ThisPPThasbeencreatedusingtheinformationfromtheAMSCOHumanGeography:PreparingfortheAdvancedPlacementExaminationbook.Pleasedonotdeletethisandgivecreditwherecreditisdue.

By:CarliTerrell(Orlando,Florida)

UNIT3– CULTURALPATTERNSANDPROCESSESPART1:CONCEPTSOFCULTUREANDDIFFUSION

ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(3.A)¡By the end of this section, you will understand thatconcepts of culture frame the shared behaviorsof a society.

ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(3.A)

¡Essential Question¡Howdofolkandpopularculturesdifferinthewaystheyhelpformasociety’soverallculture?

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.A.1)

¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to explain theconcept of culture and identify cultural traits

a. Culture is comprised of the shared practices, technologies,

attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

b. Cultural traits are individual elements of culture and include such

things as food preferences, architecture, and land use.

CONCEPTSOFCULTUREANDDIFFUSION

“TheBuffalowaspartofus,hisfleshandbloodbeingabsorbedbyusuntilitbecameourownfleshandblood.Ourclothing,ourtipis,everythingweneededforlifecamefromthebuffalo’sbody.Itwashardtosaywheretheanimalsendedandthehumanbegan.”– John(Fire)LameDeer,LameDeer,SeekerofVisions,1972

CONCEPTSOFCULTUREANDDIFFUSION

¡ To the Lakota and other indigenous peopleon North America’s Great Plains, the bisonwas an essential part of their culture

¡ Provided meat for nutrition, a hide forclothing and shelter, bones for tools, and fatfor soap

¡ Central to their religious beliefs¡ When European settlers hunted the bison,Lakota culture suffered

ANALYZINGCULTURE

¡ Cultureincludesallofagroup’slearnedbehaviors,actions,beliefs,andobjects

¡ Visibleforceseeninagroup’sactions,possessions,andinfluenceonthelandscape

¡ Example:inalargecityyoucanseepeopleworkinginoffices,factories,andstores,andlivinginhigh-riseapartmentsorsuburbanhomes.Youmightobservethemattendingmovies,concerts,orsportsevents

ANALYZINGCULTURE¡ Cultureisalsoaninvisibleforceguidingpeoplethroughsharedbeliefsystems,customs,andtraditions

¡ Visible+Invisible=culturaltraits¡ Example:asingleculturalartifact,suchasanautomobile,mayrepresentmanydifferentvalues

¡ Theseinterrelatedtraitsmakeupaculturalcomplex

ANALYZINGCULTURE¡ Onegenerationpassesitsculturetothenextinmanyways

¡ Childrenlearninthreebasicways¡ Imitation:language– repeatingsounds

¡ Informalinstruction:aparentremindsachildtosayplease

¡ Formalinstruction:aschoolteacheshistory

ORIGINSOFCULTURE¡ Culturalhearth istheareainwhichauniquecultureoraspecifictraitdevelops

¡ Examples¡ ClassicalGreecefordemocracymorethan2,000yearsago

¡ NewYorkCityforrapmusicinthe1970s

¡ Geographersstudyhowculturesdevelopinhearthsanddiffuse

ORIGINSOFCULTURE

¡ Taboos arebehaviorsheavilydiscouragedbyaculture

¡ Examples

¡ Eatingcertainfoods(porkorinsects)

¡ Changeovertime– intheU.S.,itwasoncetabooforProtestantstomarry

Catholicsbutisnotwidelyopposed

now

ORIGINSOFCULTURE¡ FolkCultures

¡ Small,homogenousgroupsofpeople

¡ Oftenliveinruralareas¡ Relativelyisolated¡ Slowtochange

ORIGINSOFCULTURE

¡ FolkCultures¡ Demonstratethediversewayspeoplehaveadaptedtoaphysicalenvironment

¡ Example:makingshelteroutofavailableresources(snow,mudbricks,wood,etc.)

¡ However,peopleusesimilarresourceslikewooddifferently

¡ Scandinavia– useentirelogstobuildcabins

¡ AmericanMidwest– processedtreesintoboards,builtaframe,andattached

boardstoit

ORIGINSOFCULTURE¡ FolkCultures

¡ Sometimes,peopleindependentlydevelopsimilarresponsestosimilarenvironments

¡MongolsinCentralAsiaandPlainsIndiansinNorthAmerica

¡ Flatopenland

¡ Extremeweather¡ Portable,roundsheltersmadeofframesandanimalskins

ORIGINSOFCULTURE

¡ TheSpreadofCultures¡ Folkculturesprovideauniquesenseofplace andbelongingthroughhomogeneity

¡ Senseofplacegivesinhabitantstiestotheareawheretheylive,thusgivingthemasenseofownership

¡ People,goods,andideasmovethroughouttheworldandculturesspreadspatiallywaybeyondtheirhearths

¡ Example:kiwiwasonlyfoundfromChinatoNewZealand– nowitcanbefoundallovertheworld

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.A.2)

¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to explain howgeographers assess the spatial and place dimensions ofcultural groups in the past and present.

¡ Geographers use maps and the spatial perspective to analyze and

assess language, religion, ethnicity, and gender.

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE¡ Cultural regions are broad areaswhere groups share similar butnot identical cultural traits

¡ Wilbur Zelinsky divided the U.S.into 12 major cultural regionsbut people still considerthemselves part of a largerAmerican culture

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE

¡ Threetypesofregions¡ Formal(Uniform)

¡ Anareawithinwhicheveryonesharesincommononeormoredistinctivecharacteristic

¡ Sharefeatureslikelanguage,economicactivity(agriculture),orenvironmentalproperty(climate)

¡ Example:MontanaorUS(partypreferences)

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE¡ Threetypesofregions

¡ Functional(Nodal)¡ Anareaorganizedaroundanodeorfocalpoint

¡ Characteristicdominatesatacentralfocus(ornode)

¡ Example:TVstations

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE¡ Threetypesofregions

¡ Perceptual(vernacular)¡ Basedonhowpeoplethinkaboutaparticulararea

¡ Boundariesareoftenblurred

¡ Example:The“South”

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE

¡ CulturalLandscapes¡ Thecultural landscape ofaregionisthevisiblereflectionofitsculture

¡ Examples

¡ NationalPark(UnitedStates)– landsetasidefromdevelopmentreflectsthedesire

topreserveuniqueenvironments

¡ Signage(Quebec)– BilingualsignsinFrenchandEnglishreflectthedesireof

FrenchCanadianstoretaintheirheritage

¡ Schools(Pakistan)– Gender-segregatedschoolsreflectattitudestowardmaleand

femaleroles

¡ Officebuildings(Shanghai)– massiveskyscrapersreflecteconomicpoweranda

desiretohavebusinessesinacentral,well-knownlocation

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE¡ EthnicEnclaves

¡ Ethnicenclaves areclustersofpeopleofthesameculture,butsurroundedbypeopleofaculturethatisdominantintheregion

¡ Sometimesreflectthedesiretostayapartfromthelargersocietyandothertimesmayreflectthedominantculture’sdesiretosegregatethem

¡ Oftencontainstores,religiousinstitutions,signsandarchitecturethatreflecttheculture

¡ Sometimeprovideabufferfromdiscrimination

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE

¡ BordersandBarriers¡ Sometimesidentifyingculturalborderscanbehard

¡ Oftencontaintransitionzoneswhereculturesmixandexhibit

traitsofboth

¡ Example:ElPaso,Texas(betweenUnitedStatesand

Mexico)

SPATIALDIMENSIONSOFCULTURE¡ Realms

¡ Culturalrealms arelargerareasthatincludeseveralregions

¡ Cultureswithintheserealmshaveafewtraitstheyallshare,suchaslanguagefamilies,religioustraditions,foodpreferences,architecture,orasharedhistory

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.A.3)¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to explain howglobalization is influencing cultural interactions andchange.a. Communication technologies (e.g., the Internet) are reshaping

and accelerating interactions among people and places andchanging cultural practices (e.g., use of English, loss of indigenouslanguages).

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

¡ AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,improvementsintransportationandcommunicationhaveshortenedthetimerequiredformovement,trade,orotherformsofinteractionbetweentwoplaces.

¡ Space-timecompression hasacceleratedculturechangearoundtheworld,includingthespreadofEnglish

¡ Example

¡ 1817:freightshipmentfromCincinnatitoNewYorkCitytook52days

¡ 1850:canalsandrailroadscutthattimeinhalf

¡ 1852:took7days

¡ Today:byairplane(afewhours)anddigitalinformation(secondsorless)

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE¡ GlobalizationandPopularCulture

¡ Globalization istheprocessofintensifiedinteractionamongpeople,governments,andcompaniesofdifferentcountriesaroundtheglobe

¡ Popularculture consistsofculturaltraits(clothing,music,movies,businesses)thatspreadquicklyacrossoveralargeareaandareadoptedbyvariousgroups

¡ Usuallyspreadsviamedia,specificallyinternet¡ Examples:Europeansoccer,IndianBollywoodmovies,Japaneseanime

¡ Oftenpromoteuniformityinbeliefs,values,andtheculturallandscapeacrossmanycultures

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.B.5)

¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to compare andcontrast popular and folk culture and the geographicpatterns associated with each.a. Folk culture origins are usually anonymous and rooted in

tradition and are often found in rural or isolated indigenouscommunities

b. Popular culture origins are often urban, changeable, andinfluenced by media

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE¡ PopularCulturevs.FolkCulture

¡ Popcultureemphasizesthenew ratherthanpreservingtradition

¡ Thosewhofollowafolkcultureoftenresistthischangebypreservingtraditionallanguages,religions,values,andfoods

¡ Theymayslowdownthetransitionbutrarelystopthetraditionalculturefromchanging,especiallyamongtheyoungerpeople

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

¡ PopularCulturevs.FolkCulture¡ Example:Brazil

¡ Asthepopulationexpandstotheinterioroftherainforest,manyindigenouspeoplearebeingexposedtooutsidegroups

¡ManyyoungpeoplecontinuetointegrateintothelargerBraziliansocietywhichthreatenstheexistenceoftheirfolkculture

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

¡ GeographyofGender¡ Infolkcultures,peopleoftenhaveclearlydefinedgender-specific

roles

¡Women– workinthehousehold

¡Men- workoutsidethehousetoearnmoneyandserveasreligious

andpoliticalleaders

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

¡ GeographyofGender¡ Inpopularculture,gender-specificrolesarediminishing

¡Women– havemoreaccesstoeconomicresources,moreopportunitytoworkoutsidethehome,andmorechancestoserveasleaders

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE¡ GeographyofGender

¡ Throughouthistory,inmanycultures,certainbehaviorshavebeenacceptableforonlyonegender,andoftenonlyincertainplaces

¡ Menhaveoperatedmorefreelythanwomeninpublicspaceswhilecertainprivatespaceshavebeenreservedforwomen

GLOBALIZATIONANDCULTURALCHANGE

¡ ResistancetoGlobalization¡ Thespreadingofpopularculturehascreatedtensionbetweenglobalization andlocaldiversity.

¡ SomecultureswithstrictgenderrolesoftenresentthegenderequalityoftenseeninHollywoodmovies

¡ WorkersintheU.S.resistthetransferoftheirjobstooverseaslocations

¡ SpeakersofendangeredlanguagesresistthespreadofEnglish

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.B.2.A)¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thediffusion of culture and cultural traits through time andspace.¡ Types of diffusion include expansion and relocation

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE¡ Cultural hearths are the originalsources of culture yet many cultureshave spread beyond their hearths

¡ The spreading of information, ideas,behaviors, and other aspects of cultureover wider areas is known as diffusion

¡ The two major forms of culturaldiffusion come through culturalexchanges by migration and by moreindirect means

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- RELOCATION¡ Relocation diffusion is the spread of acultural trait by people who migrate andcarry their cultural traits with them.¡ Small scale example: pizza (broughtto the U.S. by Italian immigrants inthe late 1800s)

¡ Large scale example: Europeanculture (spread around the worldstarting in the 1500s)

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- RELOCATION¡ Sometimes, the areas where migrantssettle continue a trait even after it haslost its influence in its hearth.¡ Example: Disco music evolved inthe U.S. in the 1970s but remainedpopular in Egypt long after it fadedin the U.S.

¡ Example: Most people whopronounce English most likeShakespeare live, not in England,but in Appalachia.

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- EXPANSION¡ ExpansionDiffusionisthespreadofculturaltraitsthroughdirectorindirectexchangewithoutmigration.¡ Contagious¡ Hierarchical¡ Reversehierarchical¡ Stimulus

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- CONTAGIOUS

¡ Contagious Diffusion occurs when a culturaltraits spreads continuously outward from itshearth through contact among people

¡ Example: Blues music

¡ Hearth – southern United States

¡ As musicians outside the hearth heard the music,they began to play it themselves

¡ Slowly spread northward and eventually reachedmajor cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, and NewYork

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- HIERARCHICAL¡ Hierarchical Diffusion is the spread of culture outward from the mostinterconnected places or from centers of wealth and importance.

¡ First from one important person, city, or powerful class to anotherimportant person, city, or social class.

¡ Eventually, the trait is shared with other people, smaller cities, socialclasses, or less developed countries.

¡ Unlike contagious diffusion, hierarchical diffusion may skip some placeswhile moving on to others.

¡ Most popular culture (music, fashion, fads) follows this path.

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE

¡ Example: cell phone technology

¡ 1980s – expensive and mostly owned bywealthy people in large cities in moredeveloped countries (MDCs)

¡ As cell phone networks grew and cell phonesbecame more mass produced, they eventuallyspread to a wider market

¡ Today, cell phones have diffused throughoutthe world

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE– REVERSEHIERARCHICAL

¡ Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion is theprocesses in which a trait diffuses from a lowerclass to a higher class.

¡ Example: tattoos¡ 1940-1960, tattoos were a symbol of low socialstatus and were associated with three types ofplaces: seaport towns (dockworkers andsailors), military bases, and prisons.

¡ 1970s – the custom has diffused throughoutmany segments of society and geographic areas

¡ Example: Walmart – from rural Arkansas tonearly every U.S. city

DIFFUSIONOFCULTURE- STIMULUS

¡ Stimulus Diffusion occurs when people in a cultureadopt an underlying idea or process from anotherculture, butmodify it because they reject one trait of it.

¡ Example: Hindus in India adopted the practice of eatingfast food but rejected eating beef because it wouldviolate their Hindu beliefs. They adapted by makingvegetarian and other non-beef burgers.

¡ Example: Europeans adopted the use of lightweight,beautiful porcelain dishes from China but rejected thehigh cost of importing them. So when Germans found theright type of clay to make their own, they modified theprocess of obtaining porcelain by making it in Europe.

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(3.B.2.D)

¡ By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thediffusion of culture and cultural traits through time andspace.¡ Acculturation, assimilation, and multiculturalism are shaped by thediffusion of culture.

CONTACTBETWEENCULTURES¡ Diffusiondescribesthewaysculturesspread.¡ Astheyspread,theycomeintocontactwithothercultures.¡ Thisinteractionisoneofthedrivingforcesinhumanhistoryanditcanhaveseveraltypesofresults:

¡ Acculturation¡ Assimilation¡ Multiculturalism¡ Nativism

CONTACTBETWEENCULTURES¡ Acculturation occurs when an ethnic orimmigrant group moving to a new area adopts thevalues and practices of the larger group that hasreceived them, while still maintaining majorelements of their own culture.

¡ Example: In the 1880’s, a family migrated fromDenmark to a Danish enclave in Iowa. They gave mostof their 10 children traditional Danish names, such asInger and Niels and ate Danish foods. Within threegenerations, their descendants still ate Danish foodsbut had names common in U.S. culture, such as Susan,Dave, and Jim.

CONTACTBETWEENCULTURES

¡ Example: the grandchildren of immigrants from India mightno longer speak Hindi or eat traditional Indian food daily, butthey might still practice their Hindi faith. Often, third or fourthgenerations will display a resurgence of pride and organizefestivals, learn the ethnic language, and revitalize ethnicneighborhoods.

¡ Assimilation happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguishedfrom the receiving group.

¡ The ethnic groups become more affluent and leave their ethnic areas.

¡ However, complete assimilation is rare as at least one trait usually persists –most commonly religion

CONTACTBETWEENCULTURES¡ Multiculturalism is the coexistence of severalcultures in one society, with the ideal of allcultures being valued and worthy of study.

¡ It is believed that the interaction of culturesenriches the lives of all.

¡ Can bring conflicts, as people and groups withdifferent values, beliefs, and customs often clash.

¡ Minority groups face prejudice anddiscrimination – Syrian refugees fleeing civil warin 2011 faced opposition from some Americanswho feared that some refugees could beterrorists.

CONTACTBETWEENCULTURES¡ Some conflicts between two culturesbecome harsh

¡ Nativist, or anti-immigrant, attitudes mayform among the cultural majority,sometimes bringing violence orgovernment actions against the immigrantor minority group

¡ Can be toward one particular group or ageneral dislike of people from othercountries (xenophobia)

¡ Examples: opposition in the U.S. to RomanCatholic immigrants in the 1800s and early1900s.

GEOGRAPHICPERSPECTIVES

¡ The Diffusion of Deadly Diseases¡ 1918 Influenza Epidemic (contagious diffusion)

¡ Immediately after World War I and killed three times more people than the waritself

¡ Source of outbreak is unclear – Kansas, Great Britain, or France

¡ East coast American cities quickly became hubs for diffusion as soldiers returninghome carried the virus or contracted it at the port. Then, traveling home by train,spread it throughout the country

¡ Recent Epidemics

¡ Ebola in West Africa (2013)

¡ Zika virus in South America (2015)