ISSUE No. 27, June 2001 ISSN 0840-5565

Two Significant Macedonian Acquisitions

The Thomas Fisher Rare BookLibrary and Robarts Library recentlyreceived nearly three hundred

volumes from the Macedonian Collectionof Horace G. Lunt, Professor Emeritus ofSlavic Linguistics, Harvard University.Included in the collection are rare journalsfrom the nineteen forties and fifties, andnumerous first editions of works by themajor Macedonian novelists, poets, andfolklorists of the twentiethcentury. Of greatestsignificance, however,are two volumespublished in thenineteenth century:Kiril Pejcinovik’sUtesenie gresnim(“Comfort to Sinners”), abook of teachings andprayers, published inSalonika in 1840; andGjorgji Pulevski’s Recnikod tri jezika (“ThreeLanguage Dictionary”),published in Belgrade in1875. These two works areof particular importance,both for the history of themodern Macedonianstandard language, and forthe documentation ofMacedonian nationalawareness.

In order to place theseworks in historical context, itis important to bear in mindthat at the beginning of thenineteenth century the southSlavic languages were undergoing proc-esses of standardization, as new nationstates were emerging in southeast Europeon the territory of the Ottoman Empire.Macedonia remained under Ottomandomination longer than either Bulgaria orSerbia, and since it was located at thecentre of territory claimed both geographi-cally and linguistically by Serbia, Bulgaria,

and Greece, it was slowest in establishinga separate language and state. While aseparate Macedonian identity can be saidto have its origins in the rise of SouthSlavic nationalism during the eighteenthcentury, it is the published works ofnineteenth-century Macedonians whichallow us to chart the development ofMacedonianism, an identity distinct fromBulgarian or Serbian.1 The works by

Pejcinovik and Pulevskiare of particularsignificance.2

Kiril Pejcinovik wasborn around 1770 in

the village of

Tearce in the western part of Macedonianear Tetovo. He received his education invarious churches and monasteries. He wasordained in the Hilandar Monastery onMount Athos, and by the beginning of thenineteenth century he was employed as acleric in various churches in Macedonia.His first book Ogledalo (“Mirror”) waspublished in Budapest in 1816. Following

the publication of this work, Pejcinovikreturned to the Tetovo region with theambition of restoring the monastery of St.Atanas. He succeeded in this goal andremained at this monastery until his deathin March 1845.

During his lifetime Pejcinovik hadseveral books published, the most impor-tant being the aforementioned Mirror, andComfort to Sinners. The latter work, acopy of which is now housed in the FisherLibrary, has a particularly interestingpublishing history. Records suggest thatthe work was completed by 1831, butPejcinovik was unable to secure funds forpublication. Potential subscribers were

willing to buy the published text,but were reluctant tomake payment inadvance. After manydelays, the finishedtext of the manuscriptwas rejected by theecclesiastic censorshipboard and returned toPejcinovik in 1836. Inpart this rejection wascaused by Pejcinovik’sinsistence on writing inthe local vernacularrather than in theelevated archaic churchstyle. Pejcinovik soughtother publishing housesbefore eventually turningto Teodosija Sinaitski whohad established inSalonika the first printingpress for publishing books

in the local language. When the pressburned down in 1839, Kiril Pejcinovikhelped finance the rebuilding of the press.In return, Sinaitski published Comfort toSinners at the renovated press in 1840.This small book consists of forty-sevenpages dedicated to the education of hiscongregation. Teodosija Sinaitski wrote anintroduction to the work which is

Title page and wood blockillustration from Comfort toSinners, (Salonika, 1840).

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followed by Pejcinovik’s teachings andcollection of prayers.

During this period discussions weretaking place on the nature of the literarylanguages to be codified in the southSlavic linguistic territory. Some intellectualshoped to adopt a conservative standard,taking the archaic church language as itsbase. Pejcinovik followed those whosupported alanguage based onthe local vernacu-lar. In his worksPejcinovik wrote ina hybrid of ChurchSlavicisms and hisnative Tetovodialect of westernMacedonia.Sinaitski’s pressburned down asecond timebetween 1841 and1844 and Comfortto Sinners remainsthe only book tosurvive from thepress. A copy ofthis extremely rarework is nowhoused in theFisher Library. It isprinted on a hand-press, and isadorned withwood-blockillustrations, andretains its originalpaper covers.

Gjorgji Pulevski’s works date from thelatter half of the nineteenth century, bywhich time both Bulgarian and Serbianhad been standardized, and teachingmaterials for primary schools had begun toappear. Several textbooks were publishedby Macedonians who sought teachingmaterials that reflected Macedoniandialects.

This insistence on a separate Macedo-nian language contributed to the coales-cence of a distinct Macedonian identity.One of the most significant landmarks ofthis period is the Three Language Diction-ary (Macedonian, Albanian and Turkish)published in Belgrade in 1875 by GjorgjiPulevski.

Pulevski was born in the westernMacedonian village of Galicnik. A masonby training, for much of his life he pur-sued his trade in Belgrade. Although hehad no formal education, Pulevski pub-lished several books, including twodictionaries, and a collection of Macedo-nian songs, customs, and holidays. It is forthe Three Language Dictionary, however,

that Pulevski is bestknown, and it isthis work whichnow resides in theFisher Library.

The 1875dictionary is not adictionary in theusual sense. It isprinted in threecolumns withparallel texts in thedifferent languages.The columns arenot comparativeword lists, butparallel conversa-tional phrases,intended to teachthe reader aboutthe language andhistory of theMacedonianpeople. BecausePulevski was self-taught, he mixeddialect features andelements ofSerbian, thoughfeatures of his

Galicnik dialect predominate. Pulevskiwrote of the need for the creation of astandard Macedonian language, and, whilerecognizing that a single individual couldnot achieve this goal, he attempted to coinMacedonian words based on dialectisms,or adapted and modified from other Slaviclanguages. Pulevski’s dictionary is ofsignificant linguistic interest for all threelanguages, for he transcribed them into amodified Cyrillic alphabet. His transcrip-tion is of particular interest for Turkicstudies. Most Turkish texts of this periodwere written in Ottoman script withoutvowels, whereas Pulevski indicated thevowels in his Cyrillic transcription.

In addition to its linguistic interest, thedictionary is as an important milestone inthe development of a distinctly Macedo-nian identity. These works testify to thefact that the term “Macedonian” was in useby Macedonian intellectuals during thenineteenth century. In a question andanswer section Pulevski asks: “What doesthe term ‘nation’ mean?” He answers: “Anation is a people who are of the samestock and who speak the same language,who live together and interact with oneanother, who have the same customs,songs, and holidays. These people arecalled a nation and the place they live in isthe fatherland of that people. So too theMacedonians are a nation and their placeis Macedonia.”

Taken as a whole, the Lunt collectionprovides a unique opportunity to study thedevelopment of the modern Macedonianstandardized language. The two booksdiscussed here are of the greatest impor-tance and will be of value to all scholarswho are interested in these questions.

Christina E. KramerDepartment of Slavic

Languages and Literature

1 For details see Victor A. Friedman“Macedonian” in The SlavonicLanguages, ed. Bernard Comrie andGreville G. Corbett; and Victor A.Friedman “Macedonian Language andNationalism during the Nineteenth andEarly Twentieth Centuries.” Balkanistica 2,83-98.

2 Details on these two authors were takenfrom Blaze Koneski, ZaMakedonskiot literaturen jazik, Skopje,1981, and Blaze Koneski,Makedonskiot XIX vek, Skopje 1986.

Title page from Pulevski’s Three LanguageDictionary (Belgrade, 1875.)

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New and Improved!

The two most frequently askedquestions of Fisher staff seem to be:“What is a rare book?” and “What

do you collect?” The first answer requires alittle time to explain; but the second isrelatively easy, deceptively so. Ourmandate is to collect primary researchmaterials that reflect the wide diversity ofresearch that is conducted at the Universityof Toronto. What is not so easy to explainis that the generosity of our donors hasbeen of supreme importance to the growthof our collections over the past thirtyyears, and that much of the growth of ourcollection has been driven by donors,whose range of contributions never ceasesto amaze; nor the ability to build upon ouralready established strengths.

Our Canadiana collections wereconsiderably augmented by yet anothergift from long-time benefactor LouisMelzack. His gift, which consisted of bothpublished and manuscript materials, wasmade memorable for me by two items: thefirst is a holograph poem written byHeinrich Wilhelm Peterson to his wifeHarriet, probably in the year 1833, on theeve of his departure from a season athome. Peterson is best known as thepublisher ofthe firstGermanlanguagenewspaper inCanada, as wellas beingresponsible forprinting one ofthe firstGerman booksin British NorthAmerica.Although notan ordainedclergyman,Peterson tookan activeinterest inspreading theGospel, andoccasionallyassisting theitinerantpreacher,Vincent PhilipMayerhoffer,during histravels. It may

well have been upon such an occasionthat Peterson penned these three shortverses. In the first, he asks his wife, “hissecond self” to look after “the little elf”,their son and “to call him back when hestray and to pursue him should he notobey.” In verse two, he describes the boy’sbehaviour, “which knows neither limit norrestraint.” The third verse is addressed tothe elders of the community, who are towatch over the child’s safety. This touch-ing link to the past was matched by aphotograph in a box of 235 studio por-traits from the 1880s and 1890s. Most ofthe portraits are unidentified, with theexception of those done by McCormick ofBoston, and Vickery of Haverhill, Massa-chusetts. These two firms were responsiblefor photographing the graduating class of1882 at the A.A. (Research has as yet failedto turn up the actual name of the school.)Probably exchanged as parting gifts,several include the woman’s maidenname, with her married one added in adifferent hand. In the case of May Greeley,an unknown hand noted that she died ofconsumption in 1886.

On a brighter note, the sketchbook ofB.B. Hawley contained comical illustra-tions of military men stationed in Canadain 1840, the dress of the local inhabitants,the perils of snowshoeing and the joys ofhunting “moose deer.” Our Director was

delighted by a poster advertising abaseball game to be held in Pinkerton,Ontario, on 6 May, 1876; while SandraAlston, our Canadiana specialist, wastaken by a “Montreal rose” - illustrationscut and folded to form the shape of apink rose with green leaves, which whenopened, reveal Montreal city scenes. Thisis only the second example of this kindheld by this Library. Our thanks areextended again to Mr. Melzack for hismany years of generosity.

Sandra is also looking forward toexamining Don McLeod’s gift. Includedin this donation is a scrapbook contain-ing some two hundred and thirty piecesof Canadian printing ephemera, includ-ing publishers’ letterheads, advertise-ments and other treasures.

Our Duff Collection of books andperiodicals on the art of the book wasconsiderably enhanced by Mr. M.H.Feheley’s donation of books by andabout Eric Gill, including many rareitems. Gill was an outstanding bookillustrator and decorator of the twentiethcentury, as well as being a sculptor, typedesigner and writer. Mr. Feheley’s giftcontains Gill’s three most famous books,all printed in limited numbers by theGolden Cockerell Press: The FourGospels, The Canterbury Tales and Troilusand Criseyde. This gift is of major

importance to theFisher Library andto scholars in thesefields, and we aremuch indebted toMr. Feheley forentrusting us withthese valuableadditions to ourholdings. Last year,Ronald Petersincluded in his giftthe archives of fivemodern fineprinters: RudolfRuzicka, T.M.Cleland, FrancisMeynell, GregAnderson andRobert Jones. In2000, he comple-mented hisprevious gift withthe archives of theTypophiles. This

Clockwise from bottom left: Upon the retirement of John Archer,printer for the New York Public Library, the Typophiles presentedhim with a book containing depictions of the Archer image asenvisioned by artists belonging to the group. Images shown are thework of W.A. Dwiggins and Jon De Pol for the title page and page 64respectively. Gift of R.G. Peters. “The mishaps of snowshoeing” byB.B. Hawley. Gift of Louis Melzack.

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organization included many of the finesttypographers, printers, book designers andillustrators of the mid-twentieth century.The largest portion of the archive containsthe correspondence and working files ofPaul Bennett, who was the moving forcebehind the Typophiles from the mid-thirties until his death in 1966. Theimportance of Bennett’s archives isenhanced by the fact that he kept not onlyletters that were sent him, but also carboncopies of his own letters and replies toothers. This is an extraordinary donation,and single-handedly Mr. Peters has createda new subject area for researchers toexplore.

One day last summer, I was summonedto the Loading Dock to take delivery ofthe gift of Professor William Whitla.Expecting the usual two or three boxes, Iblithely trundled a book truck through thefirst floor of the Robarts Library andthrough the double doors into the ship-ping area. There I stopped dead in mytracks. Sixty-seven cartons awaited me!Suppressing a scream, I quickly gatheredup all available back-up forces (i.e. mygraduate student assistant, Lara) andarranged for the mass to be relocated intoour first basement. We then spent severalweeks, unpacking, arranging and listingthe contents of the cartons. Arnold,Beardsley, Browning, Le Gallienne, Morris,Swinburne, Tennyson, and so many otherauthors collected in depth by the FisherLibrary emerged. Several collections, suchas the Bissell, Delury, Endicott, Morris, andTennyson will be greatly augmented byProfessor Whitla’s generosity. Mrs. SheilaYuan, who assisted the poet EdmundBlunden during his tenure in Hong Kong,once again has been able to add to ourBlunden holdings. While not as large asthat of Professor Whitla, this year’s giftincluded many books and pamphletswritten, edited or with contributions byBlunden, most originating from HongKong and considered scarce. Included alsoare lecture notes, drafts of poems andcorrespondence, all of which will consid-erably increase both the printed items inthe Blunden Collection as well as themanuscripts in the Blunden Papers. Thegift of Brian Kennedy added to our Hardyand Kipling holdings among others, whilethanks to Eberhard Buehler we have morethan doubled our Ezra Pound holdingsand created a new special collectionnamed in his honour.

Our rapidly growing collection ofarchitectural works was considerablystrengthened by the gifts of Stanley Vassand Audrey Simpson. Mrs. Simpson also

donated an evocative album of onehundred scenes of English country houses.Assembled and possibly photographed bynoted Canadian architect Frank Darlingand given by his niece to her late hus-band, the equally well-known Canadian

architect, B. Napier Simpson, the album isan early example of the use of photogra-phy as a research tool. The appraiser alsonoted that the photographs had beencompetently and consistently done, clearlythe work of a single hand adept atmastering the required technology.Although the intention was to provide arecord of a certain type of architecture, thecare with which the photographs weretaken also provides the viewer with anidealized look into pre-World War I British

life. This collection will be of great interestto architects and social historians alike.

Collectors of Communist and radicalmaterials still find items not yet held in ourKenny Collection, hard to believe as thatmight be. Dr. Ken Dent turned over to usmore than one hundred books, pamphlets,periodicals and ephemera that had beenassembled by the late AlexanderMcLennan, and these will shortly be madeavailable to researchers.

Our already important science holdingswere once again augmented by the gift ofMrs. Florence Drake. Each year, Mrs.Drake allows our Director to select acertain number of items from the collec-tion of her late husband, noted Galileoscholar, Stillman Drake. This past year sawthe addition of some forty volumes dealingwith a variety of subjects, ranging fromphilosophy to electrodynamics, mechanicsto optics, evolution to gem stones. At leastthree collections will absorb these addi-tions. Professor John Slater, whosecapacity for collecting never seems to end,presented us with Gottlob Frege’s veryimportant Begriffschrift, eine derarithmetischen nachgebildeteFormelsprache des reinen Denkens. (Halle,1879). Frege found ordinary languageinadequate to express to the necessarydegree of accuracy his ideas in arithmetic,and came up with the concept of a specialsymbolism or Begriffschrift. Due to thecomplexity of his thought, his influenceremained small until the twentieth centurywhen his notions were taken up by AlfredNorth Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.This small pamphlet thus represents animportant stage in Professor Slater’sresearches into Russell, whose works formone of the Fisher Library’s major researchcollections.

Another of the Fisher Library’s majorresearch collections is that of CharlesDarwin, his circle and his critics. Last year,Graham Keyser presented us with a proofcopy of Darwin’s Power of Movement inPlants. (London, 1880). The importance ofthis addition to the Darwin Collection isconsiderably increased by the fact that thepages bear corrections in the author’shand, and this set will join the two otherproof sheets of Darwin’s writings alreadyheld by the Fisher Library.

When it became time for MarionBrown, the first Director of the Rare Booksand Special Collections Department toretire, she was presented with a copy ofthe recently published Great Books andBook Collectors, written by Alan G.Thomas. Beautifully bound by our conser-vator, Emrys Evans, this special volume

Bulletman the Flying Detective and Ibisthe Invincible, both published in Torontoare prime examples of popular comics ofthe 1940’s. Gift of Don McLeod.

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Donors to the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library in 2000 of Gifts-in-KindElvi AerSandra AlstonArts and Letters ClubMargaret Atwood

Kenneth BartlettDavid K. BernhardtWilliam BlissettRobert BrandeisMarion BrownEberhard Buehler

Elspeth CameronJames CarleyMurrayt CathcartJ.E. ChamberlinDouglas ChambersChamplain SocietyRitchie ClarkStephen ClarkeEleanor CookSusan CooperMarie Crookston

Ian DanielPatrick DanielKen Dent

Florence DrakeDiane Dyer

David John FaderM.F. FeheleyDouglas FetherlingBrian FitzgeraldRoberta Frank

Mary GalbraithGayle GarlockStephen GilbertWalter GoffartM. GoheenLorna GoodisonClive GoodwinPhyllis GrosskurthRachel Grover

Ben & Malka HahnFrancess HalpennyRonald HambletonIrving HarrisG. M. HendersonPeter HeyworthJohn HodgsonEstate of Thomas HowarthAlan Hughes

Graham KeyserBrian Kennedy

Richard LandonMrs. Robert LawrenceTrevor Levere

Elinor MacGillvrayMichael MaclearDon McLeodJ.T. McLeodMargaret MaloneyMalka MaromLouis MelzackLorraine MonkKaren Mulhallen

Eric OrmsbyRichard Outram

Frank PeersRaymond PeringerRonald G. PetersBella Pomer

Ann RobsonRoyal Ontario Museum

Doreen SeltzerCornelia SchuhAudrey SimpsonPaul SirenH. Gordon SkillingJoseph SkvoreckyJohn SlaterDavid SolwayRalph StantonRosemary SullivanConstance SwordWasyl Sydorenko

Maryan J. Tisdale

Stanley VassVictoria College Library

William WhitlaJohn WilkinsonMary WilliamsonCarol Wilson

David YoungLilian YuanSheila Yuan

bore messages from all her staff, writtenon a special tipped-in leaf. The book hasnow been returned to this Department aspart of Miss Brown’s 2000 gift, along withsome fourteen other volumes speciallyselected by our Director from her collec-tion. Current staff had a wonderful timetrying to decipher signatures and remem-bering staff now scattered.

To say that manuscript donationsformed the greatest part of gifts made tothe Fisher Library would be like sayingthat the Toronto Maple Leafs just didalright against the Ottawa Senators in theplay-offs (or that the past winter was justa little too long). New materials weredonated in a variety of subject areas.Professor David K. Bernhardt presentedus with notes, drafts for lectures, articles,offprints, pamphlets and books written byKarl Bernhardt, professor of psychologyand director of the Institute of ChildStudy. This collection will enhance thematerials already held in this department:those of W.E. Blatz, Betty Flint and MaryNorthway. Professor Douglas Chambers,who turned over his collection of ThomasGunn printed materials in 1998, aug-mented it with his personal files ofcorrespondence between himself and

Gunn, manuscripts, research and back-ground materials relating to work done onGunn by the donor. Stephen Clarke’sdonation delivered in a full laundry basketand several shopping bags turned out tocontain a collection of correspondence,drafts, published and unpublished reports,diaries, photographs relating to his father’sscholarly studies and life work in wildlifeconservation and management. This is animportant compliment to the Baillie andBennett Papers already held by thisLibrary. It also taught us never to judge amanuscript collection by its outwardappearance.

For almost two decades, Malka Maromresearched, conducted interviews, wroteand rewrote. In 1999, her novel Suhla waspublished to critical acclaim. This story ofan Israeli war widow trying to cope withthe death of her pilot husband and obligedby law to decide whether or not to allowher only son to serve in the same air force,was very much a labour of love for Ms.Marom, as can be seen by the extensivenotes, drafts, photographs, and interviewsthat make up a great deal of her donation.But Ms. Marom had already had anotherlife before becoming a novelist and thatside is represented by the cassettes,

records and films that show her work as amusician and documentary journalist. Athird part of the collection consists ofcorrespondence with family, friends andmany writers. Researchers seeking todelve into the creative process will findmuch in this collection. Students of CarolShields and Jack Hodgins will enjoy thecorrespondence files in the gift of BellaPomer. Ms. Pomer is a leading Torontoliterary agent and her generosity augmentsand strengthens a number of literarycollections held by the Fisher Library. Wereceived further donations from MargaretAtwood, Douglas Fetherling, RonaldHambleton, Jack McLeod, KarenMulhallen, Frank Peers, Joseph Skvorecky,David Solway, Rosemary Sullivan, amongmany others.

To you all, many thanks for making theFisher Library the recipient of yourgenerosity. We hope we will be able toprovide a haven for all the specialmaterials that come our way for manyyears to come.

Luba FrastackyThomas Fisher Rare Book Library

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Charles Butler and the Bees

In the stacks of the Fisher Library areoften found books by authors whowere of importance in their own age

but are now forgotten except by a fewscholars. One such author is Charles Butlerwho died in 1647. He was born atWycomb, probably Great Wycomb, inBuckinghamshire, the exact date beingunknown, and graduated with the degreeof Master of Arts from Magdalen College,Oxford, in 1587. He left Oxford in 1593 tobecome Master of the Free School atBasingstoke in Hampshire, a post whichincluded the rectory of Nateby Scures, andthen, in 1600, became vicar of Wootton St.Lawrence nearby, where he remained forforty-eight years until his death. “A poorpreferment, God-wot, for such a worthyscholar.”1 In English he wrote books onmusic, grammar, and bees, and in Latin on

rhetoric, oratory, and affinity as a bar tomarriage. His Rhetorica libri duo wasparticularly popular, being printed eighttimes between 1597 and 1635, chieflybecause it was used as a school text.

The Fisher Library’s copy of Thefeminin´ monarchi´, printed in Oxford byWilliam Turner for the author in 1634, wastransferred from the Robarts Library andput into the STC Collection (of booksprinted in England or in English abroadbetween 1487 and 1640), having beenacquired by the Library in 1916. It was firstprinted in 1609 in plain English under thetitle, The feminine monarchie, or A treatiseconcerning bees, and the due ordering ofthem, with a revised and enlarged editionappearing in 1623. But between then andthe date of this printing in 1634, Butlerdevised a system of phonetic spelling

which advocated greater consistency inspelling and included some charactersderived from the Anglo-Saxon. He first setout this system in The English grammarwhich was printed using it in 1633 and1634. It is possibly the first of the manyattempts at reforming English spellingphonetically, but like all the others, itfailed to catch on. For example, mutevowels are replaced by a backwardscomma if not omitted altogether, wordswith ‘th’ are represented by the letter ‘d’with a line drawn through it, omitting the‘h’ altogether, and ee and oo are con-joined. In fact, as can be seen from thetitle page (fig. 1) and the printer’s note tothe reader (fig. 2), which explains all this,it makes the text practically unreadable.

Nothing is known about Butler’s ownfamily life, but there is no doubt that hespent a great deal of time observing thelife and habits of bees. “As if he had beentheir secretary, he appears most knowingin the state-mysteries of their common-wealth.”2 He even gave them a motto (fig.3): “Solertia et labore” (Wit and industry).By far the most interesting item in Thefeminin´ monarchi´ is the “Melissomelosor Bees’ madrigal”, which gives musicalnotes, in triple time to represent thehumming of bees when swarming. It is setfor four parts, mean, contratenor, tenorand bass, and arranged so that the singerscan stand around the music and all see it,in ancient choirbook fashion.

It is in this song that Butler made hisonly mistake in observing the bees. Hethought that certain thin sounds in thehive were those made by the young queenbeseeching the old queen to let her leave,whereas in fact the old queen had gonelong before. There are four verses in thefirst song; the first two praise the femininemonarchy, beginning:

As of all Stat´s the Monarchi´ is best;So of all Monarchi´s that Feminin´,Of famous Amazons excels the rest,That on this earthy spher´ hav´ everbin.(fig. 4)The third verse describes how Antiope,

the first princess, having left, Orithya, thesecond princess, asks to go too. Thefourth verse leads into the bees’ music (fig.5) and the second song. James Pruett sumsit up very neatly:

The same music is used for the firstthree strophes, which extol the virtues

Figure 1 (top left) title page of The feminin´ monarchi´. Figure 2 (bottom): the printer’s noteto the reader. Figure 3 (top right): the motto.

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of the Amazonian system. Up to thispoint the madrigal, save for theunusual text, is a conventional ifpedestrian piece. On the next twopages, however, the compositioncontinues in this manner: the meanhas a buzzing-like intonation whilethe three lower voices rest; then thefour voices join in singing two morestrophes to new music; a four voicechordal buzzing section follows;another stanza is sung to the musicthat preceded the four part buzzing;the piece then concludes with thefirst verse of the madrigal.3

In this madrigal Butler combines hisadmiration for the orderly and disciplinedlife of the bees with that for the monarchi-cal political system, particularly whenheaded by a Queen. The book is dedi-cated “To the Qeen´s Most ExcellentMaiesti´”.

Butler’s last work was The principles ofmusik, in singing and setting: with thetwofold use thereof, ecclesiasticall & civil,first published in London in 1636. It toowas printed using his reformed spellingand has two purposes: it is mainly atextbook, but also has an underlying plea,in an age when Puritan principles weregaining hold, for the continued use ofmusic in sacred services. Charles Burney,with some reservations, speaks highly ofit: “the book contains more knowledge, ina small compass, than any other of thekind, in our language.”4 Sir John Hawkinscalls it “a very learned, curious, andentertaining work” and writes:

This book abounds with a greatvariety of curious learning relatingto music, selected from the bestwriters ancient and modern, amongwhich latter the author appears tohave held Sethus Calvisius in highestimacion.5

Sethus Calvisius (the Latinized form ofhis name, Seth Kallwitz), lived from 1556to 1615, and is frequently quoted by Butlerwho calls him “that singular musician, towhom the students of this abstruse andmysterious faculty [i.e. music] are morebeholden than to all that have ever writtenthereon”. He thus introduces us to yetanother now obscure name. Calvisius wasa composer and director of the musicalschools first at Pforten and then Leipzig.Among other works, he published one onmusical theory, Melopoiia, sive, Melodiaecondendae ratio (1592) “still worthreading”.6 He also wrote two works onchronology which were of great impor-tance in his time. He believed in astrologyand, on casting his own horoscope,

predicted that some catastrophe would fallupon him on a certain day in 1602. Onthat day he shut himself in his librarythinking to avoid all problems. Whilemending a pen, however, the knife fellfrom his hand, cut his knee and lamedhim for life.

All in all, Charles Butler must havebeen a very interesting man, but only onesource mentions his actions or abilities asa clergyman: “He was also a pious man, apainful preacher, and a solid divine.”7

Elisabeth Anne Jocz

1 Anthony à Wood, Athenae Oxonienses(1813-1820), v. 3, p. 209-210.

Figure 4 (top): the first song in The feminin´ monarchi´. Figure 5 (bottom): bees’music.

2 Thomas Fuller. The history of theworthies of England (1662), p. 113.3 James Pruett. “Charles Butler – musician,grammarian, apiarist.” Musical quarterly,v. 49 (1963) p. 498-509.4 Charles Burney. A general history ofmusic. New York, 1957.5 Sir John Hawkins. A general history ofthe science and practice of music. A newed., with the author’s posthumous notes.London, 1875, v. 2, p. 574-575.6 The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed.,v. 5.7 Thomas Fuller. The history of theworthies of England (1662), p. 113.

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Book History and Print Culture

The exhibition Book History andPrint Culture, which celebrates theinauguration of the University of

Toronto Collaborative Program of thesame name, has as its focus an attempt toreflect the essential interdisciplinary natureof a new and emerging academic disci-pline. The Program, which has justcompleted its first academic year, atpresent consists of a collaboration be-tween the departments of English andFrench, the Faculty of Information Studies,the Institute for the History and Philoso-phy of Science and Technology, theCentre for Medieval Studies, and theCentre for Comparative Literature. It will, itis hoped, eventually expand the numberof participating disciplines. The studentsare based in a traditionaldepartment or faculty, butalso take the 1000 and 2000level courses offered by theProgram, depending onwhether they are pursuingan M.A. or a PhD degree.

The exhibition, whilereflecting the eclectic natureof the Program, has someother aims as well. Itattempts to show, throughthe display of manuscriptsand books, something of therich research resourcesavailable in the collections ofthe Thomas Fisher RareBook Library and in MasseyCollege, where the Programis based. Each item includedin the exhibition anddescribed in the cataloguerepresents the strength of thecollections, and thus furtheropportunities for research.Individual items have beenchosen which combine aninteresting or important textwith the wide variety ofmethods used throughout thecenturies to convey the textto an audience. The word“book” is used in its widestpossible sense and theobjects displayed range from1789 B.C., to 1995.

The exhibition hasthematic divisions, beginningwith the manuscript traditionof ancient times, continuing

this text from a fourteenth century manu-script through the first editions in Latin,Greek, Arabic, Italian, German andEnglish, and on to scholarly and school-book editions of the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries, concluding with aprivate press edition of 1944.

The next theme is the marketplace forbooks, divided into “The Deluxe Edition”,which displays grandly produced printedbooks, from the Catholicon of 1460 to alarge-paper copy of Dibdin’s last “biblio-graphical tour” in 1838. This is followedby “The Pocket Edition”, which beginswith a 1501 Aldine Martial, continues withsmall scholars’ editions of the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries. Other catego-ries, such as almanacs, children’s books,chapbooks, yellowbacks, detective fiction

are included, ending with thefirst Penguin. The exhibitionthen picks up the theme ofprinting itself, under theheading “Letterforms & TypeSpecimens” and displays aseries of specimen sheets, aswell as a Roman tablet andtype founding equipment.“Illustration” covers theseveral processes of repro-ducing images, from theetchings of Hollar, to thechromolithographs of OwenJones and the wood engrav-ings of Robert Gibbings.

Book History and PrintCulture has been a grandcollaborative venture betweenthe Fisher Library and MasseyCollege. The text for thecatalogue, beautifully de-signed and produced by StanBevington, was written andedited by Sandra Alston,Anne Dondertman, LubaFrastacky, Edna Hajnal, MarieKorey, Richard Landon, PhilipOldfield, and Jennifer Toews.It is hoped that both theexhibition and catalogue willstimulate further research inthis most exciting new area ofacademic endeavour.

Richard LandonDirector, Thomas Fisher

Rare Book Library

Clockwise from top: Pages from Poor Robin, 1678: An Almanack after aNew Fashion. London: 1677. Engraving from The Fakenham Ghost: aTrue Tale. London: 1806. Latin commemorative inscription on marble.Rome, first or second century A.D.

through the Medieval period into theRenaissance and the invention in Europeof printing using moveable type. Manu-scripts did not, of course, cease to beproduced because of the invention ofprinting and the exhibition displays severalexamples through the nineteenth century.Flowing directly from this is a secondtheme, called “From Pen to Press”. Herethe direct connection between manuscriptsand printed books is made, using exam-ples such as copy-text and proof-sheets,but also showing instances of unauthor-ized publication of texts, and “samizdat”literature. This is followed by a largesection entitleded “Tracing a Text”, whichexamines and displays a variety of editionsof the text of Euclid’s Elements, the oldesttext-book in the Western tradition. It traces

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The Friends of Fisher Library events for 2000-2001

The Friends of the Thomas FisherRare Book Library began their yearin fine fashion with the opening of

the exhibition The Culture of the Book inthe Scottish Enlightenment on 28 Septem-ber. The exhibition, which revealed thegreat strengths of the collections, markedthe joint conference of the CanadianSociety of Eighteenth-Century Studies andthe Eighteenth-Century Scottish StudiesSociety. The accompanying exhibitioncatalogue contained four essays thatinvestigate various aspects of Scottishbook history.

On 12 October Dan De Simone,Curator of the Lessing J. RosenwaldCollection at the Library of Congress,delivered the second annual John Seltzerand Mark Seltzer Memorial Lecture.Previously an internationally known

antiquarian dealer and now a curator of afamous collection, Mr. De Simone pro-vided two different perspectives onbookselling as indicated in the title of hislecture, “On Both Sides of the Counter:Selling and Buying Rare Books.” He beganin the book trade as a clerk in J. N.Bartfield’s. Later in Europe while workingfor Mira Elte, he had the opportunity toshow some books to the great dealer NicoIsrael. When Israel had left, Mr. Elte askedhim if he had sold any books? DeSimone’s quick response was “You can’tsell Mr. Israel books; Mr. Israel buysbooks.” This retort when relayed to Mr.Israel formed the beginning of a long-termrelationship between the two. Mr. DeSimone attributes his success to a closestudy of the needs of the major twenty-sixlibraries in North America, visiting eachlibrary to show them titles they lacked,and creating new collecting trends, such asdeveloping collections in the Italian

Enlightenment. The stunning riches of theLessing J. Rosenwald Collection, including588 illustrated incunables and a Blakecollection, second only to the BritishLibrary’s, ultimately attracted him to theother side of the counter and he becamethe curator of the Rosenwald Collection.Relying upon his years of experience inthe trade, he now provides invaluableadvice to the many selectors at the Libraryof Congress. He also has the responsibilityand the time to carry out a detailed studyof the Rosenwald Collection which he isthoroughly enjoying. His major challengenow is to adjust to having all thoseweekends off. His commitment to service,his candour and love of books drew awarm response from the Friends.

Claire Van Vliet delivered the inauguralAlexander C. Pathy Lecture on the BookArts to a full house. In a talk lavishlyillustrated with slides of her work, ClaireVan Vliet traced the history of the JanusPress. The illustrations ranged from the

humorous one of Beucephalus havingbecome a doctor in her first book byKafka, through her many creative bookconstructions to a stunning group ofbroadsides. Surveying the evolution of thePress, she began by showing severalbooks of poetry, including works by TedHughes, Galway Kinnel, and SeamusHeaney, where the text led to new bookideas. Impressive illustrations from TheCircus of Dr. Lao and King Lear, bothmade in the sixties, presented two innova-tive big books from the press. In the mid-seventies she developed an interest inhand-made paper and published workswhere new forms were created “pushedby the content in the text.” In the lateeighties she returned to cut paper again indesigning a series of books for poemsbased on quilts. When working with thecircular poem “Aunt Sally’s Lament”, the

symmetry of the poem designed the book.In one instance it took five years toaccumulate the proper papers for a book.Throughout her talk she emphasized thecooperative nature of her productions withslides of the various groups of people thatworked on the books. The talk left onewondering at both the beauty of herbooks and the intricacy of the interrelationof form and content in Janus books. Theaudience warmly thanked Alec Pathy forendowing this lecture series.

The Friends joined the University ofToronto Press and the University ofToronto Libraries in celebrating thehundredth anniversary of the Press at theopening of an exhibition on the Pressmounted in the Robarts Library. In herwelcoming speech Carole Moore, ChiefLibrarian, traced the long and closehistorical affiliation between the Libraryand the Press, and expressed the Library’sdelight in being able to host the exhibi-tion. George Meadows, President of UTP,also acknowledged the long historicalassociation between the Press and theLibrary and presented an impressiveoverview of the current activities of thepress. The exhibition displayed the manyactivities of the Press and highlighted the“100 Most Influential Books Published byUTP”. Francess Halpenny, former GeneralEditor of the Dictionary of CanadianBiography and Associate Director of thePress, traced the accomplishments of thePress as seen in the themes and trendsfound in their hundred most influentialbooks. The exhibition is open to thepublic during the months of February, andMay through July.

On a very snowy evening in February,many loyal Friends braved the elements tohear Professor Michael Millgate, UniversityProfessor Emeritus, speak on “FromAdmiration to Appropriation: Some EarlyHardy Collectors and Scholars”. ProfessorMillgate tracedthe dispersalof books,literarymanuscripts,letters andother materialsthat were oncein Hardy’spossession.

Dan De Simone, Dorene Seltzer andGarreth Seltzer.

Alexander Pathy with Claire Van Vliet.

Michael Millgate.

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The acquisition of these materials was noteasy, for Hardy was an intensely privateperson who went to great lengths to guardhis privacy including ghost writing hisown biography. The major early collectors,or hunter-gatherers as Professor Millgatelikes to call them, included Sir SidneyCockerell, literary executor for Hardy, andHoward Bliss. Working closely withFlorence Hardy, Mr. Bliss assembled thegreatest Hardy collection in private hands.Bliss’s collection was dispersed, with themajority of it ending up at the Universityof Texas. Other collectors included CarrollAtwood Wilson, whose collecting wasdescribed as a consuming passion directedby an acute intelligence, FrederickBaldwin Adams Jr., Director of thePierpont Morgan, and the scholar RichardL. Purdy who focused on collecting Hardycorrespondence and went on to editHardy’s letters with Michael Millgate. Twocollectors of another kind, HaroldHoffman and Henry Reed, were earlybiographers of Hardy. Their books neverwere published but their surviving papershave grown in value. Professor Millgateconcluded with invaluable advice for anyfuture hunter-gatherers visiting privatehomes in pursuit of literary treasures.Write in advance. Wipe your feet severaltimes on the doormat. Appreciate anysmelly little pets, and be sure to send aletter of thanks. The advice was muchappreciated by all.

A large enthusiastic group of Friends,students and scholars gathered on the firstof March for the exhibition opening of theBook History and Print Culture: AnExhibition Celebrating the CollaborativeProgram at the University of Toronto. Theexhibition, catalogue and poster all drewpraise. Professor Patricia Fleming, who isteaching the inaugural course in theprogramme, provided an informative

Leon KatzLeon Katz died on 21 December 2000 at the age of 94. Not surprisingly, he was irre-pressible to the end. A few years ago, when Leon found out that he had maculardegeneration and could no longer really see his beloved collection of art, he cheerfullyinformed me. “The Doctor tells me I will never go blind; I just won’t be able to seeanything.” Wherever he went (and Leon loved to travel) his infectious enthusiasmgained him new friends. His much cherished momento book, which now resides in theFisher Library, records the many internationally known artists whom he met and so

befriended that they all put greateffort into their artistic contribu-tions to his book. Leon lovedpeople and he loved meetingpeople. He would regard hisattendance at a Friends’ event afailure if he did not meet someonenew and form a new friendship.Although he always told me thathe came for the chocolate cookies,we all knew he came to expandhis knowledge and his ever-growing group of friends. He willbe missed by all of us.

However, the memory of Leonwill always be with us. He hasnamed the Fisher Library in hiswill, and in due time, the LeonKatz endowment will be estab-lished to foster library acquisitionsin perpetuity.

overview of thiscollaborative effort.Richard Landon thengave some fascinat-ing insights into howthe exhibition wasplanned to showsome of the manyways in which theFisher Rare Bookcollection supportsthe programme.From “The Manu-script Tradition”through “Tracing aText” to “Books forEvery Market,”Richard’s talk and the

exhibition suggest many areas for furtherresearch that will serve the new pro-gramme well.

The intriguing title “Etched in Stucco:Graffiti as Witness of History” attractedmany friends, old and new, to the seventhannual Gryphon Lecture on the History ofthe Book.” Martin Antonetti, Curator ofRare Books at Smith College, introducedthe topic and Veronique Plesch, AssociateProfessor of Art History at Colby Collegedescribed and analyzed the graffitimessages scratched on the frescoes in San

Sebastiano’s chapel by the citizens ofArborio. Unlike the usual graffiti of“George was here” or “X loves Y,” thesemessages contained significant events inthe life of this remote country townranging in date from 1531 to 1889. Mostmessages are written on or near the iconicimages of the Saints, and with precisedates, record events such as plagues,strange weather, invasions and goodharvests. All the events are recorded in thepast tense, addressed to posterity, andgiven the literacy levels, Professor Pleschspeculates that they were meant to be readaloud. She also sees the recording of theseevents on the images of the Saints as adevotional act, a ritual that provides astructure and meaning to the events forthe community. Her reading of this uniquetext provoked many questions from theaudience.

With impressive exhibitions on thehistory of the book and a wide variety ofspeakers, the Friends of Fisher enjoyedanother year of entertaining and informa-tive events that surely make them eager intheir anticipation of next year’s pro-gramme.

Gayle Garlock

Left: Aesop. Aesop’s Fables withHis Life: in English, French andLatin Newly Translated. London:1687. Top: Graffiti on a fresco inSan Sebastian’s chapel, Arborio

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Members of the Friends of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library 2000 – 2001

PatronAssociated Medical Services, Margaret Atwood*. Stan Bevington, Cassels Brock & Blackwell, Albert and Nancy Friedberg*,Suzanne Gayn, George Kiddell, Mark McLean, Louis Melzack, Hilary Nicholls, Alec Pathy, Dorene Seltzer, John Slater*, RalphStanton*, Moses Znaimer*.

AssociateGerry and Elizabeth Bentley, Coach House Printing, Stefan Dupré, Freda and Patrick Hart Green, Garrett Herman, Maret Kapp,William J. Keith, John T. Mayhall, Ron Peters, Joseph Pope, James Rainer, Richard E. Rooney, Sonja Sinclair, Bruce Vance,Wentworth Walker, Michael Walsh, John Weatherall.

SponsorHarry and Marian Ade, Jane Armstrong, Janet Dewan, Marie DunSeith, Chester and Camila Gryski, Carol Helmstadter, Janet E. Hutchison,Marie Korey, Richard Landon, George MacCready, Duncan McLaren, Yannick Portebois, Bruce Westwood.

SupportingPeter and Jocelyn Allen, Hugh Anson-Cartwright, John H. Astington, Walter Bachinski, Louis and Donalda Badone, John L. Ball, BernardBaskin, John Beattie, Michael Black, Cicely Blackstock, Michael Bliss, Harald Bohne, Walter M. Bowen, Alvan Bregman, D. Grant Brown,Marion E. Brown, Sharon Brown, Eberhard Buehler, John Burbidge, Lind Canzona, Clarice Chalmers, John and Vera Chau, J. Geoffrey Chick,Alan W. Conn, Mark Critoph, Marie Crookston, Malcolm Davidson, Paul Davies, Mavis Davison, James Doak, C. Jane Dobell, DianeDragasevich, Florence Drake, George Dutton, William Edwards, John J. Elder, Peter Enneson, David and Ingrid Epp, M.F. Feheley, Paul F.Ferley, Bryan Finlay, Derek Fisher, Pat Fleming, Robert Fulford, Natsuko Furuya, George J. Gale, J.H. Galloway, Gayle Garlock, SandraGibson, Greta Golick, Rachel Grover, Damian Gryski, Mary Gurney, H. Donald Guthrie, Q.C., Francess G. Halpenny, Marjorie Harris, SidneyM. Harris, Kent M. Haworth, Grace Heggie, George Hendry, Robert A. Hendry, Linda C. Hinchliffe, Elmar C. Hodsoll, Geraldine Hughes, JohnCoutts Library Services, Elisabeth A. Jocz, Ken Johnston, Kyle Jolliffe, Karin Kattai, Johanna Katz, David E. Keenleyside, Maggie Keith, BrianKennedy, Harvey Kerpneck, George P. Kidd, A.B. Kingsmill, Michael Large, John Lawson, Q.C., Portia Leggat, Malcolm Lester, LarryLevenstein, Bruce Lewis, Paul Lockwood, James D. MacCallum, Marion Magee, Dina Gordon Malkin, Katharine Martyn, Hartwig Mayer, BettyMcKinstry, George B. McLaughlin, Don McLeod, Philip Meany, Ann P. Melvin, Jane & Michael Millgate, Dorothy Millichamp, Kathryn Mills,C.W. Mollins, Carole Moore, Karen Mulhallen, Ralph A. Nablow, Richard O’Connor, Philip Olsson, Eleanor M. Parke, Emilio Passani, RobinPatterson, Luba Pendzey, John and Mitzi Pepall, Jennifer Puncher, Eric Robertson, Enrico Rota, Carol Rothbart, Paul G. Russell, Thomas T.Schweitzer, Michael J. Sidnell, Helen B. Smith, J. Robert Smith, Wiebke Smythe, Robert Stacey, Christina Duff Stewart, Timothy Stewart,Marilyn Stix, Patricia E. Stone, William Stoneman, Richard Storr, Anne Sutherland, Almos Tassonyi, C. Adrienne Taylor, Steven Temple, DanaTenny, Virginia Tenny, Spencer L. Timm, John B. Tinker, Stuart M. Turnbull, Harry Underwood, Guy Upjohn, Nancy van der Poorten, LesWheatcroft, Jean V. Wheeler, Jean Whiffin, Brenda Whitlock, Sean Wilmut, Roger D. Wilson, Eric Woodley, Jay Yedvab, Elaine J. Zinkhan.

IndividualK.R. Bartlett, Allisen Belier, Pat Belier, Ann Black, R.H. Blackburn, William Blissett, Graham Bradshaw, Marjorie Bronfman, Virginia Brown,Jennifer S. Brown, Gloria Busse, Harry Campbell, James P. Carley, Sandra Chandler, Ruth Carroll, Mercedes Cirfi Walton, Eleanor Cook,Dorothea M. Cook, Jane and Reid Cooper, Linda Corman, Christopher J. Cronin, Natalie Z. Davis, Elizabeth Derbecker, Anne Dondertman,Matt Doyle, Susan Duff, Peter B. Edwards, Betsy Palmer Eldridge, Arnold B. Gardner, Greg Gatenby, Kathleen Gilling, Maxine Goldberg,Elaine Granatstein, Victoria Grant, Antonia Greenwood, Phyllis Grosskurth, Lina Guidoni, Peter Hajnal, David M. Hayne, Robin Healey, FredDavid Hoeniger, Leslie Howsam, Ann Hughson, Ann M. Hutchison, Heather and J.R. De J. Jackson, E. Ann James, Asher Joram, Helen R.Kahn, Anne Kenshole, David B. Kotin, Lila Laakso, Ian Lancashire, Enid Levy, Mary Lund, Neil D. MacDonald, Margaret C. Maloney, DavidMason, Albert Masters, Elizabeth Mathews, Margaret I. McBurney, Randall McLeod, Trish McMaster, Lachlan McNair, Helen McNeil, MaryMcTavish, Dan Mezza, Hugh W. Morrison, Harvey Olnick, Richard Outram, David Pelteret, Larry Pfaff, Phyllis Platnick, Mildred Price,R. Gerald Prodrick, Lauren D. Rachlin, Joan R. Randall, Marian Robertson, Terri Robertson, Ann Robson, Andre Rosenbaum, H. MichaelRosenstock, Andrea Rotundo, John Rush, Ann Saddlemeyer, Peter J. Savage, Roger M. Savory, Martha Scott, John G. Slater, Arthur Smith,Carlo Spadoni, Judith G. St. John, Douglas F.S. Thomson, Leslie Thomson, Michael R. Thomson, Liz Tinker, Frederick Turner, GermaineWarkentin, Leon S. Warmski, John Whaley, Mary Williamson, Elizabeth Wilson, Joan Winearls, Frederick E. Winter, Rose Wolfe, DouglasWoods, J.D. Wrigglesworth, Robert Wright.

We also thank all members who wish to remain anonymous.

*Gift in Kind members are listed only at the Patron level.

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Mark your calendar for upcoming events . . .

Exhibitions 2001~2002Exhibition hours:

9 ~ 5 Monday to FridayAll exhibition openings

begin at 5:00 p.m.

9 July – 17 AugustPrinted Ephemera: Memories from aVanished Past

11 September – 26 OctoberDesigner BookbindersExhibition opening Thursday 13September

12 November – 21 DecemberPrinted Ephemera: Memories from aVanished PastExhibition opening Wednesday 14November

28 January – April 26Mirabilia Urbis Romae: Guidebooks toRomeExhibition opening Thursday 31January

Planned Events 2001~2002All lectures begin at 8:00 p.m.

Tuesday 25 SeptemberThe John Seltzer and Mark SeltzerMemorial Lecture“A Spring, Not a Pump: CollectingKenneth Grahame”David Holmes, distinguished rare bookand autograph dealer.

Editor’s NoteThis issue was edited by Gayle Garlockand Phillip Oldfield, and designed byMaureen Morin. Comments and/orsuggestions should be sent to GayleGarlock, Director, Development andPublic Affairs, University of TorontoLibrary, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A5 (416)978-7655.

The Halcyon: The Newsletter of theFriends of The Thomas Fisher Rare BookLibrary is published twice a year inNovember and June. Halcyon includesshort articles on recent noteworthy giftsand acquisitions of the Fisher Rare BookLibrary, recent exhibitions in the FisherLibrary, activities of the Friends and othershort articles of interest to the Friends.

Members of the editorial board ofHalcyon are Gayle Garlock, Editor, PhillipOldfield from the Fisher Library, andMaureen Morin from the InformationCommons.

New Greeting Cards!Look for the Library’s new greeting and Christmas cards.

Cards and exhibition catalogues can be purchased at the photocopy booth on thethird floor of the Robarts Library. Cards are sold at most fall meetings of the Friends ofthe Fisher Library.

Above left: “Snowy Owl” from J.J. Audubon, Birds of America, vol. 1, (New York, J.J.Audubon, 1841).Above right: Page of a 14th century copy of the Mahzor.

Wednesday 5 DecemberThe Alexander C. Pathy Lecture on theBook Arts“Feed My Eyes: The Faith of Postering”Robert Stacey, author of The CanadianPoster Book: 100 Years of CanadianPosters.

Tuesday 12 FebruaryThe David Nicholls Memorial Lecture“National Collections, Global Collecting”Alice Prochaska, University Librarian atYale.

Thursday 21 MarchThe Gryphon Lecture on the History ofthe Book“The Most Miserable Muslin”Sue Allen, Historian of 19th CenturyCloth Bookbindings.