Urban Scenes Drive Development

Terry Nichols Clark, ChicagoChad Anderson, Incheon

Wonho Jang, SeoulYoshiaki Kobayashi, Tokyo

Hannah Lee, SeoulJong Youl Lee, Incheon

Di Wu, Beijing

More work, videos, papers, details are on our sites:www.tnc-newsletter.blogspot.com; scenes.uchicago.edu

Seoul PlanSeoul Plan

The Han River Renaissance The Han River Renaissance ProjectProject

Long-term Project from 2007 to 2030Long-term Project from 2007 to 2030

Main plansMain plans Restructuring urban space near the Han Restructuring urban space near the Han RiverRiver  

Building waterfront townBuilding waterfront town   Making better scenery around the Han RiverMaking better scenery around the Han River Making access to the West SeaMaking access to the West Sea Construct Eco-Network around the Han RiverConstruct Eco-Network around the Han River DevDeveelopingloping Historical site around the Han Historical site around the Han RiverRiver

Creating theme parks around the Han RiverCreating theme parks around the Han River

How Amenities Drive Urban Development, from TN How Amenities Drive Urban Development, from TN Clark, ed., Clark, ed., The City as an Entertainment MachineThe City as an Entertainment Machine

I. Traditional Model

World Values Survey, US and Dutch citizens show dramatic rise in World Values Survey, US and Dutch citizens show dramatic rise in cultural participation, Tripling in the US in 18 years; but Not in cultural participation, Tripling in the US in 18 years; but Not in

France. France. US N= 3525 citizens, national sample US N= 3525 citizens, national sample

This figure shows the countries with the largest increases in cultural participation in the WVS, 1981 to 1999. Delta = % change

Rise of Cultural Activity groups Rise of Cultural Activity groups in many countries, in many countries, data from over 100,000 citizensdata from over 100,000 citizensin World Values Surveyin World Values Survey

Table 1 Rising mem bership of cultural activity groups country 1981 1990 2000 Delta netherlands 12,5 34,6 45,2 32,7 usa 13,9 19,7 36,9 23 sweden 13 12,7 26,7 13,7 finland 3,1 20,1 14,6 11,5 canada 9,7 17,7 20,1 10,4 denm ark 6,2 12,5 16,6 10,4 belgium 10,3 16,2 18,9 8,6 iceland 7,6 13,8 15,5 7,9 estonia 11,1 7,9 7,9 skorea 3,2 11 7,8 japan 3,8 6 11 7,2 norway 6,6 13,5 6,9 italy 3,9 4,9 9,9 6 west germ any

6,1 12 5,9

s africa 8,2 13,5 5,3 britain 6,1 9,3 10,4 4,3 ireland 6,7 10,1 10,9 4,2 argentin 5,3 5,9 9 3,7 m exico 6,5 11,5 9,5 3 france 5,6 8,8 8,1 2,5 spain 4,9 5,3 6,6 1,7 northern ireland

6,1 10,9 7,6 1,5

hungary 2,5 3,6 1,1 rom ania 1,6 2,6 1 austria 13 8 13,2 0,2 chile 9,3 9,3 0 bulgaria 4,3 4 -0,3 portugal 6,2 3,7 -2,5 brazil 5,4 2,4 -3 latvia 6,8 3,7 -3,1 russia 4,9 1,2 -3,7 lithuania 7,3 2,9 -4,4 china 7,3 2,2 -5,1

The rise of culture: Individual The rise of culture: Individual membershipsmemberships

Communist countries: Communist countries: culture participation culture participation is decreasingis decreasing

All other countries: All other countries: Culture participation Culture participation is risingis rising

Greatest increase + Greatest increase + highest levels in the highest levels in the Netherlands and U.SNetherlands and U.S

Culture participation Culture participation is more prevalent is more prevalent among younger age among younger age cohorts!cohorts!

A scene includes: A scene includes: 1. 1. neighborhood neighborhood 2. 2. physical structures physical structures 3. 3. personspersons labeled by race, class, gender, education, etc. labeled by race, class, gender, education, etc. 4. the specific combinations of the above 3 and 4. the specific combinations of the above 3 and activitiesactivities

(like attending a concert) which join them. These four (like attending a concert) which join them. These four components are in turn defined by components are in turn defined by

5. the 5. the valuesvalues people pursue in a scene. General values are people pursue in a scene. General values are legitimacy, defining a right or wrong way to live; legitimacy, defining a right or wrong way to live; theatricality, a way of seeing and being seen by others; and theatricality, a way of seeing and being seen by others; and authenticity, as a meaningful sense of identity.authenticity, as a meaningful sense of identity.

Figure 1: In Canada, bowling alleys and amusement arcades are declining, dance companies and performance arts companies rising.

NaplesNaples

KaporKapor

Bogota bikesBogota bikes

Contextualizing cultureContextualizing culture

Scenes stress experience, Scenes stress experience, consumption, complementing work consumption, complementing work

and residenceand residence Consumer vs. Worker vs. Resident; all are Consumer vs. Worker vs. Resident; all are importantimportant

SpaceSpace Scene Neighborhood Industrial-District

GoalGoal Experiences Necessities Works, products

AgentAgent Consumer Resident ProducerPhysical Physical UnitsUnits

Amenity Home/Apartment Factory

Basis of Basis of social bondsocial bond

Values birth, local residence, ethnicity, heritage

Work / production relations

Urban Amenities Database Urban Amenities Database SourcesSources

US Census of Business for zipcodes and US Census of Business for zipcodes and countiescounties

Dun & Bradstreet arts organizationsDun & Bradstreet arts organizationsUrban Institute Unified Database of Urban Institute Unified Database of Arts Organizations (UDAO), IRS 501c3 Arts Organizations (UDAO), IRS 501c3 reportsreports

Yellow PagesYellow Pagesindustry datasetsindustry datasetsDDB Citizen Lifestyle Surveys, 84,000 DDB Citizen Lifestyle Surveys, 84,000 citzscitzs

A GRAMMAR OF SCENESA GRAMMAR OF SCENES

of

BohemiaBohemiaConcept has become central in theories of consumption, amenity-drivenUrban growth, and post-industrial society (Campbell, Clark, Florida, Lloyd).

It is possible to operationally define a Bohemian scene in terms of how close empirical scenes come to an ideal-typical Bohemian profile.

Policy Conclusions:Policy Conclusions: Engage citizensEngage citizens Engage scenes leaders to help Engage scenes leaders to help Policies can generate dramatic events Policies can generate dramatic events around parades or athletic contestsaround parades or athletic contests

Invest in key amenities to make each Invest in key amenities to make each scene more vitalscene more vital

The scenes lesson: Nothing in isolationThe scenes lesson: Nothing in isolation combine the building blocks: people, combine the building blocks: people, art, buildings, music, streets and more.art, buildings, music, streets and more.

Think like a movie director, not like a Think like a movie director, not like a military leader. military leader.