UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME a glossary of COMMON development terms
Transcript of UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME a glossary of COMMON development terms
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
a glossary of COMMON development terms
Version 2.1 Ha Noi, April 2003
FOREWORD
Development in Viet Nam has grown tremendously in recent years as all major international bilateral and multilateral donors increased their activities. Donors, at times, experienced a common frustrating issueâ the lack of a common or shared vocabulary for development terms. This difficulty arose in part because many of the concepts were new to Vietnamese counterparts. Development terms are also subject to evolving meanings in light of changing development practices throughout the world. In response to the need for common terminiology and in the interest of promoting donor harmonization, concerned national staff of the United Nations Development Programme in Viet Nam have compiled this Glossary of Common Development Terms. This Glossary is designed to serve as a tool for staff of the United Nations system, bilateral donors, Vietnamese counterparts, international consultants as well as other development partners that will improve understanding and communication in this complicated arena of development assistance.
This Glossary has over 1,500 English main entries and nearly 1,000 derivative or associated words which can be classified into four broad groups: (i) concepts which are often used by development partners (e.g. capacity building, institutional development, sustainable development); (ii) concepts for which Vietnamese equivalents are not yet widely recognized (e.g. downstream, upstream, governance, human development); (iii) concepts which have special contexts (e.g. Capacity 21, Agenda 21, 20:20 Initiative) or common terms which have however evolved in meaning over time (e.g. result, outcome, participation); and (iv) names of major development agencies (e.g. ADB, SIDA, World Bank), and international conventions on current development issues (e.g. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on Biological Diversity). The English entries not only have Vietnamese equivalents but, in many cases, are also supported by definitions, explanations or examples in order to provide exact meanings and/or clarify contextual meanings. The Glossary is therefore more than a simple list of English concepts and their Vietnamese equivalents. It is in fact meant to serve as a modest repository of development knowledge to be shared among users.
The first version of this Glossary was launched for internal use within UNDP in May 2001 and formally posted on the UNDP website in April 2002. This current version has been refined and upgraded and contains new terms and an easier presentational format. However, given the extremely rich and evolving nature of development knowledge, the Glossary is far from a comprehensive or perfect publication, nor is it intended to be one. Instead, it should be seen as a living reference material which requires regular updating if it is to continue to serve as a useful working tool for Vietnamese and other development practitioners. Therefore, the inputs and suggestions of all users are most welcome. Such contributions can be sent either to the United Nations Development Programme, through [email protected], or directly to Mr. Phan Duc Thang at [email protected].
Ha Noi, 16 April 2003
Jordan Ryan Resident Representative
UNDP - Viet Nam
TECHNICAL NOTES
The entries in this glossary begin on Page 1 and continue in an alphabetical order from A to W. The entries are printed in heavy bold letters. The left-hand words, for example (Employment, Enrolment) are main entries and determine the alphabetical order. Those following these words are derivative words which are derived from the main entries and which denote associated concepts. A derivative entry may be followed by a tilde ( ~ ) mark, for example (Full ~ : CĂŁ viĂc l”m ÂźĂy Ÿñ) or proceeded by the same mark, for example (~ generation: TÂčo viĂc l”m). In some cases, it may be placed between other words, for example (Net ~ ratio: TĂ» lĂ Âźi hĂ€c Ÿóng tuĂŠi).
A main entry or a derivative entry can be a noun (n), a verb (v) or an adjective (adj).
It may have one or more than one Vietnamese equivalent term. It may be supported by a definition, for example (i.e. prices that are set by the State) or an explanation, for example (i.e. UNICEFâs response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980âs...) in order to give the exact meaning or context of the word. The entry may as well be illustrated by an example in order to clarify the meaning or usage, for instance (e.g. ~ to clean water: §âĂźc sö dĂŽng nâĂc sÂčch). In some cases the example is accompanied by a Vietnamese translation, while it is not in other cases. A Vietnamese equivalent term is always written in italic while a definition, explanation and example is always written in normal letters. In all cases, however, the tilde ( ~ ) mark used throughout the glossary represents the main entry or the derivative entry and is intended to avoid a repetition of the entry itself.
A Absorb (v) HĂp thĂŽ, tiĂp nhĂn (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: TiĂp nhĂn mĂ©t khĂši lâĂźng lĂn viĂn trĂź nâĂc ngo”i). Absorptive capacity (n) Kh¶ nšng tiĂp nhĂn (e.g. The ~ of the Government has improved recently). Accede to (v) Tham gia, trĂ« th”nh th”nh viÂȘn (e.g. To ~ an international convention: tham gia mĂ©t c«ng âĂc quĂšc tĂ). Accession (n) SĂč tham gia, trĂ« th”nh th”nh viÂȘn (e.g. ~ to AFTA, WTO: Tham gia TĂŠ chĂžc thâÂŹng mÂči thĂ giĂi, Khu vĂčc mĂu dĂch tĂč do ASEAN). Access (n) TiĂp cĂn, ÂźâĂźc sö dĂŽng (e.g. ~ to advanced technology: §âĂźc tiĂp cĂn vĂi c«ng nghĂ tiÂȘn tiĂn; ~ to clean water: §âĂźc sö dĂŽng nâĂc sÂčch). Hence, Accessible (adj) DĂ tiĂp cĂn, cĂŁ thĂ tiĂp cĂn (e.g. The rural village is accessible by car). Account for (v) Gi¶i trĂnh, tĂm kiĂm, hÂčch tožn (e.g. To ~ the failure of the visit: Gi¶i trĂnh vĂ thĂt bÂči cña chuyĂn viĂng thšm; To ~ the Americans missing in action during the war in Viet Nam: TĂm kiĂm ngâĂȘi MĂŒ mĂt tĂch trong cuĂ©c chiĂn tranh ViĂt Nam; To ~ something in the State budget: HÂčch tožn .... v”o ng©n sžch Nh” nâĂc). Accountability (n) Tržch nhiĂm gi¶i trĂnh (i.e. the requirement that officials answer to stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made of them, and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit). A clear ~ mechanism: MĂ©t cÂŹ chĂ rĂą r”ng vĂ tržch nhiĂm gi¶i trĂnh. Mutual ~ : Tržch nhiĂm gi¶i trĂnh vĂi nhau (i.e. recipient governments and donors are accountable to each other respectively for the proper use of aid and for the provision of effective aid); Public ~ : Tržch nhiĂm gi¶i trĂnh trâĂc cö tri hoĂc trâĂc d©n (i.e. a government agency is accountable to the electorate or the wider public for the decisions taken). Accountable (adj) ChĂu tržch nhiĂm gi¶i trĂnh (e.g. The director is responsible for managing the project and is ~ to the Government for the effective use of its financial resources). Action-oriented (adj) Mang tĂnh h”nh Ÿéng, khžc vĂi Theoretical (e.g. The workplan is very much ~ : KĂ hoÂčch c«ng tžc mang tĂnh h”nh Ÿéng rĂą r”ng). Ad hoc (adj) §Ăc biĂt, tĂnh thĂ (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: UĂ» ban ÂźĂc biĂt cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc vĂ gi¶i trĂ” qu©n bĂ; An ~ solution: MĂ©t gi¶i phžp tĂnh thĂ). Addict (n) NgâĂȘi nghiĂn. Drug ~ : NgâĂȘi nghiĂn ma tuĂœ; Hard-core ~ : NgâĂȘi nghiĂn nĂng. Hence, Addiction (n) SĂč nghiĂn ngĂp (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ). Addictive (adj) G©y nghiĂn. ~ substances: Cžc chĂt g©y nghiĂn. Address (v) Gi¶i quyĂt, Ÿà cĂp tĂi (e.g. Environmental issues should be addressed in detail in the national development strategy: Cžc vĂn Ÿà vĂ m«i trâĂȘng cĂn ÂźâĂźc Ÿà cĂp chi tiĂt trong chiĂn lâĂźc phžt triĂn quĂšc gia). Adjustment assistance (n) TrĂź giĂłp hay viĂn trĂź phĂŽc vĂŽ ÂźiĂu chĂnh (i.e. public financial assistance provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign goods in order to allow them to "adjust" to a new occupation). Adjustment programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh ÂźiĂu chĂnh (i.e. a programme aimed at restricting short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the longer terms).
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Adjustment with a human face §iĂu chĂnh mang tĂnh nh©n všn (i.e. UNICEFâs response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980âs. UNICEF held that such programmes were not only for economic growth but had to take into account implications on people, in particular the most vulnerable groups). Xem thÂȘm Structural adjustment. Administered prices (n) Giž chĂ ÂźÂčo, giž do Nh” nâĂc qu¶n lĂœ (i.e. prices that are set by the State). Adult (n) NgâĂȘi lĂn. ~ illiteracy rate: TĂ» lĂ mĂŻ chĂ· Ă« ngâĂȘi lĂn; ~ literacy rate: TĂ» lĂ biĂt chĂ· Ă« ngâĂȘi lĂn. Advancement of women (n) SĂč tiĂn bĂ© cña phĂŽ nĂ· (e.g. The National Committee for the Advancement of Women: UĂ» ban quĂšc gia vĂ sĂč tiĂn bĂ© cña phĂŽ nĂ·). Advantage (n) LĂźi thĂ, ÂźiĂm mÂčnh; Absolute ~ : LĂźi thĂ tuyĂt ŸÚi; Comparative ~ : LĂźi thĂ so sžnh; Equal ~ : LĂźi thĂ ngang b»ng. Advantage position (n) VĂ thĂ thuĂn lĂźi. Advocate (v) TuyÂȘn truyĂn vĂn Ÿéng (e.g. To ~ sustainable development concepts; (n) NgâĂȘi ñng hĂ© (e.g. UNDP is a strong ~ of sustainable development principles). Advocacy (n) SĂč tuyÂȘn truyĂn vĂn Ÿéng (e.g. ~ for sustainable development policies). Afford (v) CĂŁ thĂ chi tr¶, cĂŁ thĂ thanh tožn (e.g. Social services must be set at reasonable prices so that the poor can ~ ). Affordability (n) Kh¶ nšng chi tr¶, kh¶ nšng thanh tožn (e.g. the ~ of the poor for low-cost housing). Affordable (adj) CĂŁ kh¶ nšng chi tr¶, cĂŁ kh¶ nšng thanh tožn (e.g. Social services must be set at ~ prices to the poor: Giž cžc dĂch vĂŽ x· hĂ©i ph¶i Ă« mĂžc ngâĂȘi nghĂo cĂŁ thĂ chĂu ÂźĂčng ÂźâĂźc). Agenda 21 (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh nghĂ sĂč ThĂ kĂ» 21 (i.e. an action plan for sustainable development for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro).
Aggregate (adj) TĂnh gĂ©p, tĂnh tĂŠng sĂš. At the ~ level: Ă« mĂžc tĂŠng hĂźp; ~ demand: TĂŠng cĂu; ~ expenditure: TĂŠng chi; ~ revenue: TĂŠng thu; ~ supply: TĂŠng cung. Agricultural (n) ThuĂ©c vĂ n«ng nghiĂp; ~ exports: N«ng s¶n xuĂt khĂu; ~ output: S¶n lâĂźng n«ng nghiĂp; ~ productivity: Nšng suĂt n«ng nghiĂp; ~ reform: C¶i cžch n«ng nghiĂp; ~ sector: Ng”nh n«ng nghiĂp; ~ subsidies: TrĂź giž n«ng nghiĂp. Agricultural earnings (n) Thu nhĂp tĂ” n«ng nghiĂp. Agricultural extension (n) KhuyĂn n«ng. ~ services: DĂch vĂŽ khuyĂn n«ng; ~ worker: NgâĂȘi l”m c«ng tžc khuyĂn n«ng, cžn bĂ© khuyĂn n«ng. Agricultural biodiversity (n) §a dÂčng sinh hĂ€c n«ng nghiĂp. Agricultural pollution (n) € nhiĂm n«ng nghiĂp. Agriculture (n) N«ng nghiĂp. Integrated ~ : N«ng nghiĂp to”n diĂn; Organic ~ : N«ng nghiĂp sÂčch, n«ng nghiĂp hĂ·u cÂŹ. Traditional ~ : N«ng nghiĂp truyĂn thĂšng.
Agri-silviculture (n) Canh tžc c©y gç xen c©y ngŸn ng”y (i.e. a form of agroforestry consisting of tree and crop components). Hence, Agro-silvicultural system: HĂ thĂšng canh tžc n«ng l©m kĂt hĂźp.
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Agro (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ n«ng nghiĂp (ÂźâĂźc dĂŻng nhâ mĂ©t tiĂp ÂźĂu ngĂ·). ~ -biodiversity: §a dÂčng sinh hĂ€c n«ng nghiĂp; ~ - forestry: N«ng - l©m kĂt hĂźp; ~ - ecosystem: HĂ sinh thži n«ng nghiĂp; ~ - industry: N«ng - c«ng kĂt hĂźp. Aid (n) ViĂn trĂź. Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to refer to financial flows which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance (Xem thÂȘm Official aid and Official Development Assistance). Long-term ~ : ViĂn trĂź d”i hÂčn (i.e. official loans with an original or extended maturity of more than one year). Short-term ~ : ViĂn trĂź ngŸn hÂčn (i.e. official loans with a maturity of one year or less).
Aid coordination (n) §iĂu phĂši viĂn trĂź (i.e. the process by which a recipient government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and strategies). Aid management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ viĂn trĂź (i.e. the process by which a recipient government integrates external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development programmes and activities). Aid mobilization (n) VĂn Ÿéng viĂn trĂź, huy Ÿéng viĂn trĂź. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): HĂ©i chĂžng suy gi¶m miĂn dĂch mŸc ph¶i Ă« ngâĂȘi. ~ prevention and control: PhĂng chĂšng v” kiĂm sožt AIDS. Air pollution (n) € nhiĂm kh«ng khĂ. ~ index: ChĂ sĂš « nhiĂm kh«ng khĂ; ~ control legislation: LuĂt phžp kiĂm sožt « nhiĂm kh«ng khĂ; ~ control strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc kiĂm sožt « nhiĂm kh«ng khĂ. Alienated (n) BĂ xa lžnh. Socially ~ : BĂ x· hĂ©i xa lžnh. Allocate (v) Ph©n bĂŠ, ph©n phĂši. Hence, Allocation (n) SĂč ph©n bĂŠ, ph©n phĂši (e.g. The effective ~ of public resources: SĂč ph©n bĂŠ cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶ nguĂ„n lĂčc c«ng cĂ©ng). Alternative (adj) Khžc, thay thĂ. ~ farming: Canh tžc thay thĂ; ~ crop: C©y trĂ„ng thay thĂ; ~ energy: Nšng lâĂźng thay thĂ; ~ solution: Gi¶i phžp thay thĂ; ~ technology: C«ng nghĂ thay thĂ. Amortization (n) Tr¶ dĂn, thanh tožn dĂn (e.g. The ~ of a loan). ~ schedule: LĂch tr¶ (thanh tožn) nĂź. Anti-narcotic activities (n) Cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng phĂng chĂšng ma tuĂœ. Appraise (v) ThĂm ÂźĂnh. Hence, Appraisal (n) SĂč thĂm ÂźĂnh (i.e. the process of checking the quality of a programme or project design prior to approval). Hence Project or programme appraisal: ThĂm ÂźĂnh dĂč žn hoĂc châÂŹng trĂnh. Approach (n) PhâÂŹng thĂžc, cžch tiĂp cĂn. Economic ~ : Cžch tiĂp cĂn vĂ kinh tĂ; Environmental ~ : Cžch tiĂp cĂn vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; Programme or Programmatic ~ : Cžch tiĂp cĂn theo châÂŹng trĂnh; Project ~ : Cžch tiĂp cĂn theo dĂč žn; Social ~: Cžch tiĂp cĂn vĂ x· hĂ©i; Sectoral ~ : Cžch tiĂp cĂn theo ng”nh (Also Sector-wide approach). Approve (v) PhÂȘ duyĂt. Hence, Approval (n) SĂč phÂȘ duyĂt (i.e. the process of signing a project or programme document where donor funds are committed). Hence, Project or programme approval: PhÂȘ duyĂt dĂč žn hoĂc châÂŹng trĂnh. Aquaculture (n) Nu«i trĂ„ng thñy s¶n. Marine ~ : Nu«i trĂ„ng thuĂ» s¶n biĂn; Upland ~ : Nu«i trĂ„ng thuĂ» s¶n Ă« miĂn nĂłi. Area-wide environmental quality management: Qu¶n lĂœ chĂt lâĂźng m«i trâĂȘng theo vĂŻng l·nh thĂŠ (i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative capacity to handle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action plans).
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Arrears (n) NĂź quž hÂčn (i.e. overdue payments of debt). Articulate (v) TrĂnh b”y rĂą r”ng. Hence, Well-articulated (adj) §âĂźc trĂnh b”y rĂą r”ng (e.g. ~ ideas, views). Articulation (n) SĂč trĂnh b”y rĂą r”ng (e.g. The ~ of national priorities). ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Khu vĂčc mĂu dĂch tĂč do ASEAN. Asia â Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC): DiĂn Ÿ”n HĂźp tžc Kinh tĂ Ch©u ž - Thži BĂnh DâÂŹng. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1989, APEC l” diĂn Ÿ”n quĂšc tĂ nh»m khuyĂn khĂch hĂźp tžc kinh tĂ v” thâÂŹng mÂči, cĂČng nhâ trao ŸÊi cžc vĂn Ÿà vĂ phžt triĂn v” an ninh Ă« khu vĂčc Ch©u ž - Thži BĂnh DâÂŹng.
Asian Development Bank (ADB): Ng©n h”ng Phžt triĂn ch©u ž. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1966, ADB l” mĂ©t tĂŠ chĂžc t”i trĂź phžt triĂn vĂi t«n chĂ thĂłc ÂźĂy sĂč nghiĂp phžt triĂn kinh tĂ v” x· hĂ©i Ă« ch©u ž v” Thži BĂnh DâÂŹng. Assimilative capacity (n) Kh¶ nšng hĂp thĂŽ, kh¶ nšng ŸÄng hĂŁa (i.e. the ability of a water body to purify itself of pollutants). Assistance (n) SĂč trĂź giĂłp, viĂn trĂź. External ~ : SĂč trĂź giĂłp, viĂn trĂź tĂ” bÂȘn ngo”i. Technical ~ : TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt. Xem thÂȘm Technical assistance v” Technical cooperation.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): HiĂp hĂ©i cžc nâĂc §«ng Nam ž. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1967, th”nh phĂn cña ASEAN hiĂn cĂŁ Ÿñ 10 nâĂc §«ng Nam ž, vĂi t«n chĂ xĂłc tiĂn an ninh v” gi¶i quyĂt tranh chĂp trong khu vĂčc, tšng câĂȘng bu«n bžn, phžt triĂn kinh tĂ, ÂźĂu tâ giĂ·a cžc nâĂc th”nh viÂȘn. Assumption (n) Gi¶ ÂźĂnh (i.e. a condition that is important to the success of a project but which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being satisfied cannot be assured). Audit (n) KiĂm tožn (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts to see if they are in order. The scope of audits includes financial ~ kiĂm tožn t”i chĂnh, compliance ~ kiĂm tožn vĂ tu©n thñ quy chĂ and performance audit or value for money audit kiĂm tožn vĂ hiĂu qu¶). External ~ : KiĂm tožn do ngâĂȘi bÂȘn ngo”i tiĂn h”nh (cĂn gĂ€i l” Independent ~ : KiĂm tožn Ÿéc lĂp); Internal audit: KiĂm tožn nĂ©i bĂ©. Audit sampling (n) LĂy mĂu kiĂm tožn, chĂ€n mĂu kiĂm tožn. Auditor (n) Nh©n viÂȘn kiĂm tožn. ~ General: TĂŠng kiĂm tožn. Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ Ăšt-xtr©y-lia. Awareness (n) NhĂn thĂžc. Environmental ~ : NhĂn thĂžc vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; Gender ~ : NhĂn thĂžc vĂ giĂi; HIV/AIDS ~ : NhĂn thĂžc vĂ HIV/AIDS; ~ raising: N©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc.
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B Backstopping (n) Theo dĂąi v” hç trĂź (i.e. activities to review, support and advise on the smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency: Theo dĂąi v” hç trĂź kĂŒ thuĂt cña CÂŹ quan ÂźiĂu h”nh dĂč žn). Backward-looking (adj) HâĂng vĂ quž khĂž, ŸÚi lĂp vĂi Forward-looking (e.g. The analysis should not be ~, but forward-looking). Balance of payments (n) Cžn c©n thanh tožn (i.e. a tabulation of the credit and debit transactions of a country with other countries and international institutions). Balance of payments support: Hç trĂź cžn c©n thanh tožn (e.g. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of balance of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability. It usually carried conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms agreed by the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank). Balance of trade (n) Cžn c©n thâÂŹng mÂči. Bankable (adj) CĂŁ thĂ ÂźâĂźc ng©n h”ng t”i trĂź (e.g. A ~ project proposal). Barrier (n) H”ng r”o. Non-tariff ~ s: H”ng r”o phi thuĂ quan; Tariff ~ s: H”ng r”o thuĂ quan; Trade ~ s: H”ng r”o thâÂŹng mÂči. Baseline data (n) DĂ· liĂu gĂšc, dĂ· liĂu cÂŹ sĂ« (i.e. data that describe the situation to be addressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes in its performance). ~ survey: §iĂu tra dĂ· liĂu gĂšc, ÂźiĂu tra dĂ· liĂu cÂŹ sĂ«. Basic social services (BSS): Cžc dĂch vĂŽ x· hĂ©i cÂŹ b¶n (i.e. social services that were defined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean water and low-cost sanitation). Behaviour (n) H”nh vi, cžch h”nh xö; High-risk ~ : H”nh vi cĂŁ nguy cÂŹ cao.
Behavioural (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ h”nh vi. ~ change: Thay ŸÊi h”nh vi. Benchmark (n) MĂšc chuĂn, ÂźiĂm chuĂn (i.e. an intermediate target to measure progress in a given period using a certain indicator). Beneficiary (n) NgâĂȘi thĂŽ hâĂ«ng. Direct ~ : NgâĂȘi thĂŽ hâĂ«ng trĂčc tiĂp; Indirect ~: NgâĂȘi thĂŽ hâĂ«ng gižn tiĂp; Ultimate ~ : NgâĂȘi thĂŽ hâĂ«ng cuĂši cĂŻng. Benefit (n) LĂźi Ăch, trĂź cĂp. Age ~s : TrĂź cĂp nh©n thĂ€; Direct ~ s : LĂźi Ăch trĂčc tiĂp; Medical ~s : TrĂź cĂp y tĂ; Fringe ~s : PhĂŽ cĂp ngo”i lâÂŹng; Unemployment ~ s: TrĂź cĂp thĂt nghiĂp. Best practice (n) TĂp qužn tĂšt nhĂt (e.g. Our plan of action has benefited from the ~ s of other partners). Better-off (adj ) Khž gi¶ hÂŹn, gi”u cĂŁ hÂŹn. ~ regions: NhĂ·ng vĂŻng khž gi¶ hÂŹn; ~ people: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi khž gi¶ hÂŹn. Bid (n) §Ău thĂu, gĂŁi thĂu. ~ evaluation, selection: §žnh giž thĂu, chĂ€n thĂu; ~ price: Giž bĂĄ thĂu; Invitation to ~ : Thâ mĂȘi thĂu. To bid for (v) Tham gia ÂźĂu thĂu. Bidder (n) NgâĂȘi tham gia ÂźĂu thĂu (e.g. Lowest, highest ~ : NgâĂȘi bĂĄ thĂu thĂp nhĂt, cao nhĂt; Successful ~ : NgâĂȘi thŸng thĂu).
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Bidding (n) ViĂc ÂźĂu thĂu (also Tendering). Competitive ~ : §Ău thĂu cÂčnh tranh; International ~ : §Ău thĂu quĂšc tĂ; Limited ~ : §Ău thĂu hÂčn chĂ; Local ~ : §Ău thĂu trong nâĂc; Open ~ : §Ău thĂu c«ng khai; ~ conditions: §iĂu kiĂn dĂč thĂu; ~ documents: HĂ„ sÂŹ dĂč thĂu; ~ procedures, rules: Thñ tĂŽc ÂźĂu thĂu, quy chà ŸÚi thĂu.Bilateral (adj) Song phâÂŹng. ~ agreement: HiĂp ÂźĂnh song phâÂŹng; ~ donor: Nh” t”i trĂź song phâÂŹng. Bilateral aid (n) ViĂn trĂź song phâÂŹng (i.e. official development assistance provided on a country-to-country basis). Bilateral trade agreement (n) HiĂp ÂźĂnh thâÂŹng mÂči song phâÂŹng. Bio (adj) SĂč sĂšng, sinh hĂ€c (dĂŻng nhâ mĂ©t tiĂp ÂźĂu ngĂ·). Bio-chemistry: M«n hož sinh; Bio-gas: Sinh khĂ; Bio-energy: Nšng lâĂźng sinh hĂ€c; Bio-engineering: KĂŒ thuĂt sinh hĂ€c; Bio-fuel: NhiÂȘn liĂu sinh hĂ€c; Bio-ethics: §Âčo ŸÞc trong c«ng nghĂ sinh hĂ€c; Bio-mass: Sinh khĂši; Bio-safety: An to”n trong c«ng nghĂ sinh hĂ€c. Biodiversity (n) SĂč Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c (gĂ„m genetic diversity, species diversity v” ecosystem diversity). ~ conservation: B¶o tĂ„n sĂč Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c; ~ resources: NguĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c. Convention on ~ Conservation: C«ng âĂc vĂ b¶o tĂ„n Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c, kĂœ kĂt tÂči HĂ©i nghĂ cña LHQ vĂ M«i trâĂȘng v” Phžt triĂn nšm 1992 tÂči Rio de Janeiro. Biodiversity awareness strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc n©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc vĂ Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c. Biotechnology (n) C«ng nghĂ sinh hĂ€c. Birth control (n) KiĂm sožt sinh ÂźĂ. ~ measures: Cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt sinh ÂźĂ. Birth rate (n) TĂ» suĂt sinh, tĂ» lĂ sinh. Crude ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh th«; Net ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh dĂng. Birth spacing (n) Kho¶ng cžch sinh (i.e. time gap between birth deliveries). Blue sector (n) ................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to water resources, coastal zones and the sea). Bottle-neck (n) SĂč žch tŸc, kh©u žch tŸc (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA implementation: NhĂ·ng žch tŸc trong viĂc thĂčc hiĂn viĂn trĂź phžt triĂn chĂnh thĂžc). Bottom-up (adj) TĂ” dâĂi lÂȘn, tĂ” cÂŹ sĂ« lÂȘn. ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp hay cžch tiĂp cĂn tĂ” cÂŹ sĂ« lÂȘn (as opposed to Top-down approach). Brain drain (n) (TĂnh trÂčng) ch¶y mžu chĂt xžm. Brain gain (n) Tšng câĂȘng chĂt xžm, l”m gi”u chĂt xžm (e.g. The immigration of skilled labour is a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country). Brainstorming (n) XĂi vĂn ÂźĂ, khÂȘu gĂźi Ăœ tâĂ«ng (i.e. a creative form of discussion with the sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas). ~ techniques: KĂŒ thuĂt xĂi vĂn ÂźĂ, kĂŒ thuĂt khÂȘu gĂźi Ăœ tâĂ«ng cña ngâĂȘi tham gia. Break-even point (n) §iĂm ho” vĂšn. Breakthrough (n) BâĂc Ÿét phž. Digital ~ : BâĂc Ÿét phž vĂ c«ng nghĂ sĂš; Genetic ~ : BâĂc Ÿét phž vĂ c«ng nghĂ gien; Technological ~ : BâĂc Ÿét phž vĂ c«ng nghĂ. Breast-feed (v) Nu«i con b»ng sĂ·a mĂ. Hence, Breast-fed (adj) §âĂźc nu«i b»ng sĂ·a mĂ; Breast-feeding (n) ViĂc nu«i con b»ng sĂ·a mĂ.
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Bretton Woods Agreement: HiĂp ÂźĂnh Bretton Woods. ~ l” HiĂp ÂźĂnh tiĂn tĂ ÂźÂčt ÂźâĂźc tÂči mĂ©t hĂ©i nghĂ quĂšc tĂ tĂŠ chĂžc nšm 1944 tÂči Bretton Woods, Hoa KĂș. Bretton Woods Institutions: Cžc tĂŠ chĂžc Bretton Woods, tĂžc l” QuĂŒ tiĂn tĂ QuĂšc tĂ v” NhĂŁm Ng©n h”ng ThĂ giĂi, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp theo HiĂp ÂźĂnh BrettonWoods Brief (v) Th«ng bžo, trâĂc khi bŸt ÂźĂu mĂ©t hoÂčt Ÿéng (e.g. The delegation was briefed before it began its project visit). Hence, Briefing (n) BuĂŠi th«ng bžo. Broad-based CĂŁ cÂŹ sĂ« rĂ©ng r·i, trÂȘn diĂn rĂ©ng. ~ support: SĂč hç trĂź rĂ©ng r·i; ~ growth: SĂč tšng trâĂ«ng ÂźÂčt ÂźâĂźc trÂȘn diĂn rĂ©ng. Brown sector (n) ............... (i.e. environmental issues that relate to urban and industrial pollution). Budget (n) Ng©n sžch. ~ deficit: Th©m hĂŽt ng©n sžch; ~ line: DĂng ng©n sžch; ~ revision: §iĂu chĂnh ng©n sžch; ~ surplus: ThĂng dâ ng©n sžch. Budgetary (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ ng©n sžch. ~ control: KiĂm sožt ng©n sžch; ~ process: Quy trĂnh (x©y dĂčng v” qu¶n lĂœ) ng©n sžch; ~ support: Hç trĂź ng©n sžch. Buffer zone (n) VĂŻng ÂźĂm, khu ÂźĂm (i.e. an area of land separating land uses which are incompatible with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any conflict between them). ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ vĂŻng ÂźĂm. Build on or upon (v) DĂča trÂȘn cÂŹ sĂ«, phžt huy (e.g. The project has built upon the results of recent research initiatives: DĂč žn ÂźâĂźc x©y dĂčng dĂča trÂȘn kĂt qu¶ cña cžc c«ng trĂnh nghiÂȘn cĂžu gĂn Ÿ©y). Built-in stabilizer (n) CÂŹ chĂ tÂčo ĂŠn ÂźĂnh nĂ©i tÂči. Business (n) Kinh doanh. ~ activity: HoÂčt Ÿéng kinh doanh; ~ cycle: Chu kĂș kinh doanh; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng kinh doanh; ~ ethics: §Âčo ŸÞc kinh doanh; ~ model: M« hĂnh kinh doanh; ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc kinh doanh.
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C Calorie (n) §n vĂ nhiĂt lâĂźng ca-lo. Daily ~ intake per capita: KhĂu phĂn ca-lo tiÂȘu thĂŽ h”ng ng”y theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi; Daily ~ supply per capita: KhĂu phĂn ca-lo cung cĂp h”ng ng”y theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ Ca-na-Âźa. Capacity (n) Nšng lĂčc (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources needed to perform a function). Individual ~ : Nšng lĂčc cž nh©n; institutional ~ : Nšng lĂčc thĂ chĂ. Capacity 21 (n) Nšng lĂčc thĂ kĂ» 21 (i.e. a programme of technical assistance set up by the United Nations Development Programme in June 1993 in order to assist developing countries to realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thÂȘm Agenda 21. Capacity assessment (n) §žnh giž nšng lĂčc. Capacity building (n) X©y dĂčng nšng lĂčc. ~ differs from Capacity development in that the latter builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an institution). Capacity development (n) Tšng câĂȘng nšng lĂčc (i.e. the process by which individuals, institutions, communities develop their capacities to perform functions, solve problems and set and reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g. ~ of an organization). Capital (n) VĂšn, nguĂ„n vĂšn. Directly productive ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn trĂčc tiĂp tham gia s¶n xuĂt (mžy mĂŁc, thiĂt bĂ, c«ng cĂŽ s¶n xuĂt); Financial ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ t”i chĂnh (Ÿà ŸĂu tâ); Human ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ con ngâĂȘi; Infrastructural ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ kĂt cĂu hÂč tĂng; Institutional ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ thĂ chĂ (nĂn d©n chñ, quyĂn con ngâĂȘi, hĂ thĂšng phžp chĂâŠ); Natural ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ tĂč nhiÂȘn; Social ~ : NguĂ„n vĂšn x· hĂ©i (cžc chuĂn mĂčc, hĂ thĂšng, tĂŠ chĂžc, truyĂn thĂšng, giž trĂâŠ, trong Ÿã cĂŁ nguĂ„n vĂšn vĂ thĂ chĂ); A societyâs total ~ : TĂŠng nguĂ„n vĂšn cña mĂ©t x· hĂ©i. Capital assistance (n) ViĂn trĂź vĂ vĂšn. Capital-intensive (adj) CĂn nhiĂu vĂšn (e.g. A ~ industry). Capitalize on (v) Phžt huy, tĂn dĂŽng, tranh thñ (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities). Carbon tax (n) ThuĂ cžc-bon (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossil carbon-containing fuels in order to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide funds to promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect). Carrying capacity (n) SĂžc t¶i, kh¶ nšng t¶i (i.e. the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support without damaging the ecosystem itself). ~ of a tourism site: SĂžc t¶i cña mĂ©t ÂźiĂm du lĂch; The Earthâs ~ : SĂžc t¶i cña trži ÂźĂt. Case study (n) NghiÂȘn cĂžu trâĂȘng hĂźp ÂźiĂn hĂnh (i.e. an example of a research problem, usually described by a representative case, unit of population⊠, e.g. to conduct a ~ on a subject matter: TiĂn h”nh nghiÂȘn cĂžu trâĂȘng hĂźp ÂźiĂn hĂnh vĂ mĂ©t Ÿà t”i n”o Ÿã). Catalyst (adj) CĂŁ tĂnh chĂt xĂłc tžc. ~ role: Vai trĂ xĂłc tžc; ~ money: NguĂ„n vĂšn mang tĂnh xĂłc tžc. Causal relationship (n) MĂši quan hĂ nh©n qu¶. Cause and effect relationship (n) Quan hĂ nh©n qu¶. Central planning (n) KĂ hoÂčch hož tĂp trung.
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Centrally planned economy (n) Kinh tĂ kĂ hoÂčch hož tĂp trung. Change (n) SĂč thay ŸÊi, ŸÊi mĂi. ~ process: TiĂn trĂnh ŸÊi mĂi; ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ tiĂn trĂnh ŸÊi mĂi (i.e. ways to implement and monitor change within an organization). Change agent hay change catalyst: Nh©n tĂš kĂch thĂch ŸÊi mĂi (i.e. an individual who attempts to influence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change). Checklist (n) Danh mĂŽc (cžc c©u hĂĄi, vĂn ÂźĂ) Ÿà ŸÚi chiĂu (e.g. The ~ for project appraisal: Danh mĂŽc cžc c©u hĂĄi Ÿà ŸÚi chiĂu khi thĂm ÂźĂnh dĂč žn; The ~ for briefing a visiting mission: Danh mĂŽc cžc vĂn Ÿà cĂn th«ng bžo cho Âźo”n khžch ÂźĂn thšm). Child (n) TrĂ em. ~ abuse: LÂčm dĂŽng trĂ em; ~ care: Chšm sĂŁc trĂ em; ~ rearing: Nu«i dâĂŹng trĂ em. Child-bearing age (n) TuĂŠi sinh con, also Reproductive age. Women in ~ : PhĂŽ nĂ· Âźang Ă« Ÿé tuĂŠi sinh con. Child-blind (adj) Kh«ng quan t©m ÂźĂn trĂ em (e.g. A ~ social policy, project). Child care (n) Chšm sĂŁc trĂ em. ~ center: Trung t©m nu«i dÂčy trĂ em. Child labour (n) Lao Ÿéng Ă« trĂ em. Hence, Child labourers (n) TrĂ em ph¶i lao Ÿéng..Child malnutrition (n) Suy dinh dâĂŹng Ă« trĂ em. Child prostitution (n) M·i d©m Ă« trĂ em. Hence, Child prostitutes (n) TrĂ em h”nh nghĂ m·i d©m. Child welfare (n) PhĂłc lĂźi cho trĂ em (e.g. a ~ policy, programme). Children in specially difficult circumstances: TrĂ em cĂŁ ho”n c¶nh ÂźĂc biĂt. Civil servants (n) C«ng chĂžc. Civil service (n) Ng”nh c«ng vĂŽ. Civil society (n) X· hĂ©i d©n sĂč (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - organized or unorganized - who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are regulated by formal and informal rules and laws). Civil society organizations (n) Cžc tĂŠ chĂžc x· hĂ©i d©n sĂč. Clean energy sources (n) Cžc nguĂ„n nšng lâĂźng sÂčch (i.e. natural gas, solar, wind, sustainable biomass and mini-hydro power). Clean production technology (n) C«ng nghĂ s¶n xuĂt sÂčch (i.e. use of environmentally friendly processes in production activities). Hence, cleaner production technology: C«ng nghĂ s¶n xuĂt sÂčch hÂŹn. Client-oriented (adj) §Ănh hâĂng phĂŽc vĂŽ khžch h”ng (e.g. a ~ mentality: Thži Ÿé sÂœn s”ng phĂŽc vĂŽ khžch h”ng). Climate change (n) SĂč biĂn ŸÊi khĂ hĂu (e.g. Convention on ~ : C«ng âĂc vĂ biĂn ŸÊi khĂ hĂu, ÂźâĂźc kĂœ kĂt tÂči HĂ©i nghĂ LHQ vĂ M«i trâĂȘng v” Phžt triĂn nšm 1992 tÂči Rio de Janeiro). Global ~ : SĂč biĂn ŸÊi khĂ hĂu to”n cĂu. Cloning (n) Nh©n dĂng v« tĂnh, nh©n gien v« tĂnh. Cluster evaluation (n) §žnh giž cĂŽm dĂč žn (cĂŁ liÂȘn quan vĂi nhau vĂ nĂ©i dung). Coastal mangrove forest (n) RĂ”ng ngĂp mĂn ven biĂn. Coastal zone management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ d¶i ven bĂȘ. Integrated ~ : Qu¶n lĂœ tĂŠng hĂźp d¶i ven bĂȘ. Coastal wetland (n) (VĂŻng) ÂźĂt ngĂp mĂn ven biĂn.
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Co-financing (n) CĂŻng gĂŁp vĂšn, l” thuĂt ngĂ· dĂŻng chung cho cžc phâÂŹng thĂžc t”i trĂź cost-sharing ŸÄng t”i trĂź, trust fund quĂŒ uĂ» thžc v” parallel financing t”i trĂź song song. Commercial (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ thâÂŹng mÂči. ~ interest rate: L·i suĂt thâÂŹng mÂči; ~ lending: Cho vay theo ÂźiĂu kiĂn thâÂŹng mÂči; ~ loan: Kho¶n vay thâÂŹng mÂči. Commercialize (v) ThâÂŹng mÂči hož. Hence, Commercialization (n) SĂč thâÂŹng mÂči hož (e.g. ~ of public services: ThâÂŹng mÂči hož cžc dĂch vĂŽ c«ng cĂ©ng). Commit (v) Cam kĂt, quyĂt t©m (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Cam kĂt l”m mĂ©t viĂc gà Ÿã). Commitment (n) SĂč cam kĂt (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance or technical cooperation incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions). For example: ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001 reached US$ 1.6 billion: Cam kĂt ODA cho ViĂt Nam trong nšm 2001 lÂȘn ÂźĂn 1,6 tĂ» USD. Commodity (n) H”ng hĂŁa. ~ assistance: ViĂn trĂź b»ng h”ng hož (i.e. financial assistance provided by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or goods). ~ loan: Kho¶n tiĂn vay b»ng h”ng hož. Common but differentiated responsibilities (n) Tržch nhiĂm chung nhâng cĂŁ ph©n biĂt mĂžc Ÿé (i.e. Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says âStates shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earthâs ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States shall have common but different responsibilitiesâ. Communicable diseases (n) Cžc cšn bĂnh l©y lan. Community (n) CĂ©ng ŸÄng. ~ health care: Y tĂ cĂ©ng ŸÄng; Community development (n) Phžt triĂn cĂ©ng ŸÄng (i.e. the organization of all aspects of community living, in particular new settlement projects and the improvement of existing facilities). Community education (n) Gižo dĂŽc Ăœ thĂžc cĂ©ng ŸÄng (i.e. an enabling process by which children and adults acquire a sense of identification with their community). Community forestry (n) L©m nghiĂp cĂ©ng ŸÄng (i.e. a form of social forestry where tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands). Community participation (n) SĂč tham gia cña cĂ©ng ŸÄng (i.e. the participation of a community in its own development). Community participation role (n) Vai trĂ hoÂčt Ÿéng cĂ©ng ŸÄng (cña phĂŽ nĂ· ). Xem thÂȘm Gender roles.
Community-based (adj) DĂča v”o cĂ©ng ŸÄng, Ă« cĂp cĂ©ng ŸÄng. Community-based development approaches (n) Cžc phâÂŹng thĂžc phžt triĂn dĂča v”o cĂ©ng ŸÄng Community-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghiĂn tÂči (dĂča v”o) cĂ©ng ŸÄng. Community-based forest management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ rĂ”ng dĂča v”o cĂ©ng ŸÄng (i.e. a strategy for achieving people-centered development where the focus of decision-making with regard to the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the communities of that area). Community-based organizations (n) Cžc tĂŠ chĂžc cĂ©ng ŸÄng.
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Comparative advantage: LĂźi thĂ so sžnh. Theory of ~ : ThuyĂt vĂ lĂźi thĂ so sžnh (i.e. the specialization in the production and export of those goods/services in which a country can make or provide most profitably). Compete (v) CÂčnh tranh (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasingly scarce development resources). Competing (adj) CÂčnh tranh nhau, ganh Âźua nhau (e.g. ~ claims on the limited national resources: NhĂ·ng ÂźĂi hĂĄi tranh gi”nh nguĂ„n lĂčc hÂčn hĂp cña quĂšc gia). Competition (n) SĂč cÂčnh tranh, ganh Âźua. Fair ~ : CÂčnh tranh l”nh mÂčnh; Healthy ~ : CÂčnh tranh l”nh mÂčnh; Imperfect ~ : CÂčnh tranh kh«ng ho”n h¶o; Perfect ~ : CÂčnh tranh ho”n h¶o; Unfair ~ : CÂčnh tranh kh«ng l”nh mÂčnh. Competitive (adj) CĂŁ kh¶ nšng cÂčnh tranh, mang tĂnh cÂčnh tranh. ~ bidding: §Ău thĂu cÂčnh tranh; ~ market: ThĂ trâĂȘng cÂčnh tranh; ~ price: Giž c¶ cÂčnh tranh. Competitiveness (n) CĂŁ kh¶ nšng cÂčnh tranh, sĂžc cÂčnh tranh (e.g. The ~ of the national economy: SĂžc cÂčnh tranh cña nĂn kinh tĂ quĂšc d©n). Completion (n) SĂč ho”n th”nh, kĂt thĂłc. Financial ~ : KĂt thĂłc vĂ t”i chĂnh (e.g. the financial ~ of a project); Operational ~ : KĂt thĂłc vĂ hoÂčt Ÿéng (cña mĂ©t dĂč žn). Comprehensive (adj) To”n diĂn. A ~ approach: Cžch tiĂp cĂn to”n diĂn. Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy or CPRGS: ChiĂn lâĂźc to”n diĂn vĂ xož nghĂo Ÿãi v” tšng trâĂ«ng (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was requested by the World Bank and prepared by the Government of Viet Nam to replace the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP).
Comprehensive Development Strategy or CDF (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc phžt triĂn to”n diĂn (i.e. a mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance and government spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects of development in a recipient country).
Concept (n) Khži niĂm, Ăœ tâĂ«ng. A project ~: Ăœ tâĂ«ng dĂč žn (i.e. A paper that provides a preliminary idea of the overall possibility and desirability of a project). Concept paper (n) B¶n phžc th¶o (vĂ mĂ©t Ăœ tâĂ«ng hoĂc Ÿà t”i). Conceptual (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ khži niĂm. A ~ framework: Khung khži qužt, phâÂŹng phžp luĂn. Conceptual approach (n) PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn mang tĂnh khži qužt. Conceptualization (n) X©y dĂčng khži niĂm, x©y dĂčng Ăœ tâĂ«ng. Project ~: X©y dĂčng Ăœ tâĂ«ng dĂč žn. Hence, To conceptualize a project: X©y dĂčng Ăœ tâĂ«ng dĂč žn. Concessionary (Also Concessional, Soft) (adj) Mang tĂnh âu Ÿ·i. A ~ loan: Kho¶n vay âu Ÿ·i (i.e. credit extended in terms that are more favourable to the borrower than market rates). Concessionality level (n) MĂžc Ÿé âu Ÿ·i (i.e. a measure of the âsoftnessâ of a credit reflecting the benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate). Condition (n) §iĂu kiĂn (e.g. a neccesary and sufficient ~ : §iĂu kiĂn cĂn v” Ÿñ). Conditionality (n) CĂŁ ÂźiĂu kiĂn, ÂźiĂu kiĂn r”ng buĂ©c (i.e. policy measure(s) that a government agrees to implement as a requirement to receive aid). Conflict (n) Xung Ÿét, m©u thuĂn. ~ of interest: Xung Ÿét lĂźi Ăch. Conflict resolution (n) Gi¶i quyĂt xung Ÿét.
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Conflicting (adj) Xung Ÿét vĂi nhau, m©u thuĂn vĂi nhau (e.g. ~ interests, ideas: NhĂ·ng lĂźi Ăch, nhĂ·ng Ăœ tâĂ«ng trži ngâĂźc nhau). Consensus (n) SĂč nhĂt trĂ, sĂč ŸÄng thuĂn. On the consensus ~ : Theo nguyÂȘn tŸc ŸÄng thuĂn. Political ~ : SĂč ŸÄng thuĂn vĂ chĂnh trĂ. Consensus building (n) X©y dĂčng sĂč nhĂt trĂ, ŸÄng thuĂn (e.g. A ~ activity, initiative: MĂ©t hoÂčt Ÿéng, mĂ©t sžng kiĂn nh»m x©y dĂčng sĂč ŸÄng thuĂn). Conservation (n) B¶o tĂ„n; ~ area, site, zone: Khu b¶o tĂ„n; Cultural ~ : B¶o tĂ„n všn hož; Heritage ~ : B¶o tĂ„n di s¶n. Constituency (n) NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi hĂu thuĂn (i.e. a group of people with the same interests that one can turn to for support); Cö tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its own elected representative). Constrain (v) HÂčn chĂ, r”ng buĂ©c (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have constrained the sustainability of the technical approaches used). Hence, Constraint (n) HÂčn chĂ, khĂŁ khšn. Consultancy (n) HoÂčt Ÿéng tâ vĂn (e.g. a consultancy assignment: ChuyĂn c«ng tžc tâ vĂn). Hence, Consultant: ChuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn. Consultative Group Meeting (n) HĂ©i nghĂ NhĂŁm Tâ vĂn (i.e. a periodic meeting between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national issuses/priorities and mobilizing additional external assistance. This is an aid mobilization mechanism which is chaired by the World Bank). Consulting (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ tâ vĂn. ~ business: NghĂ tâ vĂn; ~ firm: C«ng ty tâ vĂn; ~ industry: Ng”nh (c«ng nghiĂp) tâ vĂn. Consumer (n) NgâĂȘi tiÂȘu dĂŻng. ~ demand: Nhu cĂu tiÂȘu dĂŻng; ~ price: Giž tiÂȘu dĂŻng; ~ subsidy: TrĂź giž tiÂȘu dĂŻng. Consumer price index (n) ChĂ sĂš giž tiÂȘu dĂŻng. Contaminate (v) L”m nhiĂm bĂn. Hence, Contamination (n) L”m nhiĂm bĂn. Contaminated site (n) NÂŹi bĂ nhiĂm bĂn. Contingency (n) TĂnh huĂšng bĂt trŸc. ~ fund: QuĂŒ dĂč phĂng; ~ plan: KĂ hoÂčch dĂč phĂng. Continuous programming (n) PhâÂŹng phžp x©y dĂčng dĂč žn mang tĂnh liÂȘn tĂŽc (i.e. a concept that involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for which projects have not yet been identified). Contraceptive (n) DĂŽng cĂŽ tržnh thai. ~ measures: Cžc biĂn phžp tržnh thai. Contraceptive prevalence rate (n) TĂ» lĂ sö dĂŽng cžc biĂn phžp tržnh thai (i.e. the percentage of married women of childbearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or whose husbands are using, any form of contraception). Contract (n) B¶n hĂźp ŸÄng hoĂc (v) L”m hĂźp ŸÄng (e.g. to ~ somebody to do something: HĂźp ŸÄng vĂi ngâĂȘi n”o Ÿà l”m viĂc gĂ). Contracting out (n) Khožn cho ngâĂȘi ngo”i (i.e. an arrangement whereby a department or agency enters into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides services). Hence, to contract out something: Khožn cho ngâĂȘi ngo”i. Contractual (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ hĂźp ŸÄng. ~ obligations: Cžc nghĂa vĂŽ theo hĂźp ŸÄng; ~ provisions: Cžc ÂźiĂu kho¶n hĂźp ŸÄng; ~ terms: Cžc ÂźiĂu kiĂn hĂźp ŸÄng.
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Contribution (n) Kho¶n Ÿãng gĂŁp. In cash ~ : §ãng gĂŁp b»ng tiĂn mĂt; In kind ~ : §ãng gĂŁp b»ng hiĂn vĂt (dâĂi cžc hĂnh thĂžc nhâ nh©n sĂč, všn phĂng, vĂt tâ , thiĂt bĂ tÂči chç, ÂźĂt Âźai, nh” xâĂ«ng, v.v...); Counterpart ~: §ãng gĂŁp cña cÂŹ quan ŸÚi tžc (b»ng tiĂn mĂt hoĂc b»ng hiĂn vĂt). Control (n) SĂč kiĂm sožt, biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt. Export ~ s : Cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt xuĂt khĂu; Exchange rate ~ s : Cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt tĂ» giž hĂši Âźoži; Import ~ s : Cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt nhĂp khĂu; Price ~ s : Cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt giž c¶. Convention (n) C«ng âĂc (e.g. ~ on the Rights of the Child: C«ng âĂc vĂ QuyĂn TrĂ em; ~ for the Pretection of Ozone Layer: C«ng âĂc vĂ b¶o vĂ tĂng «-d«n; ~ for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: C«ng âĂc vĂ b¶o vĂ di s¶n všn hož v” thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn thĂ giĂi; ~ on Biological Diversity: C«ng âĂc vĂ b¶o vĂ sĂč Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c; ~ on International Trade in Endangered Species: C«ng âĂc vĂ thâÂŹng mÂči quĂšc tà ŸÚi vĂi cžc lo”i Ÿéng vĂt cĂŁ nguy cÂŹ tiĂt chñng; ~ on the Law of the Sea: C«ng âĂc vĂ LuĂt biĂn). Coping strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc, biĂn phžp khŸc phĂŽc khĂŁ khšn (i.e. plans, means and actions used by the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such as unemployment, sickness, food shortage). Core resources: NguĂ„n vĂšn thâĂȘng xuyÂȘn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donor governments to UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources). Corporate (adj) TĂŠng qužt (e.g. A ~ plan: MĂ©t kĂ hoÂčch tĂŠng qužt); ThuĂ©c vĂ c«ng ty (e.g. A ~ law: LuĂt c«ng ty).
Corrupt (adj) Tham nhĂČng (e.g. A ~ official: MĂ©t quan chĂžc tham nhĂČng).
Corruption (n) SĂč tham nhĂČng (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for private gains). ~ - free (adj) Kh«ng cĂŁ tham nhĂČng (e.g. A ~ society: MĂ©t x· hĂ©i kh«ng cĂŁ tham nhĂČng). Cost (n) Chi phĂ. Fixed ~ : Chi phĂ cĂš ÂźĂnh; Hidden ~ : ChĂ phĂ Ăn; Visible ~ : Chi phĂ hiĂn. Cost-push inflation (n) LÂčm phžt do sĂžc ÂźĂy cña chi phĂ (i.e. inflation which is created and sustained by increases in production costs, independently of the state of demand). Cost recovery (n) LĂy thu bĂŻ chi, thu hĂ„i chi phĂ. On a ~ basis: TrÂȘn cÂŹ sĂ« lĂy thu bĂŻ chi. Cost sharing (n) §Äng t”i trĂź (i.e. financial contributions which are made by another donor to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage in accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thÂȘm Co-financing. Cost-benefit analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch chi phĂ-lĂźi Ăch (i.e a method to determine total benefits and costs of a project through which to detect the alternation with the highest benefit-cost ratio). Cost-effective (adj) HiĂu qu¶ tĂnh theo chi phĂ, hiĂu qu¶ kinh tĂ. Cost-effectiveness analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch chi phĂ â hiĂu qu¶ (i.e. an approach adopted when the benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it has political or corporate benefits). Counterpart (n) BÂȘn ŸÚi tžc, bÂȘn ŸÄng nhiĂm. ~ agency: CÂŹ quan ŸÚi tžc; ~ capacity: Nšng lĂčc cña cÂŹ quan ŸÚi tžc; The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and his US ~ : NgoÂči trâĂ«ng ViĂt Nam v” ngâĂȘi ŸÄng nhiĂm Hoa KĂș.
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Counterpart funding (n) VĂšn ŸÚi Ăžng (i.e. the contribution in local currency to project costs by a country receiving development aid). Counterpart personnel (n) Nh©n viÂȘn ŸÚi tžc (i.e. local staff of a country receiving aid who have the same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistance experts). Country programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh quĂšc gia (e.g. UNDPâs ~ for Viet Nam for the period 1992-1996). Credit (n) TĂn dĂŽng. Micro ~ or small ~ : TĂn dĂŽng quy m« nhĂĄ; Rural ~ : TĂn dĂŽng n«ng th«n; Informal ~ association: HĂ©i chÂŹi hĂŽi. Creditworthy (adj) CĂŁ kh¶ nšng thanh tožn nĂź (e.g. a ~ country, company). Hence, Creditworthiness (n) Kh¶ nšng thanh tožn nĂź. Critical mass (n) KhĂši lâĂźng cĂn thiĂt, Ÿà tÂčo nÂȘn tžc Ÿéng mong muĂšn. (e.g. There needs to be a ~ of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction efforts in the province). Crop rotation (n) Lu©n canh (i.e. an agricultural method in which two or more crops are rotated from year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on pesticides) Cropping (n) TrĂ„ng trĂ€t, canh tžc. ~ intensity: CâĂȘng Ÿé canh tžc; ~ pattern: CÂŹ cĂu c©y trĂ„ng; ~ season: MĂŻa vĂŽ trĂ„ng trĂ€t; ~ sequence: TrĂnh tĂč gieo trĂ„ng; ~ system: HĂ thĂšng trĂ„ng trĂ€t. Cross check (n) KiĂm tra chĂo. Cross-cutting (adj) Mang tĂnh Âźa ng”nh, xuyÂȘn suĂšt. ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn mang tĂnh Âźa ng”nh; ~ issue: MĂ©t vĂn Ÿà xuyÂȘn suĂšt. Cross fertilization (n) ThĂŽ tinh chĂo, (nghĂa bĂŁng) sĂč trao ŸÊi kinh nghiĂm. Cross-sectoral (adj) Mang tĂnh Âźa ng”nh. ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn mang tĂnh Âźa ng”nh. Crowd out (v) LĂn žt, chĂn lĂn (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local initiative). Hence, Crowding out (n) SĂč lĂn žt, sĂč chĂn lĂn. Cultural (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ všn hož. ~ diversity: SĂč Âźa dÂčng vĂ všn hož; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng všn hož; ~ exchange: Trao ŸÊi všn hož; ~ property: T”i s¶n všn hož; ~ values: Cžc giž trĂ všn hož. Cultural heritage (n) Di s¶n všn hož. Cultural identity (n) B¶n sŸc všn hož (e.g. national ~ : B¶n sŸc všn hož d©n tĂ©c) Cultural integration (n) HĂ©i nhĂp vĂ všn hož. Culture (n) Všn hož. ~ in development: Všn hož trong (hoÂčt Ÿéng) phžt triĂn; Development ~: Všn hož phžt triĂn; Football ~ : Všn hož bĂŁng Ÿž; Office ~ : Všn hož všn phĂng; Traditional ~ : Všn hož truyĂn thĂšng. Culture of Peace (n) NĂn Všn hož Ho” bĂnh (do UNESCO phžt Ÿéng trÂȘn to”n thĂ giĂi nšm 2000). Cultural shock (n) CĂł sĂšc vĂ všn hož (do tiĂp xĂłc vĂi mĂ©t nĂn všn minh rĂt khžc biĂt). Cumulative (adj) TĂch luĂŒ. ~ impact, effect: Tžc Ÿéng, hiĂu qu¶ tĂch luĂŒ. Cut across (v) LiÂȘn quan ÂźĂn nhiĂu ng”nh, nhiĂu tĂŠ chĂžc (e.g. Issues that ~ Government agencies: NhĂ·ng vĂn Ÿà liÂȘn quan ÂźĂn nhiĂu cÂŹ quan ChĂnh phñ).
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Cutting edge (n) MĂČi nhĂ€n, t©n tiĂn nhĂt (e.g. A ~ technology: C«ng nghĂ mĂČi nhĂ€n; To be on the ~ of the development business: §Þng Ă« h”ng ÂźĂu hoÂčt Ÿéng phžt triĂn).
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D DAC List of Aid Recipients (n) Danh sžch cžc nâĂc nhĂn viĂn trĂź cña UĂ» ban ViĂn trĂź Phžt triĂn. Danh sžch n”y bao gĂ„m PhĂn I (Part I) v” PhĂn II (Part II). PhĂn I gĂ„m cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn cĂŁ mĂžc GNP theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi tĂ” 9,385 USD trĂ« xuĂšng (giž cĂš ÂźĂnh nšm 1995) v” ÂźâĂźc nhĂn ViĂn trĂź Phžt triĂn ChĂnh thĂžc. PhĂn II gĂ„m cžc nâĂc Âźang trong thĂȘi kĂș chuyĂn ŸÊi ÂźâĂźc nhĂn ViĂn trĂź ChĂnh thĂžc, Ă« Trung Âąu, §«ng Âąu, cžc NâĂc CĂ©ng ho” thuĂ©c LiÂȘn X« cĂČ v” mĂ©t sĂš nâĂc hoĂc l·nh thĂŠ cĂŁ trĂnh Ÿé phžt triĂn cao hÂŹn. Xem thÂȘm Development Assistance Committee. Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tà §an MÂčch. Data (n) DĂ· liĂu, sĂš liĂu. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch dĂ· liĂu; ~ bank: Ng©n h”ng dĂ· liĂu; ~ collection: Thu thĂp dĂ· liĂu; ~ processing: Xö lĂœ dĂ· liĂu; ~ retrieval: Truy cĂp dĂ· liĂu; ~ storage: Lâu trĂ· dĂ· liĂu; ~ transmission: TruyĂn dĂ· liĂu; ~ base: CÂŹ sĂ« dĂ· liĂu. Death rate (n) TĂ» lĂ tö vong. Crude ~ : TĂ» lĂ tö vong th«; Total ~ : TĂŠng tĂ» lĂ tö vong. Debrief (v) Bžo cžo kĂt qu¶, khi kĂt thĂłc mĂ©t hoÂčt Ÿéng (e.g. The delegation debriefed the minister at the end of its visit). Hence, Debriefing (n) BuĂŠi bžo cžo kĂt qu¶. Debt (n) NĂź. Bad ~ : NĂź khÂȘ ŸÀng, nĂź khĂŁ ÂźĂi; Bilateral ~ : NĂź song phâÂŹng; Domestic ~ : NĂź trong nâĂc; Foreign ~: NĂź nâĂc ngo”i (also external ~ ); Multilateral ~ : NĂź Âźa phâÂŹng; Public ~ : NĂź c«ng; Unsustainable ~ : NĂź quž sĂžc chĂu ÂźĂčng (i.e. debt which exceeds 2 to 2.5 times a country's annual export earnings). Debt cancellation (n) Xož nĂź (also Debt forgiveness). Debt crisis (n) CuĂ©c khñng ho¶ng nĂź (i.e. widespread inability in the 1980âs among developing countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending and declining exports âŠ). Debt management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ nĂź. Debt refinancing (n) T”i trĂź b»ng vay nĂź (i.e. a form of debt relief in which a new loan is arranged to enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan). Debt relief (n) Gi¶m nĂź (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to write off part of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief maybe in the form of Debt cancellation, Debt refinancing, or Debt rescheduling). Debt renegotiation (n) ThâÂŹng lâĂźng lÂči vĂ viĂc tr¶ nĂź (i.e. negotiation in order to change the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal interest rates). Debt repayment (n) Tr¶ nĂź (Hence, To repay a debt). Debt rescheduling (n) Ho·n tr¶ nĂź, Ÿžo nĂź (Hence, To reschedule a debt). Debt restructuring (n) CÂŹ cĂu lÂči nĂź (i.e. any action officially agreed between the creditor and the debtor that alters the terms previously established for the repayment, including forgiveness or rescheduling). Hence, To restructure a debt). Debt service (n) TĂŠng nĂź ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the sum of principal payments and interest payments on total external debt). Hence, Debt servicing (n) ViĂc tr¶ nĂź, viĂc thanh tožn nĂź.
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Debt service obligations (n) NghĂa vĂŽ tr¶ nĂź. Debt service ratio (n) TĂ» xuĂt nĂź ph¶i tr¶ (i.e. the ratio of debt service payments to earnings from exports of goods). Debt structure (n) CÂŹ cĂu nĂź. Debt swap (n) Tržo nĂź. Debtor (n) Con nĂź. A ~ country: NâĂc vay nĂź. Debt-for-nature swaps (n) ChuyĂn hožn nĂź phĂŽc vĂŽ b¶o tĂ„n thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn (i.e. an arrangement whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country, on the understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be invested in the country concerned on conservation projects). Decentralization (n) SĂč phi tĂp trung hož, ph©n cĂp qu¶n lĂœ (i.e. a general term that refers to the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two key elements, namely devolution ph©n quyĂn and delegation ñy quyĂn).
Decentralize (v) Phi tĂp trung hož, ph©n cĂp qu¶n lĂœ (e.g. To ~ the decision-making process: Ph©n cĂp quž trĂnh ra quyĂt ÂźĂnh). Decentralized (adj) §âĂźc ph©n cĂp qu¶n lĂœ. ~ decision-making: Ph©n cĂp ra quyĂt ÂźĂnh; ~ management: Ph©n cĂp qu¶n lĂœ. Deficit (n) Th©m hĂŽt. Budget ~ : Th©m hĂŽt ng©n sžch; Food ~ : ThiĂu lâÂŹng thĂčc; Trade ~ : Th©m hĂŽt cžn c©n thâÂŹng mÂči. Deficit financing (n) LĂy t”i chĂnh bĂŻ th©m hĂŽt ng©n sžch, t”i trĂź th©m hĂŽt ng©n sžch (i.e. a situation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated deliberately in order to stiimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more purchasing power into the economy). Deflation (n) Gi¶m phžt. Hence, Deflator (n) ChĂ sĂš gi¶m phžt. Deforestration (n) TĂnh trÂčng t”n phž rĂ”ng (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the trees or more). Delegate (v) UĂ» quyĂn, giao phĂŁ (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone: UĂ» quyĂn cho ai). Hence, Delegation or ~ of authority (n) SĂč uĂ» quyĂn (i.e. the transfer of government decision-making and administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may still be legally accountable to the central government). Demand (n) YÂȘu cĂu, lâĂźng cĂu (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply). Aggregate ~ : TĂŠng cĂu; In ~ : §âĂźc nhiĂu ngâĂȘi yÂȘu cĂu, ÂźâĂźc âa chuĂ©ng (e.g. Top quality secretaries are always in great ~). Excess ~ : Dâ cĂu. Demand management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ lâĂźng cĂu. Demand pull inflation: LÂčm phžt do cĂu vâĂźt cung. Demand-driven (adj) TrĂ€ng cĂu, do cĂu quyĂt ÂźĂnh (as opposed to Suppply-driven). ~ development aid: ViĂn trĂź phžt triĂn theo nhu cĂu (cña bÂȘn tiĂp nhĂn). Demand-side economics: Kinh tĂ hĂ€c trĂ€ng cĂu (as opposed to Supply-side economics). Demographic (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ d©n sĂš hĂ€c. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch d©n sĂš hĂ€c; ~ change: Thay ŸÊi d©n sĂš hĂ€c; ~ indicators: Cžc chĂ sĂš d©n sĂš hĂ€c; ~ momentum: §éng lĂčc d©n sĂš hĂ€c; ~ transition: ChuyĂn tiĂp d©n sĂš hĂ€c. Hence, Demography (n) D©n sĂš hĂ€c.
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Demographic model (n) M« hĂnh d©n sĂš hĂ€c (i.e. a model concerned with the structure, growth and change of populations). Demonstration (n) TrĂnh diĂn (e.g. ~ activities: NhĂ·ng hoÂčt Ÿéng mang tĂnh trĂnh diĂn; A ~ project: MĂ©t dĂč žn mang tĂnh trĂnh diĂn). Department for International Development (DfID): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ Anh quĂšc. Dependency ratio (n) TĂ» lĂ phĂŽ thuĂ©c (i.e. the ratio of the population defined as dependent, aged under 15 and above 65, on the working age population, aged 15- 64). Deplete (v) L”m suy gi¶m, l”m cÂčn kiĂt (e.g. To ~ natural resources: L”m cÂčn kiĂt cžc nguĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn; To ~ the ozone layer: L”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n). Montreal Convention on Substances that ~ the Ozone Layer: C«ng âĂc Montreal vĂ cžc chĂt l”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n. Depleting (adj) L”m suy gi¶m, l”m cÂčn kiĂt. Ozone ~ substances: Cžc chĂt l”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n. Design (v) ThiĂt kĂ (e.g. To ~ a project: ThiĂt kĂ mĂ©t dĂč žn); (n) B¶n thiĂt kĂ (e.g. A project ~ : ThiĂt kĂ cña mĂ©t dĂč žn). Developing country (n) NâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn (i.e. a low- or middle-income country in which most people have a lower standard of living than do most people in a high-income country). Development (n) (SĂč nghiĂp) phžt triĂn (i.e. the process of improving the quality of all human lives which consists of three equally important aspects: raising people's living standards in terms of their incomes and consumption levels; creating conditions conducive to the growth of people's self-esteem through the establishment of social, political, and economic systems/institutions; increasing people's freedom to make their choices in terms of consumer goods and services). ~ agency: CÂŹ quan, tĂŠ chĂžc phžt triĂn; ~ partner: §Úi tžc phžt triĂn; ~ right: QuyĂn tham gia phžt triĂn; ~ target: ChĂ tiÂȘn phžt triĂn. Development administration (n) Qu¶n trĂ phžt triĂn. Development assistance (n) ViĂn trĂź phžt triĂn, trĂź giĂłp phžt triĂn. Development Assistance Committee (DAC): UĂ» ban viĂn trĂź phžt triĂn, thuĂ©c TĂŠ chĂžc HĂźp tžc v” Phžt triĂn Kinh tĂ (OECD). DAC l” cÂŹ quan chñ yĂu qua Ÿã OECD gi¶i quyĂt cžc vĂn Ÿà hĂźp tžc vĂi cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn v” l” mĂ©t trong nhĂ·ng diĂn Ÿ”n chĂnh cña OECD Ÿà phĂši hĂźp cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng hç trĂź sĂč nghiĂp phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng. Development cooperation (n) HĂźp tžc phžt triĂn (i.e. a term often used synonymously with overseas development assistance to indicate the inter-dependent nature of the devel-opment process and emphasize the cooperative effort of both poorer and richer countries). Development economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c phžt triĂn. Development objective (n) MĂŽc tiÂȘu phžt triĂn (i.e. a long-term objective of national development or of a national programme). Development planning (n) Quy hoÂčch phžt triĂn. Development strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc phžt triĂn. Digital divide (n) Kho¶ng cžch c«ng nghĂ sĂš (i.e. the richest 20% of the world population have access to 93.3% of the internet facilities and 74% of the telephone lines while the poorest 20% have access to only respectively 0.2% and 1.5%).
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Devolution (v) SĂč ph©n quyĂn (i.e. a concept which is commonly understood to be genuine decentralization. Under devolution, local units of government have full authority to take decisions over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control). Digital revolution (n) Cžch mÂčng c«ng nghĂ sĂš. Diminishing returns to scale (n) LĂźi tĂžc gi¶m dĂn theo quy m« (i.e. a generalization that while an increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs may raise total output, there will come a point when the extra output is likely to diminish). Law of ~ : Quy luĂt lĂźi tĂžc gi¶n dĂn. Direct support (n) Hç trĂź trĂčc tiĂp. A ~ project: DĂč žn hç trĂź trĂčc tiĂp (i.e. a project that is designed to respond to a one-time need and to reach its beneficiaries directly by preparing, for example, feasibility studies, development plans, technical designs...). Disadvantaged (adj) BĂ thiĂt thĂi. Economically ~ provinces: Cžc tĂnh bĂ thiĂt thĂi vĂ kinh tĂ; ~ groups: Cžc nhĂŁm d©n câ bĂ thiĂt thĂi. Disaster (n) ThiÂȘn tai (thâĂȘng hay Âźi vĂi natural ~ s ). Environmental ~ : Tai biĂn m«i trâĂȘng; Technological ~ : Tai hoÂč do c«ng nghĂ g©y ra; Man-made ~ : Tai hoÂč do con ngâĂȘi g©y ra; Water ~ : ThiÂȘn tai do nâĂc g©y ra, thuĂ» tai. Disaster forecasting (n) DĂč bžo thiÂȘn tai. Disaster management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ thiÂȘn tai. Disaster mitigation (n) Gi¶m nhĂ (hĂu qu¶) thiÂȘn tai. Disaster preparedness (n) PhĂng chĂšng thiÂȘn tai. Disaster-prone (adj) Hay gĂp thiÂȘn tai (e.g. Viet Nam is one of the most ~ countries in the world). Disaster relief (n) CĂžu trĂź thiÂȘn tai. Disaster response (n) BiĂn phžp ŸÚi phĂŁ vĂi thiÂȘn tai. Disaster warning (n) C¶nh bžo vĂ thiÂȘn tai. Disburse (v) Chi tiÂȘu, gi¶i ng©n (e.g. Viet Nam disbursed over US$ 1.4 billion of ODA in 2001). Disbursement (n) SĂš tiĂn ÂźâĂźc gi¶i ng©n, mĂžc gi¶i ng©n, vĂšn thĂčc hiĂn (e.g. Viet Nam's total ODA ~ during 2001 was over US$ 1.4 million). Disease (n) BĂnh. Chronic ~s : BĂnh m·n tĂnh; Endemic ~ s: BĂnh dĂch; Guinea worm ~ s: BĂnh giun Ghi-nÂȘ; Infectious ~s: BĂnh truyĂn nhiĂm; Mental ~s: BĂnh t©m thĂn; Occupational ~s: BĂnh nghĂ nghiĂp; Respiratory ~s: BĂnh ÂźâĂȘng h« hĂp; Vector-borne ~ s: BĂnh truyĂn qua vĂt chñ trung gian; Water-borne ~ s: BĂnh truyĂn qua nâĂc. Displaced people (n) NgâĂȘi lžnh nÂčn; Internally ~ : NgâĂȘi lžnh nÂčn trong nâĂc. Dissolution (n) Gi¶i thĂ (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: Gi¶i thĂ cžc doanh nghiĂp Nh” nâĂc l”m šn thua lç). Distribution (n) SĂč ph©n phĂši, sĂč ph©n bĂŠ. ~ of profits: Ph©n phĂši lĂźi nhuĂn; Geographical ~ of aid: Ph©n bĂŠ viĂn trĂź theo vĂŻng l·nh thĂŠ; Geographical ~ of poverty: TĂnh trÂčng nghĂo theo vĂŻng l·nh thĂŠ. Hence, Distribute (v) Ph©n phĂši, ph©n bĂŠ
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Distribution of income (n) Ph©n phĂši thu nhĂp. Functional ~ : Ph©n phĂši thu nhĂp theo chĂžc nšng (i.e. dividing income according to sources such as wages, profits, rent, ect...); Size ~ : Ph©n phĂši thu nhĂp theo quy m« (i.e. showing how many persons or families receive how much income). Diversification (n) SĂč Âźa dÂčng hož. Crop ~ : §a dÂčng hož c©y trĂ„ng; Export ~: §a dÂčng hož xuĂt khĂu; Risk ~ : §a dÂčng hož rñi ro. Diversity (n) TĂnh Âźa dÂčng (e.g. The ~ of ecosystems: TĂnh Âźa dÂčng cña cžc hĂ sinh thži). Diversity in unity (n) TĂnh Âźa dÂčng trong thĂšng nhĂt (e.g. To maintain the ~ in unity of the United Nations Organization). Divest (v) Thanh lĂœ. Thus, Divestiture (n) SĂč thanh lĂœ. (e.g. ~ of a loss making business: Thanh lĂœ doanh nghiĂp l”m šn thu lç). Divide (n) §âĂȘng ph©n cžch, kho¶ng cžch. North-South ~ : Kho¶ng cžch giĂ·a cžc nâĂc phâÂŹng BŸc (cžc nâĂc gi”u) v” phâÂŹng Nam (cžc nâĂc nghĂo); Urban - rural ~ : Kho¶ng cžch giĂ·a th”nh thĂ v” n«ng th«n; Digital ~ : Kho¶ng cžch c«ng nghĂ sĂš. Dividend (n) TiĂn l·i cĂŠ phĂn, cĂŠ tĂžc. To pay dividends: Tr¶ l·i cĂŠ phĂn; (nghĂa bĂŁng) mang lÂči lĂźi Ăch (e.g. The strong reform measure that the Government took has paid fast dividends: BiĂn phžp c¶i cžch mÂčnh mĂ ChĂnh phñ thĂčc hiĂn Ÿ· mang lÂči lĂźi Ăch nhanh chĂŁng). Document (n) T”i liĂu, (v) Všn b¶n hož, ghi chĂp th”nh všn b¶n (e.g. Lessons from poverty reduction projects must be well-documented and widely shared amongst target groups). Dollarization (n) (SĂč, tĂnh trÂčng) Ÿ« la hož (i.e. the ~ of a national currency).
Donor (n) Nh” t”i trĂź. ~ country: NâĂc t”i trĂź; ~ organiztion: TĂŠ chĂžc t”i trĂź; Bilateral ~: Nh” t”i trĂź song phâÂŹng; Multilateral ~: Nh” t”i trĂź Âźa phâÂŹng; ~ community: CĂ©ng ŸÄng cžc nh” t”i trĂź. Donor-driven or donor-led (adj) (BĂ, do) nh” t”i trĂź chi phĂši (e.g. A ~ aid coordination event: HoÂčt Ÿéng ÂźiĂu phĂši viĂn trĂź do cžc nh” t”i trĂź chi phĂši).
Downstream (adj) Ă« cĂp vi m«, cuĂši nguĂ„n, ŸÚi lĂp vĂi Upstream (e.g. The effectiveness of ~ assistance activities is heavily affected by the upstream economic policy and institutional environments). Drop-out (n) BĂĄ hĂ€c. ~ rate: TĂ» lĂ bĂĄ hĂ€c (Xem thÂȘm School drop-out). Hence, to drop out of school (v) : BĂĄ hĂ€c. Drug (n) Ma tuĂœ, chĂt g©y nghiĂn. ~ control and prevention: KiĂm sožt v” phĂng chĂšng ma tuĂœ; ~ interdiction and seizure: Ngšn chĂn bu«n lĂu v” bŸt giĂ· ma tuĂœ. Dry farming (n) Canh tžc trÂȘn ÂźĂt kh« hÂčn.
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Drug abuse (n) LÂčm dĂŽng ma tuĂœ. Hence, Drug abuser (n) NgâĂȘi lÂčm dĂŽng ma tuĂœ.
Drug addiction (n) NghiĂn ma tuĂœ. Hence, Drug addict (n) NgâĂȘi nghiĂn ma tuĂœ. Drug dealer (n) NgâĂȘi bu«n bžn ma tuĂœ. Drug demand reduction (n) Gi¶m lâĂźng cĂu ma tuĂœ. Drug detoxification (n) Cai nghiĂn ma tuĂœ. Community-based ~ : Cai nghiĂn tÂči cĂ©ng ŸÄng; Family-based ~ : Cai nghiĂn tÂči nh”; Obligatory ~ : Cai nghiĂn bŸt buĂ©c; Voluntary ~ : Cai nghiĂn tĂč nguyĂn. Drug inhaling (n) HĂt, ngöi ma tuĂœ. Hence, Drug inhaler (n) NgâĂȘi hĂt, ngöi ma tuĂœ. Drug relapse (n) Tži nghiĂn. ~ rate: TĂ» lĂ tži nghiĂn. Drug-related harms (n) Tžc hÂči do may tuĂœ g©y ra. Drug supply reduction (n) Gi¶m lâĂźng cung ma tuĂœ. Drug trafficking (n) VĂn chuyĂn, bu«n lĂu ma tuĂœ. Hence, Drug trafficker (n) NgâĂȘi vĂn chuyĂn, bu«n lĂu ma tuĂœ. Drug treatment (n) §iĂu trĂ. ~ and rehabilitation: §iĂu trĂ v” phĂŽc hĂ„i chĂžc nšng ngâĂȘi nghiĂn ma tuĂœ. Duration (n) ThĂȘi gian diĂn ra (mĂ©t sĂč kiĂn, mĂ©t hoÂčt Ÿéng). Project ~ : ThĂȘi gian thĂčc hiĂn dĂč žn.
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E Ear-mark (v) Ph©n bĂŠ sÂŹ bĂ©. Hence, Ear-marking (n) SĂč ph©n bĂŠ sÂŹ bĂ© (e.g. the ~ of available aid resources: SĂč ph©n bĂŠ sÂŹ bĂ© cžc nguĂ„n viĂn trĂź hiĂn cĂŁ). Earth Summit (n) HĂ©i nghĂ ThâĂźng ÂźĂnh vĂ Trži ÂźĂt (i.e. the other name of the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Easy money (n) TiĂn dĂ vay. Ecological (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ sinh thži. ~ balance: C©n b»ng sinh thži; ~ indicators: Cžc chĂ sĂš vĂ sinh thži. Ecological agriculture (n) N«ng nghiĂp sinh thži. Ecological capacity (n) SĂžc t¶i cña hĂ sinh thži (Xem thÂȘm Carrying capacity). Ecological diversity (n) SĂč Âźa dÂčng vĂ sinh thži. Ecological niche (n) NÂŹi câ trĂł, ĂŠ sinh thži (i.e. a place in the system that provides all the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupy that niche than any other species). Ecological resilience (n) SĂžc bĂn cña hĂ sinh thži. Ecologically sustainable (adj) BĂn vĂ·ng vĂ mĂt sinh thži. Ecology (n) Sinh thži hĂ€c (i.e. scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment). Human ~ : Sinh thži hĂ€c nh©n všn; Marine ~: Sinh thži biĂn. Ecomuseum (n) B¶o t”ng sinh thži. Ha Long Bay ~ feasibility study: NghiÂȘn cĂžu kh¶ thi vĂ b¶o t”ng sinh thži VĂnh HÂč Long. Economic (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ kinh tĂ. ~ aid: ViĂn trĂź kinh tĂ; ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch kinh tĂ; ~ cost: Chi phĂ kinh tĂ; ~ disparity: SĂč chÂȘnh lĂch vĂ kinh tĂ; ~ forecasts: DĂč bžo kinh tĂ; ~ incentive: BiĂn phžp khuyĂn khĂch vĂ kinh tĂ; ~ indicators: Cžc chĂ sĂš kinh tĂ; ~ instruments: Cžc c«ng cĂŽ kinh tĂ; ~ resources: Cžc nguĂ„n lĂčc kinh tĂ; ~ systems: Cžc hĂ thĂšng kinh tĂ. Economic cooperation (n) HĂźp tžc kinh tĂ. Economic development (n) Phžt triĂn kinh tĂ (i.e. economic growth plus structural and institutional change which involves the progress towards goals and objectives). Economic growth (n) Tšng trâĂ«ng kinh tĂ (i.e. an increase in productive capacity of an economy over time, giving rise to an increase in real National Income). Economic integration (n) HĂ©i nhĂp kinh tĂ. Economic interdependence (n) SĂč tuĂș thuĂ©c lĂn nhau vĂ kinh tĂ. Economic liberalization (n) TĂč do hož kinh tĂ. Economic performance (n) HiĂu qu¶ hoÂčt Ÿéng kinh tĂ. Economic planning (n) Quy hoÂčch kinh tĂ. Economically active population (n) D©n sĂš hoÂčt Ÿéng kinh tĂ (i.e. all men or women who supply labour for the production of goods/services during a specified period of time). ~ in working age: D©n sĂš hoÂčt Ÿéng kinh tĂ trong Ÿé tuĂŠi lao Ÿéng. Economies of scale (n) HiĂu qu¶ kinh tĂ theo quy m«, tiĂt kiĂm nhĂȘ quy m« (i.e. the gains by way of reduced average and marginal costs of production per unit of output arising from increasing the scale of a plant, business or industry).
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Economistic (adj) Mang tĂnh kinh tĂ thuĂn tuĂœ (e.g. An ~ approach: Cžch tiĂp cĂn kinh tĂ hĂ€c thuĂn tuĂœ). Economy (n) NĂn kinh tĂ. Barter ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ h”ng ŸÊi h”ng; Centrally planned ~ : Kinh tĂ kĂ hoÂčch hož tĂp trung; Closed ~ : NĂn kinh tà Ÿãng (also Inward-looking ~ ); Command ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ theo mĂnh lĂnh; Market ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ thĂ trâĂȘng; Mixed ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ hçn hĂźp (cĂŁ cžc th”nh phĂn kinh tĂ tâ nh©n v” Nh” nâĂc); Open ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ mĂ« (also Outward-looking ~). Ecosystem (n) HĂ sinh thži (i.e. a self-sustaining and self-regulating community of organisms interacting with each other and with the environment). Natural ~ : HĂ sinh thži tĂč nhiÂȘn; Representative ~ : HĂ sinh thži ÂźÂči diĂn ÂźĂc trâng; Supporting ~ : HĂ sinh thži hç trĂź; Sensitive ~ : HĂ sinh thži nhÂčy c¶m. Ecosystem diversity (n) §a dÂčng hĂ sinh thži. Ecosystem management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ hĂ sinh thži. Ecosystem rehabilitation (n) Kh«i phĂŽc hĂ sinh thži. Ecosystem restoration (n) PhĂŽc hĂ„i hĂ sinh thži. Ecotourism (n) Du lĂch sinh thži. Education (n) Gižo dĂŽc. Primary ~ : Gižo dĂŽc tiĂu hĂ€c; Lower secondary ~ : Gižo dĂŽc trung hĂ€c cÂŹ sĂ«; Upper secondary ~ : Gižo dĂŽc trung hĂ€c phĂŠ th«ng; Higher ~ : Gižo dĂŽc cao hĂ€c. Education for all (n) Gižo dĂŽc cho tĂt c¶ mĂ€i ngâĂȘi. Plan of Action for ~ : KĂ hoÂčch h”nh Ÿéng vĂ Gižo dĂŽc cho tĂt c¶ mĂ€i ngâĂȘi, ÂźâĂźc th«ng qua tÂči HĂ©i nghĂ ThĂ giĂi vĂ Gižo dĂŽc cho TĂt c¶ mĂ€i ngâĂȘi tĂŠ chĂžc tÂči Jomtien, Thži Lan, v”o nšm 1990. Educational attainment (n) HĂ€c vĂn. Level of ~ : TrĂnh Ÿé hĂ€c vĂn. Effective (adj) CĂŁ hiĂu lĂčc, hiĂu qu¶ (e.g. An ~ public administration system). Efficient (adj) CĂŁ hiĂu suĂt, hiĂu qu¶ (e.g. An ~ management mechanism). Electronic (adj) B»ng phâÂŹng tiĂn ÂźiĂn tö, thâĂȘng ÂźâĂźc viĂt tŸt l” âE-â, vĂ dĂŽ: E-business: Kinh doanh ÂźiĂn tö; E-commerce: ThâÂŹng mÂči ÂźiĂn tö; E-government: ChĂnh phñ ÂźiĂn tö; E-learning: HĂ€c tĂp qua mÂčng ÂźiĂn tö; E-mail: Thâ ÂźiĂn tö; E-payment: Thanh tožn (qua mÂčng) ÂźiĂn tö; E-training: §”o tÂčo qua mÂčng ÂźiĂn tö. Emergency relief (n) CĂžu trĂź khĂn cĂp (e.g. To send ~ to flood victims). Emperical (n) ThuĂ©c vĂ thĂčc tĂ. ~ evidence: B»ng chĂžng thĂčc tĂ; ~ ground: Cšn cĂž, cÂŹ sĂ« thĂčc tĂ. Employment (n) ViĂc l”m. Casual ~ : ViĂc l”m tÂčm thĂȘi; Full ~: CĂŁ viĂc l”m ÂźĂy Ÿñ (i.e. the state of an economy in which all persons seeking employment are able to obtain paid positions); Seasonal ~ : ViĂc l”m thĂȘi vĂŽ.
Employment generating (adj) TÂčo ra viĂc l”m (e.g. ~ policy measures: NhĂ·ng biĂn phžp tÂčo viĂc l”m). Employment generation (n) TÂčo viĂc l”m.
Employment security (n) ĂŠn ÂźĂnh vĂ viĂc l”m, ٦m b¶o viĂc l”m. Employment-intensive (adj) TÂčo ra nhiĂu viĂc l”m (e.g. an ~ business, industry, project). Empower (v) N©ng cao vĂ thĂ, tÂčo ÂźiĂu kiĂn tham gia (e.g. To ~ the poor: N©ng cao vĂ thĂ cña ngâĂȘi nghĂo, tÂčo ÂźiĂu kiĂn Ÿà ngâĂȘi nghĂo tham gia).
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Empowerment (n) N©ng cao vĂ thĂ, tÂčo ÂźiĂu kiĂn thuĂn lĂźi (i.e. the expansion of ability and/or opportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse decision-making that affects his/her life). Enabling environment (n) M«i trâĂȘng thuĂn lĂźi (i.e. conditions surrounding an activity or system that facilitate the fulfillment of the potential of that activity or system, such as supportive laws and policies, e.g. An ~ for foreign direct investment). Endangered species (n) Cžc lo”i vĂt cĂŁ nguy cÂŹ tiĂt chñng (i.e. Organisms that are at risk of becoming extinct). Endogenous (adj) NĂ©i sinh. End-user (n) NgâĂȘi sö dĂŽng cuĂši cĂŻng (e.g. The end-users of project results). Energy-intensive (adj) TiÂȘu thĂŽ nhiĂu nšng lâĂźng (e.g. an ~ industry). Engine of growth (n) §éng lĂčc tšng trâĂ«ng (e.g. The private sector is often seen as the ~ of a market economy). Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF): ThĂ thĂžc ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu tšng câĂȘng, do QuĂŒ TiĂn tĂ QuĂšc tĂ lĂp ra nh»m giĂłp cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn thĂčc hiĂn cžc châÂŹng trĂnh trung hÂčn vĂ kinh tĂ vĂ m« v” ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu. Enrolment (n) SĂš ngâĂȘi Âźi hĂ€c, sĂš ngâĂȘi nhĂp hĂ€c (nĂu ÂźâĂźc bžo cžo v”o ÂźĂu nšm hĂ€c). Age-specific ~ ratio: TĂ» lĂ Âźi hĂ€c ÂźĂc trâng theo lĂža tuĂŠi; Gross ~ ratio: TĂ» lĂ Âźi hĂ€c chung (i.e. the number of students enrolled in a level of education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of official school age for that level). Net ~ ratio: TĂ» lĂ Âźi hĂ€c Ÿóng tuĂŠi (i.e. the number of children of official school age enrolled in school as a percentage of the number of children of official school age in the population). Entitlement (n) TiÂȘu chuĂn, chà Ÿé. Entitlement-based (adj) Theo tiÂȘu chuĂn, chà Ÿé (e.g. To replace a ~ system by a merit-based system: Thay thĂ hĂ thĂšng dĂča v”o tiÂȘu chuĂn b»ng hĂ thĂšng dĂča v”o kĂt qu¶ l”m viĂc). Entrepreneur (n) Nh” doanh nghiĂp, doanh nh©n. Entrepreneurial (adj) CĂŁ Ăœ thĂžc doanh nghiĂp. Entrepreneurship (n) Ăœ thĂžc doanh nghiĂp. Environment (n) M«i trâĂȘng. Built ~ : M«i trâĂȘng do con ngâĂȘi tÂčo ra, m«i trâĂȘng nh©n tÂčo; Business ~ : M«i trâĂȘng kinh doanh; Cultural ~ : M«i trâĂȘng všn hož; Human ~ : M«i trâĂȘng nh©n všn; Institutional ~ : M«i trâĂȘng thĂ chĂ; Investment ~ : M«i trâĂȘng ÂźĂu tâ; Natural ~ : M«i trâĂȘng tĂč nhiÂȘn; Physical ~ : M«i trâĂȘng vĂt chĂt; Policy ~ : M«i trâĂȘng chĂnh sžch; Political ~ : M«i trâĂȘng chĂnh trĂ. Built and natural ~ of the Ha Long World Heritage Area: M«i trâĂȘng nh©n tÂčo v” m«i trâĂȘng tĂč nhiÂȘn cña Khu Di s¶n ThĂ giĂi VĂnh HÂč Long. Environmental (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. ~ concerns, considerations: Cžc vĂn Ÿà (cĂn quan t©m) vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; ~ forecasting: DĂč bžo vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; ~ impact: Tžc Ÿéng ÂźĂn m«i trâĂȘng; ~ indicators: Cžc chĂ sĂš vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; ~ legislation: LuĂt phžp vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; ~ science: Khoa hĂ€c m«i trâĂȘng; ~ tax: ThuĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental accounting (n) KiĂm kÂȘ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental assessment (n) §žnh giž vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Strategic ~ : §žnh giž m«i trâĂȘng chiĂn lâĂźc (i.e. a systematic method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the environment of a development policy, plan or programme).
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Environmental audit (n) KiĂm tožn m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental awareness (n) NhĂn thĂžc vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc n©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental care system (n) HĂ thĂšng b¶o ٦m m«i trâĂȘng (gĂ„m cžc biĂn phžp nhâ gižm sžt, kiĂm tožn, bžo cžo v” kiĂm kÂȘ m«i trâĂȘng). Environmental conservation (n) B¶o tĂ„n m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental degradation (n) Suy thoži, xuĂšng cĂp vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental education (n) Gižo dĂŽc vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental evaluation (n) §žnh giž vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental heritage (n) Di s¶n m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental impact assessment (n) §žnh giž tžc Ÿéng m«i trâĂȘng (i.e. a systematic method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the environment of a development project or activity). Environmental impact statement (n) Bžo cžo và Ÿžnh giž tžc Ÿéng m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental monitoring (n) Quan trŸc (hoĂc gižm sžt) m«i trâĂȘng; Environmental policy and planning (n) ChĂnh sžch v” quy hoÂčch m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental protection (n) B¶o vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental quality: ChĂt lâĂźng m«i trâĂȘng. ~ standards: Cžc tiÂȘu chuĂn chĂt lâĂźng m«i trâĂȘng, bao gĂ„m Ambient standards TiÂȘu chuĂn m«i trâĂȘng xung quanh v” Emission/discharge standards TiÂȘu chuĂn phžt th¶i). Environmental regeneration (n) Tži tÂčo m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental reporting (n) LĂp bžo cžo vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmental sustainability (n) TĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng vĂ m«i trâĂȘng. Environmentally sensitive (adj) NhÂčy c¶m vĂ m«i trâĂȘng (e.g. An ~ area: Khu vĂčc nhÂčy c¶m vĂ m«i trâĂȘng; An ~ export: MĂt h”ng xuĂt khĂu nhÂčy c¶m vĂ m«i trâĂȘng). Environmentally-friendly (adj) Quan t©m b¶o vĂ m«i trâĂȘng, th©n thiĂn vĂi m«i trâĂȘng (e.g. An ~ production technology, development project). Equitable distribution (n) Ph©n phĂši c«ng b»ng (e.g. An ~ of the benefits of economic growth: Ph©n phĂši c«ng b»ng nhĂ·ng lĂźi Ăch cña tšng trâĂ«ng kinh tĂ). Equitize (v) CĂŠ phĂn hož. Hence, Equitization (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: CĂŠ phĂn hož cžc doanh nghiĂp Nh” nâĂc l”m šn thua lç). Ergonomics (n) Nh©n trŸc hĂ€c (i.e. the study of the relationship between people and the equipment, machinery, tools and furnature they use at workplace, with the aim of improving their work performance). Ethics (n) §Âčo ŸÞc. Professional ~ : §Âčo ŸÞc nghĂ nghiĂp. Evaluation (n) §žnh giž (i.e. a time-bound exercise that attempts to assess systematically and objectively the relevance, performance and success of on-going or completed projects, programmes). Project ~ : §žnh giž dĂč žn. Evaluation by agent (n) §žnh giž theo ngâĂȘi thĂčc hiĂn, gĂ„m cĂŁ: External or independent ~ : §žnh giž bÂȘn ngo”i, Ÿžnh giž Ÿéc lĂp v” Internal ~ : §žnh giž nĂ©i bĂ©.
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Evaluation by scope (n) §žnh giž theo quy m«, gĂ„m cĂŁ: Project ~ : §žnh giž dĂč žn, Cluster ~ : §žnh giž cĂŽm dĂč žn, Programme ~ : §žnh giž châÂŹng trĂnh, Sectoral ~ : §žnh giž theo ng”nh, v” Thematic ~ : §žnh giž theo chuyÂȘn ÂźĂ. Evaluation by timing (n) §žnh giž theo thĂȘi ÂźiĂm, gĂ„m cĂŁ: Mid-term ~ : §žnh giž giĂ·a kĂș, Terminal ~ : §žnh giž kĂt thĂłc, v” Ex-post ~ : §žnh giž sau khi kĂt thĂłc hay Impact ~ : §žnh giž tžc Ÿéng. Excellence (n) SĂč xuĂt sŸc. Center of ~ : Trung t©m tri thĂžc hay c«ng nghĂ tiÂȘn tiĂn. Exchange (n) Trao ŸÊi, hĂši Âźoži. Cultural ~ : Trao ŸÊi všn hož; ~ market: ThĂ trâĂȘng ngoÂči hĂši; ~ rate: TĂ» giž hĂši Âźoži. Exchange control regulations (n) Quy chĂ qu¶n lĂœ ngoÂči hĂši. Exclusion (n) SĂč loÂči bĂĄ, ruĂ„ng bĂĄ. Social ~ : (TĂnh trÂčng) bĂ x· hĂ©i ruĂ„ng bĂĄ, bĂ gÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ x· hĂ©i (Also social marginalization). Executing agency: CÂŹ quan ÂźiĂu h”nh, chñ ÂźĂu tâ (cña mĂ©t dĂč žn hay châÂŹng trĂnh) . Executing arrangements: Cžch tĂŠ chĂžc ÂźiĂu h”nh (cña mĂ©t dĂč žn hay châÂŹng trĂnh). Execution (n) SĂč ÂźiĂu h”nh (i.e. the management of a UNDP-funded project which includes accountability for the effective use of UNDP resources). National execution: PhâÂŹng thĂžc quĂšc gia ÂźiĂu h”nh dĂč žn. Exit strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc, kĂ hoÂčch rĂłt lui (i.e. a plan for phasing out external assistance). Exogenous (adj) NgoÂči sinh. Expendable equipment (n) ThiĂt bĂ tiÂȘu hao. Expenditure (n) Chi tiÂȘu. Public ~ : Chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng; Public ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng; Public ~ review: KiĂm ÂźiĂm chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng. Expert (n) ChuyÂȘn gia (Hence, Expertise kiĂn thĂžc chuyÂȘn s©u).
Export (n) XuĂt khĂu; ~ earnings: Thu nhĂp tĂ” xuĂt khĂu; ~ promotion: XĂłc tiĂn xuĂt khĂu; ~ quota: HÂčn ngÂčch xuĂt khĂu; ~ value: Kim ngÂčch xuĂt khĂu. Export processing zone (n) Khu chĂ xuĂt. Export-oriented (adj) Theo ÂźĂnh hâĂng xuĂt khĂu (e.g. An ~ economy, industry). Exposure (n) TiĂp xĂłc, tiĂp cĂn vĂi (e.g. ~ to international experiences: TiĂp xĂłc, tiĂp cĂn vĂi kinh nghiĂm quĂšc tĂ). Extended family (n) Gia ÂźĂnh mĂ« rĂ©ng, gia ÂźĂnh nhiĂu thĂ hĂ. Extension (n) KĂo d”i, gia hÂčn. Contract ~ : Gian hÂčn hĂźp ŸÄng, triĂn hÂčn hĂźp ŸÄng; Project ~ : Gia hÂčn dĂč žn, kĂo d”i dĂč žn. Extensive (adj) RĂ©ng vĂ diĂn tĂch, lĂn vĂ sĂš lâĂźng. ~ farming: Qu¶ng canh; ~ growth: SĂč tšng trâĂ«ng dĂča v”o khai thžc t”i nguyÂȘn (i.e. economic growth based on extensive exploitation of resources). Externality (n) NgoÂči Ăžng, yĂu tĂš ngoÂči lai (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on a third party who normally cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism). Extrabudgetary (adj) Ngo”i ng©n sžch. ~ expenditure: Kho¶n chi tiÂȘu ngo”i ng©n sžch; ~ income: Thu nhĂp ngo”i ng©n sžch.
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F Face value (n) Giž trĂ danh nghĂa (e.g. to take something for its ~ : ChĂp nhĂn, nhĂn nhĂn mĂ©t cži gĂ theo giž trĂ danh nghĂa cña nĂŁ). Facilitate (v) TÂčo dĂ d”ng, dĂn dŸt (e.g. to ~ a workshop, seminar, policy dialogue). Facilitating (adj) TÂčo dĂ d”ng⊠(e.g. To play a ~ role in the training course: §ãng vai trĂ l” ngâĂȘi dĂn dŸt trong khož Ÿ”o tÂčo). Facilitation (n) TÂčo thuĂn lĂźi (e.g. Business, investment ~ : TÂčo ÂźiĂu kiĂn thuĂn lĂźi cho thâÂŹng mÂči v” ÂźĂu tâ). Trade ~ : ThuĂn lĂźi hož thâÂŹng mÂči. Facilitator (n) NgâĂȘi dĂn dŸt, ngâĂȘi Ÿãng vai trĂ trung gian, ngâĂȘi hç trĂź (e.g. The consultant served as a ~ for the training workshop). Factor (n) YĂu tĂš. ~ market : ThĂ trâĂȘng cžc yĂu tĂš s¶n suĂt. Factors of production (n) Cžc yĂu tĂš s¶n suĂt (i.e. land, labour, capital, natural resources... that combine to produce goods and services). Familiar with (adj) Quen biĂt, am hiĂu, thĂu hiĂu (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic and political conditions: Am hiĂu ÂźiĂu kiĂn kinh tĂ v” chĂnh trĂ Ă« ViĂt Nam). Hence, Familiarity with (n) SĂč am hiĂu, sĂč thĂu hiĂu. Family (n) Gia ÂźĂnh. ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng trong gia ÂźĂnh; extended ~ : Gia ÂźĂnh mĂ« rĂ©ng (gĂ„m nhiĂu thĂ hĂ sĂšng chung); ~ farm: Trang trÂči gia ÂźĂnh; nuclear ~ : Gia ÂźĂnh hÂčt nh©n (gĂ„m cha mĂ v” cžc con). Family planning (n) KĂ hoÂčch hož gia ÂźĂnh. ~ services: DĂch vĂŽ kĂ hoÂčch hož gia ÂźĂnh.Family-based (adj) DĂča theo hĂ©, gia ÂźĂnh (e.g. A ~ farming system: HĂ thĂšng canh tžc dĂča v”o hĂ© gia ÂźĂnh). Farm (n) N«ng trÂči. On-farm (adj) TrÂȘn ŸÄng ruĂ©ng, liÂȘn quan ÂźĂn n«ng nghiĂp (e.g. ~ employment); Off-farm (adj) Phi n«ng nghiĂp (e.g. ~ income generating activities). Farmer (n) NgâĂȘi n«ng d©n. ~ network analysis: Ph©n tĂch mÂčng lâĂi n«ng d©n. Farming (n) Canh tžc. Dry ~ : (PhâÂŹng phžp) canh tžc trÂȘn ÂźĂt kh« hÂčn; Extensive ~ : Qu¶ng canh; Intensive ~ : Th©m canh; Mixed ~ : Xen canh; Organic ~ : PhâÂŹng phžp canh tžc sÂčch, canh tžc hĂ·u cÂŹ (kh«ng sö dĂŽng hož chĂt m” chĂ sö dĂŽng cžc chĂt hĂ·u cÂŹ). Farming systems (n) Cžc hĂ thĂšng canh tžc. ~ research: NghiÂȘn cĂžu vĂ cžc hĂ thĂšng canh tžc. Farming techniques (n) KĂŒ thuĂt canh tžc. Feasibility study (n) NghiÂȘn cĂžu kh¶ thi (i.e. a way to determine whether a solution is achievable, given the organizationâs resources and constraints).
Feedback (n) Ăœ kiĂn ph¶n hĂ„i, sĂč hĂ„i ©m (i.e. the use of information produced at one stage in a series of operations as input at another stage). ~ mechanism: CÂŹ chĂ cung cĂp th«ng tin ph¶n hĂ„i; A bottom-up ~ mechanism: CÂŹ chĂ cung cĂp th«ng tin ph¶n hĂ„i tĂ” cÂŹ sĂ«. Fellowship (n) §”o tÂčo theo hĂ€c bĂŠng. Hence, Fellowship holder: NgâĂȘi ÂźâĂźc cĂp hĂ€c bĂŠng; ~ training programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh Ÿ”o tÂčo theo hĂ€c bĂŠng. Female head of household (n) Chñ hĂ© l” nĂ·.
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Female-headed household (n) HĂ© do phĂŽ nĂ· l”m chñ hĂ© (Xem thÂȘm Woman). Fertility (n) Kh¶ nšng sinh ÂźĂ, mĂžc sinh (e.g. drop, decline or fall in ~ : Gi¶m mĂžc sinh). Fertility rate (n) TĂ» suĂt sinh. Age-specific ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh ÂźĂc trâng theo lĂža tuĂŠi; Crude ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh th«; Fecundity ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh tiĂm nšng; Marital ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh trong giž thĂł; Natural ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh tĂč nhiÂȘn; Total ~ : TĂŠng tĂ» suĂt sinh (i.e the number of childdren that a woman would have, hypothetically, during her lifetime if current age-specific fertility rates were to persist). Field (n) ThĂčc ÂźĂa (e.g. A ~ level activity: HoÂčt Ÿéng ÂŹ cĂp thĂčc ÂźĂa; A ~ visit: ChuyĂn Âźi thšm thĂčc ÂźĂa; A ~ worker: NgâĂȘi l”m viĂc trÂȘn thĂčc ÂźĂa). Field (v) TriĂn khai trÂȘn thĂčc ÂźĂa (e.g. To ~ a consultant mission: §âa Âźo”n chuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn ÂźĂn thĂčc ÂźĂa). Financial assistance (n) ViĂn trĂź t”i chĂnh (i.e. all bilateral or multilateral financial flows, excluding the cost of technical cooperation. It is sometimes called capital aid, and includes both project and non-project aid). Financial closure (n) Khož sĂŠ t”i chĂnh, kĂt thĂłc vĂ t”i chĂnh (e.g. The ~ of a project: KĂt thĂłc dĂč žn vĂ t”i chĂnh, khož sĂŠ t”i chĂnh cña dĂč žn). Financial management information system (n) HĂ thĂšng th«ng tin qu¶n lĂœ t”i chĂnh. Finnish Department of International Development Cooperation (FINNIDA): CÂŹ quan HĂźp tžc Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ PhĂn Lan. Fiscal (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ ng©n sžch, thuĂ©c vĂ t”i khož. ~ balance: C©n ŸÚi ng©n sžch; ~ deficit: Th©m hĂŽt ng©n sžch; ~ expenditure: Chi tiÂȘu ng©n sžch; ~ policy: ChĂnh sžch t”i khož; ~ revenue: Thu ng©n sžch; ~ year: Nšm t”i khož. Flood (n) LĂČ lĂŽt. Flash ~ : LĂČ quĂt; ~ peak: §Ănh lĂČ; ~ trough: Ch©n lĂČ. Follow up on (v) TriĂn khai tiĂp theo (e.g. to ~ the implementation of the decisions taken by the monthly Government Meeting). Follow-up (n) TriĂn khai tiĂp theo (e.g. To plan ~ activities after the World Summit on Social Development: LÂȘn kĂ hoÂčch hoÂčt Ÿéng sau HĂ©i nghĂ thâĂźng ÂźĂnh thĂ giĂi vĂ phžt triĂn x· hĂ©i). Food (n) LâÂŹng thĂčc, thĂčc phĂm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): TĂŠ chĂžc LâÂŹng thĂčc v” N«ng nghiĂp LHQ, th”nh lĂp nšm 1945. T«n chĂ cña FAO l” n©ng cao mĂžc dinh dâĂŹng v” mĂžc sĂšng cña nh©n d©n thĂ giĂi, c¶i tiĂn s¶n xuĂt v” ph©n phĂši n«ng phĂm v” lâÂŹng thĂčc, v” c¶i thiĂn ÂźiĂu kiĂn sĂšng cña cžc nhĂŁm d©n câ n«ng th«n. Food deficiency (n) (TĂnh trÂčng) thiĂu lâÂŹng thĂčc. Hence, Food deficient (adj): ThiĂu lâÂŹng thĂčc (e.g. Viet Nam used to be a ~ country). Food for works (n) LâÂŹng thĂčc phĂŽc vĂŽ x©y dĂčng c«ng trĂnh (i.e. an aid modality used by the World Food Programme to finance development projects by providing food to people who take part in such projects). Food insecurity (n) TĂnh trÂčng thiĂu an ninh lâÂŹng thĂčc. Food relief (n) CĂžu trĂź lâÂŹng thĂčc. Food safety (n) An to”n thĂčc phĂm. Food security (n) An ninh lâÂŹng thĂčc (e.g. World Summit on ~ : HĂ©i nghĂ thâĂźng ÂźĂnh ThĂ giĂi vĂ An ninh lâÂŹng thĂčc)
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Foreign investment (n) §Ău tâ cña nâĂc ngo”i. Hence, Foreign investor: Nh” ÂźĂu tâ nâĂc ngo”i; Foreign direct investment: §Ău tâ trĂčc tiĂp cña nâĂc ngo”i (FDI). Forest (n) RĂ”ng. Closed ~ : RĂ”ng d”y, rĂ”ng kĂn; Managed ~ : RĂ”ng qu¶n lĂœ; Multi-layered ~ : RĂ”ng nhiĂu tĂng; Natural ~ : RĂ”ng tĂč nhiÂȘn; Open ~ : RĂ”ng thâa, rĂ”ng mĂ«; Special use ~ : RĂ”ng ÂźĂc dĂŽng. Forest conservation (n) B¶o tĂ„n rĂ”ng. Forest coverage (n) §é che phñ cña rĂ”ng. Forest degradation (n) TĂnh trÂčng rĂ”ng xuĂšng cĂp. Forest management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ rĂ”ng. Forest nursery (n) VâĂȘn âÂŹm c©y trĂ„ng rĂ”ng. Forest resources (n) T”i nguyÂȘn rĂ”ng. Forestry (n) L©m nghiĂp. Social ~ : L©m nghiĂp x· hĂ©i. Forestry extension (n) KhuyĂn l©m. ~ extension worker: NgâĂȘi l”m c«ng tžc khuyĂn l©m. Formulate (v) SoÂčn th¶o, x©y dĂčng (e.g. To ~ a policy, project). Hence, Formulator (n) NgâĂȘi x©y dĂčng, ngâĂȘi soÂčn th¶o (e.g. the ~ of a project). Formulation (n) (ViĂc) soÂčn th¶o, x©y dĂčng (e.g. the ~ of a policy). Project ~ : X©y dĂčng dĂč žn. Forward-looking (adj) HâĂng tĂi tâÂŹng lai, ŸÚi lĂp vĂi Backward-looking (e.g. The analysis should be ~ : ViĂc ph©n tĂch cĂn hâĂng vĂ tâÂŹng lai). Free (adj) TĂč do, kh«ng ph¶i tr¶ tiĂn. ~ exchange rate: TĂ» giž hĂši Âźoži tĂč do; ~ goods, services: H”ng hož, dĂch vĂŽ miĂn phĂ. Free market (n) ThĂ trâĂȘng tĂč do. ~ market economy: NĂn kinh tĂ thĂ trâĂȘng tĂč do. Free trade (n) TĂč do thâÂŹng mÂči. ~ trade area: Khu vĂčc thâÂŹng mÂči tĂč do. Free-standing (adj) §éc lĂp (Ÿà ph©n biĂt vĂi Investment-related). ~ technical assistance: TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt Ÿéc lĂp (i.e. assistance that is provided for institutional development, capacity building or, more broadly, for any purpose that is not directly related to an investment project). Friendly (adj) HĂ·u nghĂ, th©n thiĂn vĂi, quan t©m ÂźĂn, tiĂn lĂźi; Child-friendly: Hç trĂź cho trĂ em; Environmentally-friendly: Th©n thiĂn vĂi m«i trâĂȘng; User-friendly: TiĂn lĂźi cho ngâĂȘi sö dĂŽng. Full time (adj) ChuyÂȘn tržch (e.g. ~ job, post: C«ng viĂc, chĂžc danh chuyÂȘn tržch). Functional literacy (n) BiĂt chĂ· h”nh dĂŽng. Funding instruments (n) PhâÂŹng thĂžc cung cĂp t”i trĂź (i.e. modalities to provide aid whereby each has different management structures, accounting arrangements and conditions attached. These often refer to programme aid and project aid).
Fungibility (n) (e.g. the fact that donor funding provided to a project that the Government would have undertaken anyway (even if donor funding were not available) has the effect of freeing Government resources to be used for other purposes. Hence, the total effect of donor support depends on how the Government uses these freed resources and not on the specific project against which the ODA is formally earmarked).
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G Gap (n) Kho¶ng cžch, sĂč chÂȘnh lĂch (e.g growing ~ between the rich and the poor: Kho¶ng cžch ng”y c”ng tšng giĂ·a ngâĂȘi gi”u v” ngâĂȘi nghĂo); sĂč thiĂu hĂŽt (e.g. the information, knowledge ~ : sĂč thiĂu hĂŽt th«ng tin, tri thĂžc).
Gender (n) GiĂi (i.e. a concept that is defined to refer to the interaction between and socially constructed roles of men and women. Hence, ~ is different from Sex giĂi tĂnh). (Xem thÂȘm Sex).
Gender analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch vĂ giĂi (i.e. the process of analyzing information to ensure that development resources and benefits are effectively and equitably targeted to both women and men). Gender and Development (GAD) GiĂi v” phžt triĂn (i.e. an approach developed in the 1980âs, with the objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political equality between women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered development). Xem thÂȘm Women in Development. Gender awareness (n) NhĂn thĂžc vĂ giĂi (i.e. the awareness of the needs to create equal opportunities for women and men in development activities). Gender blind (adj) MĂŻ vĂ giĂi, kh«ng quan t©m ÂźĂn vĂn Ÿà giĂi (e.g. A ~ policy, project). Gender-blindness (n) (SĂč) mĂŻ vĂ giĂi, kh«ng quan t©m ÂźĂn vĂn Ÿà giĂi (i.e. the failure to realize that development policies, plans, activities can have different effects on men and women). Gender disparity (n) BĂt bĂnh ÂźÂŒng vĂ giĂi. Gender equality (n) BĂnh ÂźÂŒng vĂ giĂi (i.e. women and men have equal conditions for realizing their full human potential as well as equal opportunities for participating in, contributing to and benefiting from national, political, economic, social and cultural development gains). Gender equity (n) C«ng b»ng vĂ giĂi. Gender mainstreaming (n) LĂ„ng ghĂp vĂn Ÿà giĂi (i.e. the systematic integration of gender equality objectives into development policies, plans, activities... to ensure that both women and men equally participate in and benefit from development). Gender needs (n) Nhu cĂu vĂ giĂi, gĂ„m hai loÂči: Practical gender needs v” Strategic gender needs. Gender planning (n) LĂp kĂ hoÂčch vĂ giĂi (i.e. the process of planning development policies, plans, activities that are gender sensitive and which take into account the impact of differing gender roles and gender needs of women and men). Gender relations (n) Quan hĂ vĂ giĂi. Gender roles (n) Vai trĂ vĂ giĂi (i.e. learned behaviours in a given society or community that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as male and female. Hence, ~ are dynamic and changing over time). ~ bao gĂ„m ba khĂa cÂčnh l” reproductive role, productive role v” community participation role. Gender sensitive (adj) NhÂčy c¶m vĂ giĂi (e.g. A ~ agricultural policy: MĂ©t chĂnh sžch n«ng nghiĂp nhÂčy c¶m vĂ giĂi).
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General budget support (n) Hç trĂź ng©n sžch (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF and that is is similar to the balance of payments support, except for the fact that its conditionality is focused on the use of donor funds within the recipient government's budget rather than balance of payments issues). Generate (v) TÂčo ra, sinh ra (e.g. ~ employment, income: TÂčo viĂc l”m, tÂčo thu nhĂp).
Generation (n) TÂčo ra, sinh ra. Employment ~ : TÂčo viĂc l”m; Income ~ : TÂčo thu nhĂp. Generic (ad) ThuĂ©c vĂ di truyĂn, phĂŠ biĂn cho c¶ lo”i. ~ characteristics: Cžc tĂnh chĂt phĂŠ biĂn. Hence, Generically (adv) Mang tĂnh phĂŠ biĂn. Genetic (n) ThuĂ©c vĂ nguĂ„n gien. ~ engineering: C«ng nghĂ gien; ~ resources: Cžc nguĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn vĂ gien. Genetic diversity (n) §a dÂčng di truyĂn, Âźa dÂčng vĂ nguĂ„n gien. Genetically modified (adj) §âĂźc biĂn ŸÊi gien (e.g. ~ crops: Cžc c©y trĂ„ng biĂn ŸÊi gien; ~ organisms: Cžc sinh vĂt biĂn ŸÊi gien).
Geographic information system (GIS) HĂ thĂšng th«ng tin ÂźĂa lĂœ (i.e. a computerized system for entering, storing, handling, analysing and displaying data that can be drawn from different sources, both statistical and mapped). German Agency for Technical Cooperation (viĂt tŸt theo tiĂng §Þc l” GTZ): CÂŹ quan HĂźp tžc KĂŒ thuĂt CHLB §Þc. Gini coefficient or Gini index (n) HĂ sĂš Gini (i.e. a measurement of the inequality in income distribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect inequality). Global Environmental Facility (n) QuĂŒ m«i trâĂȘng to”n cĂu (i.e. a facility which was initially set up by the World Bank in 1991 and later endorsed by UNDP and UNEP, to provide additional grant and concessional funding for the achievement of agreed global environmental benefits). Global warming (n) HiĂn tâĂźng nĂŁng lÂȘn cña trži ÂźĂt. Globalization (n) To”n cĂu hož (i.e. the increasing integration of world production, commerce, communications, finance, social life and other related aspects). ~ process: Quž trĂnh to”n cĂu hož. ~ of finance, trade, communications: To”n cĂu hož vĂ t”i chĂnh, thâÂŹng mÂči, th«ng tin. Governance (n) §iĂu h”nh quĂšc gia, qu¶n lĂœ quĂšc gia (i.e. the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countryâs affairs at all levels). §«i khi Governance ÂźâĂźc sö dĂŽng Ÿà thay thĂ cho Management khi cĂn nhĂn mÂčnh tĂnh to”n diĂn cña c«ng tžc qu¶n lĂœ (e.g. Economic ~ ; Environmental ~ ). Hence, Good governance: §iĂu h”nh quĂšc gia tĂšt (i.e. the ideal situation where a country is well governed in the widest possible public interest). Government-led (adj) Do ChĂnh phñ chñ ÂźÂčo, do ChĂnh phñ chñ trĂ (e.g. ~ aid coordination activities: Cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng ÂźiĂu phĂši viĂn trĂź do ChĂnh phñ chñ ÂźÂčo). Grace period (n) Giai ÂźoÂčn ho·n tr¶ nĂź, ©n hÂčn (i.e. the period at the beginning of the term of a loan during which no amortization payments are required). Grant (n) ViĂn trĂź kh«ng ho”n lÂči, also Grant aid, grant assistance (i.e. financial assistance and the cost of technical cooperation, provided as a gift. Grants may be made bilaterally or as contributions to international organizations with development assistance programmes). On a ~ basis: TrÂȘn cÂŹ sĂ« viĂn trĂź cho kh«ng.
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Grant element (n) YĂu tĂš kh«ng ho”n lÂči, th”nh tĂš hç trĂź (i.e. a measure of the extent to which the terms of a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with regard to interest rate, maturity and grace period). Xem thÂȘm Official development assistance. Grassroots (n) CĂp cÂŹ sĂ« (e.g. ~ organizations: Cžc tĂŠ chĂžc Ă« cĂp cÂŹ sĂ«).
Grassroots democracy (n) D©n chñ cÂŹ sĂ«. ~ Decree: NghĂ ÂźĂnh (cña ChĂnh phñ) vĂ thĂčc hiĂn quy chĂ d©n chñ cÂŹ sĂ«. Green account (n) T”i kho¶n xanh. Hence, ~ acounting (n) KĂ tožn xanh. Green revolution (n) CuĂ©c cžch mÂčng xanh (i.e. the promotion of high-yielding cereal crops in the 60's and 70's). Green sector (n) .................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to forests and bio-diversity). Greenhouse effect (n) HiĂu Ăžng nh” kĂnh (i.e. the warming of the atmostphere due to the absorption of certain gases called âgreenhouse gasesâ). Greenhouse gases (n) Cžc chĂt khĂ g©y hiĂu Ăžng nh” kĂnh (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, cholorofluorocarbons or CFCs). Grey sector (n) .............. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to education, awareness raising and capacity building for environmental management). Gross domestic product (GDP) (n) TĂŠng s¶n phĂm quĂšc nĂ©i (i.e the total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and non-residents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims). Gross national product (GNP) (n) TĂŠng s¶n phĂm quĂšc d©n (GNP comprises GDP plus net factor income from abroad which is the income residents receive from abroad for factor services, less similar payments made to non-residents who contribute to the domestic economy). Growth (n) SĂč tšng trâĂ«ng. Balanced ~ : Tšng trâĂ«ng c©n ŸÚi; Broad-based ~ : Tšng trâĂ«ng trÂȘn diĂn rĂ©ng; Export-led ~ : Tšng trâĂ«ng dĂča v”o xuĂt khĂu; ~ pole: CĂčc tšng trâĂ«ng; ~ potential: TiĂm nšng tšng trâĂ«ng; ~ rate: TĂ» lĂ tšng trâĂ«ng. Growth model (n) M« hĂnh tšng trâĂ«ng. New ~ : M« hĂnh mĂi vĂ tšng trâĂ«ng (i.e. a model characterized by a set of new assumptions whereby economic growth depends largely on technological innovation and the aaccumulation of human capitalas well public goods and infrastructure); Old ~ : M« hĂnh cĂŠ ÂźiĂn vĂ tšng trâĂ«ng (i.e. a model chatacterized by a set of traditional assumptions whereby economic growth depends largely on constant refurns on production, capital, labour and technical progress). Growth theory (n) LĂœ thuyĂt tšng trâĂ«ng. New ~ : LĂœ thuyĂt mĂi vĂ tšng trâĂ«ng (i.e. an attempt to understand the role of knowledge and technology in driving productivity and economic growth). Growth with equity (n) Tšng trâĂ«ng Âźi Ÿ«i vĂi bĂnh ÂźÂŒng.
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H Habitat (n) NÂŹi sinh sĂšng, nÂŹi Ă«. Habitat management area (n) Khu b¶o tĂ„n sinh c¶nh. Handicapped (adj) BĂ t”n tĂt (e.g. ~ children). The handicapped: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi bĂ t”n tĂt. Harmonization (n) L”m h”i ho”, dung ho” (e.g. The ~ of donor and government procedures: L”m h”i ho” thñ tĂŽc cña nh” t”i trĂź v” thñ tĂŽc cña ChĂnh phñ). Harmonize (v) L”m h”i ho”, dung ho” (e.g. to ~ international and national regulations). Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (n) Sžng kiĂn gi¶m nĂź cho cžc nâĂc nghĂo (i.e. an initiative proposed by WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor countries to help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief). Heritage (n) Di s¶n (e.g. Ha Long Bay is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage). cultural ~ : Di s¶n všn hož; environmental ~ : Di s¶n m«i trâĂȘng; intangible ~ : Di s¶n phi vĂt thĂ; natural ~ : Di s¶n tĂč nhiÂȘn; tangible ~ : Di s¶n vĂt thĂ; traditional ~ : Di s¶n truyĂn thĂšng. Heritage conservation (n) B¶o tĂ„n di s¶n. Heritage criteria (n) Cžc tiÂȘu chĂ chĂ€n di s¶n. Heritage economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c di s¶n Heritage interpretation (n) ThuyĂt minh di s¶n. High income country (n) NâĂc cĂŁ thu nhĂp cao (i.e. a country with an annual per capita income of more than US$ 9,385 in 1995). High risk (n) Nguy cÂŹ cao. ~ behaviour (n) H”nh vi cĂŁ nguy cÂŹ cao; ~ group (n) NhĂŁm cĂŁ nguy cÂŹ cao. High technology (n) C«ng nghĂ cao. High yielding variety (n) GiĂšng tšng s¶n, giĂšng cĂŁ nšng suĂt cao. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Vi-rĂłt g©y suy gi¶m miĂn dĂch Ă« ngâĂȘi. HIV/AIDS endemic: DĂch bĂnh HIV/AIDS; HIV-negative: HIV ©m tĂnh, chĂžng tĂĄ châa nhiĂm HIV; HIV-positive: HIV dâÂŹng tĂnh, chĂžng tĂĄ Ÿ· nhiĂm HIV. HIV testing (n) XĂt nghiĂm HIV. Anonymous ~ : XĂt nghiĂm HIV dĂu tÂȘn; Confidential ~ : XĂt nghiĂm HIV ÂźâĂźc giĂ· kĂn; Mandatory ~ : XĂt nghiĂm HIV bŸt buĂ©c; Rapid ~ : XĂt nghiĂm HIV nhanh; Voluntary ~ : XĂt nghiĂm HIV tĂč nguyĂn; ~ with informed consent: XĂt nghiĂm HIV cĂŁ sĂč âng thuĂn sau khi Ÿ· ÂźâĂźc th«ng tin ÂźĂy Ÿñ. Holistic (adj) Mang tĂnh tĂŠng hĂźp. A ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn tĂŠng hĂźp. Home-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghiĂn tÂči nh”. Household (n) HĂ©. ~ head: Chñ hĂ©; size: SĂš nh©n khĂu trong hĂ©, quy m« hĂ©. Household economy (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ© gia ÂźĂnh. Household living standards survey (n) §iĂu tra mĂžc sĂšng hĂ© gia ÂźĂnh. Human capital (n) NguĂ„n vĂšn con ngâĂȘi (e.g. knowledge, skills, information).
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Human development (n) Phžt triĂn con ngâĂȘi (i.e. the process of enlarging peopleâs choices; these choices can be infinite and change over time, but the three essential ones are for people to lead a long/healthy life, to acquire knowledge/skills and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living). Human development index (n) ChĂ sĂš phžt triĂn con ngâĂȘi (i.e. an index introduced by UNDP as an alternative to GDP to measure economic and social progress. HDI includes life expectancy, adult literacy, years of schooling and GDP per capita measured at Purchasing Power Parity). Human Development Report: Bžo cžo Phžt triĂn Con ngâĂȘi (i.e. a report published annually by UNDP since 1990, each often discussing a major global development theme, e.g. economic growth and human development in 1996, poverty eradication in 1997, consumption patterns in 1998, globalization in 1999, human rights in development in 2000, new technologies for human development in 2001). Human poverty (n) TĂnh trÂčng nghĂo tĂŠng hĂźp. Kh«ng chĂ cĂŁ nghĂa l” thu nhĂp thĂp, khži niĂm Human poverty nhĂn mÂčnh tĂnh trÂčng con ngâĂȘi bĂ tâĂc ÂźoÂčt nhĂ·ng cÂŹ hĂ©i v” ÂźiĂu kiĂn cÂŹ b¶n nhĂt cho sĂč phžt triĂn cña mĂnh, nhâ cuĂ©c sĂšng khoĂ mÂčnh v” sžng tÂčo, tuĂŠi thĂ€ v” mĂžc sĂšng hĂźp lĂœ, quyĂn tĂč do v” nh©n phĂm. Human resources (n) NguĂ„n nh©n lĂčc (i.e the population seen from the point of view of the contribution they make to development). Human resources development (n): Phžt triĂn nguĂ„n nh©n lĂčc (i.e. training and education to create a workforce capable of meeting the needs of a nationa, a particular sector or a given organization). Human rights (n) Cžc quyĂn con ngâĂȘi (i.e. the range of entitlements that are universal in character and extend to all human beings. These are commonly seen as consisting of (a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social and cultural rights). Universal Declaration of ~ : TuyÂȘn ng«n Nh©n quyĂn (i.e. a declaration on human rights that was jointly issued in 1948 by members of the United Nations System). Humanitarian aid (n) ViĂn trĂź nh©n ÂźÂčo. Hunger (n) §ãi. Chronic ~ : TĂnh trÂčng Ÿãi kinh niÂȘn; ~ eradication, elimination: Xož Ÿãi. Hunting reserve (n) Khu dĂč trĂ· sšn bŸn. Hyperinflation (n) SiÂȘu lÂčm phžt.
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I ICT (information and communications technology, i.e. the range of new digitally-based technologies that capture, store, process, communicate and disply information, such as internet, TV, radio, mobile phones, etc⊠): C«ng nghĂ th«ng tin v” truyĂn th«ng. ~ for development: C«ng nghĂ th«ng tin v” truyĂn th«ng phĂŽc vĂŽ phžt triĂn, Identification (n) SĂč xžc ÂźĂnh, nhĂn diĂn. Project ~ : Xžc ÂźĂnh hay nhĂn diĂn dĂč žn. Identify (v) Xžc ÂźĂnh, nhĂn diĂn (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projects: Xžc ÂźĂnh vĂn ÂźĂ, Ăœ tâĂ«ng cho cžc dĂč žn trong tâÂŹng lai). Immediate objective (n) MĂŽc tiÂȘu trĂčc tiĂp (i.e. the objective that should be reached within the life of a project). Immunization (n) TiÂȘm chñng. Expanded ~ programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh tiÂȘm chñng mĂ« rĂ©ng; Universial child ~ programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh tiÂȘm chñng phĂŠ cĂp cho trĂ em. Immunization coverage (n) DiĂn tiÂȘm chñng (i.e. the percentage of children under one year old receiving antigens used in the Universal Child Immunization Programme). Impact (n) Tžc Ÿéng (i.e. the result of a project in relation to the development objectives or long-term goals originally set out for it). ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch tžc Ÿéng; ~ evaluation, assessment: §žnh giž tžc Ÿéng. Impact on (v) Tžc Ÿéng ÂźĂn (e.g. There are emerging problems which will ~ the well-being of the poor at the local level). Implementation (n) ThĂčc hiĂn. Project ~ : ThĂčc hiĂn dĂč žn. Implementation rate (also Delivery rate): TĂ» lĂ vĂšn thĂčc hiĂn (i.e. expenditure in a given year expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to be reached for that year). Implementing agency (n) CÂŹ quan thĂčc hiĂn dĂč žn, chñ dĂč žn. Implementing arrangements (n) Cžch tĂŠ chĂžc thĂčc hiĂn dĂč žn. Import (n) NhĂp khĂu. ~ quota: HÂčn ngÂčch nhĂp khĂu; ~ value: Kim ngÂčch nhĂp khĂu.Import substitution policy (n) ChĂnh sžch thay thĂ nhĂp khĂu. Incentive (adj) BiĂn phžp khuyĂn thĂch, vĂt khuyĂn khĂch. Direct ~ : BiĂn phžp khuyĂn khĂch trĂčc tiĂp; Economic ~ : BiĂn phžp khuyĂn khĂch kinh tĂ; Indirect: BiĂn phžp khuyĂn khĂch gižn tiĂp. Incentive payments system (n) HĂ thĂšng thanh tožn khuyĂn khĂch. Inception report (n) Bžo cžo ban ÂźĂu (e.g. a project ~ : Bžo cžo ban ÂźĂu cña dĂč žn). Income (n) Thu nhĂp. Assessable ~ : Thu nhĂp chĂu thuĂ (Also Taxable ~ ); Corporate ~ : Thu nhĂp c«ng ty; Disposable ~ : Thu nhĂp kh¶ dĂŽng (sau khi Ÿžnh thuĂ); Earned ~ : Thu nhĂp tĂ” lao Ÿéng; Personal ~ : Thu nhĂp cž nh©n; Unearned ~ : Thu nhĂp kh«ng ph¶i tĂ” lao Ÿéng (vĂ dĂŽ tĂ” xĂŠ sĂš, kiĂu hĂši).
Income distribution (n) Ph©n phĂši thu nhĂp. Income generation (n) TÂčo thu nhĂp. Income tax (n) ThuĂ thu nhĂp. Incorporate (v) LĂ„ng ghĂp, sžt nhĂp (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy making process: LĂ„ng ghĂp cžc vĂn Ÿà giĂi v”o quž trĂnh hoÂčch ÂźĂnh chĂnh sžch).
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Incorporation (n) SĂč lĂ„ng ghĂp (e.g. ~ of environmental considerations into the investment planning process: LĂ„ng ghĂp cžc vĂn Ÿà m«i trâĂȘng v”o quž trĂnh lĂp kĂ hoÂčch ÂźĂu tâ). Increasing rate of returns to scale (n) TĂ» lĂ sinh lĂźi gia tšng theo quy m«. Incremental cost (n) Chi phĂ gia tšng. Incur (v) ThĂčc hiĂn (viĂc chi tiÂȘu). (e.g. To ~ an expenditure: ThĂčc hiĂn mĂ©t kho¶n chi).
Indebted (adj) MŸc nĂź (e.g. A heavily ~ country: NâĂc bĂ mŸc nĂź nhiĂu). Indebtedness (n) TĂnh trÂčng mŸc nĂź. Indicative (adj) Mang tĂnh ÂźĂnh hâĂng, mang tĂnh hâĂng dĂn. ~ budget allocation: DĂč kiĂn ph©n bĂŠ ng©n sžch; ~ planning (n) LĂp kĂ hoÂčch ÂźĂnh hâĂng. Indicator (n) TiÂȘu chĂ (i.e. a signal that helps to measure change in terms of quantity, quality and timeliness). Qualitative ~ : TiÂȘu chĂ ÂźĂnh tĂnh; Quantitative ~ : TiÂȘu chĂ ÂźĂnh lâĂźng; Quantifiable ~ : TiÂȘu chĂ cĂŁ thĂ lâĂźng hož ÂźâĂźc; Measurable ~ : TiÂȘu chĂ cĂŁ thĂ Âźo lâĂźng ÂźâĂźc. Indigenous (adj) B¶n xĂž, b¶n ÂźĂa. ~ experiences, initiatives: Kinh nghiĂm, sžng kiĂn b¶n ÂźĂa; ~ people: NgâĂȘi d©n b¶n ÂźĂa. Indigeneous knowledge: KiĂn thĂžc b¶n ÂźĂa, kiĂn thĂžc ÂźĂa phâÂŹng (i.e. knowledge that develops in a particular area and accumulates over time through being handed down from generation to generation) Individual (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ cž nh©n. ~ capacity: Nšng lĂčc cž nh©n (khžc vĂi institutional capacity); ~ level: CĂp Ÿé cž nh©n (khžc vĂi institutional level). Industrial (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial crops (n) C©y c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial development (n) Phžt triĂn c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial extension (n) KhuyĂn c«ng. Industrial integration (n) HĂ©i nhĂp c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial investment (n) §Ău tâ c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial park (n) Khu c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial policy and planning (n) ChĂnh sžch v” quy hoÂčch c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial pollutants and wastes (n) ChĂt g©y « nhiĂm v” chĂt th¶i c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial pollution (n) € nhiĂm c«ng nghiĂp. Industrial property rights (n) QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u t”i s¶n c«ng nghiĂp. Industrialization (n) C«ng nghiĂp hož. Export-led ~ : C«ng nghiĂp hož theo hâĂng xuĂt khĂu; Import-substituting ~ : C«ng nghiĂp hož Ÿà thay thĂ nhĂp khĂu; ~ and modernization strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc c«ng nghiĂp hož v” hiĂn ÂźÂči hož. Inequality (n) TĂnh trÂčng, sĂč bĂt bĂnh ÂźÂŒng. Inertia (n) SĂč trĂ trĂ, sĂžc Ă (e.g. The initial ~ in the disbursement of ODA resources: TĂnh trÂčng trĂ trĂ ban ÂźĂu trong viĂc gi¶i ng©n nguĂ„n vĂšn ODA). Infant industry (n) (Ng”nh) c«ng nghiĂp non trĂ.
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Infant mortality rate (n) TĂ» suĂt, tĂ» lĂ tö vong Ă« trĂ sÂŹ sinh (i.e. the probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age times 1,000). Infants with low birth-weight (n) TrĂ sÂŹ sinh thiĂu c©n. Xem thÂȘm Underweight. Inflation (n) LÂčm phžt (i.e. a persisten rise in the general level of prices or alternatively a persistent fall in the purchasing power of money). Demand pull ~ : LÂčm phžt do cĂu vâĂźt cung; Galloping ~ : LÂčm phžt phi m·. ~ Hyper - ~ : SiÂȘu lÂčm phžt. ~ rate: TĂ» lĂ lÂčm phžt. Inflationary (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ lÂčm phžt. ~ Process: Quž trĂnh lÂčm phžt; ~ pressures: SĂžc Ăp lÂčm phžt; ~ spiral : VĂng xožy lÂčm phžt (i.e. an inflationary situation which encourages employees to demand higher wages which in turn increases cost of production and hence prices increase even further). Informal sector (n) Khu vĂčc kinh tĂ kh«ng chĂnh quy (i.e. business outside the organized sector of a country's economy). Informant (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp th«ng tin (i.e. an individual who is respondent in an interview). Information (n) Th«ng tin. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch th«ng tin; ~ dissemination: PhĂŠ biĂn th«ng tin; ~ exchange: Trao ŸÊi th«ng tin; ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ th«ng tin; ~ policy: ~ ChĂnh sžch th«ng thin; processing: Xö lĂœ th«ng tin; ~ requirements: Nhu cĂu th«ng tinh; ~ retrieval: Truy cĂp th«ng tin; ~ sharing: Chia sĂ th«ng tin; ~ storage: Lâu trĂ· th«ng tin; ~ superhighway: Xa lĂ© th«ng tin; ~ systems: Cžc hĂ thĂšng th«ng tin; ~ technology: C«ng nghĂ th«ng tin. Informed (adj) CĂŁ Ÿñ th«ng tin (e.g. To take ~ policy decisions: §âa ra nhĂ·ng quyĂt sžch trÂȘn cÂŹ sĂ« th«ng tin ÂźĂy Ÿñ). Injecting drug user (n) NgâĂȘi tiÂȘm chĂch ma tuĂœ. Input - output budgeting (n) PhâÂŹng phžp lĂp ng©n sžch theo ÂźĂu v”o v” ÂźĂu ra (i.e. a budgeting method that organizes outputs and inputs so that outputs can be planned and monitored according to their respective costs). Input (n) §Ău v”o (i.e. personnel, goods and services that are used to carry out a project). Institution (n) §Ănh chĂ, thĂ chĂ. Market ~ s : Cžc ÂźĂnh chĂ thĂ trâĂȘng (nhâ thĂ trâĂȘng vĂšn, chĂžng khožn, tĂ» giž hĂši Âźoži...); State ~ s : Cžc thĂ chĂ Nh” nâĂc. Institution building (n) X©y dĂčng thĂ chĂ. An ~ project: DĂč žn x©y dĂčng thĂ chĂ (i.e. a project designed to create or upgrade the capacity of an institution to produce certain desired services or products on a sustained basis). Institutional (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ thĂ chĂ. ~ framework: Khu«n khĂŠ thĂ chĂ; ~ level: CĂp Ÿé thĂ chĂ (khžc vĂi individual ~ ); ~ capacity: Nšng lĂčc thĂ chĂ (khžc vĂi individual ~ ). Institutional analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch thĂ chĂ (i.e. an analysis of the relationships between the different institutions and actors of an organization). Institutional memory (n) TrĂ nhĂ cña tĂŠ chĂžc, bĂ© nhĂ cña tĂŠ chĂžc. Institutionalization (n) SĂč thĂ chĂ hož (e.g. The ~ of recommendations into concrete policies: ViĂc thĂ chĂ hož cžc khuyĂn nghĂ th”nh chĂnh sžch cĂŽ thĂ). Institutionalize (v) ThĂ chĂ hož (e.g. To ~ resolutions of the National Assembly into concrete policies: ThĂ chĂ hož cžc nghĂ quyĂt cña QuĂšc hĂ©i th”nh chĂnh sžch cĂŽ thĂ).
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Intangible (adj) V« hĂnh, phi vĂt thĂ (e.g. ~ asset, value: T”i s¶n, gĂa trĂ v« hĂnh hoĂc phi vĂt thĂ); ~ cultural heritage: Di s¶n všn hož phi vĂt thĂ. Integrate (v) LĂ„ng ghĂp, gŸn kĂt, hĂ©i nhĂp (e.g. To ~ environmental considerations into the investment planning process: LĂ„ng ghĂp, gŸn kĂt cžc vĂn Ÿà m«i trâĂȘng v”o quž trĂnh lĂp kĂ hoÂčch ÂźĂu tâ; To ~ economically with the region: HĂ©i nhĂp kinh tĂ vĂi khu vĂčc).
Integrated (adj) Mang tĂnh tĂŠng hĂźp, lĂ„ng ghĂp. ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn tĂŠng hĂźp, lĂ„ng ghĂp; ~ rural development: Phžt triĂn n«ng th«n tĂŠng hĂźp. Integrated pest management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ s©u bĂnh tĂŠng hĂźp (i.e. a mixed strategy of selective use of agro-chemicals, biological methods, genetic assistance and appropriate management practices). Integrated pollution control (n) KiĂm sožt « nhiĂm tĂŠng hĂźp. Integration (n) SĂč lĂ„ng ghĂp, gŸn kĂt, hĂ©i nhĂp (e.g. ~ with the world market: HĂ©i nhĂp vĂi thĂ trâĂȘng thĂ giĂi; ~ of environmental considerations into policy-making process GŸn kĂt cžc vĂn Ÿà m«i trâĂȘng v”o quž trĂnh x©y dĂčng chĂnh sžch); International and regional ~ : HĂ©i nhĂp quĂšc tĂ v” khu vĂčc. Integration roadmap (n) LĂ© trĂnh hĂ©i nhĂp. Intensive (adj) ChuyÂȘn s©u, cĂŁ câĂȘng Ÿé lĂn. ~ farming: Th©m canh. Capital ~ : CĂn nhiĂu vĂšn; Labour ~ : CĂn nhiĂu lao Ÿéng. Interact (v) CĂŁ quan hĂ tâÂŹng hç, tžc Ÿéng lĂn nhau. Hence, Interactive (adj) Mang tĂnh chĂt tâÂŹng hç (e.g. an ~ relationship: MĂši quan hĂ tâÂŹng hç, mĂši quan hĂ qua lÂči). Interaction (n) Quan hĂ tâÂŹng hç (e.g. the ~ between international consultants and national project personnel). Inter-cropping (n) Xen canh (e.g. ~ practices of farmers). Interest (n) LĂźi Ăch. ~ group: NhĂŁm lĂźi Ăch; Vested ~ : LĂźi Ăch thiĂt th©n. Inter-generational equity (n) Principle of ~ : NguyÂȘn tŸc c«ng b»ng giĂ·a cžc thĂ hĂ (i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs). Intern (n) ThĂčc tĂp sinh, ngâĂȘi hĂ€c viĂc. Hence, Internship (n) ThĂčc tĂp, hĂ€c viĂc. Internal (adj) BÂȘn trong, trong nâĂc, nĂ©i tÂči. ~ cost: Chi phĂ nĂ©i tÂči; ~ labour market: ThĂ trâĂȘng lao Ÿéng trong nâĂc; ~ savings (also, domestic savings): NguĂ„n tĂch luĂŒ trong nâĂc; ~ resources: NguĂ„n lĂčc trong nâĂc, nĂ©i lĂčc. Internalization (n) NĂ©i hož, lĂ„ng ghĂp v”o quy trĂnh nĂ©i bĂ©, tĂnh gĂ©p v”o cÂŹ chĂ giž; ~ of environmental costs: TĂnh gĂ©p chi phĂ m«i trâĂȘng (i.e. environmental costs of an activity shall be borne by the initiator through pollution control measures); ~ of participatory methods: LĂ„ng ghĂp cžc phâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n (v”o quy trĂnh l”m viĂc cña mĂ©t cÂŹ quan hoĂc tĂŠ chĂžc). Internalize (n) NĂ©i ÂźĂa hož, tĂnh gĂ©p v”o cÂŹ chĂ giž, lĂ„ng ghĂp v”o quy trĂnh nĂ©i bĂ© (e.g. The work process must be internalized: Quy trĂnh l”m viĂc ph¶i trĂ« th”nh quy chĂ nĂ©i bĂ©). International bidding (n) §Ău thĂu quĂšc tĂ. ~ open bidding (n) §Ău thĂu quĂšc tĂ mĂ« (i.e. the most competitive but administratively demanding procedure whereby a tender notice is advertised internationally and any supplier in any country is eligible to submit a tender); ~ restricted bidding (n) §Ău thĂu quĂšc tĂ hÂčn chĂ (i.e. procurement procedure whereby a number of national and foreign suppliers are invited to submit a tender on the basis of a previously established shortlist).
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International financing institutions (n) Cžc tĂŠ chĂžc t”i chĂnh quĂšc tĂ (i.e. Asian Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other banking institutions). International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): QuĂŒ QuĂšc tĂ vĂ Phžt triĂn N«ng nghiĂp. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1974 nhâ l” mĂ©t phĂn cña hĂ thĂšng LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc, t«n chĂ cña IFAD l” hç trĂź viĂc tšng câĂȘng s¶n xuĂt lâÂŹng thĂčc v” thĂčc phĂm, c¶i thiĂn an ninh lâÂŹng thĂčc, tÂčo viĂc l”m n«ng nghiĂp v” gi¶m tĂnh trÂčng suy dinh dâĂŹng Ă« cžc nâĂc nghĂo. International Labour Organization (ILO): TĂŠ chĂžc Lao Ÿéng QuĂšc tĂ, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1919 vĂi tâ cžch l” tĂŠ chĂžc liÂȘn chĂnh phñ v” ÂźâĂźc LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc c«ng nhĂn nšm 1946 l” cÂŹ quan chuyÂȘn m«n cña LHQ. ILO xĂłc tiĂn viĂc c¶i thiĂn cžc ÂźiĂu kiĂn l”m viĂc v” nghĂ nghiĂp, Ÿà xuĂt cžc chuĂn tŸc v” hâĂng dĂn trÂȘn cžc lĂnh vĂčc n”y. Internet (n) MÂčng vi tĂnh to”n cĂu (i.e. network of computers that facilitates electronic communication across the globe). Internet access service (n) DĂch vĂŽ truy cĂp internet. Internet application service (n) DĂch vĂŽ Ăžng dĂŽng internet. Internet content provider (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp dĂch vĂŽ th«ng tin internet. Internet exchange provider (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp dĂch vĂŽ kĂt nĂši internet. Internet exchange service (n) DĂch vĂŽ kĂt nĂši internet. Internet service provider (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp dĂch vĂŽ internet. Interntional Monetary Fund (IMF): QuĂŒ TiĂn tĂ QuĂšc tĂ, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1945 theo HiĂp ÂźĂnh Bretton Woods. T«n chĂ cña IMF l” khuyĂn khĂch hĂźp tžc tiĂn tĂ v” phžt triĂn thâÂŹng mÂči quĂšc tĂ, hç trĂź sĂč ĂŠn ÂźĂnh vĂ tĂ» giž hĂši Âźoži v” viĂc thiĂt lĂp cžc hĂ thĂšng thanh tožn Âźa phâÂŹng, v” giĂłp cžc nâĂc gi¶i quyĂt cžc vĂn Ÿà vĂ mĂt c©n ŸÚi trong cžn c©n thanh tožn. Intra-generational equity (n) Principle of ~ : NguyÂȘn tŸc c«ng b»ng trong cĂŻng thĂ hĂ (i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that people within the present generation have the right to benefit from the exploitation of resources and that they have an equal right to a clean and healthy environment). Intravenous drug user (n) NgâĂȘi tiÂȘm chĂch ma tuĂœ (also injecting drug user).
Investment (n) §Ău tâ. Public ~ : §Ău tâ c«ng cĂ©ng; Foreign direct ~ : §Ău tâ trĂčc tiĂp nâĂc ngo”i. Investment planning (n) LĂp kĂ hoÂčch ÂźĂu tâ. Investment programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh ÂźĂu tâ. Investment-related (adj) Hç trĂź ÂźĂu tâ (e.g. An ~ project: DĂč žn hç trĂź ÂźĂu tâ); ~ technical assistance: TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt hç trĂź ÂźĂu tâ (i.e. technical assistance that is provided within the framework of an investment project). Invisible hand (n) B”n tay v« hĂnh (i.e. a term used by Adam Smith to mean that the influence of market forces through which self-interest often, but not always, benefits the community as a whole). Inward-looking (adj) HâĂng nĂ©i, ŸÚi lĂp vĂi Outward-looking (e.g. Viet Namâs economic policies before the mid-80âs were mostly ~ ; The ~ nature of import-substituting industrialization: B¶n chĂt hâĂng nĂ©i cña c«ng nghiĂp hož thay thĂ nhĂp khĂu.
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Iodine (n) ChĂt i-Ăšt. Iodine deficiency: ThiĂu chĂt i-Ăšt (Hence, Iodine-deficient). Iodization of salt: L”m muĂši i-Ăšt. Hence, Iodized salt: MuĂši i-Ăšt.
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J Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): CÂŹ quan HĂźp tžc QuĂšc tĂ NhĂt B¶n. Job (n) C«ng viĂc. Job counseling (n) HâĂng nghiĂp. Job creation (n) TÂčo viĂc l”m. Job description (n) B¶n m« t¶ c«ng viĂc, chĂžc nšng v” nhiĂm vĂŽ (i.e. a recognized list of functions and tasks included in a particular job). Job generation (n) TÂčo viĂc l”m (also Job creation). Job requirements (n) YÂȘu cĂu ŸÚi vĂi mĂ©t c«ng viĂc. Job satisfaction (n) SĂč h”i lĂng ŸÚi vĂi mĂ©t c«ng viĂc. Job seeker (n) NgâĂȘi tĂm viĂc l”m. Jobless (adj) Kh«ng cĂŁ viĂc l”m, kh«ng tÂčo ra viĂc l”m; ~ growth: SĂč tšng trâĂ«ng kh«ng tÂčo ra viĂc l”m (i.e. increases in production and productivity without an increase in employment); ~ people: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi kh«ng cĂŁ viĂc l”m, thĂt nghiĂp; The jobless (n) NgâĂȘi thĂt nghiĂp. Justification (n) LuĂn chĂžng, biĂn minh (e.g. the ~ for an investment project: LuĂn chĂžng cho dĂč žn ÂźĂu tâ). Justify (v) BiĂn minh, lĂœ gi¶i (e.g. To ~ one's failure: BiĂn minh cho thĂt bÂči cña mĂnh). Juvenile delinquency (n) TĂnh trÂčng phÂčm tĂ©i trong thanh thiĂu niÂȘn. Juvenile delinquents (n) NhĂ·ng thanh thiĂu niÂȘn phÂčm tĂ©i.
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K Key (n) ChĂa khož, then chĂšt (e.g. Neutrality and impartiality are ~ factors that ensure a strong position for UNDP in Viet Nam). Key informant (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp th«ng tin chñ yĂu. ~ interviews: PhĂĄng vĂn nhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi cung cĂp th«ng tin chñ yĂu.
Know-how (n) BĂ quyĂt. Technical ~ s: BĂ quyĂt kĂŒ thuĂt. Knowledge (n) Tri thĂžc, kiĂn thĂžc (i.e. information that is put in a particular context to produce an actionable understanding). Codified ~ : Tri thĂžc ÂźâĂźc ÂźiĂm chĂ hož; Explicit ~ : Tri thĂžc hiĂn (i.e. knowledge that can be written down or codified, shared with others and put into a database); Tacit ~ : Tri thĂžc ngĂm (i.e. knowledge that cannot be articulated in codified forms, such as know-how, rules of thumb, experience, insights and intuition); Codification of ~ : §iĂn chĂ hož tri thĂžc; Market for ~ : ThĂ trâĂȘng tri thĂžc; Transferability of ~ : Kh¶ nšng chuyĂn giao cña tri thĂžc. Knowledge accumulation (n) TĂch luĂŒ, n©ng cao, trau dĂ„i kiĂn thĂžc (also Knowledge building). Knowledge bank (n) Ng©n h”ng tri thĂžc. Knowledge economy (n) Kinh tĂ tri thĂžc (i.e. an economy which is directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information). Knowledge for development (n) Tri thĂžc phĂŽc vĂŽ phžt triĂn. Knowledge gap (n) Kho¶ng cžch tri thĂžc (i.e. unequal distribution of knowledge across and within groups of population or countries). To narrow, bridge, reduce the ~ : Thu hĂp kho¶ng cžch tri thĂžc. Knowledge hoarding (n) §Ău cÂŹ tri thĂžc. ~ mentality: T©m lĂœ ÂźĂu cÂŹ tri thĂžc; ~ propensity: Xu hâĂng ÂźĂu cÂŹ tri thĂžc. Knowledge industry (n) C«ng nghiĂp tri thĂžc (i.e. the portion of the labour force engaged in occupations essentially concerned with producing and handling information rather than goods). Knowledge intensive (adj) CĂŁ nhiĂu tri thĂžc, cĂŁ h”m lâĂźng tri thĂžc cao (e.g. an ~ product, service: MĂ©t s¶n phĂm, dĂch vĂŽ cĂŁ nhiĂu tri thĂžc). Knowledge management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ tri thĂžc (i.e. the broad process of locating, creating, organizing, transferring and using the information and expertise within an organization). Knowledge network (n) MÂčng lâĂi tri thĂžc. Knowledge sharing (n) Chia xĂ tri thĂžc. Knowledge transfer (n) ChuyĂn giao tri thĂžc (i.e. disseminating knowledge and providing inputs to problem solving). Knowledge worker (n) NgâĂȘi lao Ÿéng tri thĂžc. Knowledgeable (adj) Am hiĂu, hiĂu biĂt nhiĂu (e.g. To be ~ about globalization issues).
Knowledge-based (adj) DĂča v”o tri thĂžc. ~ development: Phžt triĂn dĂča v”o tri thĂžc; organization: MĂ©t tĂŠ chĂžc dĂča v”o tri thĂžc, hoĂc cĂŁ tri thĂžc vĂ·ng v”ng. Knowledge-based economy (n) NĂn kinh tĂ dĂča v”o tri thĂžc (xem Knowledge economy).
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L Labour (n) Lao Ÿéng. Labour Code: BĂ© luĂt Lao Ÿéng. Labourer (n) NgâĂȘi lao Ÿéng. Labour administration (n) Qu¶n lĂœ lao Ÿéng. Labour contract (n) HĂźp ŸÄng lao Ÿéng. Labour costs per unit of output (n) Chi phĂ lao Ÿéng trÂȘn Ÿn vĂ s¶n lâĂźng. Labour court (n) To” žn lao Ÿéng. Labour demand (n) LâĂźng cĂu lao Ÿéng. Labour dispute (n) Tranh chĂp lao Ÿéng. Labour economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c lao Ÿéng. Labour exchange (n) Trao ŸÊi lao Ÿéng. Labour force (n) LĂčc lâĂźng lao Ÿéng. Labour legislation (n) LuĂt phžp vĂ lao Ÿéng. Labour market (n) ThĂ trâĂȘng lao Ÿéng. Labour mobility (n) TĂnh cÂŹ Ÿéng cña lao Ÿéng (i.e. the ease of movement of labour between areas and occupations). Labour redundancy (n) Dâ thĂ”a lao Ÿéng. Labour relations (n) Quan hĂ lao Ÿéng. Labour shortage (n) ThiĂu lao Ÿéng. Labour supply (n) LâĂźng cung lao Ÿéng. Labour-intensive (adj) Sö dĂŽng nhiĂu lao Ÿéng (e.g. a ~ industry). Labour-saving (adj) TiĂt kiĂm lao Ÿéng (e.g. a ~ technical process). Land (n) §Ăt Âźai. ~ Law: LuĂt ÂźĂt Âźai. Land degradation (n) TĂnh trÂčng ÂźĂt xuĂšng cĂp. Land ownership (n) QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u ÂźĂt Âźai (also ~ titlement). Land pollution (n) € nhiĂm ÂźĂt. Land reform (n) C¶i cžch ruĂ©ng ÂźĂt. Land tenure (n) HÂčn ÂźiĂn, thĂȘi gian sö dĂŽng ÂźĂt. Land use planning (n) Quy hoÂčch sö dĂŽng ÂźĂt. Landless (adj) Kh«ng cĂŁ ÂźĂt Âźai (e.g. ~ people: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi kh«ng cĂŁ ruĂ©ng ÂźĂt); The landless: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi kh«ng cĂŁ ruĂ©ng ÂźĂt. Landlocked countries (n) Cžc nâĂc kh«ng cĂŁ bĂȘ biĂn (i.e. countries like Afghanistan, Laos, Mongolia). Landscape (n) C¶nh quan. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch c¶nh quan; ~ conservation: B¶o tĂ„n c¶nh quan. Landscape ecology (n) Sinh thži c¶nh quan (i.e. a sub-discipline of ecology focusing on spacial relationships and the interactions between patterns and processes). Law (n) LuĂt phžp, bĂ© luĂt. ~ on the State Budget: LuĂt ng©n sžch Nh” nâĂc. Law enactment (n) Ban h”nh luĂt phžp.
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Law enforcement (n) Thi h”nh luĂt phžp. Law implementation (n) ThĂčc hiĂn luĂt phžp. Law making (n) L”m luĂt, x©y dĂčng luĂt (e.g. the ~ process in Viet Nam). Law of the Sea (n) LuĂt biĂn (i.e. a convention which was adopted by the United Nations in 1982, aimed at establishing a new legal regime for the oceans and their vast resources). Laws of supply and demand: Quy luĂt cung - cĂu (i.e. the basic laws in respect of the marketing of goods and services in a market economy). Lay-off (n) SĂč gi·n thĂź, nghĂ viĂc tÂčm thĂȘi. ~ pay: LâÂŹng nghĂ viĂc. Lead (n) Chñ ÂźÂčo, ÂźĂu t”u. ~ donor: Nh” t”i trĂź chĂnh; ~ role: Vai trĂ chñ ÂźÂčo, vai trĂ ÂźĂu t”u. Lead time (n) ThĂȘi gian cĂn thiĂt Ÿà ho”n th”nh mĂ©t c«ng viĂc (e.g. A long ~ will be required to prepare properly for this important event). Learning (n) HĂ€c hĂĄi. Interactive ~ : HĂ€c hĂĄi tâÂŹng tžc, hĂ€c hĂĄi hai chiĂu; On-line ~ : HĂ€c hĂĄi trĂčc tuyĂn, hĂ€c hĂĄi qua mÂčng; Organizational ~ : HĂ€c hĂĄi cña tĂŠ chĂžc; Organized ~ : HĂ€c hĂĄi cĂŁ tĂŠ chĂžc. Learning by doing (n) VĂ”a hĂ€c vĂ”a l”m (e.g. A ~ approach, principle: PhâÂŹng phžp, nguyÂȘn tŸc vĂ”a hĂ€c vĂ”a l”m). Learning organization (n) TĂŠ chĂžc cĂŁ hĂ€c hĂĄi (i.e. an organization that relies strongly on the creation, acquisition, transfer and use of knowledge to improve its performance). Least Developed Countries (n) Cžc nâĂc kĂm phžt triĂn nhĂt (i.e. the 45 poor and vulnerable countries that were defined by the United Nations with an annual per capita income of less than US$ 765 in 1995) . Legal (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ phžp lĂœ, thuĂ©c vĂ luĂt phžp. ~ corridor: H”nh lang phžp lĂœ; ~ framework: Khu«n khĂŠ phžp lĂœ; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng phžp lĂœ; ~ reform: C¶i cžch luĂt phžp. Legally-binding (adj) R”ng buĂ©c vĂ mĂt phžp lĂœ (e.g. ~ international agreements, commitments). Lending (n) Cho vay. ~ organization: TĂŠ chĂžc cho vay; ~ programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh cho vay; ~ rate: L·i suĂt cho vay. Lessons learned (n) B”i hĂ€c (e.g. To draw, distill ~ from a successful development project: §óc rĂłt b”i hĂ€c kinh nghiĂm tĂ” mĂ©t dĂč žn phžt triĂn th”nh c«ng). Level playing field (n) S©n chÂŹi bĂnh ÂźÂŒng (e.g. A ~ for the private sector: S©n chÂŹi bĂnh ÂźÂŒng cho khu vĂčc kinh tĂ tâ nh©n, i.e for the private sector to compete in an equal footing with State-owned enterprises). Leverage (v) KĂch thĂch, thu hĂłt (e.g. the effective use of ODA to ~ additional financing for development, such as foreign investment, domestic resources and trade). Liberalize (n) TĂč do hož. Hence, Liberalization (n) SĂč tĂč do hož (e.g. Price, trade ~ : TĂč do hož giž c¶, thâÂŹng mÂči). Life (n) CuĂ©c sĂšng, tuĂŠi thĂ€, thĂȘi hÂčn (e.g The ~ of a loan: ThĂȘi hÂčn cña kho¶n nĂź; the ~ of a project: ThĂȘi hÂčn thĂčc hiĂn dĂč žn). Life expectancy (n) TuĂŠi thĂ€ (mong Ÿßi). ~ at birth: TuĂŠi thĂ€ trung bĂnh (i.e. the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of birth were to stay the same throughout the childâs life).
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Life skills education (n) Gižo dĂŽc vĂ nhĂ·ng kĂŒ nšng sĂšng, gižo dĂŽc vĂ nhĂ·ng ÂźiĂu cĂn biĂt trong cuĂ©c sĂšng. Line agency (n) CÂŹ quan chñ qu¶n, cÂŹ quan cĂp trÂȘn trĂčc tiĂp. Line Ministry (n) BĂ© chñ qu¶n. Linkage (n) MĂši liÂȘn kĂt (e.g. The ~ between donor-funded projects and national programmes: MĂši liÂȘn kĂt giĂ·a cžc dĂč žn do nâĂc ngo”i t”i trĂź v” cžc châÂŹng trĂnh quĂšc gia). Backward ~ : MĂši liÂȘn kĂt ngâĂźc; Horizontal ~ : MĂši liÂȘn kĂt ngang; Foreward ~ : MĂši liÂȘn kĂt xu«i; Vertical ~ : MĂši liÂȘn kĂt dĂ€c. Literacy (n) BiĂt chĂ·. ~ rate (n) TĂ» lĂ ngâĂȘi biĂt chĂ·. ~ among adults: TĂ» lĂ biĂt chĂ· Ă« ngâĂȘi lĂn (i.e the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write). Livelihoods (n) Cžch kiĂm sĂšng, kĂ sinh nhai. Sustainable ~ : PhâÂŹng thĂžc kiĂm sĂšng bĂn vĂ·ng. Living costs (n) Chi phĂ sinh hoÂčt. Loan (n) Kho¶n cho vay, kho¶n vay. Concessional or soft ~ : Kho¶n cho vay âu Ÿ·i. Local costs (n) Chi phĂ tÂči chç (i.e. those costs of a development project which are made up of locally procured goods and services). Local area network (n) MÂčng vi tĂnh cĂŽc bĂ© (i.e. a computer network located on usersâ premises within a limited geographical area, also called LAN). Logical framework or logframe: Khung l«gĂc (i.e. a method that allows for a logical linkage between the various elements in a project design and enables a successful implementation of the expected results of the project). Logframe analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch khung l«gĂc. Low income country (n) NâĂc cĂŁ mĂžc thu nhĂp thĂp (i.e. a country with an annual per capita income of less than US$ 765 in 1995). Lump-sum (n) TrĂ€n gĂŁi. ~ contract: HĂźp ŸÄng khožn gĂ€n; ~ payment: Tr¶ trĂ€n gĂŁi; ~ price: Giž trĂ€n gĂŁi.
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M Macro environment (n) M«i trâĂȘng vĂ m« (i.e. a combination of key factors such as policy, legislation, function and tasks, information and knowledge, and infrastructure). Macroeconomic (adj) ThuĂ©c kinh tĂ vĂ m« (e.g. ~ instruments, management, reform, stability: Cžc c«ng cĂŽ, qu¶n lĂœ, c¶i cžch, sĂč ĂŠn ÂźĂnh kinh tĂ vĂ m«). Macroeconomics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c vĂ m« (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned with the study of relationships between broad economic aggregates - national income, savings, investment, employment, trade, money supply, foreign exchange, etc...). Mainstream (v) LĂ„ng ghĂp (e.g. To ~ gender into the policy making process: LĂ„ng ghĂp vĂn Ÿà giĂi v”o quž trĂnh hoÂčch ÂźĂnh chĂnh sžch). Mainstreaming (n) SĂč lĂ„ng ghĂp (e.g. the ~ of gender issues into personnel policies: LĂ„ng ghĂp vĂn Ÿà giĂi v”o chĂnh sžch nh©n sĂč). Male head of household (n) Chñ hĂ© l” nam. Male to female transmission of HIV (n) SĂč lan truyĂn HIV tĂ” nam giĂi sang nĂ· giĂi. Male-headed household (n) HĂ© do nam giĂi l”m chñ hĂ©. Malnourished (adj) BĂ suy dinh dâĂŹng. ~ children: TrĂ em suy dinh dâĂŹng. Malnutrition (n) SĂč suy dinh dâĂŹng (e.g. ~ among children under five years of age). Manageable (adj) CĂŁ thĂ qu¶n lĂœ ÂźâĂźc, cĂŁ thĂ kiĂm sožt ÂźâĂźc (e.g. External debt must be kept at a ~ level: Ph¶i giĂ· nĂź nâĂc ngo”i Ă« mĂžc cĂŁ thĂ kiĂm sožt ÂźâĂźc). Managed resource area (n) Khu b¶o tĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn ÂźâĂźc qu¶n lĂœ. Management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ. ~ skills:. KĂŒ nšng qu¶n lĂœ; ~ science: Khoa hĂ€c qu¶n lĂœ; ~ style: Phong cžch qu¶n lĂœ; ~ training: §”o tÂčo vĂ c«ng tžc qu¶n lĂœ. Management arrangements (n) Cžch tĂŠ chĂžc qu¶n lĂœ (ŸÚi vĂi mĂ©t dĂč žn). Management by objectives (n) Qu¶n lĂœ theo mĂŽc tiÂȘu. Management consultant (n) ChuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn qu¶n lĂœ. Management information system (n) HĂ thĂšng th«ng tin qu¶n lĂœ (i.e. a system in which defined data are collected, processed and communicated to assist those responsible for the use of resources). Man-made capital (n) NguĂ„n vĂšn do con ngâĂȘi tÂčo ta (e.g. machines, buildings, infrastructure). Marginalization (n) GÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ (e.g. The growing ~ of the less developed countries in the world economy: TĂnh trÂčng cžc nâĂc kĂm phžt triĂn ng”y c”ng bĂ gÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ nĂn kinh tĂ thĂ giĂi). Social ~ : TĂnh trÂčng bĂ gÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ x· hĂ©i. Marginalize (v) GÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ. Hence, Marginalized (adj) BĂ gÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ, ph¶i chĂu thiĂt thĂi (e.g. ~ economically, socially and culturally); ~ groups: NhĂ·ng nhĂŁm d©n câ ph¶i chĂu thiĂt thĂi, bĂ gÂčt ra ngo”i lĂ (cña quž trĂnh phžt triĂn). Market (n) ThĂ trâĂȘng. Free ~ : ThĂ trâĂȘng tĂč do; Organized ~ : ThĂ trâĂȘng cĂŁ tĂŠ chĂžc.Market demand (n) LâĂźng cĂu cña thĂ trâĂȘng. Market economy (n) Kinh tĂ thĂ trâĂȘng. Market equilibrium (n) C©n b»ng thĂ trâĂȘng. Market failure (n) ThĂt bÂči cña thĂ trâĂȘng.
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Market forces (n) Cžc tžc nh©n thĂ trâĂȘng. Market instruments (n) Cžc c«ng cĂŽ thĂ trâĂȘng. Market orientation (n) §Ănh hâĂng thĂ trâĂȘng. Market prices (n) Giž thĂ trâĂȘng. Market share (n) ThĂ phĂn. Market supply (n) LâĂźng cung cña thĂ trâĂȘng. Marketing (n) TiĂp thĂ. ~ plan: KĂ hoÂčch tiĂp thĂ; ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc tiĂp thĂ. Market-oriented (adj) Theo ÂźĂnh hâĂng thĂ trâĂȘng. ~ economy: NĂn kinh tĂ theo ÂźĂnh hâĂng thĂ trâĂȘng. Master plan (n) Quy hoÂčch tĂŠng thĂ (e.g. A ~ for the Mekong Delta: Quy hoÂčch tĂŠng thà §Äng b»ng s«ng Cöu Long. A tourism ~ : Quy hoÂčch tĂŠng thĂ ng”nh du lĂch). Maternal mortality rate (n) TĂ» lĂ tö vong Ă« cžc b” mĂ (i.e. the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births). Maturity period (n) ThĂȘi hÂčn ph¶i tr¶ nĂź (i.e. the time from the date on which a loan agreement comes into force until the date on which the loan is due for complete repayment). Measurable (adj) CĂŁ thĂ Âźo ÂźâĂźc. ~ impact: Tžc Ÿéng cĂŁ thĂ Âźo lâĂȘng ÂźâĂźc; ~ indicator: TiÂȘu chĂ cĂŁ thĂ Âźo lâĂȘng ÂźâĂźc. Medium-term expenditure framework (n) Khu«n khĂŠ chi tiÂȘu trung hÂčn (i.e. a 3 to 5 year plan to provide a framework for fiscal policy and to facilitate strategic sector planning and programming). Mekong River Commission (n) UĂ» hĂ©i quĂšc tĂ vĂ s«ng MÂȘ-c«ng (i.e. a commission which was set up by the 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam). Merging (n) Sžt nhĂp (e.g. The ~ of small businesses into a large company). Merit-based (adj) DĂča v”o kĂt qu¶, as opposed to Entitlement-based (e.g. Future resource allocation should be ~ , not entitlement-based: ViĂc ph©n bĂŠ nguĂ„n lĂčc trong tâÂŹng lai nÂȘn dĂča v”o kĂt qu¶ c«ng viĂc, kh«ng nÂȘn dĂča v”o tiÂȘu chuĂn, chà Ÿé). Micro-credit (n) TĂn dĂŽng quy m« nhĂĄ (also Micro-finance). Microeconomic (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ kinh tĂ vi m« (e.g. ~ management, reform, instruments: Qu¶n lĂœ, c¶i cžch, cžc c«ng cĂŽ kinh tĂ vi m«). Microeconomics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c vi m« (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned with the study of individual decision-making units, firms, individuals). Micro-nutrient (n) ChĂt dinh dâĂŹng vi lâĂźng; ~ deficiency (n) and ~ deficient (adj) ThiĂu chĂt dinh dâĂŹng vi lâĂźng. Middle income country (n) NâĂc cĂŁ mĂžc thu nhĂp trung bĂnh (i.e. a country with an annual per capita income of between US$ 766 and US$ 9,385 in 1995). Lower ~ : NâĂc cĂŁ mĂžc thu nhĂp trung bĂnh thĂp, tĂ” 766 ÂźĂn 3.035 USD nšm 1995; Upper ~ : NâĂc cĂŁ mĂžc thu nhĂp trung bĂnh cao, tĂ” 3.036 ÂźĂn 9.385 USD nšm 1995. Mid-term (adj) GiĂ·a kĂș. ~ evaluation: §žnh giž giĂ·a kĂș; ~ review: KiĂm ÂźiĂm giĂ·a kĂș.
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Migration(n) SĂč di câ. Forced ~: Di câ câĂŹng bĂžc; Internal ~: Di câ nĂ©i ÂźĂa; Organized ~ : Di câ cĂŁ tĂŠ chĂžc; Rural - urban ~ : Di câ tĂ” n«ng th«n ra th”nh thĂ; Seasonal ~ : Di câ theo mĂŻa vĂŽ; Spontaneous, unorganized ~ : Di câ tĂč do. Millennium Declaration (n) TuyÂȘn bĂš ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ», do HĂ©i nghĂ thâĂźng ÂźĂnh ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ» th«ng qua, trong Ÿã cĂŁ Cžc mĂŽc tiÂȘu phžt triĂn ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ». Millennium Development Goals (n) Cžc mĂŽc tiÂȘu phžt triĂn ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ» (e.g. halve the number of people who suffer from absolute poverty between 1990 & 2015; halve the number of people who suffer from hunger between 1990 & 2015; ensure universal primary education by 2015; reduce by 2/3 the under-five mortality rate between 1990& 2015; reduce by 3/4 the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 & 2015 etcâŠ). Millennium Summit (n) HĂ©i nghĂ thâĂźng ÂźĂnh ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ», do LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc triĂu tĂp thžng 9/2000 vĂi sĂč tham gia cña NguyÂȘn thñ quĂšc gia v” ngâĂȘi ŸÞng ÂźĂu chĂnh phñ cña 180 nâĂc trÂȘn thĂ giĂi. HĂ©i nghà Ÿ· th«ng qua TuyÂȘn bĂš ThiÂȘn niÂȘn kĂ». Mission (n) T«n chĂ, sĂž mĂnh, phži Âźo”n. A ~ statement: B¶n tuyÂȘn bĂš vĂ t«n chĂ, mĂŽc ÂźĂch; A consultant ~ : §o”n chuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn; A peace ~ : SĂž mÂčng ho” bĂnh. Mixed credit (n) TĂn dĂŽng hç hĂźp. (Also Mixed financing). Mobile labour force (n) LĂčc lâĂźng lao Ÿéng thuyÂȘn chuyĂn linh hoÂčt Mobilization (n) VĂn Ÿéng, huy Ÿéng. Social ~ : VĂn Ÿéng x· hĂ©i; Resource ~ : Huy Ÿéng nguĂ„n lĂčc; Input ~ : Huy Ÿéng ÂźĂu v”o (cho dĂč žn). Mobilization of domestic or internal resources (n) Huy Ÿéng nguĂ„n lĂčc trong nâĂc, huy Ÿéng nĂ©i lĂčc Modality (n) PhâÂŹng thĂžc (e.g. Aid modalities: Cžc phâÂŹng thĂžc viĂn trĂź; Project execution modalities: Cžc phâÂŹng thĂžc ÂźiĂu h”nh dĂč žn). Money (n) TiĂn. Bad ~ : §Äng tiĂn xĂu; Easy ~ : §Äng tiĂn dĂ vay: Good ~ : §Äng tiĂn tĂšt (Bad money drives out good money: §Äng tiĂn xĂu ÂźuĂŠi ŸÄng tiĂn tĂšt); High-powered ~ : §Äng tiĂn mÂčnh; Idle, inactive ~ : §Äng tiĂn nh”n rçi; ~ supply: LâĂźng cung tiĂn mĂt; Demand for ~ : LâĂźng cĂu tiĂn mĂt. Monitoring (n) Theo dĂąi (i.e. a continuing function aimed primarily at providing early indications of progress or lack thereof in the achievement of project objectives). Project ~ : Theo dĂąi dĂč žn, bao gĂ„m cžc kh©u nhâ field visit, periodical reporting, periodical review v” terminal reporting. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (n) NghĂ ÂźĂnh thâ Montreal vĂ cžc chĂt phž huĂ» tĂng «-d«n (i.e. an international agreement that was reached in 1998 by over 30 countries and that is aimed at protecting the ozone layer by controlling the emission of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) and halons). Moonlighting (n) L”m thÂȘm viĂc ngo”i giĂȘ (thâĂȘng l” v”o buĂŠi tĂši). Mortality (n) Tö vong. Child ~ : Tö vong Ă« trĂ em; Infant ~ : Tö vong Ă« trĂ sÂŹ sinh; Under-five ~ : Tö vong Ă« trĂ em dâĂi 5 tuĂŠi; Maternal ~ : Tö vong Ă« b” mĂ. Mortality rate (n) TĂ» suĂt tö vong. Most-favoured (adj) §âĂźc âu tiÂȘn nhiĂu nhĂt. ~ nation: TĂši huĂ quĂšc; ~ nation clause: §iĂu kho¶n tĂši huĂ quĂšc. Mother (n) NgâĂȘi mĂ. Expecting ~ : NgâĂȘi mĂ Âźang mang thai; Nursing ~ : NgâĂȘi mĂ Âźang nu«i con. Motherhood (n) L”m mĂ. Safe ~ : Sinh Ÿà an to”n.
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Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (n) SĂč lan truyĂn HIV tĂ” mĂ sang con. Multi-cultural (adj) §a všn hož, nhiĂu m”u sŸc všn hož. ~ organization: TĂŠ chĂžc Âźa všn hož; ~ society: X· hĂ©i Âźa všn hož. Multi-dimensional (adj) (CĂŁ) nhiĂu khĂa cÂčnh, nhiĂu mĂt (also multi-faceted). A ~ problem: MĂ©t vĂn Ÿà cĂŁ nhiĂu khĂa cÂčnh. Multi-disciplinary (adj) LiÂȘn quan ÂźĂn nhiĂu lĂnh vĂčc (e.g. A ~ approach: Cžch tiĂp cĂn Âźa ng”nh; Interventions of an ~ nature: Cžc biĂn phžp can thiĂp liÂȘn quan tĂi nhiĂu lĂnh vĂčc). Multi-lateral (adj) §a phâÂŹng (khžc vĂi Bilateral). ~ donor: Nh” t”i trĂź Âźa phâÂŹng; ~ forum: DiĂn Ÿ”n Âźa phâÂŹng. Multilateral agency or organization (n) TĂŠ chĂžc Âźa phâÂŹng (i.e. an international organization to which individual countries contribute funds for subsequent disbursement by the organization itself). Multilateral aid (n) ViĂn trĂź Âźa phâÂŹng (i.e. financial aid and technical cooperation provided by a multilateral organization to a developing country). Multi-lateral trade agreement (n) HiĂp ÂźĂnh thâÂŹng mÂči Âźa phâÂŹng. Multiplier (n) SĂš nh©n; (adj) CĂŁ tĂnh lan to¶. ~ effect: Tžc dĂŽng lan to¶. Multi-purpose (adj) PhĂŽc vĂŽ nhiĂu mĂŽc tiÂȘu, Âźa mĂŽc tiÂȘu (e.g A ~ data survey: CuĂ©c ÂźiĂu tra Âźa mĂŽc tiÂȘu).
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N Narcotics (n) Ma tuĂœ, thuĂšc g©y mÂȘ. Hence, Anti-narcotic activities: Cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng phĂng chĂšng ma tuĂœ. National execution (n) PhâÂŹng thĂžc quĂšc gia ÂźiĂu h”nh dĂč žn (i.e. the management of a project in an aid recipient country carried out by a national entity of that country). National income (n) Thu nhĂp quĂšc d©n (i.e. a measure of the money value of the total flow of goods and services produced in an economy over a specified period). Nationally recruited (adj) §âĂźc tuyĂn trong nâĂc (e.g. ~ consultants: ChuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn ÂźâĂźc tuyĂn dĂŽng trong nâĂc). Natural capital (n) NguĂ„n vĂšn tĂč nhiÂȘn (e.g. resources, minerals, energy, ozone layer).
Natural monument (n) KĂș quan thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn. Natural park (n) VâĂȘn quĂšc gia. Nature reserve (n) Khu dĂč trĂ· tĂč nhiÂȘn. Needs assessment (n) §žnh giž nhu cĂu (e.g. To undertake a training ~ : TiĂn h”nh Ÿžnh giž nhu cĂu Ÿ”o tÂčo). Network (v) LiÂȘn kĂt, thiĂt lĂp mÂčng lâĂi (e.g. To ~ with other training institutions in the region). Knowledge ~ : MÂčng lâĂi tri thĂžc hoĂc kiĂn thĂžc. Hence, Networking (n) (SĂč) liÂȘn kĂt, thiĂt lĂp mÂčng lâĂi. Networked (adj) §âĂźc kĂt nĂši th”nh mÂčng lâĂi. ~ economy: NĂn kinh tĂ kĂt mÂčng; ~ society: X· hĂ©i kĂt mÂčng. Network age (n) KĂ» nguyÂȘn kĂt nĂši mÂčng. Newly industrialized country (n) NâĂc c«ng nghiĂp mĂi (i.e. a country that has been industrialized only recently, e.g. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan...). Niche (n) VĂ thĂ thĂch hĂźp nhĂt (e.g. UNDP must identify a ~ for itself in the development business). NÂŹi sinh sĂšng lĂœ tâĂ«ng (i.e. place in an ecosystem which a species is specially adapted to fit). Non-communicable diseases (n) Cžc cšn bĂnh kh«ng l©y lan. Non-core resources: Cžc nguĂ„n vĂšn kh«ng thâĂȘng xuyÂȘn, khžc vĂi Core resources. Non-expendable equipment (n) ThiĂt bĂ l©u bĂn, thiĂt bĂ kh«ng tiÂȘu hao. Non-governmental organization (n) TĂŠ chĂžc phi chĂnh phñ, thâĂȘng viĂt tŸt l” NGO (i.e. a private organization of a charitable, educational or research nature which is concerned with problems of developing countries and the spread of knwoledge about them). Non-performing (adj) Kh«ng sinh lĂȘi, kh«ng cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶ (e.g. a ~ loan: MĂ©t kho¶n vĂšn vay kh«ng cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶). Non-project aid (n) ViĂn trĂź phi dĂč žn (i.e. financial assistance other than project aid and includes budgetary assistance, debt relief, assistance for pensions and compensation, programme aid and maintenance aid). Non-refundable (adj) Kh«ng ho”n tr¶. ~ aid: ViĂn trĂź kh«ng ho”n lÂči. Non-regulatory(adj) Kh«ng mang tĂnh phžp quy, khžc vĂi Regulatory. ~ approaches, instruments: Cžc phâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn, cžc c«ng cĂŽ kh«ng mang tĂnh phžp quy.
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Non-renewable (adj) Kh«ng thĂ tži sinh (khžc vĂi Renewable). ~ energies: Cžc nguĂ„n nšng lâĂźng kh«ng tži sinh, nhâ khožng s¶n, dĂu löa, khà ŸÚt, than Ÿž. Non-tariff barrier (n) H”ng r”o phi thuĂ quan. Normative (adj) Mang tĂnh quy phÂčm (e.g. ~ legal documents: Cžc všn b¶n phžp lĂœ mang tĂnh quy phÂčm, cžc všn b¶n quy phÂčm phžp luĂt). Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ Na Uy. Not in anybody's backyard: Kh«ng ÂźâĂźc Ÿà trong vâĂȘn nh” ai (i.e. the idea that hazardous activities and substances should not be located in anybody's backyard). Not in my backyard: Kh«ng ÂźâĂźc Ÿà trong vâĂȘn nh” t«i (i.e. the idea that hazardous activities and substances should not be located in my backyard). Nuclear family (n) Gia ÂźĂnh hÂčt nh©n, tĂžc gia ÂźĂnh gĂ„m bĂš mĂ v” con cži. Nutrition (n) Dinh dâĂŹng (e.g. A ~ education programme for rural population: ChâÂŹng trĂnh gižo dĂŽc dinh dâĂŹng cho d©n câ n«ng th«n).
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O Occupational (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ nghĂ nghiĂp. Occupational health (n) SĂžc khoĂ nghĂ nghiĂp. Occupational multiplicity (n) L”m nhiĂu viĂc, Âźa dÂčng ng”nh nghĂ; Occupational safety (n) An to”n nghĂ nghiĂp. Off-farm (adj) Phi n«ng nghiĂp. ~ employment: ViĂc l”m phi n«ng nghiĂp. Official aid (n) ViĂn trĂź chĂnh thĂžc (i.e. financial flows which meet the conditions of eligibility for inclusion in ODA, other than the fact that the recipients are on Part II of the DAC List of Aid Recipients). Official development assistance (ODA): ViĂn trĂź phžt triĂn chĂnh thĂžc (i.e. a grant and a soft loan to countries in Part I of the DAC List of Aid Recipients which is provided to the official sector, which is intended for development purposes and which has a grant element of at least 25% of the value of the loan itself). Oil pollution (n) € nhiĂm dĂu. On-farm (adj) TrÂȘn ŸÄng ruĂ©ng, thuĂ©c nghĂ n«ng. ~ employment: ViĂc l”m n«ng nghiĂp. ~ training workshop: LĂp tĂp huĂn ÂźĂu bĂȘ. On-lend (v) Cho vay lÂči; Hence, On-lending (n) SĂč cho vay lÂči (e.g. ~ terms and conditions: Cžc ÂźiĂu kiĂn cho vay lÂči). On-line (adj or adv) §âĂźc Âźâa lÂȘn mÂčng internet (e.g. The report has been posted ~ ). ~ learning: HĂ€c qua mÂčng internet, hĂ€c trĂčc tuyĂn; ~ service: DĂch vĂŽ cung cĂp qua mÂčng internet, dĂch vĂŽ trĂčc tuyĂn. On-line service provider (n) NgâĂȘi cung cĂp dĂch vĂŽ Ăžng dĂŽng internet. Opportunity cost (n) Chi phĂ cÂŹ hĂ©i (i.e. a measure of value of the opportunity foregone when a resource is used for one thing rather than for another). Oral rehydration therapy (n) PhâÂŹng phžp chĂšng mĂt nâĂc cÂŹ thĂ qua ÂźâĂȘng miĂng. Organic farming (n) (PhâÂŹng phžp) canh tžc sÂčch, canh tžc hĂ·u cÂŹ (i.e. an agricultural system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, livestock feed additives and relies as practicable on organic substitutes). Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): TĂŠ chĂžc HĂźp tžc v” Phžt triĂn Kinh tĂ. TiĂn th©n cña OECD l” TĂŠ chĂžc HĂźp tžc Kinh tĂ Ch©u Âąu, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp Ÿà qu¶n lĂœ viĂn trĂź cña Hoa KĂș v” Ca-na-Âźa cho viĂc tži thiĂt Ch©u Âąu sau ChiĂn tranh ThĂ giĂi II theo KĂ hoÂčch Marshall. Ra ÂźĂȘi nšm 1961, OECD l” diĂn Ÿ”n chĂnh sžch cña cžc nâĂc c«ng nghiĂp phâÂŹng T©y. OECD hiĂn cĂŁ 30 nâĂc th”nh viÂȘn. Outcome (n) KĂt qu¶ l©u d”i (i.e. the results of a project relative to its immediate objectives that are generated by the project outputs). Output (n) KĂt qu¶ trĂčc tiĂp, ÂźĂu ra (i.e. the tangible products or services, of a project that are necessary to achieve its objectives; e.g. A development project should be designed to produce tangible outputs). Output budgeting (n) (PhâÂŹng phžp) lĂp ng©n sžch theo ÂźĂu ra (i.e. the process of linking budgetary appropriations to specific outputs).
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Outreach (n) PhÂčm vi hoÂčt Ÿéng, ¶nh hâĂ«ng (e.g. An ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc mĂ« rĂ©ng tĂm hoÂčt Ÿéng; to improve ~ to non-member countries: MĂ« rĂ©ng ¶nh hâĂ«ng ÂźĂn cžc nâĂc kh«ng ph¶i l” th”nh viÂȘn). Outward-looking (adj) HâĂng ngoÂči, khžc vĂi Inward-looking (e.g. Viet Namâs economic policies have become much more ~ since the late 80âs). Overhead costs (n) Chi phĂ qu¶n lĂœ chung.
Ownership (n) (Ăœ thĂžc) chñ Ÿéng, l”m chñ. National ~ : Ăœ thĂžc l”m chñ, Ăœ thĂžc chñ Ÿéng cña quĂšc gia. Ozone depleting substances (n) Cžc chĂt l”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n (e.g. To phase out ~: Gi¶m dĂn viĂc sö dĂŽng cžc chĂt l”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n). Ozone layer (n) TĂng «-d«n.
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P Parallel financing (n) T”i trĂź song song (i.e. financial contributions that are made by donors to a joint development project and that are managed by respective donors in accordance with their own financial rules/regulations). Xem thÂȘm Co-financing. Paris Club (n) C©u lÂčc bĂ© Pa-ri (i.e. ad hoc meetings, usually in Paris, of creditor governments since 1956 to coordinate the re-negotiation of debts and guarantees among sovereign countries). Partially untied aid (n) ViĂn trĂź cĂŁ mĂ©t phĂn ÂźiĂu kiĂn (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and services must be procured in the donor country or among a restricted group of other countries, which however must include substantially all developing countries). Participation (n) SĂč tham gia (cña ngâĂȘi d©n hoĂc cžc ŸÚi tâĂźng thĂŽ hâĂ«ng v”o cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng phžt triĂn). Participatory (adj) CĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n, hoĂc cña cžc ŸÚi tâĂźng thĂŽ hâĂ«ng, cĂŻng tham gia. A ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n, phâÂŹng phžp cĂŻng tham gia. Participatory crop improvement (n) C¶i thiĂn c©y trĂ„ng cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n.Participatory planning (n) C«ng tžc lĂp kĂ hoÂčch vĂi sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n. Participatory poverty assessment (n) §žnh giž nghĂo Ÿãi cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n. Participatory poverty ranking (n) XĂp loÂči ngâĂȘi nghĂo cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n. Participatory project evaluation (n) §žnh giž dĂč žn vĂi sĂč tham gia cña cžc ŸÚi tâĂźng thĂŽ hâĂ«ng. Participatory research (n) NghiÂȘn cĂžu cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña ngâĂȘi d©n. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): PhâÂŹng phžp Ÿžnh giž n«ng th«n cĂŁ sĂč tham gia cña cžc ŸÚi tâĂźng thĂŽ hâĂ«ng (i.e. a method for interacting with, learning from and analyzing rural communities and population, through which to directly exchange ideas with beneficiaries and encourage their wide participation). Partner (n) §Úi tžc. Development ~ : §Úi tžc phžt triĂn; dialogue ~ : BÂȘn ŸÚi thoÂči. Partnership (n) Quan hà ŸÚi tžc (e.g. A close ~ between the Government and the NGO community); ~ groups: Cžc nhĂŁm ŸÚi tžc. Part-time (adj) KiÂȘm nhiĂm (e.g. a ~ job, post: MĂ©t c«ng viĂc, chĂžc danh kiÂȘm nhiĂm). Pattern (n) HĂnh thži, tĂp qužn. ~ of consumption: TĂp qužn tiÂȘu dĂŻng; ~ of development: HĂnh thži phžt triĂn; ~ of growth: HĂnh thži tšng trâĂ«ng. Pay back (v) Thanh tožn, ho”n tr¶. Pay-back period: ThĂȘi kĂș ho”n vĂšn. Peace-keeping (n) GĂn giĂ· ho” bĂnh (e.g. ~ operations of the United Nations: Cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng gĂn giĂ· ho” bĂnh cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc). Peer (n) NgâĂȘi ŸÄng ÂźÂŒng, ngâĂȘi ŸÄng c¶nh. Peer education (n) Gižo dĂŽc ŸÄng ÂźÂŒng, tĂžc l” phâÂŹng phžp gižo dĂŽc sö dĂŽng ngâĂȘi cĂŁ cĂŻng c¶nh ngĂ© Ÿà chia sĂ kinh nghiĂm sĂšng, kiĂn thĂžc, kĂŒ nšng nh»m tÂčo sĂč ŸÄng c¶m, giĂłp cho viĂc thay ŸÊi thži Ÿé v” h”nh vi ÂźâĂźc dĂ d”ng hÂŹn.
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People living together with HIV (n) NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi chung sĂšng vĂi HIV (i.e. a new term which is increasingly used to replace "HIV affected people", in order to reduce discrimination and encourage patients to live positively). People-centered (n) LĂy con ngâĂȘi l”m trung t©m. ~ development: (SĂč nghiĂp) phžt triĂn lĂy con ngâĂȘi l”m trung t©m. Per capita (adj) TĂnh theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi. ~ GNP: TĂŠng thu nhĂp quĂšc d©n theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi; ~ income: Thu nhĂp theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi. Perform (v) HoÂčt Ÿéng (e.g. To ~ well: HoÂčt Ÿéng tĂšt, hoÂčt Ÿéng cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶).
Performance (n) HiĂu nšng, hiĂu qu¶ hoÂčt Ÿéng. Environmental, economic, financial ~ : HiĂu qu¶ hoÂčt Ÿéng vĂ m«i trâĂȘng, kinh tĂ, t”i chĂnh. Performance evaluation (n) §žnh giž hiĂu qu¶ hoÂčt Ÿéng. Performance indicators (n) Cžc tiÂȘu chà Ÿžnh giž hiĂu qu¶ hoÂčt Ÿéng. Performing (adj) HoÂčt Ÿéng cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶, sinh lĂȘi (e.g. a ~ loan: MĂ©t kho¶n vay cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶). Phase out (v) Gi¶m dĂn (e.g. To ~ the use of ozone depleting substances: Gi¶m dĂn viĂc sö dĂŽng cžc chĂt l”m suy gi¶m tĂng «-d«n; To ~ foreign exchange controls, import quotas, non-tariff barriers: Gi¶m dĂn cžc biĂn phžp kiĂm sožt ngoÂči hĂši, hÂčn ngÂčch xuĂt khĂu, h”ng r”o phi thuĂ quan). Phasing out (n) SĂč gi¶m dĂn (e.g. the ~ of foreign exchange controls, export quotas, non-tariff barriers). Pick winners (v) ChĂ€n ngâĂȘi thŸng cuĂ©c (Ăœ nĂŁi kh«ng cho phĂp tĂč do cÂčnh tranh). Pilot (n) Thö nghiĂm, thĂ ÂźiĂm. ~ activities: NhĂ·ng hoÂčt Ÿéng thö nghiĂm; A ~ project: DĂč žn thĂ ÂźiĂm; A ~ production facility: PhâÂŹng tiĂn s¶n xuĂt thö. Pilot (v) Thö nghiĂm, thĂ ÂźiĂm (e.g. To ~ a new initiative: Thö nghiĂm mĂ©t sžng kiĂn mĂi). Pilot project (n) DĂč žn thĂ ÂźiĂm (i.e. a project of which the primary function is to determine the viability under experimental conditions, of a process, technology or approach in order to make recommendations for its application on a large scale and in actual conditions). Pipeline Danh mĂŽc cžc dĂč žn Âźang Ÿà nghĂ xin t”i trĂź, hoĂc Âźang trong giai ÂźoÂčn chuĂn bĂ (i.e. the backlog of proposed projects for which assistance is requested). A ~ project: DĂč žn trong giai ÂźoÂčn chuĂn bĂ. Planned economy (n) Kinh tĂ kĂ hoÂčch hož (i.e. an economy in which the Government takes central responsibility for economic decision-making, including developing plans for economic growth). Pledge (n) SĂč hĂža hĂn viĂn trĂź (i.e. the amount of ODA intended to be made by a donor to a recipient country as announced by its official representative or by way of any official document. Hence, ODA moves from pledges through commitments to disbursements). Xin xem thÂȘm Commitment and Disbursement. Policy (n) ChĂnh sžch. ~ dialogue: §Úi thoÂči chĂnh sžch; Policy-driven (also policy-based): PhĂŽc vĂŽ chĂnh sžch (e.g. ~ research: NghiÂȘn cĂžu phĂŽc vĂŽ chĂnh sžch). Policy Framework Paper (n) T”i liĂu khu«n khĂŠ chĂnh sžch (i.e. a policy document which was introduced by the IMF and which outlined IMF's approach to economic policy in borrowing countries, including conditions attached to loans).
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Policy-making (n) X©y dĂčng chĂnh sžch. A decentralized ~ process: Quy trĂnh x©y dĂčng chĂnh sžch ÂźâĂźc ph©n cĂp. Policy maker (n) NgâĂȘi l”m chĂnh sžch. Pollute (v) G©y « nhiĂm. Hence, Pollutant: ChĂt g©y « nhiĂm; Polluter: NgâĂȘi g©y « nhiĂm, Ÿn vĂ g©y « nhiĂm. Polluter pays principle (n) NguyÂȘn tŸc ngâĂȘi g©y « nhiĂm ph¶i tr¶ tiĂn (i.e. a sustainable development principle which suggests that the polluter should bear the costs of preventing and controlling pollution). Polluting (adj) G©y « nhiĂm (e.g. A ~ industry: MĂ©t ng”nh c«ng nghiĂp g©y « nhiĂm). Pollution (n) SĂč « nhiĂm. Air ~: € nhiĂm kh«ng khĂ; Coastal ~ : € nhiĂm ven biĂn; ~ fee: Phà ŸÚi vĂi ngâĂȘi g©y « nhiĂm; Industrial ~ : € nhiĂm c«ng nghiĂp; Marine ~ : € nhiĂm biĂn; Urban ~ : € nhiĂm Ÿ« thĂ; Water ~ : € nhiĂm nguĂ„n nâĂc. Pollution abatement (n) Gi¶m thiĂu, l”m gi¶m bĂt « nhiĂm. ~ costs: Chi phĂ gi¶m thiĂu « nhiĂm; ~ technology: C«ng nghĂ gi¶m thiĂu « nhiĂm. Pollution control strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc ngšn ngĂ”a « nhiĂm. Pollution prevention (n) PhĂng ngĂ”a « nhiĂm. Pollution-intensive adj) G©y nhiĂu « nhiĂm (e.g. a ~ industry, investment project). Poor (adj) NghĂo, nghĂo Ÿãi. The poor (n) NgâĂȘi nghĂo (e.g. Bank for the Poor: Ng©n h”ng NgâĂȘi nghĂo). Population (n) D©n sĂš.; Pressures of ~ : SĂžc Ăp d©n sĂš. Population census (n) §iĂu tra d©n sĂš. Population density (n) MĂt Ÿé d©n sĂš. Population distribution (n) Ph©n bĂš d©n sĂš. Population dynamics (n) §éng thži d©n sĂš. Population forecast (n) DĂč bžo d©n sĂš. Population growth (n) Tšng d©n sĂš. Population planning (n) LĂp kĂ hoÂčch vĂ d©n sĂš. Portfolio (n) Danh mĂŽc cžc dĂč žn, do mĂ©t ngâĂȘi hoĂc tĂŠ chĂžc qu¶n lĂœ (e.g. The World Bankâs ~ in Viet Nam). Portfolio investment (n) §Ău tâ gižn tiĂp (b»ng cĂŠ phĂn, cĂŠ phiĂu). Position (n) VĂ trĂ, lĂp trâĂȘng. Position oneself (v) ChĂ€n vĂ trĂ (e.g. UNDP should ~ itself in such a way to assist the Government most effectively; UNDP is well-positioned to support the Government most effectively). Poverty (n) TĂnh trÂčng nghĂo, nghĂo Ÿãi (i.e. a broadly defined term to mean unacceptable low living standards). To rise above ~ : Thožt khĂĄi c¶nh nghĂo Ÿãi; to fall back into ~ : BĂ ÂźĂy trĂ« lÂči c¶nh nghĂo Ÿãi; tži nghĂo). Absolute ~ : NghĂo theo nghĂa tuyĂt ŸÚi; Extreme or hard core ~ : TĂnh trÂčng nghĂo cĂŻng cĂčc; Relative ~ : TĂnh trÂčng nghĂo tâÂŹng ŸÚi. Poverty alleviation (n) Gi¶m nghĂo (e.g. A ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc gi¶m nghĂo). Poverty elimination, poverty eradication (n) Xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo.
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Poverty gap (n) Kho¶ng cžch nghĂo (i.e. measurement of the depth of poverty compared to the poverty line). ~ index: ChĂ sĂš Âźo kho¶ng cžch nghĂo (i.e. an index which shows, in general terms, how far the life of a poor group is below the poverty line). Poverty incidence or Poverty rate (n) TĂ» lĂ nghĂo Ÿãi (i.e. the proportion of the population living below the poverty line); Overall (general, total) poverty rate: TĂ» lĂ nghĂo tĂŠng thĂ, tĂ» lĂ nghĂo chung. Poverty line (n) ChuĂn nghĂo (i.e. a condition of life so charactirized by malnutrition, illiteracy and disease as to be beneath the reasonable definition of human decency. e.g. Different ~ s will produce different estimates of how many people are âpoor"; To rise above the ~ : Thožt khĂĄi ngâĂŹng nghĂo). National ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo quĂšc gia; Internationally comparable ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo quĂšc tĂ; Expenditure-based ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo vĂ chi tiÂȘu; Income-based ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo vĂ thu nhĂp; Food-based ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo vĂ lâÂŹng thĂčc, thĂčc phĂm; Official ~ : ChuĂn nghĂo chĂnh thĂžc. Under or below the ~ : DâĂi mĂžc nghĂo (e.g. 50% of the population are living ~ ). Poverty map (n) B¶n ŸÄ vĂ tĂnh hĂnh nghĂo Ÿãi. Hence, Poverty mapping (n) VĂ b¶n ŸÄ vĂ tĂnh hĂnh nghĂo Ÿãi. Poverty ranking (n) XĂp loÂči ngâĂȘi nghĂo (e.g. Proper ~ is a basis to develop sound poverty alleviation strategies). Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility- PRGF (n) ThĂ thĂžc hç trĂź xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo v” tšng trâĂ«ng (i.e. IMF's loan facility which replaces the ESAF and which applies to 80 low-income member countries with a per capity GDP at US$ 885 or below in 1999). Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - PRSP (n) Všn b¶n chiĂn lâĂźc xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo (i.e. a policy document introduced in 1999 by IMF to replace the Policy Framework Paper as a condition for debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries. It describes a country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes to promote growth and reduce poverty). Poverty Reduction Support Credit - PRSC (n) TĂn dĂŽng hç trĂź xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo (i.e. soft credit which is provided by WB to poor countries eligible for IDA funding to support the implementation of the PRSP). Poverty-stricken (adj) Trong tĂnh trÂčng nghĂo Ÿãi (e.g. ~ regions of the country: Cžc vĂŻng nghĂo Ÿãi cña ÂźĂt nâĂc). Practice (n) TĂp qužn Best ~ : TĂp qužn tĂšt, kinh nghiĂm tĂšt (i.e. processes and techniquest that have produced outstanding results in a situation and that could be adatpted to another situation). Practical gender needs (n) Nhu cĂu thĂčc tiĂn vĂ giĂi (i.e. needs which women identify in their accepted roles in society; these are practical in nature and often concern inadequacies in living conditions). Practitioner (n) NgâĂȘi thĂčc h”nh. Development ~ : NgâĂȘi thĂčc h”nh phžt triĂn. Precautionary principle (n) NguyÂȘn tŸc c¶nh bžo trâĂc (i.e. a sustainable development principle which holds that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation). Precursor (n) TiĂn chĂt.
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Preferential (adj) Šu Ÿ·i (e.g. ~ trade arrangements: Cžc tho¶ thuĂn thâÂŹng mÂči âu Ÿ·i). Primary health care (n) Chšm sĂŁc sĂžc khoĂ ban ÂźĂu. Principles for sustainable development law: Cžc nguyÂȘn tŸc phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. Public trust doctrine, conservation of biodiversity, precautionary principle; inter-generational equity, internalization of environmental costs, intra-generational equity, subsidiarity principle, polluter pays principle and user pays principle). Primary products (n) S¶n phĂm th«. Prior obligation (n) §iĂu kiĂn tiÂȘn quyĂt (i.e. an obligation that must be fulfilled before a project is formally signed). Prioritization (n) (SĂč) sŸp xĂp âu tiÂȘn (e.g. The ~ socio-economic development projects in the coming years). Prioritize (v) SŸp xĂp âu tiÂȘn (e.g To ~ work tasks in the next year: SŸp xĂp thĂž tĂč âu tiÂȘn c«ng viĂc trong nšm tĂi). Priority (n) Šu tiÂȘn (e.g. Poverty reduction is a high ~ in the national socio-economic development plan: Xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo la âu tiÂȘn cao trong kĂ hoÂčch phžt triĂn kinh tĂ - x· hĂ©i cña quĂšc gia). Privatize (v) Tâ nh©n hož. Hence, Privatization (n) SĂč tâ nh©n hož (e.g. ~ of loss-making public businesses: Tâ nh©n hož cžc doanh nghiĂp c«ng l”m šn thua lç). Proactive (adj) Chñ Ÿéng. A ~ response: Ph¶n Ăžng chñ Ÿéng, khžc vĂi a reactive response). Problem-solving technique (n) KĂŒ thuĂt gi¶i quyĂt vĂn ÂźĂ. Process (n) Quž trĂnh, quy trĂnh.
Process consultancy (n) Tâ vĂn vĂ quy trĂnh (i.e. a distinctive form of management consultation in which the consultant helps the client initiate and sustain a process of change and continuous learning for systematic improvement). Process-oriented (adj) §Ănh hâĂng theo quy trĂnh, khžc vĂi Result-oriented (adj) §Ănh hâĂng theo kĂt qu¶. Procure (v) Mua sŸm (e.g. To ~ equipment for a project: Mua sŸm thiĂt bĂ cho dĂč žn). Procurement (n) ViĂc mua sŸm. ~ procedures, rules: Thñ tĂŽc mua sŸm, quy chĂ mua sŸn; International ~: Mua sŸm quĂšc tĂ; Local ~ : Mua sŸm trong nâĂc. Product (n) S¶n phĂm. Cultural ~ s: S¶n phĂm všn hož; Tourist ~ s: S¶n phĂm du lĂch. Production costs (n) Chi phĂ s¶n xuĂt. Productive employment (n) Lao Ÿéng cĂŁ nšng suĂt. Productive role (n) Vai trĂ trong s¶n xuĂt (cña phĂŽ nĂ·). Xem thÂȘm Gender roles.
Programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh (i.e. a time-bound intervention which cuts across sectors, themes, or geographic areas, uses a multi-disciplinary approach, involves several institutions, and may be supported by different funding sources). Programme aid (n) ViĂn trĂź theo châÂŹng trĂnh (i.e. financial assistance given to help fund government budget, often consisting of balance of payment support, general budget support, sector budget support and/or debt relief).
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Programme or programmatic approach (n) PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn theo châÂŹng trĂnh (i.e. a process which allows Governments to articulate national priorities and realize sustainable development objectives through a coherent and participatory national programme framework). Programme budgeting (n) (PhâÂŹng phžp) lĂp ng©n sžch theo châÂŹng trĂnh (i.e. budgeting organized around broad programmes and linked to outcomes as performance indicators). Programming (n) X©y dĂčng châÂŹng trĂnh, dĂč žn (i.e. the process of screening, evaluating, prioritizing and ranking projects/programmes, given the scarce investment resources). Project (n) DĂč žn (i.e. a time-bound intervention that consists of a set of planned, inter-related activities which are aimed at achieving defined objectives). ~ document: Všn kiĂn dĂč žn; ~ idea: Ăœ tâĂ«ng dĂč žn; ~ outline: §à câÂŹng dĂč žn. Project aid (n) ViĂn trĂź qua dĂč žn (i.e. assistance in the form of grants or loans that is channelled through specific projects to finance new, or the expansion of existing, technical, production and infrastructure facilities, or to improve human and institutional capacities). Project appraisal (n) ThĂm ÂźĂnh dĂč žn (i.e. the project which provides a basis for decisions whether ĂĄ not a project can be approved, based on certain criteria such as its relevance, feasibility, cost-effectiveness, design, etcâŠ). Project cycle (n) Chu kĂș dĂč žn (i.e. the various stages through which a project moves. The project cycle is defined differently by different organizations but normally consists of four main stages: identification; preparation (including formulation, appraisal and approval); implementation and evaluation; and completion). Project design (n) ThiĂt kĂ dĂč žn (i.e. a process of project planning and analysis that begins with problem identification/analysis and leads to a clear explanation of the cause and effect relationships among the various project elements such as activities, inputs, outputs, objectives). Project document (n) Všn kiĂn dĂč žn (i.e. a formal control document for a project agreed to by and between the recipient government, funding agency and selected executing agency). Project revision (n) §iĂu chĂnh dĂč žn (i.e. the introduction of changes in an approved and fully signed project document or parts thereof). Promote (v) XĂłc tiĂn (e.g. to ~ business, investment and trade).
Promotion (n) SĂč xĂłc tiĂn (e.g. business, investment and trade ~ ). Property right (n) QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u. Industrial ~ : QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u c«ng nghiĂp; Intellectual ~ : QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u trĂ tuĂ.
Pro-poor (adj) Hç trĂź ngâĂȘi nghĂo. ~ economic growth: Tšng trâĂ«ng kinh tĂ vĂ ngâĂȘi nghĂo; ~ policies: Cžc chĂnh sžch hç trĂź ngâĂȘi nghĂo. Protected area (n) Khu vĂčc b¶o tĂ„n (i.e. an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the conservation of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources). Terrestrial, coastal, marine ~ : Khu vĂčc b¶o tĂ„n trÂȘn ÂźĂt liĂn, ven biĂn, trÂȘn biĂn; ~ management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ cžc khu vĂčc b¶o tĂ„n.
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Protected areas (n) Cžc khu b¶o tĂ„n. ~ ÂźâĂźc ph©n th”nh nhiĂu loÂči nhâ: habitat management area, hunting reserve, managed resource area, natural monument, natural park, nature reserve hay strict nature reserve, species management area, v” wilderness area Protection (n) SĂč b¶o vĂ, sĂč b¶o hĂ©. Social ~ : B¶o trĂź x· hĂ©i; Trade ~ : B¶o hĂ© mĂu dĂch. Protective (adj) B¶o hĂ©. ~ measures, devices: Cžc biĂn phžp b¶o hĂ©. Proxy (n) Thay thĂ. ~ indicators: Cžc chĂ sĂš thay thĂ; ~ variables: Cžc biĂn sĂš uĂ» nhiĂm (i.e. a variable used in regression analysis to replace or "stand in for" another more theoretically satisfactory variable which is either not measurable or fo which data is not available). Psychotropic substance (n) ChĂt hâĂng thĂn. Public (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ c«ng chĂłng, c«ng cĂ©ng. ~ sector: Khu vĂčc c«ng cĂ©ng; ~ services: DĂch vĂŽ c«ng cĂ©ng. Public administration (n) H”nh chĂnh c«ng. ~ reform: C¶i cžch h”nh chĂnh c«ng. Public debt (n) NĂź c«ng. Public expenditure (n) Chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng. Public expenditure management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng (i.e. the process of planning, spending and accounting for public expenditure); Principles of ~ : Cžc nguyÂȘn tŸc qu¶n lĂœ chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng (i.e. these principles are fiscal discipline, allocation of spending, efficiency of spending, integrating aid into the State budget, public accountability, public expenditure planning and financial management). Public expenditure review (n) KiĂm ÂźiĂm chi tiÂȘu c«ng cĂ©ng. Public finance (n) T”i chĂnh c«ng. Public goods (n) H”ng hož c«ng cĂ©ng (i.e. goods that cannot be withheld from people even if they do not pay for them). International ~ : H”ng hož c«ng cĂ©ng quĂšc tĂ. Public investment (n) §Ău tâ c«ng cĂ©ng. ~ programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh ÂźĂu tâ c«ng cĂ©ng. Public relations (n) Quan hĂ c«ng cĂ©ng, quan hà ŸÚi ngoÂči (cña mĂ©t cÂŹ quan vĂi cžc ŸÚi tžc). Public sector (n) Khu vĂčc kinh tĂ c«ng cĂ©ng (i.e. the portion of the economy whose (economic and non-economic activities are under the control and direction of the State). Public trust doctrine (n) NguyÂȘn tŸc x©y dĂčng lĂng tin cña c«ng chĂłng (i.e. a sustainable development principle which places a duty on the State to hold environmental resources in trust for the benefit of the public). Purchasing power parity (n) SĂžc mua tâÂŹng ÂźâÂŹng (i.e. a method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries' currencies over the same types of goods and services).
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Q Qualified (adj) CĂŁ Ÿñ tiÂȘu chuĂn, Ÿñ trĂnh Ÿé, Ÿñ nšng lĂčc. ~ candidates: Cžc Ăžng viÂȘn cĂŁ Ÿñ tiÂȘu chuĂn; ~ approval: SĂč ŸÄng Ăœ dĂ dĂt (cĂŁ ÂźiĂu kiĂn). Qualify (v) CĂŁ Ÿñ trĂnh Ÿé, Ÿñ tiÂȘu chuĂn (e.g. Our team has qualified for the next round of competition); Phžt biĂu thÂȘm, Ÿà l”m rĂą hoĂc Ÿà giĂi hÂčn phÂčm vi mĂ©t Ăœ kiĂn trâĂc Ÿã (e.g. I feel I must ~ my earlier remarks in case they are misinterpreted). Qualitative (adj) §Ănh tĂnh, thuĂ©c vĂ chĂt lâĂźng. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch ÂźĂnh tĂnh; ~ improvement: C¶i thiĂn vĂ chĂt. Quality (n) ChĂt lâĂźng. ~ control: KiĂm tra chĂt lâĂźng; ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ chĂt lâĂźng; ~ standards: TiÂȘu chuĂn chĂt lâĂźng. Quality of growth (n) ChĂt lâĂźng tšng trâĂ«ng. Quality of life (n) ChĂt lâĂźng cuĂ©c sĂšng (i.e. a concept embracing an miscellany of desirable things, not always recognized in the market place, such as housing, working conditions, health and educational services, environmental conditions, community relationships, justice, freedom, safety, law, order...). Quantifiable (adj) CĂŁ thĂ lâĂźng hož ÂźâĂźc (e.g. ~ results, benefits). Quantify (v) LâĂźng hož (e.g. To ~ the benefits of a social development project).
Quantitative (adj) §Ănh lâĂźng, thuĂ©c vĂ lâĂźng. ~ analysis: Ph©n tĂch ÂźĂnh lâĂźng; ~ improvement: C¶i thiĂn vĂ lâĂźng; ~ restrictions: HÂčn chĂ vĂ sĂš lâĂźng. Questionnaire (n) PhiĂu c©u hĂĄi, b¶ng c©u hĂĄi. Survey ~ : PhiĂu c©u hĂĄi ÂźiĂu tra. Quick disbursing (adj) Gi¶i ng©n nhanh. ~ loans: Cžc kho¶n cho vay gi¶i ng©n nhanh. Quintile (n) NhĂŁm ÂźiĂu tra (e.g. Expenditure ~ : NhĂŁm ÂźiĂu tra theo chi tiÂȘu; Income ~ : NhĂŁm ÂźiĂu tra theo thu nhĂp). Quota (n) HÂčn ngÂčch. ~ system: HĂ thĂšng cĂp hÂčn ngÂčch; Export ~ : HÂčn ngÂčch xuĂt khĂu; Import ~ : HÂčn ngÂčch nhĂp khĂu. Quotation (n) B¶n bžo giž (e.g The ~ for a piece of equipment: B¶n bžo giž cho mĂ©t mĂŽc thiĂt bĂ). Quote (v) Bžo giž (e.g. To ~ US$ 1500 for the computer: Bžo giž 1.500 USD cho chiĂc mžy vi tĂnh).
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R Raise (v) N©ng cao, l”m tšng thÂȘm. To ~ awareness of something: N©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc và ⊠(e.g. ~ of gender, environmental issues, HIV/AIDS: N©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc vĂ giĂi, m«i trâĂȘng, HIV/AIDS). Rapid rural appraisal (n) (PhâÂŹng phžp) Ÿžnh giž nhanh n«ng th«n (i.e. a method with which a multi-disciplinary team of researchers use social science tools for a quick collection of primary data and transform such data into secondary data for assessment and analysis). Rating system (n) HĂ thĂšng cho ÂźiĂm (i.e. an instrument for forming and validating a judgement on the relevance, performance and success of a project through the use of a scale with numeric, alphabetic and/or descriptive codes). Reactive (adj) ThĂŽ Ÿéng (e.g. A ~ response: Ph¶n Ăžng thĂŽ Ÿéng), khžc vĂi Proactive. Real GDP per capita (n) TĂŠng thu nhĂp quĂšc nĂ©i thĂčc tĂnh theo ÂźĂu ngâĂȘi. Recipient (n) NgâĂȘi tiĂp nhĂn (viĂn trĂź). ~ country: NâĂc nhĂn viĂn trĂź; ~ agency: CÂŹ quan nhĂn viĂn trĂź. Recommend (v) §âa ra khuyĂn nghĂ (e.g. The consultant team ~ that the current land tenure be extended in order to further promote agricultural production). Recommendation (n) KhuyĂn nghĂ (e.g. The consultant has offered a series of ~ s in order to improve financial performance and accountability of State-owned enterprises). Reconcile (v) Dung ho” (e.g. To ~ different procedures of the Government and donors); C©n ŸÚi (e.g. To ~ the final budget accounts of the project). Reconciliation (n) SĂč dung ho”, sĂč c©n ŸÚi (e.g. the ~ of different points of view, year-end financial accounts). Recycle (v) Tži tÂčo, tži sinh. Hence, Recycled (adj) §âĂźc tži tÂčo (e.g. ~ materials: VĂt liĂu tži tÂčo). Recycling (n) SĂč tži tÂčo, tĂn dĂŽng (e.g. the ~ of waste materials: Tži tÂčo cžc chĂt th¶i). Red tape (n) TĂ quan liÂȘu. Reduction (n) Gi¶m, cŸt gi¶m. ~ of drug-related harms: Gi¶m tžc hÂči do ma tuĂœ g©y ra; ~ of poverty: Gi¶m nghĂo. Redundancy (n) Lao Ÿéng d«i dâ. ~ Support Fund: QuĂŒ hç trĂź lao Ÿéng d«i dâ. Reforestation (n) TrĂ„ng rĂ”ng. Refugees (n) NgâĂȘi tĂ nÂčn (i.e. people who have fled their countries because of well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a social group, and who cannot or do not want to return). Regulatory (adj) CĂŁ tĂnh phžp quy, khžc vĂi Non-regulatory. A ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn mang tĂnh phžp quy. Regulatory framework (n) Khu«n khĂŠ phžp quy. Regulatory instruments (n) Cžc c«ng cĂŽ mang tĂnh phžp quy (e.g. ~ approaches, instruments for environmental management). Reintegration (n) SĂč tži ho” nhĂp (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese returnees from Hong Kong: SĂč tži ho” nhĂn cña nhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi tĂ nÂčn ViĂt Nam tĂ” HĂ„ng C«ng trĂ« vĂ).
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Relevance (n) SĂč thĂch hĂźp (i.e. the degree to which the objectives of a project remain valid within the immediate context and external environment of that project). Relevant (adj) ThĂch hĂźp (e.g. ~ to local conditions: ThĂch hĂźp vĂi ÂźiĂu kiĂn ÂźĂa phâÂŹng). Relocation (n) ChuyĂn vĂŻng, chuyĂn ÂźĂa ÂźiĂm. ~ of an industry: ChuyĂn vĂŻng c«ng nghiĂp (i.e. the practice of transferring the production of certain goods and services to countries with lower labour costs). Relocation allowances (n) TrĂź cĂp chuyĂn vĂŻng c«ng tžc. Remunerate (v) Tr¶ c«ng, tr¶ thĂŻ lao (e.g. To ~ him for his lecturing during the training workshop). Remuneration (n) SĂč tr¶ c«ng, tr¶ thĂŻ lao. ~ rate: MĂžc thĂŻ lao. Renewable (adj) CĂŁ kh¶ nšng tži sinh, khžc vĂi Non-renewable. ~ energies: Cžc nguĂ„n nšng lâĂźng tži sinh, nhâ nšng lâĂźng mĂt trĂȘi, nšng lâĂźng giĂŁ, thuĂ» lĂźi nhĂĄ. Rent seeking (n) LĂźi dĂŽng ÂźĂc quyĂn, ÂźĂc lĂźi. Repatriation (n) HĂ„i hâÂŹng (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese âboat-peopleâ: HĂ„i hâÂŹng âthuyĂn nh©nâ ngâĂȘi ViĂt Nam). Repay (v) Ho”n tr¶, tr¶ nĂź (e.g. to ~ the loan within ten years). Repayment (n) SĂč ho”n tr¶, tr¶ nĂź. ~ conditions: NhĂ·ng ÂźiĂu kiĂn tr¶ nĂź. Replacement level fertility (n) MĂžc sinh thay thĂ (i.e. fertility level at which couples have the number of children required to replace themselves, that is two children). Replicate (v) Nh©n rĂ©ng (e.g. To ~ the successful lessons learned from recent projects). Replication (n) SĂč nh©n rĂ©ng. Replicability (n) Kh¶ nšng nh©n rĂ©ng. Report (n) Bžo cžo. Annual progress ~ : Bžo cžo tiĂn Ÿé h”ng nšm; Periodical progress ~ : Bžo cžo tiĂn Ÿé ÂźĂnh kĂș; Quarterly progress ~ : Bžo cžo tiĂn Ÿé h”ng quĂœ; Terminal ~ : Bžo cžo kĂt thĂłc. Reproductive health (n) SĂžc khoĂ sinh s¶n. Reproductive role (n) Vai trĂ sinh s¶n cña phĂŽ nĂ·. Xem thÂȘm Gender roles. Research and development (R & D): NghiÂȘn cĂžu v” triĂn khai. R & D institutes: Cžc viĂn nghiÂȘn cĂžu v” triĂn khai. Resource (n) NguĂ„n lĂčc. Domestic ~: NguĂ„n lĂčc trong nâĂc, nĂ©i lĂčc; External ~: NguĂ„n lĂčc tĂ” bÂȘn ngo”i; Financial ~ : NguĂ„n lĂčc t”i chĂnh; Human ~ : NguĂ„n nh©n lĂčc; Natural ~ s : T”i nguyÂȘn thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn . Resource allocation (n) Ph©n bĂŠ nguĂ„n lĂčc. Resource mobilization (n) Huy Ÿéng nguĂ„n lĂčc. ~ strategy: ChiĂn lâĂźc huy Ÿéng nguĂ„n lĂčc. Resource-intensive (adj) CĂn nhiĂu t”i nguyÂȘn (e.g. a ~ industry). Restructure (v) SŸp xĂp lÂči cÂŹ cĂu, chuyĂn dĂch cÂŹ cĂu (e.g. To ~ the national economy). Restructuring (n) SĂč chuyĂn dĂch cÂŹ cĂu, sŸp xĂp lÂči cÂŹ cĂu (e.g. The ~ of the national economy). Result (n) KĂt qu¶ (i.e. is a broad term used to refer to the effects of a project. The terms outputs, outcomes and impact describe more precisely the different types of results at various levels of aggregation).
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Result-based management (n) PhâÂŹng phžp qu¶n lĂœ gŸn vĂi kĂt qu¶ (i.e. a management method which is aimed at improving performance and achieving results). Result-oriented (adj) §Ănh hâĂng theo kĂt qu¶ (e.g. Our action plan must be ~ ). Retraining (n) §”o tÂčo lÂči (i.e. training designed to equip workers displaced by technological change or retrenchments with new skills for which there is a demand in the labour market). Retrenchment (n) Lao Ÿéng dâ thĂ”a, dâ d«i lao Ÿéng (e.g. retrenchements due to the divestiture of loss-making State-owned enterprises). Return (n) LĂźi nhuĂn. A high rate of ~ : TĂ» suĂt sinh lĂȘi cao; Internal ~ : TĂ» suĂt lĂźi tĂžc nĂ©i ho”n. Return on equity (n) TĂ» suĂt sinh lĂȘi trÂȘn vĂšn cĂŠ phĂn. Return on invested capital (n) TĂ» suĂt sinh lĂȘi trÂȘn vĂšn ÂźĂu tâ. Return on sales (n) TĂ» suĂt sinh lĂȘi trÂȘn doanh thu. Review (n) KiĂm ÂźiĂm. Annual ~ : KiĂm ÂźiĂm h”ng nšm; Periodical ~ : KiĂm ÂźiĂm ÂźĂnh kĂș; Quarterly ~ : KiĂm ÂźiĂm h”ng quĂœ; Terminal ~ : KiĂm ÂźiĂm kĂt thĂłc. Revise (v) §iĂu chĂnh, söa ŸÊi (e.g. to ~ a policy, a workplan, a project document). Revision (n) SĂč ÂźiĂu chĂnh, söa ŸÊi. Budget ~ : §iĂu chĂnh ng©n sžch; Project ~ : Söa ŸÊi dĂč žn. Revolving (adj) Quay vĂng. ~ credit: TĂn dĂŽng quay vĂng; ~ fund: QuĂŒ quay vĂng. Right (n) QuyĂn. ~s of the child: QuyĂn cña trĂ em; Development ~s : QuyĂn tham gia phžt triĂn; Human ~ : QuyĂn con ngâĂȘi. Rights-based (adj) DĂča v”o cžc quyĂn con ngâĂȘi. A ~ approach to development: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn phžt triĂn dĂča v”o cžc quyĂn con ngâĂȘi. Risk (n) Rñi ro. ~ averse (adj): SĂź rñi ro; ~ tolerant (adj): Gižm chĂu rñi ro; Actuarial ~ : Rñi ro ÂźâĂźc b¶o hiĂm. Risk analysis, assessment and management: Ph©n tĂch, Ÿžnh giž v” qu¶n lĂœ rñi ro. Risk minimization and diversification: Gi¶m thiĂu v” ph©n tžn rñi ro. Risk of acquiring or contracting HIV (n) Nguy cÂŹ bĂ nhiĂm HIV. Road map (n) LĂ© trĂnh (e.g. a ~ for Viet Nam's full economic integration with ASEAN).
Rolling principle (n) NguyÂȘn tŸc cuĂšn chiĂu. Round Table Meeting HĂ©i nghĂ b”n trĂn (i.e. a periodic meeting, chaired by UNDP, between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for dialoguing on national issuses and priorities and mobilizing additional external assistance.). Rule of law Chà Ÿé phžp trĂ (i.e. equal protection - of human, property and other economic rights - and punishment under the law). Rules of origin (n) Quy chĂ nâĂc xuĂt xĂž (i.e. restrictions on a country from which publicly procured goods and services may originate, applying in particular to "tied aid"). Rule-based (adj) DĂča v”o quy chĂ (e.g. an open, non-discriminatory and ~ trading system: HĂ thĂšng thâÂŹng mÂči mĂ«, kh«ng ph©n biĂt ŸÚi xö v” dĂča v”o quy chĂ).
Rural - urban disparity (n) MĂžc chÂȘnh lĂch giĂ·a n«ng th«n v” th”nh thĂ. Rural credit (n) TĂn dĂŽng n«ng th«n.
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Rural development (n) Phžt triĂn n«ng th«n. Rural economy (n) Kinh tĂ n«ng th«n. Rural employment (n) ViĂc l”m Ă« n«ng th«n. Rural industry (n) C«ng nghiĂp n«ng th«n. Rural infrastructure (n) KĂt cĂu hÂč tĂng n«ng th«n, hÂč tĂng cÂŹ sĂ« n«ng th«n. Rural planning (n) Quy hoÂčch n«ng th«n. Rural water and sanitation (n) NâĂc sÂčch v” vĂ sinh Ă« n«ng th«n.
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S Safety net (n) MÂčng lâĂi an to”n (i.e. a social security system that provides basic services and needs to poor and vulnerable groups who are unable to provide these for themselves). Sample (n) MĂu. A random ~ : MĂu ngĂu nhiÂȘn; A ~ representative ~ : MĂu ÂźÂči diĂn Sampling (n) ChĂ€n mĂu (ÂźiĂu tra). ~ procedures: Quy trĂnh chĂ€n mĂu ÂźiĂu tra; ~ techniques (n) KĂŒ thuĂt chĂ€n mĂu ÂźiĂu tra. Sanitation (n) VĂ sinh m«i trâĂȘng (e.g. urban ~ : VĂ sinh m«i trâĂȘng Ÿ« thĂ). School (n) TrâĂȘng hĂ€c. ~ age: TuĂŠi Âźi hĂ€c; ~ discipline: KĂ» luĂt hĂ€c ÂźâĂȘng; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng hĂ€c ÂźâĂȘng. School drop-out rate (n) TĂ» lĂ bĂĄ hĂ€c. School enrolment rate (n) TĂ» lĂ Âźi hĂ€c, tĂ» lĂ nhĂp hĂ€c (nĂu tĂnh v”o ÂźĂu nšm hĂ€c). Sector budget support (n) Hç trĂź ng©n sžch ng”nh (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to finance an expenditure programme in a particular sector). Sector review (n) NghiÂȘn cĂžu tĂŠng quan ng”nh (e.g. To conduct a ~ for agriculture and rural development: TiĂn h”nh nghiÂȘn cĂžu tĂŠng quan vĂ n«ng nghiĂp v” phžt triĂn n«ng th«n). Sectoral (adj) Theo ng”nh. ~ approach: PhâÂŹng phžp tiĂp cĂn theo ng”nh; ~ development: Phžt triĂn ng”nh; ~ planning: Quy hoÂčch ng”nh.
Seed money (n) NguĂ„n vĂšn l”m hÂčt giĂšng (i.e. an amount of capital which is used to create good conditions for attracting further investment). Also Catalyst money.
Self-employed (adj) TĂč tÂčo viĂc l”m. Hence, Self-employment: ViĂc l”m tĂč tÂčo. Self-help (n) TĂč lĂčc tĂč câĂȘng (i.e. activities carried out by the community on its own initiative and for its own benefit). Sensitize (v) VĂn Ÿéng, cho l”m quen vĂi. Hence, Sensitization (n) SĂč vĂn Ÿéng (e.g. a ~ mission: MĂ©t phži Âźo”n Âźi vĂn Ÿéng). Sequence (v) XŸp xĂp trĂnh tĂč (e.g. to ~ economic reform measures: XŸp xĂp trĂnh tĂč cžc biĂn phžp c¶i cžch kinh tĂ). Sequencing (n) SĂč xŸp xĂp trĂnh tĂč (e.g. the ~ of public administration and economic reform measures). Service (n) DĂch vĂŽ, sĂč phĂŽc vĂŽ. Public ~ s: Cžc dĂch vĂŽ c«ng cĂ©ng; Social ~ s: Cžc dĂch vĂŽ x· hĂ©i. Service-minded (adj) CĂŁ Ăœ thĂžc phĂŽc vĂŽ, cĂŁ tinh thĂn phĂŽc vĂŽ (e.g. a ~ person). Service-oriented (adj) §Ănh hâĂng dĂch vĂŽ (e.g. a ~ organization). Sewage (n) NâĂc th¶i . domestic ~ : NâĂc th¶i sinh hoÂčt; Industrial ~ : NâĂc th¶i c«ng nghiĂp. Sewage disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v” xö lĂœ nâĂc th¶i.
Sector-wide approach (SWAP) (n) Cžch tiĂp cĂn theo ng”nh (i.e. a mechanism by which a government and its donor(s) can support the development of a sector in an integrated manner through a single sector policy and expenditure programme under government leadership).
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Sex (n) GiĂi tĂnh (Differing from Gender, Sex is defined to refer to biological differences between men and women). Safe ~ : TĂnh dĂŽc an to”n; Unprotected ~ : TĂnh dĂŽc kh«ng an to”n. Sex roles (n) Cžc vai trĂ giĂi tĂnh, khžc vĂi cžc vai trĂ vĂ giĂi (xem thÂȘm Gender roles). Vai trĂ giĂi tĂnh Ÿà cĂp ÂźĂn kh¶ nšng cña nam giĂi trong quan hĂ sinh s¶n vĂi phĂŽ nĂ· v” kh¶ nšng cña phĂŽ nĂ· trong viĂc sinh con v” nu«i con. Sex-disaggregated data (n) SĂš liĂu ph©n theo giĂi tĂnh. Sexual (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ giĂi tĂnh, tĂnh dĂŽc. ~ abuse: LÂčm dĂŽng tĂnh dĂŽc; ~ harassment: QuĂy rĂši tĂnh dĂŽc; ~ behaviour: H”nh vi tĂnh dĂŽc. ~ health: SĂžc khoĂ tĂnh dĂŽc. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Cžc cšn bĂnh truyĂn theo ÂźâĂȘng tĂnh dĂŽc; Asymptomatic and symptomatic ~ : Cžc bĂnh STD cĂŁ triĂu chĂžng v” kh«ng cĂŁ triĂu chĂžng; STD output: SĂč bĂŻng phžt cña cžc bĂnh STD. Shared (adj) CĂŻng chia sĂ. ~ goal: MĂŽc ÂźĂch chung; ~ natural and water resources: NguĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn v” nguĂ„n nâĂc chung (i.e. resources that are shared by two or more countries); ~ values: Cžc giž trĂ chung; ~ vision: TĂm nhĂn chung. Sharing (n) SĂč chia sĂ. ~ of experience: Chia sĂ kinh nghiĂm; ~ of information: Chia sĂ th«ng tin; ~ of knowledge: Chia sĂ tri thĂžc. Shifting cultivation or farming (n) Du canh (i.e. a farming system in which land is periodically cleared, farmed and then returned to fallow). Shooting star (n) Ng«i sao Âźang lÂȘn, cž nh©n hoĂc hĂ© Âźang trĂ« nÂȘn gi”u cĂŁ hÂŹn (i.e. an individual or hourshold which has become better off or richer). Shortlist (v) SÂŹ tuyĂn (e.g. Ten of the thirty candidates were shortlisted for the final interview). Hence, Shortlisting (n) SĂč sÂŹ tuyĂn (e.g. The ~ of the long list of candidates).
Silviculture (n) L©m sinh (i.e. a branch of forestry that is concerned with the methods of raising and growing trees). Simplification (n) SĂč Ÿn gi¶n hĂŁa (e.g. the ~ of administrative, trade procedures). Simplify (v) §n gi¶n hož. (e.g. To ~ customs, foreign direct investment procedures). Size (n) CĂŹ, quy m« (e.g. the family ~ : SĂš ngâĂȘi bĂnh qu©n trong gia ÂźĂnh; the ~ of an assistance programme: Quy m« châÂŹng trĂnh viĂn trĂź). âOne size fits allâ: MĂ©t cĂŹ vĂ”a cho mĂ€i ngâĂȘi (e.g. There isn't a ~ solution for all developing countries: Kh«ng cĂŁ mĂ©t gi¶i phžp chung cho tĂt c¶ cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn). Sinking stone (n) T¶ng Ÿž Âźang chĂm xuĂšng, cž nh©n hoĂc hĂ© Âźang trĂ« nÂȘn nghĂo Ÿãi hÂŹn (i.e. an individual or household which has become worse off or poorer). Slash-and-burn farming (n) §Út rĂ”ng l”m rĂy. Smuggling (n) Bu«n lĂu. Cross-border ~ : Bu«n lĂu qua biÂȘn giĂi. Social (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ x· hĂ©i. Social alienation (n) (TĂnh trÂčng) bĂ x· hĂ©i xa lžnh. Social behaviour (n) H”nh vi x· hĂ©i. Social change (n) Thay ŸÊi vĂ x· hĂ©i. Social cohesion (n) SĂč gŸn kĂt x· hĂ©i. Social costs (n) Chi phĂ x· hĂ©i, ¶nh hâĂ«ng tiÂȘu cĂčc vĂ x· hĂ©i (e.g. ~ of reform, structural adjustment, globalization: NhĂ·ng chi phĂ, ¶nh hâĂ«ng tiÂȘu cĂčc vĂ x· hĂ©i cña c¶i cžch, ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu, to”n cĂu hož).
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Social cost-benefit analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch chi phĂ - lĂźi Ăch x· hĂ©i (i.e. a technique which attempts to set out and evaluate the social costs and social benefits of investment projects). Social development (n) Phžt triĂn x· hĂ©i. Social environment (n)) M«i trâĂȘng x· hĂ©i. Social equity (n) C«ng b»ng x· hĂ©i. Social exclusion (n) TĂnh trÂčng bĂ gÂčt ra lĂ x· hĂ©. Social fabric (n) MĂši liÂȘn kĂt x· hĂ©i. Social forestry (n) L©m nghiĂp x· hĂ©i (i.e. the practice of using trees and/or tree planting specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor through delivery of the benefits to the local people). Social indicators (n) Cžc chĂ sĂš x· hĂ©i. Social integration (n) Ho” nhĂp vĂ x· hĂ©i. Social mobilization (n) VĂn Ÿéng x· hĂ©i. Social norms (n) Cžc chuĂn mĂčc x· hĂ©i. Social opportunity cost (n) ChĂ phĂ cÂŹ hĂ©i (vĂ mĂt) x· hĂ©i (i.e. the losses and gains in economic welfare which are incurred by society as a whole if a particular project is undertaken). Social protection (n) B¶o trĂź x· hĂ©i. Social relief fund (n) QuĂŒ cĂžu trĂź x· hĂ©i. Social safety net (n) MÂčng lâĂi an sinh x· hĂ©i. Social security (n) B¶o hiĂm x· hĂ©i. ~ systems: Cžc hĂ thĂšng b¶o hiĂm x· hĂ©i. Social survey (n) §iĂu tra x· hĂ©i hĂ€c. Social value (n) Giž trĂ x· hĂ©i. Social welfare programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh phĂłc lĂźi x· hĂ©i. Socialization (n) X· hĂ©i hož (In the Vietnamese context, socialization means the sharing of social costs in undertaking development activities between the State, Non-State sectors and population, e.g. the ~ of cultural and sport activities). Soft loan (n) Kho¶n vĂšn vay âu Ÿ·i, xem thÂȘm Concessionary. Solid waste (n) ChĂt th¶i rŸn. ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ chĂt th¶i rŸn. Son preference (n) (T©m lĂœ) thĂch con trai, chuĂ©ng con trai. Species diversity (n) §a dÂčng lo”i. Species management area (n) Khu b¶o tĂ„n cžc lo”i Ÿéng vĂt. Stakeholder (n) §Úi tâĂźng, ngâĂȘi hoĂc bÂȘn cĂŁ liÂȘn quan (i.e. people, groups, entities that have a role and interest in a project, activity). Hence, ~ group: NhĂŁm ŸÚi tâĂźng. Stakeholder analysis (n) Ph©n tĂch cžc nhĂŁm ŸÚi tâĂźng. Stakeholder participation (n) SĂč tham gia cña cžc nhĂŁm ŸÚi tâĂźng. ~ framework: Khu«n khĂŠ hay cÂŹ chĂ cho phĂp cžc nhĂŁm ŸÚi tâĂźng cĂŻng tham gia. Stand-alone (adj) §éc lĂp, Ÿn lĂ (e.g. A ~ project: DĂč žn Ÿn lĂ; A ~ computer: Mžy vi tĂnh Ÿéc lĂp, tĂžc kh«ng nĂši mÂčng).
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State of the art (n) T©n tiĂn nhĂt, mĂi nhĂt. A ~ technology: C«ng nghĂ t©n tiĂn nhĂt. State of the Environment Report (n) Bžo cžo vĂ hiĂn trÂčng m«i trâĂȘng. State ruled by law (n) Nh” nâĂc phžp quyĂn. State-owned enterprise (n) Doanh nghiĂp Nh” nâĂc, viĂt tŸt l” SOE. ~ reform: C¶i cžch doanh nghiĂp Nh” nâĂc; ~ restructuring: XŸp xĂp lÂči doanh nghiĂp Nh” nâĂc. Stock of total capital (n) TĂŠng nguĂ„n vĂšn. ~ has three types of assets, namely man-made capital, human capital and natural capital. Strategic (adj) Mang tĂnh chiĂn lâĂźc; ~ evaluation: CuĂ©c Ÿžnh giž mang tĂnh chiĂn lâĂźc; ~ framework: Khu«n khĂŠ chiĂn lâĂźc. Strategic gender needs (n) Nhu cĂu chiĂn lâĂźc vĂ giĂi (i.e. needs which women identify because of their subordinate position in society; these are strategic in nature and may include legal rights, division of labour, equal wages, domestic violence...). Strategic planning (n) LĂp quy hoÂčch chiĂn lâĂźc (i.e. the process of examining an organization's current situation, setting goals and developing the "means" to achieve those goals as well as measuring the results). Streamline (v) Tinh gi¶n (e.g. To ~ public administration: Tinh gi¶n nĂn h”nh chĂnh c«ng). Hence, Streamlining (n) SĂč tinh gi¶n (e.g. The ~ of public administration).
Street children (n) TrĂ em lang thang cÂŹ nhĂŹ, trĂ em ÂźâĂȘng phĂš. Strict nature reserve (n) Khu b¶o tĂ„n thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn nghiÂȘm ngĂt. Structural (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ cÂŹ cĂu. Structural adjustment (n) §iĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu (i.e. Government action which is directed towards altering the structure of the economy). ~ credit: TĂn dĂŽng ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu; ~ programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu. Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF): ThĂ thĂžc hç trĂź ÂźiĂu chĂnh cÂŹ cĂu, do IMF lĂp ra nšm 1986 Ÿà hç trĂź cžn c©n thanh tožn cña cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn cĂŁ thu nhĂp thĂp. Structural change (n) Thay ŸÊi cÂŹ cĂu. Structural shifting (n) ChuyĂn dĂch cÂŹ cĂu. Structural unemployment (n) ThĂt nghiĂp cÂŹ cĂu. Study tour (n) ChuyĂn Âźi kh¶o sžt (e.g. an overseas ~ : ChuyĂn Âźi kh¶o sžt nâĂc ngo”i). Stunted (adj) BĂ cĂi (e.g. A ~ child: §Þa trĂ bĂ cĂi). Stunting (n) TĂnh trÂčng cĂi Ă« trĂ em (i.e. height for age falls below international standard norms, usually indicating nutritional deficiencies in an earlier period of a childâs growth). Sub-contract (n) HĂźp ŸÄng phĂŽ (e.g. To ~ something to somebody: KĂœ hĂźp ŸÄng phĂŽ vĂi mĂ©t ngâĂȘi n”o Ÿã Ÿà l”m mĂ©t viĂc gĂ). Subsistence (n) SĂč tĂ„n tÂči (i.e. that which is directly needed for consumption or to exist). ~ economy: NĂn kinh tĂ tĂč tĂłc tĂč cĂp; ~ farming: Chà Ÿé canh tžc tĂč tĂłc tĂč cĂp. Xem thÂȘm Farming. Substance (n) NĂ©i dung, chĂt. Substantive (adj) ThuĂ©c nĂ©i dung, vĂ chĂt (e.g. a ~ role, input: Vai trĂ, Ÿãng gĂŁp vĂ nĂ©i dung; a ~ change: SĂč thay ŸÊi vĂ chĂt). Success indicator (n) TiÂȘu chà Ÿžnh giž th”nh c«ng.
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Success story (n) B”i hĂ€c th”nh c«ng (e.g. The UNDP/UNCDF-funded project on âpromoting small rural infrastructure development in Quang Nam provinceâ was a ~ ). Supply (n) Cung, lâĂźng cung (e.g. The ~ of skilled labour is below demand: LâĂźng cung lao Ÿéng l”nh nghĂ kh«ng Ÿžp Ăžng Ÿñ nhu cĂu); Aggregate ~ : TĂŠng cung; Excess ~ : Dâ cung. Supply management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ lâĂźng cung. Supply pull inflation(n) LÂčm phžt do cung vâĂźt quž cĂu. Supply- side economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c trĂ€ng cung, khžc vĂi Demand-side economics.Supply-demand relationship (n) Quan hĂ cung â cĂu. Supply-driven: TrĂ€ng cung, do cung chi phĂši (e.g. ~ development aid: ViĂn trĂź phžt triĂn do bÂȘn cung chi phĂši). Surplus (n) ThĂng dâ, dâ thĂ”a. Budget ~ : ThĂng dâ ng©n sžch; Labour ~ : Lao Ÿéng dâ thĂ”a; Trade ~: ThĂng dâ thâÂŹng mÂči. Survey (n) §iĂu tra. Social ~ : §iĂu tra x· hĂ©i hĂ€c. Sustainability (n) TĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng (e.g. The ~ of economic growth: TĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng cña tšng trâĂ«ng kinh tĂ). Strategies for ~ : Cžc chiĂn lâĂźc phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. the general term to describe various environment-related plans, such as conservation strategy, environmental action plan, environmental management plan, sustainable development strategy). Sustainable (adj) Mang tĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng. ~ farming and livelihoods: phâÂŹng phžp canh tžc v” kiĂm sĂšng bĂn vĂ·ng; ~ use: Sö dĂŽng bĂn vĂ·ng; ~ yield: Nšng suĂt bĂn vĂ·ng; Environmentally, economically and financially ~ : BĂn vĂ·ng vĂ m«i trâĂȘng, kinh tĂ v” t”i chĂnh. Sustainable agriculture (n) N«ng nghiĂp bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. agricultural practices that ensure long-term productivity with few harmful effects). Sustainable development (n) Phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs). Commission on ~ : HĂ©i ŸÄng vĂ Phžt triĂn BĂn vĂ·ng, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp tÂči HĂ©i nghĂ cña LHQ vĂ M«i trâĂȘng v” Phžt triĂn nšm 1992 tÂči Rio de Janeiro. Sustainable human development (n) Phžt triĂn con ngâĂȘi bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach to development, which places people at the center of the development process and advocates the protection of life opportunities for present and future generations while respecting the natural systems upon which all life depends). Sustainable industry (n) C«ng nghiĂp bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. industrial development that encourages a competitive economy, creates productive employment and protects the environment). Sustainable tourism (n) Du lĂch bĂn vĂ·ng (i.e. tourism that is developed in such a way that it remains viable over a long period and does not degrade its surrounding environment to a degree that it prohibits the successful development of other activities) Swap (n) Hožn ŸÊi. ~ arrangements: Cžc tho¶ thuĂn hožn ŸÊi, tržo nĂź. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA): CÂŹ quan HĂźp tžc Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ ThuĂŸ §iĂn. Swidden farming (n) Du canh. Xem thÂȘm Shifting farming.
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Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC): CÂŹ quan HĂźp tžc v” Phžt triĂn ThuĂŸ SĂ. Synergy (n) Tžc Ÿéng tĂŠng hĂźp, sĂžc mÂčnh tĂŠng hĂźp (i.e. the interaction of two or more efforts in order to ensure greater overall effect). System (n) HĂ thĂšng. Systems analysis: Ph©n tĂch hĂ thĂšng; Systems design: ThiĂt kĂ hĂ thĂšng (i.e. development of an integrated method for conducting a required article or performing a desired operation). Systematic (adj) Mang tĂnh hĂ thĂšng (e.g. A ~ approach: MĂ©t cžch tiĂp cĂn mang tĂnh hĂ thĂšng).
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T Take-off (n) SĂč cĂt cžnh. Economic ~ : SĂč cĂt cžnh vĂ kinh tĂ, khĂ«i sŸc vĂ kinh tĂ. Tangible (n) HĂ·u hĂnh, vĂt thĂ; cĂŽ thĂ. ~ asset, heritage, value: T”i s¶n, di s¶n, giž trĂ hĂ·u hĂnh hoĂc vĂt thĂ; ~ result: KĂt qu¶ cĂŽ thĂ. Target (n) ChĂ tiÂȘu, mĂŽc tiÂȘu. ~ l” ÂźiĂu dĂč kiĂn ÂźÂčt ÂźâĂźc sau khi dĂč žn kĂt thĂłc. To target (v) Xžc ÂźĂnh ŸÚi tâĂźng, ÂźĂnh hâĂng (e.g. To ~ the poor: Xžc ÂźĂnh ŸÚi tâĂźng ngâĂȘi nghĂo, ÂźĂnh hâĂng phĂŽc vĂŽ ngâĂȘi nghĂo). Target beneficiary (n) §Úi tâĂźng thĂŽ hâĂ«ng, ngâĂȘi thĂŽ hâĂ«ng. Target group (n) NhĂŁm ŸÚi tâĂźng (i.e. a group of people that a programme or project intends to benefit). Targeting (n) SĂč xžc ÂźĂnh ŸÚi tâĂźng, ÂźĂnh hâĂng (e.g. good ~ : Xžc ÂźĂnh Ÿóng ŸÚi tâĂźng, ÂźĂnh hâĂng Ÿóng; geographic and ethnic ~ of poverty alleviation programmes: HâĂng mĂŽc tiÂȘu cžc châÂŹng trĂnh xož Ÿãi gi¶m nghĂo v”o vĂŻng l·nh thĂŠ v” d©n tĂ©c thiĂu sĂš). Tariff (n) ThuĂ quan. ~ barrrier: H”ng r”o thuĂ quan; ~ cuts: CŸt gi¶m thuĂ quan; ~ schedule: BiĂu thuĂ quan. Tax (n) ThuĂ. Hence, To tax (v) §žnh thuĂ and Taxation (n) ViĂc Ÿžnh thuĂ. Tax base (n) DiĂn thuĂ. Tax bracket (n) Khung thuĂ suĂt. Tax evasion (n) TrĂšn thuĂ. Tax exemption (n) MiĂn thuĂ. Tax holiday (n) ThĂȘi gian miĂn hoĂc gi¶m thuĂ. Tax incentive (n) KhuyĂn khĂch qua thuĂ. Tax rate (n) ThuĂ suĂt. Tax refund (n) Kho¶n thuĂ ÂźâĂźc ho”n lÂči. Tax relief (n) Gi¶m thuĂ. Tax revenue (n) NguĂ„n thu tĂ” thuĂ. Tax write-off (n) Xož thuĂ. Team building (n) X©y dĂčng tinh thĂn ŸÄng Ÿéi, tinh thĂn tĂp thĂ (e.g. A ~ activity, effort, workshop). Technical assistance (n) TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt. Free-standing ~ : TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt Ÿéc lĂp; Investment-related ~ : TrĂź giĂłp kĂŒ thuĂt hç trĂź ÂźĂu tâ. Technical cooperation (n) HĂźp tžc kĂŒ thuĂt. Technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC): HĂźp tžc kĂŒ thuĂt giĂ·a cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn, l” phâÂŹng thĂžc hĂźp tžc ÂźâĂźc UNDP chñ trâÂŹng v” khuyĂn khĂch. Technological change (n) Thay ŸÊi c«ng nghĂ.
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Technology (n) C«ng nghĂ. Appropriate ~ : C«ng nghĂ thĂch hĂźp; Choice of ~ : SĂč lĂča chĂ€n c«ng nghĂ; Process ~ : C«ng nghĂ quy trĂnh s¶n xuĂt; Product ~ : C«ng nghĂ l”m s¶n phĂm; State-of-the art ~ : C«ng nghĂ t©n tiĂn nhĂt. Technology Achievement Index (n) ChĂ sĂš vĂ th”nh tĂču c«ng nghĂ (i.e. a composite index to measure how well a country is creating and diffusing technology as well as building human skills). Technology transfer (n) ChuyĂn giao c«ng nghĂ. Tele-medicine (n) ChĂ·a bĂnh tĂ” xa. Terms of reference (n) §iĂu kho¶n tham chiĂu, ÂźiĂu kho¶n giao viĂc, Ÿà câÂŹng c«ng tžc (e.g. The ~ for a consultant: §iĂu kho¶n giao viĂc cho chuyÂȘn gia tâ vĂn). Terms of trade (n) GĂa kĂo cžnh, ÂźiĂu kiĂn thâÂŹng mÂči. Domestic ~ : Giž kĂo cžnh trong nâĂc. Test out (v) Thö nghiĂm (e.g. To ~ a new development model: Thö nghiĂm mĂ©t m« hĂnh phžt triĂn mĂi). Thematic (adj) Theo chuyÂȘn Ÿà (e.g. ~ working groups: Cžc nhĂŁm c«ng tžc chuyÂȘn ÂźĂ). Hence, Theme (n) ChuyÂȘn ÂźĂ. Think - tank (n) CÂŹ quan tham mâu, tĂŠ chĂžc tâ vĂn (e.g. The Central Institute of Economic Management is an important ~ of the Party and Government in Viet Nam).
Tied aid: ViĂn trĂź cĂŁ ÂźiĂu kiĂn (i.e. official aid for which the procurement of associated goods or services is limited to the donor country or to a group of countries which does not include substantially all developing countries). Time-bound (adj) CĂŁ thĂȘi hÂčn (e.g. All development projects are ~ ). Time-frame (n) Khung thĂȘi gian (Also Time scale).
Top-down (adj) TĂ” trÂȘn xuĂšng, khžc vĂi Bottom-up (e.g. A ~ approach: Cžch tiĂp cĂn žp ÂźĂt tĂ” trÂȘn xuĂšng). Tourism (n) Du lĂch. Cultural ~ : Du lĂch všn hož; Eco-tourism: Du lĂch sinh thži, cĂn gĂ€i l” Green tourism Du lĂch xanh; Heritage-based ~ : Du lĂch di s¶n; Nature-based ~ : Du lĂch thiÂȘn nhiÂȘn; Sustainable ~ : Du lĂch bĂn vĂ·ng. Trade (n) ThâÂŹng mÂči. ~ agreement: HiĂp ÂźĂnh thâÂŹng mÂči; ~ barriers: H”ng r”o thâÂŹng mÂči; ~ in goods and services: Bu«n bžn h”ng hož v” dĂch vĂŽ. Trade expansion (n) MĂ« rĂ©ng thâÂŹng mÂči. Trade facilitation (n) ThuĂn lĂźi hož thâÂŹng mÂči. Trade liberalization (n) TĂč do hož thâÂŹng mÂči (i.e. reduction and/or removal of taxes, tariffs or other barriers on a country's exports and imports). Trade promotion (n) XĂłc tiĂn thâÂŹng mÂči. Trade related (adj) LiÂȘn quan ÂźĂn thâÂŹng mÂči. ~ agreement: HiĂp ÂźĂnh liÂȘn quan ÂźĂn thâÂŹng mÂči; ~ intellectual property rights (TRIPS): QuyĂn sĂ« hĂ·u trĂ tuĂ liÂȘn quan ÂźĂn thâÂŹng mÂči. Trade-off (n) SĂč Ÿžnh ŸÊi, sĂč c©n ŸÚi, sĂč tho¶ hiĂp (i.e. opportunity cost of selecting one alternative rather than another; e.g. the ~ between economic growth and economic equity: SĂč Ÿžnh ŸÊi giĂ·a tšng trâĂ«ng kinh tĂ v” bĂnh ÂźÂŒng kinh tĂ).
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Trading system (n) HĂ thĂšng thâÂŹng mÂči. Global ~ : HĂ thĂšng thâÂŹng mÂči to”n cĂu; Multilateral ~ : HĂ thĂšng thâÂŹng mÂči Âźa phâÂŹng; Rule-based ~ : HĂ thĂšng thâÂŹng mÂči dĂča v”o luĂt lĂ. Traditional (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ truyĂn thĂšng. ~ intensive agriculture: N«ng nghiĂp th©m canh truyĂn thĂšng; ~ medicine: Y hĂ€c truyĂn thĂšng, y hĂ€c cĂŠ truyĂn; ~ subsistence agriculture: N«ng nghiĂp tĂč tĂłc tĂč cĂp truyĂn thĂšng; ~ values: Cžc giž trĂ truyĂn thĂšng. Trafficking (b) Bu«n lĂu. Drug ~ : Bu«n bžn ma tuĂœ; Wildlife ~ : Bu«n bžn Ÿéng vĂt hoang d·; Human ~ : Bu«n bžn ngâĂȘi; ~ in women and children: Bu«n bžn phĂŽ nĂ· v” trĂ em. Trained workers (n) Lao Ÿéng Ÿ· qua Ÿ”o tÂčo tay nghĂ. Transaction costs (n) Chi phĂ giao dĂch (i.e. the full costs of making an exchange; e.g. The ~ in aid delivery in Viet Nam: Chi phĂ giao dĂch trong viĂc thĂčc hiĂn viĂn trĂź tÂči ViĂt Nam). Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN): ChuyĂn giao tri thĂžc th«ng qua kiĂu d©n, l” phâÂŹng thĂžc chuyĂn giao tri thĂžc ÂźâĂźc UNDP chñ trâÂŹng v” khuyĂn khĂch. Transfer of kowledge (n) ChuyĂn giao tri thĂžc. Transition (n) SĂč chuyĂn ŸÊi (e.g. The ~ from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy). In transition: Trong giai ÂźoÂčn chuyĂn ŸÊi (e.g. an economy ~ : NĂn kinh tĂ trong giai ÂźoÂčn chuyĂn ŸÊi). Transitional (adj) ThuĂ©c vĂ giai ÂźoÂčn chuyĂn ŸÊi, quž Ÿé. During the ~ period: Trong giai ÂźoÂčn chuyĂn ŸÊi, trong giai ÂźoÂčn quž Ÿé. Translate (v) ChuyĂn hož (e.g. To ~ a political commitment into real action: BiĂn cam kĂt chĂnh trĂ th”nh h”nh Ÿéng thĂčc tĂ). Transparency (n) SĂč rĂą r”ng, minh bÂčch (i.e. sharing information and acting in an open manner; e.g. ~ in procurement, recruitment practices). Hence, transparent (adj) RĂą r”ng, minh bÂčch. Triangulation (n) PhâÂŹng phžp kiĂm tra chĂo (i.e. a technique of verifying information by obtaining data from one source and cross-checking it with another or by oneself). Trickle down (v) Ch¶y nhĂĄ giĂ€t. Trickle-down effect (n) HiĂu Ăžng nhĂĄ giĂ€t. Tripartism (n) MĂši quan hĂ ba bÂȘn (e.g. The ~ between the employer, employee and the State: MĂši quan hĂ ba bÂȘn giĂ·a ngâĂȘi sö dĂŽng lao Ÿéng, ngâĂȘi lao Ÿéng v” Nh” nâĂc). Tripartite (adj) Ba bÂȘn (e.g. A ~ review meeting: CuĂ©c hĂ€p kiĂm ÂźiĂm ba bÂȘn, tĂžc l” giĂ·a CÂŹ quan ÂźiĂu h”nh dĂč žn, ChĂnh phñ tiĂp nhĂn dĂč žn v” CÂŹ quan t”i trĂź dĂč žn). The ~ nature in labour relations: B¶n chĂt ba bÂȘn trong quan hĂ lao Ÿéng. Trust fund (n) QuĂŒ ñy thžc (financial contributions which are made by a donor to a UN Agency to support development activities identified by the donor itself in line with the policies and objectives of the UN Agency and which are often channeled through a specific project). Xem thÂȘm Co-financing. Twenty/twenty Initiative (n) Sžng kiĂn 20/20 (i.e. an initiative adopted by the 1995 Social Development Summit, whereby governments of donor countries and recipient countries agreed to devote at least 20% of their ODA resources and government budgets respectively to basic social services).
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Two-envelope system (n) Chà Ÿé nĂ©p thĂu hai phong bĂ (i.e. the tendering system whereby a bidder submits its technical proposal and financial proposal in two separate sealed envelopes). Two-tier (adj) Hai cĂp. ~ banking system: HĂ thĂšng ng©n h”ng hai cĂp; ~ market: ThĂ trâĂȘng hai cĂp; ~ pricing policy: ChĂnh sžch giž hai cĂp. Typhoon-prone (adj) Hay bĂ b·o (e.g. Viet Nam is a highly ~ country).
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U Umbrella agreement (n) Tho¶ thuĂn khung, hiĂp ÂźĂnh khung (i.e. a general agreement between a donor and a recipient government, covering broad conditions relating to the provision of ODA, including the administration and responsibilities of both parties). Umbrella project (n) DĂč žn dĂŻ, dĂč žn khung (i.e. a project that encompasses activities of limited scope and duration that cannot be incorporated into existing projects and for which the formulation of a stand-alone project is unwarranted). Unaffordability (n) Kh«ng cĂŁ kh¶ nšng chi tr¶, kh«ng cĂŁ kh¶ nšng thanh tožn. Unaffordable (adj) Kh«ng thĂ chi tr¶, kh«ng thĂ thanh tožn (e.g. The high costs of basic social services are ~ to the poor). Underdeveloped (adj) ChĂm phžt triĂn, kĂm phžt triĂn (e.g. An ~ country). Underdevelopment (n) (SĂč) tĂnh trÂčng chĂm phžt triĂn, kĂm phžt triĂn (e.g. The ~ of most African countries). Underemployment (n) (TĂnh trÂčng) thiĂu viĂc l”m. Undernourished (adj) ThiĂu dinh dâĂŹng (e.g. ~ children of the rural poor). Undernourishment (n) (SĂč) tĂnh trÂčng thiĂu dinh dâĂŹng. Undernutrition (n) (TĂnh trÂčng) thiĂu dinh dâĂŹng. Underweight (n or adj) ThiĂu c©n. ~ children: TrĂ em thiĂu c©n. Unemployed (adj) ThĂt nghiĂp (e.g. ~ people). The unemployed: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi thĂt nghiĂp, cĂn ÂźâĂźc gĂ€i l” The jobless. Unemployment (n) TĂnh trÂčng thĂt nghiĂp. Disguised ~ : TĂnh trÂčng thĂt nghiĂp ÂźâĂźc che ÂźĂy; Frictional ~ : TĂnh trÂčng thĂt nghiĂp dai dÂŒng; Hidden ~ : ThĂt nghiĂp Ăn; Seasonal ~ : ThĂt nghiĂp theo mĂŻa vĂŽ; Structural ~ : ThĂt nghiĂp cÂŹ cĂu; ~ benefits: TrĂź cĂp thĂt nghiĂp. United Nations Childrenâs Fund (UNICEF): QuĂŒ Nhi ŸÄng LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1946. UNICEF hoÂčt Ÿéng Ă« cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn Ÿà hç trĂź cho trĂ em gĂp ph¶i tĂnh trÂčng nghĂo Ÿãi, bĂnh tĂt, thiĂu dinh dâĂŹng v” thiĂu hĂ€c h”nh. United Nations development agencies: Cžc cÂŹ quan phžt triĂn cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc, bao gĂ„m bĂšn tĂŠ chĂžc l” ChâÂŹng trĂnh phžt triĂn LHQ, QuĂŒ nhi ŸÄng LHQ, QuĂŒ d©n sĂš LHQ v” ChâÂŹng trĂnh lâÂŹng thĂčc thĂ giĂi. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): ChâÂŹng trĂnh Phžt triĂn LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. UNDP ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1966, do sžt nhĂp ChâÂŹng trĂnh mĂ« rĂ©ng vĂ viĂn trĂź kĂŒ thuĂt (1949) v” QuĂŒ ÂźĂc biĂt cña LHQ (1958). L” cÂŹ quan t”i trĂź hĂźp tžc kĂŒ thuĂt lĂn nhĂt trong HĂ thĂšng LHQ, t«n chĂ cña UNDP l” hç trĂź cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn trong viĂc tšng câĂȘng nšng lĂčc v” phžt triĂn thĂ chĂ, nh»m phžt triĂn con ngâĂȘi bĂn vĂ·ng v” xož Ÿãi nghĂo. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): TĂŠ chĂžc Všn hož, Khoa hĂ€c v” Gižo dĂŽc LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1946, t«n chĂ cña UNESCO l” xĂłc tiĂn hĂźp tžc quĂšc tĂ vĂ gižo dĂŽc, khoa hĂ€c v” všn hož.
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United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA): QuĂŒ (HoÂčt Ÿéng) D©n sĂš LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1969, UNFPA giĂłp cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn tšng câĂȘng nšng lĂčc nh»m Ÿžp Ăžng cžc nhu cĂu vĂ d©n sĂš v” phžt triĂn, n©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc vĂ cžc vĂn Ÿà d©n sĂš v” phžt triĂn, v” khuyĂn khĂch cžc châÂŹng trĂnh vĂ d©n sĂš. United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): Cao uĂ» LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc vĂ NgâĂȘi tĂ nÂčn. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1950, tĂŠn chĂ cña UNHCR l” xĂłc tiĂn v” b¶o vĂ cžc quyĂn cña ngâĂȘi tĂ nÂčn. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): TĂŠ chĂžc Phžt triĂn C«ng nghiĂp LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1967, UNIDO l” cÂŹ quan ÂźiĂu phĂši cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng phžt triĂn c«ng nghiĂp cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc v” khuyĂn khĂch sĂč nghiĂp phžt triĂn v” hĂźp tžc c«ng nghiĂp trÂȘn thĂ giĂi. United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP): ChâÂŹng trĂnh KiĂm sožt Ma tuĂœ QuĂšc tĂ cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1991, t«n chĂ cña UNDCP l” ÂźiĂu phĂši v” hâĂng dĂn tĂt c¶ cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng quĂšc tĂ vĂ phĂng chĂšng v” kiĂm sožt ma tuĂœ. United Nations specialized agencies: Cžc cÂŹ quan chuyÂȘn m«n cña LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc, bao gĂ„m TĂŠ chĂžc N«ng nghiĂp v” LâÂŹng thĂčc LHQ, TĂŠ chĂžc Phžt triĂn C«ng nghiĂp LHQ, TĂŠ chĂžc Všn hož, Khoa hĂ€c v” Gižo dĂŽc LHQ, TĂŠ chĂžc Y tĂ ThĂ giĂi, CÂŹ quan Nšng lâĂźng HÂčt nh©n QuĂšc tĂ v” mĂ©t sĂš tĂŠ chĂžc khžc. United Nations Volunteers (UNV) NgâĂȘi tĂnh nguyĂn LiÂȘn hĂźp quĂšc. UNV Programme: ChâÂŹng trĂnh NgâĂȘi tĂnh nguyĂn LHQ. United States Agency for International Development (USAID): CÂŹ quan Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ Hoa KĂș. Unity (n) TĂnh thĂšng nhĂt. Unity in diversity: ThĂšng nhĂt trong Âźa dÂčng (e.g. To maintain the ~ of ASEAN countries: Duy trĂ sĂč thĂšng nhĂt trong Âźa dÂčng cña cžc nâĂc ASEAN). Universal access (n) Kh¶ nšng tiĂp cĂn cho mĂ€i ngâĂȘi (E.g. ~ to basic social services: MĂ€i ngâĂȘi ÂźâĂźc sö dĂŽng cžc dĂch vĂŽ x· hĂ©i cÂŹ b¶n; ~ to clean water: MĂ€i ngâĂȘi ÂźâĂźc sö dĂŽng nâĂc sÂčch). Universal Child Immunization Programme (n) ChâÂŹng trĂnh tiÂȘm chñng phĂŠ cĂp cho trĂ em. Universal primary education (n) PhĂŠ cĂp gižo dĂŽc cĂp mĂ©t hoĂc tiĂu hĂ€c. Universalization (n) (SĂč) phĂŠ cĂp hož (e.g. ~ of primary education: PhĂŠ cĂp gižo dĂŽc cĂp mĂ©t hoĂc tiĂu hĂ€c). Universalize (n) PhĂŠ cĂp hož (e.g. To ~ primary education, child immunization).
Unpaid labour (n) Lao Ÿéng kh«ng ÂźâĂźc tr¶ c«ng (i.e. work that produces goods or services but is unremunerated, including domestic labour, subsistence production and the unpaid production of items for markets. This should however not be confused with the âunpaid family labour"). Unskilled labour (n) Lao Ÿéng kh«ng l”nh nghĂ, lao Ÿéng châa qua Ÿ”o tÂčo. Unsustainability (n) Kh«ng cĂŁ tĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng (e.g. the ~ of slash-and-burn farming practices). Unsustainable (adj) Kh«ng mang tĂnh bĂn vĂ·ng (e.g. ~ coal mining practices). Untapped resources (n) Cžc nguĂ„n lĂčc châa ÂźâĂźc khai thžc.
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Untie (v) XĂŁa bĂĄ ÂźiĂu kiĂn (i.e. To ~ aid Xož bĂĄ ÂźiĂu kiĂn viĂn trĂź).
Untied aid (n) ViĂn trĂź v« ÂźiĂu kiĂn (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and services may be fully and freely procured in substantially all countries). Untying (n) SĂč xož bĂĄ ÂźiĂu kiĂn (e.g. the ~ of aid to least developed countries).
Update (v) CĂp nhĂt (e.g. To ~ a workplan: CĂp nhĂt kĂ hoÂčch c«ng tžc).
Upstream (adj) Ă« cĂp vĂ m«, ÂźĂu nguĂ„n, khžc vĂi Downstream (e.g. ~ aid activities: Cžc hoÂčt Ÿéng viĂn trĂź Ă« cĂp vĂ m«; ~ interventions: NhĂ·ng biĂn phžp can thiĂp ÂźĂu nguĂ„n). Urban (adj) ThuĂ©c và Ÿ« thĂ. ~ ecosystem: HĂ sinh thži Ÿ« thĂ; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng Ÿ« thĂ; ~ pollution: € nhiĂm Ÿ« thĂ; ~ - rural migration: Di d©n tĂ” th”nh thĂ vĂ n«ng th«n. Urban management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ Ÿ« thĂ. Urban planning (n) Quy hoÂčch Ÿ« thĂ. Urbanization (n) §« thĂ hož. Pressures of ~ : SĂžc Ăp cña quž trĂnh Ÿ« thĂ hož. User charge, fee (n) PhĂ sö dĂŽng (i.e. direct payment by the consumer of goods and services provided by the public sector to the private sector). User pays principle (n) NguyÂȘn tŸc ngâĂȘi sö dĂŽng ph¶i tr¶ phĂ. This principle applies the Polluter Pays Principle more broadly so that the cost of a resource to a user includes all the environmental costs associated with its extraction, transformation and use, including the costs of alternative or future uses foregone. User-friendly (adj) TiĂn lĂźi cho ngâĂȘi sö dĂŽng (e.g. A ~ piece of equipment: MĂ©t thiĂt bĂ tiĂn lĂźi cho ngâĂȘi sö dĂŽng. Hence, user-friendliness.
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V Vaccination (n) TiÂȘm phĂng (e.g. ~ against diphtheria, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis and tuberculosis: TiÂȘm phĂng cžc bĂnh bÂčch hĂu, uĂšn vžn, sĂ«i, bÂči liĂt v” ho lao). Valuation (n) §Ănh giž. Asset ~ : §Ănh giž t”i s¶n. Value (n) Giž trĂ. Cultural ~ s: Cžc giž trĂ všn hož; Traditional ~ s: Cžc giž trĂ truyĂn thĂšng; ~ for money: TiĂn n”o, cña nĂy. Value added (n) Giž trĂ gia tšng (i.e. the difference between the total revenue and the cost of bought-in raw materials, services and components; it measures the value that a firm has "added" to these items in the process of production). Value Added Tax: ThuĂ giž trĂ gia tšng; Verifiable (adj) CĂŁ thĂ kiĂm chĂžng (e.g. A ~ impact: Tžc Ÿéng cĂŁ thĂ kiĂm chĂžng ÂźâĂźc).
Verifier (or means of verification) (n) C«ng cĂŽ, cžch thĂžc Ÿà kiĂm chĂžng (i.e. data or information to verify progress using certain indicators in logical framework analysis). Viable (adj) CĂŁ thà ŸÞng vĂ·ng, cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶ (e.g. The project will be financially ~ ). Hence, Viability (n) Kh¶ nšng ŸÞng vĂ·ng ÂźâĂźc, kh¶ nšng cĂŁ hiĂu qu¶. Violence (n) BÂčo lĂčc. ~ against women: Sö dĂŽng bÂčo lĂčc ŸÚi vĂi phĂŽ nĂ·; Domestic ~ against women: Sö dĂŽng bÂčo lĂčc ŸÚi vĂi phĂŽ nĂ· trong gia ÂźĂnh.
Virtual (adj) ¶o, ¶o ¶nh. A global ~ team: NhĂŁm l”m viĂc ¶o to”n cĂu (i.e. a temporary, culturally diverse, geographically dispersed and electronically group which works together and interacts with each other through the internet) Vision (n) TĂm nhĂn, i.e. the desirable future of an organization. (e.g. The 2020 Vision of ASEAN: TĂm nhĂn nšm 2020 cña ASEAN). A long-term ~ : TĂm nhĂn d”i hÂčn; A short-term ~ : TĂm nhĂn ngŸn hÂčn. Voluntary (adj) TĂč nguyĂn. ~ compliance: Tu©n thñ tĂč nguyĂn (e.g. ~ with environmental protection standards). ~ repatriation: HĂ„i hâÂŹng tĂč nguyĂn (e.g. the ~ of Vietnamese âboat peopleâ from Hong Kong). Voluntary contributions (n) §ãng gĂŁp tĂč nguyĂn; ~ l” Ÿãng gĂŁp cña cžc nâĂc t”i trĂź v”o nguĂ„n ng©n sžch thâĂȘng xuyÂȘn cña cžc tĂŠ chĂžc thuĂ©c LHQ. Xem thÂȘm Core resources.
Vulnerable (adj) DĂ bĂ x©m hÂči, dĂ bĂ tĂŠn thâÂŹng, dĂ bĂ tžc Ÿéng bĂ«i ngoÂči c¶nh. ~ groups: Cžc nhĂŁm d©n câ dĂ bĂ x©m hÂči, vĂ dĂŽ trĂ em, phĂŽ nĂ·, ngâĂȘi gi”, ngâĂȘi t”n tĂt. Hence, Vulnerability (n) TĂnh trÂčng dĂ bĂ x©m hÂči, dĂ bĂ tĂŠn thâÂŹng, dĂ bĂ tžc Ÿéng bĂ«i ngoÂči c¶nh (i.e. the condition of being exposed to great risks, economically, physically or socially. In poverty context, ~ is not only being exposed to high risksbut also implies not having sufficient means to cope with such risks).
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W Waive (v) Linh Ÿéng, bĂĄ qua, miĂn ÂźĂu thĂu (e.g. To ~ a procurement contract: MiĂn ÂźĂu thĂu ŸÚi vĂi mĂ©t hĂźp ŸÄng mua sŸm). Waiver (n) SĂč linh Ÿéng, sĂč bĂĄ qua, sĂč miĂn ÂźĂu thĂu (e.g. A ~ has been recommended for the contract). Warming (n) L”m nĂŁng lÂȘn. Global ~ : HiĂn tâĂźng nĂŁng lÂȘn cña trži ÂźĂt. Warning (n) C¶nh bžo, c¶nh cžo. Early ~ system: HĂ thĂšng c¶nh bžo sĂm (phĂŽc vĂŽ phĂng chĂšng thiÂȘn tai, qu¶n lĂœ m«i trâĂȘng); ~ signal: TĂn hiĂu c¶nh bžo, tĂn hiĂu c¶nh cžo. Waste (n) Ržc th¶i; l·ng phĂ. Hazardous ~ : ChĂt th¶i Ÿéc hÂči; Radioactive ~ : ChĂt th¶i phĂŁng xÂč; Solid ~ : ChĂt th¶i rŸn; Waste disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v” xö lĂœ ržc th¶i. Waste management and minimization (n) Qu¶n lĂœ v” gi¶m thiĂu ržc th¶i. Waste of public resources (n) L·ng phĂ cña c«ng. Waste recycling (n) Tži sinh chĂt th¶i. Waste water (n) NâĂc th¶i. Water pollution (n) € nhiĂm nâĂc. Water resources (n) NguĂ„n nâĂc, nguĂ„n t”i nguyÂȘn nâĂc. Water-borne diseases (n) Cžc bĂnh truyĂn theo nâĂc. Watershed (n) RĂ”ng ÂźĂu nguĂ„n (i.e. a topographically delineated area that is drained by a stream system). Watershed management (n) Qu¶n lĂœ rĂ”ng ÂźĂu nguĂ„n. Wealth ranking (n) Ph©n loÂči mĂžc gi”u cĂŁ, ph©n loÂči ngâĂȘi gi”u. Weigh (v) C©n nhŸc (e.g. To ~ the overall costs and benefits of a project: C©n nhŸc to”n bĂ© chi phĂ v” lĂźi Ăch cña dĂč žn). Weight (n) TrĂ€ng lâĂźng, trĂ€ng sĂš. Weightless economy (n) NĂn kinh tĂ kh«ng trĂ€ng lâĂźng (i.e. an economy that focuses on the use of knowledge). Welfare (n) PhĂłc lĂźi. Social ~ : PhĂłc lĂźi x· hĂ©i. Welfare economy (n) NĂn kinh tĂ phĂłc lĂźi. Welfare economics (n) Kinh tĂ hĂ€c phĂłc lĂźi (i.e. that branch of economics which is concerned with normative issues such as economic efficiency, resource allocation and social welfare). Welfare payments (n) Cžc kho¶n tiĂn tr¶ phĂłc lĂźi. Welfare State (n) Nh” nâĂc phĂłc lĂźi. Well-being (n) An sinh (e.g. The ~ of the working people).
Well-defined (adj) Xžc ÂźĂnh rĂą r”ng, ÂźĂnh nghĂa rĂą r”ng (e.g. The objectives of the project are ~ ). Well-off (adj) Khž gi¶ (e.g. ~ people, regions of the country: NhĂ·ng ngâĂȘi, nhĂ·ng vĂŻng khž gi¶ trong nâĂc).
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Wetland (n) VĂŻng ÂźĂt ngĂp nâĂc. Coastal ~ : VĂŻng ÂźĂt ngĂp mĂn ven biĂn; ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ cžc vĂŻng ÂźĂt ngĂp nâĂc. Why in my backyard: TÂči sao lÂči quÂŒng v”o vâĂȘn nh” t«i (i.e. the question of why hazardous activities and substances are placed in a particular location). Wilderness area (n) Khu b¶o tĂ„n tĂnh hoang d·. Wildlife (n) §ĂȘi sĂšng hoang d·, Ÿéng vĂt hoang d·. ~ management: Qu¶n lĂœ Ÿéng vĂt hoang d·. Winning strategy (n) ChiĂn lâĂźc dĂn ÂźĂn th”nh c«ng, chiĂn lâĂźc b¶o ٦m th”nh c«ng. Win-win (adj) CĂŁ lĂźi cho tĂt c¶ cžc bÂȘn. A ~ solution: Gi¶i phžp cĂŁ lĂźi cho tĂt c¶ cžc bÂȘn. Woman (n) NgâĂȘi phĂŽ nĂ·. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women: C«ng âĂc vĂ xož bĂĄ mĂ€i hĂnh thĂžc ph©n biĂt ŸÚi xö vĂi phĂŽ nĂ·. Women in child-bearing age (n) PhĂŽ nĂ· trong tuĂŠi sinh ÂźĂ. Women in development (WID): PhĂŽ nĂ· trong phžt triĂn (i.e. an approach developed in the 1970âs, aimed at designing policies and actions to integrate women fully into development activities). Xem thÂȘm Gender and Development. Women-headed household (n) HĂ© do phĂŽ nĂ· l”m chñ hĂ©. Xem thÂȘm Household. Work (n) Lao Ÿéng; ~ environment: M«i trâĂȘng l”m viĂc; ~ place: NÂŹi l”m viĂc. Working age (n) TuĂŠi lao Ÿéng (i.e. 15 - 60 tuĂŠi ŸÚi vĂi nam giĂi; 15 - 55 tuĂŠi ŸÚi vĂi phĂŽ nĂ·). Population in ~ : D©n câ trong Ÿé tuĂŠi lao Ÿéng. Workload (n) KhĂši lâĂźng c«ng viĂc (e.g. He has a heavy ~ ).
Workshop (n) LĂp tĂp huĂn, hĂ©i th¶o. World Bank (WB): Ng©n h”ng ThĂ giĂi. WB l” mĂ©t nhĂŁm gĂ„m 5 tĂŠ chĂžc t”i chĂnh quĂšc tĂ l”: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Ng©n h”ng QuĂšc tĂ vĂ Tži thiĂt v” Phžt triĂn; International Development Association HiĂp hĂ©i Phžt triĂn QuĂšc tĂ; International Finance Corporation C«ng ty T”i chĂnh QuĂšc tĂ; Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency CÂŹ quan B¶o hiĂm §Ău tâ §a phâÂŹng; v” International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Trung t©m QuĂšc tĂ vĂ Gi¶i quyĂt Tranh chĂp §Ău tâ. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1945, t«n chĂ chung cña NhĂŁm Ng©n h”ng ThĂ giĂi l” gĂŁp phĂn n©ng cao mĂžc sĂšng cña cžc nâĂc Âźang phžt triĂn, b»ng cžch chuyĂn mĂ©t phĂn nguĂ„n lĂčc tĂ” cžc nâĂc gi”u sang cžc nâĂc nghĂo. World Environment Day (n) Ng”y m«i trâĂȘng thĂ giĂi (i.e. 5 June each year, the day adopted by the UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, as an annual means of focusing attention on national and world environmental problems). World Food Programme (WFP): ChâÂŹng trĂnh LâÂŹng thĂčc ThĂ giĂi. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1961 nhâ l” dĂč žn chung cña §Âči hĂ©i ŸÄng LHQ v” FAO, t«n chĂ cña WFP l” khuyĂn khĂch phžt triĂn kinh tĂ th«ng qua viĂn trĂź lâÂŹng thĂčc v” cĂžu trĂź khĂn cĂp. WFP hoÂčt Ÿéng nh»m khŸc phĂŽc cžc tĂnh huĂšng khĂn cĂp do thiĂu lâÂŹng thĂčc, ŸÄng thĂȘi hç trĂź cho cžc dĂč žn khai hoang v” thñy lĂźi.
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World Health Organization (WHO): TĂŠ chĂžc Y tĂ ThĂ giĂi, ÂźâĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1948. T«n chĂ cña WHO l” hĂźp tžc vĂi cžc nâĂc nh»m tšng câĂȘng cžc dĂch vĂŽ y tĂ; hç trĂź viĂc kiĂm sožt bĂnh dĂch v” bĂnh l©y lan; hç trĂź viĂc c¶i thiĂn dinh dâĂŹng, vĂ sinh v” sĂžc khoĂ m«i trâĂȘng; hç trĂź nghiÂȘn cĂžu Ăžng dĂŽng, x©y dĂčng cžc tiÂȘu chuĂn v” n©ng cao nhĂn thĂžc vĂ sĂžc khoĂ v” y tĂ World Heritage List (n) Danh mĂŽc Cžc di s¶n ThĂ giĂi (i.e. a list created by the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and administered by UNESCO). World Poverty Day (n) Ng”y thĂ giĂi xož Ÿãi, gi¶m nghĂo (i.e. 17 October each year). World Trade Organization (WTO): TĂŠ chĂžc ThâÂŹng mÂči ThĂ giĂi. §âĂźc th”nh lĂp nšm 1995, WTO kĂ thĂ”a HiĂp ÂźĂnh chung vĂ ThuĂ quan v” MĂu dĂch (GATT) v” l” tĂŠ chĂžc quĂšc tĂ duy nhĂt xö lĂœ cžc quy chĂ to”n cĂu vĂ thâÂŹng mÂči giĂ·a cžc nâĂc. Worse off (adj) TrĂ« nÂȘn nghĂo Ÿãi hÂŹn (e.g. ~ regions, groups in the country).
Wrap-up meeting (n) CuĂ©c hĂ€p tĂŠng kĂt.
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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS, REPORTS AND MANUALS A Study on Aid to the Environment Sector in Viet Nam, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, Nov. 1999. Aid Transaction Costs in Viet Nam, A. Fozzard, A. Brown & F. Naschold, Dec. 2000. Assessing Aid â What Works, What Doesnât And Why, World Bank, Washington, 1998. Catching up, United Nations, Ha Noi, October 1996. Completion of Viet Namâs Legal Framework for Economic Development, UNDP, Ha Noi, March 1999. East Asia : From Miracle to Crisis, UNDP, Ha Noi, June 1998. Expanding Choices for the Rural Poor, UNDP, Ha Noi, December 1998. Gender Briefing Kits, UNDP, Hanoi, December 2000. Governance for Sustainable Human Development, UNDP, New York, January 1997. Human Development Reports, UNDP, New York, 1999, 2000 and 2001 Kinh tĂ tri thĂžc - NhĂ·ng khži niĂm & vĂn Ÿà cÂŹ b¶n, §Ăng MĂ©ng L©n, NXB Thanh NiÂȘn, H” NĂ©i, 2002. Living Standards During an Economic Boom - The Case of Viet Nam (bilingual), UNDP & GSO, Statistical Publishing House, Ha Noi, December 2001. Looking Ahead â A Common Country Assessment, United Nations, Ha Noi, Dec. 1999. Overview of ODA in Viet Nam, UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. Partnership â A Review of 20 Years of Cooperation, United Nations, Ha Noi, Sept. 1997. Proceedings of the First Training Workshop on EIA (bilingual), National Center for Natural Science and Technology, Tien Bo Printing House, Ha Noi, December 1997. Programming Manual, UNDP, New York, October 1999. Programme and Projects Manual, UNDP, New York, Feburary 1991. Results of Population Projections in Viet Nam 1999-2004, GSO, VIE/97/914, Ha Noi, 2000. Results-Oriented Monitoring and Evaluation, UNDP, New York, 1997. Review of Technical Cooperation in Viet Nam, Van Arkadie, Vu Tat Boi & Tran Dung Tien, Hanoi, May 2000. Social Services in Viet Nam, MOLISA & UNDP, Ha Noi, November 1999. Some Lessons Learned in Supporting the Transition from Poverty to Prosperity, UNDP, Ha Noi, September 1997. Viet Nam - Technical Assistance in Transition, UNDP, Ha Noi, October 1996. United Nations Development Assistance Framework, United Nations, Ha Noi, 1998 & 2000. Viet Namâs Development Partners, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1999 & 2001. Viet Nam Living Standard Survey 1997-1998 (Bilingual), GSO, VIE/95/043, Ha Noi, 2000. Viet Nam Through the Lens of Gender, UNDP, Ha Noi, August 1995. World Development Report â Knowledge for Development, Workd Bank, 1998-1999
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GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES Administration Dictionary, Doan Trong Truyen & Colleagues, VIE/92/002, Hanoi, 1997. Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development, Alan Gilpen, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996. Dictionary of Modern Economics, Ed. D. W. Pearce, MacMillan Press Ltd., London, 1992. English - Vietnamese Economic - Financial Glossary, Bui The Giang, Dang The Truyen & Colleagues, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, October 1997. Glossary of Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Bulletin 661, Kansas State University. Glossary of Key Development Terms and Concepts, DAC/OECD, http://www.oecd.org.dac/ Glossary Related to Public Expenditure Management by Mr Emmanuel Cuvillier, Chief Technical Advisor of UNDP-funded project VIE/96/028. English â Vietnamese Glossary on Natural Resources Management for Uplands, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha noi, 2001. HIV/AIDS Lexicon, National AIDS Committee & UNDP, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, 1998. Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social Development, 5th edition, United Nations & OECD, Paris, 1998. Terminology, Bulletin No. 348 on Womenâs Issues, United Nations, New York, 1995. TĂ” ÂźiĂn Anh - ViĂt, ViĂn Ng«n ngĂ· hĂ€c, NXB Th”nh phĂš HĂ„ ChĂ Minh, 1993. TĂ” ÂźiĂn Âźa dÂčng sinh hĂ€c v” Phžt triĂn bĂn vĂ·ng (Anh - ViĂt), BĂ© Khoa hĂ€c, C«ng nghĂ & M«i trâĂȘng, NXB Khoa hĂ€c & KĂŒ thuĂt, H” NĂ©i, 2001. TĂ” ÂźiĂn Kinh tĂ hĂ€c HiĂn ÂźÂči, §H Kinh tĂ QuĂšc d©n, NXB ChĂnh trĂ QuĂšc gia, H” NĂ©i, 1999.
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