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International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering

1996

Tribological Evaluation of Rotary Compressor withHFC RefrigerantsK. KawaharaDaikin Industries

S. MishinaDaikin Industries

A. KaminoDaikin Industries

K. OchiaiDaikin Industries

T. OkawaDaikin Industries

See next page for additional authors

Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu foradditional information.Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Herrick/Events/orderlit.html

Kawahara, K.; Mishina, S.; Kamino, A.; Ochiai, K.; Okawa, T.; and Fujimoto, S., "Tribological Evaluation of Rotary Compressor withHFC Refrigerants" (1996). International Compressor Engineering Conference. Paper 1141.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/1141

AuthorsK. Kawahara, S. Mishina, A. Kamino, K. Ochiai, T. Okawa, and S. Fujimoto

This article is available at Purdue e-Pubs: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/1141

Tribological Evaluation of Rotary Compressor with HFC Refrigerants

Katsumi Kawahara! Shotaro Mishina! Akira Kamino 1

Kazumasa Ochiai,2 Takeyoshi Okawal Satoru Fujimoto1

1. Mechanical Engineering Laboratory DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD 1304, KANAOKA-CHO, SAKAI, OSAKA 591, JAPAN

2. Compressor Development Center DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD 3-21 Chikko-Shinmachi, Sakai, Osaka, JAPAN

ABSTRACT Because of the development of Hydro FluoroCarbon (HFC), it is speculated that there will be some difficulties in

lubrication at the sliding parts in compressors, especially at thevanes tip in rotary compressors and that a precise lubrication analysis and an exploit of materials for the sliding parts of compressors will be needed.

In this paper, evaluations of lubricating effects at the vane tip and ratio of metal contact area, an examination of an optimum design of a vane, and an exploitation of materials for a vane were discussed respectively.

First, a friction experiment under dry condition was operated to investigate a lubricating effects from the refrigerants. By this experiment, it was discovered that HFC owned somewhat of lubricating effect from fluoride, although it was smaller than that of Chloro Flu oro Carbon(CFC) and Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon (HCFC) from chloride. Therefore, one could say that a lubricating effect would be certainly reduced by using HFC as an alternative refrigerant.

The next experiment conducted was to evaluate the ratio of metal contact area at the vane tip by measuring the electric contact resistance between the vane and the roller, and an optimum design for a vane was attempted to be made. As a result of the experiment, it was discovered that a reduction of the ratio of metal contact area was possible, however, it was awfully difficult to gain complete hydrodynamic lubrication.

Therefore, an exploitation of materials for vanes was progressed by using adhesive energy on the materials, and improvements of scuffing and wear resistances were attempted by using composites of hard particles and ceramic coatings.

INTRODUCTION The usage of Chloro Flu oro Carbon (CFC) and Hydro Chloro Flu oro Carbon (HCFC) for refrigerants are regulated

by law in order to prevent the depletion of Ozone Layer, and exploitations of alternative refrigerants and machinery for those refrigerants are in progress. One of the most important tasks for these exploitations is keeping the reliability of compressors, and Fig. 1 summarizes a problem statement and measures to solve it. This paper discusses lubricating effects at the vane tip using HFC, an evaluation of lubricating condition at the vane tip, and also -methods to improve this condition. The compressor used for these experiments is a rotary compressor that requires very severe lubricating conditions.

Background Problem Cause Measure Depletion of Ozone Layer d 1 · ti f kl a dovolopm<mtof teohnology I a e enora on o . . . by Chlorine Element r+ 1 b · ti m usage of msoluble olls u nca ng in CFC and HCFC abilities of refrigerant a development of refrigerating I I a deterioration of . r ;+ machine oil

compressors' reliability a decline in solubility r+

an exploitation of materials for; I substituting refrigerants • w 4 of refrigerant in 1- the sliding parts of compressors that don't contain chlorine lubricating oil ~redesigning a structure of the I

sliding parts of compressors

Fig. 1 A problem statement of compressors caused by substitutions of refrigerants and methods to solve it

413

LUBRICATION EFFECTS IN HFC REFRIGEAANTS

1. EXPERIMENT

A dry friction test was conducted by using Shell Four Ball Test

Method. Rolling bearings of steel were used as samples for testing. ~

CFC12, HCFC22, HFC32, HFC134a, HFC125, and nitrozen, that were .:::,

set at the room temperature, were used as ambient gases.

After the dry friction test, the surface of the samples was analyzed

by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). 1)

2. RESULT and DISSCUSION

The result of the mesurement of seizure load was shown

on Fig. 2 (a). They were categorized in three groups, and they

were CFC HCFC Group that contained Cl in their molecules (CFC12,

HCFC22), HFC Group that did not contain Cl in their molecules

(HFC134a, HFC32, and HFC125), and Inert Gas Group (nitrogen).

CFC HCFC Group that contained Cl had the heaviest seizure load,

and this fact could be representing the effect of Extreme Pressure

(EP).

HFC Group that did not contain Cl had the next heaviest seizure

load, and remarkable difference was observed between the seizure

load in HFC Group and in Inert Gas Group (nitrogen). This result

proved that some sort of EP was affected, and then, elements on the

friction surface were analyzed. Fig. 3 showed the result of it. From

this result, F was appearently detected on the friction surface and it

was speculated that a fluoridized tunic was formed on the friction

surface. This fluoridized tunic could be assumed as fluoride iron by

the chemical shift on XPS peak.

From the result discussed above, one could say that in HFC, the

seizure load was heavier than that in inert gases by the effect of EP

that could be possibly caused by fluoride, and was less than that in

CFC and HCFC that contained Cl. Also, Fig.2 (b) and (c) showed

that the same type of trend as the case of seizure load could be seen

in wear and friction coefficient.

1000.0 0.0

c .Q u ·;;;;: LL

.1 0 ° 1 0 1 1 o2 1 o3

Contact Load [kgf] ( b ) Characteristics of Wear

0.0 0 1 0 101 1cf

Contact Load [kgf]

Binding Energy (eV) Fig.2

(c) Characteristic of Friction Characteristics-of friction and wear

in dry furon gas Fig.3 Result of the XPS analysis of friction surface

414

ANEVALUATION OF LUBRICATING CONDITION AT THE VANE TIP

I. EXPERIMENT

The vane was designed for the purpose of measuring the ratio of metal contact area. The schematic of the vane was shown on Fig. 4. Tool steel used as an electrode was inserted into the ceramic vane.

This vane was mounted in a compressor. The circuit shown in Fig. 5 was giving very small amount of voltage between the vane and the rolling piston, and the electric potential on a contact area was measured at the same time of measuring the rotation angle of the crank shaft.

In this experiment, the value of the impressed voltage was a very important factor. This value was determined as 0.2 volt as a result of optimizing the circuit. Also, it was assumed that the electric potential on a contact area was 0.04 volt from the fact that it did not record under this value when the compressor is and is not running. 2)

2. RESULT and DISCUSSION

The trend of electric potential on a contact surface was shown on Fig. 6. This data was recorded by varying the pressure difference between inlet and outlet. From this diagram, it was noticed that as the pressure difference increased, the electric potential on a contact area decreased, which meant that the ratio of metal contact area was increasing. One of the reason for this phenomenon was that the load on top of the vane was increased since the pressure difference increased. The other reason was that the viscosity of the oil decreased since outlet pressure increased and the temperature of outlet gas rose up.

~ f+---25---j an electrode

T LJ ~-~ I Q m ~ "--"----+----= = = = = = = = = = _,__..____

f (unit: mm) Steel

ceramic vane

Fig. 4 schematic of a vane with an electrode

Bearing

Fig. 5 schematic of the circuit diagram

By observing the crank's one rotation, the highest ratio of metal contact area was recorded around the rotation angles of 90 deg. and 270 deg.. This was because the sliding velocity between the vane and the roller was the smallest at these two angles.

Next, Fig. 7 showed the trend of the electric potential on a contact area with the operating frequency varied from 40 Hz to 90 Hz. Ibis diagram indicated that the ratio of metal contact area was decreased because the rotational speed increased as the operating frequency increased.

From all the result above, the ratio of metal contact area between the vane and the roller could be evaluated. Also, the trend of the ratio of metal contact area in respect to the pressure difference and the operating frequency could be observed carefully. The lubricating condition between the vane tip and the roller was mixed lubrication that was to happen in any state of metal contact when running a compressor.

415

Q) ()

.S!! ::; en TI .$ 1:: 0 ()

ttl 1:: 0 (ij

~ Q)

0 c. _g TI ~ 0 90 180 270 360

rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg)

( a ) pressure difference:1.15MPa

Q) ()

~ ~ - 0 ~ ~ TI £9 0.20 1:: 0

~ 0.15 1::

~ 0.10 E ~ 0.05 0 c. .g 0 ~ 0 90 180 270 360 a; rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg)

Q) ()

( b ) pressure difference:1 .60MPa

.S!! --.. ~ 0 en 2:. ~ 0.20 ~ 8 0.15 ttl

§ 0.10 (tj

~ 0.05 0 a. ()

B o 9o 18o 210 360 ~ rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg) Q)

( c ) pressure difference1.97MPa

Fig.6 electric potential on a contact area and rotational angle of the crank shaft with different

pressure difference

416

Q) () ttl -;:;-'t:: :::J 0 en > TI '-'

ca c 0.20 0 ()

ca 0.15 1:: 0

-~ 0.10 E .& 0.05 0 c. ~ u 0 ~ 0 90 180 270 360 Q)

rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg)

( a ) frequency: 40 Hz

~ $ Z' :s 0 en > t5 '-' ~ 0.20 0 ()

ca 0.15 1:: 0 I§ 0.10 c Q)

0 c. ~ u Q)

0.05

0 0 90 180 2 7 0 360

Q5 rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg)

( b ) frequency: 60 Hz

--. ... 0 > '-'

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0 0 90 180 270 360

rotation angle of the crank shaft (deg)

( c ) frequency: 90 Hz

Fig.7 electric potential on a contact area and

rotational angle of the crank shaft with different operating frequencies

AN IMPROVEMENT OF LUBRICATING CONDITION AT THE VANE TIP

1. OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A VANE

An improvement of lubricating condition was attempted by optimum design of a vane. The mixed lubrication analysis was presented by Tanaka3), and this analysis was verified by our evaluation of the lubricating condition in this paper. Taking Tanak&·~ analysis as a guideline, an experiment was conducted to record the ratio of metal contact area with thickness of a vane and radius of curvature at the vane tip varied. These data points were plotted on Fig. 8. It showed that smaller the thickness of a vane was, smaller the ratio of metal contact area became, and that larger the radius of curvature was, smaller the ratio of metal contact area became. From these trends, it was possible to improve the lubricating condition by reducing thickness and by enlarging radius of curvature, however, it was very difficult to gain complete hydrodynamic lubrication.

2. EXPLOITING MATERIALS FOR A VANE

....., ~ "" ., ;; ;:}

~ 0 u -; t) E

'-< 0

.9 e

50

40

30

20

10

a~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1 10 100 1000 radius of curvature at the tip of a vane [mm]

Fig. 8 shapes of a vane and rotation of metal contact area

Since it was very difficult to gain complete hydrodynamic lubrication by optimum design, exploiting materials for a vane was essential in order to do so. To improve scuffing resistence and wear resistence, currently exploiting materials such as steel with surface

treatment, composite materialswith additive of hard particles, and composite materialswith additive of solid lubricant are in progress. Finding effective parameters was a very significant step of exploiting materials efficiently. It was hYPothesized that adhesion energy and plastic index ratio were two of those important parameters. Figure. 9 (a) showed a

relationship of adhesion energy with seizure load and Fig. 9 (b) showed a relationship of plastic index ratio with the seizure load. Both of adhesion energy and plastic index ratio were correlated with seizure load. It became evident that the seizure load could be maximized by minimizing these parameters.

Wab = y a + y b - y ab - - - - - (1)

tf =

Wab : adhesion energy between material(a) and material(b) y a : surface energy of material (a) y b : surface energy of material (b) y ab : interfacial energy between material( a) and material(b)

E' 6 1/2 (-) . (-) H r

(1 - v a 2)

E' Ea +

- - - - - (2)

(1 - )I b 2)

Eb

tf : plastic index rs : standard deviation of protuberance height E' : equivalent to Young's modulus )I a, v b: Poisson's ratio of material( a) and material(b) r : average of radius of curvature at the tip of protuberance H : hardness Ea,Eb :Young's modulus of material{a) and material(b)

417

600r---~--~--~--~--~--~

~ :=~T~;J;;}~=t~~-r== 0 : 0 0 : 0 --- : 0

. j :: =~~-c~~-F]-~~~=:E~c:~t~::; \,

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Adhesion Energy [J/m2]

( a ) Influence of Adhesion Energy

to Seisure Load

l 0.0 0.2 0.4 0:6 0.8 1.0

Plastic Index Ratio

( b ) Influence of Plastic Index Ratio to Seisure Load

Fig.9 The Factors of Influence on Seizure Load

CONCLUSION

1. Lubrication effects in HFC refrigerants

. HFC refrigerants forms fluoride on the material surface, and that was capable to improve lubricity. However, the

lubrication effect in HFC refrigerants was smaller than that in CFC and HCFC refrigerants.

2. An evaluation of lubrication characteristics at the vane tip

Metal contact conditon between the vane tip and a rolling piston could be evaluated by measuring the electric

contact resistance. A ceramic vane, which a steel electrode was installed on, was used for this measurement. The

lubricating condition at the vane tip was mixed lubrication that was to happen in any state of metal contact when

running a compressor.

3. Improvement of the lubricating condition at the vane tip

The ratio of metal contact area could be reduced by varying the thickness and a radius of the curvature at the vane

tip. Although, it was very difficult to gain complete hydrodynamic lubrication.

In order to improve the lubricating condition by means of exploiting materials for vanes, an effective method

would be reducing adhesion energy and plastic index.

REFERENCES

1) S.Mishina, K.Kawahara, K.Mizuhara,"Tribological Proparties in Freon Gases", Proceedings of JAST Tribology

Conference, (1992-10), 433

2) K.Ocbiai, K.Kawahara, T.Nakahara, K.Kyogoku, S.Tanaka, "Mixed Lubrication Analysis on Vane Tip of Air

Conditioning Rotary Compressor", Proceedings of JAST Tribology Conference, (1994-10), 101

3) S.Tanaka, K.Kyogoku, T.Nakahara, "Lubrication Characteristics of Refrigerating I Air Conditioning Rotary

Compressor", JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIETY OF TRIBOLOGISTS, Vol.41, No.3, (1996) 247

418

Cooperating Societies and Representatives Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), J. P. Norris and G. Friedman, representatives Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), G. C. Hourahan, representative . The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), J. R. Wnght,

representative The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

• Design Engineering D_ivision, P. E. Doepker, representative • Fluids Engineering Division, K. E. Hickman, representative

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), J. Weizeorick and L. Swatkowski, representatives Deutscher Kalte-und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV), H. Kruse, representative ICI Klea Inc., T. W. Dekleva, representative International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (liAR), K. Anderson, representative International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), L. Lucas, representative The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), A. Futakawa, representative Japanese Association of Refrigeration (JAR), S. Hotani, representative'* Refrigeration Service Engineers Society, D. Lewis, representative

Advisory Committee R. L. Carter, Executive Vice President, Americold, USA C. J. Coe, Director, Advanced Technology Development, Whirlpool Corporation, USA M.A. Di Flora, Vice President, Engineering, Bristol Compressors, USA R. Dusil, President, J. N. Eberle & Cie. GmbH, Germany A. Futakawa, Technology Executive, Power and Industrial Systems Group, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation,

Japan K. Graunke, Manager, Research and Development, Sulzer-Burckhardt Engineering Works Ltd., Switzerland E. Heinzelmann, Managing Director, Embrace S.A., Brazil C. A. Infante Ferreira, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands N.J. Josiassen, Vice President, Technology, Danfoss Compressors GmbH, Germany H. E. Khalifa, Director of Engineering, Carlyle Compressor Company-Carrier Corporation, United Technologies,

USA E. Korfitsen, Manager, Research and Development, SABROE Refrigeration A/S, Denmark H. Kruse, DKV-Senior President, Universitat Hannover, Germany A. Lundberg, Executive Vice President, ABB Stal Refrigeration AB, Sweden M. Menzer, Vice President, Engineering and Research, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, USA E. B. Muir, Senior Vice President, Engineering and Research, Copeland Corporation, USA S. Olsson, Manager, Product Research Strip, AB Sandvik Steel, Sweden 0. K. Riegger, Director of Research, Tecumseh Products Company, USA Y. Sana, General Manager, Engineering Department, Compressor Division, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,

Ltd., Japan J. Sauls, Staff Engineer, Compressor Technology, NACG Engineering Technology, The Trane Co., USA C. F. Speich, Staff Engineer, Compressor Technology, Engineering Technology, The Trane Co., USA R. L. Swadner, Staff Engineer, Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems, General Motors Corporation, USA P. G. Szymaszek, President, Vilter Manufacturing Corporation, USA A. B. Tramschek, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Scotland Y. Udagawa, Technology Executive, Air Conditioners and Appliances Group, Toshiba Corporation, Japan E. von Wachenfeldt, Chief Engineer, Metallurgy and Materials Technology, Uddeholm Strip Steel AB, Sweden D. Woollatt, Manager, Valve and Regulator Engineering, Dresser-Rand Company, USA J. R. Wright, Director of Technology, ASHRAE, USA Y. Yu, Professor and Dean of Chemical Engineering School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China L. Zhang, Senior Engineering Deputy General Manager, Wuxi-Atlas Copco Compressor Co., Ltd., China

* We have been informed that Professor Hotani passed away on May 13, 1996. He will be greatly missed.

Proceedings of the

1996 International Compressor Engineering Conference

at Purdue

Volume II

July 23-26, 1996 Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Conference Chairman and Editor Werner Soedel

General Chairman David R. Tree

Sponsored by Ray W. Herrick Laboratories

School of Mechanical Engineering

i

Table of Contents

Cooperating Societies and Representatives: Advisory Committee ......................................................... xiv

Preface ................................................................................................................................................... xv

Policy for Publishing Conference Papers in Archival Journals ............................................................... xvii

Author Index ........................................................................................................................................ xviii

Keyword lndex ....................................................................................................................................... xxi

C-1: Screw Compressors I Chairperson: H. E. Khalifa, carrier carlyle Compressor Division

C. X. You, Y. Tang, J. S. Fleming; University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; Optimum Rotor Geometrical Parameters in Refrigeration Helical Twin Screw Compressors .......................................... 1

C. X. You, Y. Tang, J. S. Fleming; University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; Optimum Lobe Tip Designs in Oil Injected Helical Twin Screw Compressors ................................................................................... 7

H. Kameya, M. Takebayashi, M. Ishii, K. Shiinoki; Hitachi Ltd., Japan; Investigation of Torque·Fiuctuation Reducer Made of Permanent·Magnets for Screw Compressors .......................................................... 13

N. B. Alyokhin, V. P. Malakhov; Odessa Polytechnic University, Ukraine; Compressor Capacity Control ............................................................................................................................................... 19

H. Li; Wanbao Compressor Holding Company, People's Republic of China; Effects of Some Key Factors on Working Process of a Single Screw Compressor ........................................................................... 25

C-2: Reciprocating Compressors I Chairperson: P. Pandeya, Bristol Compressors

W. G. Meiners, W. Zhou, J. Kim; University of Cincinnati, USA; A New Technique to Measure Experimental Pressure Diagrams of Reciprocating Compressors ........................................................ 31

W. Zhou, J. Kim; University of Cincinnati, USA; Optimal Sizing of the Discharge Port Area of a Reciprocating Compressor Utilizing Computer Simulation Technique .................................................. 37

M. Fujiwara, T. Kazama; Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan; Y. Gunji; Toa Corporation, Japan; Reciprocating Air Microcompressor .................................................................................................... 43

B. D. Rasmussen; Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Small Variable Speed Hermetic Reciprocating Compressors for Domestic Refrigerators ...................................................................... 49

V. K. Rao, P. S. Murty, M.S. Reddy, S. A. Sundaresan; Siel Refrigeration Industries, India; Study of Accelerating Torque Requirements of a Reciprocating Compressor .................................................... 55

m

C-3: Thermodynamics, Alternative Refrigerants 1

Chairperson: A. B. Tramschek, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom

S. Harte, G. V. Strikis; Ford Motor Company, USA; J. A. McGovern; University of Dublin, Ireland; A Weighting Method to Determine the Impact of Volumetric Efficiency on the Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Compressor ................................................................................................................................. 61

T. Kate, Y. Shirafuji, S. Kawaguchi; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan; Comparison of Compressor Efficiency Between Rotary and Scroll Type with Alternative Refrigerants for R22 ................................ 69

J. Rigola, F. Escanes, A. Oliva, C. D. Perez-Segarra; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain; Numerical Study of a Single Stage Vapor Compression Refrigerant Unit Using Non-Contaminant Refrigerants ....................................................................................................................................... n

G. Lampugnani, M. Zgliczynski; Embrace Aspera-Product Engineering, Italy; R290 as a Substitute of R502 and R22 in Commercial Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ........................................................ 83

S. Y. Motta, S. L. Braga, J. A. R. Parise; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; A Study on the Polytropic Exponent of Reciprocating Hermetic Compressors ........................................ 89

E. A. Groll; Purdue University, USA; Update on CFC Substitutes in the USA With Respect to Vapor Compression Technology ................................................................................................................... 95

C-4: Lubrication, Wear, Friction, Seals, and Bearings I

Chairperson: F. Sadeghi, Purdue University

B. Jacobson; SKF Engineering & Research Centre B.V., The Netherlands; Ball Bearing Lubrication in Refrigeration Compressors ............................................................................................................... 103

D.-H. Kim, H.-8. Kim, K.-Y. Hong; LG Electronics Inc., Korea; Lubrication Analysis on the Profile of Slider in Reciprocating Compressor .................................................................................................. 1 09

T. Yoshimura, H. Akashi, A. Yagi, T. Nagao; Matsushita Refrigeration Company, Japan; Bearing Characteristics at the Small End of a Connecting Rod in Reciprocating Compressors tor HFC-134a ........................................................................................................................................ 115

T. Fukuda, M. Hayano; Toshiba Corporation, Japan; HFC!POE Lubricity Evaluation on the Rotary Compressor in System Operation ..................................................................................................... 121

H. Kitaura, S. Hagiwara, H. Ozawa, H. Ueno, K. Saitoh; Daikin Industries, Ltd., Japan; The Characteristics of Oil Pumps tor Refrigerant Compressors ............................................................... 127

M. Nomura, S. Hiodoshi, T. Toyama, K. Kawahara, T. Kanayama; Daikin Industries, Ltd., Japan; Evaluation of HFC Rotary Compressor and System (Improvement of Lubricating Ability and Capillary Tube Clogging) ................................................................................................................................. 133

H. Yoon, T. Sheiretov, C. Cusano; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Tribo/ogica/ Evaluation of Various Aluminum Alloys in Lubricant/Refrigerant Mixtures .......................................... 139

iv

C-5: Screw Compressors II Chairperson: D. Woollatt, Dresser-Rand

F. L. Heidrich Ill; Dresser-Rand Company, USA; Water Flooded Single Screw (SSP) ·compressor Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 145

J. Sauls; The Trane Company, USA; Development of a Comprehensive Thermodynamic Modeling System tor Refrigerant Screw Compressors ..................................................................................... 151

N. Stosic; City University, United Kingdom; K. Hanjalic; Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; General Method tor Screw Compressor Profile Generation. .............................................................. 157

K. B. Kumar, J. W. Bush; United Technologies Carrier Corporation, USA; Simplified Compressor Performance Scaling ........................................................................................................................ 163

N. Sundt, USA; Computer Based Screw Compressor Rotor Design System ....................................... 169

C. Ducruet, B. Hivet; Electricite de France, France; J. Boone; Mycom Europe, Belgium; M. Torreilles; Quiri Refrigeration, France; Test on a Twin-Screw Compressor: Comparison Between Two Cooling Modes .............................................................................................................................................. 175

N. Stosic, I. K. Smith; City University, United Kingdom; S. Zagorac; DRUM International, United Kingdom; CFD Studies of Flow in Screw and Scroll Compressors .................................................................... 181

C-6: Reciprocating Compressors II Chairperson: J. H. Kim, University of Cincinnati

D. S. Kim, G. G. Kim, S. T. Lee; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Korea; High Efficiency R-134a Compressor for Domestic Refrigerator ............................................................................................. 187

F. Escanes, C. D. Perez-Segarra, J. Rigola; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain; J. M. Serra, J. Pons, M. Escriba, M. Jornet; Electrolux Compressors Companies, Spain; Numerical Simulation of Hermetic Reciprocating Compressors. Recent Improvements and Experimental Validation ............. 193

H. Erol; Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; T. Durakbasa; Arcelik A.S., Turkey; H. T. Belek; Istanbul Technical University, Turkey; Dynamic Modeling and Measurements on a Reciprocating Hermetic Compressor ................................................. .-................................................................................... 199

K. M. lgnatiev, B. B. Chrustalev, M. M. Perevozchikov, V. B. Zdalinsky; State Technical University, Russia; Simulation and Parametric Analysis of the Suction Valve and Muffler of a Small Reciprocating Compressor ..................................................................................................................................... 205

B.S. Chrustalev, V. B. Zdalinsky; State Technical University, Russia; V. A. Bulanov; GRAZ Plant, Russia; Mathematical Model of Reciprocating Compressor With One or Several Stages tor the Real Gases .............................................................................................................................................. 211

X. Qian; Northern Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; The Development of the Quasi Double-Action Air Compressor with the Crankcase Supercharger ..................................................... 217

v

C-7: Thermodynamics, Alternative Refrigerants II

Chairperson: H. Kruse, Universitat Hannover, Germany

H. Kruse, J. Suess; University of Hannover, Germany; Research on the Behavior of Refrigeration Compressors Using C02 as the Refrigerant .....................................................................................• 223

B. E. Fagerli; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway; Development and Experiences with a Hermetic C02 Compressor ..................................................................................................... 229

A. K. Dutta, T. Yanagisawa, M. Fukuta; Shizuoka University, Japan; A Study on Compression Characteristic of Wet Vapor Refrigerant ........................................................................................... 235

R. Dirlea, J. Hannay, J. Lebrun; University of Liege, Belgium; Testing of Refrigeration Compressors without Condensation ....................................................................................................................... 241

I. N. Krasnovsky, E. S. Muravia; NORD Association, Ukraine; V. P. Onistchenko; Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration, Ukraine; Elaboration of Compressor Working on R134a .......................................... 247

C-8: Lubrication, Wear, Friction, Seals, and Bearings II

Chairperson: B. Jacobson, SKF Engineering & Research Centre B. V., The Netherlands

K. Graunke; Sulzer-Burckhardt, Switzerland; Developments in Dry Running Seals tor Reciprocating Compressors ....................................................................................... : ............................................ 251

T. Kawashima, H. Kawabata, S. Watakabe; Matsushita Refrigeration Company, Japan; Wear Characteristics of Each Composition of the Chromium Nitride Coated Vane in the Rotary Compressor for HFC-.134a ................................................................................................................................... 257

F. Nishiwaki, H. Hasegawa, M. lkoma, R. Matsuzaki, S. Muramatsu; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; Mechanical Loss Reduction at Thrust Bearings of Scrol/ Compressors Using R407C ... 263

S. H. Choa, C. G. Baek, Y. W. Kim, K. S. Hyun, S. K. Oh; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Korea; A Study of Overal/ Tribologica/ Problems in Developing R407c Rotary Compressor with Polyolester Oils ....... 269

T. lizuka, A. lshiyama, H. Hata, K. Sato; Hitachi, Ltd., Japan; Reliability Study of HFC134a Compressor for Refrigerator ........................................................... :···- ................................................................. 275

T. lizuka, A. lshiyama, H. Hata, K. Sato, K. Fujibayashi; Hitachi, Ltd., Japan; Reliability Study of Compressor for Room Air Conditioners Using HFC Based Refrigerant ............................................. 281

R. J. Rodgers, J. J. Nieter; United Technologies Research Center, USA; Comprehensive Analysis of Leakage in Rotary Compressors ...................................................................................................... 287

R. S. Bailey, D. G. Cutts; United Technologies Research Center, USA; Journal Bearing Experimental Evaluations and Data Correlation ..................................................................................................... 295

Vl

C-9: Scroll Compressors I Chairperson: E. B. Muir, Copeland Corporation

S. Hase, S. Yamamoto, H. Hirano, T. Kohayakawa, H. Kawano, Y. Futagami, H. Oka; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; N. Ishii; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; Development of a Compact Horizontal-Type Scroll Compressor for Alternative Refrigerants ......................................... 303

T. Akazawa, S. Kawahara, Y. Abe, M. Makino, D. ltou; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; Development of a High Performance Scroll Compressor for Automotive Air Conditioners ................. 311

T. Morimoto, S. Yamamoto, S. Hase, S. Yamada; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; N. Ishii; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; Development of a High SEER Scroll Compressor ..................................................................................................................................... 317

Y.-H. Cho, B.-C. Lee, J.-K. Lee; LG Electronics Inc., Korea; Development of High Efficiency Scroll Compressor for Package Air Conditioners ........................................................................................ 323

R. T. Drost, R. L DeBlois; United Technologies Research Center, USA; Scroll Compressor Performance With Oil Injection/Separation ................. ~ .......................................................................................... 329

C-10: Miscellaneous Compressors Chairperson: A. Futakawa, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan

P. Bushnell, Carrier Corporation of United Technologies, USA; Oil Droplet Generation and Control in Rolling Piston Type Compressors ..................................................................................................... 335

R. Redlich, R. Unger, N. van der Walt; Sunpower Inc., USA; Linear Compressors: Motor Configuration, Modulation and Systems .................................................................................................................. 341

H. Li; Wanbao Compressor Holding Company, People's Republic of China; G. Jin; Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; Experimental Study on Property of Oil-Flooded Rolling Cylinder Reciprocating Compressor ................................................................................................................ 347

C-11: Valve Mechanics I

Chairperson: E. H. Machu, Hoerbiger Ventilwerke AG

Q. Yang, P. Engel; State University of New York, USA; B. G. Shiva Prasad, D. Woollatt; Dresser-Rand, USA; Dynamic Response of Compressor Valve Springs to Impact Loading ..................................... 353

F. Fagotti, M.G. D. de Bartoli, EmbraceS. A., Brazil; R. Barbieri; Faculdade de Engenharia de Joinville, Brazil; A Finite Element Approach to Compressor Valves Motion Simulation ................................... 359

L Boswirth; HTL-Modling, Austria; A New Valve Dynamics Simulation Program and Its Use for the Design of Valves .............................................................................................................................. 365

Y.-C. Ma, J.-Y. Bae; LG Electronics Inc., Korea; Determination of Effective Force Area and Valve Behavior on the Rolling Piston Type Compressor ............................................................................. 371

C. J. Deschamps, R. T. S. Ferreira, A T. Prata; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil; Turbulent Flow Through Valves of Reciprocating Compressors ........................................................................ an

vii

W. H. You, D. Y. Kwon, S. K. Ko; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Korea; A Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor ..................................................................................... 383

X. Oian; Northern Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; The Development of the Simply Supported Feather Spring Valve ....................................................................................................... 389

C-12: Lubrication, Wear, Friction, Seals, and Bearings Ill

Chairperson: K. E. Davis, Lubrizol Corporation

M. Fukuta, T. Yanagisawa, T. Shimizu; Shizuoka University, Japan; Analysis of Oil Film at Vane Side in Vane Compressors ........................................................................................................................... 395

M. Fukuta, T. Yanagisawa, T. Shimizu, T. Mochizuki; Shizuoka University, Japan; ObseNation of Oil Film Condition in a Cylinder of Rotary Compressor ........................................................................... 401

Y. Ishida; Matsushita Refrigeration Co., Ltd., Japan; F. Nishiwaki, M. lkoma; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; A Study on Lubricity of Polyolester for Alternative Refrigerant HFC-134a .............. 407

K. Kawahara, S. Mishina, A. Kamino, K. Ochiai, T. Okawa, S. Fujimoto; Daikin Industries, Ltd., Japan; Tribological Evaluation of Rotary Compressor with HFC Refrigerants ............................................... 413

A. K. Molyneaux, R. Zanelli; Federal Polytechnicof Lausanne, Switzerland; Externally Pressurised and Hybrid Bearings Lubricated with R134a for Oil-Free Compressors .................................................... 419

S. Ogata; United Technologies Carrier Corporation, USA; S. Corr; ICI Klea, United Kingdom; Compressor Wear Experiences in an R-407C Retrofit Program ........................................................ 425

J. Fahl, V. Synek; DEA Mineraloel AG, Germany; Synthetic Refrigeration Oils- Humidity Related Difficulties and Solutions .................................................................................................................. 431

C-13: Scroll Compressors II Chairperson: M. A. Di Flora, Bristol Compressors

H. E. Khalifa; Carrier Carlyle Compressor Division, USA; Break~in Behavior of Scroll Compressors .... 439

H. J. Kim; University of Inchon, Korea; S. Y. Kim, W. H. Lee, J. K. Lee; LG Electronics Inc., Korea; A Study on the Reduction of Torque Variation in Scroll Compressors ................................................... 445

T. Barite; Scroll Technologies, USA; Y. Chen; United Technologies Carrier Corporation, USA; Analysis for Development of the Anti~ rotational Roller Clutch Device for Scroll Compressors .......................... 451

J. Lee, S. Kim, S. Lee, Y. Park; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Korea; Investigation of Axial Compliance Mechanism in Scroll Compressor ..................................................................................................... 459

D. Yu, T. A. Ameel, R. 0. Warrington; Louisiana Tech University, USA; Thermal and Static Finite Element Analysis of Fixed Scroll Deformation ............................................................... : ................... 465

L. Sjoholm; Thermo King Corporation, USA; Helical Lobed Compressor for Transport Refrigeration ... 471

V1ll

C-14: Rotary Vane and Other Rotary Compressors

Chairperson: To be confirmed

A B. Tramschek; University of Strathclyde, Scotland; M. H. Mkumbwa; University of DarEs Salaam, Tanzania; Mathematical Modelling of Radial and Non-Radial Rotary Sliding Vane Compressors ...... 4n

A. B. Tramschek; University of Strathclyde, Scotland; M. H. Mkumbwa; University of DarEs Salaam, Tanzania; Experimental Studies of Non-Radial Vane Rotary Sliding Vane Air Compressors During Steady State Operation .................................................................................................................... 485

J. B. Shung; Indiana-Purdue University at Fort Wayne, USA; X. Tao; Louisiana Tech University, USA; Finite Element Model for Motion and Contact Analysis in a Trochoidal-Type Machine ....................... 493

M. Masuda, K. Sakitani, Y. Yamamoto, T. Uematsu, A Mutch; Daikin Industries, Ltd., Japan; Development of Swing Compressor for Alternative Refrigerants ....................................................... 499

C-15: Valve Mechanics II

Chairperson: G. W. Gatecliff, Tecumseh Products Company

E. H. Machu; Hoerbiger Ventilwerke AG., Austria; Reciprocating Compressor Diagnostics, Detecting Abnormal Conditions from Measured Indicator Cards ....................................................................... 505

M. Nystrom, P. Liu, T. Larsson, S. Olsson, G. Svensk; AB Sandvik Steel, Sweden; Impact Fatigue of Compressor Valve Steel ................................................................................................................... 511

J. Prins, C. A Infante Ferreira, C. M. Kalker-Kalkman; Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands; Optimization of a Valve Using a Genetic Algorithm ........................................................................... 517

K. A. Temple, V. W. Goldschmidt, J.D. Jones; Purdue University, USA; Evaluation of a Linearly Damped Model to Predict the Closing Motion of a Springless Flapper Valve ................................................... 523

C-16: Heat Transfer Considerations

Chairperson: Y. Sano, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan

J. Rigola, C. D. Perez-Segarra, A Oliva; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Spain; J. M. Serra, J. Pons, M. Escriba, M. Jornet; Electro lux Compressors Companies, Spain; Parametric Study of Hermetic Reciprocating Compressors ............................................................................................................. 529

A. Cavallini, L. Doretti, G. A. Longo, L. Rossetto; Universita di Padova, Italy; B. Bella, A. Zannerio; Electrolux Compressors, Italy; Thermal Analysis of a Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor .............. 535

Z. Gnutek, E. Kalinowski; Wroclaw Technical University, Poland; Heat Exchange in the Working Chamber of a Multivane Compressor ............................................................................................... 541

Y. Kang; North-West Institute of Textile Science and Technology, People's Republic of China; L. Yu; ShaanXi Blower Factory, People's Republic of China; Heat and Mass Transfer Calculation of the Intercooler With Spraying Water for Air Compressor ......................................................................... 547

ix

C-17: Scroll Compressors Ill

Chairperson: J.P. Elson, Copeland Corporation

D.P. Gagne, J. J. Nieter; United Technologies Research Center, USA; Simulating Scroll Compressors Using a Generalized Conjugate Surface Approach ...................................................................•...•.•. 553

K. T. Ooi, W. Han; Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore; Optimizing the Back Pressure Port of a Scroll Compressor ..........................................................................•..........•..••..... 559

Z. Qu; Xi' an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; A. B. T ramschek; University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom; Investigation of a Multistage Scroll Compressor With Oil~lnjection .......................... 565

H. Mizuno, H. Kobayashi, K. Sate, S. Matsuda, K. Hirooka; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Japan; Development of Horizontal Scroll Compressor in Air~Conditioners for Commercial Use ..................... 573

L. Li, P. Shu, Y. Yu; Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; Effect of Scroll Wraps on Performances of Scroll Compressor ..............................................................................................•.. 579

C-18: Sound and Vibrations, Gas Pulsations I

Chairperson: J. Sauls, The Trane Company

W. Zhou, J. Kim; University of Cincinnati, USA; Prediction of the Noise Radiation of Hermetic Compressors Utilizing the Compressor Simulation Program and FEM!BEM Analyses ..................•... 587

Y. M. Cho; United Technologies Research Center, USA; H. J. Kim; United Technologies Carrier, USA: Dynamic Characterization of Noise and Vibration Transmission Paths in Unear Cyclic Systems: Part I ~ Theory .........................................................................................................................................•... 593

H. J. Kim; United Technologies Carrier, USA; Y. M. Cho; United Technologies Research Center, USA; Dynamic Characterization of Noise and Vibration Transmission Paths in Unear Cyclic Systems: Part II ~ Experimental Validation ................................................................................................................. 599

S. Motegi, S. Nakashima; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan; A Study on Noise Reduction in a Scroll Compressor ..................................................................................................................................... 605

Y. K. Kim, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; Theoretical Gas Pulsation in Discharge Passages of Rolling Piston Compressor, Part 1: Basic Model.. ............................................................................. 611

Y. K. Kim, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; Theoretical Gas Pulsation in Discharge Passages of Rolling Piston Compressor, Part II: Representative Results ............................................................. 619

C-19: Scroll Compressors IV

Chairperson: G. R. Pennock, Purdue University

T. E. Rook; Copeland Corporation, USA; Modeling of the Bottom Cover Dynamics of a Scroll Compressor ..................................................................................................................................... 6'Zl

N. Ishii; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; K. Bird; Matsushita Compressor Corporation of America, USA; K. Sana, M. Oono, S. lwamura; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; T. Otokura; Osaka Electro~Communication University, Japan; Refrigerant Leakage Flow Evaluation for Scroll Compressors .......................................................................................................................... S33

X

N.lshii; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; M. Sakai, K. Sano, S. Yamamoto; Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Japan; T. Otokura; Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan; A Fundamental Optimum Design tor High Mechanical and Volumetric Efficiency of Compact Scroll Compressors .................................................................................................................................... 639

z. Gu, Y. Yu; Xi'an Jiaotong University, People's Republic of China; Investigation on a New Mechanical Supercharger- Scroll Supercharger ................................................................................................. 645

z. Liu, G. Du, J. Gu, X. Cao; Gansu University of Technology, People's Republic of China; Optimization of Dimensional Parameters of Scroll Compressor Geometric Model with Arbitrary Real Number of Turns ............................................................................................................................................... 651

C-20: Turbo Compressors I Chairperson: J. J. Jacobs, United Technologies Carrier Corporation

L. G. Hays; Biphase Energy Company, USA; J. J. Brasz; Carrier Corporation, USA; Two-Phase Turbines tor Compressor Energy Recovery ..................................................................................................... 657

T. Tanaka; Kobe University, Japan; Interrelationship Between the Efficiency Characteristics and the Centrifugal Forces at Design and Off Design Flow Rates Among Axial Flow Fans, and Compressors .................................................................................................................................... 663

R. W. Driver, D.P. Davidson; Driver Technology Ltd., United Kingdom; A Rotary Positive Displacement Heat Pump Compressor and Turbine Combined in One Rotor .......................................................... 669

Z. Li, K. Wu; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China; Quasi 3-D Flow Design and Characteristics of Diagonal Flow Impeller with Circular Arc Plate ........................... 675

K. Wu, Y. Ou, H. Xie, H. Zhang; Huazhong University of Science and Technology, People's Republic of China; Investigation into Influence of Inlet Prewhirl on Flow Field of Diagonal Impeller with Exit Guide Volute .............................................................................................................................................. 681

C-21: Sound and Vibrations, Gas Pulsations II Chairperson: H. Gibeling, United Technologies carrier Corporation

W. L. Li, V. Eyo; United Technologies Carrier Corporation, USA; Dynamic Analysis of a Compressor Mounting System ............................................................................................................................. 687

C. Padmanabhan; Copeland Corporation, USA; Modeling of Compressor Vibration for Improved Dynamic Design ............................................................................................................................... 693

C. Ozturk, A Acikgoz; Turk Elektrik Endustrisi AS., Turkey; J. L. Migeot; LMS Numerical Technologies, Belgium; Radiation Analysis of the Reciprocating Refrigeration Compressor Casing ............... 697

S.-K. Park; LG Electronics Inc., Korea; Application ofTaguchi Robust Design Method tor Energy Efficiency Ratio and Noise of Compressors ...................................................................................... 703

Y. Adachi, I. Onoda, K. Takashima; Toshiba Corporation, Japan; Development of a Low Noise Rotary Compressor ..................................................................................................................................... 709

K. W. Yun; United Technologies Carrier Corporation, USA; Changes in Sound Characteristics of Rotary Compressor With Run Time ............................................................................................................. 715

xi

R. A. Simmons, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; Surging in Coil Springs ...................................... 721

C. Ozturk; Turk Elektrik Endustrisi A.S., Turkey; F. Deblauwe; LMS International, Belgium; Y. Kopgeroolu; Turk Elektrik Endustrisi A.S., Turkey; Acoustic Features of the Reciprocating Refrigeration Compressors ............................................................................................................... 729

C·22: Electronic Considerations

Chairperson: E. S. Kim, LG Electronics, Korea

J. Petraitis; Texas Instruments, USA; Three Phase Hermetic Protector Application Process ............... 735

S. K. Son, S. H. Joung, Y. J. Huh; DAEWOO Electronics Co., Ltd., Korea; A Study on the Starting Characteristics of a Reciprocating Compressor for a Household Refrigerator .................................... 743

C-23: Turbo Compressors II

Chairperson: J. J. Jacobs, United Technologies Carrier Corporation

E. F. Keuper; The Trane Company, USA; Performance Characteristics of R-11, R-123 and R-245CA in Direct Drive Low Pressure Chillers ................................................................................................... 749

J. Mulugeta, W. Dietrich; York International Corporation, USA; Performance of Variable Speed Centrifugal Chillers ........................................................................................................................... 755

J. J. Brasz; Carrier Corporation, USA; Aerodynamics of Rotatable Inlet Guide Vanes for Centrifugal Compressors .................................................................................................................................... 761

V. Sishtla; Carrier Corporation, USA; Performance of Centrifugal Compressors with Variable Vaned Diffuser ............................................................................................................................................ 767

S. Sawyer, S. Fleeter; Purdue University, USA; Source Control of Turbomachine Discrete-Frequency Tone Generation .............................................................................................................................. ns

C-24: Sound and Vibrations, Gas Pulsations Ill

Chairperson: H. J. Kim, United Technologies Carrier Corporation

V. S. Anantapantula, V. K. Rao, S. A. Sundaresan, K. Venkateswarlu; Siel Refrigeration Industries, India; Design Modifications for Use of Hermetic Compressors in Mobile Applications ................................. 781

G. Pavic, K. T rdak, A. Badie-Cassagnet; Centre Technique des Industries Mecaniques, France; Characterization of Compressor Noise Propagating Through Connected Pipes ................................ 787

K.-L. Koai; Taiwan Power Company, Taiwan ROC; T. Yang, J. Chen; Yuan-Ze Institute of Technology, Taiwan ROC; The Muffling Effect of Helmholtz Resonator Attachments to a Gas Flow Path ............. 793

P. C.-C. Lai, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; Gas Pulsations in Thin, Curved or Flat Cavities due to Multiple Mass Flow Sources ............................................................................................................. 799

xii

P. C.-C. Lai, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; D. Gilliam, P. Roy; Bristol Compressors, Inc., USA; On the Permissibility of Approximating Irregular Cavity Geometries by Rectangular Boxes and Cylinders ...................................................................... : ................................................................... 807

P. C.-C. Lai, W. Soedel; Purdue University, USA; On the Anechoic Termination Assumption When Modeling Exit Pipes .......................................................................................................................... 815

Appendix A: Additional papers from the 1994 International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue

Z. Gnutek, E. Kalinowski; Technical University of Wroclaw, Poland; Application of Rotary Vane Expanders in Systems Utilizing the Waste Heat ............................................................................... 823

A lshiyama, T. lizuka, K. Kawashima, K. Sekigami, H. Hata, T. Sugano; Hitachi, Ltd., Japan; Study of Technology tor Refrigerant Applications 2. Lubrication of Rotary Compressor in HFC-based Alternates ......................................................................................................................................... 829

xiii

Cooperating Societies and Representatives Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), J.P. Norris and G. Friedman, representatives Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), G. C. Hourahan, representative The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASH RAE), J. R. Wright,

representative The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

• Design Engineering Division, P. E. Doepker, representative • Fluids Engineering Division, K. E. Hickman, representative

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), J. Weizeorick and L. Swatkowski, representatives Deutscher Kalte-und Klimatechnischer Verein (DKV), H. Kruse, representative ICI Klea Inc., T. W. Dekleva, representative International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (liAR), K. Anderson, representative International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), L. Lucas, representative The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), A. Futakawa, representative Japanese Association of Refrigeration (JAR), S. Hotani, representative* Refrigeration Service Engineers Society, D. Lewis, representative

Advisory Committee R. L. Carter, Executive Vice President, Americold, USA C. J. Coe, Director, Advanced Technology Development, Whirlpool Corporation, USA M.A. Di Flora, Vice President, Engineering, Bristol Compressors, USA R. Dusil, President, J. N. Eberle & Cie. GmbH, Germany A. Futakawa, Technology Executive, Power and Industrial Systems Group, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation,

Japan K. Graunke, Manager, Research and Development, Sulzer-Burckhardt Engineering Works ltd., Switzerland E. Heinzelmann, Managing Director, Embrace S.A., Brazil C. A. Infante Ferreira, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands N.J. Josiassen, Vice President, Technology, Danfoss Compressors GmbH, Germany H. E. Khalifa, Director of Engineering, Carlyle Compressor Company-Carrier Corporation, United Technologies,

USA E. Korfitsen, Manager, Research and Development, SABROE Refrigeration A/S, Denmark H. Kruse, DKV-Senior President, Universitat Hannover, Germany A. Lundberg, Executive Vice President, ABB Stal Refrigeration AB, Sweden M. Menzer, Vice President, Engineering and Research, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, USA E. B. Muir, Senior Vice President, Engineering and Research, Copeland Corporation, USA S. Olsson, Manager, Product Research Strip, AB Sandvik Steel, Sweden 0. K. Riegger, Director of Research, Tecumseh Products Company, USA Y. Sane, General Manager, Engineering Department, Compressor Division, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,

Ltd., Japan J. Sauls, Staff Engineer, Compressor Technology, NACG Engineering Technology, The Trane Co., USA C. F. Speich, Staff Engineer, Compressor Technology, Engineering Technology, The Trane Co., USA R. L. Swadner, Staff Engineer, Delphi Harrison Thermal Systems, General Motors Corporation, USA P. G. Szymaszek, President, Vi Iter Manufacturing Corporation, USA A. B. Tramschek, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Scotland Y. Udagawa, Technology Executive, Air Conditioners and Appliances Group, Toshiba Corporation, Japan E. von Wachenfeldt, Chief Engineer, Metallurgy and Materials Technology, Uddeholm Strip Steel AB, Sweden D. Woollatt, Manager, Valve and Regulator Engineering, Dresser-Rand Company, USA J. R. Wright, Director of Technology, ASHRAE, USA Y. Yu, Professor and Dean of Chemical Engineering School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China L. Zhang, Senior Engineering Deputy General Manager, Wuxi-Atlas Copco Compressor Co., Ltd., China

* We have been informed that Professor Hotani passed away on May 13, 1996. He will be greatly missed.

xiv

Preface

The 1996 International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue (1996 ICECP) is the thirteenth biennial conference of this series, which started in 1972 under the name of Purdue Compressor Technology Conference. The name change reflected the nature of the conference more accurately and occurred in 1986. The conference will be run in parallel with the 1996 International Refrigeration Conference. The two conferences are available to attendees with registration at either one, conferring attendance and proceedings privileges to both. Proceedings of the individual conferences are available as individual publications.

The goals of the compressor conference remain the same as for the previous conferences:

• to present research and design results in positive displacement compressors,

• to review the state-of-the-art of compressor development and application,

• to educate engineers starting in the compressor field, and • to provide an easily accessible reference for compressor engineers.

At the time of writing this preface, there are 133 papers in the 1996 proceedings, bound in two volumes. As always, there is considerable international participation.

The proceedings are organized by session, except that sessions may not be complete. The final program distributed at registration should be consulted. Papers that arrived too late for printing are held back and will be printed in the 1998 proceedings. Appendix A contains papers from the 1994 conference which, for one reason or another, did not make it into the 1994 proceedings.

It is the policy of this conference not to distinguish between invited and contributed papers. In the same spirit, the published page limit of six pages was uniformly enforced to a reasonable degree. This means that papers coming in with seven pages were still accepted.

As in past proceedings, it will be necessary for the reader to scan all papers in all sessions for information in a particular interest area, since most papers could have appeared in more than one session. To help the reader somewhat, a keyword index is again provided. Since in time individuals become known in their area of compressor activity, an author index can also be quite helpful when searching for information and has therefore been assembled.

On behalf of the organizing committee, I like to thank the members of the advisory committee, the cooperating professional societies and their representatives, all authors and session chairmen, and all industrial and academic organizations that have given such generous assistance in many ways. I also like to thank Cynthia Quillen, our conference secretary, and Barbara Meyer, conference coordinator, for their valuable

XV

help. Donna Miller, Sara Crutchfield, and Jean Brant provided important services, singling them out from a number of other people who were essential to putting together these proceedings. Last but not least, Phyllis Hurst, the 1994 conference secretary, and now editorial assistant of the Journal of Sound and Vibration, was a valuable resource.

Also, I would like to acknowledge the efforts of John J. Jacobs, who organized the two sessions on turbo compressors. In the past, we occasionally had papers on turbo compressors, but this year's strong showing is a first for us.

The next conference, the 1998 International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue, is planned tentatively for July 14-17, 1998.

XVI

Dr. Werner Soedel Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Conference Chairman

Policy for Publishing Conference Papers in Archival Journals

The organizing committee recommends to all authors who have papers that satisfy the criteria for archival journal articles to submit them to such journals for publication. Because of the relatively small number of copies, publication in the proceedings of the International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue does not constitute prior publication as far as many journal editors are concerned. If in doubt, an inquiry should be made. In most cases, the limit of six pages will require the creation of an expanded journal article version, which would qualify as a new publication anyway.

The criteria for archival papers are that they should contain original, quantitative, detailed scientific materials that are placed in proper perspective relative to prior work and are supported by references to the appropriate literature. Thus, not all conference papers are suitable. Some describe present practice; or report on procedures that were applied first by someone else; or report design features which, although important to conference participants, have relatively short temporal interest.

The organizing committee requests that authors who choose to submit their papers to archival journals acknowledge that those papers were presented at the 1996 conference and send a copy of each submitted manuscript to the conference chairman.

Purdue University sponsors this conference to provide a forum for the free exchange of ideas on the engineering state-of-the-art in the compressor field. The ideas expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the University or the cooperating organizations. The papers are not subject to the formal review procedures of the separate cooperating organizations as they would be if they were to be published by the cooperating societies. Instead, they are subject to the review procedures of the organizing committee.

Purdue University sponsors this conference to provide a forum for the free exchange of ideas on the engineering state-of-the-art in the compressor field. The ideas expressed are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the University or the cooperating organizations. The papers are not subject to the formal review procedures of the separate cooperating organizations as they would be if they were to be published by the cooperating societies. Instead they are subject to the review procedures of the Organizing Committee.

Author Index

Abe, Y .......................................................... 311 Engel, P. A ................................................... 353 Acikgoz, A .................................................... 697 Erol, H ......................................................... 199 Adachi, Y ...................................................... 709 Escanes, F ............................................. n, 193 Akashi, H ...................................................... 115 Escriba, M ............................................. 193, 529 Akazawa, T .................................................. 311 Eyo, V .......................................................... 687 Alyokhin, N. B ................................................. 19 Fagerli, B. E ................................................. 229 Ameel, T. A .................................................. 465 Fagotti, F ..................................................... 359 Anantapantula, V. $ ...................................... 781 Fahl, J .......................................................... 431 Badie~Cassagnet, A. ..................................... 787 Ferreira, R. T. S ........................................... 3n Bae, J. Y ...................................................... 371 Fleeter, S ..................................................... n5 Baek, c. G ................................................... 269 Fleming, J. $ ................................................ 1, 7 Bailey, R. S .................................................. 295 Fujibayashi, K ........................................... ~ .. 281 Barbieri, R .................................................... 359 Fujimoto, S .................................................. 413 Barite, T ....................................................... 451 Fujiwara, M .................................................... 43 Belek, H. T ................................................... 199 Fukuda, T .................................................... 121

Bella, 8 ......................................................... 535. Fukuta, M ..................................... 235, 395, 401 Bird, K .......................................................... 633 Futagami, Y ................................................. 303

Boone, J ....................................................... 175 Gagne, D.P ................................................. 553 Boswirth, L ................................................... 365 Gilliam, D ..................................................... 807

Braga, S. L ..................................................... 89 Gnutek, 2 .............................................. 541, 823 Brasz, J. J ............................................ 657, 761 Goldschmidt, V. W ....................................... 523 Bulanov, V. A ............................................... 211 Graunke, K .................................................. 251

Bush, J. W .................................................... 163 Groll, E. A ...................................................... 95 Bushnell, P ................................................... 335 Gu, J ............................................................ 651 Cao, X .......................................................... 651 Gu, Z ........................................................... 645 Cavallini, A ................................................... 535 Gunji, Y .......................................................... 43 Chen, J ......................................................... 793 Hagiwara, S ................................................. 127

Chen, Y ........................................................ 451 Han, W ........................................................ 559 Cho, Y. H ..................................................... 323 Hanjalic, K ................................................... 157 Cho, Y. M ............................................. 593, 599 Hannay, J .................................................... 241

Choa, S. H ................................................... 269 Harte, S ......................................................... 61

Chrustalev, B. B ........................................... 205 Hase, $ ................................................. 303, 317

Chrustalev, B. S ........................................... 211 Hasegawa, H ............................................... 263

Corr, S ......................................................... 425 Hata, H ......................................... 275, 281, 829

Cusano, C .................................................... 139 Hayano, M ................................................... 121 Cutts, D. G ................................................... 295 Hays, L. G ................................................... 657

Davidson, D. P ............................................. 669 Heidrich Ill, F. L. .......................................... 145

de Bertoli, M. G. D ........................................ 359 Hiodoshi, S .................................................. 133 Deblauwe, F ................................................. 729 Hirano, H ..................................................... 303

DeBlois, R. L ................................................ 329 Hirooka, K .................................................... 573 Deschamps, C. J .......................................... 3n Hivet, B ........................................................ 175 Dietrich, W ................................................... 755 Hong, K. Y ................................................... 109

Dirlea, R ....................................................... 241 Huh, Y. J ...................................................... 743 Doretti, L ...................................................... 535 Hyun, K. S ................................................... 269 Driver, R. W ................................................. 669 lgnatiev, K. M ............................................... 205 Drost, R. T .................................................... 329 lizuka, T ........................................ 275, 281, 829

Du, G ........................................................... 651 lkoma, M ............................................... 263, 407

Ducruet, C .................................................... 175 Infante Ferreira, C. A ................................... 517 Durakbasa, T ................................................ 199 Ishida, Y ...................................................... 407

Dutta, A. K .................................................... 235 Ishii, M ........................................................... 13

xvili

Ishii, N ................................... 303, 317, 633, 639 lshiyama, A ................................. 275, 281 , 829 ltou, D .......................................................... 311 lwamura, 8 ................................................... 633 Jacobson, B ................................................. 1 03 Jin, G ........................................................... 347 Jones, J. D ................................................... 523

Lee, 8 .......................................................... 459 , Lee, S. T ...................................................... 187 Lee, W. H .................................................... 445

, Li, H ....................................................... 25, 347 Li, L ............................................................. 579 Li, W. L ........................................................ 687 Li, Z ............................................................. 675

Jornet, M .............................................. 193, 529 Liu, P ........................................................... 511 Joung, 8. H .................................................. 743 Kalinowski, E ........................................ 541, 823

Liu, Z ........................................................... 651 Longo, G. A ................................................. 535

Kalker-Kalkman, C. M ................................... 517 Ma, Y. C ...................................................... 371 Kameya, H ..................................................... 13 Kamino, A .................................................... 413

Machu, E. H ................................................. 505 Makino, M .................................................... 311

Kanayama, T ................................................ 133 Kang, Y ........................................................ 547 Kato, T ........................................................... 69

Malakhov, V. P ............................................... 19 Masuda, M ................................................... 499 Matsuda, 8 .................................................. 573

Kawabata, H ................................................. 257 Matsuzaki, R ................................................ 263 Kawaguchi, 8 ................................................. 69 McGovern, J. A .............................................. 61 Kawahara, K ......................................... 133, 413 Meiners, W. G ................................................ 31 Kawahara, 8 ................................................. 311 Migeot, J. L .................................................. 697 Kawano, H .................................................... 303 Mishina, 8 .................................................... 413 Kawashima, K .............................................. 829 Mizuno, H .................................................... 573 Kawashima, T .............................................. 257 Mkumbwa, M. H .................................... 477, 485 Kazama, T ...................................................... 43 Mochizuki, T ................................................ 401 Keuper, E. F ................................................. 749 Molyneaux, A. K ........................................... 419 Khalifa, H. E ................................................. 439 Morimoto, T ................................................. 317 Kim, D. H ...................................................... 109 Motegi, 8 ..................................................... 605 Kim, D. 8 ...................................................... 187 Motta, 8. Y ..................................................... 89 Kim, G. G ..................................................... 187 Mulugeta, J .................................................. 755 Kim, H. J .............................................. 593, 599 Muramatsu, 8 .............................................. 263 Kim, H. J ...................................................... 445 Muravia, E. 8 ............................................... 247 Kim, H. 8 ...................................................... 109 Murty, P. 8 ..................................................... 55 Kim, J ............................................... 31, 37, 587 Mutoh, A ...................................................... 499 Kim, S .......................................................... 459 Nagao, T ...................................................... 115 Kim, S. Y ...................................................... 445 Nakashima, 8 .............................................. 605 Kim, Y. K .............................................. 611, 619 Nieter, J. J ............................................ 287, 553 Kim, Y. W ..................................................... 269 Nishiwaki, F .......................................... 263, 407 Kit aura, H ..................................................... 127 Nomura, M ................................................... 133 Ko, S. K ........................................................ 383 Nystrom, M .................................................. 511 Koai, K. L ..................................................... 793 Ochiai, K ...................................................... 413 Kobayashi, H ................................................ 573 Ogata, s. K .................................................. 425 Kohayakawa, T ............................................. 303 Oh, S. K ....................................................... 269 Kopgeroolu, Y ............................................... 729 Oka, H .......................................................... 303 Krasnovsky, I. N ........................................... 247 Okawa, T ..................................................... 413 Kruse, H ....................................................... 223 Oliva, A .................................................. n I 529 Kumar, K. 8 .................................................. 163 Olsson, S ..................................................... 511 Kwon, D. Y ................................................... 383 Onistchenko, V. P ........................................ 247 Lai, P. C. C ................................... 799,807,815 Onoda, I. ...................................................... 709 Lampugnani, G ............................................... 83 Ooi, K. T ...................................................... 559 Larsson, T .................................................... 511 Oono, M ....................................................... 633 Lebrun, J ...................................................... 241 Otokura, T ............................................ 633, 639 Lee, B. C ...................................................... 323 Ou, Y ........................................................... 681 Lee, J ........................................................... 459 Ozawa, H ..................................................... 127 Lee, J. K ............................................... 323, 445 Ozturk, C .............................................. 697, 729

X1X

Padmanabhan, C .......................................... 693 Sundaresan, S. A .................................. 55, 781 Parise, J. A. R ................................................ 89 Sundt, N ...................................................... 169 Park, S. K ..................................................... 703 Svensk, G .................................................... 511 Park, Y ......................................................... 459 Synek, V ...................................................... 431 Pavic, G ....................................................... 787 Takashima, K ............................................... 709 Perevozchikov, M. M .................................... 205 Takebayashi, M ............................................. 13 Perez-Segarra, C. D ....................... n, 193, 529 Tanaka, T .................................................... 663 Petraitis, J .................................................... 735 Tang, Y ........................................................ 1, 7 Pons, J ................................................. 193, 529 Tao, X .......................................................... 493 Prata, A. T .................................................... 3n Temple, K. A ................................................ 523 Prins, J ......................................................... 517 Torreilles, M ................................................. 175 Qian, X ................................................. 217, 389 Toyama, T ................................................... 133 Qu, z ............................................................ 565 Tramschek, A. B .......................... .477, 485, 565 Rao, V. K ................................................ 55, 781 Trdak, K ....................................................... 787 Rasmussen, B. D ........................................... 49 Uematsu, T .................................................. 499 Reddy, M.S ................................................... 55 Ueno, H ....................................................... 127 Redlich, R ..................................................... 341 Unger, R ...................................................... 341 Rigola, J ......................................... 77, 193, 529 van der Walt, N ............................................ 341 Rodgers, R. J ............................................... 287 Venkateswarlu, K. ........................................ 781 Rook, T. E .................................................... 627 Warrington, R. 0 .......................................... 465 Rossetto, L ................................................... 535 Watakabe, S ................................................ 257 Roy, P .......................................................... 807 Woollatt, D ................................................... 353 Saitoh, K ...................................................... 127 Wu, K ................................................... 675, 681 Sakai, M ....................................................... 639 Xie, H ........................................................... 681 Sakitani, K .................................................... 499 Vagi, A ......................................................... 115 Sana, K ................................................ 633, 639 Yamada, S ................................................... 317 Sate, K ......................................... 275, 281, 573 Yamamoto, 8 ................................ 303, 317, 639 Sauls, J ........................................................ 151 Yamamoto, Y ............................................... 499 Sawyer, S ..................................................... 775 Yanagisawa, T .............................. 235, 395, 401 Sekigami, K .................................................. 829 Yang, Q ................................................. ~ ..... 353 Serra, J. M ........................................... 193, 529 Yang, T ........................................................ 793 Sheiretov, T .................................................. 139 Yoon, H ....................................................... 139 Shiinoki, K ...................................................... 13 Yoshimura, T ............................................... 115 Shimizu, T ............................................ 395, 401 You, C. X ..................................................... 1, 7 Shirafuji, Y ...................................................... 69 You, W. H .................................................... 383 Shiva Prasad, B. G ....................................... 353 Yu, D ........................................................... 465 Shu, P .......................................................... 579 Yu, L ............................................................ 547 Shung, J. B .................................................. 493 Yu, Y .................................................... 579, 645 Simmons, R. A ............................................. 721 Yun, K. W .................................................... 715 Sishtla, V ...................................................... 767 Zagorac, S ................................................... 181 Sjoholm, L .................................................... 471 Zanelli, R ..................................................... 419 Smith, I. K .................................................... 181 Zannerio, A .................................................. 535 Soedel, W ............. 611, 619, 721, 799,807, 815 Zdalinsky, V. 8 ...................................... 205, 211 Son, S. K ...................................................... 743 Zgliczynski, M ................................................ 83 Stosic, N ............................................... 157, 181 Zhang, H ...................................................... 681 Strikis, G. v .................................................... 61 Zhou, W ............................................ 31, 37, 587 Suess, J ....................................................... 223 Sugano, T .................................................... 829

XX

Keyword Index

Acoustics/noise control.. ............ 13, 573, 587, 593,599,605,611,619,679,687,693,

697,703,709,715,721,729,775,787,793, 799,807,815

Active control ............................................. 775

Alternative refrigerants ................... 77, 83,'95, 115,121,133,139,187,223,229,247, 263,275, 281,303,407,413,419,425,

499,749,829

capacity control ..................................... 19, 49

Clutches ...................................................... 451

Experimental techniques ............ 31, 241, 295, 401,407,485,807

Finite elements ................... 359, 465, 493, 587, 627, 729, 781

Gas flow ............................... 377, 681, 761, 775

Gas leakage ......... 181, 287,440, 565, 633,799

Gas pulsations ........... 151, 611, 619, 787, 793, 807,815

Heat transfer ....................................... 535, 547

Intercooler .................................................. 547

Linear compressors .......................... 341 , 499

Lubrication/bearings/oil transport/sealing ..... 25,103,109,115,121,127,133,139,

145,187,223,251,257,263,269,275, 281,287,295,303,311,335,395,401, 407,413,419,425,431,499,565,829

Materials/surface treatments ............. 257, 511

Motors/electrical components .... 55, 247, 341, 735, 743

Mufflers .............................. 611, 619, 787, 793, 799,807,815

Oilfree compressors ................................... 419

Radial and axial compressors/fans/turbines .. 663,669,675,681,749,755,761,767,775

XXl

Reciprocating compressors ........... 31, 37, 43, 49,55,61, 77,89, 109,115,187,193,

199,205,211,217,223,229,251,275, 377,383,425,505,529,535,697,729,

743, 799

Reliability ................... 353, 383, 465, 511, 715

Rolling piston compressors ...... 281, 287, 335, 347,371,401,413,599,611,619,709,829

Rotary vane compressors/expanders ........ 69, 121,133,257,269,395,477,485,541,823

Scaling ........................................................ 163

Screw compressors ........................ 1, 7, 13, 19 25,145,151,157,169,175,181,471

Scroll compressors .... 69, 181, 281, 303, 311, 317,323,329,425,439,445,451,459, 465,553,559,565,573,579,599,605,

627,633,639,645,651

Simulation/expert systems ....... 169, 193, 205, 359,365,477,517,553,559,587,693

Slugging ..................................................... 235

Superchargers ........................................... 645

System considerations ................ 19, 241,657, 669, 781, 823

Thermodynamics/performance ....... 43, 61, 69, 77,83,89, 151,163,175,181,187,

223,229,235,287,303,311,317,323, 329,347,217,477,485,499,505,529, 535,541,579,639,657,663,669,679,

703, 715, 749, 755, 767

Trochoidal compressors ........................... 493

Valves ............................. 37, 43, 195,353,359, 365,371,377,383,389,511,517,523,611,

619

Vibration ....................... 13, 199, 353,359,365, 371,445,523,627,687,693,697,721,729

Wear .............. 257, 303,407,413,425,439,715