Use of a Combination of AHP and ISM for Making an Innovative ...

Research ArticleUse of a Combination of AHP and ISM for Makingan Innovative Rescue Caring Design in Landslide Area

Ming-Tang Wang

Department of Industrial Design National Kaohsiung Normal University Kaohsiung 824 Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Ming-Tang Wang mtwang2000gmailcom

Received 4 October 2014 Accepted 12 December 2014

Academic Editor Mo Li

Copyright copy 2015 Ming-Tang Wang This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

A design concept is proposed for using a combination of two types of decision-making models to determine the design directionBased on research processes it is conducted to solve rescue related issues in harsh terrain or landslides which can often be attributedto the global climate becoming unstable increasing the frequency of mudflows and landslides therefore creatingmore emergenciesof this type ATV vehicles are advantageous for such disasters In order to discover the needs for ATVrsquos carrying abilities five rescueexperts were interviewed and three additional experts participated in the AHP process A stretcher was determined to be the firstpriority to be mounted on an ATV Nine higher score items were selected to create a stretcher mechanism from a questionnairesurvey in VOA ISM recognized the main target with the intention to solve the safety problems (level 2) and the usability issues(level 3) of the proposed stretcher Finally a new stretcher structure was designed with a spinal board to be safe and detachable forconveying patients The stretcher body can also be folded and hung up for easy transporting and even combined with the trunkpack which contains various breathing assistance equipment

1 Introduction

Taiwan is located on the border of the Eurasia and Philippineplates Eurasian plate is still moving 7sim8 cm to the northwestdirection every year [1] Owing to the fact that the junc-tion of the plate has such significant movement it becamea mountainous region with steep terrains outcroppingsand generally young and fragile lithology Also due to theplatersquos movements natural disasters are a high risk such asearthquakes typhoons floods and surface deformation Thegrowing economy leads to excessively exploited mountainregions which in turn often causes loss of life and propertywhen a typhoon brings heavy rain causing seasonal floodslandslides and mudslides

This leads one to consider suitable methods to conveypatients when landslides cause injuries to people Manypolicy makers and scholars have paid special attention to therelationship between man and nature Therefore we needto propose an innovative and thoughtful design in order torescue emergency patients in mountain landslides and othernatural disasters

In this study researchers are trying to add thoughtfulconcepts in product designs as a new method of thinkingby researching awareness literature in industrial design andproposing nature-friendly designs Designing in this way isconceiving planning and presenting a creative action witha target This developing process is a series of conversionactivities transferring imagination and ideas into a realproductThegeneral developing process of a product includesat least 6 steps which are planning concept developmentsystem-level design detail design testing and refinementand production ramp-up [2] which can be constructed in 4stages planning designing prototyping and engineering [3]The implications for design were profound manufacturersfound that a designer could add value for a product the stylistcould make a product more appealing and more likely to bepurchased [4] Designers became more interested in produc-ing ldquowantrdquo products rather than ldquoneedrdquo products becausethey can create desire [5] Consumers always advocate user-centered needs so the design could not yet be described asbeing ldquoconsumer-ledrdquo Rather the manufacturers determinedwhat should be produced [4] The mismatch was felt by this

Hindawi Publishing CorporationMathematical Problems in EngineeringVolume 2015 Article ID 401736 13 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015401736

2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

design and the lack ofmoral responsibility was evident to thedesign profession [6] Consumer products have become theequivalent of boom indicators and in themeantime productdesign has merely become a tool of capitalism

Can producing a product design from a tool image in aldquocaringrdquo way be seen as spiritual Caring is a state of mentalsuffering or of engrossment to care is to be in a burdenedmental state one of anxiety fear or solicitude about some-thing or someone Alternatively one cares for somethingor someone if one has a regard or inclination towardsthat something or someone [7] ldquocaringrdquo is also defined asbeing kind and helpful and showing that you are concernedabout other people in the oxford dictionary [8] it is areal knowledge which comes from our lives and manifestsitself in love towards people Caring is one of the mostprofound feelings and is rooted in acceptance and response[9] Many scholars pointed out that behavior like doing wellto others or helping others lays on the foundation of altruism[10 11] Establishing the rationality of care design can beenhanced by promoting the application of this design conceptin design education If the relationship between people andproduct design is established the applications chance will bedeveloped [12ndash14] Therefore the caring concept can becometacit knowledge from people and can be used to eliminate thegap for a better design development which process of productdesign can be filled with extraordinary ideas determining amore clear resolution for design

11 Product Design for Caring User Because there are fewdesigns discussed with care in mind something like mobilephone development and design becomes an example ofthis issue In particular the hearing impaired persons aregreatly disadvantaged by cell phone design [15] thus researchis continuing to improve these devices mainly for seniorcitizens [12] The disaster of the Wenchuan earthquake inmainland China brought to the surface new ideas for caringrescue systems additional functions of new designs withconcerns for the victims [16] And a study is even being donefor female consumers searching for meaningful designs thatstill contain the caring element [17]

12 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Since the analytichierarchy process (AHP) was developed by [18] a systemsanalysis technique for solving decision problems there hasbeen a wide discussion about the empirical effectiveness andtheoretical validity of the technique [18ndash21] The methodol-ogy of the AHP is basically to transform a complex decisionproblem into elemental issues (ie clustering) to create ahierarchical model For a typical hierarchy the overall goal(usually the selection of the best alternatives) is situated atthe highest level elements with similar nature are groupedat the same interim level(s) and decision variables (usuallyalternatives) are situated at the lowest level [22] Structuralevaluation is a systematic determination of merit worth andsignificance of something using criteria against standardsThis involves human perceptual interpretation with someuncertainty and imprecision It discusses a basic principle inthe AHP that valid results depend on establishing priorities

for the criteria and priorities for the alternatives with respectto each criterion and synthesizing the results by weighingand adding The AHP consists of three main operationsnamely hierarchy construction priority analysis and con-sistency verification and accurate expression of the relativepreferences on the criteria is limited on Saatyrsquos discrete 9segments of the Likert scale [23 24] This paper focusesinstead on the priorities among alternatives

This method process is also popular in practical projectsIt was determined that the priorities in technological devel-opment for energy efficiency and greenhouse gas controlplans (EGCP) are part of a new national energy and resourcetechnology RampD plan (NERP) in Korea by using the AHPapproach for the first time [25] At least two approachescan be identified for such applications In the first approachthe AHP priorities are used as coefficients in the objectivefunction of the LP format and in the second approach thebenefit-cost ratios are used as the coefficients [26] Generallycustomer lifetime value (CLV) is evaluated in terms of recent-ness frequency and monetary (RFM) variables Howeverthe relative importance among them varies with the charac-teristics of the product and industry We developed a novelproduct recommendationmethodology that combined groupdecision-making and data mining techniques The analytichierarchy process (AHP) was applied to determine the rela-tive weights of RFM variables in evaluating customer lifetimevalue or loyalty [27] To develop a decision support systemwe used the fuzzy sets theory being integrated with AHP(analytical hierarchy process) for locating a new appropriateconvenience store [28] The paired comparisons are used toweigh the importance of attributes based on a hierarchicalstructure and the things required that decision makers useto remain consistent in making pairwise comparisons amongnumerous decision criteria [29] It developed a convenientand effective eigenvalue algorithm for deriving the weightsof criteria for UD (universal design) [30] constructing thecustomer requirement impact factors of the baby walkerbased on orange technology in order to create a smarter liv-ing space During questionnaires and interviews conductedby expert researchers in combination with the fuzzy Delphimethod the analytical hierarchy processmethodwas used forthe weight value calculation of these criteria [31]

13 Process of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) Peopleusually judge based on their intuition and experiences whenthey study complex divisive issues conduct problem anal-ysis and make assessments Interpretive structural modeling(ISM) is used for ideal planning which is an effectivemethodbecause all elements can be processed within a simplematrixISMwas proposed and developed byWarfield from 1973 [32ndash36] it is also a well-established methodology for identifyingrelationships among specific items which defines a problemor an issue [37 38] and a suitable modeling technique foranalyzing the influence of one variable on other variables[39] often used to provide a fundamental understandingof complex situations and putting together a course ofaction for solving a problem Its mathematical foundationsof the methodology can be found in various reference works[40]

Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

Identifyingopportunities

Realizingopportunities

Conceptualizingopportunities

Concretingopportunities

Understandingthe situation

Comparing thebetter rescuing

product

Searching therequired equipment

for rescuing

Selecting possibleissues (interview)

Making decision

Design idea(sketch)

Modelingsimulation

(3D drawing)

Product value

(AHP)

opportunity analysis(questionnaire survey)

Finding the fuzzyfront VOA (ISM)

Proposing innovativecaring design

direction (LEF)

Figure 1 The procedure and main method of this study

Object

Factor A Factor B Factor Nmiddot middot middot

A1 A2 A3 B1B2 B3 N1 N2 N3

Object level(top level)

Factor level(first level)

Factor level(second level)

Figure 2 The structure of AHP

ISM can be used to help groups of people in structuringtheir collective knowledge [41] its systematic application ofgraph theory in a way that uses theoretical conceptual andcomputational leverage is applied to efficiently construct adirected graph for referencing [41 42] Some design planning[43ndash45] and productivity issues [46] have provided sufficientground to begin with ISM research

2 Methodology

This study starts with a qualitative survey and follows with averified quantitative survey in relation to the process of caringdesign which is divided into four stages ldquoidentifying oppor-tunitiesrdquo ldquorealizing opportunitiesrdquo ldquoconceptualizing oppor-tunitiesrdquo and ldquoconcreting opportunitiesrdquo Figure 1 shows thatevery stage has process with professional methods to solve ordecide doubt or still uncompleted points

21 Identifying Opportunities Researchingmountainous res-cue products depend on (1) understanding the rescue

vehicles (2) choosing the better rescue vehicle for specialterrain and (3) selecting the required equipment

22 Realizing Opportunities Discussing Suitable Products forRescuing Realizing opportunity is to induct a design direc-tion by (1) selecting possible issues by interviewing expe-rienced rescue experts and (2) operating analytic hierarchyprocesses (AHP)with software programsTheAHPproposedsystem consists of four main components of the process asfollows(1) Hierarchical structure development of the AHP

(Figure 2) this is to review the related papers and interviewthe experts about the specific domain to decompose the prob-lem hierarchically(2) Weights determination AHP 119899 elements are com-

pared 1198621sdot sdot sdot 119862

119899 and denote the relative ldquoweightrdquo (or priority

or significance) of 119862119895with respect to 119862

119895by 119886119894119895and form a

square matrix 119860 = (119886119894119895) (formula (1)) of order 119899 with the

constraints that 1119886119894119895= 1119886

119895119894for 119894 = 119895 and 119886

119894119894= 1 all

119894 (1 2 3 119899) Such amatrix is said to be a reciprocalmatrix


Table 1 Issues in product value opportunities analysis [49 50]

Category Item Description

Emotion

Courage Rescuers can be inspired when they use a suitable product

Independence security Rescuers can operate independently and the equipment has the versatility on other tasksRescuers can feel safe

Sensibility The equipment can make rescuers feel confident in themselvesConfidence Ease of use of equipment increases rescuersrsquo confidencePower Rescuers can handle situations by using equipment

Human factorsengineering

Comfortable Feeling comfortable with no pressure when using rescuing equipmentSafety It is safe to use and will not put users in dangerUsability Being simple and easy to use

Aesthetics

Sight The equipment is good lookingSense of touch Feeling smooth with no discomfortAuditory sense Equipment does not make noisesNose The material has no peculiar smellSense of taste Being not harmful or uncomfortable to mouth

Image Time Ability to meet the time or frequency when local disaster happensLocation Being fit for local rescuing demand

Influence Society Having adaptable equipment to fit various environments and situationsEnvironment Not having any harmful influence to environment

Core technology Reliability Product can use stable without troubleAvailability The core tech must meet the productrsquos function and be easily accessible when needed

Quality Craft The product must have high qualityDurability The product must achieve the high durability

[47] The main goal of the questionnaire is to compare pairsof elements or criteria of each level with respect to everyelement in the higher level In [48] a nine-segment scale isrecommended integrating from different expertsrsquo opinions

119860 = [119886

119894119895]

119899times119899=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886

12sdot sdot sdot 119886

12

1

119886

12

1 sdot sdot sdot 119886

1198992

d

1

119886

1119899

1

119886

2119899

sdot sdot sdot 1

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

sdot sdot sdot

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

119882

1

119882

2

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

2

119882

119899

d

119882

119899

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

119899

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

119886

119894119895=

119882

119868

119882

119869

119886

119894119895=

1

119886

119895119894

119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899

(1)

(3) Calculating eigenvectors and the largest eigenvaluethe weight of each factor has been determined the corre-sponding data of each evaluation factor should be collected toterrainTheweights are consistent if they are transitive that is119886

119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886

119895119896for all 119894 119895 and 119896 Such amatrixmight exist if the 119886

119894119895

are calculated from exactly measured dataThen find a vector120596 of order 119899 such that 119860

120596= 120582

120596((2)) For such a matrix 120596 is

said to be an eigenvector (of order 119899) and 120582 is an eigenvalueFor a consistent matrix 120582 = 119899 for matrices involving humanjudgment the condition 119886

119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886

119895119896does not hold as human

judgments are inconsistent to a greater or lesser degree Insuch a case the 120596 vector satisfies the formulas 119860

120596= 120582max120596

and 120582max ge 119899 The difference if any between 120582max and 119899 is anindication of the inconsistency of the judgments If 120582max = 119899then the judgments have turned out to be consistent

119860

120596=

[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

sum

119899

1[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

1119899 119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899 (2)

The largest eigenvalue First a pairwise comparison ofmatrix 119860 is multiplied by the eigenvectors119882

1 getting a new


Table 2 The comparisons of possible rescue carriers

Item Type lHelicopterS70-C 4WD Hummer H1 ATV (500 cc)

(1) Flexibility X Only has 45 hr endurance capacity ⊚

Affected by roadconditions ⊚

Almost not influencedby road conditions

(2) Max of loading capability ⊚ 9000 lb ⊚ 6000 lb ⃝ 440 lb

(3) Approaching disaster area X Need appropriate space to land andonly can hang or air drop ⃝

Not easy to drive onmountain road collapse ⊚

Capable of driving onbad road condition

(4) Cost of operation X 800 thousandtime ⃝

Consumption is higherthan usual cars ⊚ Lower than usual cars

(5) Price X About $27000000 ⃝ About $130000 ⊚ About $11000

(6) Universality ⃝ Government agencies ⃝

In government agenciescivil society groups ⊚ Civil society groups

The description of mark ⊚ excellent ⃝ good X poor

vector 11988210158401(formula (3)) which is then averaged between

multiples of 120582max (formula (4))

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

119886


1198992

d

119886

1198991119886


]

]

]

]

]

]

]

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

2

119882

119873

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1015840

2

119882

1015840

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

(3)

120582max =1

119899

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1

+

119882

1015840

2

119882

2

+ sdot sdot sdot +

119882

1015840

119899

119882

119899

] (4)

(4)Consistency test the pairwise comparisonmatrix119860 isconsistent with the consistency of the matrix so the resultsof the assessment should be checked with a consistency testin order to check the pairwise comparison matrix used bypolicy makers to answer whether the consistency matrix canbe used properly Saaty [18 pages 11ndash32] suggested that theconsistency index (consistency index CI) and consistencyratio (consistency ratio CR) test the consistency of pairwisecomparison matrices A consistency index (CI) can becalculated as follows [47]

CI =120582max minus 119899

119899 minus 1

(5)

While CI = 0 indicates exactly same as before andafter the judgment CI gt 0 indicates that values before thejudgment are inconsistent and CI le 01 allows comparableerrors Secondly consistency index (CI) affects the size ofthe order of the matrix 119860 and the scale of assessments CIvalue matrix 119860 in order to assess the number and scale ofall known cases the result is called stochastic (random indexRI) This value can be obtained by a look-up table (Table 6)In the same order of the matrix the ratio of the value of CIand RI is called the consistency ratio (CR) (formula (6))which is defined as follows

CR = CIRI (6)

23 Conceptualizing Opportunities Discussion of CaringDesign Concept The collection of emotional demands frominterviews of professional users was used in the processof caring design Improving shortcomings and using goodpoints to make sure that designs become reasonable andinnovative were among the priorities

(1) Processing product value opportunity analysis mea-sured the scale of value opportunity analysis (VOA) [49 50]in questionnaires made by related experts It was used toconstruct hierarchical interaction graphs of the systems andareas of the main problem and the main target design of ISMThe original design proposal can be divided into 7 differentcategories emotion human factor engineering aestheticsproduct image influence core technology and quality Theyare magnified for explanation into 22 issues (Table 2) (2)Finding the fuzzy front integrating higher value ofVOA frominterpretive structural modeling (ISM) defines problem to bean issue as design guidelines (3) Proposing innovative caringdesign direction this is planning from fuzzy front to thepresent scenario using pictures of LEF (life style ergonomicsand feature)

Theprincipal of ISM is as follows assignweights119908119894for the

119894th element according to its relative position in the individualhierarchy By summing the individuals a collective score 119908

119894119895

can be assigned to each element constructing the matrix [119860]to present the related relationship of each element (formula(7))

[119860] =

119899119895

sum

119895=1

119908

119894119895

[119860] =

[

[

[

[

[

119908


1198941

d

119908


119894119895

]

]

]

]

]

(7)

Malone [42] showed that amatrix is termed the adjacencymatrix of 119863 and is constructed by setting 119886

119894119895= 1 wherever

there is an arc in 119863 directed from element 119904119894to element 119904

119895

and by setting 119886119894119895= 0 elsewhere Element 119904

119895is said to be


Figure 3 Morakot Typhoon KYMCOMotorcycle Company sponsored ATV to transport materials into the disaster area [54]

reachable from element 119904119894if a path can be traced on 119863 from

119904

119894to 119904119895 By convention an element 119904

119894is said to be reachable

from itself by a path of length 0The reachability matrix119872 ofa digraph is defined as a binary matrix in which the entries119898

119894119895are 1 if element 119904

119895is reachable from element 119904

119894 otherwise

119898

119894119895= 0 It can be shown that the reachability matrix can be

obtained operationally from the adjacency matrix by addingthe identity matrix and then raising the resulting matrix tosuccessive powers until no new entries are obtained That is

[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)

where 119899 is determined such that

([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)

24 Concreting Opportunities Industrial Design ProcessProduct design courses are most commonly used to imple-ment the thematic teaching mode students accumulatedesign capabilities by the actual implementation of theproduct design process [51] Design thinking and strategy canbe divided into design prototyping and engineering stagesThe design concept generated through interviews and datacollection integration of content with each other (1) designidea and (2) 3D modeling simulation

3 Identifying Opportunities Research forMountain Rescuing Products

There are several conditions which have to be considered fordistinguishing suitability the rescue vehicle can be deliveredfrom air or land for special landslides or normal mountainslides The more useful delivery methods include helicopterfrom air 4WD vehicle ATV and SUV from land

31 Understanding Rescuing Situation (1) Helicopter theS70C CH47 and B234 all belong to the Navy ArmyAviationand Air Forces which can provide higher altitude rescuingUnfortunately it is a dangerous vehicle for rescue tasksin mountainous jungles Its propellers are easily entangled

and wrapped in branches when it attempts landings in badweather Also the flow cage and transmission power wiresbecome harmful to rescue operators (2) 4WD vehicles theHMMWV (high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle) ofthe Army is the best off-road ldquoHummerrdquo and is a well-known4WD Most other 4W drive vehicles are commandeered bycivil search and rescue teams (3)Mountain bike this optionis suitable for riding on mountainous road or in junglesbut it is difficult to carry injured patient (4) ATV (all-terrain vehicle) the ATV can overcome all road barriers Itis compact and flexible in moving on rough terrain and cancarry rescuers and equipment into disaster areas for earlyrescuing operations such as site assessment site securitycontrolling patient case and immediate caring for patientswith equipment for maintaining life

32 Comparing the Better Rescuing Product for Special TerrainTable 2 shows that because the helicopters own load capacityand speed characteristics are poor the 4W (four-wheel drive)vehicles then become the most commonly used for rescuingTo compare characteristics between 4WD vehicle and ATV4WD vehicles have more expenses especially maintenanceand it is difficult to equip for unexpected conditions Rescuersneed to be able to quickly reach any disaster location TheATV can drive in places where helicopters cannot land or4WD vehicles cannot pass Therefore the ATV has the mostexcellent advantages of characteristics good flexibility beingsmall in size easily approaching the disaster location beingnot affected by road conditions the ability of driving inrivers forests or rugged steep terrains good load capability(440 lb and can tow up to 1100 lb) and being more efficientMoreover it can transfer its equipment rapidly for varioustasksrsquo requirements water pump rescue aid kit addingtrailers to transport supplies carrying stretcher and so forth

TheATV (all-terrain vehicle) is famous for running on allterrains each type could have 3 4 or 6wheelsTheATV is themost tactical and practical vehicle on some special terrainsMany practical cases for rescuing in foreign locales occa-sionally stay in Taiwan as an emergency stopgap (Figure 3)The superiority of theATV for rescuing is preferentially taken


Table 3 Rescue expert interviewees

Interviewee Date Belonging unit

Semistructured interview

1 Dr Chung September 21 2011 ROC Disaster Medicine2 Member A September 29 2011 ROC Rescue Corps3 Mr Liu October 17 2011 Kaohsiung City Fire DepartmentIshaan detachments4 Mr Chen October 17 2011 Kaohsiung City Fire DepartmentJasiah detachments5 Mr Xu October 17 2011 Kaohsiung City Fire DepartmentJasiah detachments

Table 4 Issues of interview for AHP

Number Issues Interview perspectives

1 Crossing the harsh terrain (1) When rescuing people drowning in sandbar river and (2) forest fires industrialroads dirt roads gravel and grass

2 Supporting rescue (1) Support ldquogeneral vehiclesrdquo or ldquofire trucksrdquo to reach any place (2) reach streams coastof river to rescue drowning

3 Carrying subsistence equipment (1) Portable Oxygen supply (2) capability of carrying equipment (3) rescuers canreduce excess physical exertion

4 Flexibility of ATV (1) Lightweight (2) May across 15sim18 meters road drop (3) climbing ability is adaptedto the steep slope

5 Using of the rear frame(1) ATVrsquos body gravity is too high (2) Unsafe throttle control knob (3) It is poor to usebody is too light cannot be well fixed (4) Limited driving distance owing to finitecapacity of oil tank

6 Need of a stretcher (1) For carrying the injured from landslides terrain (2) the patient cannot sit in the ATV7 Having the shock effect (1) Prevent the harsh shocking and (2) avoiding insult to injured patients

by European countries and generally deployed in public andprivate rescue groups

33 The Required Equipment for Rescuing Dr Chung fromthe ROC Disaster Medicine group said that ldquoThe mostimportant thing for the rescue team in disaster is self-sufficiencyrdquo The main equipment for disaster is generalsurgery orthopedics neurosurgery portable respirators andoxygen suppliers Ministry of Interior [52] formulated ambu-lance equipment must include the following (1) generalfirst aid box thermometers blood pressure monitors dis-infection equipment dressing equipment breathing tubessyringes emergency medicines sterile gloves and masks (2)spinal board mainly used in suspecting spinal trauma tofix the patientsrsquo spine (3) oxygen kit carrying a portableoxygen kit that needs a minimum capacity (about 400 L)pressure gauges flow regulator high pressure hoses andpneumatic forced oxygen and suction device (4) oxygensupplier divided into nasal oxygen tube ordinary masknonrebreathing mask and wake-up ball respectively usedfor different conditions (5) fracture fixation fixing patientsrsquofracture position to reduce secondary injury from moving(6) stretcher conveying patients as a temporary bed to thehospital (7) collars protecting the cervical spine by keepingthe cervical spine at a centered position in order to avoidsecond injury

4 Realizing Opportunities

41 Extracting Constructs from Expert Interview The inter-views for caring disaster scenarios five experienced rescue

experts (see Table 3) were invited to interview First photoswere prepared of ATVs and landslides to show each expertdiscussing how to care recognizing specific equipment andthe rescuersrsquo challenges in particular landslides and otherharsh terrains (1) the special needs of rescue equipment suchas ropes and stretchers (2) mentioning urgent patient needsto make for stable performance and ensure the safety of thepatient (3) the concerns of rescue staff avoiding danger andreducing burdens

The ATV has been evaluated as being suitable for allterrains Depending on expert interviews and evaluationsin terms of being certified and suitable for landslides MrChen said that ldquoThe ATVrsquos tire and suspension is suitablefor driving on slopes rough terrain and gravel riverbedsand collapsed roads Unfortunately it cannot easily drive onnormal asphalt and can easily be overturnedrdquo Chen suggestedldquoimproving the assembly of the spinal board on the rear frameof the ATV to reach a fast and stable usabilityrdquo

Another advantage of the ATV is that it is convenientfor rescuing It usually coordinates with an ambulance andits overroad capacity can easily lead to victims on specialterrains It can be equipped with an aid kit and a spinalboard to convey sitting or standing patients throwing gunsand hanging ropes for distant victims and fixed ropes fordependent injuries

Table 4 shows that the main issues of ATV rescue areconcluded from the expert interviews (1) crossing the harshterrain (2) support rescue (3) carrying subsistence equip-ment (4) flexibility of ATV (5) the use of the rear frame(6) need of stretcher (7) shocking resistance structured in


Table 5 Relative weight analysis of rescue experts

Constructs factor The weight between factors Ranking of weight CI CR

ATV rescue inlandslides

Crossing the harsh terrain 085 5

02 016

Special terrain rescue 061 7Capability of carrying subsistence equipment 209 3Flexibility of ATV 124 4The use of the rear frame 067 6Need of a stretcher 228 1Having the shock effect 227 2

Table 6 The value of RI

119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159

two hierarchical levels so that they can be operational by theabovementioned process AHP

42 Operating Analytic Hierarchy Process to Make Decision

421 Hierarchical Structure Development of the AHP AsshownTable 4 seven issues have been selected as second levelideas to construct the hierarchical structure for AHP in thelast section

422 Weights Determination and Consistency Test For thesake of more precise weights and consistency with theAHP method to measure key elements each one is madebetween the various dimensions of the relative weight of thepairwise comparisons using AHP to measure key elementsThey are made between the relative weights of questionnairecomparisons If CI le 01 this indicates that the consistencyof the matrix is satisfactory If the comparison matrix doesnot have consistency we can try to modify the hierarchy ofthe questionnaire or ask experts to rethink before ensuringthe quality of the design

The study invited twenty-two experts to join the pairwisecomparison and nineteen experts achieved the standard ofconsistency ratio In their reliable analysis test the value ofthe consistency ratio is less than or equal to 01 measuringthe constructs of the problem in the same consistency thereliability shows that it is a good questionnaire survey Table 5shows that the weights between the factors of ranking ofweight CI and CR the consistency index of all compar-isons are 02The ranking and its weight the first one ldquoneedsa stretcher (228)rdquo the second one is ldquoshock resistance (227)rdquothe third one is capability of carrying subsistence equipment(209) Finally the calculating of CR = CIRI RI = 132(the factors are seven) (see Table 5) and therefore CR =02124 = 016 indicates that the consistency of the matrixis satisfactory and thus the consistency throughout the resultscan be accepted It is realized that a stretcher is neededto convey patients with shock prevention and subsistenceequipment in order to avoid hypoxia

40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight

Sense of touchAuditory sense

NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment

ReliabilityAvailability

CraftDurability

Figure 4 Value opportunity analysis of rescuing equipment

5 Conceptualizing Opportunities

51 Operating Product Value Opportunity Analysis The res-cue stretcher on an ATV is used as a design target usingthe operating product value opportunity analysis (VOA)(see Table 1) on further questionnaire surveys through theInternet By selecting 10 segments the Likert scale evaluatesthe survey There are 22 questionnaires of VOA assessmentevaluated by 11 examinees (6 males and 5 females) that haveexperienced suffering in natural disasters

Figure 4 shows that survey average scores with a selectionof the higher items were referenced for stretcher designThere are nine items that have a score higher than 900which are ldquoreliabilityrdquo at 955 ldquoease of use (usability)rdquo at 945ldquosense of independencerdquo at 945 ldquosecurityrdquo at 945 ldquosafetyrdquo at927 ldquolocationrdquo at 927 ldquopowerrdquo at 918 ldquodurabilityrdquo at 909and ldquoconfidencerdquo at 909 For finding the fuzzy front andconstructing area of the main target and main problem theISM is selected to decide their relationship

52 Finding the Fuzzy Front by ISM For finding the fuzzyfront and verifying the relation of those five items the ISMis selected to operate depending on the method construct


Table 7 Original matrix for ISM

Level Description of number Number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 Reliability 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 13 Ease of use 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 03 Sense of independence 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 02 Security 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 12 Safety 5 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 13 Location 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 02 Power 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 11 Confidence 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 02 Durability 9 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

area which is the main target or main problem Processingfor ISM the original matrix as in Table 7 the original matrixis checked for all items to find out each pair relation Theldquo1rdquo and ldquo0rdquo describe ldquoYesrdquo or ldquoNordquo relations between rowsand columns for which decisions were decided by assessedpersons These are the three rescue experts of Table 3 whodiscussed together to decide their relations and follow amajority decision (1) Constructing a correlation matrix is toconduct logical operations and analyze the resulting hierar-chical structures from the most important VOA To comparethe relationships a directional correlation matrix [119860] (seeTable 7) is formed using the relationship (119886

119894119895) between one

element and another (2) Generating a reachability matrixthe reachability matrix [119877] is deducted from the incidencematrix [119860] if a Boolean 119899-multiple product of [119860] + [119868]uniquely converges to 119877 for all integers 119899 gt 119899

0 where

119899

0is an appropriate positive integer [119868] is a Boolean unity

matrix and + is an addition in the Boolean sense [53]Matrix [119877] represents all direct and indirect linkages betweencomponents Relation transitivity is a basic assumption inISM representing the reachability matrix [119877] derived frommatrix [119860] in which an entry 119903

119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is

reachable by 119894 although the path length may be one or moreldquoReachabilityrdquo in graph theory is the ability to move fromone vertex in a directed graph to some other vertices Thisis sufficient to find the connected components in the graph(3) Generating a rearranged matrix cluster elements affectone another in the output matrix of the reachability matrixFigure 5 reveals that hierarchical interaction graph of thesystem has three clusters namely 8 2 3 6 and 1 4 5 79 and the clustered components are integrated and treatedas a single entity (4) Illustrating the hierarchical relation-ships of elements the hierarchy graph is then obtained byidentifying a set of components in matrix [119877] that cannotreach or be reached by other components outside the set itselfThe oriented links then connect the nodes from source tosink based on the incidence matrix Notably the roundedrectangles indicate clusters within the retrieved group inwhich the information flow forms a loop In this step theelementsrsquo hierarchical relationships are illustrated accordingto the rearranged matrix providing decision makers with

1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Figure 5 Hierarchical interaction graph of the system

the procedures and hierarchical structures to use in thedeconstruction of a problem (5) Drawing the 119863 + 119877 and119863minus119877 element distribution graph based upon the reachabilitymatrix [119877] the user must add up the scores of the elementsin each row to generate 119863 and the elements in each columnto generate 119877 After this calculate the values of 119863 + 119877 and119863minus119877 to generate a reachability matrix determinant and thendemonstrate 119863 + 119877 and 119863 minus 119877 on a binary scale to interpretboth the problem and the target areasThis system can also beemployed to analyze independent elements according to theirhierarchical relationships After the element level has beendetermined draw the 119863 + 119877 and 119863 minus 119877 element distributiongraph to find out the main problem and main target (seeFigure 6)

Conclusion of Figures 5 and 6 shows that the main targetis level one (8) ldquoconfidencerdquo the main problems are leveltwo (2 3 6) ldquoreliabilityrdquo ldquosecurityrdquo and ldquosafetyrdquo and level3 (1 4 5 7 9) ldquoease of userdquo ldquosense of independencerdquoand ldquolocationrdquo Figure 6 shows 119863 + 119877 and 119863 minus 119877 elementdistribution graph that the rescue stretcher must achieveconfidence for patient and driver solving the problem ofsafety (level 2) and usability (level 3) ensuring a stretchermechanism that is designed to sit on an ATV It shouldcomply with the principle of operation as being simple and


minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R

Figure 6119863 + 119877 and119863 minus 119877 element distribution graph

easy as possible and be suitable to operate independently andwill not cause user risk

53 Proposing Innovative CaringDesignDirection Theresultsof the ISM conclude that the fuzzy front for design purposespresent a referenced product picture that can be a scenariofor explaining the LEF (life style ergonomics and feature)mechanism (see Figure 7) The usability and reliable securityof the model are essential elements of a rescue stretcherThis stretcher for an ATV is mainly used to retrieve aninjured patient in harsh terrain during hurricanes on brokenpavementThis studywas sorted by the following three issues

(1) Improving the stretcher design is as being safe andindependent spinal board for retrieving

(2) The stretcher must be allowed to fold and hang up tochange utility and combine with the trunk and alsoallow for packaging subsistence equipment (portableoxygen machine) for an emergency (see Figure 7)

(3) The stretcher needs a resistant shocking mechanismin order to avoid another accident during the rescuingprocess the creative solution of conveying Japanesenoodles is a good referencing idea and solution toprevent this (Figure 7(a))

6 Concreting OpportunitiesPractical Industrial Design Process

Usually the existing ATV can enlarge its rear carrier to befit for special purposes It can also carry up to 440 lb butthe main problem is how to keep things safe and reliable forpatients It especially needs to use a stretcher and to avoidshakingwhen theATVpasses through rugged terrainWe can

improve the stretcher as a foldable spinal board referencingan existing mechanism of conveying noodles in Japan itis a traditional vibrating prevention mechanism Lastly aportable oxygen device can produce oxygen from availablewater and prevent hypoxia

61 The Main Design Idea Figure 8 shows the main designof the multiple idea of a hang-up stretcher for conveyingpatients Figure 9 shows that this stretcher is folded into atriangle where it can be stored with portable oxygen devicesand other equipmentThis equipment can be fixed by flexibleropes which can help patients by preventing a release of theequipment It is found that this design meets the demands ofthe flexibility andmobility required by ATV rescue Figure 10shows that it has a mechanism for avoiding vibration whichalso needs reliable elastic ropes fixing the stretcher

62 3D Simulation Model Figure 11 shows that the stretchermechanism is simulated by 3Dmodeling software displayingthe location situation on the ATV This stretcher has a tarpas a fixed cloth (see Figure 12) the frame can be folded intoa triangle (see Figure 13) This design proposal is applicableand simply needs further prototyping and engineering

7 Conclusion

The complex structure of Taiwanrsquos geology continues to pro-duce seismic activity and natural disasters like earthquakestyphoons floods surface deformation and subsidence Italways results in loss of life and property when typhoonsbring heavy rain causing seasonal floods landslides andmudslides In this study we combined expert interviews andtwo types of decisions making the method research targetand design be a product of innovative care design which willdecrease black-box thinking

Basically theATVhas shown to be amore suitable vehiclefor rescuing After establishing this fact it is simply findingout the possibilities of an ATV rescue which was begunwith the interviewing of five rescue experts to conclude sevenimportant issues for searching design direction This processusedAHP tomake direction decisions from certain prioritiesthe first five priority orders included ldquoneed of a stretcherrdquoldquoshock resistancerdquo ldquosubsistence equipmentrdquo ldquoflexibility of anATVrdquo and ldquocrossing harsh terrainrdquo It can be noted that astretcher is required to rescue urgent patients which will alsoprevent shock resistance that could hurt the patients and alsoprotects against the hypoxia problem

In order to confirm the value of this design direction wehave taken a questionnaire survey to select nine of the highestitems from 7 categories and we also processed ISM modelsto make a final design decision In the end the final productneeds to reach the full confidence of the patients to solve thesafety and usability of the product The final stretcher designis proposed to be suspended up in a suspension mechanismto avoid swinging fixed by a high coefficient elastic type ropeIt is a designed foldable stretcher for rescuing patients inlandslides or harsh terrain


(a) (b) (c)

(d)

Figure 7 The related equipment for caring design (a) delivery machine (httpitemrakutencojp) [55] (b) portable oxygen device(httpwwwlakesidemedicalcaPage7html) [56] (c) Alpine stretcher lite (httpwwwsar-productscomSAR Alpine Lite Stretcherhtml)[57] (d) Rescue Stretcher Harness (httpsafeteceu) [58]

Figure 8 The stretcher can be hung up

Figure 9 The stretcher can be folded into a triangular box

Figure 10 The stretcher can be set on the shock mechanism (thesame as that which carries the Japanese noodle)

From this innovative design research method we havedesigned a plan through the fuzzy direction to real detail bysolidifying the design direction The innovative care designwas considered because it deals with society and the realneeds for rescuing This research is a good project for takingpatients out of natural disasters The government needs tohave a broader care vision to solve these common situations


Figure 11 The proposal for rescuing a patient from an ATV carriedon rough terrain

Figure 12 The stretcher design

Figure 13 The triangular frame

making it legal to own an ATV and run in main roads wouldbe the first step

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] S-B Yu H-Y Chen and L-C Kuo ldquoVelocity field of GPSstations in the Taiwan areardquo Tectonophysics vol 274 no 1ndash3 pp41ndash59 1997

[2] K Ulrich and S Eppinger Product Design and DevelopmentNew Product Design Huatai Culture Taipei Taiwan 2011

[3] M-C Ho M-M Lai and Z-F Zhang ldquoCooperation par-ticipatory design educationmdashdesign research center in theprofessional design talent nurturing rolerdquo in Proceedings of the

Professional Design Talent Cultivation Symposium pp 183ndash187National Yunlin Institute of Technology 1997

[4] N Whiteley Design for Society Reaktion Book London UK2006

[5] T Conran (quoted inW Kay) Battle for the High Street PiatkusLondon UK 1987

[6] V Papanek Design for the Real World Human Ecology andSocial Change D Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New YorkNY USA 2nd edition 1992

[7] N Noddings Caring A Feminine Approach to Ethics and MoralEducation University of California Press Berkeley Calif USA1984

[8] Care 2013 httpoaadonlineoxfordlearnersdictionariescomdictionarycare

[9] Z-H Fang Care Ethics and Education Hung-Yeh CultureEnterprise Taipei City Taiwan 2004

[10] CD BatsonN Ahmad A Lishner and J Tsang ldquoEmpathy andaltruismrdquo in Handbook of Positive Psychology C R Snyder andS J Lopez Eds pp 485ndash498 Oxford University Press OxfordUK 2005

[11] N Eisenberg Q Zhou and S Koller ldquoBrazilian adolescentsrsquoprosocial moral judgment and behavior relations to sympathyperspective taking gender-role orientation and demographiccharacteristicsrdquo Child Development vol 72 no 2 pp 518ndash5342001

[12] M-TWang ldquoCare for seniors tribe Healing toys explore designdirectionrdquo Design Journal vol 17 no 2 pp 1ndash24 2012

[13] M-T WangThe Evolution of the Concept of the Use of TeachingTopics DiscussedmdashA Small Vacuum Cleaner Designed for Exam-ple vol 31 Kaohsiung Normal University 2012

[14] M-T Wang ldquoThe starting concept of caring design and itrsquos inbetween ethicsrsquo relationshiprdquo in Proceedings of the CID AnnualDesign Conference Proceeding the Re-Evolution of Design Fam-ily Tatung University May 2014

[15] H-P Chiu C-H Liu and R K Li ldquoThe preliminary study ofindividuals with hearing impairment in using mobile phonersquosrequirements and barriers on their activities of daily livingrdquoJournal of the Speech-Language-Hearing Association of Taiwanvol 23 pp 1ndash20 2009

[16] J Xu and H-L Zhang ldquoFrom 5ndash12 Wen-Chuan earthquakebased on product innovation and design thinking to talk aboutemergency situationsrdquo Packaging Engineering vol 302 pp 136ndash138 2009

[17] X-Y Cao and C-W Liu ldquoCaring convey emotions in interac-tion design researchrdquo National Taipei University of Science andTechnology vol 442 pp 65ndash84 2011

[18] T L Saaty The Analytic Hierarchy Process McGraw-Hill NewYork NY USA 1980

[19] J S Dyer ldquoRemarks on the analytic hierarchy processrdquoManage-ment Science vol 36 no 3 pp 249ndash258 1990

[20] T L Saaty ldquoAxiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchyprocessrdquoManagement Science vol 32 no 7 pp 841ndash855 1986


[22] S L Tung and S L Tang ldquoA comparison of the Saatyrsquos AHPandmodified AHP for right and left eigenvector inconsistencyrdquoEuropean Journal of Operational Research vol 106 no 1 pp123ndash128 1998

[23] P T Harker and L G Vargas ldquoThe theory of ratio scale estima-tion saatyrsquos analytic hierarchy processrdquo Management Sciencevol 33 no 11 pp 1383ndash1403 1987


[24] Z Xu ldquoIntuitionistic preference relations and their applicationin group decision makingrdquo Information Sciences vol 177 no 11pp 2363ndash2379 2007

[25] S K Lee Y J Yoon and J W Kim ldquoA study on making a long-term improvement in the national energy efficiency and GHGcontrol plans by the AHP approachrdquo Energy Policy vol 35 no5 pp 2862ndash2868 2007

[26] R Ramanathan and L S Ganesh ldquoUsing AHP for resourceallocation problemsrdquo European Journal of Operational Researchvol 80 no 2 pp 410ndash417 1995

[27] D-R Liu and Y-Y Shih ldquoIntegrating AHP and data miningfor product recommendation based on customer lifetime valuerdquoInformation and Management vol 42 no 3 pp 387ndash400 2005

[28] R J Kuo S C Chi and S S Kao ldquoA decision support systemfor locating convenience store through fuzzy AHPrdquo Computersand Industrial Engineering vol 37 no 1 pp 323ndash326 1999

[29] C-C Lin W-C Wang and W-D Yu ldquoImproving AHP forconstructionwith an adaptiveAHPapproach (A3)rdquoAutomationin Construction vol 17 no 2 pp 180ndash187 2008

[30] J-R Chou ldquoA linguistic evaluation approach for universaldesignrdquo Information Sciences vol 190 pp 76ndash94 2012

[31] W-L Chen and Y-M Chiang ldquoA study on the customerrequirement impact factors of baby walker based on orangetechnologyrdquo Kaohsiung Normal University vol 33 pp 41ndash582012

[32] J N Warfield An Assault on Complexity Battelle MonographSeries no 3 BattelleMemorial Institute ColumbusOhioUSA1973

[33] J N Warfield Structuring Complex Systems Battelle Mono-graph Series no 4 Battelle Memorial Institute ColumbusOhio USA 1974

[34] J N Warfield ldquoToward interpretation of complex structuralmodelsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cyberneticsvol 4 no 5 pp 405ndash417 1974

[35] J Warfield Social Systems Planning Policy and ComplexityJohn Wiley and Sons New York NY USA 1976

[36] J N Warfield ldquoImplication structures for system intercon-nection-matricesrdquo IEEE Transactions on Systems Man andCybernetics vol 6 no 1 pp 18ndash24 1976

[37] R Attri N Dev and V Sharma ldquoInterpretive structural mod-elling (ISM) approach an overviewrdquo Research Journal of Man-agement Sciences vol 2 no 2 pp 3ndash8 2013

[38] A P Sage Interpretive Structural Modelling Methodology forLarge-scale Systems McGraw-Hill New York NY USA 1977

[39] A Agarwal R Shankar and M K Tiwari ldquoModeling agility ofsupply chainrdquo Industrial Marketing Management vol 36 no 4pp 443ndash457 2007

[40] F Harary R Z Norman and D Cartwright Structural modelsan introduction to the theory of directed graphs John Wiley ampSons New York NY USA 1965

[41] M N Faisal D K Banwet and R Shankar ldquoSupply chain riskmitigation modeling the enablersrdquo Business Process Manage-ment Journal vol 12 no 4 pp 535ndash552 2006

[42] D W Malone ldquoAn introduction to the application of interpre-tive structural modelingrdquo Proceedings of the IEEE vol 63 no 3pp 397ndash404 1975

[43] Y-C Lee Y H Chao and S-B Lin ldquoStructural approach todesign user interfacerdquo Computers in Industry vol 61 no 7 pp613ndash623 2010

[44] S-W Hsiao and E Liu ldquoA structural component-basedapproach for designing product familyrdquo Computers in Industryvol 56 no 1 pp 13ndash28 2005

[45] S-W Hsiao Y-C Ko C-H Lo and S-H Chen ldquoAn ISM DEIand ANP based approach for product family developmentrdquoAdvanced Engineering Informatics vol 27 no 1 pp 131ndash1482013

[46] S Jharkharia and R Shankar ldquoIT enablement of supply chainsmodeling the enablersrdquo International Journal of Productivityand PerformanceManagement vol 53 no 8 pp 700ndash712 2004

[47] G Coyle Practical Strategy Structured Tools and TechniquesPearson Education 2004

[48] T L Satty and J P Bennet ldquoA theory of analytical hierarchiesapplied to political candidacyrdquo Behavior Science vol 22 no 4pp 237ndash245 1977

[49] J Cagan and C M Vogel Creating Breakthrough ProductsInnovation from Product Planning to Program FT Press 2002

[50] J Cagan and C M Vogel Creating Breakthrough ProductsRevealing the Secrets That Drive Global Innovation PearsonEducation 2013

[51] H-Y Lin ldquoDeliberate practice applied in product designcoursesrdquo Curriculum and Instruction Quarterly vol 14 no 4pp 145ndash160 2011

[52] Ministry of Interior ldquoRescue training and equipment intro-ducedrdquo April 2010 httpwwwnfagovtwShowaspxMID=63ampUID=66ampPID=63

[53] J N Warfield A Science of Generic Design Managing Complex-ity through System Design Iowa State University Press 1994

[54] Morakot Typhoon KYMCO Motorcycle Company sponsoredATV to transport materials into the disaster area 2014 httpforumjorsindocomviewthreadphptid=2141800amphighlight =

[55] A former machine httpitemrakutencojpteitofactoryn-box11

[56] PortableOxygen sources httpwwwlakesidemedicalcaPage7html

[57] Alpine Stretcher Lite 2014 httpwwwsar-productscomSARAlpine Lite Stretcherhtml

[58] Rescue Stretcher Harness April 2013 httpsafeteceucompo-nentscom virtuemartshop imageproductRescue Stretcher4caf480c91befjpg

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Differential EquationsInternational Journal of

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Applied MathematicsJournal of


Probability and StatisticsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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Abstract and Applied AnalysisHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Algebra

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society



Decision SciencesAdvances in

Discrete MathematicsJournal of


Volume 2014 Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Stochastic AnalysisInternational Journal of


design and the lack ofmoral responsibility was evident to thedesign profession [6] Consumer products have become theequivalent of boom indicators and in themeantime productdesign has merely become a tool of capitalism

Can producing a product design from a tool image in aldquocaringrdquo way be seen as spiritual Caring is a state of mentalsuffering or of engrossment to care is to be in a burdenedmental state one of anxiety fear or solicitude about some-thing or someone Alternatively one cares for somethingor someone if one has a regard or inclination towardsthat something or someone [7] ldquocaringrdquo is also defined asbeing kind and helpful and showing that you are concernedabout other people in the oxford dictionary [8] it is areal knowledge which comes from our lives and manifestsitself in love towards people Caring is one of the mostprofound feelings and is rooted in acceptance and response[9] Many scholars pointed out that behavior like doing wellto others or helping others lays on the foundation of altruism[10 11] Establishing the rationality of care design can beenhanced by promoting the application of this design conceptin design education If the relationship between people andproduct design is established the applications chance will bedeveloped [12ndash14] Therefore the caring concept can becometacit knowledge from people and can be used to eliminate thegap for a better design development which process of productdesign can be filled with extraordinary ideas determining amore clear resolution for design

11 Product Design for Caring User Because there are fewdesigns discussed with care in mind something like mobilephone development and design becomes an example ofthis issue In particular the hearing impaired persons aregreatly disadvantaged by cell phone design [15] thus researchis continuing to improve these devices mainly for seniorcitizens [12] The disaster of the Wenchuan earthquake inmainland China brought to the surface new ideas for caringrescue systems additional functions of new designs withconcerns for the victims [16] And a study is even being donefor female consumers searching for meaningful designs thatstill contain the caring element [17]

12 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Since the analytichierarchy process (AHP) was developed by [18] a systemsanalysis technique for solving decision problems there hasbeen a wide discussion about the empirical effectiveness andtheoretical validity of the technique [18ndash21] The methodol-ogy of the AHP is basically to transform a complex decisionproblem into elemental issues (ie clustering) to create ahierarchical model For a typical hierarchy the overall goal(usually the selection of the best alternatives) is situated atthe highest level elements with similar nature are groupedat the same interim level(s) and decision variables (usuallyalternatives) are situated at the lowest level [22] Structuralevaluation is a systematic determination of merit worth andsignificance of something using criteria against standardsThis involves human perceptual interpretation with someuncertainty and imprecision It discusses a basic principle inthe AHP that valid results depend on establishing priorities

for the criteria and priorities for the alternatives with respectto each criterion and synthesizing the results by weighingand adding The AHP consists of three main operationsnamely hierarchy construction priority analysis and con-sistency verification and accurate expression of the relativepreferences on the criteria is limited on Saatyrsquos discrete 9segments of the Likert scale [23 24] This paper focusesinstead on the priorities among alternatives

This method process is also popular in practical projectsIt was determined that the priorities in technological devel-opment for energy efficiency and greenhouse gas controlplans (EGCP) are part of a new national energy and resourcetechnology RampD plan (NERP) in Korea by using the AHPapproach for the first time [25] At least two approachescan be identified for such applications In the first approachthe AHP priorities are used as coefficients in the objectivefunction of the LP format and in the second approach thebenefit-cost ratios are used as the coefficients [26] Generallycustomer lifetime value (CLV) is evaluated in terms of recent-ness frequency and monetary (RFM) variables Howeverthe relative importance among them varies with the charac-teristics of the product and industry We developed a novelproduct recommendationmethodology that combined groupdecision-making and data mining techniques The analytichierarchy process (AHP) was applied to determine the rela-tive weights of RFM variables in evaluating customer lifetimevalue or loyalty [27] To develop a decision support systemwe used the fuzzy sets theory being integrated with AHP(analytical hierarchy process) for locating a new appropriateconvenience store [28] The paired comparisons are used toweigh the importance of attributes based on a hierarchicalstructure and the things required that decision makers useto remain consistent in making pairwise comparisons amongnumerous decision criteria [29] It developed a convenientand effective eigenvalue algorithm for deriving the weightsof criteria for UD (universal design) [30] constructing thecustomer requirement impact factors of the baby walkerbased on orange technology in order to create a smarter liv-ing space During questionnaires and interviews conductedby expert researchers in combination with the fuzzy Delphimethod the analytical hierarchy processmethodwas used forthe weight value calculation of these criteria [31]

13 Process of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) Peopleusually judge based on their intuition and experiences whenthey study complex divisive issues conduct problem anal-ysis and make assessments Interpretive structural modeling(ISM) is used for ideal planning which is an effectivemethodbecause all elements can be processed within a simplematrixISMwas proposed and developed byWarfield from 1973 [32ndash36] it is also a well-established methodology for identifyingrelationships among specific items which defines a problemor an issue [37 38] and a suitable modeling technique foranalyzing the influence of one variable on other variables[39] often used to provide a fundamental understandingof complex situations and putting together a course ofaction for solving a problem Its mathematical foundationsof the methodology can be found in various reference works[40]








product


for rescuing


Making decision

Design idea(sketch)

Modelingsimulation

(3D drawing)

Product value

(AHP)




direction (LEF)


Object


A1 A2 A3 B1B2 B3 N1 N2 N3






2 Methodology









119895by 119886119894119895and form a



119895119894for 119894 = 119895 and 119886

119894119894= 1 all





Emotion






Aesthetics







119860 = [119886

119894119895]

119899times119899=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

1

119886

12


1198992

d

1

119886

1119899

1

119886

2119899

sdot sdot sdot 1

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

sdot sdot sdot

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

119882

1

119882

2

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

2

119882

119899

d

119882

119899

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

119899

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

119886

119894119895=

119882

119868

119882

119869

119886

119894119895=

1

119886

119895119894

119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899

(1)


119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886


119894119895


120596= 120582



119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886



120596= 120582max120596


119860

120596=

[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

sum

119899

1[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

1119899 119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899 (2)


1 getting a new



















[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

119886


1198992

d

119886

1198991119886


]

]

]

]

]

]

]

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

2

119882

119873

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1015840

2

119882

1015840

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

(3)

120582max =1

119899

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1

+

119882

1015840

2

119882

2

+ sdot sdot sdot +

119882

1015840

119899

119882

119899

] (4)


CI =120582max minus 119899

119899 minus 1

(5)


CR = CIRI (6)





119894119895


[119860] =

119899119895

sum

119895=1

119908

119894119895

[119860] =

[

[

[

[

[

119908


1198941

d

119908


119894119895

]

]

]

]

]

(7)


119894119895= 1 wherever


119895


119895is said to be




119904




119894119895are 1 if element 119904


119894 otherwise

119898



[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)


([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)


































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
















product


for rescuing


Making decision

Design idea(sketch)

Modelingsimulation

(3D drawing)

Product value

(AHP)




direction (LEF)


Object


A1 A2 A3 B1B2 B3 N1 N2 N3






2 Methodology









119895by 119886119894119895and form a



119895119894for 119894 = 119895 and 119886

119894119894= 1 all





Emotion






Aesthetics







119860 = [119886

119894119895]

119899times119899=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

1

119886

12


1198992

d

1

119886

1119899

1

119886

2119899

sdot sdot sdot 1

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

sdot sdot sdot

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

119882

1

119882

2

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

2

119882

119899

d

119882

119899

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

119899

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

119886

119894119895=

119882

119868

119882

119869

119886

119894119895=

1

119886

119895119894

119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899

(1)


119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886


119894119895


120596= 120582



119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886



120596= 120582max120596


119860

120596=

[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

sum

119899

1[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

1119899 119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899 (2)


1 getting a new



















[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

119886


1198992

d

119886

1198991119886


]

]

]

]

]

]

]

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

2

119882

119873

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1015840

2

119882

1015840

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

(3)

120582max =1

119899

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1

+

119882

1015840

2

119882

2

+ sdot sdot sdot +

119882

1015840

119899

119882

119899

] (4)


CI =120582max minus 119899

119899 minus 1

(5)


CR = CIRI (6)





119894119895


[119860] =

119899119895

sum

119895=1

119908

119894119895

[119860] =

[

[

[

[

[

119908


1198941

d

119908


119894119895

]

]

]

]

]

(7)


119894119895= 1 wherever


119895


119895is said to be




119904




119894119895are 1 if element 119904


119894 otherwise

119898



[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)


([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)


































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












Emotion






Aesthetics







119860 = [119886

119894119895]

119899times119899=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

1

119886

12


1198992

d

1

119886

1119899

1

119886

2119899

sdot sdot sdot 1

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

119882

1

sdot sdot sdot

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

119882

1

119882

2

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

2

119882

119899

d

119882

119899

119882

1

119882

119899

119882

2

sdot sdot sdot

119882

119899

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

119886

119894119895=

119882

119868

119882

119869

119886

119894119895=

1

119886

119895119894

119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899

(1)


119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886


119894119895


120596= 120582



119894119896= 119886

119894119895119886



120596= 120582max120596


119860

120596=

[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

sum

119899

1[prod

119899

119894=1119886

119894119895]

1119899 119894 119895 = 1 2 3 119899 (2)


1 getting a new



















[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

119886


1198992

d

119886

1198991119886


]

]

]

]

]

]

]

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

2

119882

119873

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1015840

2

119882

1015840

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

(3)

120582max =1

119899

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1

+

119882

1015840

2

119882

2

+ sdot sdot sdot +

119882

1015840

119899

119882

119899

] (4)


CI =120582max minus 119899

119899 minus 1

(5)


CR = CIRI (6)





119894119895


[119860] =

119899119895

sum

119895=1

119908

119894119895

[119860] =

[

[

[

[

[

119908


1198941

d

119908


119894119895

]

]

]

]

]

(7)


119894119895= 1 wherever


119895


119895is said to be




119904




119894119895are 1 if element 119904


119894 otherwise

119898



[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)


([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)


































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra



























[

[

[

[

[

[

[

1 119886


12

119886


1198992

d

119886

1198991119886


]

]

]

]

]

]

]

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1

119882

2

119882

119873

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

=

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1015840

2

119882

1015840

119899

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

]

(3)

120582max =1

119899

[

119882

1015840

1

119882

1

+

119882

1015840

2

119882

2

+ sdot sdot sdot +

119882

1015840

119899

119882

119899

] (4)


CI =120582max minus 119899

119899 minus 1

(5)


CR = CIRI (6)





119894119895


[119860] =

119899119895

sum

119895=1

119908

119894119895

[119860] =

[

[

[

[

[

119908


1198941

d

119908


119894119895

]

]

]

]

]

(7)


119894119895= 1 wherever


119895


119895is said to be




119904




119894119895are 1 if element 119904


119894 otherwise

119898



[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)


([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)


































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra












119904




119894119895are 1 if element 119904


119894 otherwise

119898



[119872] = ([119860] + [119868])

119899 (8)


([119860] + [119868])

119899minus1lt ([119860] + [119868])

119899= ([119860] + [119868])

119899+1 (9)


































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra



































02 016



119873 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15RI 0 0 58 90 112 124 132 141 145 149 151 148 156 157 159






40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CourageIndependence

SecuritySensibility

ConfidencePower

ComfortSafety

UsabilitySight


NoseSense of taste

TimeLocation

SocietyEnvironment


CraftDurability













0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
















0 where

119899



119894119895= 1 if component 119895 is


1

2 3

4 5

6

7 9

8

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3





minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










minus10

minus8

minus6

minus4

minus2

0

2

4

6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Independent

Dominant

8

4 5

6

71

2

3

9

Main target area

Main problem area

DominantDminus R

CorrelatedD+ R












7 Conclusion





(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra










(a) (b) (c)

(d)













References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra
















References




































































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra




















































Volume 2014




Journal of











Journal of


Function Spaces






Algebra









Use of a Combination of AHP and ISM for Making an Innovative ...

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Transcript of Use of a Combination of AHP and ISM for Making an Innovative ...