKH�VWXGHQWV�VHHP�WR�KDYH�EHFRPH�FRPIRUWDEOH�YHU\�TXLFNO\�ZLWK�WKH�23$&�DIWHU�LQLWLDO�DSSUHKHQVLRQ��KDYLQJ�OHDUQHG�WR�XVH�LW�E\�WULDO�DQG�HUURU��7KH�%*.�VWXGHQWV�VDLG�WKH\�KDG�IRXQG�LW�KDUG�WR�OLPLW�VXEMHFW�VHDUFKHV��DQG�ZRXOG�KDYH�DSSUHFLDWHG�PRUH��KDQGV�RQ��WXLWLRQ��7KH�%%�VWXGHQWV�DOVR�VDLG�WKH\�IHOW�WKDW�XVH�RI�WKH�FDWDORJXH�KDG�QRW�EHHQ�DGHTXDWHO\�WDXJKW��7KHUH�ZDV�FRQFHUQ�H[SUHVVHG��KRZHYHU��E\�DOO�WKH�VWXGHQWV�DERXW�&'�520�XVH�DQG�LQVWUXFWLRQ���6LJQLILFDQWO\�WKH�**�VWXGHQWV��ERWK�IRXUWK�\HDUV�ZKR�SURIHVVHG�WKHPVHOYHV�YHU\�KDSS\�ZLWK�3V\F/O7��KDG�EHHQ�WDXJKW�WR�XVH�LW�QRW�E\�OLEUDU\�VWDII�EXW�E\�IULHQGV��7KH�EHKDYLRXUDO�VFLHQFH�VWXGHQWV�KDYH�WKHLU�RZQ�VSHFLDO�SURJUDPPH�RI�&'�520�LQVWUXFWLRQ��ZKLFK�ZDV�LQVWLWXWHG�DW�WKH�VSHFLDO�UHTXHVW�RI�RQH�RI�WKH�OHFWXUHUV��LW�LV�LQWHUHVWLQJ�WKDW�QRW�DOO�WKH�VWXGHQWV�DUH�DYDLOLQJ�WKHPVHOYHV�RI�WKLV���7KH�RWKHU�JURXSV�FRPSODLQHG�WKDW�WKH�WXLWLRQ�WKH\�KDG�UHFHLYHG�ZDV�WRR�EULHI�DQG�KDG�QRW�WDXJKW�VHDUFK�VWUDWHJLHV�SURSHUO\��DOVR�WKDW�WKH�SUHVVXUH�RQ�WHUPLQDOV�DULVLQJ�IURP�WKH�UHVHUYDWLRQV�SURFHGXUH�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH\�FDQQRW��SOD\��ZLWK�WKH�V\VWHP�DQG�GLVFRYHU�LW�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��7KH�%%�DQG�%*.�VWXGHQWV�VHHPHG�WR�KDYH�KDG��RU�NQHZ�RI�RWKHUV�ZKR�KDG�KDG���EDG�H[SHULHQFHV���VXFK�DV�JHWWLQJ�WRWDOO\�VWXFN��RU�JHQHUDWLQJ�H[FHVVLYHO\�ODUJH�VHDUFK�VHWV�ZKLFK�WKH\�ZHUH�XQDEOH�WR�OLPLW��:KLOH�EHLQJ�DZDUH�RI�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�XVHIXOQHVV�RI�WKH�&'�520��WKH\�ZHUH�SUHSDUHG�WR�DGPLW�WKDW�WKH\�KDG�QRW�EHFRPH�FRQILGHQW�RU�FRPSHWHQW�XVHUV��7KHUH�ZDV�D�JHQHUDO�IHHOLQJ��DOVR��WKDW�KDYLQJ�WR�ERRN�VHDUFK�WLPHV�ZDV�D�QXLVDQFH����,�DVNHG�WKH�VWXGHQWV�RSLQLRQ�RI�WKH�SUHVHQW�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�IDFLOLWLHV��$OO�DJUHHG�WKDW�HQRXJK�PDFKLQHV�ZHUH�QRZ�DYDLODEOH�DQG�WKDW�WKH�QHZ�FRSLHUV�ZHUH�IDVW��7KH�%%�VWXGHQWV�FRP��SODLQHG�DERXW�WKHLU�LQDELOLW\�WR�UHGXFH�WKH�VL]H�RI�FRSLHV�RWKHU�WKDQ�IURP�$��WR�$���7KH�%*.�VWXGHQWV�UHSRUWHG�GDPDJH�WR�ERXQG�MRXUQDOV��ZLWK�SDJHV�FRQVHTXHQWO\�EHLQJ�PLVVLQJ��FDXVHG�E\�LQDSSURSULDWH�FRSLHU�GHVLJQ��WKH�OLEUDU\�GRHV�QRW�KDYH�WKH�W\SH�RI�FRSLHU�RQ�ZKLFK�D�YROXPH�FDQ�EH�SDUWLDOO\�RSHQHG�DFURVV�RQH�HGJH���7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV�H[SUHVVHG�FRQFHUQ�DERXW�SRVVLEOH�UHWLQDO�GDPDJH�FDXVHG�E\�IODVKHV�IURP�WKH�FRSLHUV�ZKHQ�WKH�OLG�FDQQRW�EH�FORVHG�SURSHUO\����/LEUDU\�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ��WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ��HPHUJHG�DV�DQ�LVVXH�IRU�WKHVH�VWX��GHQWV��7KH�%%�VWXGHQWV�GHVFULEHG�WKH�OLEUDU\�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�DV�EHLQJ�SRRUO\�VLWHG��ERULQJ��DQG�VWDOH��QRWKLQJ�QHZ�ZDV�HYHU�DYDLODEOH���,�GLG�QRW�SXUVXH�WKLV�LVVXH�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHU�JURX��SV���7KH\�DOVR�FULWLFLVHG�WKH�LQLWLDO�OLEUDU\�RULHQWDWLRQ�IRU�WU\LQJ�WR�SURYLGH�WRR�PXFK�LQIRU��PDWLRQ�DW�RQFH�DQG�QRW�GRLQJ�VR�DGHTXDWHO\��WKH\�ZRXOG�KDYH�SUHIHUUHG�WR�KDYH�D�JRRG�VHOI�LQVWUXFWLRQ�ERRN�FXP�OLEUDU\�JXLGH�WKDW�WKH\�FRXOG�KDYH�XVHG�WR�ILQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��7KH�%*.�VWXGHQWV�FULWLFLVHG�LW�IRU�EHLQJ�D��WRR�VKRUW��DQG�E��RYHU�HPSKDVLVLQJ�MRXUQDO�OLWHUDWXUH��ZKLFK�ZDV�QRW�QHHGHG�XQWLO�PXFK�ODWHU�LQ�WKH�FRXUVH��FI��WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�YLHZ��DERYH��S�����7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�LW�ZDV�QRW�RQO\�LQDGHTXDWH�LQ�LWVHOI�EXW�JLYHQ�WRR�ODWH��IRXU�ZHHNV�DIWHU�WKH�FRXUVH�KDG�VWDUWHG��E\�ZKLFK�WLPH�PRVW�VWXGHQWV�KDG�EHHQ�VKRZQ�URXQG�WKH�OLEUDU\�E\�ROGHU�VWXGHQWV�RU�H[SORUHG�LW�ZLWK�WKHLU�FRQWHPSRUDULHV���7KH\�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�LQ�IXWXUH�WKH�OLEUDU\�RULHQWDWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�EHWWHU�LQWHJUDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�SURJUDPPH�RI�JHQHUDO�LQWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�IDFXOW\�����������

7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV�IHOW�LW�ZDV�UDWKHU�XQIDLU�WKDW�VRPH�VXSHUYLVRUV�SURYLGHG�KHOS�ZLWK��UHIHUHQFHV�DQG�ZLWK�OLWHUDWXUH�VHDUFKLQJ�IRU�WKH�DQQXDO�ORQJ�HVVD\��ZKHUHDV�RWKHUV�GLG�QRW���7KH\�IHOW��KRZHYHU��WKDW�SURYLGLQJ�OLEUDU\�VSRQVRUHG�LQVWUXFWLRQ�LQ�OLWHUDWXUH�VHDUFKLQJ�PLJKW�PHHW�ZLWK�UDWKHU�D�SRRU�UHVSRQVH��DOVR�WKDW�VXEMHFW�OLWHUDWXUH�JXLGHV�RU�VHDUFK�JXLGHV�PLJKW�QRW�EH�YHU\�SRSXODU�HLWKHU����7KH�**�VWXGHQWV�IHOW�WKDW��ZKLOH�OHDUQLQJ�WKURXJK�RQHV�RZQ�H[SHULHQFH�ZDV�QHFHVVDU\��PRUH�LQWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�RI�RQHV�VXEMHFW�ZRXOG�EH�GHVLUDEOH��7KH\�GLG�QRW�WKLQN�WKHUH�ZDV�D�SDUWLFXODU�SUREOHP�ZLWK�ILQGLQJ�UHIHUHQFHV�IRU�WKH�HVVD\V��KRZHYHU����$�QXPEHU�RI�RWKHU�LVVXHV�ZHUH�UDLVHG�E\�WKH�VWXGHQWV��7ZR�JURXSV�IHOW�WKDW�KDYLQJ�H[KLEL��WLRQV�RQ�SDUWLFXODU�KHDOWK�LVVXHV�ZRXOG�LPSURYH�WKH�OLEUDU\��2QH�VWXGHQW�ZDQWHG�QHZ�DFTXLVLWLRQV�WR�EH�PRUH�SURPLQHQWO\�GLVSOD\HG��7KH�%%�VWXGHQWV�ZDQWHG�WKH�OLEUDU\�WR�EH�RSHQ�ODWHU�LQ�WKH�HYHQLQJV�DQG�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�ZHHNHQG��DV�DW�/HLGHQ�DQG�*URQLQJHQ��WKH�RWKHU�JURXSV�ZHUH�JHQHUDOO\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�WKH�RSHQLQJ�KRXUV��$JDLQ�WKLV�JURXS��EXW�QRW�WKH�RWKHUV��FRPSODLQHG�DERXW�WKH�DWWLWXGHV�DQG�SUDFWLFHV�RI�VWDII���DQWL�VWXGHQW����WRR�SDVVLYH�DQG�QHJDWLYH����SRLQW�WR�UHVRXUFHV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�KHOSLQJ�WR�ILQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ���ZHUH�FRPPHQWV�KHUH��2WKHU�JURXSV�UHSRUWHG�ILQGLQJ�VWDII�JHQHUDOO\�SROLWH�DQG�KHOSIXO��DOWKRXJK�RQH�PHQWDO�KHDOWK�VWXGHQW�KDG�EHHQ�UDWKHU�IRUFHIXOO\�VKRRHG�RXW�RQ�RQH�RFFDVLRQ�IRU�ZHDULQJ�D�FRDW��6HYHUDO�VWXGHQWV�FRPSODLQHG�RI�WKH�LQFRQYHQLHQFH�RI�KDYLQJ�WR�OHDYH�EDJV�LQ�GRZQVWDLUV�ORFNHUV��7KH�%:�VWXGHQWV��SHUKDSV�ZLWK�SURIHVVLRQDO�DZDUHQHVV��PHQWLRQHG�WKH�VWLIIQHVV�DQG�DZNZDUGQHVV�RI�WKH�GRRU�������)DFXOWY�PHPEHUV���7KH�DFDGHPLF�VWDWXV�RI�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV�YDULHV��PRVW�DUH�OHFWXUHUV��VRPH�DUH�UH��VHDUFK�VWDII�RU�UHVHDUFK�VWXGHQWV��7KH�H[WHQW�RI�WKHLU�WHDFKLQJ�FRPPLWPHQWV�YDULHV�ZLGHO\��5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKHLU�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�UROH�DQG�KRZ�VDWLVIDFWRU\�WKH\�IHOW�WKLV�ZDV��&KDUDFWHULVWLFDOO\�WKH\�GHVFULEHG�WKHPVHOYHV�DV��QRW�YHU\�DFWLYH��LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�OLEUDU\��0RVW�RI�WKHP�KDYH�WKH�UROH�RI�VROLFLWLQJ�ERRN�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IURP�WKHLU�FROOHDJXHV��RI�VXEPLWWLQJ�WKHP�WR�WKH�OLEUDU\��DQG�RI�PRQLWRULQJ�WKHLU�DFTXLVLWLRQ��0RVW�DOVR�FRQVXOW�ZLWK�WKH�UHOHYDQW�VHQLRU�OLEUDULDQ�DERXW�MRXUQDO�KROGLQJV�DOORFDWHG�WR�WKH�GHSDUWPHQW��6RPH�KDYH�D�UROH�LQ�ORRNLQJ�DIWHU�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\�UHVRXUFHV����5HVSRQGHQWV�UHSRUWHG�YDU\LQJ�GHJUHHV�RI�VXFFHVV�LQ�VHFXULQJ�FRQVHQVXV�DPRQJ�WKHLU�FROOHDJXHV�DERXW�ERRN�RUGHUV��RQH�OHFWXUHU��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��UHSRUWHG�KDYLQJ�WR�GR�DOO�WKH�RUGHULQJ�KLPVHOI��7KH\�JHQHUDOO\�OLNHG�WKH�ZD\�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�OLEUDU\�VHQW�RQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�IURP�SXEOLVKHUV�DERXW�QHZ�WLWOHV��GLUHFW�PDLO�FRYHUDJH�E\�SXEOLVKHUV�ZDV�GHVFULEHG�DV�EHLQJ�YHU\�XQHYHQ��0RVW�UHVSRQGHQWV�GHVFULEHG�WKHLU�UHODWLRQVKLS�ZLWK�WKH�OLEUDU\�DV�EHLQJ�VDWLVIDFWRU\��WKRXJK�WR[LFRORJ\�KHDOWK�KD]DUGV��HSLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�GHUPDWRORJ\�ZLVKHG�WR�KDYH�PRUH�IUHTXHQW�GLVFXVVLRQ�DERXW�MRXUQDO�KROGLQJV��DQG�WKH�ILUVW�WZR�RI�WKHVH�GHSDUWPHQWV�H[SUHVVHG�D�ZLVK�IRU�PRUH�IHHGEDFN�RQ�WKH�SURJUHVV�RI�ERRNV�RUGHUHG��RQH�OHFWXUHU�UHSRUWHG�XVLQJ�WKH�OLEUDU\�FDWDORJXH�WR�PRQLWRU�WKLV��7KH�OHFWXUHU�IURP�PHGLFDO�VRFLRORJ\�IHOW�WKDW�D�ZHDNQHVV�RI�WKH�V\VWHP�ZDV�WKDW�DOWKRXJK�WKLV�GH�SDUWPHQWV�ERRN�UHTXLUHPHQWV�RYHUODSSHG�ZLWK�WKRVH�RI�RWKHU�IDFXOWLHV��WKHUH�ZDV�QR�PHFKDQLVP�IRU�FRQVXOWDWLRQ�DERXW�ERRN�RUGHUV�ZLWK�KLV�FRXQWHUSDUWV�HOVHZKHUH��7KLV�UHVSRQGHQW�UHSRUWHG�GLIILFXOW\�LQ�NHHSLQJ�XS�ZLWK�FXUUHQW�SXEOLVKLQJ�DQG�VHOHFWLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�FXUUHQW�VWRFN�JLYHQ�WKH�ODFN�RI�D�PDMRU�VWRFNKROGLQJ�ERRNVKRS�LQ�0DDVWULFKW��6LPLODU�SUREOHPV�DERXW�ODFN�RI�FRQWDFW�ZHUH�UHSRUWHG�E\�WKH�UHSUHVHQWDWLYH�IURP�KHDOWK�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�SURPRWLRQ����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�WR�UDWH�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�UHVRXUFHV��6/�ERRNV��ORDQ�VWRFN��DXGLRYLVXDO�PDWHULDOV��DQG�WKH�UHVHDUFK�DQG�FOLQLFDO�SUDFWLFH�UHVRXUFHV��WH[WERRNV��PRQRJUDSKV��MRXUQDOV��DQG�ELEOLRJUDSKLHV��ERWK�SULQW�DQG�&'�520��ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��/LEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV�ZHUH�QRW�RIWHQ�LQYROYHG�GLUHFWO\�ZLWK�WKH�6/�DQG�VR�FRXOG�QRW�JLYH�D�GHILQLWLYH�RSLQLRQ�DERXW�LW��+RZHYHU��WKH�OHFWXUHU�IURP�WR[LFRORJ\�KHDOWK�KD]DUGV�FRPPHQWHG�WKDW�WKHUH�ZHUH�LQVXIILFLHQW�FRSLHV�RI�VRPH�WH[WV��RWKHU�PHPEHUV�RI�VWDII�KLJKOLJKWHG�VKRUWDJHV�RI�IDPLOLDU�WLWOHV��$UUDQJHPHQWV�IRU�ZHHGLQJ�RI�REVROHWH�VWRFN�VHHPHG�WR�GLIIHU�ZLGHO\�LQ�SUDFWLFH��FI��DERYH��S�����RQH�UHVSRQGHQW�UHSRUWHG�ZHHGLQJ�RQFH�D�\HDU��ZKLOH�DQRWKHU�VDLG�KH�KDG�GRQH�LW�RQO\�RQFH�LQ�WKH�ODVW�WHQ�\HDUV��(LJKW�RI�WKH�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZKR�FRPPHQWHG�RQ�ERRN�ORDQ�VWRFNV�VWDWHG�WKDW�WKH�KROGLQJV�IRU�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQW�ZHUH�³GHYHORSLQJ�ZHOO´��³2.´��³JRRG´��RU�³H[FHOOHQW´��7ZR�UHVSRQGHQWV��FOLQLFDO�QHXURSK\VLRORJ\�DQG�UHKDELOLWDWLRQ��VDLG�WKDW�WKH�EDODQFH�LQ�WKHLU�EXGJHW�DOORFDWLRQV�EHWZHHQ�ERRNV�DQG�MRXUQDOV�ZDV�ZURQJ��LQ�ERWK�FDVHV�WKH�SUHIHUHQFH�ZDV�IRU�D�VXEVWDQWLDO�FXW�LQ�ERRN�H[SHQGLWXUH�DQG�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�MRXUQDOV��)RU�UDGLRORJ\��WKH�SUREOHP�ZDV�GHVFULEHG�DV�EHLQJ�RQH�RI�UDSLG�REVROHVFHQFH�DV�ZHOO�DV�RI�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�VFKHPH��FI��EHORZ��S��������

7KH�PHGLFDO�FRPSXWLQJ�OHFWXUHU�GHVFULEHG�WKH�ERRN�VWRFN�DV�EHLQJ��³VHULRXVO\�GHILFLHQW´��ZKLOH�WKH�JHQHUDO�PHGLFLQH�VWRFN�ZDV�GHVFULEHG�DV�EHLQJ�³VRPHZKDW�ODFNLQJ´��7ZR�UHVSRQGHQWV��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��HSLGHPLRORJ\��H[SUHVVHG�FRQFHUQ�DERXW�ODFN�RI�DZDUHQHVV�RI�RU�LQWHUHVW�LQ�QHZ�WLWOHV�ZLWKLQ�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQWV��7KHUH�LV�DSSDUHQWO\�YHU\�OLWWOH�LQWHUHVW�JHQHUDOO\�LQ�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�XVLQJ�QHZ�OLEUDU\�ERRNV��RWKHU�SHUKDSV�WKDQ�YHU\�VSHFLDOLVHG�ZRUNV��DFDGHPLF�VWDII�DUH�FRQFHUQHG�SULPDULO\�ZLWK�HVWDEOLVKLQJ�WKHLU�RZQ�FROOHFWLRQV��7KH�DFTXLVLWLRQV�OLVW�ZDV�FULWLFLVHG�E\�RQH�UHVSRQGHQW��PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFHV��DV�D�³ZDVWH�RI�SDSHU´��,W�ZDV�WRR�ODUJH�WR�EH�VFDQQHG�HDVLO\��DQG�DOVR�LQDSSURSULDWHO\�LQGH[HG��ZLWKLQ�KLV�GHSDUWPHQW�LW�ZDV�KDUGO\�EHLQJ�ORRNHG�DW��+H�IHOW�WKDW�VPDOOHU��GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLVWV�ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�XVHIXO��&OLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV�DOVR�UHSRUWHG�QRQ�XVH�RI�WKH�DFTXLVLWLRQV�OLVW����%\�WKHLU�RZQ�DFFRXQW��DFDGHPLF�VWDII�XVH�WKH�8%�DOPRVW�HQWLUHO\�IRU�VFDQQLQJ�FXUUHQW�MRXUQDOV��5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�RQ�WKH�ZKROH�OHVV�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�FXUUHQW�MRXUQDO�SURYLVLRQ��2I�WKRVH�ZKR�FRPPHQWHG�RQ�MRXUQDOV��VHYHQ�UHVSRQGHQWV�RQO\�RXW�RI�VHYHQWHHQ�ZHUH�SUHSDUHG�WR�RIIHU�FRPPHQWV�LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�ZRUG��JRRG��RU��2.���SDWKRORJ\��JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFH��FDUGLRORJ\��SKDUPDFRORJ\��KHDOWK�SURPRWLRQ�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ��UDGLRORJ\��DQG�WKRUDFLF�PHGLFLQH��6HYHUDO�PHQWLRQHG�D�VHULRXV�SUREOHP�ZLWK�WKH�ODFN�RI�IOH[LELOLW\�LQ�WKH�V\VWHP�RI�EXGJHWLQJ�DQG�DOORFDWLRQ�RI�QXPEHUV�RI�MRXUQDOV�DQG�WLWOHV��WKH\�ZRXOG�OLNH�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�VWDUWLQJ�WULDO�VXEVFULSWLRQV�WR�QHZO\�SXEOLVKHG�MRXUQDOV�ZLWKRXW�GLVFRQWLQXLQJ�HVWDEOLVKHG�WLWOHV��FOLQLFDO�QHXURSK\VLRORJ\��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��DQG�SKDUPDFRORJ\���7KH�QHJDWLYH�FRPPHQWV�UHFHLYHG�DERXW�MRXUQDO�VWRFN�LQFOXGHG��QRW�EURDG�HQRXJK���JHQHUDO�PHGLFLQH��WR[LFRORJ\����QRW�NHHSLQJ�XS�ZLWK�FXUUHQW�GHYHORSPHQWV���GHUPDWRORJ\����QHYHU�HQRXJK���SDHGLDWULFV����EODWDQW�RPLVVLRQV���PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFH����VHULRXVO\�GHILFLHQW���UHKDELOLWDWLRQ��PHGLFDO�FRPSXWLQJ���2QFH�DJDLQ�PHGLFDO�VRFLRORJ\�UHSRUWHG�D�SUREOHP�ZLWK�WKH�GLYLVLRQ�RI�MRXUQDOV�EHWZHHQ�IDFXOWLHV�DQG�GLVWULEXWLRQ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH�EHWZHHQ�WZR�VLWHV��WKLV�LV�OLNHO\�WR�EH�DIIHFWLQJ�RWKHU�LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\�GHSDUWPHQWV��VXFK�DV�PHGLFDO�FRPSXWLQJ��PHGLFDO�ODZ�DQG�KHDOWK�HFRQRPLFV��DOVR��2QH�UHVSRQGHQW��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��VDLG�KH�IHOW�WKDW�KDYLQJ�WRR�PDQ\�MRXUQDOV�UHGXFHG�WKH�WLPH�DYDLODEOH�IRU�UHVHDUFK��DQRWKHU��KHDOWK�SURPRWLRQ�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ��PHQWLRQHG�WKH�LPSRVVLELOLW\�RI�VFDQQLQJ�PRUH�WKDQ�WKLUW\�MRXUQDOV�SHU�PRQWK��,W�ZDV�VXJJHVWHG��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��WKDW��GHVSLWH�WKH�H[WHQW�RI�GHSDUWPHQWDO�FRQFHUQ�LQ�JHQHUDO�DERXW�MRXUQDOV�������RI�WKH�PDWHULDO�LV�QHYHU�XVHG���DQG�WKDW�VWDII�DUH�QRW�DOZD\V�DZDUH�RI�QHZ�MRXUQDOV��WKH�VDPH�OHFWXUHU�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�WKH�OLEUDU\�FDUU\�RXW�DQ�LQWHQVLYH�PRQLWRULQJ�RI�MRXUQDO�XVH��7KH�JHQHUDO�SDWWHUQ�DSSHDUV�WR�EH�WKDW�GHSDUWPHQWV�LQ�FRUH�FOLQLFDO�DUHDV��DQG�RU�WKRVH�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�MRXUQDO�OLWHUDWXUH�LV�UHODWLYHO\�VWDEOH��DSSHDU�WR�EH�PRUH�VDWLVILHG��ZKHUHDV�QHZHU�GHSDUWPHQWV��RU�WKRVH�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�LV�OHVV�ZHOO�GHILQHG��DUH�IDU�OHVV�VR����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�SURYLVLRQ�RI�DXGLRYLVXDO�PDWHULDOV�IRU�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQW��7KH�RQO\�FRPPHQWV�PDGH�FDPH�IURP�GHUPDWRORJ\��FDUGLRORJ\��JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFH�DQG�PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFHV����)DYRXUDEOH�FRPPHQWV�ZHUH�UHFHLYHG�IURP�WKH�WZR�ODVW�RI�WKHVH��PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFHV�KRZHYHU�ZDV�FRQFHUQHG�DERXW�QRQ�XVH�RI�$�9�PDWHULDO�E\�VWXGHQWV�DQG�H[SUHVVHG�D�ZLVK�WR�KDYH�LW�PRQLWRUHG��3UREOHPV�RI�DFFHVV�WR�HTXLSPHQW�WKDW�KDG�EHHQ�LQYROYHG�LQ�FKDQJLQJ�IRUPDWV�ZHUH�PHQWLRQHG�E\�GHUPDWRORJ\����7KH�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�QH[W�DERXW�WKHLU�RSLQLRQV�RI�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV�VXFK�DV�RQOLQH�VHDUFKLQJ��FXUUHQW�DZDUHQHVV��DQG�LQWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ��9HU\�IHZ�GHSDUWPHQWV�XVH�UHPRWH�RQOLQH�VHDUFKLQJ��HSLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�PHGLFDO�VRFLRORJ\�ZHUH�WKH�RQO\�RQHV�ZKR�UHSRUWHG�PDNLQJ�XVH�RI�LW�IRU�GHSDUWPHQWDO�UHVHDUFK�SURMHFWV���5HPRWH�RQOLQH�DFFHVV�WR�*HUPDQ�GDWDEDVHV�LV�UHTXLUHG�E\�HSLGHPLRORJLVWV�EHFDXVH�RI�WKH�UHODWLYH�SDXFLW\�RI�'XWFK�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�PHGLFLQH���,Q�QHLWKHU�FDVH�ZDV�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�WKH�VHUYLFH�DQ�LVVXH��7KHUH�DSSHDU�WR�E\�YHU\�IHZ�VXEVFULEHUV�WR�WKH�FXUUHQW�DZDUHQHVV�VHUYLFH��2QH�UHVSRQGHQW��JHQHUDO�PHGLFLQH��VDLG�WKDW�KH�IHOW�XVHUV�KDG�D�PDUNHG�SUHIHUHQFH�IRU�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�WKHLU�RZQ�VHDUFKHV��DQG�WKDW�LQ�YLHZ�RI�WKLV�WKH�OLEUDU\�VKRXOG�FRQFHQWUDWH�LWV�HIIRUWV�RQ�WUDLQLQJ�HQG�XVHUV�WR�EH�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH�VHDUFKHUV��UDWKHU�WKDQ�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�DQG�PDUNHWLQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHUYLFHV����5HVSRQGHQWV�GLG�QRW�JHQHUDOO\�IHHO�WKDW�&'�520�SURYLVLRQ�ZDV�DQ�LVVXH��6HYHUDO�FOLQLFDO�GHSDUWPHQWV�KDYH�WKHLU�RZQ��ZLWK�0('/O1(��WKH\�RIWHQ�VXEVFULEH�DOVR�WR�&XUUHQW�&RQWHQWV�RQ�GLVNHWWH���,QWHUHVWLQJO\��([FHUSWD�0HGLFD�LV�XVHG�RQO\�E\�FDUGLRORJLVWV��ZKRVH�QDWLRQDO�RUJDQLVDWLRQ�KDV�DGRSWHG�LW���2QH�OHFWXUHU�ZDV�QRW�DZDUH�WKDW�WKH�OLEUDU\�KDG�&XUUHQW�&RQWHQWV�RQ�&'�520��KLV�GHSDUWPHQW�KDG�EHHQ�VXEVFULELQJ�WR�WKH�KDUG�FRS\�YHUVLRQ��5HVSRQGHQWV�LQ�GHSDUWPHQWV�ZLWK�DFFHVV�WR�0$$61(7�H[SUHVVHG�DYLG�LQWHUHVW�LQ�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�QHWZRUN�DFFHVV�WR�OLEUDU\�&'�520V���

7KH�RQO\�GHSDUWPHQW�WR�UHSRUW�XVH�RI�JHQHUDO�SULQWHG�ELEOLRJUDSKLHV��DV�GLVWLQFW�IURP�VSHFLDOLVHG�DEVWUDFWLQJ�VHUYLFHV��ZDV�JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFH��ZKLFK�XVHV�,QGH[�0HGLFXV����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�JHQHUDOO\�YHU\�KDSS\�ZLWK�WKH�LQWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ�VHUYLFH��VHYHUDO�PHQWLRQHG�WKDW�LW�KDG�LPSURYHG�FRQVLGHUDEO\��2QH�UHVSRQGHQW��GHUPDWRORJ\��KDG�EHHQ�XQGHU�WKH�LPSUHVVLRQ�WKDW�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZRXOG�QRW�KDQGOH�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�LQWHU�OLEUDU\�GRFXPHQW�UHTXHVWV��H�J��IRU�,QGLDQ�RU�/DWLQ�$PHULFDQ�MRXUQDO�DUWLFOHV����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQWV�H[SHFWDWLRQV�RI�VWXGHQW�OLEUDU\�XVH��$W�WKLV�SRLQW�LQ�WKH�LQWHUYLHZ�,�XVXDOO\�PHQWLRQHG��E\�ZD\�RI�D�VWDUWLQJ�SRLQW��WKH�FRQWUDVW�,�KDG�REVHUYHG�EHWZHHQ�WKH�HPSKDVLV�RQ�OLEUDU\�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�DQG�RQ�WUDLQLQJ�LQ�PHGLFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�XVH�LQ�WKH�&DQDGLDQ�DQG�$PHULFDQ�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�OLEUDULHV�DQG�3%/��VHH�DERYH��S����DQG�LWV�DEVHQFH�LQ�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�FXUULFXOD��7KLV�SURGXFHG�DQ�LQWHUHVWLQJ�UDQJH�RI�UHSOLHV��5HVSRQGHQWV�GLIIHUHG�ZLGHO\�LQ�WKHLU�SHUFHSWLRQ�RI�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VNLOOV��6HYHUDO�PHGLFDO�OHFWXUHUV�IHOW�WKDW�OLWHUDWXUH�VHDUFKLQJ�ZDV�QRW�D�SULRULW\�ZLWKLQ�WKH�PHGLFDO�FXUULFXOXP��EHLQJ�UHTXLUHG�RQO\�IRU�UHVHDUFK�HOHFWLYHV��WKDW�WKH�DSSURDFK�WR�XVH�RI�VRXUFHV��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�DQG�VHFRQG�\HDUV��KDG�LQHYLWDEO\�WR�EH�SUHVFULSWLYH��DQG�WKDW�WKH�6/�V\VWHP�LQ�LWVHOI�WHDFKHV�HIIHFWLYH�XVH�RI�WKH�VXEMHFW�OLWHUDWXUH��7KH�UHVSRQGHQW�IURP�SKDUPDFRORJ\�VWDWHG�WKDW�PHPEHUV�RI�KLV�GHSDUWPHQW�EHOLHYHG�VWURQJO\�WKDW�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�VKRXOG�ILQG�WKLQJV�RXW�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��ZKLOH�DFNQRZOHGJLQJ�WKDW�WKHUH�FRXOG�EH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�V\VWHPV�DQG�VRXUFHV�RI�ZKLFK�SHRSOH�PLJKW�UHPDLQ�XQDZDUH��2WKHUV��ZKLOH�IXQGDPHQWDOO\�LQ�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�WKLV�YLHZ��VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�QHHGHG�EHWWHU�WUDLQLQJ�LQ�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�FDWDORJXH�IRU�VXEMHFW�VHDUFKLQJ��H�J��JHQHUDO�PHGLFLQH���2QH�OHFWXUHU��SDWKRORJ\��VXJJHVWHG�WKDW��ZKLOH�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�ZHUH�DGHTXDWHO\�FDWHUHG�IRU�LQ�WHUPV�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VNLOOV�WUDLQLQJ��UHVHDUFK�VWXGHQWV�ZHUH�QRW��KH�IHOW�WKH�OLEUDU\�VKRXOG�EH�RIIHULQJ��DGYDQFHG�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ���LQFOXGLQJ�WXLWLRQ�LQ�0('/O1(��WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�SHUVRQDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�V\VWHPV�ELEOLRJUDSKLF�V\VWHPV��HWF��$�FRQWUDVWLQJ�YLHZ�ZDV�H[SUHVVHG�WKDW�PRUH�DWWHQWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�JLYHQ�WR�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LVVXHV�DQG�OLEUDU\�XVH�ZLWKLQ�WKH�FXUULFXOXP�RI�ERWK�IDFXOWLHV��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�HDUO\�VWDJHV��$V�RQH�PLJKW�H[SHFW��WKRVH�OHFWXUHUV�ZKR�KDG�WKHPVHOYHV�KDG�FRXUVHV�LQ�OLEUDU\�XVH�GXULQJ�WKHLU�RZQ�XQLYHUVLW\�WUDLQLQJ�ZHUH�PRVW�FRQYLQFHG�RI�LWV�EHQHILWV��&RQFHUQV�ZHUH�H[SUHVVHG�DERXW�WKH�GLIILFXOW\�VWXGHQWV�VRPHWLPHV�KDYH�LQ�VHOHFWLQJ�DSSURSULDWH�OLWHUDWXUH��PHGLFDO�VRFLRORJ\��DQG�WKH�DSSDUHQW�XQZLOOLQJ�RI�VRPH�VWXGHQWV�WR�DEDQGRQ�IDPLOLDU�WH[WERRNV�DQG�ORRN�EH\RQG�WKH�SUHVFULEHG�UHDGLQJ�OLVW��JHQHUDO�SUDFWLFH��DOVR�VHYHUDO�2��2�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV���7KUHH�UHVSRQGHQWV�IHOW�WKDW�KDYLQJ�D�JHQHUDO�OLEUDU\�JXLGH�DQG�RU�VXEMHFW�VHDUFK�JXLGHV�ZRXOG�EH�D�JRRG�LGHD��RQH�LQ�SDUWLFXODU�IHOW�WKDW�UHVRXUFHV�VXFK�DV�WKHVH�ZHUH�HVVHQWLDO�LQ�D�VLWXDWLRQ�LQ�ZKLFK�FRQWDFW�WLPH�ZLWK�VWXGHQWV�ZDV�DV�VHYHUHO\�OLPLWHG��DV�DW�5/���,�TXHVWLRQHG�UHVSRQGHQWV�DERXW�D�JURXS�RI�LVVXHV�WKDW�FDQ�XVHIXOO\�EH�JURXSHG�XQGHU�WKH�KHDGLQJ�³DFFHVV´��&KLHI�DPRQJ�WKHVH�ZDV�WKDW�RI�MRXUQDOV�LQ�WKH�FORVHG�VWDFNV��)HZ�UHVSRQGHQWV�GLG�QRW�WKLQN�WKLV�ZDV�LQFRQYHQLHQW�WR�VRPH�GHJUHH��LQ�WKHVH�LQWHUYLHZV�LW�UDQNHG�ZLWK�WKDW�RI�MRXUQDO�KROGLQJV�DV�DQ�LVVXH�RI�WKH�JUHDWHVW�FRQFHUQ��,Q�D�IHZ�LQVWDQFHV��WKH�GHOD\�LQKHUHQW�LQ�WKH�SUHVHQW�V\VWHP�KDG�SUHYHQWHG�DFFHVV�WR�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FULWLFDO�IRU�DQ�H[SHULPHQW�LQ�SURJUHVV��6XJJHVWLRQV�IRU�LPSURYHPHQWV�LQ�WKH�VHUYLFH�ZHUH�YDULRXV��DOORZLQJ�VWDFN�UHTXHVWV�WR�EH�SODFHG�E\�WHOHSKRQH��DOORZLQJ�VWDII�GLUHFW�DFFHVV�WR�WKH�VWDFNV��WKH�LQWURGXFWLRQ�RI�DQ�RYHUULGH�IDFLOLW\�IRU�LQVWDQW�DFFHVV��DQG�SURYLGLQJ�D�FRS\�VHUYLFH�IRU�VWDFN�PDWHULDO�ZHUH�WKRVH�PRVW�IUHTXHQWO\�PHQWLRQHG��0RVW�UHVSRQGHQWV�LQGLFDWHG�D�SUHIHUHQFH�IRU�KDYLQJ�WKH�ODVW����\HDUV��UDWKHU�WKDQ���\HDUV��RI�ERXQG�YROXPHV�RI�MRXUQDOV�DYDLODEOH�RQ�RSHQ�VKHOYHV��PDWHULDO�ZLWKLQ�WKLV�WLPH�VSDQ�LV�UHJXODUO\�QHHGHG�E\�PRVW�GLVFLSOLQHV��ZKLOH�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�SUDFWLFHV�LQ�VRPH��VXFK�DV�FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV�DQG�HSLGHPLRORJ\��FRPPRQO\�UHIHU�WR�ROGHU�PDWHULDO��H[WHQGLQJ�DV�IDU�EDFN�DV�WKH�����V�LQ�VRPH�FDVHV����)RXU�UHVSRQGHQWV�H[SUHVVHG�FRQFHUQ�DERXW�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�V\VWHP��,W�LV�SHUFHLYHG�DV�HUUDWLF��FOLQLFDO�JHQHWLFV��JHQHUDO�PHGLFLQH���RU�DV�VFDWWHULQJ�PDWHULDO�WKDW�VKRXOG�EH��FROORFDWHG��UDGLRORJ\���RU�DV�QRW�EHLQJ�VSHFLILF�HQRXJK��FDUGLRORJ\���2QH�UHVSRQGHQW�IHOW�WKDW�WKHUH�ZDV�D�QHHG�IRU�PRUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�VFKHPH��KH�DOVR�ZLVKHG�WR�NQRZ�ZKR�ZDV�GRLQJ�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�DQG�KRZ����0RVW�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�IDLUO\�VDWLVILHG�ZLWK�RSHQLQJ�KRXUV��7ZR�ZRXOG�SUHIHU�WKH�OLEUDU\�WR�RSHQ�DW������D�P��UDWKHU�WKDQ������D�P��2QH�FOLQLFDO�UHVSRQGHQW��SDWKRORJ\��IHOW�WKDW�HYHQLQJ�RSHQLQJ�KRXUV�GXULQJ�WKH�VXPPHU�ZHUH�LQDGHTXDWH��$QRWKHU��SDHGLDWULFV��ZDQWHG�D�V\VWHP�RI�WZHQW\�IRXU�KRXU�DFFHVV�DV�D�PHDQV�RI�VHDUFKLQJ�XUJHQWO\�IRU�FOLQLFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ����

,�ZDV�VXUSULVHG�WR�KHDU�VWURQJ�YLHZV�H[SUHVVHG�DERXW�WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�ORDQV��UHFDOOV�DQG�UHVHUYDWLRQV��7ZR�UHVSRQGHQWV�VDLG�WKDW�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZDV�WRR�OHQLHQW�ZLWK�VWXGHQWV�DERXW�RYHUGXH�ERRNV��DQG�VKRXOG�QRW�EH�VSHQGLQJ�PRQH\�RQ�LVVXLQJ�UHPLQGHUV����2QO\�WKH�SUHFOLQLFDO�UHVSRQGHQWV��DQG�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RQ�DQ�H[SHULPHQWDO�EDVLV��KDG�DFFHVV�WR�0$$61(7��7KRVH�ZKR�KDG�LW�ZHUH�HQWKXVLDVWLF�DERXW�LWV�SRWHQWLDO��DQG�IHOW�WKDW�LW�UHSUHVHQWHG�D�PDMRU�HQKDQFHPHQW�RI�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFH��2QH�UHSRUWHG�XVLQJ�LW�UHJXODUO\�IRU�DFFHVV�WR�WKH�.RQLQNOLLNH�%LEOLRWKHHN��RWKHU�'XWFK�OLEUDULHV��DQG�WKH�23$&��$QRWKHU��KRZHYHU��WKRXJKW�WKDW�DFFHVV�WR�UHVRXUFHV�VXFK�DV�WKH�/&�FDWDORJXH�FRXOG�OHDG�WR��LQIRUPDWLRQ�RYHUORDG���DQG�ZDV�SRWHQWLDOO\�DGGLFWLYH��2QH�OHFWXUHU�H[SUHVVHG�DQ�LQWHUHVW�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ��RZQ�XVH�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\��IHDWXUHV�RQ�WKH�23$&��VXFK�DV�DXWRPDWHG�UHVHUYDWLRQV�DV�ZHOO�DV�UHQHZDOV��,W�ZDV�VXJJHVWHG�WR�PH�WKDW�0$$61(7�EH��SURPRWHG��DJDLQ�YLD�XQLYHUVLW\�QHZVOHWWHUV�HWF��$V�VWDWHG�HDUOLHU��VWURQJ�LQWHUHVW�ZDV�DOVR�H[SUHVVHG�LQ�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�&'�520�DFFHVV�RQ�WKH�V\VWHP����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�VWDII�DWWLWXGH�DQG�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ�SURYLGHG�E\�VWDII��0RVW�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZKR�RIIHUHG�FRPPHQWV�GHVFULEHG�WKH�VWDII�DV�EHLQJ�KHOSIXO��SROLWH�DQG�FRQVFLHQWLRXV��6LJQLILFDQWO\��KRZHYHU��WKHUH�ZHUH�VRPH�QHJDWLYH�REVHUYDWLRQV��2QH�UHVSRQGHQW��PRYHPHQW�VFLHQFHV��VDLG�WKDW�VWDII�DWWLWXGHV��DOWKRXJK�QRZ�LPSURYHG��KDG�VRPHWLPHV�EHHQ�SDWURQLVLQJ�RU�KRVWLOH�LQ�WKH�SDVW��$QRWKHU��KHDOWK�SURPRWLRQ�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ��IHOW�WKDW�WKH�LQFUHDVHG�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ�RI�OLEUDU\�UHVRXUFHV�KDG�OHG�WR�D�GHFOLQH�LQ�SHUVRQDO�VHUYLFH��³6WDII�DUH�QRW�YHU\�IULHQGO\��WKH\�MXVW�SRLQW�WR�UHVRXUFHV�DQG�GRQW�KHOS´��ZDV�WKH�FRPPHQW�PDGH�E\�WKH�FKDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�UHVLGHQWV�DVVRFLDWLRQ��³6WDII�WHQG�WR�H[SHFW�SHRSOH�WR�NQRZ�KRZ�WR�XVH�WKH�V\VWHPV��WRR�VHOI��VHUYLFH�RULHQWDWHG´��ZDV�DQRWKHU��FOLQLFDO�QHXURSK\VLRORJ\���6HYHUDO�SHRSOH�PHQWLRQHG�WKDW�VWDII�ZHUH�QRW�DOZD\V�YHU\�DSSURDFKDEOH�RU�HDV\�WR�FRPPXQLFDWH�ZLWK��2QH�UHVSRQGHQW�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�SUREOHPV�LQ�UHODWLQJ�WR�OLEUDU\�VWDII�DQG�VHFXULQJ�KHOS�LQ�ILQGLQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�ZHUH�PRUH�OLNHO\�WR�DIIHFW�UHVHDUFK�VWXGHQWV�DQG�\RXQJHU�VWDII�WKDQ�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV����5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�WKHLU�RSLQLRQ�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW��)RXU�UHVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�JHQHUDOO\�SRVLWLYH��2QH��SDWKRORJ\��UHPDUNHG�WKDW�WKHUH�ZDV�D�ODFN�RI�JHQHUDO�RSHQ�UHDGLQJ�VSDFH�RQ�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�DQG�WRR�PXFK�DFWLYLW\�DURXQG�WKH�MRXUQDOV��)RXU�FRPSODLQHG�RI�H[FHVVLYH�QRLVH��7KUHH�FRPSODLQHG�RI�VWXGHQWV�PRQRSROLVLQJ�WKH�URXQG�WDEOHV�RQ�WKH�ILUVW�IORRU�QHDU�WKH�MRXUQDOV��7KH�FRPPHQWV�RI�RQH�UHVSRQGHQW�PD\�EH�SDUDSKUDVHG���7KH�OLEUDU\�LV�D�SRRU�VWXG\�HQYLURQPHQW��PRUH�FORVHG�VSDFHV�DUH�QHHGHG�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�VWXGHQWV�FDQ�VWXG\�TXLHWO\��6WXGHQWV�VKRXOG�EH�HQFRXUDJHG�WR�XVH�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�URRPV�DV�VWXG\�DUHDV���7KH�VDPH�OHFWXUHU�DOVR�FRPSODLQHG�DERXW�D��JROGILVK�ERZO��HIIHFW�ZKHQ�ZRUNLQJ�DW�WKH�VPDOO�ILUVW�IORRU�WDEOHV��FI��DERYH��S��������5HVSRQGHQWV�ZHUH�DVNHG�DERXW�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�OLEUDULHV�RWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\�RU�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\��2QO\�WZR��UHKDELOLWDWLRQ�DQG�HSLGHPLRORJ\��PHQWLRQHG�XVLQJ�RWKHU�OLEUDULHV�UHJXODUO\��2QH�UHSRUWHG�XVLQJ�KLV�FRQWDFWV�DW�RWKHU�XQLYHUVLWLHV�WR�REWDLQ�XUJHQWO\�UHTXLUHG�PDWHULDO��7KLV�VLWXDWLRQ�SUREDEO\�RZHV�D�JUHDW�GHDO�WR�WKH�UHODWLYHO\�LVRODWHG�SRVLWLRQ�RI�0DDVWULFKW�ZLWKLQ�WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��DOVR��WKH�VPDOO�VL]H�RI�WKH�FRXQWU\�DQG�WKH�FRKHVLRQ�RI�LWV�DFDGHPLF�FRPPXQLW\�PHDQV�WKDW�PDQ\�SHRSOH�KDYH�UHVHDUFK�FRQWDFWV�HOVHZKHUH�����2QH�UHVSRQGHQW��D�3K�'��VWXGHQW��RIIHUHG�DQ�LQWHUHVWLQJ�FRPPHQW�DERXW�KLV�FROOHDJXHV�XVH�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\��+H�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW��IRU�KLV�FROOHDJXHV�DW�OHDVW��WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�H[SORVLRQ�LWVHOI�ZDV�D�EDUULHU�WR�OLEUDU\�XVH��PRUHRYHU�WKDW�PXFK�MRXUQDO�VFDQQLQJ�HWF��FRXOG�EH�FODVVLILHG��XVLQJ�KHDOWK�HGXFDWLRQ�WHUPLQRORJ\��DV�VFUHHQLQJ�EHKDYLRXU��WKDW�LV��WKH\�KRSH�QRW�WR�ILQG�DQ\WKLQJ��+H�IHOW�DOVR�WKDW�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�SKRWRFRS\LQJ��E\�VWDII�DV�ZHOO�DV�VWXGHQWV��UHIOHFWHG�D�SV\FKRORJLFDO�QHHG�WR�WDNH�VRPHWKLQJ�DZD\����$�QRWH�RQ�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV���$OWKRXJK�WKLV�ZDV�QRW�D�SULPDU\�FRQFHUQ�RI�WKH�VXUYH\��,�DVNHG�UHVSRQGHQWV�DERXW�WKH�YDULRXV�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV�,�HQFRXQWHUHG��DV�WKH\�KDYH�D�VWURQJ�LQGLUHFW�HIIHFW�XSRQ�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWV�LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZLWK�WKH�8%��$V�D�PDWWHU�RI�SROLF\��WKH�8%�GRHV�QRW�VXSSRUW�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV�LQ�DQ\�ZD\��'HSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV�YDU\�FRQVLGHUDEO\�LQ�VL]H�DQG�VFRSH��WKH�ODUJHVW��ZKLFK�WHQG�WR�EHORQJ�WR�WKH�ELJJHVW�RU�PRVW�SUHVWLJLRXV�FOLQLFDO�GHSDUWPHQWV��PD\�KDYH�VXEVWDQWLDO�FROOHFWLRQV�RI�WH[WERRNV��VHYHUDO�MRXUQDOV���FRUH��DQG�VSHFLDOLVW���RIISULQWV�RI�SDSHUV�E\�PHPEHUV�RI�WKH�GHSDUWPHQW��FROOHFWLRQV�RI�JUH\�OLWHUDWXUH��PDWHULDO�IURP�SKDUPDFHXWLFDO�FRPSDQLHV��DQG�D�&'�520�UHDGHU�ZLWK�0('/,1(��5HDVRQV�JLYHQ�IRU�KDYLQJ�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKHP�YDU\��WKH�FRQYHQLHQFH�RI�KDYLQJ�NH\�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VRXUFHV�

FORVH�DW�KDQG��WKH�QHHG�IRU�DFFHVV�WR�FOLQLFDO�WH[WERRNV�RXW�RI�OLEUDU\�KRXUV��WKH�GHVLUH�WR�KDYH�VSHFLDOLVW�MRXUQDOV�DYDLODEOH�ZKLFK�WKH�OLEUDU\�FDQQRW�DIIRUG���3UHIHUHQWLDO�UDWHV�IRU�LQGLYLGXDO�DV�DJDLQVW�LQVWLWXWLRQDO�MRXUQDO�VXEVFULSWLRQV�IDFLOLWDWH�WKH�ODWWHU�WUHQG���7KRVH�GHSDUWPHQWV�IRU�ZKLFK�JUH\�OLWHUDWXUH�LV�LPSRUWDQW��VXFK�DV�HSLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�KHDOWK�SURPRWLRQ�HGXFDWLRQ��ILQG�LW�PXFK�HDVLHU�WR�FROOHFW�DQG�FODVVLI\�LW�WKHPVHOYHV��PXFK�RI�LW�LV�GLVWULEXWHG�IUHH��UDWKHU�WKDQ�GHSHQGLQJ�RQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��,Q�DGGLWLRQ�WR�PDWHULDO�ERXJKW�IURP�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWDO�EXGJHW��WKHVH�OLEUDULHV�W\SLFDOO\�LQFOXGH�MRXUQDOV�WR�ZKLFK�LQGLYLGXDO�VWDII�PHPEHUV�KDYH�D�VXEVFULSWLRQ��7KRVH�GHSDUWPHQWV�ZKLFK�GR�QRW�KDYH�D�OLEUDU\�DV�VXFK�RIWHQ�KDYH�LQIRUPDO�DUUDQJHPHQWV�IRU�MRLQW�DFFHVV�WR�LQGLYLGXDO�ERRN�DQG�MRXUQDO�FROOHFWLRQV��,W�LV�ZRUWK�PHQWLRQLQJ�WKDW�VRPH�GHSDUWPHQWV��VXFK�DV�FDUGLRORJ\�DQG�HSLGHPLRORJ\��DUH�OLQNHG�WR�VSHFLDOLVW�QDWLRQDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�QHWZRUNV����7KH�LPSUHVVLRQ�JLYHQ�LV�RQH�RI�XQFRRUGLQDWHG��SLHFHPHDO�SURYLVLRQ�DQG�RI�D�ODFN�RI�DZDUHQHVV�IRU�WKH�LPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�WKLV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�$=0�DV�D�ZKROH��6RPH�UHVSRQGHQWV�H[SUHVVHG�LQWHUHVW�LQ�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�HVWDEOLVKLQJ�D�XQLRQ�FDWDORJXH�RI�SHULRGLFDOV�KHOG�ZLWKLQ�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWV��VLPLODU�WR�WKH�RQH�PDLQWDLQHG�E\�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\�KRVSLWDO�DW�WKH�9ULLH�8QLYHUVLWHLW�YDQ�$PVWHUGDP��WKLV�GRHV�QRW�VHHP�WR�EH�IHDVLEOH��KRZHYHU��ZLWKRXW�D�JHQHUDO��SROLWLFDO�ZLOO��IRU�PRUH�FRRUGLQDWLRQ�DQG�FRKHUHQFH����2QH�VHQLRU�OLEUDULDQ�GUHZ�DQ�DSSURSULDWH�DQDORJ\�EHWZHHQ�SULYDWH�PHGLFLQH�DQG�WKH��%ULWLVK��1DWLRQDO�+HDOWK�6HUYLFH��GHSDUWPHQWV�SUHIHU�QRW�WR�UHO\�RQ�D�VHUYLFH�ZKLFK�LV��DV�LW�ZHUH���SXEOLF��DQG�XQGHU�FRPPRQ�RZQHUVKLS�DQG�FRQWURO����&RQFOXVLRQV���$V�H[SHFWHG��WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW�LV�RQH�RI�WKH�PDLQ�FRQFHUQV�RI�DOO�JURXSV�RI�XVHUV��7KH�GHVLJQ�DQG�RUJDQLVDWLRQ�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�DV�D�ZKROH�GR�QRW�DSSHDU�WR�EH�PHHWLQJ�VWXGHQWV�QHHGV�RU�SUHIHUHQFHV��ZKLOH�VWXGHQWV�EHKDYLRXU�LV�KDYLQJ�VRPHWKLQJ�RI�DQ�DGYHUVH�LPSDFW�RQ�RWKHU�UHDGHUV��7KH�3%/�V\VWHP�UHTXLUHV�FRRSHUDWLYH�ZRUN�DQG�GLVFXVVLRQ�DQG�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�VRXUFHV�E\�VWXGHQWV�RXWVLGH�DV�ZHOO�DV�ZLWKLQ�WXWRULDO�JURXSV��,GHDOO\�WKH\�VKRXOG�KDYH������VHOI�FRQWDLQHG�DUHDV�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZKHUH�WKH\�FDQ�GLVFXVV�WKHLU�ZRUN�����VHOI�FRQWDLQHG�DUHDV�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�ZLWKLQ�ZKLFK�WKH\�FDQ�VWXG\�TXLHWO\��LQ�QHLWKHU�RI�ZKLFK�DUH�WKH\������WRR�IDU�UHPRYHG�IURP�WKH�ERRNV�WKH\�QHHG�����WRR�LVRODWHG�IURP�HDFK�RWKHU�����SODFHG�LQ�D�VHWWLQJ�ZKLFK�LV�FODXVWURSKRELF����$VLGH�IURP�VWXGHQWV�SUHIHUHQFHV�IRU�EULQJLQJ�LQ�FRDWV��EDJV��FRIIHH��IRRG�HWF������,�EHOLHYH�WKDW�WKH�IDLOXUH�WR�SURYLGH�DQ�HQYLURQPHQW�WKDW�IXOILOV�WKHVH�FULWHULD�LV�WKH�IXQGDPHQWDO�UHDVRQ�ZK\�WKH\�ILQG�WKH�OLEUDU\�XQFRQJHQLDO��$V�ZH�KDYH�VHHQ��WKH\�ILQG�WKH�6/�LQ�SDUWLFXODU�WRR�RSHQ��WRR�QRLV\�DQG�WRR�FRQVWUDLQLQJ��7R�VRPH�H[WHQW�WKH\�DUH�XVLQJ�WKH�GRZQVWDLUV�WDEOHV�LQVWHDG�IRU�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�ZRUN�DQG�ZULWLQJ�XS�SUDFWLFDO�UHSRUWV��+HUH�WKH\�DUH�WDNLQJ�XS�GHVN�VSDFH�LQWHQGHG�IRU�XVHUV�RI�WKH�PDLQ�OLEUDU\�IRU�MRXUQDO�VFDQQLQJ��HWF���DQG�FDXVLQJ�GLVWUDFWLRQV����:LWKRXW�WRWDOO\�LPSUDFWLFDEOH�ZKROHVDOH�VWUXFWXUDO�DOWHUDWLRQV�LW�LV�KDUG�WR�NQRZ�ZKDW�WR�GR�WR�LPSURYH�WKLV�VLWXDWLRQ��WKRXJK�D�FRQVLGHUDEOH�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�QRLVH�OHYHO�FRXOG�SUREDEO\�EH�DFKLHYHG�E\�HQFORVLQJ�WKH�SKRWRFRSLHUV�ZLWKLQ�D�JODVV�DQG�PHWDO�IUDPH���DV�DW�6W��*HRUJHV�+RVSLWDO��7RRWLQJ��/RQGRQ��ZLWKRXW�H[FHVVLYH�H[SHQVH��7KH�SKRWRFRSLHUV�DSSHDU�WR�EH�WKH�PDLQ�SUREOHP��LW�GRHV�QRW�DSSHDU�WKDW�XQGXH�QRLVH�LV�EHLQJ�JHQHUDWHG�E\�DFWLYLW\�DW�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�ORDQV�GHVNV��'XWFK�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�VHHP�WR�EH�IDU�OHVV�QRLV\�WKDQ�WKHLU�%ULWLVK�FRXQWHUSDUWV����WKRXJK�SHRSOH�HYLGHQWO\�QHHG�WR�UDLVH�WKHLU�YRLFHV�DERYH�WKH�QRLVH�RI�WKH�FRSLHUV��7KH�WHOHSKRQH�PD\�DOVR�EH�FRQWULEXWLQJ�WR�WKH�QRLVH�WR�VRPH�H[WHQW��0\�RQO\�VXJJHVWLRQV�ZRXOG�EH�WR�����UHPRYH�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�FDUUHO�W\SH�GHVNV�IURP�WKH�VWLOOH�]DDO�RQ�WKH�WKLUG�IORRU��ZKLFK�DUH�KDUGO\�XVHG���PRYH�LQ�VRPH�ODUJH�URXQG�WDEOHV��DQG�GHVLJQDWH�WKH�URRP�LQVWHDG�DV�D��FRRSHUDWLYH�ZRUN�DUHD��LQ�ZKLFK�FRQYHUVDWLRQ�LV�RIILFLDOO\�SHUPLWWHG�����IROORZLQJ�DQ�HDUOLHU�VXJJHVWLRQ��PDNH�WKH�LQVWUXFWLRQ�URRPV�DYDLODEOH�WR�VWXGHQWV�IRU�WKH�VDPH�SXUSRVH�����UHPRYH�WKH�WHOHSKRQH�IURP�WKH�VWXGLHODQGVFKDS�LQIRUPDWLRQ�GHVN��DQG�HTXLS�WKH�GRZQVWDLUV�WHOHSKRQHV�ZLWK�D�TXLHWHU�EHOO��,W�PLJKW�EH�ZRUWKZKLOH�WR�H[SHULPHQW�ZLWK��VHOI�SROLFLQJ��RI�WKH�6/���L�H��DVNLQJ�VWXGHQWV�WR�FRPSODLQ�GLUHFWO\�WR�RQH�DQRWKHU�DERXW�H[FHVVLYH�QRLVH��WR�VHH�ZKDW�HIIHFW�WKLV�KDV�RQ�RYHUDOO�QRLVH�OHYHOV�DQG�RQ�6/�XVH��VLQFH�LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WKDW�QRLVH�JHQHUDWLRQ�KHUH�LV�D�VHOI�OLPLWLQJ�SKHQRPHQRQ����

�,Q�WHUPV�RI�UHVRXUFH�SURYLVLRQ�DQG�RI�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV��WKH�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�VHHPHG�WR��IHHO�WKH\�DUH�ZHOO�FDWHUHG�IRU��WKHLU�SULQFLSDO�SUREOHP�LV�ZLWK�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW��7KH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV�H[SHULHQFH�VLPLODU�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW��EXW�DUH�PRUH�FULWLFDO�RI�ERWK�VHUYLFHV�DQG�UHVRXUFHV��7KH\�DUH�D�YHU\�GLYHUVH�JURXS�ZKRVH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�QHHGV�KDYH�PRUH�LQ�FRPPRQ�ZLWK�WKRVH�RI�QRQ�PHGLFDO�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�LQ�ELRORJLFDO�DQG�VRFLDO�VFLHQFHV�WKDQ�ZLWK�WKRVH�RI�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��,W�VHHPV�SRVVLEOH�WKDW�WKHLU�SDUWLFXODUO\�SDWWHUQ�RI�OLEUDU\�XVH�LV�EHLQJ�GHWHUPLQHG�SDUWO\�E\��WULEDO��IDFWRUV���L�H��WKH\�SHUFHLYH�WKH�OLEUDU\�DV�EHLQJ�PRQRSROLVHG�E\�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��ZKLFK�DFWV�DV�D�GLVLQFHQWLYH�WR�WKHP�XVLQJ�LW�IRU�VWXG\�SXUSRVHV����2QH�RI�P\�LQLWLDO�K\SRWKHVHV�ZDV�WKDW�WKH�UHODWLYHO\�OLWWOH�H[SOLFLW�DWWHQWLRQ�JLYHQ�WR�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�PLJKW�EH�KDYLQJ�DQ�DGYHUVH�LPSDFW�RQ�OLEUDU\�XVH�E\�VWXGHQWV��$V�P\�HQTXLULHV�SURJUHVVHG��P\�TXHVWLRQ�EHFDPH�RQH�RI�ZKHWKHU�RU�WR�ZKDW�H[WHQW�WKH�LQKHUHQW�G\QDPLF�RI�WKH��GLUHFWLYH��3%/�DSSURDFK�LV�FRPSHQVDWLQJ�IRU�WKLV��0\�SURYLVLRQDO�DQVZHU�ZRXOG�EH�WKDW��ZKLOH�VWXGHQWV�JHQHUDOO\�EHFRPH�HIILFLHQW�XVHUV�RI�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�RI�WKHLU�VXEMHFW��WKH\�GR�QRW�QHFHVVDULO\�EHFRPH�SURILFLHQW�OLWHUDWXUH�VHDUFKHUV��&I�������,W�DSSHDUV�DOVR�WKDW�WKH\�DUH�QRW�QHFHVVDULO\�DFTXLULQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW�VNLOOV��H�J��RI�GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�SRWHQWLDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RYHUORDG��PDLQWDLQLQJ�WKHLU�RZQ�SHUVRQDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�V\VWHPV�HWF���HLWKHU���,�KDG�WKH�LPSUHVVLRQ�WKDW�VRPH�OHFWXUHUV�DUH�WRR��SURWHFWLYH��UHJDUGLQJ�VWXGHQWV�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHDUFKLQJ��RQH�FRXOG�DUJXH�WKDW�IRU�VWXGHQWV�WR�H[SHULHQFH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RYHUORDG�GLUHFWO\�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��DW�OHDVW�RQFH�LQ�WKHLU�FDUHHUV��KDV�FRQVLGHUDEOH�HGXFDWLRQDO�YDOXH���+HDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV�DUH�HYLGHQWO\�KDYLQJ�WURXEOH�ZLWK�WKH�&'�520V��LW�DSSHDUV�WKH�OLEUDU\�QHHGV�WR�UH�H[DPLQH�LWV�SURYLVLRQ�RI�&'�520�WXLWLRQ�DQG�XVHU�VXSSRUW�IRU�&'�520�XVH���6RPH�LPPHGLDWH�LPSURYHPHQW�FRXOG�EH�VHFXUHG�E\�PDNLQJ�EULHI��GDWDEDVH�VSHFLILF�XVHU�JXLGHV�DYDLODEOH��3V\F/,7�LQ�SDUWLFXODU�KDV�DQ�H[FHOOHQW�JXLGH�FDUG�ZKLFK�LV�QRW�FXUUHQWO\�DFFHVVLEOH�WR�VWXGHQWV�����,Q�UHWURVSHFW��LW�VHHPV�D�SLW\�WKDW�WKH�SLORW�SURMHFW�RQ�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�IRU�KHDOWK�VFLHQFH�VWXGHQWV�ZDV�GLVFRQWLQXHG��WKHLU�LQIRUPDWLRQ�QHHGV�DUH�PRUH�FRPSOH[�WKDQ�WKRVH�RI�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��DQG�WKH\�GR�QRW�DSSHDU�WR�EH�DV�ZHOO�VHUYHG�DV�WKH�ODWWHU�ZLWKLQ�WKH�FXUUHQW�V\VWHP��,Q�YLHZ�RI�WKH�ODUJH�QXPEHUV�RI�VWXGHQWV�LQYROYHG��DQG�DOVR�WKH�QDWXUH�RI�WKH�SUREOHP��EDVHG�FXUULFXOXP��LQ�ZKLFK�VWXGHQWV�GHYHORS�DQ�RULHQWDWLRQ�WRZDUGV�GLVFRYHULQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��LW�ZRXOG�VHHP�SUHIHUDEOH�WR�GLUHFW�HQHUJLHV�WRZDUGV�FRPSLOLQJ�OLWHUDWXUH�OLEUDU\�VHDUFK�JXLGHV�IRU�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�VXEMHFW�DUHDV��LQFOXGLQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�VFKHPH��VXEMHFW�VHDUFKLQJ�XVLQJ�WKH�FDWDORJXH�HWF��������7KH�UHFHQW�LQLWLDWLYH�LQ�SURYLGLQJ�VDPSOH�SHUVRQDO�ELEOLRJUDSKLF�V\VWHPV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�LV�REYLRXVO\�PHHWLQJ�D�QHHG�LQ�SURYLGLQJ�IRU�PRUH�DGYDQFHG�XVHUV��7KHUH�LV�HYLGHQWO\�VRPH�GLVDJUHHPHQW�DPRQJ�WKH�OHFWXUHV�WKHPVHOYHV�DERXW�WKH�QHFHVVLW\�IRU�H[SOLFLW�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�EH�SDLG�WR�OLEUDU\�DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LVVXHV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�FXUULFXOD����,W�DSSHDUV�DOVR�IURP�FRPPHQWV�PDGH�E\�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV�WKDW�UHIHUHQFH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHUYLFHV��SDUWLFXODUO\�WR�UHVHDUFK�VWDII�DQG�VWXGHQWV�DQG�MXQLRU�GRFWRUV�QHHG�WR�EH�LPSURYHG��7KHLU�UHPDUNV��H�J��DERXW�WKH�ODFN�RI�DSSURDFKDELOLW\�RI�VWDII��UHIOHFW�VRPHWKLQJ�RI�ZKDW�,�KDYH�P\VHOI�REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��WKDW�WKH�DWPRVSKHUH�LV�LPSHUVRQDO�DQG�FOLQLFDO��7KHUH�VHHPV�WR�PH�WR�EH�D��QLQH�WR�ILYH�DWWLWXGH��RQ�WKH�SDUW�RI�VRPH�VWDII��D�ORZ�OHYHO�RI�MRE�VDWLVIDFWLRQ�ZKLFK�PDQLIHVWV�LWVHOI�LQ�D�ODFN�RI�HQJDJHPHQW�DQG�LQYROYHPHQW��,W�LV�SRVVLEOH�WKDW�D�JUHDWHU�HPSKDVLV�RQ�UHIHUHQFH�ZRUN�DQG��LQIRUPDO��XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ�ZRXOG�LWVHOI�LQFUHDVH�MRE�VDWLVIDFWLRQ��WKURXJK�SURYLGLQJ�LQWHOOHFWXDO�VWLPXOXV�DQG�PRUH�UHZDUGLQJ�LQWHUSHUVRQDO�FRQWDFW��WKLV�ZRXOG�DFW�DOVR�DV�DQ��DQWLGRWH��WR�WKH�PRQRWRQ\�RI�FOHULFDO�ZRUN��DQG�SHUKDSV�VHUYH�WR�LPSURYH�WKH�JHQHUDO�DWPRVSKHUH����8VHUV�DUH�REYLRXVO\�FRQFHUQHG�DERXW�DFFHVV�WR�VWDFN�PDWHULDO��WKLV�LVVXH�QHHGV�XUJHQW��DWWHQWLRQ��7KHUH�DUH�RWKHU�FKDQJHV�WKDW�FRXOG�EH�PDGH�WR�HQKDQFH�WKH�FRQYHQLHQFH�RI�XVHUV�DQG�DYRLG�XQQHFHVVDU\�GHOD\V�������7KH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�D�ELQ�IRU�UHWXUQHG�ERRNV��ZKLFK�FRXOG�EH�GHSRVLWHG�WKHUH�ZLWKRXW�TXHXHLQJ�������7KH�SURYLVLRQ�RI�D�MRXUQDO�ELQGLQJ�OLVW�IRU�XVHUV�WR�FRQVXOW�LQ�WKH�MRXUQDOV�DUHD���7KH�SUHVHQWDWLRQ�RI�PDWHULDO�LQ�WKLV�OLEUDU\�DSSHDUV�WR�PH�WR�EH�UHODWLYHO\�SRRU���'RFXPHQWDWLRQ�LV�SRRUO\�VLWHG�DQG�XQLQWHUHVWLQJ��QHZ�DFTXLVLWLRQV�DUH�QRW�SXEOLFLVHG�RU�GLVSOD\HG��QR�DWWHPSW�LV�PDGH�WR�SUHVHQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RU�OLEUDU\�UHVRXUFHV�YLD�H[KLELWLRQV��7KHUH�LV�QHYHU�DQ\WKLQJ�DSSDUHQWO\�QHZ�WR�KROG�WKH�LQWHUHVW�RI�WKH�UHJXODU�UHDGHU��WKH�OLEUDU\�DOZD\V�ORRNV�WKH�VDPH��DQG�LV�KHQFH�SHUFHLYHG�DV�VWHULOH�RU��GHDG���$OVR��WKH�UHIHUHQFH�FROOHFWLRQ�LV�SRRUO\�VLWHG��LOO�GHILQHG�DQG�

SRRUO\�SUHVHQWHG��FI��WKH�FOHDU�ODEHOOLQJ��SULPH�VLWH��DQG�FRORXU�FRGLQJ�HWF��DW�6W��*HRUJHV�+RVSLWDO�OLEUDU\��7RRWLQJ���,PSURYHPHQWV�KHUH�ZRXOG�XQGRXEWHGO\�UHGXFH�WKH�QXPEHU�RI�HQTXLULHV�RI�WKH��ZKHUH�LV�WKH�(QJOLVK�'XWFK�GLFWLRQDU\"��W\SH�GHDOW�ZLWK�DW�WKH�GHVNV����,�DP�DZDUH�DOVR�RI�D�UHODWLYH�ODFN�RI�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�SXEOLFLW\�DQG�SXEOLF�UHODWLRQV��7KH�VHQLRU�OLEUDULDQV�DSSHDU�WR�KDYH�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV�RQO\�WKURXJK�RIILFLDO�FKDQQHOV��DQG�KDYH�OLWWOH�RU�QR�LQIRUPDO�LQWHUDFWLRQ�ZLWK�WKHP��0RUH�XVH��LW�VHHPV��FRXOG�EH�PDGH�RI�LQ�KRXVH�SXEOLFDWLRQV�WR�PDLQWDLQ�WKH�´SXEOLF�SURILOH��RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�DQG�WR�SXEOLFLVH�LWV�VHUYLFHV��*HQHUDOO\�WKH�RYHUDOO�SROLF\�VWDQFH�DSSHDUV�WR�EH�UHDFWLYH�DQG�VHOI�SURWHFWLYH�UDWKHU�WKDQ�SURDFWLYH�����2XWVLGH�WKH�OLEUDU\�LWVHOI��RYHUDOO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�SURYLVLRQ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�IDFXOWLHV�DQG�WKH�$=0�LV�SLHFHPHDO�DQG�XQFRRUGLQDWHG��,QGLFDWLRQV�DUH�WKDW�IDFXOW\�PHPEHUV�PLJKW�ZHOFRPH�D�8%�LQLWLDWLYH�LQ�WKH�GLUHFWLRQ�RI�JUHDWHU�FRKHUHQFH�DQG�IRUPDO�RUJDQLVDWLRQ��VHH�DERYH��S����I����'HSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV��IRU�WKH�UHDVRQV�DOUHDG\�VWDWHG��ZLOO�QRW�JR�DZD\�LQ�D�KXUU\����,W�ZRXOG�EH�SUHIHUDEOH�LQ�P\�YLHZ�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�WKH�8%�DQG�WKH�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDULHV�DV�KDYLQJ�LQ�SULQFLSOH�FRPSOHPHQWDU\�UROHV�LQ�WKH�RYHUDOO�SURYLVLRQ�RI�PHGLFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�UDWKHU�WKDQ�DV�FRPSHWLQJ�IRU�UHVRXUFHV��2Q�WKLV��PRGHO´�WKHUH�FRXOG�EH�D�UROH�IRU�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV�LQ�FRRUGLQDWLQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�SURYLVLRQ�IRU�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQW�DFURVV�WKH�8%�DQG�WKHLU�GHSDUWPHQWDO�FROOHFWLRQ��/LEUDU\�DGPLQLVWUDWLYH�RSHUDWLRQV�DUH�LQ�PDQ\�UHVSHFWV�UXQQLQJ�DW�D�KLJK�OHYHO�RI�HIILFLHQF\��H�J��WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�D�FDWDORJXLQJ�EDFNORJ��WKH�SHUIRUPDQFH�RI�WKH�LQWHU��OLEUDU\�ORDQV�VHUYLFH���WKLV�LV�YHU\�PXFK�DSSUHFLDWHG�E\�XVHUV����3DUWLFXODU�LVVXHV�IRU�FKDVH�WZR�RI�WKH�VXUYHY������&RUUHODWLRQV�QHHG�WR�EH�HVWDEOLVKHG�EHWZHHQ�WLPH�VSHQW�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\��SDLG��HPSOR\PHQW��GXUDWLRQ��ZRUNLQJ�KRXUV�HWF���DQG�ZKHUH�OLYLQJ��ZLWK�SDUHQWV��LQ�RZQ��DFFRPPRGDWLRQ��KRZ�IDU�DZD\�HWF����DV�RQH�ZRXOG�H[SHFW�WKHVH�IDFWRUV�WR�KDYH�D�PDMRU�HIIHFW�RQ�OLEUDU\�XVH�������3KRWRFRS\LQJ�HPHUJHG�DV�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�LVVXH�GXULQJ�WKH�LQWHUYLHZV�ZLWK�VWXGHQWV��,W�EHFDPH�HYLGHQW�WKDW�VWXGHQWV�DUH�SKRWRFRS\LQJ�D�JUHDW�GHDO��XS�WR�IRXU�KXQGUHG�SDJHV�RI�ZULWWHQ�PDWHULDO�SHU�EORFN���LQ�SUHIHUHQFH�WR�EX\LQJ�WH[WERRNV��ERUURZLQJ�ORDQ�VWRFN�RU�XVLQJ�6/�ERRNV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\�IRU�VWXG\�SXUSRVHV��,W�WKXV�VHHPV�FULWLFDO�WR�ILQG�RXW�ZKDW�XQGHUJUDGXDWHV�DUH�GRLQJ�ZLWK�WKLV�SKRWRFRSLHG�PDWHULDO��DV�ZHOO�DV��LI�SRVVLEOH��ZKDW�LV�EHLQJ�FRSLHG�������7KH�LQWHUYLHZV�ZLWK�VWXGHQWV�GR�QRW�LQGLFDWH�WKDW�WKH\�DVFULEH�DQ\�SDUWLFXODU�VLJQLILFDQFH�WR�WKH�6/�DV�VXFK��RU�PDNH�DQ\�FRQFHSWXDO�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�6/�DQG�WKH�PDLQ�SDUW�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\��,W�VHHPV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�WU\�WR�HVWDEOLVK�WKH�IXQFWLRQ�ZLWKLQ�WKHLU�RZQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�WKHLU�OHDUQLQJ�SURFHVV���2WKHU�SRVVLEOH�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�IRU�WKH�OLEUDUY������0RQLWRULQJ�RI�MRXUQDO�XVH��ERWK�ERXQG�YROXPHV�DQG�FXUUHQW�LVVXHV���7KLV�FRXOG�EH�VDOXWDU\�IRU�DFDGHPLF�VWDII�ZKR�DUH�DOZD\V��FODPRXULQJ�IRU�PRUH��������$Q�LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�RI�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHHNLQJ�VNLOOV�RI�WKH�FOLQLFDO�VWXGHQWV��DORQJ�WKH�OLQHV�RI�'H5RVD�HW�DO��������,�ILQG�LW�VXUSULVLQJ�WKDW�WKLV�KDV�QRW�EHHQ�LQYHVWLJDWHG�EHIRUH�DV�SDUW�RI�WKH�HGXFDWLRQDO�UHVHDUFK�FXUULFXOXP�HYDOXDWLRQ�SURJUDPPH�������$�TXHVWLRQQDLUH�VXUYH\�DPRQJ�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQV�RI�WKH�VWDWH�RI�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\�SURYLVLRQ��WKH�FRPSLODWLRQ�RI�DQ�LQYHQWRU\�RI�GHSDUWPHQWDO�MRXUQDO�KROGLQJV�������

$SSHQGL[������/LVW�RI�DFDGHPLF�VWDII�LQWHUYLHZHG���)DFXOWY�RI�0HGLFLQH���'HUPDWRORJ\�� � � � � 5�+XOVPDQV���(SLGHPLRORJ\�� � � � � PZ�/�0RUGDQW��*HQHWLFV�0ROHFXODU�DQG�&HOO�%LRORJ\�� � *�+DPHUV��*HQHUDO�3UDFWLFH�� � � � PZ�(�%UHHYRRUW��*HQHUDO�0HGLFLQH�� � � � %�:ROIIHQEXWWHO��3DHGLDWULFV�� � � � � -�6FKUDQGHU��&OLQLFDO�1HXURSK\VLRORJ\�� � � )�6SDDQV��0HGLFDO�6RFLRORJ\�� � � � -�-RRVWHQ��2EVWHWULFV�*\QDHFRORJ\�� � � *�(VVHG��3DWKRORJ\�� � � � � 0�'DHPHQ��7KRUDFLF�0HGLFLQH�� � � � *�WHQ�9HOGH��'LDJQRVWLF�5DGLRORJ\�� � � � (�*�GH�+DDQ��MXQLRU�GRFWRU���5HKDELOLWDWLRQ�� � � � � PZ�(�7HUSVWUD��)DFXOWY�RI�+HDOWK�6FLHQFHV���0RYHPHQW�6FLHQFHV�� � � � -�$GDP��+HDOWK�+D]DUGV�7R[LFRORJ\�� � � -�YDQ�0DDQHQ��+HDOWK�(GXFDWLRQ�3URPRWLRQ�� � � 7�/HQGHULQN��0HGLFDO�&RPSXWLQJ�� � � � *�*URHQHQVFKLOG���,�FRQGXFWHG�SUHOLPLQDU\�LQWHUYLHZV�DOVR�ZLWK�)UDQV�7KRUV��7LWXV�*HHUOLJV��:LOOHP�GH�*UDYH��DQG�'LDQD�'ROPDQV��,�KDYH�QRW�LQFOXGHG�P\�QXPHURXV�YHU\�LQIRUPDWLYH�DQG�XVHIXO�FRQYHUVDWLRQV�ZLWK�-HURHQ�WHQ�+DDI�RQ�WKLV�OLVW��VLQFH�KH�LV�D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�VWDII�DV�ZHOO�DV�EHLQJ�D�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQ����

$SSHQGL[������6WXGHQW�LQWHUYLHZ�VFKHGXOH��UHYLVHG�������+RZ�PDQ\�KRXUV�HDFK�ZHHN�GR�\RX�VSHQG�RQ�DFDGHPLF�ZRUN����D��VWXG\LQJ�RQ�\RXU�RZQ"���E��DW�OHFWXUHV"���F��LQ�SUDFWLFDOV"������:KHUH�GR�\RX�XVXDOO\�SUHIHU�WR�ZRUN"������:KDW�DUH�\RXU�ERRN�EX\LQJ�KDELWV"������+RZ�PXFK�WLPH�HDFK�ZHHN�RQ�DYHUDJH�GR�\RX�VSHQG�LQ�WKH�OLEUDU\"������:KDW�WLPHV�RI�GD\�GR�\RX�JHQHUDOO\�XVH�WKH�OLEUDU\"������:KLFK�LV�\RXU�SUHIHUUHG�SODFH�WR�ZRUN�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\"������,Q�WKH�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFH�FHQWUH���VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH����DUH�ERRNV����D��HDV\�WR�ILQG"���E��SURYLGHG�LQ�DGHTXDWH�QXPEHUV�SHU�FRS\"���F��LQ�JRRG�FRQGLWLRQ"���G��XS�WR�GDWH"���H��LQ�FXUUHQW�HGLWLRQV"������,Q�JHQHUDO�GR�\RX�ILQG�LW�HDV\�WR�ILQG�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�\RX�QHHG"���D��ZLWKLQ�WKH�³VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH´"���E��ZLWKLQ�WKH�PDLQ�OLEUDU\"������,Q�ZKDW�ZD\V�GR�\RX�XVH�WKH��VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH�"��������+RZ�GR�\RX�XVXDOO\�ILQG�RXW�DERXW�UHOHYDQW�XVHIXO�VRXUFHV"�������:KDW�GR�\RX�WKLQN�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW��DV�UHJDUGV����D��WHPSHUDWXUH"���E��DLU�TXDOLW\�YHQWLODWLRQ���F��OLJKWLQJ"���G��LQ�JHQHUDO"���

����:KDW�RQH�WKLQJ�ZRXOG�PDNH�XVLQJ�WKH�OLEUDU\��VWXG\�ODQGVFDSH��PRUH�FRQJHQLDO�WR�\RX�DV�D�VWXG\�HQYLURQPHQW"�������+RZ�ZRXOG�\RX�UDWH�WKH�IROORZLQJ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�OLEUDU\����D��LQLWLDO�OLEUDU\�RULHQWDWLRQ"���E��ERRN�KROGLQJV��ORDQ�VWRFN�"���F��MRXUQDO�KROGLQJV"���G��VWDFN�VHUYLFH"���H��RSHQLQJ�KRXUV"���I��ORDQ�SHULRGV"���J��LQWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ�VHUYLFH"���K��FDWDORJXH"���L��VWDII�DWWLWXGH"���M��&'�520�LQVWUXFWLRQ"���N��&'�520�DYDLODELOLW\"���O��SKRWRFRS\LQJ�IDFLOLWLHV"���P��OLEUDU\�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ"�������+DYH�\RX�DQ\�RWKHU�FRPPHQWV�DERXW�WKH�OLEUDU\"���

$SSHQGL[�����)DFXOWY�LQWHUYLHZ�VFKHGXOH���6HFWLRQ�����5HVRXUFHV���+RZ�ZRXOG�\RX�UDWH�WKH�IROORZLQJ����D��7HDFKLQJ�UHVRXUFHV���6WXGLHODQGVFKDS�ERRN�VWRFN���/RDQ�ERRN�VWRFN���$XGLRYLVXDO�PDWHULDOV����-RXUQDOV����E��5HVHDUFK�FOLQLFDO�SUDFWLFH�UHVRXUFHV���5HIHUHQFH�FROOHFWLRQ���/RDQ�ERRN�VWRFN���-RXUQDOV���%LEOLRJUDSKLHV��SULQW���%LEOLRJUDSKLHV��&'�520���6HFWLRQ����6HUYLFHV�$FFHVV���:KDW�LV�\RXU�RSLQLRQ�RI�WKH�IROORZLQJ����2QOLQH�VHDUFK�VHUYLFH���5HIHUHQFH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHUYLFH���,QWHU�OLEUDU\�ORDQ�VHUYLFH���&XUUHQW�DZDUHQHVV�VHUYLFH���6WDFN�VHUYLFH���/RDQV�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ���2SHQLQJ�KRXUV���6HFWLRQ����0LVFHOODQHRXV���3OHDVH�GHVFULEH�\RXU�RZQ�UROH�DV�OLEUDU\�FRQWDFW�SHUVRQ��'R�\RX�IHHO�WKDW�\RXU�SUHVHQW�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�OLEUDU\�LV�VDWLVIDFWRU\"���,V�WKHUH�D�GHSDUWPHQWDO�OLEUDU\"�,I�VR��ZKDW�GRHV�LW�FRQWDLQ"�:KR�ORRNV�DIWHU�LW"�,I�LW�KDV�MRXUQDOV��DUH�WKH\�WLWOHV�ZKLFK�WKH�OLEUDU\�GRHV�QRW�KDYH�FDQQRW�DIIRUG"���

'R�PHPEHUV�RI�\RXU�GHSDUWPHQW�XVH�RWKHU�OLEUDULHV"�,I�VR��ZKLFK"�,V�\RXU�GHSDUWPHQW�FRQQHFWHG�ZLWK�DQ\�ZLGHU�LQIRUPDWLRQ�V\VWHP"���:KDW�LV�\RXU�RSLQLRQ�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\�HQYLURQPHQW"���:KDW�DUH�\RXU�H[SHFWDWLRQV�RI�VWXGHQW�OLEUDU\�XVH"���,V�\RXU�GHSDUWPHQW�FRQQHFWHG�WR�0$$61(7"�,I�VR��ZKDW�XVH�DUH�\RX�PDNLQJ�RI�LWV�ELEOLRJUDSKLF�IDFLOLWLHV"���:KDW�ZRXOG�EH�\RXU�PDLQ�SULRULW\�LQ�VHHNLQJ�WR�LPSURYH�WKH�OLEUDU\"���

1RWHV������7KHUH�LV�DQ�H[WHQVLYH�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��$PRQJ�WKH�PRUH�VLJQLILFDQW�DUH�1HXIHOG��9�DQG�%DUURZV��+�6��7KH�0F0DVWHU�SKLORVRSK\��$Q�DSSURDFK�WR�PHGLFDO��HGXFDWLRQ��-��0HG��(G�����V��������������������6FKPLGW��+�*��3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ���UDWLRQDOH�DQG�GHVFULSWLRQ��0HGLFDO�(GXFDWLRQ��=���������������%DUURZV��+�6�DQG�7DPEO\Q��$�0��3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��UDWLRQDOH�DQG�GHVFULSWLRQ��LOO�3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��DQ�DSSURDFK�WR�PHGLFDO�HGXFDWLRQ��1HZ�<RUN��6SULQJHU��������SS�������1HDPH��$�/�%��7RZDUGV�LQGHSHQGHQW�OHDUQLQJ��FXUULFXODU�GHVLJQ�IRU�DVVLVWLQJ�VWXGHQWV�WR�OHDUQ�KRZ�WR�OHDUQ��-��0HG��(GXF����������������������:DOWRQ��+�-��DQG�0DWWKHZV��0�%��(VVHQWLDOV�RI�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��0HG��(GXF���������������������$OEDQHVH��0�$��DQG�0LWFKHOO��6��3UREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��D�UHYLHZ�RI�OLWHUDWXUH�RQ�LWV�RXWFRPHV�DQG�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�LVVXHV��$FDG��0HG�������������������LV�D�XVHIXO�V\QRSVLV��'HVFULSWLRQV�RI�DVSHFWV�RI�WKH�0DDVWULFKW�FXUULFXOXP�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�6FKPLGW��+�*���%RVKXL]HQ�+�3�$��DQG�GH�9ULHV��0��&RPSDULQJ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�ZLWK�FRQYHQWLRQDO�HGXFDWLRQ��D�UHYLHZ�RI�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ�0HGLFDO�6FKRRO�H[SHULPHQW��$QQDOV�RI�&RPPXQLWY��2ULHQWHG�(GXFDWLRQ��������������������0DMRRU��*�'��,QWURVSHFWLRQ�DW�WKH�)DFXOW\�RI�0HGLFLQH�RI�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ��ORF��FLW��SS������������*UHHS��-DFREXV�0��3HUVSHFWLYH�RI�WKH�$FDGHPLF�+RVSLWDO��$QQDOV���,,��6���6����0DMRRU��*�'��DQG�6QHOOHQ�%DOHQGRQJ��+�$�0��&XUULFXOXP�UHYLVLRQ��UHQRYDWLRQ�RI�DQ�LQQRYDWLYH�DSSURDFK��ORF�FLW��SS��6����6�����3RVW��*�-���GH�*UDDI��(��DQG�'URS��0�-��(IILFLHQF\�RI�D�SULPDU\�FDUH�FXUULFXOXP��$QQDOV�����������������9HUZLMQHQ��0��HW�DO��7KH�HYDOXDWLRQ�V\VWHP�DW�WKH�PHGLFDO�VFKRRO�RI�0DDVWULFKW��$VVHVVPHQW�DQG�(YDOXDWLRQ�LQ�+LJKHU�(GXFDWLRQ���������������������������%DUURZV��+�6��$�WD[RQRP\�RI�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ�PHWKRGV��0HG��(GXF��������������������������7KH�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�FXUULFXOXP�LV�GHVFULEHG�E\�GH�9ROGHU��0�/��DQG�7KXQJ��3�-���,PSOHPHQWLQJ�D�SUREOHP�EDVHG�FXUULFXOXP��D�QHZ�VRFLDO�KHDOWK�SURJUDPPH�DW�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ��WKH�1HWKHUODQGV��2QGHU]RHN�YDQ�2QGHUZLMV�����������������*HHUOLJV��7��6WXGLHODQGVFKDS�HQ�VWXGHHUJHGUDJ�YDQ�VWXGHQWHQ�LQ�GH�)G*:��7KH�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFH�FHQWUH�DQG�WKH�VWXG\�EHKDYLRXU�RI�KHDOWK�VFLHQFHV�VWXGHQWV���8QSXEOLVKHG�������������'ROPDQV��'�+�-�0��HW�DO���7KH�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�VWXGHQW�JHQHUDWHG�OHDUQLQJ�LVVXHV�DQG�VHOI�VWXG\�LQ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ��6XEPLWWHG�IRU�SXEOLFDWLRQ��'ROPDQV��'�+�-�0��DQG�6FKPLGW��+�*��:KDW�GULYHV�WKH�OHDUQLQJ�LQ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�HGXFDWLRQ"�'UDIW��QRW�\HW�VXEPLWWHG�IRU�SXEOLFDWLRQ�������H�J���%RRNVWHLQ��$��4XHVWLRQQDLUH�UHVHDUFK�LQ�D�OLEUDU\�VHWWLQJ��-��$FDG��/LEUDULDQVKLR����������������������%XWOHU��0��DQG�*UDWFK��%��3ODQQLQJ�D�XVHU�VWXG\��WKH�SURFHVV�GHILQHG���&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������*RWKEXUJ��+�0��7KH�OLEUDU\�VXUYH\��D�UHVHDUFK�PHWKRGRORJ\�UHGLVFRYHUHG��&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������0DUWLQ��/�$��8VHU�VWXGLHV�DQG�OLEUDU\�SODQQLQJ��/LEUDUY�7UHQGV������������������3KLOOLSV��/�/��DQG�/\RQV��:��$QDO\]LQJ�OLEUDU\�VXUYH\�GDWD�XVLQJ�IDFWRU�DQDO\VLV��&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������6FKOLFKWHU��'�DQG�3HPEHUWRQ��-�0��7KH�HPSHURUV�QHZ�FORWKHV"�3UREOHPV�RI�WKH�XVHU�VXUYH\�DV�D�SODQQLQJ�WRRO�LQ�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDULHV��&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������7KH�VXEMHFW�LV�WUHDWHG�WKRURXJKO\�LQ�VWDQGDUG�ZRUNV�RQ�UHVHDUFK�PHWKRGV�LQ�OLEUDULDQVKLS�������H�J���0RRUH��0��,QQRYDWLRQ�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ��XQOLPLWHG�SRWHQWLDO�IRU�WKH�WHDFKLQJ�OLEUDU\��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF���������������������$OOHJUL��)��&RXUVH�LQWHJUDWHG�LQVWUXFWLRQ��PHWDPRUSKRVLV�IRU�WKH�WZHQW\�ILUVW�FHQWXU\��0HGLFDO�5HIHUHQFH�6HUYLFHV�4XDUWHUOY�����������������������'RUVFK��-�/��$�PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\�DSSURDFK�WR�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�FULWLFDO�DSSUDLVDO�LQVWUXFWLRQ��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF����������������������*UDYHV��.�-��DQG�6HOLJ��6�$��/LEUDU\�LQVWUXFWLRQ�IRU�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF������������������������6WULFNODQG�+RGJH��%��2ULHQWDWLRQ�DQG�WUDLQLQJ�RI�SUHFOLQLFDO�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�LQ�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�OLEUDU\��+HDOWK�/LEUDULHV�5HYLHZ�������������������/RIWLQ��-�(��/LEUDU\�RULHQWDWLRQ�DQG�OLEUDU\�LQVWUXFWLRQ�IRU�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF�������������������������3RUW��-DQH�6��&RQWLQXLQJ�HGXFDWLRQ�LQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�UHWULHYDO�WHFKQLTXHV�IRU�FOLQLFLDQV��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF������������������������������H�J���7HQ�&DWH��7K�-��HW�DO���6HQLRU�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�NQRZOHGJH�RI�EDVLF�FRQFHSWV�RI�FOLQLFDO�HSLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�ELRVWDWLVWLFV��WKH�DELOLW\�WR�LQWHUSUHW�PHGLFDO�OLWHUDWXUH��,Q�:��%HQGHU�HW�DO��7HDFKLQJ�DQG�DVVHVVLQR�FOLQLFDO�FRPSHWHQFH��*URQLQJHQ��%RHNZHUN��������SS�����������'D5RVD��'�$��HW�DO��$�VWXG\�RI�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHHNLQJ�VNLOOV�RI�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�DQG�SK\VLFLDQ�IDFXOW\��-�0HG�(GXF��������������������)ULHGODQGHU��-��&OLQLFDO�VHDUFK�IRU�LQIRUPDWLRQ��-$6,6���������������1RUWKXS��'�(��HW�DO��

&KDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�FOLQLFDO�LQIRUPDWLRQ�VHDUFKLQJ��LQYHVWLJDWLRQ�XVLQJ�FULWLFDO�LQFLGHQW�WHFKQLTXH��-��0HG��(GXF����������������������������7KLV�LV�UHYLHZHG�OXFLGO\�LQ�3RZHOO��5RQDOG�5��7KH�UHODWLRQVKLS�RI�OLEUDU\�XVHU�VWXGLHV�WR�SHUIRUPDQFH�PHDVXUHV��D�UHYLHZ�RI�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�,OOLQRLV�*UDGXDWH�6FKRRO�RI��/LEUDU\�DQG�,QIRUPDWLRQ�6FLHQFH�2FFDVLRQDO�3DSHUV�������������VHH�DOVR�5HHV��$�0���0HGLFDO�OLEUDULHV�DQG�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�XVHU�QHHGV��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF�����������������������������(VWHYH�&ROO��(��0DUNHWLQJ�DQG�WKH�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDU\��,QIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�/LEUDUY�0DQDJHU�����������������)RUG��9��35��WKH�VWDWH�RI�SXEOLF�UHODWLRQV�LQ�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDULHV��&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������0LOOHU��/��/LDLVRQ�ZRUN�LQ�WKH�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDU\��54��������������������0XUSK\��.XUW�5��0DUNHWLQJ�DQG�OLEUDU\�PDQDJHPHQW��/LEUDUY�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�DQG�PDQDJHPHQW�������������������6FKORPDQ��%�)���/LOO\��5��DQG��+X��:��7DUJHWLQJ�OLDLVRQ�DFWLYLWLHV��XVH�RI�D�IDFXOW\�VXUYH\�LQ�DQ�DFDGHPLF�UHVHDUFK�OLEUDU\��54�����������������������$PEURVH��.��DQG�$PEURVH��/��,PSURYLQJ�OLEUDU\�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�WKURXJK�D�VRFLRSK\VLFDO�DQDO\VLV��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF������������������������������7KH�IROORZLQJ�UHSUHVHQWV�DQ�DWWHPSW�WR�EH�H[KDXVWLYH��$QGHUVRQ��6���&DPS��0�*��DQG�3KLOS��-�5��/LEUDU\�XWLOL]DWLRQ�E\�PHGLFDO�VWXGHQWV�LQ�D�WUDGLWLRQDO�RU�SUREOHP�EDVHG�FXUULFXOXP��,Q�%HQGHU�HW�DO���2S��FLW���SS���������%OXPEHUJ��3�$��DQG0LFKDHO��-�$��'HYHORSPHQW�RI�VHOI�GLUHFWHG�OHDUQLQJ�EHKDYLRUV�LQ�D�SDUWLDOO\�WHDFKHU�GLUHFWHG�SUREOHP�EDVHG�OHDUQLQJ�FXUULFXOXP��7HDFKLQJ�DQG�OHDUQLQJ�LQ�0HGLFLQH������������������0DWKHVRQ��1�:��DQG�&RRSHU��-�$�'��$FDGHPLF�LQIRUPDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�DFDGHPLF�KHDOWK�VFLHQFH�FHQWHU��UROHV�IRU�WKH�OLEUDU\�LQ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�PDQDJHPHQW��-��0HG��(G���������SW�,,��������SS�������GHDO�ZLWK�XVHU�HGXFDWLRQ���1HXIHOG��9��DQG�6SDXOGLQJ��:�%��8VH�RI�OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFHV�DW�0F0DVWHU�8QLYHUVLW\��%0-�����������������5DQNLQ��-��3UREOHP�EDVHG�PHGLFDO�HGXFDWLRQ��HIIHFW�RQ�OLEUDU\�XVH��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF���������������5DQNLQ��-�$��3UHSDULQJ�PHGLFDO�OLEUDULHV�IRU�XVH�E\�VWXGHQWV�LQ�3%/�FXUULFXOD��$FDG��0HG�����������������6DXQGHUV��.���1RUWKXS��'�(��DQG�0HQQLQ��6�3��7KH�OLEUDU\�LQ�D�SUREOHP�EDVHG�FXUULFXOXP��,Q�.DXIPDQ��$��HW�DO��,PSOHPHQWLQJ�SUREOHP�EDVHG�PHGLFDO�HGXFDWLRQ��1HZ�<RUN��6SULQJHU��������6WHYHQVRQ��$��,QIRUPDWLRQ�IRU�LQQRYDWLRQ��$XVWUDOLDQ�6SHFLDO�/LEUDULHV�1HZV���������������������/LEUDU\�SROLF\�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�6/�LV�HQXQFLDWHG�LQ�%HVVHPV��$���YDQ�GHQ�+RRJHQ��+��DQG�1LHVWHQ��3��6WXGLHODQGVFKDSSHQ��5/�RQGHUZLMVYRRU]LHQLQJ�LQ�GH�MDUHQ�µ����OHDUQLQJ�UHVRXUFH�FHQWUHV��8QLYHUVLW\�RI�/LPEXUJ�HGXFDWLRQDO�SURYLVLRQ�LQ�WKH�����V���������%UHPEHU��9�/��DQG�/HJJDWH�3��/LQNLQJ�D�PHGLFDO�XVHU�VXUYH\�WR�PDQDJHPHQW�IRU�OLEUDU\�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�����WKH�XVHU�VXUYH\��-��'RF���������������������0DWFKLQJ�XVHU�QHHGV�LQ�KHDOWK�FDUH��$VOLE�3URFHHGLQJV���������������������������3RUW��6��7KH�0RXQW�6LQDL�0HGLFDO�&HQWHU�/LEUDU\�XVHU�VXUYH\��%XOO��0HG��/LEU��$VVRF�����������������������������&KLWQLN��6��8�DJH�RI�D�FHQWUDO�SV\FKLDWULF�OLEUDU\��$XVWUDOLDQ�6SHFLDO�/LEUDULHV�1HZV���������������������������%XGG��-��DQG�'L&DUOR��0��0HDVXUHV�RI�XVHU�HYDOXDWLRQ�DW�WZR�DFDGHPLF�OLEUDULHV��SUROHJRPHQD��/LEUDU\�5HVHDUFK�����������������������6HOOHQ��0�.��DQG�-LURXFK��-��3HUFHSWLRQV�RI�OLEUDU\�XVH�E\�IDFXOW\�DQG�VWXGHQWV��D��FRPSDULVRQ��&ROOHJH�DQG�5HVHDUFK�/LEUDULHV��������������������������'DYLV��%�%��8VHU�QHHGV��WKH�NH\�WR�FKDQJLQJ�OLEUDU\�VHUYLFHV�DQG�SROLFLHV��%XOO��0HG���/LEU��$VVRF��������������������������(EHQH]HU��&�0��/LEUDUY�XVHU�VXUYH\�SURSRVDO��SKDVH�WZR��TXHVWLRQQDLUH�VXUYH\�GLUHFW�REVHUYDWLRQ�VWXGLHV��8QSXEOLVKHG��6HSWHPEHU�������������6RPH�GLIILFXOWLHV�DUH�DSSDUHQWO\�FDXVHG�E\�WKH�IDLOXUH�RI�WKH�IDFXOW\�RIILFH�WR�SURYLGH�OLVWV�RI�QHZ�VWXGHQWV�LQ�JRRG�WLPH��������&I��0RRUH��RS��FLW���QRWH���DERYH���

����&I��-XQJ��&��HW�DO��3DWKILQGHUV��DQ�LQWHOOHFWXDO�JXLGH�WR�OLEUDULHV��(5,&�'RFXPHQW�QR��,5��������&DVWOHWRQ�6WDWH�&ROOHJH�����������