Three Chamber Tombs from Belentepe near Keramos in Karia

EUPLOIA. LA LYCIE ET LA CARIE ANTIQUES.

DYNAMIQUES DES TERRITOIRES, ÉCHANGES ET IDENTITÉS

- ausonius éditions -— Mémoires 34 —

EUPLOIA. LA LYCIE ET LA CARIE ANTIQUES

Dynamiques des territoires, échanges et identités

Actes du colloque de Bordeaux, 5, 6 et 7 novembre 2009

textes réunis par

Patrice Brun, Laurence Cavalier, Koray Konuk & Francis Prost

Ouvrage publié avec le concours de l’ANR EUPLOIA

— Bordeaux 2013 —

Notice catalographique :Brun, P., L. Cavalier, K. Konuk et F. Prost, éd. (2013) :Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques. Actes du colloque de Bordeaux 5, 6, 7 novembre 2009, Ausonius Mémoires 34, Bordeaux.

AUSONIUSMaison de l’ArchéologieUniversité Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux 3F - 33607 Pessac Cedexhttp://ausonius.u-bordeaux3.fr/EditionsAusonius

Directeur des Publications : Olivier devillersSecrétaire des Publications : Nathalie tranCouverture : Stéphanie vincent

© AUSONIUS 2013ISSN : 1283-29995ISBN : 978-2-35613-091-4

Achevé d’imprimer sur les pressesde l’imprimerie Gráficas Calima, S.A.Avda Candina, s/nE - 39011 Santander - Cantabria - Espagne

novembre 2013

PEFC/14-38-00087

Gráficas Calima ofreceproductos certificados PEFC

Sommaire

Auteurs ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Sommaire ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Patrice Brun, Dynamiques de la Méditerranée antique : le cas de la Lycie et de la Carie .................................................................................................................... 11

IDENTITÉS : UNITÉ ET DIVERSITÉ

ignasi-Xavier adiego, Unity and Diversity in the Carian Alphabet .......................................................................... 17

diether schürr, Über den Gebrauch der Schrift in Lykien: Dynasten, Familienväter und Poeten ......................................................................................................... 29

christine Bruns-Özgan, Knidos: Carian Features in a Doric City ........................................................................... 41

FaBienne colas-rannou, Circulation et production d’images : autour de la question de l’identité lycienne ............................................................................................... 51

POUVOIR, TERRITOIRE, STRUCTURES COMMUNAUTAIRES

denis rousset, Le stadiasme de Patara et la géographie historique de la Lycie : itinéraires et routes, localités et cités ........................................................................................................... 63

thomas corsten, Termessos in Pisidien und die Gründung griechischer Städte in “Nord-Lykien” ........................ 77

Pierre deBord, Hécate, divinité carienne .................................................................................................................. 85

WinFried held, Heiligtümer und lokale Identität auf der karischen Chersones ....................................................... 93

anne marie carstens, Tracing Elite Networks. A View from the Grave ..................................................................... 101

ARCHITECTURE ET POUVOIR

Frank kolB, Le pouvoir politique et son cadre architectural en Lycie antique ......................................................... 113

Poul Pedersen, Architectural Relations between Karia and Lykia at the Time of the Ionian Renaissance ............ 127

laurence cavalier & Jacques des courtils, Empreinte lagide au Letôon de Xanthos ? .......................................... 143

isaBelle Pimouguet-Pédarros, Existe-t-il un style de construction hécatomnide ? Recherche à travers l’étude des fortifications du sud-ouest de l’Asie Mineure ........................................................................... 153

Francis Prost, Retour au Mausolée et au Monument des Néréides. Identités ethniques et frontières culturelles en Lycie et en Carie ...................................................................................................................................... 175

MATÉRIEL CÉRAMIQUE

séverine lemaître, sylvie-yona Waksman, marie-camille arqué, emmanuel Pellegrino, cécile rocheron, Banu yener-marksteiner, Identités régionales et spécificités locales en Lycie antique : l’apport des céramiques culinaires ............................................................................... 189

lars karlsson, The Hekatomnid Pottery from the Recent Excavations and the Date of the Forts of Labraunda .... 213

Banu yener-marksteiner, Vorläufige Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen der Keramikfunde des Andriake-Surveys ................................................................................................................................... 225

Fede Berti, La ceramica attica a vernice nera di Iasos nel v e iv secolo a.C. ........................................................... 233

ahmet a. tirPan, mehmet tekocak, makBule ekİcİ, Two Tombs from Börükçü Necropolis .................................... 241

olivier henry, Tombes cariennes, tombes lyciennes : un processus analogue de pétrification architecturale ? .... 257

PORTS

émilie écochard, éric Fouache, catherine kuzucuoğlu, nathalie carcaud, mehmet ekmekçİ, İnan ulusoy, vincent roBert, attİla çİner, laurence cavalier, Jacques des courtils, Paléogéographie et reconstitution des dynamiques géomorphologiques à l’Holocène autour des sites archéologiques de Xanthos et du Létôon (Turquie).................................................................................... 271

thomas marksteiner, Andriakè, un port lycien ......................................................................................................... 281

HISTOIRE ET ÉPIGRAPHIE

Patrick Baker & gaétan thériault, Dédicaces de mercenaires lagides pour Kybernis sur l’Acropole lycienne de Xanthos ............................................................................................................. 293

massimo naFissi, Sur un nouveau monument de Iasos pour les Hécatomnides ....................................................... 303

roBerta FaBiani, Iasos between Mausolus and Athens .............................................................................................. 317

NOUVELLES DÉCOUVERTES ARCHÉOLOGIQUES

taner korkut, Die Ausgrabungen in Tlos.................................................................................................................. 333

kaan İren, Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Field Survey in Idyma and its Vicinity ................................ 345

aBuzer kizil, Three Chamber Tombs from Belentepe near Keramos in Karia.......................................................... 359

marc Waelkens, Euploia: Exchange and Identity in Ancient Caria and Lycia. Concluding Remarks ................... 385

Références bibliographiques ........................................................................................................................................ 439

Index des sources ......................................................................................................................................................... 463

Index des personnages ................................................................................................................................................ 465

Index des lieux ............................................................................................................................................................. 467

Index varia .................................................................................................................................................................... 471

Three Chamber Tombs from Belentepe near Keramos in Karia

Abuzer Kızıl

– Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques, p. 359 à 384

I

ntroduction 1

Three chamber tombs were discovered in Belentepe which is located to the north of ancient Keramos, an important harbour city of ancient Karia, and to the south of Çakıralan village in the district of Milas 2 (fig. 1).

Archaeological excavations started in 2007, focusing on the northern area of the hill (fig. 2-3) and finds indicated that this area was used as a necropolis, a workshop and a settlement area from the early Bronze Age onwards 3. The earliest graves were pithos tombs from the Bronze Age, and Late Geometric, Classical, Hellenistic and Byzantine period tombs testify that there was a continuous settlement in this area 4. Among the finds, a red-figured crater from the Classical period points to relations with Attica. During the excavations carried out on the same hill, small structures that may have been production and administrative areas were discovered as well as structures that may have been cultic in nature from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods 5. In addition, in the initial excavation made in the eastern part of the hill, two layers of occupation were noted, Hellenistic on the lower and Byzantine on the top one. From the findings, it was understood that this area was used as a necropolis during the Hellenistic period and subsequently as small workshop structures in the Byzantine period. Our knowledge of the early periods is limited to the tombs and some minor rural structures, as the actual settlement has not yet been found.

Two olive oil workshops from the Hellenistic period, eight wine workshops from the Byzantine period, grain mills and storerooms 6 discovered during excavations carried out so far show that wine and oil were important commodities produced in Belentepe during that period of time. In addition, many amphorae fragments from Knidos, Kos and Rhodes testify to the commercial importance of this production 7. Another noteworthy feature in Belentepe is the closeness of tombs and mills as can be seen, for example, in the Pınar village Asartepe necropolis located to the south, near Belentepe. This proximity may indicate that olive oil was used in death rituals 8.

1. I am grateful to Erol Özen, former director of Milas Museum, for allowing me to publish tomb T1 and to Prof. Dr. Ahmet Tırpan for tombs T2 and T3.

2. The archaeological settlement in Belentepe was discovered by chance during mining operations in 2006 which resulted in the partial demolition of T1. A first intervention to this tomb was made by the Milas Museum staff. This was followed in 2007-2009 by extended excavation work under the direction of Prof. Dr. A. Adil Tırpan from the Archaeology Department of Selçuk University in Konya. Excavations have been carried out by Milas Museum since 2009.

3. Tırpan & Söğüt 2010, 516-517, fig. 5.4. Tırpan & Söğüt 2009, 254-257; Tırpan & Söğüt 2010, 517.5. Tırpan & Söğüt 2009, 256.6. Söğüt & Gider 2010, 241-259; Tırpan & Söğüt 2010, 517-518.7. The pointed base amphorae, in particular, are well known for their use in maritime trade.8. Diler 2010, 155; Kızıl 2008, 366; Kızıl 2010, 264, 265.

360 – Abuzer Kizil

| Fig. 1.

| Fig. 2.

| Fig. 3.

Three ChAmber Tombs from belenTepe neAr KerAmos in KAriA – 361

the tombs

The Turkish Coal Corporation machines have damaged nearly half of tomb 1, but it was this find that prompted excavations to begin at this spot. Milas Museum staff intervened rapidly and took urgent precautions followed by extensive and careful cleaning work in the tomb 9. Despite the damage, important evidence about the last phases of the tomb was collected thanks to this preliminary intervention.

T1

Located to the south of the settlement, on the edge of the cliff, most of the eastern part of this tomb has collapsed and the surviving part was seriously damaged during mining work (fig. 3). Tomb 1 is approximately 0.15 m lower than the present ground line, is oriented south north and consists of a dromos, a front, an anterior and a back chamber (fig. 4). Stone blocks were made of a local yellowish limestone and were shaped perfectly. Masonry shows very neat craftsmanship.

The dromos of the tomb is 2.19 m high, 1.90 m wide and 1.40 m long. The floor is stone-paved and its eastern part is completely damaged. The western (left) wall, which is partly protected, is made of smoothed rough-hewn rock at its base and irregular stones placed without mortar. The collapsed roof was probably a flat roof made from stone blocks like in the anterior chamber. The capstone covering the entrance that connected the dromos and the anterior chamber still stands in front of the tomb.

The anterior chamber that comes after the dromos is 1.67 m high, 2.24 m wide and 1.39 m long. There is quite a deep tetragonal tomb niche (loculus) in the left wall of the quadrilateral anterior chamber and also an ostotheca niche over this wall (fig. 5). In the same way, the actual traces clearly show the existence of a symmetric loculus on the demolished right side. This pavement is 0.10 m higher than the other. Despite the absence of clear indications as to how the burial was made in the left, undamaged loculus, bodies were probably buried either directly or put into a wooden coffin to be placed in the loculus. The upper pattern line of the back wall of the anterior chamber with loculus is profiled like T3. There is also an interesting feature on the upper layer of the anterior chamber. On the stone pattern on the bottom, there is a grey coloured, homogenous clay layer; a dun-coloured top soil on top of it and in the uppermost part, there is a slab layer (fig. 6). This method of construction probably served isolation purposes. Again the broken tile mixed with lime mortar on the bottom part of the slab was certainly applied to prevent leakage of rainwater inside the joint between the late antique and Byzantine periods. As is usual, the height of the anterior chamber is less than that of the main chamber 10.

From the anterior chamber to the back chamber, one goes through an extremely fine crafted door which is 1.18 m high, 0.67 m wide, and 0.6 m long (fig. 7) 11. This kind of entry, which imitates wooden doors, was widely used in antiquity. The door, which is divided by metopes with relief bands, has a double-wing appearance created by a vertical band in the middle of the door. The front face of the door is decorated with relief nail heads (hobnails) whose edges are outward with heads of half-sphere shape 12. The three small rectangular holes located on the upper left metope with an average size of 0.45 x 0.2 cm and a hole located at the back side of the door, at the bottom of three holes, that protrudes outward, is trapezoidal on the outside and rectangular on the inside, belong to the door lock mechanism. The upper shaft of the door, which was used to turn the door and whose thickness was reduced to half, was broken off 13.

Nearly half of the right side of the main burial chamber which is rectangular, with a vaulted ceiling and stone-pavement, has been destroyed like the anterior chamber. Nevertheless, if we take into account the symmetry, it can be easily said that the destroyed right side is the same as the left. There is one niche near to the back part of the long west wall of the burial chamber and there are three other niches on the back wall (fig. 8). Although not in their original places 14, we can use information from the initial photos of the tomb about the original situations of the kline and ostothecae. According to

9. Precautions taken in time prevented more damage from occurring to the tomb.10. For similar examples, see Kızıl 1996, fig. 2 (section); Şimşek 1998, fig. 2.11. This door was moved to the Milas Museum and is exhibited there.12. In T3, the anterior chamber is linked to the back chamber by a door imitating wood, but the hobnails are absent. The bronze handle

on the door of T3 also exists on the door of T1. Again, the lack of a locking system on the door of T3 shows that the door did not lock but was opened simply by means of the bronze handle.

13. The broken parts of the door were reunited in the museum.14. The kline of the tomb and its supporting elements were moved to the Milas Museum and are on display.


| Fig. 4. | Fig. 5.

| Fig. 6.

| Fig. 7.

| Fig. 8.


the photos, there are two klinai along the long sides of the burial chamber. The klinai are made as bordered beds carved smoothly and made a bit higher than the outer long and short edges. The front faces of the tetragonal stone blocks carrying the kline were probably built like the back legs of a griffin or a similar predatory animal. The claws are salient and the ensemble is quite extravagant. The foot begins with three horizontal grooves placed on the higher part of the tibia. The veins on the leg are quite thick and clearly defined.

The most interesting find of the tomb chamber is undoubtedly the stone offering table. The presentation table, probably standing in the middle of the tomb chamber, has three parts. The round-shaped edges of the table were slightly raised and narrowed downright by profiling (fig. 9). On the side of the table facing the floor, there are rectangular, shallow vertical and transverse cavities, in the form of niches, for placing the ledges on the feet. This is to prevent the table from sliding and coming off. The table, not very large in size, is supported by two different shaped supports; one of them is in the front and the other is in the back. The back support is made of tetragonal shaped stone block sections; the front has a carved decoration. The top part of the front side of this support was shaped as a head of a goat and the bottom part as its leg. The fluted, long horns of the goat head extend backwards. The ears are sharp and the eyes are undetailed. The thick curls of hair on the forehead are shaped up and sideways. Wavy bristles under the chin fall down on both sides. The bottom side of the head is detailed similarly to the front leg of the goat. The goat foot stands on the small quadrilateral base 15.

The vaulted roof of the back chamber was covered firstly with greenish solid layer from outside and then, with the solid end stone. In addition, the outside walls of the tomb were supported by walls built of rough, local limestone blocks. The stone blocks that were removed or broken during the destruction were regrouped near the tomb 16.

T2

T2 is located a few meters north from T1 (fig. 2) and is 0.15 m below ground level. The dromos was filled and, generally speaking, the tomb was full of debris and the blocks fell down from the roof when the tomb was first discovered. The tomb, built in east-west direction with local stone blocks, consists of a stepped dromos, an anterior chamber and a back chamber (fig. 10-11).

The dromos is 2.10 m high, 0.56 m wide and 2.51 m long. It consists of a five stepped ladder and a small cavity (fig. 12). The first two steps of the ladder were made of stone blocks and the other three steps were carved out from the bedrock. The flank walls of the dromos, which have an archaic appearance at first glance, were built with middle-sized local stone blocks. There is no evidence that the dromos, which is now open-topped, was originally roofed.

The anterior chamber coming after the dromos is 1.93 m high, 2.42 m wide and 1.55 m long. It is understood from the traces on the anasthyrosis and the door lintel and jamb blocks that lead to the anterior chamber from the dromos, that they had begun to close the door but the work had not been completed. These traces are very shallow and are not adequate for the capstone to fit precisely in place. The upper part of the tetragonal anterior chamber was covered by large ashlar stones that fit directly on the top of the walls. The klinai that should originally be standing on the right and left side of the chamber are no longer there. However, tetragonal dimensioned blocks that are located on the left side by the entrance and placed vertically must be the carrying leg of the kline that should be there. The niches which are situated on the right and left wall of this chamber indicates in a sense the presence of the klinai, so the burial was made in the anterior chamber. Being closer to the floor, these niches on the right and left walls are noteworthy. Explaining this disproportion is hard. Because, the niches on the other tombs are usually on the same line and were arranged by being placed on the top side of the kline. If the klinai were places according to the niches that are closer to the ground, this shows us that the anterior chamber’s klinai have an order which differs from the other tombs, even the back chamber’s klinai of the same tomb.

The main burial chamber is 2.30 m high, 2.41 m wide and 2.91 m long. The middle blocks of the vaulted roof were demolished (fig. 13). There are two klinai along the north and west walls which are 0.96 m high, 0.79 m (north) and 0.85 m (west) wide and 0.25 m thick (fig. 14). There is just a stone slab in lieu of the southern kline. The front part of the leg that carries both klinai at the joining point of the right and the opposite klinai is concave in profile. This profile

15. The sculptor of the offering table and the kline legs is probably the same person.16. These blocks can be reused should the tomb be restored.


| Fig. 9. | Fig. 10.

| Fig. 11. | Fig. 12.

| Fig. 13.

| Fig. 14.


refers to a rough work to carve the griffin’s leg. The left part of the opposite kline is carried by three stone blocks, two of which are in the front part and the other is on the back side. These supporting blocks should belong to a later period. The klinai, that are broken and cracked, were carved roughly and the edges were slightly higher. There are totally six ostotheca niches; four of which are situated reciprocal on the side, long walls and the remaining ones on the back wall of the tomb (fig. 15). The niches on the back wall are a little larger. The workmanship in the stone pavement on the tomb’s floor is of poor quality. Another interesting feature about this tomb is the apparent absence of a door that would have separated the front chamber from the back chamber.

T3

This tomb stands on a slightly prominent place in the northwestern part of the excavation area (fig. 2). Other types of tombs belonging to various periods are attested in this area. For instance, there is a chamber tomb that belongs to the Geometric period on the southeastern side of T3 and there is another tomb towards the west from the Hellenistic period that consists of three loculi standing side by side (fig. 16). The tomb, built with local stone blocks, has a north-south orientation and consists of a dromos, an anterior chamber and the main burial chamber (fig. 17-18). The underground roof of the tomb is now closer to the surface. The excavation began with cleaning out the soil in the dromos. On first entering the tomb, scattered broken bones were discovered in the anterior and the back chambers (fig. 19).

The dromos consists of seven stone layers built with stone slabs and an entrance hall (fig. 20). It is 2.54 m high, 1.79 m wide and 3.20 m long. The side walls were shaped partially by braiding and engraving the bedrock.

The front chamber is 1.80 m high, 2.39 m wide and 1.27 m long, and the floor is stone paved. The chisel marks can be seen on the blocks used for building the wall. The dredger streaks are used for the wall plait on the block. The upper stone line of the back wall was built in profile to lighten the roof. The door stone, tetragonal in shape, covers the rift between the dromos and the front door, and was found in its original place semi-opened (the rectangular stone door which closes the space coming from dromos to anterior chamber, was found in situ and half-open). The lintel and the jamb blocks were carved as a band to fit the capstone. The upper part was closed by four portative stone tablets which were moved from the direct walls. The height of the anterior chamber is lower than the main burial chamber as well as the other burial chambers. The main reason for this lowness is the height of the vaulted roof.

The passage from the anterior chamber to the burial chamber is through a wooden imitation stone door that is 1.25 m high and 0.88 m wide. The door is divided into four panels with carved bands (fig. 21). There is a bronze ring-shaped handle to open the door mounted with lead near the front side. The lower door shaft is made of bronze and is ring-shaped, and the upper shaft hole is carved in the lintel block. The lower hinge was made of bronze in order to sustain the weight of the door. There is a deep crack in the front, narrow side of the door from top to bottom. A threshold divides the front door and the burial chamber.

The burial chamber (fig. 22) is 2.35 m high, 2.39 m wide and 2.42 m long. It has a vaulted roof (fig. 23). Cracks can be noticed in spite of the good masonry. Some blocks on the floor were moved. There is an ostotheca niche near the back of both of the right and left side walls of the burial chamber, there are three in the back wall. Niches are at the same level with the upper parts of the kline. The blocks that are underneath the two left niches on the back wall were connected to each other with labrys-shaped, lead-coated bronze clamps 17.

There are two klinai along the left and right walls of the burial chamber (fig. 24). The sides of the klinai are a little higher like a narrow band. The bands on the short sides are wider. The klinai are carried by stone block legs in the shape of lion feet. However, the front side of the foot standing on the backside of the door cannot be seen when the door is opened. The paws of the griffin foot feature thick veins which produce a vibrant baroque effect. There are three rings just under the knee like knuckles. Unshaped local flagstones cover the upper part of the vaulted burial chamber.

17. It is perhaps not a coincidence that the dove-tail clamps wer clearly defined to look like a labrys, common feature in Karia.


| Fig. 15.

| Fig. 16.

| Fig. 17. | Fig. 18.

| Fig. 19. | Fig. 20.


| Fig. 21.

| Fig. 22.

| Fig. 23. | Fig. 24.


conclusion

The Belentepe chamber tombs, with a few local differences, conform in general to the usual chamber tomb model consisting of two chambers, with or without dromos, commonly seen in Antiquity. Chamber tombs built underground in Karia can be seen in Beçin 18, Mylasa 19, Alabanda 20, Alinda 21, Orthosia, 22 and chamber tombs built under tumuli are known in Arablı 23, Altıntaş 24, Alabanda 25, Kavaklı 26, Hyllarima 27, Alamut – Maltepe 28. A divergent feature is a top part in the shape of a flat roof whose blocks are carried by beams. However, it is common that the height of the front chamber is generally lower than that of the back chamber 29. The anterior chamber of some of these tombs that have one smaller anterior chamber or two chambers at the same size was used as burial chamber and in some of them there was no evidence of such burial 30. In Belentepe tombs, the burial was made in the T1 and T2 anterior chambers. But there is no definite evidence about a burial in the anterior chamber of T3 31.

T2 and T3 with the stepped dromos can be described as atypical for Karia. There are some examples of stepped-dromos tombs that have one or two anterior chambers in Stratonikeia, with single or double chambers 32. Among these, the tombs located at Akdağ near Stratonikeia, which have a stepped entrance, front and back chambers even if they are not in the same line, are similar to Belentepe’s tombs from an architectural point of view 33. It must be mentioned that the stepped-dromos tomb located several meters away to the north of the same site is in the same category. Among the chamber tombs uncovered in excavation in Börükçü 34, and positioned along the sacred way connecting Stratonikeia and Lagina, one is a pit and the other is a stepped dromos. The tomb uncovered in excavations in Lagina, Yaylalar is also a good example of a two-chambered rock tomb. It can be compared with the monumental, underground built tumuli tombs 35. As well as the chamber tombs built with blocks, the rock tombs that feature a small stepped dromos are commonly seen in ancient times 36. The tumuli tomb located in Karın Deresi, west of Aphrodisias, consists of a four-stepped dromos, a narrow anterior chamber and the main burial chamber 37. This tomb has common features in plan and upper structure system with Belentepe tombs. The tumulus tomb located in Işıklar village, near Aphrodisias, consists of an anterior and a back chamber 38. Some of the chamber tombs in the necropolis of Hierapolis 39, located in the borders of Karia and Phrygia and commonly accepted as a Phrygian city, show parallel features with Belentepe as far as the klinai and niches organization is concerned. Another architectural similarity between Hierapolis and Belentepe is the flat roof of the tumulus tombs and the vaulted roof of the main burial chamber 40. The chamber tomb located in Bozkurt, Denizli, which consists of a dromos, an anterior and a back

18. Kızıl 1996, 255-271; Kızıl 2009, 397-463.19. Akarca 1952, pl. LXXVI; Kızıl 1996, 255-262; Kızıl 2009, fig. 82-84, 112-118, 129-133; Henry 2009, fig. 32, 35, 37 (the position of the

tomb in Lebas and labeled T04 by Henry is not clear now. See Henry 2009, fig. 34, Ph. Lebas and S. Reinach, Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie Mineure, Paris, 1888, It. pl. 64).

20. Henry 2009, 104-110, fig. 34 (T01).21. Özkaya & San 2000, 183, 190, fig. 1; Henry 2009, 104-111, fig. 34 (MM4).22. Henry 2009, 104-109, fig. 34 (T225).23. Henry 2009, 88-93, fig. 28.24. Henry 2009, 88-94, fig. 2825. Henry 2009, 88-99, fig. 28, 32 (T02).26. Henry 2009, 88-97, 28, 32.27. Henry 2009, 88-94, 28, 32.28. Henry 2009, 88-97, 28, 32.29. For similar examples, see Kızıl 1996, fig. 2; Kızıl 2009, fig. 83; Henry 2009, pl. IX/B, fig. 101 (T029).30. For instance, though some evidence was found in the Beçin Tomb, there is no evidence for burial. Kızıl 1996, 255-271.31. There is some confusion due to the long-term use. It is not clear whether the ostothecae belong to this chamber.32. Boysal & Kadıoğlu 1999, Plan 2a-2b.33. This tomb was numbered as “STR97-M37” by the excavation team. 34. Tırpan & Söğüt 2010, 519, fig. 5. See in this volume Tırpan et al.35. Tırpan & Söğüt 2004, 91-93, fig. 1.36. Henry 2009, 208-209, fig. 79; Zoroğlu 2000, 122, pl. 22, fig. 3 a, b; Åkerstad 2000-2001, 11, fig. 4, 5.37. Smith & Ratté 1995, 39, fig. 9.38. Smith & Ratté 1995, 37, fig. 4.39. Şimşek 1997, 34, 185, fig. 35-37.40. Verzone 1978, 23 (1-87; 391-475).


chamber has close similarity with the Belentepe tombs which were built following the same plan 41. The chamber tomb in the Sulucadere 42, Kalfaköy in Aydın has some structural features similar to those of Tepecik tumulus chamber tomb in Çine 43.

One of the most important features of T1 compared to the other two tombs is the loculus on the sidewalls of the anterior chamber. The tomb located west of T3 consists of three, deep, rectangular dromos, which are covered by stone slabs, although they have a different architectural approach in term of typology. Other examples are known in Karia. Two vaulted tombs in Euromos also feature loculi 44. The loculus tombs seen in the Halikarnassos peninsula were built by carving the bedrock in the form of a deep niche 45. Tombs with loculus are also found in Knidos and are arranged side by side and covered with stone slabs 46. The tetragonal Knidos loculus tombs are parallel to the loculus tombs on the western part of the T3 with its form and architectural structure. Another interesting example of a loculused tomb in Anatolia is the mausoleum, known as “Kırık Kilise” in Şar Komana, which consists of loculus in the podium floor and a superstructure formed as a temple 47. There are also many interesting loculus tombs outside Anatolia. A tomb in ancient Marissa, today Beit Jibrin, between Jerusalem and Gaza, has loculus on all of its walls 48. Many examples of tombs with loculus from the Roman period can also be seen in the Kerchai necropolis in Greece, were carved in rock and have stepped dromos 49. There are also many loculi in a hypogeum tomb complex dating back to the Roman period in Alexandria 50. The vaulted and rectangular loculi arranged side by side on the hypogeum tombs’ façade that were carved in the rock in Makry Steno, Rhodos, differ from this type 51.

Stone doors imitating wood and connecting the front chamber to the main chamber, as in T1 and T3, were commonly used from the Archaic period onwards. These types of doors had great importance during ancient times, not only because of the functional aspect, but also as a symbolic way of separating two spaces and two worlds. Similar doors, enabling passage from the front chamber to the back chamber, are also found in Mylasa and Beçin. The door to the chamber tomb in Beçin is a double-wing door 52. The door of the Mylasa secondary school chamber tomb is similar to the door of the Belentepe T1 in terms of being a one-wing door with nail-headed details 53. A wooden-imitation marble door wing exhibited in the Milas museum should belong to a tomb in Milas 54. The single wing of a similar door in the garden of the excavation house in Stratonikeia, is an important example that gives us some considerable information about the doors of chamber tombs. Other examples of tombs with doors imitating wood from Asia Minor include the Gemlik tumuli 55, as well as Lydian 56 and Thracian tumuli 57. Doors imitating wood were frequently used outside Asia Minor. Examples include the Philip II tomb in Macedonia 58, the Prince tomb 59, the Rhomaios tomb 60 and the Eurydike 61; in the Late-Etruscan period, the Karyatid rock tomb in Luni 62 and the Heroon door in Kalydon 63.

Belentepe chamber tombs feature ostotheca niches. These niches were carved in the tombs’ walls and came in various numbers and sizes. They were destined to contain ostothecae, urnes or presents. The existence of niches is directly related

41. Şimşek 1998, 493-498, fig. 1-4.42. Özkan et al. 2000, 18, fig. 2.43. Yener 1998, 237, fig. 1-2.44. Kızıl 1999, 96-97, fig. 76/b, pl. 90/a, b, c.45. Diler 1998, 410, fig. 1.46. Özgan 1996, 277; Bruns 2002, 104.47. Anabolu 1967, 13, fig. 5, 21; Harper & Bayburtluoğlu 1968, fig. 2-3.48. Moulton 1915, 63-70, fig. 1.49. Rife & Morison 2007, 143-181, fig. 3 .50. Venit 1999, 641, fig. 1.51. Fraser 1977, 3, fig. 5.52. Kızıl 1996, 255-271; Kızıl 2009, 397-463.53. Akarca 1952, 369.54. Inventory n° 1890, the exact find spot is not known but it has been said that the door was transported from the Ulu mosque located

to the west of the museum.55. Mansel 1974, 183-184, fig. 9-1056. Mendel 1912, 353; İzmirligil 1975, 41ff.; Dinç 1993, 37-38, fig. 304-306, 282, fig. 393.57. Tekin 2007, 114-115.58. Touratsoglou 1995, 221-222, fig. 285.59. Touratsoglou 1995, 237, fig. 307.60. Touratsoglou 1995, 244, fig. 317.61. Touratsoglou 1995, 245, fig. 318.62. Demus 1970, fig. 51.63. Dyggve et al. 1934, fig. 43-44.


to the belief of life after death. Although, the practice of the niches is common in the monumental chamber tombs, there is no niche in some of the examples like those found in the Beçin 64 and the garden of Milas Gümüşkesen Primary School 65. It was a common practice in these kinds of tombs to put a niche at the back or in each of the walls 66. But all of the niches of the Belentepe tombs are big enough to put an ostotheca inside and the majority is larger than was required. The only example in the Milas area, also including Belentepe, that has multiple niches, in other words, more than one niche in the same wall, is the chamber tomb in the necropolis of Cumaalanı, Kalem village 67. The niches in the walls of the Karapınar tomb located in Topçam village in Madran mountain are larger than usual and almost cover the whole wall surface 68. These niches should be arranged to directly insert a dead body or a wooden coffin. Many niches on the chamber tomb walls of the necropolis of Eleiussa Sebaste and Korykos, which are the most important settlements in Kilikia 69, may be compared to Belentepe as a cult, although they remind us of columbariums. The rectangular niches, that are similar to loculus, found on some of the rock tomb’s wall in Altıntepe located in ancient Urartu, are the earliest examples of this practice 70. Also, there are many niches on the Lyson and Kallikles tomb in Macedonia, which were built in the Hellenistic period, as in Belentepe 71.

Tombs with a kline tradition are not so common in Karia. Evidently, this feature makes Belentepe chamber tombs extremely important in terms of burial customs. However, in Karia, it is a common practice to support the cist that is similar to a sarcophagus 72, where the burial from the bottom and to raise the bottom plate of the sarcophagus as a result of compression between the blocks during construction 73. Although this kind of practice in Karia reminds us of the kline, the most similar examples to the Belentepe tombs’ kline are the underlying tumuli chamber tombs’ klinai 74. The feature that makes Belentepe special is that the T1 and T3 klinai have rectangular supporting blocks that are lion’s back leg-shape of the front face. This description originates from the belief that the lion was a protective power especially in grave iconography during ancient times 75. The lion with this important role is sometimes a tomb cover in the traditional funerary burial customs. In the tomb cult, the lion that assumes the guardianship of the dead person, is sometimes portrayed with its feet on a lid 76 or on the sides of the sarcophagus 77 or sometimes with its protection identity on the front façade of the rock tombs in the Phrygia Valley 78. We see lions or griffins, not only as protectors of the dead in graves, also at the border of the seating area in buildings such as theatres 79 and bouleuteria 80, as well as on the armrests of seats of prominent people such as in Knidos 81, Priene 82 and Metropolis 83. These carvings should be an expression of the desire of the people sitting in these chairs to show their power and the protection of supernatural powers.

It is a common tradition that the kline and the table legs or armrests are shaped like an animal leg outside Asia Minor in ancient times. The border of a chair that an old man, possibly Zeus is sitting on, on the right side of a relief on a votive stele in Munich Staatliche Antikensammlungen was formed in the shape of a goat-headed, bird-winged and lion-footed griffin 84. The lion head and paw from the front located on both sides of the middle acanthus which is on the bottom of a

64. Kızıl 1996, 255-271.65. This tomb is not yet published in detail. For a general account, see Kızıl 2009, 397-463.66. The number of niches in Rock tomb or knitted chamber Tomb is 1 or 3. The niches of the single niched chamber was generally on

the back wall (Henry 2009, fig. 34 (Alinda MM4, Idyma T01); three niched Tomb’s niches are on the back and side walls (see Kızıl 2008, 364, fig. 9; Henry 2009, fig. 34 (Orthosia T225).

67. Kızıl & Öztekin 2009, 293-94, fig. 1.68. Henry 2009, 229-230, fig. 109-110 (called as T02).69. Machatschek 1967, pl. 37/b.70. Sevin & Özfırat 2001, 180-181, fig. 4.71. Miller 1993.72. Henry 2009, fig. 35 (Alabanda T019, fig. 37; Orthosia 452).73. Kızıl 1996, fig. 2; Kızıl 2009, fig. 83, 134-137, 142-143.74. For klinai in Lydia, see Choisy 1876, 73-81; Baughan 2004, 463, A5–6–7; Bilgin et al. 1996, 207 213; Özgen & Öztürk 1996, 40ff.;

Hanfmann 1973, 89; Ramage 1972, 11-15; Dinç & Önder 1992, 31ff.; Nayır 1982, 200-201; Greenewalt et al. 2003, 121ff.; Dedeoğlu 2003, 79.75. The griffin has protective and supernatural powers.76. Lambrechts 1968, 115, fig. 3.77. The Euromos example.78. Sivas 2007, 45-46, 64-66; Akurgal 1993, pl. 66-68.79. Meriç 1996, 20, 21, fig. 7, 11; Aybek et al. 2009, 57.80. Parapetti 1985, fig. 24; Berti 1993, 230-231; Berti & Graziano 1994, 54-56.81. Love 1968, 137, fig. 31-33.82. Wiegand & Schrader 1904, 235, fig. 236, 240.83. Meriç 1996, 21, fig. 7, 8, 9; Aybek et al. 2009, 78.84. Fraser 1977, fig. 50/a; Burn 2004, 138-139, fig. 78.


sundial that was found in Chios excavations reminds us of the kline feet that we are dealing with 85. The short legs of the coffee table in the Eurydike tomb in Macedonia 86 and the short small legs of the silver chest in the Amphipolis archaeological Museum 87 are like an animal (lion?) paws. One of the most remarquable examples of this kind of chair in mosaics can be found on the legs of the big sofa, on which two philosophers are sitting in the Pompeii Plato’s Academy Mosaic 88. The front face of the side of the sofa, on which Dionysus is sitting in the Dionysus Theatre in Athens is shaped like a griffin’s leg 89. On a tomb relief exhibited in the British Museum, a bearded-figure reading a book is sitting on an animal-footed chair 90. The front sides of the marble legs in Hermes’s house in Delos are shaped like a lion leg as in the Belentepe tombs’ kline legs 91. These are the best parallel examples that can be compared to Belentepe in terms of the forms and the carving of the veins and the paws. In fact, it has been known since earlier times that not only tables but also chairs, sofas and legs of high pedestals were shaped like animal legs. The armchairs or seats that were used in Greek painted pottery 92 are also examples of this practise. The upper parts of the Thracian Naip tumulus klinai are shaped like paws and the bottom parts are carved to look like wood 93. Despite the kline feet in Belentepe, the decoration on the kline feet in the tumulus in neighbouring north Lydia where strong relations existed throughout history, reflects a wooden bed and differs from our kline feet in terms of decoration 94. Although of rare occurrence, the sarcophagus feet in Lycian rock tombs were decorated to imitate wood like in the Lydian tumulus 95.

The offering table’s leg with goat head and leg found in T1 is an interesting discovery not only for Belentepe but also for Karia as a whole. The choice of a goat in T1 might have been connected to a local cult or the occupation of the owner of the tomb 96.

Parallels to our tables with animal legs can be found on two steles kept in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology. The feet of the table represented in front of the owner of the grave lying on a kline, is in the shape of cattle 97. The Hellenistic offering tables reliefs on a stele that belongs to the Kyzikos or Panormos naiskos 98 (Inv. n° 2224) in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, the Alibeyköy stele in Istanbul 99 (Inv. n° 5495) and a stele from Samos 100 (Samos Museum Inv. n° 212) have similar legs. A similar representation can be seen on part of a stele that was found in Skepsis, near Çanakkale 101. Similar offering or symposiac table reliefs were common on Roman sarcophagi115. The offering tables in the symposium scene on Sidemara type sarcophagi in Iznik 102, Istanbul 103, Antakya 104 and Konya 105 Museums are further examples of this kind of table. The feet of the offering table in front of the person lying on a kline on the long side of a sarcophagus in Rome 106 and on the wall painting of the Soracos tomb in Kerch 107, are the in the shape of lion’s heads and feet. The feet of the offerings table in the middle of a door relief on a sarcophagus in the Cook collection, are in the shape

85. Fraser 1968-1969, 29, fig. 35 (3-33)86. Touratsoglou 1995, 245, fig. 319.87. Touratsoglou 1995, fig. 439.88. Elderkin 1935, 92-111; Salman 2009, 91, fig. 8.89. Sturgeon 1977, 41-42, fig. 5.90. Strzygowski 1907, 111, fig. 8.91. Andrianou 2006, 226, 228, fig. 3.92. Bothmer 1962, fig. 3.93. Tekin 2007, 114 (bottom left figure).94. See FN. 81.95. Roos 1972, pl. 6/2, 6, pl. 10/4, pl. 51/1-6.96. The goat may have had a special importance to the owner; he may have owned a flock of goat.97. Hansen 2008, 124-125, fig. 9, 126-127, fig. 13.98. Fabricius 1999, pl. 46a.99. Fabricius 1999, pl. 24.100. Fabricius 1999, pl. 5a.101. Başaran et al. 1998, 554, fig. 3.102. İznik Museum inventory n° 5986 (this sarcophagus is unpublished). 103. Strzygowski 1907, 101-102, fig. 2.104. Kılınç 2000, 103.105. Akurgal 1993, pl. 12.106. Rosenbaum 1971, pl. XLIII/1.107. Rosenbaum 1971, pl. XLIII/2 (the feet on this table are more stylized).


of a lion’s leg 108. Some of the figures on Attic painted vases sat down on chairs with animal legs 109. Tables with animal legs were also common in mosaics, mention should be made of a mosaic that originated in Antioch and currently in Princeton 110.

Finds 111

The architectural typology of the three tombs in Belentepe and their finds provide important evidence for dating these tombs, even though they were used for several centuries. Inevitably, every new burial caused a mess and confusion about objects belonging to different periods. Although this complicates the dating task, using coin finds and other datable objects, makes it possible to determine when the tombs were built and when they were last used. In this section, the stylistic developments of objects such as unguentaria and oil lamps will shed some light on the chronology of these tombs.

Unguentaria (cat. 1-4, fig. 25-28)

It is usually accepted that unguentaria put as grave gifts were liquid containers 112 and came after lekythoi 113 or amphoriskoi 114. But it seems more rational to consider that the fusiform unguentaria came just after the amphoriskos. The amphoriskos was a common grave gift especially throughout the 4th c. BC, but it suddenly disappeared towards the end of the same century. Unguentaria dating from the end of the 4th c. BC differ only from amphoriskoi in terms of shape by not having a handle and featuring shoulder angles that go down to the base without much alteration 115. The long shape, the napiform and low base are the same shape. Consequently, the opinion that they are the successors of amphorae remains weaker in the face of this observation 116.

A total of three unguentaria were discovered in T1 (cat. n° 1, fig. 25), with long necks, wide shoulders, short bases and sharp profiles at the transition from neck to shoulder, all typical features of the first quarter of the 3rd c. BC. It is possible to see similar, earlier examples which can be dated to the second half or even the last quarter of the 4th c. BC. and which were used as grave gifts in many ancient settlements located in 117 and outside 118 Anatolia.

Even though cat. 2 and 3 are similar in form, n° 2 (fig. 26) differs from n° 3 (fig. 27) in the wideness of its mouth, the swelling of its body which is slightly decreasing, the length of its base which almost touches the neck. Although there is a visual prolongation in the base, it fails to reach the length of the neck. The transition angle is quite softer and the body looses the bloating. N° 4 is narrow prominently from mouth to base. Despite these differences in detail, based on similar examples, it is possible to date n° 2, 3 and 4 between the end of the 3rd c. through the 2nd c. BC 119. Bulbous unguentaria are represented by a single example (cat. 4, fig. 28). They came after fusiform unguentaria 120, and some believe that they

108. Strzygowski 1907, 99-100, fig. 1.109. See FN 97.110. Cimok 2000, 180-181.111. Find positions in the tombs are based on excavation reports.112. Helstrom 1971, 24.113. Stojanoviç 1987, 105-106; Gürler 1994, 63.114. About this, see also Stojanoviç 1987, 108, FN 10. 115. Knidian unguentaria are notheworthy examples because the angle changes can hardly be observed. The reason for the form change

may be due to the fact that Knidos was a very important amphora production place. 116. For this subject, Dotterweich suggests the amphorae. Dotterweich 1999, 64.117. Sites which have yielded unguentarium of that form include: Çine Tepecik tumulus (Yener 1998, fig. 19); Kelenderis (Zoroğlu 1986,

464-466, fig. 9a, b, c); Labraunda (Hellström 1971, 27, pl. 12-163); Tarsus (Goldman 1950, 231, pl. 135, n° 248); Pergamon (Kunisch 1972, 102, fig. 8); Ephesos (Gassner 1997, 99, pl. 348-349); Priene (Wiegand & Schrader 1904, 426, fig. 544-6, n° 102); Stratonikeia (Baldıran 1999, 338, fig. 2-3, fig. 1-9); Sardes (Greenewalt 1979, 12-19); Metropolis (Gürler 1994, 66-67, 180-181, fig. 36-37, pl. 26-27); Phokaia (Özyiğit 1991, 133,136, fig. 4); Çatalca–İnceğiz village Maltepe necropolis (Pasinli et al. 1998, fig. 20).

118. From outside Anatolia (Thompson 1934, 472-474; Robinson 1962, 33-48), Kerameikos (Knigge 1976, pl. 67-68, 96), Corinth (Robinson 1962, 33-48), Asine (Hägg 1980, 66, fig. 65 n° 4) and in Cyprus (Westholm, fig. 24, n° 21-24).

119. Unguentaria that show these changes in Asia Minor were found in: Priene (Wiegand & Schrader 1904, fig. 544, 6), Labraunda (Hellström 1971, 1, 27, pl. 12, 165, 167, 171), Mylasa, Knidos (Love 1968, 138 fig. 39); Dotterweich 1999, pl. 2ff., see also pl. 3, n° 3, Argos (Carter 1970, 131-132 pl. 31 fig. 18), Delos (Bruneau 1978, 162), Kerameikos (Knigge 1981, 396 fig. 22), Corinth (Pemberton 1985, 284-286 pl. 80), Kayseri Garipler tumulus (Eskioğlu 1989, 194-195 fig. 21), Ephesos (Leon 1991, pl. 208, 07; 209, 08-09), Beçin (Kızıl 1996, 258, 270 fig. 18), Lagina (Tırpan 1997, 318, n° M. 4, 325, fig. 5), Patara (Dündar 2008, 13-20, 103-107 (U38-U60), pl. 4-6; Demirer 1998, 30, fig. 20), Skepsis (Başaran et al. 1998, 560-561, fig. 23) (these unguentaria are dated between the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman period but they should be dated more earlier, probably in the 2nd or even 3rd centuries BC).

120. Dündar 2008, 24.


were in demand following the success of glass bottles obtained by blowing 121. In general, this type of unguentaria which Hayes calls “Italian Style 122”, had been used since the last quarter of 1st c. BC 123.

Oil lamps (cat. 6-8, fig. 29-30)

Three lamps were found in T1. The earliest example features a circular body, a small handle and a short nozzle with a head in relief, and can be dated to the 3rd c. BC, (cat. 6, fig. 29). Although the ornament on this early example is different, similar lamps with a circular body and short nozzles are commonly seen in Iasos 124, Labraunda 125, Cyprus 126, Corinth 127 and Skepsis and they all date back to the same period. Similar lamps were found in chamber tombs at Beçin 128 and Milas 129 and some also feature a head in relief on the nozzle. One of the two Roman lamps has an erotic scene on its body (cat. 7, fig. 30). Lamps with similar scenes can be seen in Iasos 130, Tarsus 131 and Corinth 132 in the Roman period.

Wares (cat. 9-10, fig. 31-32)

Two similar plates were found in T2 and can be considered as African Red Slip Ware. Similar examples of these plates dating back to the 4th and 5th c. AD, can be seen in Bingazi 133 and Stopi 134.

Glass perfume bottles (glass unguentaria) (cat. 13-14)

Two bulbous glass unguentaria were found in T1. The chronology of this type of unguentaria, which replaced the fusiform unguentaria that had disappeared at the end of the first c. BC and were commonly used throughout the Roman Empire since earlier times especially as grave gifts, can be determined by the shape development. Among the Belentepe unguentaria that are piriform, with a flat-base and long, cylindrical neck, cat. 10 features a distinct angle in the transition from neck to body. In another example, cat. 11, the angle is indistinct, which results in the body looking like an extension of its neck. Cat. n° 10 is less bloated, and has similarities with examples found in the Muğla region and exhibited in Bodrum Underwater Archaeological Museum 135, with also an example from Tylos 136. N° 11 has similarities in Hatay 137, Bodrum Museum 138, Tire Museum 139, Sardis 140, Knossos 141, Tarsus 142 and even in Tylos which is located in distant Bahrain 143.

121. Anderson & Stojanović 1987, 111; Dündar 2008, 24.122. Hayes 1997, 86, pl. 34.123. One of the centers that fusiform unguentaria can be seen in Athens (Robinson 1959, pl. 2, F.50, pl. 5, G 97-98, pl. 18, M 6-7), Corinth

(Slane 1986, pl. 66, n° 74; Slane 1990, pl. 9, n° 142); Stobi (Anderson & Stojanović 1992, pl. 70, n° 584); Kerameikos (Knigge 1976, 167, 188, pl. 71, n° 406-408, pl. 98, n° E 114-115); Argos (Bruneau 1970, 481, n° 61.15); Tarsus (Goldman 1950, 270, pl. 159, n° 735, 736); Parion (Aydın & Tavukçu 2006, 229-247, pl. 45-54, cat. n° 113-163); Stratonikeia (Baldıran 1999, 351, n° 37); Pergamon (Kunisch 1972, 103, fig. 9, n° 16-18); Beçin (Kızıl 1996, 2009); Tralleis (Civelek 2001, pl. XXXIV, U 12, 20, 21, 77); Patara (Dündar 2008, 25-26, n° U134-U138, pl. 16).

124. Floris 2008, 49-55, fig. 2-6.125. Hellström 1971, pl. 25/64-72.126. Vessberg 1953, 125, fig. 3.127. Broneer 1930, pl. XXVIII, p. 102-114, pl. XIV/952, 965.128. Kızıl 1996, fig. 22.129. Kızıl 2009, fig. 139.130. Floris 2008, 56, fig. 9.131. Bailey 988, 322, pl. 72, Q2628.132. Slane 1990, 33, pl. 4/45.133. Kenrick 1985, 359, fig. 66/639.134. Anderson & Stojanović 1992, 57, pl. 42/363-365.135. Özet, 1998, 81.136. Andersen 2007, fig. 54, n° 6.31.137. Yağcı 1990, 30, fig. 29.138. Özet 1998, 67.139. Gürler 2000, 33 -35, n° 20-23.140. Saldern 1980, pl. 5, n° 110, 112, 160.141. Smith 1982, pl. 3-7 e-f, m-p, pl. 38 f, k-l.142. Goldman 1950, pl. 351, n° 298.143. Andersen 2007, fig. 31, n° 6.12, fig. 40, n° 6.20.


| Fig. 25-28. Unguentaria.

| Fig. 29-30. Oil lamps.

| Fig. 31-32. Kitchen wares.


Ostothecae (cat. 16-23, fig. 34-36)

The ostothecae are made of local limestone and come in various sizes, many of them are simple and feature a lid with a triangular pediment. In general, the feet do not support anything but are symbolic (fig. 34, 35, 37, 38). One ostotheca (fig. 34) has the name Apollonios in the genitive inscribed on the triangular pediment, and another (fig. 36) has the name Euphrainousa in the genitive on the centre of its narrow side. It is understood from the dimensions that all the ostothecae were not inserted into the niches and that some of them were deposited on the tomb floor. There is a close resemblance between the Belentepe ostothecae and Lydian ones 144, which date back to the 2nd c. BC and which are also called “the Sardes Group”, and there are also similarities with Rhodian examples 145. Our ostothecae are similar and can thus be dated to the 2nd c. BC, which is consistent with the dates of the other tomb finds.

Gold diadem leaves (cat. 31-33, fig. 44-45)

These leaves are similar to the willow, oil olive or myrtle leaves of crowns of the 4th and 3rd c. BC. Similar ones were found in a chamber tomb at Beçin 146. It is difficult to ascertain whether these leaves were deposited as individual leaves or whether they constituted parts of a crown or diadem.

Coins (cat. 34-39, fig. 46-50) 147

The bronze coin of Keramos from T1 can be dated to the 3rd or 2nd c. BC 148 (fig. 46); the silver coin of Keramos from T2 can be dated c. to the 2nd or 1st c. BC 149 (fig. 48); the bronze coin of Knidos from T3 can be dated to the same period as the previous coin (fig. 47). The earliest coin appears to be the hemidrachm of Knidos (fig. 49), which should belong to the 3rd c. BC 150. The Byzantine follis (fig. 50) from T2 belongs to the Class I of anonymous folles dated to 1075-1080 151.

Other finds

Not all finds provide clues for the chronology of the tombs, although they represent important archaeological data. The bronze hinge (fig. 39) and nails (fig. 43) indicate that wooden objects were present in the tomb. Beads, necklace fragments, bells and rings are decorative and personal objects. The loom weights refer to textile activities and the iron sickle refers to agricultural practice. In addition a block discovered on the long side of a cist grave located a few meters from the T1 and shaped like the kline feet of T1 and T3, shows the existence in the area of other chamber tombs.

In conclusion, these three chamber tombs built for three prominent families have many common features: the use of similar building materials and forms such as the vaulted roof of the burial chambers, the paved floors of the anterior chambers and their flat roofs as well as similar ostothecae and klinai; all these indicate that theses tombs must belong to the same period. T2 and T3 are more similar to each other with the stepped dromos stairs. The feature that sets apart T1 from T2 and T3 is the presence of loculi. Finds such as the Keramos and Knidos coins together with unguentaria with long necks, circular bodies and short feet, point to a date from the early Hellenistic period to the 3rd c. BC. Finds of vessels which are similar in form to north African types, would indicate a late use in the 4th and 5th c. AD. The 11th c. Byzantine coin is not necessarily evidence that the tomb was used for burial purposes in that late period. These well-built tombs are evidence of the cultural, political and economic power in Karia in the early Hellenistic period. Should the excavation work continue in this small area, more information about burial practices will surely be obtained.

144. Fraser 1977, 13, 93ff., fig. 29/a, b, c; Dedeoğlu & Malay 1994, 129ff. pl. XVII, fig. 2, pl. XVIII- XXI, fig. 3-7.145. Fraser 1977, 13, 93ff., fig. 25/a, b, c, 26/a, b, 27/a-d.146. Kızıl 1996, fig. 3.147. I am grateful to Koray Konuk for helping me with the coin identifications.148. SNG v. Aulock, 2580 ; SNG Kayhan, 809.149. SNG v. Aulock, 2579.150. SNG Kayhan, 824-825.151. Bellinger & Grierson 1973, 3/2, 696, n° 3ff.


| Fig. 33-38. Stone finds.


| Fig. 39-43. Metal finds.

| Fig. 44-45. Gold finds.


| Fig. 46-50. Coins.


catalogue

Abbreviations used:

D: diameter.Exc. Inv. N°: Excavation inventory number.Mus. Inv. N°: Museum inventory number.MD: Mouth diameter.H: Height.BD: Body diameter.FD: Foot diameter.L: Lenght. W: Weight.T: Tomb.Th.: Thickness.TKİ: Türkiye Kömür İşletmeleri (Turkey Coal Corporation).All measurements are given in centimetres.

terracotta Finds

Unguentaria

1T1; fig. 25.Exc. Inv. N°: -; Mus. Inv. N°: 3350.MD: 3.5; H: 15.5, BD: 6.2.Fusiform unguentarium. Found in the main burial chamber. Fine, light buff clay with mica, a swelling ovoid body with a long,

cylindrical neck and a shorter stem. A few chips are missing around the edge of the mouth. The foot is missing and broken away. Limestone layer on the surface.

2T1; fig. 26.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3256.MD: 2.7; H: 13, BD: 3.7, FD: 2.2.Fusiform unguentarium. Found in the main burial chamber. Light buff clay with mica; piriform body, a long, narrow cylindrical

neck, flaring mouth, and a short, flaring cylindrical stem at the bottom.

3T1; fig. 27.Exc. Inv. N°: -; Mus. Inv. N°: 3349.H: 14.7, MD: 3, FD: 2.4.Fusiform unguentarium. Similar to previous.

4T1; fig. 28.Exc. Inv. N°: -; Mus. Inv. N°: 3353. MD: 2.7, H: 11, FD: 2.Fusiform unguentarium. Light buff clay with mica; piriform body, a long, narrow cylindrical, expanding upward neck. Flaring

mouth and a short, flaring cylindrical stem at the bottom.

5T1.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-PT01; Mus. Inv. N°: -.MD: 1.1; H: 9, BD: 3.9, FD: 3.1 Bulbous unguentarium. Found in the dromos. Buff clay with mica, ovoid body on a flattened base. Long cylindrical neck; upper

side of neck is missing.


Oil lamps

6T1; fig. 29.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/02; Mus. Inv. N°: 3257.H: 2.8, W: 5.7.Moulded terracotta oil lamp. Found in the dromos.

7 T1; fig. 30.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/12; Mus. Inv. N°: 3266.H: 2.7, W: 6.9.Moulded terracotta oil Lamp. Found in the dromos. Round discus lamp with a short ovate nozzle and a ring handle. Buff clay with

mica. Brownish glaze. An erotic scene on the discus. The discus framed by two concentric rings. Around discus, a border of double dash. Upper part of the handle is missing. Roman, 1st-2nd c. AD.

8 T1.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/02; Mus. Inv. N°: 3257.H: 2.8, W: 5.7.Moulded terracotta oil lamp. Found in the dromos. Round discus lamp with a short ovate nozzle and a ring handle. Clay buff with

mica. Large floral design on the discus and around border. Broken hole near oil hole. Roman, 1st-2nd c. AD.

Kitchen ware

9T2; fig. 31.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-PT02; Mus. Inv. N°: 3692.MD: 43.5, H: 8.2, BD: 16.5.Found in the burial chamber as fragments. Plain base-ring; broad flat lip, red glaze. Floral ornament on the inside. Restored in

plaster. Early Byzantine, 6th-7th c. AD.

10T2; fig. 32.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-PT03; Mus. Inv. N°: 3693.MD: 37.4; H: 7, BD: 12.9.Similar to previous.

Loom weights

11 T2.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-AG01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3431.H: 7.2, width of bottom: 4.2, width of top: 2.2. Terracotta loom weight. Found in the dromos. Pyramidal shape, pierced near the top. Buff clay showing no trace of glaze. 12T2.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-AG02; Mus. Inv. N°: -.H: 11.6, width of bottom: 4.6, width of top: 2.7. Terracotta loom weight. Found in the burial chamber. Truncated pyramidal shape. Greyish pinkish clay with mica. Pierced near

the top. Irregular edges, similar to previous.


Glass finds

13T1.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/03; Mus. Inv. N°: 3258.MD: 2.1, H: 7.1, BD: 3.2, FD: 1.2.Perfume bottle. Found in the burial chamber. The rim is infolded and flattened. The bottom is slightly concave with no evidence

of a pontil mark. The cylindrical neck expands gracefully in a globular body. The bottle was free-blown and the rim was finished while the glass was still hot.

14 T1.Exc. Inv. N°: -; Mus. Inv. N°: 3352.MD: 2, H: 11.5.Perfume bottle. Found inside the burial chamber. Greenish yellow patina. Thick, flaring lip. Long neck, fusiform body, flat base.

15 T3.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-BN01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3440.MD: 0.7, H: 0.6; diameter of hole: 0.2.Glass beads. Six dark brown, two blue and a white beads in different sizes.

Stone finds

16T1; fig. 33.Exc. Inv. N°: -; Mus. Inv. N°: 3351.H: 17, MD: 10.5, FD: 8.5.Offering table. Found in the burial chamber. Cylindrical body, outward profile at the top and bottom.

17T1; fig. 82.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/05(4); Mus. Inv. N°: 3259.Chest: 38 x 27 x 29, lid 39 x 30 x 6.Limestone ostotheca. Found in the dromos. Rectangular and with triangular pediment lid. Apolloniou inscribed on pediment.

Rectangular chest with four square feet. Small crack on lid and chest.

18T3; fig. 35.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-M04; Mus. Inv. N°: -.L: 88-74, W: 47-35, H: 35.Limestone ostotheca. Found in the back burial chamber. Rectangular, broken in two pieces, chest. The long sides of chest are

bevelled out, the short sides are straight. Four feet are 0.10 m. in height. Hellenistic.

19 T1; fig. 36. Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/06; Mus. Inv. N°: 3260.Chest: 37.5x29x31, lid: 38.5x32.5x14.Limestone ostotheca. Found in the burial chamber. Euphrainouses inscribed in the centre of one narrow side.

20T3.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-M02; Mus. Inv. N°: -.L: 44-35, W: 38-29, H: 28. Limestone ostotheca. Rectangular chest. The lid is missing. Four small feet are 0.06 m in height. Hellenistic.


21 T1; fig. 37.Exc. Inv. N°: TKİ 06/07; Mus. Inv. N°: 3261.Chest: 44.5 x 33 x 25, lid: 45 x 34 x 10.Limestone ostotheca. Found in the burial chamber. Rectangular lid with triangular pediment. Short, rectangular feet.

22T3; fig. 38.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-M01; Mus. Inv. N°: -.L: 53-38, W: 39-23, H: 29. Limestone ostotheca. Found in the anterior chamber. Rectangular lid with triangular pediment. Rectangular chest. Four feet 0.06 m

in height. Hellenistic.

23T3.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-M03; Mus. Inv. N°: -.L: 44-35, W: 37-27, H: 25. Limestone ostotheca. Found in the back burial chamber. Rectangular, sandstone lid with triangular pediment. Rectangular chest.

The four feet 0.06m in height.

Metal finds

24T2; fig. 39.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-B02; Mus. Inv. N°: 3432.H: 4.8, W: 2.7; T: 0.9. Bronze hinge. Found in the anterior chamber.

25T2; fig. 40.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-B01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3351.H: 7.5, W of handle: 1.4, H of handle: 3.2. Bronze piece of candelabra. Found in the anterior chamber. Handle and candlestick are undamaged. No ornament.

26 T2; fig. 41. Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-B03; Mus. Inv. N°: 3433.H: 4.7, W: 0.9, T: 0.9.Bronze pendant. Found in the anterior chamber. Small gladius pendant pierced in the middle. Roman period.

27T2; fig. 42.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-B04; Mus. Inv. N°: 3434.H: 3.3: W of bottom: 1.9, W of top: 0.6. Bronze bell. Found in the burial chamber. Cone-shaped bell. A circle ring at the top. Broken and missing bottom.

28T3; fig. 43.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-B02; Mus. Inv. N°: -.H: 1.4 , D of mace: 1, H of mace: 0.5. Bronze hobnails. Found in the second burial chamber. Found in the back burial chamber. Four hobnails with circular heads.

29T2. Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-B05; Mus. Inv. N°: 3435.D: 2.3, T: 0.6. Bronze finger ring. Found in the burial chamber. Scraping and incised decoration. The scraping decoration is x-shaped and the

decoration is parallel line-shaped.


30T2.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-D01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3448.L: 42.5, L of mouth: 28, L of handle: 10.8, T of handle: 1.1, D. of ring: 3.1.Iron sickle. Found in the burial chamber. Semi-circle formed Iron sickle. A circle on handle to attach a wooden piece. The wooden

handle is missing. The sickle is worn. Hellenistic.

Gold finds

31T2; fig. 44.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-A01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3436.L1: L: 3.3, W: 1; L2: L: 2.6, W: 0.8; L3: L: 2.4, W: 1.1; L4: L: 2.3, W: 1.3. Gold leaves. Found in the anterior chamber. A diadem consisting of four leaves with three thorns.

32T2.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-A02; Mus. Inv. N°: 3437.M: 2.1x1. Gold leaf. Found in the back burial chamber. A leaf with three thorns at the top.

33T3; fig. 45.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-A01; Mus. Inv. N°: 3439.L: 2.5, W: 2. Gold leaves. Found in the back burial chamber. A golden object in different leaves.

Coins

34T1; fig. 46. Exc. Inv. N°: 06BTM03-S01; Mus. Inv. N°: -.D: 1.85, W: 7.27g.Bronze coin of Keramos. Found in the entrance. Obv: Archaic head of Apollo with long hair right. Rev: Facing head of bull

(bucranium). 3rd-2nd c. BC. SNG v. Aulock, 2580; SNG Kayhan, 809.

35T3; fig. 47.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-S02; Mus. Inv. N°: -.D: 1.2, W: 1.8g.Bronze coin of Keramos. Found in the burial chamber. Obv: Laureate head of Zeus right. Rev: Eagle standing right in incuse

square. 2nd-1st c. BC. SNG Keckman, 91.

36T2; fig. 48.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-S02; Mus. Inv. N°: -.D: 1, W: 0.6g.Silver hemidrachm of Keramos. Found in the front chamber of T2. Obv: Archaic head of Apollo with long hair right. Rev: facing

head of bull (bucranium) within incuse square. 2nd-1st c. BC. SNG v. Aulock, 2579.

37 T3; fig. 49.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM07-S01; Mus. Inv. N°: -.D: 1.1, W: 0.9g.Silver hemidrachm of Knidos. Found in the burial chamber. Obv: Head of Aphrodite right. Rev: Facing head of bull. 3rd c. BC.

SNG Kayhan, 824-825.


39T2; fig. 50.Exc. Inv. N°: 07BTM03-S01; Mus. Inv. N°: -.D: 2.9, W: 3.3g. Bronze follis. Anonymous series, Class I. Found in the dromos. Obv: Bust of Christ facing within dotted border. Rev: Cross with dots

on each end within dotted border. Greenish patina. Byzantium (1075-1080 AD). Bellinger & Grierson 1973, 3/2, 696, n°. 3ff.

Références bibliographiques

– Euploia. La Lycie et la Carie antiques, p. 439 à 462

AbréviAtions

Beazley, ARV2 J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, 2e édition, Oxford, 1963.

FdX, I Fouilles de Xanthos, I, P. Demargne, Les piliers funéraires, Paris, 1958.

FdX, II Fouilles de Xanthos, II, H. Metzger, L’acropole lycienne, Paris, 1963.

FdX, IV Fouilles de Xanthos, IV, H. Metzger, Les céramiques archaïques et classiques de l’acropole lycienne, Paris, 1972.

FdX, V Fouilles de Xanthos, V, P. Demargne, Tombes-maisons, tombes rupestres et sarcophages, Paris, 1974.

HTC P. Debord et E. Varinlioğlu, dir. : Les hautes terres de Carie, Bordeaux, 2001.

IPArk G. Thür et H. Taeuber, éd. : Prozeßrechtliche Inschriften der griechischen Poleis : Arkadien (IPArk), Vienne, 1994.

Labraunda J. Crampa, éd. : Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, The Greek Inscriptions, 13-133, Lund, 1972.

R. – O. P. J. Rhodes et R. Osborne : Greek Historical Inscriptions. 404-323 BC, Oxford, 2003.

Sinuri L. Robert, éd. : Le sanctuaire de Sinuri près de Mylasa, I, Paris, 1945.

Tod M. N. Tod éd., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, I-II, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1946-1948.

Charisteria (1930) : Charisteria. Alois Rzach zum achtzigsten Geburtstag dargebracht.

Ancient Anatolia (1986) : Ancient Anatolia, Aspects of Change and Cultural Development, Essays in honor of M. J. Mellink, Madison.

Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern Seals (1966) : Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum, I, Oxford.

La Méditerranée des Phéniciens (2007) : La Méditerranée des Phéniciens, de Tyr à Carthage, catalogue de l’exposition, Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 6 novembre 2007-20 avril 2008, Paris.

Proceedings of the IIIrd Symposium on Lycia (2006) : Proceedings of the IIIrd Symposium on Lycia, 07-10 November 2005, Antalya, Antalya.

The Aegean and the Near East (1956) : The Aegean and the Near East, Studies presented to Hetty Goldman on the occasion of her Seventy-fifth Birthday, New York.

Xanthos 1998 : Xanthos en Turquie, de la Perse à Byzance. Dossiers d’archéologie, Dijon.

Iasos tra VI e IV sec. a. C. : Iasos tra VI e IV sec. a.C. Miscellanea storico-archeologica, Supplemento al volume 81° degli Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara, a. a. 181°, 2003-2004, Ferrara.

Rumscheid, Fr., dir. (2009) : Die Karer und die Anderen. Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universität Berlin 13. bis 15. Oktober 2005, Bonn.

Piri Reis, éd. E. Z. Ökte, trans. V. Çabuk (1988): Kitab-ı Bahriye II. Ankara.

Agora XIII B.A. Sparkes & L. Talcott, The Athenian Agora. Results of excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 13.1-2. Black and plain pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th centuries B.C., Princeton, 1970.

Agora XXXIII S. I. Rotroff, The Athenian Agora. Results of excavations conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 33. The Hellenistic Pottery. The plain wares, Princeton, 2006.

Kerameikos XI I. Scheibler, Kerameikos. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen XI. Die griechische Lampen, Berlin, 1976.

Labraunda II:1 P. Hellström, Labraunda. Swedish excavations and researches, II:1, Pottery of Classical and late date, terracotta lamps and glass (ActaAthen-4:o, 5:2:1), Lund, 1965.

Labraunda III:2 J. Crampa, Labraunda. Swedish excavations and researches, III:2, The Greek inscriptions, I. 1-12 (Period of Olympichos) (ActaAthen-4:o, 5:3:1), Lund, 1965.

Maussolleion at

Halikarnassos 7 L. Vaag, V. Nørskov, & J. Lund, The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos. Reports of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum, 7. The Pottery, Ceramic material and other finds from selected contexts, Aarhus, 2002.

Milet III:6 A. Peschlow-Bindokat, Milet. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre 1899, III.6. Feldforschungen im Latmos, Berlin, 2005.

440 – Euploia. la CariE Et la lyCiE antiquEs

NS A. Maiuri, Nuova Silloge epigrafica di Rodi e Cos, Florence, 1925.

Olynthos V D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthos V. Mosaics, vases, and lamps of Olynthos found in 1928 and 1931 (1933).

Olynthos XIII D. M. Robinson, Excavations at Olynthos XIII. Vases found in 1934 and 1938 (1950).

BMC Caria B. V. Head, A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Greek Coins of Caria, Cos, Rhodes, & C., Londres, 1897.

SNG München H. R. Baldus, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Staatliche Münzsammlung München, 22.Heft, Karien, Munich, 2006.

SNG Tübingen D. Mannsperger, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Deutschland. Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen, 5.Heft, Karien und Lydien, Munich, 1994.

bibliogrAphie

Abbasoğlu, H. et W. Martini, éd. (2003) : Die Akropolis von Perge. Band. 1 Survey und Sondagen 1994-1997, Mayence.

Adak, M. (2004) : “Lokalisierung von Olympos und Korykos in Ostlykien”, Gephyra, 1, 27-52.

Adam, J.-P. (1981) : L’architecture militaire grecque, Paris.

Adiego, I. J. (1994) : “El nombre cario Hecatomno”, CFC(G), n.s. 4, 247-256.

— (1998) : “Die neue Bilingue von Kaunos und das Problem des karischen Alphabets”, in : Blümel et al. 1998, 57-79.

— (2000) : “La inscripción greco-caria de los Hecatómnides en el santuario de Sinuri”, Kadmos, 39, 133-157.

— (2007) : The Carian Language. With an appendix by K. Konuk, Leyde-Boston.

— (2010) : “Recent Developments in the Carian Decipherment”, in : van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 147-176.

— (2013) : “Carian Identity and Carian Language”, in : Henry 2013, 15-20.

Adiego, I. J., P. Debord et E. Varinlioğlu (2005) : “La stèle caro-grecque d’Hyllarima (Carie)”, REA, 107, 601-653.

Ager, S. L. (1996) : Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337-90 B.C., Berkeley.

Akarca, A. (1952) : “Mylasa’da Hellenistik bir Mezar”, Belleten, 16, 367-405.

— (1959) : Les monnaies grecques de Mylasa, Bibliothèque de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie d’Istanbul, I, Paris.

— (1971) : “Beçin”, Belleten, 25, 3-37.

Åkerstad, T. (2000-2001) : “Hellenistic-Roman Chamber Tombs at Milas: Swedish Excavations 1938”, Opuscula Atheniensia, 25-26, 9-24.

Aksakal, A. H. (2003) : Manisa’nın Bilinmeyen Değerleri, Manisa.

Aktaş, Ş. (2009) : “Stadium”, in : Işık 2009, 358-359.

Akurgal, E. (1941) : Griechische Reliefs des VI. Jahrhunderts aus Lykien, Berlin.

— (1961) : Die Kunst Anatoliens von Homer bis Alexander, Berlin.

— (1993) : Anadolu Uygarlıkları, Ankara.

Alston, R. et O. van Nijf, éd. (2008) : Feeding the Ancient Greek City, Londres.

Andersen, S. (2007) : The Tylos Period Burials in Bahrain, Volume I, The Glass and Pottery Vessels, Aarhus.

Anderson-Stojanović, V. R. (1987) : “The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria”, AJA, 91, 105-122.

— (1992) : Stobi. The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery, Princeton.

Andrewes, A. (1938) : “Eunomia”, CQ, 32, 89-102.

Andrianou, D. (2006) : “Chairs, Beds, and Tables: Evidence for Furnished Interiors in Hellenistic Greece”, Hesperia, 75, 219-266.

Angeli Bertinelli, M. G. et A. Donati, éd. (2010) : Città e territorio. La Liguria e il mondo antico. Atti del IV incontro internazionale di storia antica, Gênes.

Arık, O. (2007) : “On the Ceramics found in the Preliminary Phase of the Peçin Excavation”, in : Böhlendorf-Arslan et al. 2007, 523-530.

Armstrong, D. et J. J. Walsh (1986) : “SIG 593. The letter of Flamininus to Chyretiae”, CPh, 81, 32-46.

Arqué, M.-C., S. Lemaître et S. Y. Waksman (2012) : “Les céramiques de cuisson en Lycie romaine : essai de définition des faciès morphologiques et d’approvisionnement en Méditerranée orientale”, in : Batigne-Vallet 2012, 141-153.

Arthur, P. (2007) : “Pots and boundaries. On cultural and economic areas between Late Antiquity and early Middle Ages”, in : Bonifay & Tréglia 2007, 15-27.

Asheri, D. (1966) : Distribuzioni di terra nell’antica Grecia, Turin.

Ashmole, B. (1951) : “Demeter of Cnidus”, JHS, 1951, 13-28.

Ashton, G. (1995) : Ancient Megisti. The Forgotten Kastellorizo, Nedlands, W.A.

Ashton, R. H. J. et A. R. Meadows (2008) : “The Letoon Deposit. Lycian League Coinage, Rhodian Plinthophori and Pseudo-Rhodian Drachms from Haliartos (yet again) and Asia Minor”, NC, 168, 111-134.

Aybek, S. et A. K. Öz, éd. (2010) : Metropolis Ionia II : The Land of the Crossroads. Essays in Honour of Recep Meriç, Istanbul.

Aydaş, M. (2006) : “Gladiatorial Inscriptions from Stratoniceia in Caria”, EA, 39, 105-110.

Aydınoğlu, Ü et A. K. Şenol, éd. (2010) : Olive Oil And Wine Production in Anatolia during Antiquity, Symposium Proceedings, Istanbul.

Babelon, E. (1907) : Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines II : Description historique, Tome 1 : Comprenant les monnaies grecques depuis les origines jusqu’aux guerres médiques, Paris.

Badie, A., S. Lemaître et J.-C. Moretti (2004) : “Le théâtre du Létôon de Xanthos. État des recherches en 1999”, Anatolia Antiqua, 12, 145-186.

Bailey, D. M. (1988) : A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum. III Roman Provincial Lamps, Londres.

Balandier, Cl. (2002) : “La défense des territoires à Chypre de l’époque archaïque aux invasions arabes”, DHA, 28/1, 175-206.

— (2010a) : Les fortifications au service de l’histoire : histoire de la défense de Chypre de l’époque chypro-archaïque aux invasions arabes, Paris.

référEnCEs bibliographiquEs – 441

— (à paraître) : La défense de la Palestine aux périodes achéménide et hellénistique. Étude historique et archéologique.

Baldıran, A. (1990) : Stratonikeia Nekropol Buluntuları, thèse inédite, Konya.

— (1999) : “Stratonikeia’dan Unguentariumlar”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4, Konya, 335-356.

Balot, R. K. (2009) : “The Virtue Politics of Democratic Athens”, in : Salkever 2009, 271-299.

Bammer, A. (1968-1971) : “Beiträge zur ephesischen Architektur. I: Zum Eckkapitell eines Ringhallentempels”, ÖJh, 49, 1-22.

— (1974) : “Zu den Kapitellen des Altares von Pergamon”, FuB, 16, 183-190.

— (2007) : “L’Architecture hellénistique en Asie Mineure et ses concepts rétrospectifs et anticipants”, in : Images et modernité hellénistiques. Appropriation et représentation du monde d’Alexandre à César, Rome, 91-101.

Baran, A. (2004) : “Beçin, Zeus Karios (?) Tapınağı”, I. ve II. Arkeolojik Araştırmaları Sempozyumu, Ankara, 19-38.

— (2009) : “Karian Architecture before the Hekatomnids”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 291-313.

Barnett, R. D. (1957) : The Nimrud Ivories, Londres.

— (1980) : “A Winged Goddess of Wine on an Electrum Plaque”, AS, 30, 169-178.

Başaran, C., A. Yalçın et M. Tombul (1998) : “1995 Yılı Skepsis Aşağı Kent ve Nekropolü Kurtarma Kazısı”, VIII. MKKS (7-9 Nisan 1997 Kuşadası), Ankara, 551-585.

Batigne-Vallet, C., éd. (2012) : Les céramiques communes comprises dans leur contexte régional. Faciès de consommation et mode d’approvisionnement, Actes de la table ronde organisée à Lyon les 2 et 3 février 2009, Lyon.

Bats, M. (1993) : “La vaisselle culinaire comme marqueur culturel : l’exemple de la Gaule méridionale et de la Grande-Grèce (ive-ier s. av. J.-C.)”, Terre cuite et société, la céramique, document technique, économique, culturel, XIVe Rencontre internationale d’Archéologie et d’Histoire d’Antibes, Actes des rencontres, 21-22-23 octobre 1993, Juan-les-Pins, 407-425.

Baughan, E. P. (2004) : Anatolian Funerary Klinai: Tradition and Identity, Thèse, Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley.

Bean, G. E. et J. M. Cook (1955) : “The Halicarnassus Peninsula”, ABSA, 50, 56-170.

— (1957) : “The Carian Coast III”, ABSA, 52, 58-146.

Bellinger, A. R. et P. Grierson (1973) : Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbartion Oaks Collection and in the Whittemone Collection, Vol. I, Washington.

Bencivenni, A. (2003) : Progetti di riforme costituzionali nelle epigrafi greche dei secoli IV-II a.C., Bologne.

Benter, M. (2009) : “Hydas, eine befestigte Höhensiedlung auf der Bozburun-Halbinsel”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 481–501.

Berg, W. (1979) : “Hecate Greek or ‘Anatolian’ ?”, Numen, 21, 128-140.

Berg Brise, M. (2004) : “Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery from Halikarnassos”, in : Isager & Pedersen 2004, 177-189.

Berges, D. (2006) : Knidos. Beiträge zur Geschichte der archaischen Stadt, Mayence.

Berns, C et H. von Hesberg, éd. (2002) : Patris und Imperium. Kulturelle und politische Identität in den Städten in den

römischen Provinzen Kleinasiens in der frühen Kaiserzeit, Kolloquium Köln, November 1998, Cologne.

Berti, F. (1993) : Iasos di Caria, Arslantepe, Hierapolis, Iasos, Kyme, Scavi archaeologici Italiani in Turchia, Venise, 189-249.

— (2004) : “Appunti per lo studio dei vasi attici a figure rosse di Iasos’, in : Iasos tra VI e IV sec. a.C., 101-117.

— (2005) : “Digressioni su alcune anfore panatenaiche, offerte votive e culti nell’agora di Iasos”, in : Pierobon Benoit 2005, 116-129.

Berti, F. et C. Franco (2006) : “Note su frammenti di ceramica attica con graffiti”, Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria, 12, 21-28.

Berti, F. et V. Graziano (1994) : Iasos, Catane.

Berti, F. et L. Innocente (1998) : “Due nuovi graffiti in alfabeto cario da Iasos”, in : Blümel et al. 1998, 137-142.

— (2005) : “Graffito cario su piede di coppa attica”, Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria, 11, 20-21.

Berti, F., R. Fabiani, Z. Kızıltan et M. Nafissi, éd. (2010) : Wandering Marbles of Iasos at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, Istanbul.

Bessac, J.-Cl. (1993) : L’outillage traditionnel du tailleur de pierre. De l’Antiquité à nos jours, Paris.

Beyer, D. (1997) : “Emar et Ougarit : réflexions sur la glyptique de deux villes de Syrie du Nord vers la fin de l’âge du bronze”, in : Caubet 1997, 171-183.

Biagi, S. (2008) : “Le stadiasmos de Patara et la définition de l’espace romain dans la nouvelle province de Lycie-Pamphylie”, Res Antiquae, 5, 299-307.

Bianco, E. (2000) : “Chabrias Atheniensis”, RSA, 30, 47-72.

Bilde, P.G., V. Nørskov et P. Pedersen, éd. (1999) : Hvad fandt vi ?, Aarhus.

Bilgin, A., R. Dinç et M. Önder (1996) : “Lydia’daki iki Tümülüs’de Temizlik Kazısı Çalışmaları”, ADerg, 4, 207-222.

Bingöl, O. (1976/1977) : “Die Dachziegel von Bayrakli (Alt-Smyrna)”, Anadolu, 20, 1976/1977, 63-81.

— (1980) : Das ionische Normalkapitell in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit in Kleinasien, Ist.Mitt., Beiheft 20, Tubingen.

Birley, A. R. (2005) : The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford.

Blaise, F. (2006) : “Poetics and Politics : Tradition re-worked in Solon’s Eunomia [Poem 4]”, in : Blok & Lardinois 2006, 114-133.

Blok, J. H. et A. P. M. H. Lardinois, éd. (2006) : Solon of Athens : New Historical and Philological Approaches, Leyde.

Blondé, F. (2007) : Les céramiques d’usage quotidien à Thasos au IVe siècle avant J.-C., Études Thasiennes, XX, Paris.

Blum, H., B. Faist, P. Pfälzner et A.-M. Wittke, éd. (2002) : Brückenland Anatolien? Ursachen, Extensität und Modi des Kulturaustausches zwischen Anatolien und seinen Nachbarn, Tübingen.

Blümel, W. (1990) : “Zwei neue Inschriften aus Mylasa aus der Zeit des Maussollos ”, EA, 16, 29-43.

— (1991) : Die Inschriften der Rhodischen Peraia. IK, 38. Bonn.

— (1992a) : Die Inschriften von Knidos I. IK, 41, Bonn.

— (1992b) : “Einheimische Personennamen in griechischen Inschriften aus Karien”, EA, 20, 7-34.


— (1993) : “SGDI 5727 (Halikarnassos) : eine Revision”, Kadmos, 32, 1-18.

— (1994a) : “Two New Inscriptions from the Cnidian Peninsula : Proxeny Decree for Epameinondas and a Funeral Epigram”, EA, 23, 157-159.

— (1994b) : “Über die chronologische und geographische Verteilung einheimischer Personennamen in griechischen Inschriften aus Karien”, in : Giannotta et al. 1994, 65-86.

— (1995) : “Inschriften aus Karien I”, EA, 25, 35-64.

— (2002) : “Neue Fragmente der Pachturkunden aus Amos”, EA, 34, 107-111.

— (2004) : “Neue Inschriften aus Karien II : Mylasa und Umgebung”, EA, 37, 1-43.

Blümel, W. et A. Kızıl (2004) : “Eine neue karische Inschrift aus der Region von Mylasa”, Kadmos, 43, 131-138.

Blümel, W., P. Frei et Chr. Marek, éd. (1998) : Colloquium Caricum. Akten der internationalen Tagung über die karisch-griechische Bilingue von Kaunos 31.10-1.11.1997 in Feusisberg bei Zürich, Kadmos, 37, 57-79.

Boardman, J. et G. Buchner (1966) : “Seals from Ischia and the Lyre-Player Group”, JDAI, 81, 1-62.

Boardman, J. (1967) : Excavations in Chios, 1952-1955, Greek Emporio, Londres.

— (1968) : Archaic Greek Gems. Schools and Artists in the Sixth and Early Fifth Centuries B.C., Londres.

— (1970) : Greek Gems and Finger Rings, Londres.

— (1990) : “The Lyre Player Group of Seals, an Encore”, AA, 1, 1-17.

— (2000) : Persia and the West. An Archaeological Investigation of the Genesis of Achaemenid Art, Londres.

— (2003) : Die Perser und der Westen, Mayence.

Bockisch, G. (1969) : “Die Karer und ihre Dynasten”, Klio, 51, 117-75.

Boedeker, D. (1983) : “Hecate : a Transfunctional Goddess”, TAPhA, 113, 79-93.

Böhlendorf-Aslan B., A. O. Uysal et J. Witte-Ott, éd. (2007) : Late Antique and Medieval Pottery and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeology Contexts. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Late Antique, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman pottery and tiles in archaeological context, Çanakkale, 1-3 June 2005, Byzas 7, Istanbul.

Bonifay, M. et J.-C. Tréglia, éd. (2007) : LRCW2. Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, BAR International Series S1662 (I).

Borchhardt, J. (1969/1970) : “Ein Totengericht in Lykien. Zum Grabmal des χñtabura in Limyra”, IstMitt, 19-20, 187-222.

— (1975) : Myra, eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit, Istanbuler Forschungen, Band 30, Berlin.

— (1991) : “Ein Ptolemaion in Limyra”, RA, 309-322.

— (1993) : Die Steine von Zẽmuri. Archäologische Forschungen an den Verborgenen Wassern von Limyra, Vienne.

— (1990a) : “Kunst in Lykien”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 45-49.

— (1990b) : “Das Heroon von Limyra”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 75-78.

Borchhardt, J. et G. Dobesch, éd. (1993) : Akten des II. Internationalen Lykien-Symposium, Vienna 6-12 mai 1990, Vienne.

Borchhardt, J., H. Eigner, M. Pesditschek et P. Ruggendorfer, éd. (1997-1999) : “Archäologisch-sprachwissenschaftliches Corpus der Denkmäler mit lykischer Schrift”, Anzeiger ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl., 134/2, Vienne, 11-96.

Borchhardt, J., R. Jacobek et A. Dinstl, éd. (1990) : Götter, Heroen, Herrscher in Lykien, Munich.

Borchhardt, J., G. Neumann et K. Schulz (2003) : “Tuminehi/Tymnessos”, Adalya, 6, 21-89.

Borchhardt, J. et S. Şişmanoğlu (1999) : “Das Diptychon von Tubure/Tyberissos”, in : Scherrer et al. 1999, 275-297.

Borchhardt, J. et G. Stanzl (1990) : “Ein hellenistischer Bau des Herrscherkultes: Das Ptolemaion in Limyra”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 79-84.

Borza, E. N. et O. Palagia (2007) : “The Chronology of the Macedonian Royal Tombs at Vergina”, JdI, 122, 81-124.

Bousquet, J. (1992) : “Les inscriptions du Létôon en l’honneur d’Arbinas et l’épigramme grecque de la stèle de Xanthos. L’inscription bilingue de Démokleidès et les inscriptions lyciennes unilingues”, in : Fouilles de Xanthos IX.1, Paris, 155-199.

Bowden, W., L. Lavan et C. Machado, éd. (2004) : Recent Research on the Late Antique Courtryside, Leyde-Boston.

Bowersock, G. W. (1983) : Roman Arabia, New York.

Boyd, Th. D. (1978) : “The Arch and the Vault in Greek Architecture”, AJA, 82, 83-100.

Boysal, Y. (1970) : “Turgut Kazısı 1969 Yılı Raporu”, Anadolu, 12, 63-78.

— (1998) : “1996 Yılı Stratonikeia Çalışmaları”, KST, 19-2, 153-160.

Boysal, Y. et M. Kadıoğlu (1999) : “1997 Yılı Stratonikeia Nekropol Çalışmaları”, KST, 20-2, 215-228.

Bracke, H. (1993) : “Pisidia in Hellenistic times (334-325 BC)”, in : Waelkens 1993, 15-35.

Brandt B., V. Gassner et S. Ladstätter, éd. (2005) : Synergia. Festschrift für Friedrich Krinzinger II, Vienne.

Bresson, A. (1991) : Recueil des inscriptions de la Pérée rhodienne, Paris-Besançon.

— (2007a) : “Unity, Diversity and Conflict in Hellenistic Lycia”, in : Elton & Reger 2007, 73-79.

— (2007b) : “Les Cariens ou la mauvaise conscience du barbare”, in : Urso 2007, 209-228.

Bresson, A., P. Brun et E. Varinlioğlu (2001) : “Les Inscriptions Grecques et Latines”, in : Debord & Varinlioğlu 2001, 81-305.

Bresson, A., P. Brun, R. Descat et K. Konuk (2005) : “Un décret honorifique des Kodapeis (Carie du Sud)”, REA, 107, 69-81.

Bresson, A. et R. Descat, éd. (2001) : Les cités d’Asie Mineure occidentale au IIe s. a.C., Bordeaux.

Bresson, A., D. Rousset et J.-M. Carbon (2007) : “Les estampages du fonds Louis Robert”, CRAI, 2, 643-660.

Briant, P. (1992) : Darius, les Perses et l’Empire, Paris.

— (1996) : Histoire de l’empire perse, Paris.

Brijder, H. A. G., éd. (1984) : Ancient Greek and Related Pottery, Proceedings of the International Vase Symposium in Amsterdam, 12-15 Avril 1984, Amsterdam.

Broneer, O. (1930) : Corinth IV. Terracotta Lamps, Athènes.


Bruer, S. G. et M. Kunze (2010) : Der Stadtplan von Patara und Beobachtungen zu den Stadtmauern, Patara I. 1, Istanbul.

Brun, P. (1994) : “Les fortifications d’Hyllarima, Philon de Byzance et Pleistarchos”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 193-204.

— (2001) : “Les sites archéologiques”, in : Debord & Varinlioğlu 2001, 23-75.

— (2007a) : “La Carie et les Cariens vus depuis Athènes au Ve siècle”, in : Brun 2007b, 13-32.

—, éd. (2007b) : Scripta Anatolica. Hommages à Pierre Debord, Bordeaux.

Bruneau, Ph. (1970a) : Recherches sur les cultes de Délos à l’époque hellénistique et à l’époque impériale, Paris.

— (1970b) : “Tombes d’Argos”, BCH, 94, 437-531.

— (1970c) : Délos XXVII. L’îlot de la maison des Comédiens. La vaisselle, Paris.

Bruns-Özgan, Chr. (1987) : Lykische Grabreliefs des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Tübingen.

— (2002) : “Eine frühkaiserzeitliche Stoa in Knidos und ihre Funde” in : Berns & Hesberg 2002, 247-256.

— (2004) : Knidos. A Guide to the Ancient Site, Konya.

— (2005) : “Attische Bildhauer in Knidos”, in : Strocka 2005, 179-191.

Bryce, T. R. (1986) : The Lycians I. The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources, Copenhague.

Buchholz, H. G. (1978) : “Tamassos, Zypern, 1974-1976. 3. Bericht”, AA, 155-230.

Buckler, J. (1980) : The Theban Hegemony. 371-362 BC, Cambridge-Londres.

— (1998) : “Epameinondas and the new inscription fron Knidos”, Mnemosyne, s. IV, 51, 192-205.

— (2003) : Aegean Greece in the Fourth Century BC, Leyde-Boston.

Buraselis, K. (2008) : “The Problem of the Ptolemaic Sibling Marriage : A Case of Dynastic Acculturation?”, in : McKechnie & Guillaume 2008, 291-302.

Burkert, W. (1992) : The Orientalizing Revolution, Cambridge.

— (2001) : “La religione greca all’ombra dell’Oriente : i livelli dei contatti e degli influssi ”, in : Ribicini et al. 2001, 21-30.

Burn, L. (2004) : Hellenistic Art, From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles.

Buschor, E. (1950) : Maussollos und Alexander, Munich.

Buschmann, K. (1992) : “Hızırlık bei Fethiye : das altlykische Telebehi”, AST, 10, 429-438.

Büyükyörük, F. et C. Tibet (1999-2000) : “1998-1999 Yılı Antalya Doğu Nekropolü Kurtarma Kazıları”, Adalya, 4, 115-171.

Cahn, H. A. (1970) : Knidos. Die Münzen des sechsten und fünften Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Berlin.

Canciani, F. et F. W. von Hase (1979) : La tomba Bernardini di Palestrina, Rome.

Cannadine, D. et S. Price, éd. (1987) : Rituals of Royalty. Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Cambridge.

Caputo, V., éd. (2008) : Iasos in Età Romana. Miscellanea storico-archeologica, Suppl. au vol. 83-84 de Atti dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara, Ferrare.

Cargill, J. (1981) : The Second Athenian League. Empire or Free Alliance?, Berkeley-Los Angeles-Londres.

Carney, E. D. (2005) : “Women and Dunasteia in Caria”, AJPh, 126, 65-91.

Carubba, O. (1993) : “Dynasten und Städte. Sprachliche und sonstige Bemerkungen zu den Namen auf den lykischen Münzen”, in : Borchhardt & Dobesch 1993, 11-25.

Carstens, A. M. (1999a) : Death Matters: Funerary Architecture on the Halikarnassos Peninsula, Thèse, Copenhague.

— (1999b) : “Sepulchral Architecture on the Halicarnassos Peninsula”, in : Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Amsterdam, July 12-17 1998, 109-111.

— (2002) : “Tomb Cult on the Halikarnassos Peninsula”, AJA, 106, 391-409.

— (2006) : “Cypriot chamber tombs”, in : Wriedt Sørensen & Winther Jacobsen 2006, 125-179.

— (2008) : “Tombs of the Halikarnassos Peninsula – the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age”, in : Pedersen 2008, 52-118.

— (2009) : Karia and the Hekatomnids. The Creation of a Dynasty, Oxford.

— (2013) : “Divine Kingship at the City Centre”, in : Henry 2013.

— (à paraître) : “Bridging the boundary: the sacrificial deposit of the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos and its symbolic language”, in : Draycott, C. et M. Stamatopoulou, éd., Dining & Death: Interdisciplinary perspectives on the “funerary banquet” in ancient art, burial and belief, Colloquia Antiqua, 2012.

Carte géologique de Turquie (1963) : feuillet Konya, 1/500.000e, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Carte géologique de Turquie (1964a) : feuillet Denizli, 1/500.000e, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Carte géologique de Turquie (1964b) : feuillet Izmir, 1/500.000e, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Carte géologique de Turquie (1997) : feuillets Fethiye L8, L9, M8, M9 et Antalya L10, M10-M11, 1/100.000e, Maden Tetkik ve Arama genel müdürlüğü, Ankara.

Carter, J. C. (1970) : “Relief Sculptures from the Necropolis of Taranto”, AJA, 74, 125-137.

Cataldi, S., éd. (2004) : Poleis e Politeiai. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Storia Greca (Torino 2002), Alexandrie.

Caubet, A., éd. (1997) : De Chypre à la Bactriane. Les sceaux du Proche-Orient ancien, Actes du colloque international, Musée du Louvre, 18 mars 1995, Paris.

— (1998) : L’art des modeleurs d’argile, Antiquités de Chypre, Coroplastique, 2, Paris.

Cavalier, L. (2005) : Architecture romaine d’Asie Mineure. Les monuments de Xanthos et leur ornementation, Bordeaux.

— (2006) : “Observations sur l’architecture de Xanthos à l’époque archaïque”, REA, 108, 327-354.

— (2007) : “Horrea d’Andriakè et Patara : un nouveau type d’édifice fonctionnel en Lycie à l’époque impériale”, REA, 109, 51-65.

— (2012) : “Deux nouveaux temples à Limyra ?”, in : Seyer 2012, 133-139.

Çevik, N. (2008) : “Northeast Lycia. The New Evidence - Results from the Past Ten Years from the Bey Mountains Surface Surveys”, Adalya, 11, 189-233.

Çevik, N., B. Varkıvanç et E. Akyürek, éd. (2005) : Trebenna : tarihi, arkeolojisi ve doğası. Trebenna : its history, archaeology and natural environment, Istanbul.


Çevik, N. et I. Pimouguet-Pédarros (2010) : “Fortifications et système défensif de Myra : Recherches 2009”, Anatolia Antiqua, 18, 243-275.

Chambers, M. A. (1955) : “The Twelve Gods at Cos”, HThR, 48, 153-154.

Chantraine, P. (1999) : Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, Paris.

Chapoutier, F. (1934) : Les Dioscures au service d’une déesse, Paris.

Chiekova, D. (2008) : Cultes et vie religieuse dans les cités du Pont Gauche (VIIe – Ier s. avant J. C.), Berne.

Childs, W. A. P. et P. Demargne (1989) : Le monument des Néréides. Le decor sculpté. Fouilles de Xanthos, VIII, Paris.

Choisy, A. (1876) : “Note sur les Tombeaux Lydiens de Sardes”, RA, 32, 73-81.

Çilingiroğlu, A. (1997) : Urartu Krallığı. Tarihi ve Sanatı, Izmir.

Cimok, F. (2000) : Antioch Mosaics, Istanbul.

Civelek, A. (2001) : Tralleis Nekropolisi Buluntuları Işığında Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi Seramiği (thèse inédite), Izmir.

Clay, J. (1984) : “The Hecate of the Theogony”, GRBS, 25, 27-38.

Colas-Rannou, F. (2009) : “Images et société en Lycie au VIe siècle avant J.-C. : le pilier d’Isinda et son programme iconographique”, REA, 111, 453-474.

— (à paraître) : “D’une mixité à une identité : les Lyciens et leurs images”, in : Ziche (à paraître).

Colvin, S., éd. (2004) : The Greco-Roman East, Cambridge.

Çokay-Kepçe, S. (2006) : The Karaçallı Necropolis near Antalya, Adalya, Suppl. series. 4, Antalya.

Cook, J. M. (1961) : “Some Sites of the Milesian Territory”, ABSA, 56, 90-101.

— (1965) : “Old-Smyrna : Fourth-Century Black Glaze”, ABSA, 60, 143-153.

Cook, J. M. et W. H. Plommer (1966) : The Sanctuary of Hemithea at Kastabos, Cambridge.

Corbett, P. E. (1955) : “Palmette Stamps from an Attic Black-glaze Workshop”, Hesperia, 24, 172-186.

Corso, A. (2007) : “The cult and political background of the Knidian Aphrodite”, in : Proceedings of the Danish Institute at Athens V, Athènes, 173-197.

Corsten, Th. (2007a) : “Kibyratis in Antiquity”, Anatolian Archaeology, 13, 18-19.

— (2007b) : “Kibyra und Lykien”, in : Schuler 2007, 175-181.

— (2008) : “Research in the Kibyratis in 2006 and 2007”, ANMED. News of Archaeology from Anatolia’s Mediterranean Areas, 6, 112-116.

— (2009) : “Zwei Inschriften zur frühen Geschichte von Kibyra”, in : Tekin 2009, 91-98.

Çörtük, U. (2004) : Kuzey Karia Akçay Vadisi ve Çevresinin Arkeolojik Araştırması, thèse MA, Muğla.

— (2008) : “Kuzey Karia Akçay (Harpasos) Vadisi Mezar Mimarisi Hakkında Bir Araştırma”, Anadolu (Anatolia), n.s. 2, 37-60.

Costabile, F. (1997) : L’Architettura samia in Occidente, Soveria Manelli.

Coulton, J. J. (1982) : “Termessians at Oinoanda”, AS, 32, 115-131.

— (1994) : “The Fortifications of Balboura”, REA, 96, 327-335.

— (1998) : “Highland Cities in South-West Turkey : The Oinoanda and Balboura Surveys”, in : Matthews 1998, 227-236.

Coupel, P. et P. Demargne (1969) : Le Monument des Néréides. L’Architecture. Texte et Planches photographiques. Fouilles de Xanthos, III, Paris.

Crowther, Ch. V. (1993) : “Foreign Judges in Seleucid Cities”, JAC, 8, 57-61.

— (1995) : “Iasos in the Second Century BC III : Foreign Judges from Priene”, BICS, 40, 91-136.

— (1999) : “Aus der Arbeit der ‘Inscriptiones Graecae’ IV. Koan Decrees for Foreign Judges”, Chiron, 39, 251-320.

Curti, F. et A. Parrini (à paraître) : “Iasos: importazioni di ceramica attica a figure rosse nel V nel IV sec. a. C.”

Culasso Gastaldi, E. (2003) : “Un decreto ateniese di prossenia per tre individui di Iasos (IG II2 3 + 165)”, ZPE, 142, 109-118.

— (2004) : Le prossenie ateniesi del IV secolo a.C. Gli onorati asiatici, Alexandrie.

Davesne, A. et F. Laroche-Traunecker (1998) : Le site de Meydancıkkale. Recherches entreprises sous la direction d’Emmanuel Laroche (1971-1982), Paris.

Davies, J. K. (1969) : “The Date of IG II2 1609”, Historia, 18, 309-333.

Debord, P. (1969) : “Sur les inscriptions de la période d’Olympichos à Labraunda”, REA, 71, 383-389.

— (1982) : Aspects sociaux et économiques de la vie religieuse dans l’Anatolie gréco-romaine, Leyde.

— (1994) : “Essai sur la géographie historique de la région de Stratonicée”, in : Mactoux & Gény 1994, 107-121.

— (1999) : L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (412-323 a.C.). Pouvoirs et jeux politiques, Bordeaux.

— (2003) : “Cité grecque-village carien. Des usages du mot koinon”, Studi ellenistici, 2003, 115-180.

— (2008) : “Apollon en Carie”, in : Şahin 2008, 57-67.

— (2009) : “Peut-on définir un panthéon carien ?”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 251-266.

Debord, P. et R. Descat, éd. (1994) : Fortifications et défense du territoire en Asie Mineure occidentale et méridionale, Table-ronde, Istanbul 20-27 mai 1993, REA, 96.

Debord, P. et E. Varinlioğlu, éd. (2001) : Les Hautes Terres de Carie, Bordeaux.

—, éd. (2011) : Cités de Carie : Harpasa, Bargasa, Orthosia dans l’Antiquité, Rennes.

Dedeoğlu, H. (2003) : The Lydians and Sardis, Izmir.

Dedeoğlu, H. et H. Malay (1994) : “Kuzey Lydia’da Geç Hellenistik Bir Mezar”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, 2, Izmir, 129-135.

Delemen, I. (2007) : The Achaemenid Impact on Local Populations and Culture in Anatolia (6th-4th centuries BC). Papers Presented at the International Workshop, Istanbul 20-21 May 2005, Istanbul.

De Ligt, L. éd. (2004) : Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives, Leyde.

Delrieux, F. (2001) : “Iasos à la fin du IVe siècle a.C. Les monnaies aux fruits de mer, des fils de Théodotos au versement de l’ekklesiastikon”, REG, 114, 160-189.

— (2008) : “Le décret d’Iasos en l’honneur des fils de Peldémis à l’époque classique”, Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria, 14, 33-36.


Deltour-Lévie, Cl. (1982) : Les piliers funéraires de Lycie, Louvain-la-Neuve.

Dellbrück, R. (1912) : Hellenistische Bauten in Latium II, Strasbourg.

Demargne, P. (1974) : Tombes-maisons, Tombes rupestres et sarcophages. Fouilles de Xanthos, V, Paris.

— (1990) : “Das Nereiden-Monument von Xanthos”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 65-69.

Demirer, Ü. (1998) : “1996 Yılı Patara Oygu Mezarlar Kurtarma Kazısı”, MKKS (7 – 9 Nisan, Kuşadası 1997), Ankara, 25-41.

Demirtaş, M. B. (2007) : Technical and Workmanship Features of the Temple of Artemis at Magnesia, thèse inédite.

— (2010) : “Karia-Ionia Tipi Kurt Ağzı Kanca ve Magnesia Artemis Tapınağı”, in : Aybek & Öz 2010, 105-113.

De Polignac, F. (2005) : “Usages de l’écriture dans les sanctuaires du haut archaïsme”, Kernos, Suppl. 15, 13-25.

Descat, R. (1994) : “Les forteresses de Théra et de Kallipolis”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 205-214.

— (1994) : “La géographie dans les listes des tributs attiques : Lepsimandos et Kasôlaba en Carie”, ZPE, 104, 61–68.

— (1998) : “La carrière d’Eupolémos, stratège macédonien en Asie Mineure”, REA, 100, 167-190.

Des Courtils, J. (1994) : “Nouvelles données sur le rempart de Xanthos”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 285-298.

— (1995) : “Un nouveau bas-relief archaïque de Xanthos”, RA, 2, 337-364.

— (2003) : Guide de Xanthos et du Létôon, Istanbul.

— (2001) : “Xanthos et le Létôon au IIe s. a.C.”, in : Bresson & Descat 2001, 213-224.

— (2006) : “Nouvelles découvertes à Xanthos”, in : Dörtlük et al. 2006, 145-152.

— (2007) : “Introduction. La Lycie dans l’histoire”, in : Lemaître 2007a, 11-23.

Des Courtils, J. et D. Laroche (2004) : Xanthos et le Létôon : rapport sur la campagne de 2003, Anatolia Antiqua, 12.

Des Courtils, J. et A. Pariente (1991) : “Problèmes topographiques et religieux à l’Herakleion de Thasos”, in : Le Dinahet & Étienne 1991, 67-84.

Demargne, P. (1974) : Fouilles de Xanthos V : Tombes-maisons, tombes rupestres et sarcophages, Paris.

Devambez, P. et E. Haspels (1959) : Le sanctuaire de Sinuri près de Mylasa. Architecture et céramique, II, Paris.

DeVries, K. (1997) : “The Attic Pottery from Gordion”, in : Oakley et al. 1997, 447-455.

Diehl, Ch. et G. Cousin (1886) : “Villes inconnues du Golfe Céramique”, BCH, 10, 428-30.

Dignas, B. (2007) : “Porter la couronne d’un dieu : titre civique, charge religieuse, pouvoir ou fardeau ?”, Kernos, 20, 173-187.

Diler, A. (1997a) : “İç Karia Yüzey Araştırması-1995”, AST, 14, 189-206.

— (1997b) : “İç Karia Yüzey Araştırması – 1996”, AST, 15, 409-422.

— (2002) : “The Northern Rock Necropolis of Caunus”, in : Studien zum antiken Kleinasien V. Asia Minor Studien, 44, 63-95.

— (2008) : “Bodrum Yarımadası, Leleg Yerleşimleri, Pedasa, Mylasa, Damlıboğaz (Hydai), Kedreai (Sediradası), Kissebükü

(Anastasioupolis) ve Mobolla Kalesi Yüzey Araştırmaları 2004-2005”, AST, 24, 479-500.

Diler, A., U. Aydınoğlu et A. K. Şenol, éd. (2010) : “Olive Oil and Wine Production of the Halikarnassos Peninsula in Karia”, in : Aydinoğlu & Şenol 2010, 259-277.

Dinç, R. (1993) : Lydia Tümülüsleri (thèse inédite), Izmir.

Dinç, R. et M. Önder (1992) : “Kayapınarı-Hamamtepe Tümülüsü Kurtarma Kazısı”, MKKS, 3, 31-51.

Dinsmoor, W. B. (1950) : The Architecture of ancient Greece, Londres-New York-Toronto-Sydney.

Domingo Gygax, M. (2001) : Untersuchungen zu den lykischen Gemeinwesen in klassischer und hellenistischer Zeit, Bonn.

Donati, L. (2007) : “La ceramica grigia arcaica di Iasos”, Rassegna di Archeologia, 14, 224-236.

Dornisch, W. (1992) : Die griechischen Bogentore. Zur Entstehung und Verbreitung des griechischen Keilsteingewölbes. Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 28, Kunstgeschichte, Band 83, Francfort-Berlin.

Dörtlük, K., B. Varkıvanç, T. Kahya, J. des Courtils, M. Doğan-Alparslan et R. Boyraz (2006) : III. Likya Sempozyumu / The IIIrd Symposium on Lycia, 07-10 November 2005, Antalya. Proceedings, Antalya.

Dotterweich, Ü. (1999) : Unguentarien mit kuppeförmiger Mündung aus Knidos, Knidos-Studien Band I, Francfort.

Draycott, C. et M. Stamatopoulou, éd. (à paraître) : Dining & Death: Interdisciplinary perspectives on the “funerary banquet” in ancient art, burial and belief, Colloquia Antiqua, 2012.

Drew-Bear, Th. (1999) : Phrygian votive Steles, Ankara.

Dumézil, G. (2003) : “La triple Hécate” (1982), in : Dumézil 2003.

— (2003) : Esquisses de mythologie, Paris.

Dunand, Ch. et P. Lévêque, éd. (1975) : Les syncrétismes dans les religions de l’Antiquité, Leyde.

Dündar, E. (2008) : Patara Unguentariumları, Istanbul.

Düring, B. (2011) : The Prehistory of Asia Minor. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies, Cambridge.

Durm, J. (1910) : Die Baukunst der Griechen. Handbuch der Architektur, I-II, Leipzig.

Dusinberre, E. R. M. (1997) : “Imperial style and constructed identity: a ‘Graeco-Persian’ cylinder seal from Sardis”, Ars Orientalis, 27, 99-129.

— (2003) : Aspects of Empire in Achaemenid Sardis, Cambridge.

Dyggve, E., F. Poulsen et K. Rhomaios (1934) : Das Heroon von Kalydon, Copenhague.

Eck, W. (2004) : “Straßen und ihre Denkmäler”, in : Frei-Stolba 2004, 17-39.

— (2008) : “Die Bauinschrift der neronischen Thermen in Patara. Zur methodischen Auswertung einer partiell eradierten Inschrift”, ZPE, 166, 269-275.

Écochard, E. (2012) : Approche géoarchéologique et valorisation du patrimoine géomorphologique autour du Létôon (plaine de Xanthos, Turquie), Thèse inédite, Paris Est-Créteil-Val de Marne.

Edhem Bey (1906) : “Fouilles d’Alabanda”, CRAI, 407-422.

Ehrenberg, V. (1930) 1965 : “Eunomia”, Charisteria, 16-29, revu dans Id. 1946, 70-93 ; repris dans Id. 1965, 139-158.

— (1946) : Aspects of the Ancient World, Oxford.


— (1965) : Polis und Imperium, Zürich-Stuttgart.

Ehrenberg, V. et A. M. H. Jones (1960) : Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Oxford.

Ehrhardt, N. et L.-M. Günther, éd. (2002) : Widerstand-Anpassung-Integration. Die griechische Staatenwelt und Rom. Festschrift für J. Deininger zum 65. Geburtstag, Stuttgart.

Eilers, C. F. et N. P. Milner (1995) : “Q. Mucius Scaevola and Oenoanda : A new Inscription”, Anatolian Studies, 45, 73-89.

Einicke, R., St. Lehmann, H. Löhr, G. Mehnert, A. Mehnert et A. Slawish, éd. (2009) : Zurück zum Gegenstand. Festschrift für Andreas E. Furtwängler, Langenweissbach.

Eiring, J. et J. Lund, éd. (2004) : Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens 2002, Athènes.

Elderkin, G. W. (1935) : “Two Mosaics Representing the Seven Wise Men”, AJA, 39, 92-111.

— (1937) : “Two Curse Inscriptions”, Hesperia, 6, 382-395.

Elton, H. et G. Reger, éd. (2007) : Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Bordeaux.

Engel, C. W. (2009) : The Greek God of Healing Asclepius & Goddess of Health Hygeia : A Double-gendered Double-deity Model. Thèse inédite, Yale.

Erasmus, H. J. (1960) : “Eunomia”, AClass, 3, 53-64.

Erhart, K. P. (1979) : The Development of the Facing Head Motif on Greek Coins and its Relation to Classical Art, New York.

Errington, M. (1987) : “Θεὰ Ῥώμη und römischer Einfluß südlich des Mäanders im 2. Jh. v. Chr.”, Chiron, 17, 97-118.

Eschbach, N. (2003a) : “Zur Chronologie der frühen Keramik auf der Akropolis von Perge. Ein Vorbericht”, in : Rückert & Kolb 2003, 21-213.

— (2003b) : “Die archaische Keramik”, in : Abbasoğlu & Martini 2003, 87-1033.

Eskioğlu, M. (1989) : “Garipler Tümülüsü ve Kayseri’deki Tümülüs Tipi Mezarlar”, TAD, 28, 189-225.

Evliya Çelebi Zillioğlu (1985) : Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, IX-X. Istanbul.

Fabiani, R. (1999) : “La questione delle monete SUN : per una nuova interpretazione”, AIIS, 16, 87-123.

— (2001) : “Un decreto ateniese riproposto a Iasos (IG II2 3 e Iasos 3926)”, PP, 56, 69-100.

— (2007) : “Ricongiungimento di pietre erranti dalla parastàs PRO TOU ARXEIOU di Iasos : IK, 28.1-Iasos, 24+30 e IK, 28.1-Iasos, 58+44”, PP, 62, 373-384.

— (2010) : “Magistrates and Phylai in Late Classical and early Hellenistic Iasos”, in : Van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 467-482.

— (2012) : I decreti onorari di Iasos tra cronologia e storia.

— (à paraître a) : “Gli onori dei prosseni a Iasos”, in : Fischer à paraître.

— (à paraître b) : “Dedochthai tei boulei kai toi demoi: protagonisti e prassi della procedura deliberativa a Iasos in epoca ellenistica”, in : Mann & Scholz à paraître.

— (à paraître c) : “I. Iasos 52 e il culto di Zeus Idrieus”, in : Maddoli à paraître.

Fabricius, J. (1999) : Die hellenistischen Totenmahlreliefs, 1999.

Fano Santi, M., éd. (2004) : Studi di archeologia in onore di Gustavo Traversari, I, Rome.

Farnell, L. W. (1896) : The Cults of the Greek States, Oxford.

Farnsworth, M. et H. Wisely (1958) : “Fifth Century Intentional Red Glaze”, AJA, 62, 165-173.

Fauth, W. (2006) : Hekate Polymorphos, Wesenvarianten einer antiken Gottheit. Zwischen frühgriechischer Theogonie und spätantikem Syncretismus, Hambourg.

Figueira, Th. (1998) : The Power of Money, Philadelphie.

Fischer, G. (2012) : Der Beitrag Kleinasiens zur Kultur- Geistesgeschichte der griechisch-römischen Antike. Tagung der kleinasiatischen Kommission der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienne, 3-5 November 2010, Vienne.

Fleischer, R. (1983) : Der Klagefrauensarkophag aus Sidon, Tübingen.

Flensted-Jensen, P. (2004) : “Idyma”, in : Hansen & Nielsen 2004, n° 893.

Flensted-Jensen, P. et A. M. Carstens (2004) : “Halikarnassos and the Lelegians”, in : Isager & Pedersen 2004, 109-123.

Floris, P. (2008) : “Lucerne di Età Medio – Imperiale dalla “Casa dei Mosaici”, in : Caputo 2008, 49-64.

Fossey, J. M. (1992) : “The Development of some Defensive Networks in Eastern Central Greece during the Classical Period”, in : Maele & Fossey 1992, 109-132.

Forstenpointner, G., U. Quatember, A. Galik, G. Weissengruber et A. Konecny (2007) : “Purple-dye production in Lycia. Results of an archaeozoological field survey in Andriake (South-West Turkey)”, OJA, 26-2, 201-214.

Fortunelli, F. et C. Masseria, éd. (2009) : Ceramica attica da santuari della Grecia, della Ionia e dell’Italia, Atti Convegno, Perugia 14-17 marzo 2007, Venose.

Fournier, J. (2010) : Entre tutelle romaine et autonomie civique. L’administration judiciaire dans les provinces hellénophones de l’Empire romain (129 av. J.-C.-235 ap. J.-C.). Athènes.

Franco, C. (2001) : “Aristotele e Iasos”, Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria, 7, 21-26.

— (2004) : “Iasos ellenistica tra politica e cultura”, in : Fano Santi 2004, 383-395.

Fraser, P. M. (1968-1969) : “Archaeology in Greece 1968-69”, Archaeological Reports, 15, 3-33.

— (1977) : Rhodian Funerary Monuments, Oxford.

Fraser, P. M. et G. E. Bean (1954) : The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, Oxford.

Frankfort, H. (1954) : The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, Londres.

Frei, P. (1990a) : “Die Götterkulte Lykiens in der Kaiserzeit”, ANRW, II, 18, 3, 1729-1864.

— (1990b) : “Geschichte Lykiens im Altertum”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 7-17.

— (1993) : “Solymer – Milyer – Termilen – Lykier : ethnische und politische Einheiten”, in : Borchhardt & Dobesch 1993, 87-97.

Frei-Stolba, R., éd. (2004) : Siedlung und Verkehr im römischen Reich, Berne.

French, D., éd. (1994) : Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia in memoriam A. S. Hall, Ankara.


— (1997) : “Pre- and Early Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The earliest Roman, paved roads in Asia Minor”, Arkeoloji Dergisi, 5, 179-187.

Funke, P. (1998) : “Athen und Kleinasien im 4. Jh. v. Chr. Überlegungen zum historisch-politischen Kontext eines neuen Proxeniedekretes aus Kaunos”, Kadmos, 37, 211-228.

— (2008) : “Integration und Herrschaft. Überlegungen zur ‘Trilingue von Xanthos’”, in : Kottsieper et al. 2008, 603-612.

Garlan, Y. (1974) : Recherches de poliorcétique grecque, Paris.

— (1986) : “Les fortifications grecques : bilan et perspectives de recherches”, in : La fortification dans l’histoire du monde grec, Colloque de Valbonne 1982, Paris.

Garlan, Y. et F. Blondé (2004) : “Les représentations de vases sur les timbres amphoriques thasiens”, in : Eiring & Lund 2004, 123-136.

Gassner, V. (1997) : Das Südtor der Tetragonos-Agora, Keramik und Kleinfunde, Forschungen in Ephesos, 13, Vienne.

Gauthier, Ph. (1972) : Symbola. Les étrangers et la justice dans les cités grecques, Nancy.

— (1985) : Les cités grecques et leurs bienfaiteurs (IVe-Ier siècle avant J.-C.). Contribution à l’histoire des institutions, BCH, Suppl. 12, Athènes-Paris.

— (1990) : “Bulletin épigraphique”, n° 276, REG, 103, 481-482.

— (1994) : “Les rois hellénistiques et les juges étrangers : à propos de décrets de Kimôlos et de Laodicée du Lykos”, JS, 165-195.

Gabrielsen, V., éd. (1999) : Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, Aarhus.

— (2000) : “The Rhodian Peraia in the third and second centuries BC”, C&M, 51, 129-183.

Gay, K. et Th. Corsten (2006) : “Lycian Tombs in the Kibyratis and the Extent of Lycian Culture”, Anatolian Studies, 56, 47-60.

Gebauer, J. (2007) : “Die Keramik der Grabungen in Limyra 2002/2003. Ein Querschnitt durch das vorrömische Material”, in : Seyer 2007, 48-72.

Gehrke, H. J. (1985) : Stasis. Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in den griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Munich.

— (1996) : Alexander der Grosse, Munich.

Gercke, A. et E. Norden (1914) : Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft, III-2, Leipzig-Berlin.

Giannotta, M. E., R. Gusmani, L. Innocente, D. Marcozzi, M. Salvini, M. Sinatra et P. Vannicelli (1994) : La decifrazione del cario. Atti del I Simposio Internazionale, Rome, 3-4 mai 1993, Rome.

Gill, D. W. J. (1984) : “The Workshops of Attic Bolsal”, in : Brijder 1984, 102-106.

Ginouvès, R. et R. Martin (1985) : Dictionnaire méthodique de l’architecture grecque et romaine, I, Paris.

Gjerstad, E. (1934) : The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: finds and results of the excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, vol. I, Stockholm.

Goldhill, S. (1990) : “The Great Dionysia and Civic Ideology”, in : Winkler & Zeitlin 1990, 97-129.

Goldman, B. (1960) : “The Development of the Lion-Griffin”, AJA, 64-4, 319-328, pl. 88-91.

Goldman, H. (1950) : Excavations at Gözlü Kule,Tarsus I. The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Princeton.

Gomme, A. W., A. Andrewes et K. J. Dover (1981) : A Historical Commentary on Thucydides V, Book VIII, Oxford.

Gossel, B. (1980) : Makedonische Kammergräber, thèse, Munich.

Graßhoff, G. et Fl. Mittenhuber, éd. (2009) : Untersuchungen zum Stadiasmos von Patara : Modellierung und Analyse eines antiken geographischen Streckennetzes, Berne.

Graf, Fr. (1985) : Nordionische Kulte, Rome.

Grandjean, Y. (1985) : “Tuyères ou supports?”, BCH, 109, 265-279.

Greenewalt, C. H. (1979) : “The Sardis campaign of 1977”, BASOR Supplement 23, 12-19.

Greenewalt, C. H. Jr., N. D. Cahill et M. L. Rautman (1987) : “The Sardis campaign of 1984”, BASOR Supplement 25, 13-54.

Grossmann, G. (1950) : Politische Schlagwörter aus der Zeit des Peloponnesischen Krieges, Inaugural-Dissertation Universität Basel, Zurich.

Gruben, G. (1960) : Die Kapitelle des Heratempels auf Samos (thèse inédite).

— (1976) : Die Tempel der Griechen, Munich.

Guarducci, M. (1995) : Epigrafia Greca, vol. I (2e éd.), Rome.

Guettel Cole, S. (1993) : “Procession and Celebration at the Dionysia”, in : Scodel 1993, 25-38.

Guido, G. (1924) : “Viaggio di esplorazione in Caria”, ASAtene, 4-5, 345-96.

Gülşen, F. (2009) : “Büyük Hamam”, in : Işık 2007, 359-360.

Gunter, A. C. (1985) : “Looking at Hekatomnid Patronage from Labraunda”, REA, 87, 113-124.

Güner, E. (2004) : Gelibolu Vadisi ve Çevresinin Arkeolojik Araştırması (thèse inédite), Muğla.

Gürler, B. (1994) : Metropolis’in Helenistik Dönem Seramiği (thèse inédite), Izmir.

— (2000) : Tire Müzesi Cam Eserleri, Ankara.

Gurt i Esparraguera, J. M., J. Buxeda i Garrigós et M. A. Cau Ontiveros, éd. (2005) : LRCW I. Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, BAR International Series S1340.

Haas, V. (1994) : Geschichte der hethitischen Religion, Leyde.

Hägg, I. et R. Hägg (1980) : Excavations in the Barbouna Area at Assine, The Middle Slopes, 1973-1977, Uppsala.

Habicht, Chr. (1975) : “Der Beitrag Spartas zur Restitution von Samos während des Lamischen Krieges”, Chiron, 5, 45-50.

— (1998) : “Titus Flavius Metrobios, Periodonike aus Iasos”, in : Kneissl & Losemann 1998, 311-316.

Hafner, G. (1952) : Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Deutschland 8, Karlsruhe.

Haider, P. W. (2004) : “Kontakte zwischen Griechen und Ägyptern und ihre Auswirkungen auf die archaisch-griechische Welt”, in : Rollinger & Ulf 2004, 447-491.

Hall, A. S. (1986) : “R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies no. 9 : the Milyadeis and their Territory”, Anatolian Studies, 36, 137-157.

— (1994) : “Sinda”, in : French 1994, 48-52.

Hall, A. S. et J. J. Coulton (1990) : “A Hellenistic Allotment List from Balboura in the Kibyratis”, Chiron, 20, 109-158.

Hanfmann, M. A. (1973) : “Excavation and Restoration Activities at Sardis in 1971”, TürkAD, 20-1, 89-105.


Hansen, E. et Chr. Le Roy (1976) : “Au Létôon de Xanthos”, RA, 317-336.

— (2012) : Le temple de Léto au Létoon de Xanthos, Fouilles de Xanthos XI, Aarhus.

Hansen, D. P. (1998) : “Art of the Royal Tombs of Ur : A Brief Interpretation”, in : Zettler & Horne 1998, 43-50.

Hansen, M. H. (2002) : A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures, Copenhague.

Hansen, M. H. et Th. H. Nielsen, éd. (2004) : An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford.

Hansen, P. A., éd. (1983) : Carmina epigraphica Graeca saeculorum VIII-V a.Chr. n. (Texte und Kommentare 12), Berlin-New York.

Hansen, S. S. (2008) : “Hellenistic Totenmahl reliefs from the Halikarnasos Peninsula”, Halicarnassian Studies V, 119-137.

Harper, R. P. et İ. Bayburtluoğlu (1968) : “Preliminary Report on Excavations at Şar, Comana Cappadociae, in 1967”, Anatolian Studies, 17, 149-159.

Harrison, R. M. et N. Fıratlı (1968) : Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul: Fifth Preliminary Report, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 22, Princeton.

Haselberger, L., éd. (1999) : Appearance and Essence. Refinements of Classical Architecture : Curvature, Philadelphie.

Hayes, J. (1968) : “A Seventh-Century Pottery Group”, in : Harrison & Fıratlı, 203-216.

— (1991) : Paphos III. The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery, Nicosie.

— (1992) : Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul. Volume II. The Pottery, Princeton.

— (1997) : Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery, Londres.

Head, B. V. (1897) : Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Caria, Cos, Rhodes, Londres.

Heberdey, R. et E. Kalinka (1896) : Bericht über zwei Reisen im südwestlichen Kleinasien, Vienne.

Heckel, W. (2006) : Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great. Prosopography of Alexander’s Empire, Oxford.

Heisserer, A. (1980) : Alexander the Great and the Greeks. The Epigraphic Evidence, Norman.

Held, W. (1997) : “Forschungen in Loryma 1995”, in : AST, 14, 165-181.

— (2000) : “Forschungen in Loryma 1998”, in : AST, 17, 295-306.



— (2003a) : “Forschungen in Loryma 2001”, in : AST, 20, 289-300.

— (2003b) : “Neue und revidierte Inschriften aus Loryma und der Karischen Chersones”, EA, 36, 55-86.

— (2005a) : “Loryma ve Karia Chersonesos’unun yerleşim sistemi”, Olba, 12, 85-100.

— (2005b) : “Zur Datierung des klassischen Athenatempels in Milet”, AA, 2004, 123-127.

— (2006a) : “Platz, Heiligtum und politische Institutionen in Loryma und der karischen Chersones”, in : Hoepfner & Lehmann 2004, 41-52.

— (2006b) : “Loryma”, in : Radt 2006, 187-197.

— (2009) : “Die Karer und die Rhodische Peraia”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 121-134.

— (2010) : “Die Heiligtümer und Kulte von Loryma”, in : Van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 355-377.

— (à paraitre) : “Hellenistische Grabmonumente auf der Karischen Chersones”, in : Plenarkolloquium des SPP 1209. Die hellenistische Polis als Lebensform, 26-28. 11. 2009.

Held, W., A. Berger et A. Herda (1999) : “Loryma in Karien. Vorbericht über die Kampagnen 1995 und 1998”, Ist.Mitt, 49, 159-196.

Held, W., G. Şenol et K. Şenol (2007) : “2005 yılı Bybassos araştırması”, AST, 24, 37-50.

— (2008) : “2006 yılı Bybassos araştırması”, AST, 25, 365-380.



— (à paraître) : “2009 yılı Bybassos araştırması”, AST, 28.

Hellenkemper, H. et F. Hild (2004) : Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8 : Lykien und Pamphylien, Vienne.

Hellmann, M.-Chr. (1992) : Recherches sur le vocabulaire de l’architecture grecque d’après les inscriptions de Délos, Paris.

— (2002) : L’architecture grecque I. Les principes de construction, Paris.

Hellström, P. (1965) : Pottery of Classical and Later Date, Terracotta Lamps and Glass. Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, II, 1, Lund.

— (1982) : The Temple of Zeus, Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches I, 3, Lund.

— (1994) : “Architecture. Characteristic Building-Types and Peculiarities of Style and Technique”, in : Isager 1994, 36-57.

— (2007) : Labraunda. A Guide to the Karian Sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos, Istanbul.

— (2009) : “Sacred Architecture and Karian Identity”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 267-290.

Hellström, P. et T. Thieme (1981) : “The Andrones at Labraunda”, BMNE, 16, 58-74.

Helms, M. W. (1998) : Access to Origins. Affines, Ancestors and Aristocrats, Austin.

Henry, A. S. (1983) : Honours and Privileges in Athenian Decrees. The Principal Formulae of Athenian Honorary Decrees, Hildesheim-Zurich-New York.

Henry, O. (2003) : “Les tumuli de la confluence Méandre/Harpasos”, Kubaba, 5, 139-168.

— (2006) : “Réflexions sur le propriétaire de la tombe monumentale de Labraunda”, REA, 108, 415-432.

— (2009) : Tombes de Carie. Architecture funéraire et culture carienne, VIe-IIe s. a.C., Rennes.

— (2011) : “Harpasa, les nécropoles”, in : Debord & Varinlioğlu 2011, 77-96.

— (2013a) : “Un tumulus en ville”, in : Henry 2013b, 123-134.

— (2013b) : Le Mort dans la ville. Pratiques, contextes et impacts des inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie, du début de l’Âge du Bronze à l’époque romaine [2e Rencontres d’Archéologie de l’IFEA], Istanbul.

— (2013c) : “A Tribute to the Ionian Renaissance”, in : Henry 2013d, 81-90.

— (2013d) : 4th century Karia Identity under the Hekatomnids, [Varia Anatolica XXVIII], Istanbul.


Henry, O. et U. Kelp, éd. (à paraître) : Tumulus as Sema, Proceedings of an International Conference on Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the first Millenium BC., 1-3 June 2009, Berlin.

Hermary, A. et H. Tréziny (2000) : “Les sanctuaires de Phocée à la lumière des dernières fouilles”, in : Özyiğit & Erdoğan 2000, 11-23.

Herzog, R. (1899) : Koische Forschungen und Funde, Leipzig.

Heubeck, A. (1982) : “Zur lykischen Verbalflexion”, in : Tischler 1982, 107-119.

— (1989) : “Zur lykischen Inschrift von Çağman (N 306)”, HS, 102, 46-57.

Heuzet, L. (1923) : Catalogue des figurines antiques de terre cuite, Figurines orientales et figurines des îles asiatiques, Musée National du Louvre, Paris.

Hirschfeld, G. (1885) : Paphlagonische Felsengräber. Ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte Kleinasiens, Berlin.

Hitzl, K. (2001) : “Talent”, DNP, 11, 1230-1231.

Höckmann, U. (2007) : Zyprisch-griechische Kleinplastik : Kouroi, andere Figuren und plastisch verzierte Gefäße, Archäologische Studien zu Naukratis, II, Worms.

Hodkinson, S. (2000) : Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta, Londres.

Hoepfner, W. (1971) : Zwei Ptolemaierbauten : Das Ptolemaierweigeschnk in Olympia und ein Bauvor-haben in Alexandria, Mann.

— (1996) : “Zum Maussoleion von Halikarnassos”, AA, 7, 95-114.

Hoepfner, W. et L. Lehmann, éd. (2004) : Die griechische Agora, Berlin.

Hofstetter, E. (1990) : Sirenen im archaischen und klassischen Griechenland, Würzburg.

Højlund, F. et K. Aaris-Sørensen (1981) : The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos. Reports of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum 1. The Sacrificial Deposit, Højbjerg.

Hölkeskamp, K. J. (1999) : Schiedsrichter, Gesetzgeber und Gesetzgebung im archaischen Griechenland, Stuttgart, 44-59.

Hornblower, S. (1982) : Mausolus, Oxford.

— (1996) : The Greek World 479-323 BC, Londres-New York.

— (2004) : Thucydides and Pindar, Oxford.

— (2008) : A Commentary on Thucydides. III, Oxford.

Howland, R. H. (1958) : The Athenian Agora IV. Greek Lamps and their Survivals, Princeton.

Hrouda, B. (1971) : Handbuch des Archäologie, I, Munich.

— (1991) : Der Alte Orient, Munich.

Hula, E. et E. Szanto (1894) : “Bericht über eine Reise in Karien”, SitzbWien, 132/ II, 1-36.

Hülden, O. (2006) : Gräber und Grabtypen im Bergland von Yavu (Zentrallykien). Studien zur antiken Grabkultur in Lykien, Bonn.

— (2007) : “Überlegungen zur identitätsstiftenden Wirkung lykischer Gräber”, in : Neumann 2007, 121-133.

— (2008) : “Ergebnisse der archäologischen Untersuchungen im Stadtgebiet und im Umland von Boubon”, in : Kokkinia 2008, 133-178.

Hülden, O. et Th. Corsten (à paraître) : “Zwischen den Kulturen. Feldforschungen in der Kibyratis. Bericht zu den Kampagnen 2008-2011. Mit Beiträgen von J. Gebauer und K. B. Zimmer”, Ist.Mitt. 62.

Ibba, M. A. (2004) : “La fontana “arcaica” dell’agora di Iasos e i suoi materiali”, in : Iasos tra VIe e IVe sec. a.C., 73-99.

Iakovidis, S. (1983) : Late Helladic Citadels on Mainland Greece, Leyde.

Imparati, F., éd. (1988) : Eothen. Studi di Storia e di Filologia Anatolica dedicati a Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, Florence.

Imhoof-Blumer, F. (1883) : Monnaies Grecques, Amsterdam.

İplikçioğlu, B. (2004) : “Ländliche Siedlungen und das Territorium von Termessos (Pisidien)”, in : Kolb 2004, 103-125.

— (2008) : “Die Provinz Lycia unter Galba und die Gründung der Doppelprovinz Lycia et Pamphylia unter Vespasian”, AAWW, 143-2, 5-23.

İplikçioğlu, B., G. Çelgin et A. Vedat Çelgin (2007) : Epigraphische Forschungen in Termessos und seinem Territorium, IV, Vienne.

İren, K. (2007) : “İdyma İlkçağ Kenti ve Çevresi 2004-2005 yılları Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmaları”, AST, 24, 399-420.

— (2008) : “2007 yılı İlk Çağ Kenti İdyma ve Çevresi Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması”, AST, 25, 255-262.

İren, K. et M. Gürbüzer (2005) : “Idyma İlkçağ Kenti ve Çevresi 2004 Yılı Arkeolojik Envanteri ve Yüzey Araştırması”, TÜBA Kültür Envanteri Dergisi, 4, 7-31.

— (2006) : “İdyma İlkçağ Kenti ve Çevresi 2005 Yılı Arkeolojik Envanteri ve Yüzey Araştırması”, TÜBA Kültür Envanteri Dergisi, 5, 7-22.

Isager, J., éd. (1994) : Hecatomnid Caria & the Ionian Renaissance, Halicarnassian Studies I, Odense.

Isager, S. et P. Pedersen, éd. (2004) : The Salmakis Inscription and Hellenistic Halikarnassos, Halicarnassian Studies IV, Odense, 177-189.

Işın, G., H. İşkan-Işık et Ç. Uygun (2001) : “Tepecik”, in : Işık 2001, 79-80.

Işık, F. (2000) : Patara. The History and Ruins of the Capital City of Lycian League, Antalya.

—, éd. (2001) : “Patara 1999”, KST, 22-2, 79-94.

— (2004) : “Patara 2003”. ANMED. News of Archaeology from Anatolia’s Mediterranean Areas, Antalya.

— (2005) : “Patara in 2004”, ANMED. News of Archaeology from Anatolia’s Mediterranean Areas, Antalya.

— (2008) : “Patara 2006”, KST, 29, 59-72.

Işık, F., H. İşkan-Işık et N. Çevik (1998-1999) : Miliarium Lyciae. Das Wegweisermonument von Patara, Lykia, 4 [2001].

Işık, G. et Chr. Marek (2005) : “Die Basen der Hekatomniden in Kaunos-Kbid”, in : Brandt et al. 2005, 239-247.

Işın, G. (2004) : “Tepecik Cistern”, in : Işık 2004, 341-342.

— (2005) : “Tepecik Cistern”, in : Işık 2005, 61-62.

— (2007a) : “An Achaemenid Stamp Seal from Patara”, in : Delemen 2007, 75-82.

— (2007b) : Patara Terrakottaları. Hellenistik ve Erken Roma Dönemleri. Patara V.1, Istanbul.

— (2007c) : “General Outlook to the Hellenistic Pottery of Patara with Selected Examples”, in : Lemaître 2007c, 137-151.


— (2008) : “The Preliminary Report on the Hellenistic Pottery of Patara from the Tepecik Hill Excavations”, Asia Minor Studien, 55, 157-172.

Işın, G. et F. Işık (2008) : “Tepecik Bey Sarayı” in : Işık 2008, 59-60.

İşkan-Işık, H., éd. (2009) : “Tlos 2007 Yılı Kazı Etkinlikleri”, KST, 30, 355-370.

İşkan-Işık, H. et Ç. Uygun (2009) : “Akropol”, in : Işık 2009, 355-357.

İşkan-Işık, H., W. Eck et H. Engelmann, (2008) : “Der Leuchtturm von Patara und Sex. Marcius Priscus als Statthalter der Provinz Lycia von Nero bis Vespasian”, ZPE, 164, 91-121.

Istenič, J. et G. Schneider (2000) : “Aegean cooking ware in the eastern Adriatic”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta, 36, Abingdon, 341-348.

İzmirligil, Ü. (1975) : “Uşak – Selçikler Tümülüsleri”, TAD, 22-1, 41-69.

Jeffery, L. H. (1961) : The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford.

— (1990) : The local Scripts of Archaic Greece. Revised Edition with a Supplement by A. W. Johnston, Oxford.

Jehne, M. (1994) : Koine Eirene. Untersuchungen zu den Befiredigungs- und Stabilisierungsbemühen in der griechischen Poliswelt des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Stuttgart.

Jenkins, I. (2006) : Greek Architecture and its Sculpture in the British Museum, Londres.

Jeppesen, K. (1955) : “The Propylae”, Labraunda, Swedish Excavations and Researches, vol. I,1, Stockholm.

— (1981) : “Did Vitrivius ever Visit Halikarnassos ?”, Anadolu, 22, 85-95.

— (1986) : The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, The Written Sources and their Archaeological Background, vol. II-1, The Ancient Greek and Latin Writers, 15, 2, Copenhague.

— (1999) : “Et klassisk verdensvidunder til revision. Maussollæet i Halikarnassos”, in : Bilde et al. 1999, 39-56.

— (2002) : The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos 5: The Superstructure, Copenhague.

Jeppesen, K. et J. Zahle (1975) : “Investigations on the Site of the Mausoleum 1970-1973”, AJA, 69, 67-79.

Johnston, A. (2003) : “The Alphabet”, in : Stampolidis & Karageorgis 2003, 263-276.

Jones, A. H. M. (1971) : The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford.

Jones, C. P. (2001) : “The Claudian Monument at Patara”, ZPE, 137, 161-168.

Jones, F. F. (1950) : The Pottery, in : Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, I, The Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Princeton, 149-296.

Kahya, T. (2002) : “Patara Dark Age Pottery”, Adalya, 5, 35–59.

Kaletsch, H. (1999) : “Karia”, DNP, 6, 271-277.

Kalinka, E., éd. (1901) : Tituli Lyciae lingua Lycia conscripti (Tituli Asiae Minoris I), Vienne.

— (1920) : Tituli Lyciae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti, fasc.1 : Pars Lyciae orientalis cum Xantho oppido (Tituli Asiae Minoris II, 1), Vienne.

— (1930) : Tituli Lyciae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti, fasc.2 : Regio quae ad Xanthum flumen pertinet praeter Xanthum oppidum (Tituli Asiae Minoris II, 2), Vienne.

Kallet-Marx, R. M. (1995) : Hegemony to Empire : the Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Berkeley.

Karageorgis, V. (1973-1974) : Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis III (Salamis 5. 3 vol.), Nicosie.

Karlsson, L. (1992) : Fortifications Towers and Masonry Techniques in the Hegemony of Syracuse 405-211 B.C., Stockholm.

— (1994) : “Thoughts about Fortifications in Caria from Maussollos to Demetrios Poliorketes”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 141-153.

— (2010) : “Labraunda 2009. A Preliminary Report on the Swedish Excavations with Contributions by O. Henry and J. Blid”, Opuscula, 3, 61-104.

— (2011) : “The Forts and Fortifications of Labraunda”, in : Karlsson & Carlsson 2001, 217-252.

Karlsson, L. et S. Carlsson (2011) : Labraunda and Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium commemorating sixty years of Swedish archaeological Work in Labraunda, Stockholm, November 20-21 2008, Boreas, 32.

Karlsson, L. et O. Henry (2008) : “A Carian Graffito from Labraunda”, Kadmos, 47, 171-176.

Kawerau, G. et A. Rehm (1914) : Das Delphinion in Milet, Berlin.

Keaveney, A. (1992) : Lucullus : a Life, Londres-New York.

Keen, A. G. (1992) : “The Dynastic Tombs of Xanthos – Who was buried where ?”, AS, 42, 53-63.

— (1998) : Dynastic Lycia. A Political History of the Lycians and their Relations with foreign Powers c. 545-362 B.C., Leyde-Boston-Cologne.

Keil, B. (1914) : “Griechische Staatsaltertümer”, in : Gercke & Norden 1914, 307-433.

— (1916) : EIPHNH, Leipzig.

Kellner, H. J. (1976) : Urartu Ein Wiederentdeckter Rivale Assyriens, Munich.

Kenrick, P. M. (1985) : Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) III. 1. The Fine Pottery, Londres.

Kılınç, F. (2000) : “New Find: The Antakya Sarcophagus”, Antioch. The Lost Ancient City, Chr. Kondoleon éd., Princeton, 103.

Kızgut, I., Bulut, S. et N. Çevik (2009a) : “Beydağları 2008 Yüzey Araştırmaları”, Anadolu Akdeniz Haberleri, 7, 2009, 108-114.

— (2009b) : “An East Lycian City : Idebessos”, Adalya, 12, 145-172.

Kızgut, I. et I. Pimouguet-Pédarros (2008) : “Kitanaura : rapport sur la campagne de 2007”, Anatolia Antiqua, 16, 393-412.

Kızıl, A. (1996) : “Beçin Hellenistik Dönem Oda Mezarı”, MKKS, 6, 255-271.

— (1999) : Karya Bölgesi Roma Dönemi Anıt Mezarları, (thèse inédite), Konya.

— (2008) : “2006 Yılı, Muğla İli, Milas İlçesi ile Ören ve Selimiye Beldelerinde Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması”, 25. AST, 3, 357-375.

— (2009) : “1990-2005 Yılları arasında Milas’ta Kurtarma Kazıları Yapılan Mezarlar ve Buluntuları Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 397-463.

— (2010) : “Keramos’un Güneyinde Yapılan Yüzey Araştırmalarında tespit edilen Zeytinyağı İşlikleri”, in : Aydinoğlu & Şenol 2010, 259-277.


Kızıl, A. et İ. E. Öztekin (2009) : “2007 Yılı, Muğla İli, Milas İlçesi ile Ören ve Selimiye Beldelerinde Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırması”, AST, 3, 293-310.

Kjeldsen, K. et J. Zahle (1975) : “Lykische Gräber, ein vorläufiger Bericht”, AA, 312-350.

Klinkott, H. (2002) : “Zur politischen Akkulturation unter den Achaimeniden. Der Testfall Karien”, in : Blum et al. 2002, 173-204.

— (2005) : Der Satrap. Ein achaimenidischer Amtsträger und seine Handlungsspielräume, Francfort.

— (2009) : “Die Karer im Achaimenidenreich”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 149-162.

Kneissl, P. et V. Losemann, éd. (1998) : Imperium Romanum. Studien zu Geschichte und Rezeption, Festschrift für Karl Christ zum 75. Geburtstag, Stuttgart.

Knigge, Ü. (1976) : Kerameikos IX, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen der Südhügel, Berlin.

— (1981) : “Kerameikos: Tätigkeitsbericht 1979”, AA, 385-396.

Knoepfler, D. (2001) : Décrets érétriens de proxénie et de citoyenneté, Lausanne.

Koch, H. (1992) : Es kündet Dareios der König. Vom Leben im persischen Großreich, Mayence.

Koehler, E. L. (1995) : The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli: The Inhumations (The Gordion Excavations (1950-1973) Final Reports, Vol. II-1, Philadelphie.

Koenigs, W. et H. Philipp (1996) : “Proportion und Grösse”, in : Säule und Gebälk. Diskussionen zur archäologischen Bauforschung 6, Mayence, 133-147.

Kokkinia, C. (2004) : “Ruling, inducing, arguing : how to govern (and survive) a Greek Province”, in : de Ligt 2004, 39-58.

— (2008a) : “Grain for Cibyra. Veranius Philagros and the ‘Great Conspiracy’”, in : Alston & van Nijf 2008, 143-158.

—, éd. (2008b) : Boubon. The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains. A Survey 2004-2006, Athènes.

Kolb, A. (2006) : Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis. Konzepte, Prinzipien und Strategien der Administration im römischen Kaiserreich, Berlin.

Kolb, F. (1992) : “Geschichte Lykiens im Altertum”, in : Kolb & Kupke 1992, 9-31.

—, éd. (2000) : Lykische Studien 5. Die Siedlungskammer des Yavuberglandes. Berichte über die Ergebnisse der Feldforschungskampagne 1995 auf dem Territorium der zentrallykischen Polis Kyaneai, Asia Minor Studien, 41, Bonn.

— (2002) : “Lykiens Weg in die römische Provinzordnung”, in : Ehrhardt & Günther 2002, 207-221.

— (2003) : Lykische Studien 6. Feldforschung auf dem Gebiet der Polis Kyaneai in Zentrallykien. Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Kampagnen 1996 und 1997, Asia Minor Studien, 48, Bonn.

— (2004) : Chora und Polis, Munich.

—, éd. (2008a) : Lykische Studien 8. Keramik Münzen Kirchen Wirtschaftskomplexe des Zentrallykischen Yavu-Berglandes (Gebiet von Kyaneai) Tübinger Althistorische Studien, 4, Tubingen.

— (2008b) : Burg – Polis – Bischofssitz. Geschichte der Siedlungskammer von Kyaneai in der Südwesttürkei, Mayence.

Kolb, F. et M. Zimmermann (1990) : “Neue Inschriften aus Kyaneai und Umgebung”, EA, 16, 115-137.

Kolb, F. et B. Kupke (1992) : Lykien. Geschichte Lykiens im Altertum, Mayence.

Kolb, F. et W. Tietz (2001) : “Zagaba: Münzprägung und politische Geographie in Zentrallykien”, Chiron, 31, 347-426.

Konecny, A. (1997) : Hellenistische Turmgehöfte in Zentral-und Ostlykien, Vienne.

Konuk, K. (2001) : “Les Monnaies”, in : Debord & Varinlioğlu 2001, 77-80.

— (2009) : “The Coinage of Hyssaldomos, Dynast of Mylasa”, in : Einicke 2009, 145-152.

Korkut, T. (2007) : “Die kaiserzeitlichen Gebrauchkeramik aus Patara”, in : Lemaître 2007c, 191-224.

Korkut, T. et G. Grosche (2007) : Das Bouleuterion von Patara. Versammlungsgebäude des lykischen Bundes, Patara II 1, Istanbul.

Korkut, T. et B. Ercan (2009) : “Tiyatro”, in : Işık 2009, 361-362.

Kosmetatou, E. (1997) : “Pisidia and the Hellenistic Kings from 323 to 133 BC”, Anc.Soc., 28, 5-37.

Kottsieper, I., R. Schmitt et J. Wöhrle, éd. (2008) : Berührungspunkte. Studien zur Sozial- und Religionsgeschichte Israels und seiner Umwelt. Festschrift für Rainer Albertz zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, Münster.

Köktürk, H. (1996-1997) : “New Lights on Prehistorical Lycia. Finds from Girmeler Cave near Tlos”, Lykia, 3, 39-45.

Kraus, Th. (1960) : Hekate, Studien zu Wesen und Bild der Göttin in Kleinasien und Griechenland, Heidelberg.

Krickl, E. [1892] (2005) : Lycian Journal 1892, N. Başgelen, éd., Istanbul.

Kristensen, Th. éd. (1993) : City & Nature, Changing Relations in Time and Space, Odense.

Kuehner, R., Fr. Blass, B. Gerth et W. M. Calder (1890-1904) : Ausführliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, I-II, Hanovre-Leipzig.

Kunisch, N. (1972) : “Grabfunde aus dem Stadtgebiet von Bergama”, Pergamenische Forschungen, Bd 1, Berlin, 94-107.

Laffi, U. (1967) : “Le iscrizioni relative all’introduzione del nuovo calendario della provincia d’Asia”, SCO, 16, 1-98.

Lambrechts, P. (1968) : “Rapport sur la première campagne de fouilles à Pessinus (août-septembre 1967)”, TAD, 16-2, Ankara, 113-131.

Landolfi, M. (2004) : “Sulle prime importazioni attiche a figure nere a Iasos”, Iasos tra VIe e IVe sec. a.C., 55-72.

— (2009) : “Importazioni di ceramiche attiche nel Santuario di Zeus Megistos di Iasos di Caria”, in : Fortunelli & Masseria 2009, 43-50.

Laroche, E. (1974) : “Les épitaphes lyciennes”, in : Metzger et al. 1974, 123-149.

— (1979) : “L’inscription lycienne”, in : Fouilles de Xanthos VI, Paris, 49-127.

Laumonier, A. (1934) : “Inscriptions de Carie”, BCH, 58, 291-380.

— (1958) : Cultes indigènes en Carie, Paris.


Lawall, M. L. (1998) : “Bolsals, Mendean Amphores and the date of the Porticello Shipwreck”, IJNA, 27, 16-23.

— (2002) : “Ilion before Alexander: Amphoras and Economic Archaeology”, Studia Troica, 12, Mayence, 197-243.

Lawrence, A. W. (1979) : Greek Aims in Fortification, Oxford.

Lebas, Ph. et S. Reinach (1888) : Voyage archéologique en Grèce et en Asie Mineure, Paris.

Lebreton, St. (2010) : “Les géomètres de Quintus Veranius. À propos du stadiasmos de Patara”, DHA, 36/2, 61-116.

Lebrun, R. (1990) : “Quelques aspects de la divination en Anatolie du Sud-Ouest”, Kernos, 3, 185-195.

Le Dinahet, M.-Th. et R. Étienne, éd. (1991) : L’espace sacrificiel, Lyon.

Lemaître, S., éd. (2007a) : Les produits et les marchés. Céramique antique en Lycie (VIIe s. av. J.-C.-VIIe. ap. J.-C.), Bordeaux.

— (2007b) : “Vaisselle antique à Limyra en Lycie orientale (SO 3A et 3B)“, in : Marksteiner et al. 2007, 197-235.

—, éd. (2007c) : Céramiques antiques en Lycie (VIIe s. a.C.-VIIe s. p.C.). Les produits et les marchés, Actes de la table-ronde de Poitiers (21-22 mars 2003), Bordeaux.

Lemaître, S., S. Elaigne et A. Alary (2004) : “Le mobilier céramique d’un remblai romain dans le sanctuaire du Létôon de Xanthos”, in : Des Courtils & Laroche 2004, 329-333.

Leurini, L. (1999) : “Osservazioni sullo Zeus Idrieus di Iasos”, Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria, 5, 20-21.

Lévêque, P. (1972) : “Formes et structures méditerranéennes dans la genèse de la religion grecque”, Praelectiones Patavinae, Rome, 145-180.

— (1975) : “Le syncrétisme créto-mycénien”, in : Dunand & Lévêque 1975, 19-75.

Lévêque, P. et L. Séchan (1990) : Les grandes divinités de la Grèce2, Paris.

Levi, D. (1972) : “Iasos, le campagne di scavo 1969-1970”, ASAA, n.s., 31-32, 461-532.

Leyenaar-Plaisier, P. G. (1984/1985) : “Une sirène en terre cuite au Musée National des Antiquités de Leyde”, De Oudheidkundige Mededelingen, 65, 31-35.

Linders, T. et P. Hellström, éd. (1989) : Architecture and Society in Hecatomnid Caria, Proceedings of the Uppsala Symposium, Uppsala.

Lochman, T. (1990) : “Une stèle phrygienne”, Revue du Louvre et des Musées de France, 6, 455-481.

Löhr, Chr. (2000) : Griechische Familienweihungen : Untersuchungen einer Repräsentationsform von ihren Anfängen bis zum Ende des 4. Jhs. v. Chr., Rahden.

Love, I. C. (1968) : “Knidos-Excavations in 1967”, TAD, 16-2, Ankara, 133-159.

Luce, J.-M., éd. (2007) : Identités ethniques dans le monde grec antique, Actes du colloque international de Toulouse, 9-11 mars 2006, Pallas, 73, Toulouse.

Lupu, E. (2005) : Greek Sacred Laws, Leyde.

Ma, J. (1999) : Antiochos III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor, Oxford.

Maaß, M. (1972) : Die Prohedrie des Dionysostheaters in Athen, Munich.

MacDowell, D. M. (2004) : “Epikerdes of Kyrene and the Athenian Privilege of Ateleia”, ZPE, 150, 127-133.

MacKechnie, P. et Ph. Guillaume, éd. (2008) : Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leyde-Boston.

MacNicoll, A. W. et N. P. Milner (1997) : Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates, Oxford.

MacPhee, I. (2000) : “Falaieff Bell-Kraters from Ancien Corinth”, Hesperia, 69, 453-486.

Machatschek, A. (1967) : Die Nekropolen und Grabmäler im Gebiet von Elaiussa Sebaste und Korykos im rauhen Kilikien, Vienne.

Mactoux, M.-M. et É. Geny, éd. (1994) : Mélanges Pierre Lévêque. 8, Religion, anthropologie et société, Paris.

Maddoli, G. (2001) : “Nuovi testi da Iasos”, PP, 56, 15-32.

— (2007) : “Epigrafi di Iasos. Nuovi supplementi, I”, PP, 62, 193-372.

— (2010) : “Nouveautés au sujet des Hékatomnides d’après les inscriptions de Iasos”, in : Van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 123-131.

—, éd. (à paraître) : Studi in memoria di Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, PP, Naples.

Mader, I. (2003) : “Die Frühe Keramik in Limyra” in : Rückert & Kolb 2003, 31-36.

Maffi, A. (1973) : “Strateuesthai meta Athenaion”. Contributo allo studio dell’isoteleia”, RIL, 107, 939-964.

Magie, D. (1950) : Roman Rule in Asia Minor, II, Princeton.

Maiuri, A. (1925) : Nuova Silloge Epigrafica di Rodi e Cos, Florence.

Mallowan, M. E. L. (1966) : Nimrud and its Remains, II, Londres.

Manganaro, G. (1965) : “Per la storia dei culti in Sicilia”, PP, 20, 177-178.

— (1996) : “Studi di epigrafia siceliota”, RAL, 7, 40-42.

Manière-Lévêque, A.-M. (2006) : “Habitat proto-byzantin à Xanthos : les espaces de réception de la grande résidence nord-est de l’acropole lycienne”, in : Dörtlük et al. 2006, 425-440.

Mann, Chr. et P. Scholz, éd. (à paraître) : Demokratie in der hellenistischen Polis ?, Berlin.

Mansel, A. M. (1974) : “Gemlilk Tümülüs Mezarı”, Belleten, 150, 181-191.

Marcellesi, M.-C. (2007) : “Le ‘trésor’ du temple du Létôon de Xanthos (1975-2002). Les monnaies rhodiennes et la circulation monétaire en Lycie à la basse époque hellénistique”, RN, 163, 45-90, pl. VII-XII.

Marek, Chr., éd. (2006) : Die Inschriften von Kaunos, Vestigia. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, 55, Munich.

— (2011) : “Kaunos und Lykien”, Adalya, 14, 57-62.

Marek, Chr. et P. Frei (2010) : Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike, Munich.

Markoe, G. (1985) : Phoenician Bronze and Silver Bowls from Cyprus and the Mediterranean, Berkeley-Los Angeles-Londres.

Marksteiner, Th. (1993) : “Stadtdarstellungen und lykische Städte”, in : Borchhardt & Dobesch 1993, 31-38.

— (1997) : Die Befestigte Siedlung von Limyra, Vienne.

— (2002) : Trysa. Eine zentrallykische Niederlassung im Wandel der Zeit, Vienne.

— (2002a) : “Städtische Strukturen im vorhellenistischen Lykien”, in : Hansen 2002, 57-72.

Marksteiner, Th., S. Lemaître et B. Yener-Marksteiner, éd. (2007) : “Die Grabungen am Südtor von Limyra”, ÖJh, 76, 294-333.


Marksteiner, Th. et M. Wörrle (2002) : “Ein Altar für Kaiser Claudius auf dem Bonda Tepesi zwischen Myra und Limyra”, Chiron, 32, 545-569.

Marksteiner, Th. et B. Yener-Marksteiner (2009) : “Die Grabungen in Sondage 30/36/37 in der Weststadt von Limyra : der archäologische Befund und die Keramik”, Österreichische Jahrhäfte des Archäologisches Institutes in Wien, 78, 221-252.

Marquardt, P. (1961) : “A portrait of Hecate”, AJPh, 102, 250-255.

Marsden, E. W. (1969) : Greek and Roman Artillery. Historical Development, Oxford.

Martin, R. (1974) : L’urbanisme dans la Grèce antique2, Paris.

Marty, F. (2004) : “La vaisselle de cuisson du port antique de Fos (Bouches-du-Rhône)”, in : Rivet 2004, 97-128.

— (2007) : Les céramiques communes tardo-antiques du golfe de Fos (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), in : Bonifay & Tréglia 2007, 293-303.

Masson, O. (1988) : “Noms cariens à Iasos”, in : Imparati 1988, 155-157.

Masturzo, N. (2004) : “Alcune osservazioni sul tempio in antis nel ‘santuario’ dell’agora di Iasos”, in : Iasos tra VIe e IVe sec. a.C., 141-157.

Matthäus, H. (1993) : “Zur Rezeption orientalischer Kunst-, Kultur- und Lebensformen in Griechenland”, in : Raaflaub 1993, 165-186.

Matthews, R., éd. (1998) : Ancient Anatolia. Fifty Year’s Work by the British Institute at Ankara, Londres.

Mayet, F. et M. Picon (1986) : “Une sigillée phocéenne tardive (‘Late Roman C Ware’) et sa diffusion en Occident”, Figlina, 7, 129-142.

Mazzola, E. (2006) : “Ecate, solo dea delle donne ? La dea nelle testimonianze letterarie dalle origini al III secolo d. C.”, Acme, 59, 305-318.

Meadows, A. R. (2002) : “Stratonikeia in Caria: the Hellenistic City and its Coinage”, NC, 162, 79-134.

Mele, A. (2004) : “Costituzioni arcaiche ed Eunomia”, in : Cataldi 2004, 55-69.

Meier-Brügger, M. (1994) : “Ein neuer Blick nach zehn Jahren”, in : Giannotta 1994, 111-114.

Meiggs, R. (1972) : The Athenian Empire, Oxford.

Melchert, H. C. (2003) : The Luwians, Leyde.

Mellink, M. J. (1956) : “Archaeology in Asia Minor”, AJA, 60, 369-384, pl. 120-125.

— (1971) : “Excavations at Karatas-Semayük and Elmalı”, AJA, 75, 245-255.

— et al. (1998) : Kızıbel: an Archaic Painted Tomb Chamber in Northern Lycia, Philadelphie.

Menchelli, S., S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci et G. Guiducci, éd. (2010) : LRCW3, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean. Archaeology and archaeometry : comparison between western and eastern Mediterranean, BAR International Series 2185 (II).

Mendel, G. (1912) : Musées impériaux ottomans. Catalogue des sculptures grecques, romaines et byzantines, I, Constantinople.

Meriç, R. (1996) : Metropolis, Kazıların İlk Beş Yılı 1990-1995, Excavations. The First Five Years 1990-1995, Izmir.

Meritt, B. D., H. T. Wade-Gery et M. F. MacGregor (1939) : The Athenian Tribute Lists, I, Harvard.

— (1950) : The Athenian Tribute Lists, III, Princeton.

Mertens, D. (2006) : Städte und Bauten der Westgriechen, Munich.

Metzger, H. (1972) : Les céramiques archaïques et classiques de l’acropole lycienne. Fouilles de Xanthos IV, Paris.

— (1974) : La stèle trilingue du Létôon. Fouilles de Xanthos V, Paris.

— (1978) : “Fouilles du Létôon de Xanthos (1962-1972)”, Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 789-803.

— (1989) : “Observations sur la diffusion de la céramique attique à figures rouges et à “vernis” noir en Anatolie”, Akurgal’a Armagan, Anadolu, 22, [1981-1983], 187-193.

Migeotte, L. (1984) : L’emprunt public dans les cités grecques, Québec-Paris.

— (1992) : Les souscriptions publiques dans les cités grecques, Genève-Québec.

Miller, M. C. (1993) : “Adoption and Adaptation of Achaemenid Metalware Forms in Attic Black-Gloss Ware of the Fifth Century”, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, 26, 109-146.

Miller, S. G. (1993) : The Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles. A Painted Macedonian Tomb, Mayence.

Milner, N. P. (1998a) : An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region Conducted by A. S. Hall, Londres.

— (1998b) : “A Hellenistic Statue Base in the Upper Agora at Oinoanda”, Anatolian Studies, 48, 113-116.

— (1998c) : “A Roman bridge at Oinoanda”, Anatolian Studies, 48, 117-123.

— (2007) : “A Hellenistic Treaty from Boubon”, in : Schuler 2007, 157-164.

Mitchell, St. (1992) : “Hellenismus in Pisidien”, in : Schwertheim 1992, 1-27.

— (1993) : Anatolia. Land, men, and gods in Asia Minor I, Oxford.

— (2005) : “The Treaty between Rome and Lycia of 46 BC (MS 2070)”, in : Pintaudi 2005, 163-258.

Mitsopoulos-Leon, V. (1991) : Die Basilika am Staatsmarkt in Ephesos. Kleinfunde, I. Keramik hellenistischer und römischer Zeit, FiE, IX 2. 2.

Mollard-Besques, S. (1963) : Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre cuite grecs et romains II, Myrina, Musée du Louvre et Collections des Universités de France, Paris.

Montanari, Fr., A. Rengakos et Chr. Tsagalis (2009) : Brill’s companion to Hesiod, Leyde.

Mørkholm, O. et J. Zahle (1972) : “The Coinage of Kuprlli. Numismatic and Archaeological Study”, Acta Archaelogica, 43, 57-113.

Morris, S. P. (1985) : “LASANA : a Contribution to the ancient Greek Kitchen”, Hesperia, 54, 393-409.

Moscati, S. (1988) : The Phoenicians, Milan.

Moulton, W. J. (1915) : “An Inscribed Tomb at Beit Jibrin”, AJA, 19, 63-70.

Mühlbauer, L. (2007) : Lykische Grabarchitektur, vom Holz zum Stein, Vienne.

Mülke, Chr. (2002) : Solons Politische Elegien und Iamben (Fr. 1-13; 32-37 West), Munich-Leipzig.


Muss, U. et A. Bammer (2001) : Der Altar des Artemisions von Ephesos. Forschungen in Ephesos, Bd. 12-2, Vienne.

Müth, S. (2010) : “Fortifikationskunst und Repräsentation an der Stadtmauer von Messene”, Byzas, 10, 57-83.

Myres, J. L. (1914) : Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

— (1947) : “Eunomia”, CR, 80-82.

Nagy, A. M. (2000) : “Une gemme votive de l’époque impériale”, Eirene, 36, 134-146.

Nayır, K. (1982) : “Alibeyli Tümülüsleri Kurtarma Kazısı–1981”, KST, 4, 199-206.

Neri, D. (2000) : Le coppe fenicie della Tomba Bernardini nel museo di Villa Giulia, La Spezia.

Neumann, G., éd. (1979) : Neufunde lykischer Inschriften seit 1901, Denkschr. ÖAW, phil.-hist. Kl. 135, Vienne.

— (1985) : “Beiträge zum Lykischen VII”, Die Sprache, 31, 243-248.

— (1988) : “Beobachtungen an karischen Ortsnamen”, in : Imparati 1988, 183-91.

— (2004) : Das Lykische und seine Verwandten, Göttingen.

— (2007) : Creating Identities. Die Funktion von Grabmalen und öffentlichen Denkmalen in Gruppenbildungsprozessen, Kassel.

Neumann, G. et M. Zimmermann (2003) : “Die lykischen Götter der Agora. Neulesung der griechisch-lykischen Bilingue TL 72a-b in Kyaneai”, in : Kolb 2003, 187-192.

Newton, Ch. Th. (1863) : A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidae II, part 2, Londres.

— (1865) : Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, Londres.

Nicolet, Cl. (1988) : L’inventaire du monde. Géographie et politique aux origines de l’Empire romain, Paris.

Nielsen, Th. H. (2002) : Arkadia and its Poleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods, Göttingen.

— (2004) : Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis, Munich.

Niku, M. (2002) : “Aspects of the Taxation of Foreign Residents in Hellenistic Athens”, Arctos, 36, 41-57.

Nilsson, M. (1955) : Geschichte der griechischen Religion, Munich.

Nollé, J. (1996) : “Kitanaura. Münzen und Geschichte einer kleinen Stadt in den ostlykischen Bergen”, Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, 46, 7-29.

Nollé, J. (2001) : Die Abwehr der wilden Schweine. Schwarzwildjagden im antiken Lykien, Munich.

Nourse, K. L. (2002) : Women and the Early Development of Royal Power in the Hellenistic East, Thèse, Université de Pennsylvanie.

Oakley, J. H., W. D. E. Coulson et O. Palagia, éd. (1997) : Athenian Potters and Painters, Oxford.

Oberleitner, W. (1994) : ”Das Heroon von Trysa. Ein lykisches Fürstengrab des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.”, AW, 25, 1-68.

— (1990) : “Das Heroon von Trysa”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 71-74.

Oehlinger, N. (2002) : “Indogermanische Sprachträger lebten schon im 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. in Kleinasien”, in : Die Hethiter und ihr Reich. Volk der 1000 Götter (exhibition catalogue), Darmstadt, 49-52.

Ogden, P. (1999) : Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death : the Hellenistic Dynasties, Londres.

Orthmann, W. (1971) : Untersuchungen zur späthethitischen Kunst, Bonn.

Osborne, M. J. (1981) : Naturalization in Athens, I, Bruxelles.

— (1982) : Naturalization in Athens, II, Bruxelles.

Ostwald, M. (1969) : Nomos and the Beginnings of the Athenian Democracy, Oxford.

Özet, A. (1998) : Dipten Gelen Parıltı-Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesi Cam Eserleri, Ankara.

Özgan Bruns, C. (2002) : Knidos Antik Kent Rehberi, Konya.

Özgan, R. et al. (1996) : “1995 Knidos Kazıları Raporu”, KST, 18, 1996, 273-296.

— (1998) : “1998 Yılı Knidos Kazıları“, KST, 21, 1999, 115-132.

— (2000) : “Säulensarkophage – und danach”, IstMitt, 50, 365-387.

— (2002) : “2002 Yılı Knidos Kazıları”, KST, 25, 2003, 205-216.




— (2009) : “Eski-Yeni Knidos Problemi”, ArkveSan, 132, 91-112.

Özgen I. et al., éd. (1996) : The Lydian Treasure, Istanbul.

Özkan, M. K., M. Atıcı, F. Ölmez et B. Okuducu (2000) : “Aydın Merkez Kalfaköy Sulucadere Mevkii 12 Pafta, 421 Parselde Hellenistik Mezar Kurtarma Mezarı”, MKKS, 2, 17-26.

Özkaya, V. et O. San (2000) : “Alinda Nekropolü I”, AST, 17, 263-279.

Özüdoğru, Ş. (2007) : “Pttara and the Dynast Wakhssepddimi (Wekhessere II)”, Adalya, 10, 31-42.

Özyiğit, Ö. (1991) : “1989 Yılı Phokaia Kazı Çalışmaları”, KST, 12, 127-155.

Özyiğit, O. et A. Erdoğan, éd. (2000) : Les cultes des cités phocéennes. Actes du colloque international, Aix-en-Provence/Marseille 4-5 juin 1999, Aix-en-Provence.

Paarmann, B. (2004) : “Geographically Grouped Ethnics in the Athenian Tribute Lists”, in : Nielsen 2004, 77-110.

Pairaut, H. (1969) : “Diana Nemorensis”, MEFR, 81, 425-471.

Palagia, O. et W. Coulson, éd. (1993) : Sculpture from Arkadia and Laconia, Oxford.

Papadopoulos, J. K. (1992) : “LASANA, tuyères, and kiln firing Supports”, Hesperia, 61, 203-221.

Parapetti, R. (1985) : “Il Bouleuterion: aspetti architettonici e decorativi”, Studi su Iasos di Caria, Bollettino d’Arte, Supplemento 31-32, Rome, 105-137.

Parker, R. (1996) : Athenian Religion: a History, Oxford.

Parrot, A. (1969) : Assur, Paris.

Pasinli, A., T. Gökyıldırım, F. Düzgüner et F. Güven (1998) : “Çatalca –İnceğiz Köyü Maltepe Nekropolü 1994 Yılı Kurtarma Kazısı”, MKKS, 6, 205-221.

Paton, J. M. (1927) : The Erechtheum, Harvard.

Paton, W. R. (1900) : “Sites in E. Karia and S. Lydia”, JHS, 20, 57-80.

Paton, W. R. et J. L. Myres (1896) : “Karian sites and Inscriptions”, JHS, 16, 109-112 et 188-236.

Pearson, L. (1960) : The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great, Oxford.

Pedersen, P. (1983) : “Zwei Ornamentierte Säulenhälse aus Halikarnassos”, JdI, 98, 87-121.


— (1988) : “Two Ionic buildings in Halicarnassus”, V. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 359-368.

— (1989) : “Some general Trends in architectural Layout of the 4th Caria”, in : Linders & Hellström 1989, 9-14.

— (1991) : The Maussolleion Terrace and Accessory Structures. The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos, 3, 1.

— (1994a) : “The fortifications of Halikarnassos”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 215-236.

— (1994b) : “The Ionian Renaissance and some aspects of its Origin within the field of architecture and planning”, in : Isager 1994, 11-35.

— (2001-2002) : “Reflections on the Ionian Renaissance in Greek Architecture and its Historical Background”, Hephaistos, 19-20, 97-130.

— (2004) : “Pergamon and the Ionian Renaissance”, IstMitt, 54, 409-434.

—, éd. (2008) : Halicarnassian Studies, 5.

— (2009) : “The Palace of Maussollos at Halikarnassos”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 315-348.

— (2010) : “The City-wall of Halikarnassos”, in : Van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 269-316.

— (2011) : “The Ionian Renaissance and Alexandria - seen from the perspective of a Karian-Ionian lewis hole”, in : Karlsson & Carlsson 2011, 364-388.

Pekary, Th. (1968) : Untersuchungen zu den römischen Reichsstrassen, Bonn.

Pellegrino, E. (2004) : “Note sur un dépotoir de céramiques du IIIe s. apr. J.-C. et la datation de la résidence du Nord-Est de l’acropole lycienne à Xanthos”, Anatolia Antiqua, 12, 123-143.

— (2007a) : “Les céramiques de la maison du nord-est de l’acropole lycienne de Xanthos : un ensemble original de la fin du VIe-début du VIIe s. ap. J.-C.”, in : Bonifay & Tréglia 2007, 659-669.

— (2007b) : “Présentation des céramiques à pâte rouge orangé sableuse de Xanthos. Une production de céramique culinaire locale sur le long terme”, in : Lemaître 2007c, 225-259.

Pemberton, E. G. (1985) : “Ten Hellenistic Graves in Ancient Corinth”, Hesperia, 54, 271-307.

Peppas Delmousou, D. (1977) : “Zu den Urkunden dramatischer Aufführungen”, MDAI (A), 92, 230-233.

Perea Yébenes, S. (2005) : “Un capitulo de la teúrgia antigua : los oraculos de Hécate y la cuestión de los ‘estatuas parlantes’”, Mhvnh, 5, 189-240.

Peschlow-Bindokat, A. (1977) : “Herakleia am Latmos”, AA, 90-104.

— (1994) : “Die Befestigungen von Latmos”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 155-172.

— (1996) : Der Latmos, Berlin.

— (1996) : “Der Kult des anatolischen Regen- und Wettergottes auf dem Gipfel des Latmos und das Heiligtum des Zeus Akraios im Tal von Dikilitaş”, IstMitt, 46, 217-225.

— (2005) : Feldforschungen im Latmos. Die karische Stadt Latmos, Berlin-New York.

Pestazzola, U. (1952) : “Selene Hecate”, Acme, 5, 531-559.

Petit, Th. (1989) : “Un dépôt de fondation au ‘palais’ d’Amathonte”, BCH, 113, 135-148.

— (2008) : “La forêt qui cache l’arbre. De l’‘Arbre-de-la-Vie’ levantin aux diptères ioniques et à l’ordre corinthien”, Ktèma, 33, 309-327.

— (2011) : Œdipe et le Chérubin. Les sphinx levantins, cypriotes et grecs comme gardiens d’Immortalité, Fribourg.

Pfeiffer, St. (2004) : Das Dekret von Kanopos (238 v. Chr.) : Kommentar und historische Auswertung eines dreisprachigen Synodaldekretes der ägyptischen Priester zu Ehren Ptolemaios’ III. und seiner Familie, Munich-Leipzig.

Picard, Ch. (1948) : Les religions préhelléniques (Crète et Mycènes), Paris.

Pickard-Cambridge, A. [1968] (1996) : Le feste drammatiche di Atene, Florence.

Picon, M. (1987) : “La fixation du baryum et du strontium par les céramiques”, Revue d’archéométrie, 11, 41-47.

— (1993) : “L’analyse chimique des céramiques : bilan et perspectives”, Archeometria della Ceramica. Problemi di Metodo, Atti 8° Simposio Internazionale della Ceramica (Rimini 1992), Bologne, 3-26.

— (1995) : “Grises et grises : quelques réflexions sur les céramiques cuites en mode B”, 1.as Jornadas de Cerâmica Medieval e Pós-Medieval - métodos e resultados para o seu estu, Porto Maio, 283-292.

Pierobon Benoit, R., éd. (2005) : Iasos e la Caria. Nuovi studi e ricerche, Naples.

Pimouguet-Pédarros, I. (1994) : “Les fortifications de la Pérée rhodienne”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 243-272.

— (1998) : “Le siège d’Halicarnasse par Alexandre”, Enquêtes et Documents, CRHIA, 25, 15-33.

— (2000a) : Archéologie de la défense. Histoire des fortifications antiques de Carie, Paris.

— (2000b) : “L’apparition des premiers engins balistiques dans le monde grec et hellénisé : un état de la question”, REA, 102, 5-26.

— (2010) : “Les fortifications d’Alinda en Carie”, Kubaba, 91-110.

Pintaudi, R., éd. (2005) : Papyri graecae Schøyen (PSchøyen I), Florence.

Piras, D. (2009) : “Der archäologische Kontext karischer Sprachdenkmäler und seine Bedeutung für die kulturelle Identität Kariens”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 229-250.

Poetto, M. (1993) : L’iscrizione Luvio Geroglifica di Yalburt, Studia Mediterranea, 8, Pavie.

Poncy, H. (2001) : “Sceaux du musée d’Adana. Groupe du “Joueur de lyre” (VIIIe siècle av. J.-C.) – Sceaux en verre et cachets anépigraphes d’époque achéménide – Scaraboïdes inscrits – Scarabées et sceaux égyptisants”, Anatolia Antiqua, 9, 9-37.

Porada, E. (1956) : “A Lyre Player from Tarsus and his Relations”, in : The Aegean and the Near East, 185-211.

Pryce, F. N. (1928) : Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities of the British Museum, vol. I, part 1, Prehellenic and early Greek, Londres.

Przeworski, S. (1939) : Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500-700 v. Chr., Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie Bd. 36, Leyde.

Puchstein, O. (1905) : “Emplekton”, RE, V.2, col. 2524-2425.


Pugliese Caratelli, G. (1961) : “Un documento del culto de Ecate a Cirene”, PP, 16, 456-466.

— (1969-1970) : “Nuovo supplemento epigrafico di Iasos”, ASAA, n.s. 31-32, 371-405.

— (1985) : “Cari in Iasos”, RAL, 40, [1986], 149-155.

— (1987) : “Ancora su Iasos e i Cari”, RAL, 42, [1989], 289-292.

Quaß, F. (1993) : Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens. Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit, Stuttgart.

Raaflaub, K. (2006) : “Athenian and Spartan eunomia, or : what to do with Solon’s Timocracy”, in : Blok & Lardinois 2006, 390-428.

Radt, W. (1992) : “Die frühesten Wehrmauern von Pergamon und die zugehörigen Keramikfunde”, IstMitt., 42, 163-234.

— (1993) : “Landscape and Greek Urban Planning : Examplified by Pergamon and Priene”, in : Kristensen 1993, 201-209.

Radet, G. (1909) : Cybébé, Bordeaux.

Radicke, J. (1995) : Die Rede des Demosthenes für die Freiheit der Rhodier (Or. 15), Stuttgart-Leipzig.

Raimond, E. (2004) : “La problématique lukkienne”, Colloquium Anatolicum, 3, 93-146.

Ramage, A. (1972) : “The Fourteenth Campaign at Sardis (1971)”, BASOR 206, 9-39.

Ramage, N. H. (1997) : “The Attic Pottery”, in : Schaeffer & Snyder 1997, 63-121.

Ratte, Ch. (1993) : “Lydian Contributions to East Greek Architecture”, in : Des Courtils & Moretti 1993, 1-12.

Rathmann, M. (2003) : Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstrassen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum, Mayence.

Rathmann, M., éd. (2007) : Wahrnehmung und Erfassung geographischer Räume in der Antike, Mayence.

Reger, G. (1999) : “The Relations between Rhodes and Caria from 246 to 167 BC”, in : Gabrielsen et al. 1999, 76-97.

— (2004) : “Sympoliteia in Hellenistic Asia Minor”, in : Colvin 2004, 144-180.

Rhodes, P. J. (1985) : The Athenian Empire, Oxford.

— (1998) : Isoteleia, NPauly, 5, col. 1144.

Rhodes, P. J. et R. Osborne (2003) : Greek Historical Inscriptions. 404-323 BC, Oxford.

Ribicini, S., M. Rocchi et P. Xella (2001) : La questione delle influenze vicino-orientali sulla religione greca, Rome.

Rife, J. R. et M. M. Morison (1987) : “Life and Death at a port in Roman Greece. The Kerchai Cemetery Project, 2002-2006”, Hesperia, 56, 143-181.

Ringrose-Voase, A. J. et G. S. Humphreys, éd. (1994) : Soil Micromorphology: studies in managements and genesis, Developments in Soil Science, 22.

Rizza, G. (1996) : “Una kylix laconica del Pittore della Caccia a Catania”, I Vasi attici ed altre ceramiche coeve in Sicilia, vol. I, Atti del Convegno Internazionale, Catania-Camarina-Gela-Vittoria, 28 marzo – 1 aprile 1990, Cronache di Archeologia 29.1990, Catane, 135-143.

Rivet, L. éd. (1984) : SFECAG, Actes du Congrès de Vallauris, Marseille.

Robert, L. (1937) : Études Anatoliennes, Paris.

— (1945) : Le sanctuaire de Sinuri près de Mylasa. Les inscriptions, I, Paris.

— (1948) : Hellenica, IV, Paris.

— (1953) : “Le sanctuaire d’Artémis à Amyzon”, CRAI, 403-415.

— (1962) : Villes d’Asie Mineure2, Paris.

— (1987) : Documents d’Asie Mineure, Paris.

Robert, J. et L. (1954) : La Carie II, Paris.

— (1983) : Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie, I, Paris.

Robinson, D. M. (1950) : Vases found in 1934 and 1938, Excavations at Olynthus XIII, Baltimore.

Robinson, H. S. (1959) : Pottery of the Roman Pottery: Chronology. The Athenian Agora V, Athènes.

— (1962) : “Excavations at Corinth 1960”, Hesperia, 31, 33-48.

Rocheron, C. (2011) : La céramique commune à pâte calcaire de Xanthos et du Létôon de l’époque classique à la période protobyzantine, Thèse inédite (Bordeaux 3).

Rodenwaldt, G. (1940) : “Ein lykisches Motiv”, JdI, 55, 44-57.

Roller, L. E. (1999) : In Search of God the Mother, Berkeley-Los Angeles-Londres.

Rollinger, R. et C. H. Ulf, éd. (2004) : Griechische Archaik. Interne Entwicklungen - Externe Impulse, Berlin.

Roos, P. (1972) : The Rock-cut Tombs of Caunus I. The Architecture, Göteborg.

— (1974) : The Rock-Tombs of Caunos II. The Finds, Göteborg.

— (2006) : Survey of Rock-Cut Chamber-Tombs in Caria, Göteborg.

Rose, B. et G. Darbyshire, éd. (2011) : The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion, Philadephie.

Rosenbaum, E. (1971) : Anamur Nekropolü – The Necropolis of Anemurium, Ankara.

Rosen, K. (1978) : “Der ‘göttliche Alexander’, Athen und Samos”, Historia, 27, 20-39.

Rotroff, S. I. (2006) : Hellenistic Pottery. The Plain Wares, The Athenian Agora, XXXIII, Princeton.

Rotroff, S. I. et J. H. Oakley (1992) : Debris from a Public Dining Place in the Athenian Agora, Hesperia, Suppl. 25, Princeton.

Rotroff, S. I. et J. A. Oliver (2003) : The Hellenistic Pottery from Sardis: The Finds through 1994, Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Monograph 12, Londres.

Rotroff, S. I. et J. McK. Camp (1996) : “The Date of the Third Period of the Pnyx”, Hesperia, 65, 263-294.

Rousset, D. (2010) : De Lycie en Cabalide. La convention entre les Lyciens et les Termessiens près d’Oinoanda, Paris.

Rückert, B. (2000) : “Keramik Der Kampagne 1995”, in : Kolb 2000, 95-136.

Rückert, B. (2003a) : “Die Keramik aus den Grabungen auf dem Avşar Tepesi 1996/1997”, in : Kolb 2003, 135-161.

— (2003b) : “Zur frühen Keramik aus dem Gebiet von Kyaneai”, in : Rückert & Kolb 2003, 13-21.

— (2007) : “Keramik aus den Sondagen 9, 30 und 31 in Limyra”, in : Lemaître 2007c, 31-33.

— (2008) : “Die Keramik aus dem Feldforschungen im Yavu-Bergland und den Ausgrabungen auf dem 7”, in : Kolb 2008, 1-105.


Rückert, B. et F. Kolb, éd. (2003) : Probleme der Keramikchronologie des südlichen und westlichen Kleinasiens in geometrischer und archaischer Zeit, Internationales Kolloquium, Tübingen 24.3- 26.3. 1998, Antiquitas, Reihe 3, Band 44.

Rumscheid, F. (1994) : Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus, Mayence.

— (1998) : Priene. Führer durch das Pompeji Kleinasiens, Istanbul.

—, éd. (2009) : Die Karer und die Anderen, Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universität Berlin 2005, Bonn.

Rupp, D. W. (1988) : “The ‘Royal Tombs’ at Salamis (Cyprus): ideological messages of power and authority”, JMA, 1.1, 111-139.

Ruppe, U. (2007) : “Neue Forschungen an der Stadtmauer von Priene- Erste Ergebnisse”, IstMitt, 57, 271-322.

Ruzicka, S. (1979) : The Hekatomnid Dynasty of Caria, Chicago.

— (1992a) : Politics of a Persian Dynasty. The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Century B.C., Norman-Londres.

— (1992b) : “Athens and the Politics of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Fourth Century B.C.”, AncW, 23, 63-70.

Şahin, M. (1976) : The Political and Religious Structure in the Territory of Stratoniceia in Caria, Ankara.

— (2009) : “Alt-Myndos : Einige Betrachtungen zu Lokalisation und Stadtmauern”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 503-516.

Şahin, N., éd. (2008) : 1. Uluslararası Antik Dönemde Kehanet ve Apollon’un Anadolu Kültleri, Sempozyum (17-20 Ağustos 2005, Ege Üniveritesi, İzmir), ArkDerg, 2008/2.

Şahin, S. (1994) : “Ein Vorbericht über den Stadiasmus provinciae Lyciae in Patara”, Lykia, 1, 130-137.

— (2007) : “Die Bauinschrift auf dem Druckrohraquädukt von Delikkemer bei Patara”, in : Schuler 2007, 99-109.

— (2008) : “Kaiserbauten und Kaiserehrungen in Patara”, in : Winter 2008, 597-610.

— (2009) : “Parerga zum Stadiasmus Patarensis (1). Überlegungen zur Strecke 3 von Sidyma nach Kalabatia”, Gephyra, 6, 101-112.

Şahin, S. et M. Adak (2004a) : “Stadiasmus Patarensis. Ein zweiter Vorbericht über das claudische Strassenprogramm in Lykien”, in : Frei-Stolba 2004, 227-262.

— (2004b) : “Neue Inschriften aus Tlos”, Gephyra, 1, 85-105.

— (2007) : Stadiasmus patarensis. Itinera romana provinciae Lyciae, Istanbul.

Saint-Martin, A. (1821) : “Observations sur les inscriptions lyciennes découvertes par M. Cockerell”, JS, 235-248.

Salkever, S. G., éd. (2009) : The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Political Thought, Cambridge.

Salman, B. (2009) : “Mozaikler Üzerinde Güneş Saati Betimlemeli Sahneler, - Hatay Müzesinde Yer Alan İki Parça ve Diğer Örnekler Üzerine Araştırmalar”, Journal of Mosaic Research, 3, 232-255.

Salviat, F. (1993) : “Le vin de Rhodes et les plantations du dème d’Amos”, in : La production du vin et de l’huile en Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence/Toulon 1991, BCH Suppl. 26, 151-161.

Salway, B. (2007) : “The perception and description of space in Roman itineraries”, in : Rathmann 2007, 181-209.

Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. et A. Kuhrt, éd. (1991) : Achaemenid History, VI : Asia Minor and Egypt : Old Cultures in a New

Empire : Proceedings of the Groningen 1988 Achaemenid History Workshop, Leyde, 83-143.

Saner, T. (1994) : “Observations on the different Types of Masonry used in the City Walls of Amos”, REA, 96, 273-284.

Sarian, H. (1992) : “Hekate”, LIMC, 6, Addenda, 985-1018.

Sartre, M. (1982) : Trois études sur l’Arabie romaine et byzantine, Bruxelles.

Sayar, M. H. et H. Şahin, (2008) : “Zeus Kodopas. Eine neue Epiklese aus dem Rauhen Kilikien”, EA, 41, 113-119.

Schaeffer Snyder, J., N. H. Ramage et C. H. Greenewalt Jr., éd. (1997) : The Corinthian, Attic, and Lakonian Pottery from Sardis, Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Monograph 10, Cambridge (Mass.).

Schede, M. (1964) : Die Ruinen von Priene, Berlin.

Schefold, K. (1934) : Untersuchungen zu den Kertscher Vasen, Berlin-Leipzig.

Scherrer, P., H. Taeuber et H. Thür, éd. (1999) : Steine und Wege. Festschrift für Dieter Knibbe, ÖAI Sonderschriften, Bd. 32, Vienne.

Schipporeit, S. Th. (1998) : “Das alte und das neue Priene. Das Heiligtum der Demeter und die Gründung Prienes”, MDAI (I), 48, 193-236.

Schmaltz, B. (2003) : “Frühe Lokale Ware in Kaunos”, in : Rückert & Kolb 2003, 37-43.

— (2009) : “Klassische Letkultur und karische Provinz ?”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 195-205.

Schmidt-Dounas, B. (1985) : Der lykische Sarkophag aus Sidon. Istanbuler Mitteilungen Beiheft 30, Tubingen.

Schmitt-Pantel, P. (1990) : “Sacrifical Meal and Symposion : Two Models of Civic Institutions in the Archaic City?”, Sympotica. A symposium on the Symposion, Oxford, 14-26.

Schneider, H. (2007) : Geschichte der antiken Technik, Munich.

Schuler, Chr. (2007a) : Griechische Epigraphik in Lykien, Vienne.

—, éd. (2007b) : Griechische Epigraphik in Lykien. Eine Zwischenbilanz. Akten des Internationales Kolloquiums München 2005, Vienne.

Schulz, A. (2000) : Die Stadtmauern von Neandreia in der Troas, Bonn.

Schürr, D. (1996) : “Zur karischen Felsgrabinschrift von Kaunos”, Kadmos, 35, 157-159.

— (1997a) : “Nymphen von Phellos”, Kadmos, 36, 127-140.

— (1997b) : “Luwisch-lykische Wettergottformeln”, Die Sprache, 39, 59-73.

— (1998) : “Kaunos in lykischen Inschriften”, in : Blümel et al. 1998, 143-162.

— (2000) : “Zur lydischen Felsinschrift von Silsilis”, IncLing, 23, 107-121.

— (2001) : “Bemerkungen zu Lesung und Verständnis einiger lykischer Inschriften”, Kadmos, 40, 127-154.

— (2003) : “Zur Rekonstruktion altanatolischer Verse”, IF, 108, 104-126.

— (2005) : “Das Piχre-Poem in Antiphellos”, Kadmos, 44, 95-164.

— (2007) : “Formen der Akkulturation in Lykien: Griechisch-lykische Sprachbeziehungen”, in : Schuler 2007, 27-40.

— (2008a) : “Zur Rolle der lykischen Mindis”, Kadmos, 47, 147-170.

— (2008b) : “Lykisch Jurtta- und *señnaha-”, IF, 113, 176-186.


— (2013) : “Kaunisch-Karisches in Krya : Revision der Grabinschrift und Vergleiche”, in : Henry 2013, 21-32.

Schwenk, C. J. (1985) : Athens in the Age of Alexander. The Dated Laws & Decrees of the “Lykourgan Era” 338-322 B.C., Chicago.

Schweyer, A. V. (2002) : Les Lyciens et la mort, Istanbul.

Schwertheim, E., éd. (1992) : Forschungen in Pisidien, Asia Minor Studien, 6, Bonn.

Scodel, R., éd. (1993) : Theater and Society in the Classical World, Ann Arbor.

Scott, N. (1973) : “The Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians”, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 31-3, 123-170.

Scranton, R. L. (1941) : Greek Walls, Oxford.

Sekunda, N. (1991) : “Achaemenid Settlement in Caria, Lycia and Greater Phrygia”, in : Sancisi-Weerdenburg & Kuhrt 1991, 83-143.

Sevin, V. et A. Özfırat (2001) : “Van – Altıntepe Excavations”, Istanbul University’s Contributions to Archaeology in Turkey (1932 – 2000), O. Belli éd., Istanbul, 175-198.

Seyer, M. (2004) : “Ein bemerkenswerter Bau in Zentrallykien – Überlegungen zum Grabmal des Ñθurigaχã in Çindam”, ÖJh, 73, 221-236.

— (2006) : “Überlegungen zur Chronologie lykischer Felsgräber aus klassischer Zeit”, in : Dörtlük et al. 2006, 719-734.

—, éd. (2007) : Studien in Lykien. Ergänzungshefte zu den Jahresheften des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes Heft, Vienne.

— (2008) : “Das Grabmal des Hurttuweti in Myra”, ÖJh, 77, 335-362.

— (2012) : “40 Jahre grabung in Limyra”, Actes du colloque international de Vienne, 3-5 déc. 2009, Vienne, 325-343.

Sharon, I. (1987) : “Phoenician and Greek Ashlar Construction Techniques at Tel Dor, Israel”, BASOR 267, 21-42.

Sherwin-White, S. (1978) : Ancient Cos. An historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period, Göttingen.

Shipley, D. G. J. (1987) : A History of Samos, 800-188 BC, Oxford.

Simpson, E. (1990) : “Midas’ bed and a royal Phrygian funeral”, JFA, 17, 69-87.

Şimşek, C. (1997) : Hierapolis Güney Nekropolü (thèse inédite), Konya.

— (1998) : “Çambaşı Tümülüsü”, MKKS, 8, 493-517.

Slane, K. W. (1986) : “Two Deposits from the Early Cellar Building, Corinth”, Hesperia, 55, 273-318.

— (1990) : The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. The Roman Pottery and Lamps, Corinth 18/2, Princeton.

Smith, J. C. (1982) : “A Roman Chamber Tomb on the South-East Slopes of Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos”, ABSA, 72, 255-293.

Smith, R. R. R. et Chr. Ratté (1995) : “Archaeological Research at Aphrodisias in Caria, 1993”, AJA, 99, 33-58.

Söğüt, B. (2003) : “Dağlık Kilikya Bölgesi Mezar Nişleri”, Olba VII, Istanbul, 239-260.

Söğüt, B. et Z. Gider (2010) : “Belentepe Helenistik Dönem Zeytinyağı Atölyeleri”, in : Aydinoğlu & Şenol 2010, 241-259.

Sokolowski, Fr. (1955) : Lois sacrées de l’Asie Mineure, Paris.

— (1962) : Lois sacrées des cités grecques, Paris.

— (1969) : Lois sacrées des cités grecques, Paris.

Sparkes, B. A. et L. Talcott (1970) : The Athenian Agora, XII, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C., Princeton, New Jersey.

Stampolidis, N. Chr. (1989) : “The Provenance of Marble”, in : Linders & Hellström 1989.

Stampolidis, N. Chr. et V. Karageorgis, éd. (2003) : Sea Routes. Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th-6th C. BC., Proceedings of the International Symposium, Rethymnon, September 29th-October 2nd 2002, Réthymnon.

Stampolidis, N. Chr. et L. Parlama (2000) : The City Beneath the City : Antiquities from the Metropolitan Railway Excavations, Athènes.

Stanzl, G. (1999) : “The Ptolemaion at Limyra and its Recently Discovered Curvature”, in : Haselberger 1999, 155-171.

— (2003) : “Das Ptolemaion von Limyra : vom Entstehen eines antiken Bauwerks”, Antike Welt, 34, 3-14.

Stein, D. L. (1997) : “Common Mitannian and pseudo-Kassite : a Question of Quality and Class”, in : Caubet 1997, 73-115.

Stewart, A. F. (1977) : Skopas of Paros, Park Ridge.

Stronach, D. B. (1957) : “The Development and Diffusion of Metal Types in Early Bronze Age Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies, 7, 89-125.

Strong, D. E. (1964) : “A Greek Silver Head-Vase”, The British Museum Quarterly, 28, 95-102, pl. XXVIII-XXVIII.

Strzygowski, S. (1907) : “A Sarcophagus of the Sidamara Type in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook, and the Influence of Stage Architecture upon the Art of Antioch”, JHS, 27, 111.

Stucky, R. A. (1984) : Tribune d’Echmoun. Ein griechischer Reliefzyklus des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Bâle.

— (1988) : “Sidon - Labraunda - Halikarnassos”, in : Kanon, Festschrift Ernst Berger, Antike Kunst, Beiheft 15, 119-126.

— (2005) : Das Eshmoun-Heiligtum von Sidon. Architektur und Inschriften. Antike Kunst, Beiheft 19, Bâle.

Sturgeon, M. C. (1977) : “The Relief on the Theater of Dionysos in Athens”, AJA, 81, 31-53.

Sugliano, A. (2001) : “Cittadini, pareci, stranieri : le categorie giuridiche e sociali nelle città greche d’Asia Minore fra III e I secolo a.C.”, MediterrAnt, 4.1, 293-324.

Szanto, E. (1892) : Das griechische Bürgerrecht, Fribourg.

Szegedy-Maszak, A. (1978) : “Legends of the Greek Lawgivers”, GRBS, 19, 199-209.

Takmer, B. (2007) : “Lex Portorii Provinciae Lyciae. Ein Vorbericht über die Zollinschrift aus Andriake aus neronischer Zeit”, Gephyra, 4, 165-188.

Talloen, P. (2003) : Cult in Pisidia. Religious Practice in Southwestern Asia Minor, thèse de doctorat, Leuven.

Tekin, O. (2007) : Eski Anadolu ve Trakya, Istanbul.

—, éd. (2009) : Ancient History, Numismatics and Epigraphy in the Mediterranean World. Studies in memory of Clemens E. Bosch and Sabahat Atlan and in honour of Nezahat Baydur, Istanbul.

Tekoğlu, R. (2002-2003) : “Three New Lycian Inscriptions from Tlos and Asartaş”, Die Sprache, 43, 104-114.

Thalheim, Th. (1901) : “Dèmeusis”, RE, IV.2, col. 2853-2854.

Thompson, M., O. Mørkholm et C. M. Kraay (1973) : An Inventory of Greek Coins Hoards, New-York.


Thomsen, A. (1997) : “Balbura”, in : NPauly, 2, 419.- (2002) : Die lykische Dynastensiedlung auf dem Avşar Tepesi, Bonn.

Thonemann, P. J. (2004) : “The Date of Lucullus’ Quaestorship”, ZPE, 149, 80-82.

Thornton, J. (2001) : “Gli aristoi, l’akriton plethos e la provincializzazione della Licia nel monumento di Patara”, MediterrAnt, 4, 427-446.

— (2004) : “Pistoì symmachoi. Versioni locali e versione imperiale della provincializzazione della Licia”, MediterrAnt, 7, 247-286.

— (2008) : “Lesteiai nella dedica a Claudio del monumento di Patara : una sommessa proposta d’interpretazione”, MediterrAnt, 11, 175-198.

Tietz, W. (2003) : Der Golf von Fethiye, Bonn.

— (2009) : “Karer und Lykier: Politische und kulturelle Beziehungen im 5./4. Jh. v. Chr.”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 163-172.

Tırpan, A. (1990) : “Knidos Akropol Surları”, AST, 8, 429-456.

— (1997) : “Lagina Hekate Temenosu 1995”, KST, 18, 309-337.

Tırpan, A. et Söğüt, B. (2004) : “2002 Yılı Lagina Kazıları”, KST, 25-2, 87-101.

— (2005) : “Lagina ve Börükçü 2003 Yılı Çalışmaları”, KST, 26-1, 371-386.





— (2010) : “Lagina, Börükçü, Belentepe ve Mengefe 2008 Yılı Çalışmaları”, KST, 31-3, 505-527.

Tischler, J., éd. (1982) : Serta Indogermanica. Fs. G. Neumann, Innsbruck.

Tomasello, F. (1991) : L’acquedotto romano e la necropoli presso l’istmo, Missione archaeologica Italiana di Iasos – II, Rome.

Tomlinson, R. A. (1961) : “Emplekton Masonry and Greek Structura”, JHS, 81, 133-181.

Touratsoglou, I. (1995) : Macedonia. History, Monuments, Museums, Athènes.

Tozkoparan, M. (1998) : Stratoniceia Nekropol Buluntuları, Thèse inédite, Konya.

Trampedach, K. (1994) : Platon, die Akademie und die zeitgenossische Politik, Stuttgart.

Tréheux, J. (1976) : “Retour sur l’Artémision de l’île”, Recueil Plassart, 175-204.

Tuna-Nörling, Y. (1995) : Die Ausgrabungen von Alt-Smyrna und Pitane. Die attisch-schwarzfigurige Keramik und der attische Keramikexport nach Kleinasien, Istanbuler Forschungen 41.

Tuna, N., N. Atıcı, I. Sakarya et E. Koparal (2009) : “The Preliminary Results of Burgaz Excavations within the Context of Locating Old Knidos”, in : Rumscheid 2009, 517-532.

Türktüzün, M. (1992) : “Çavdarhisar (Aizanoi) Roma Devri Nekropolü Kurtarma Kazısı”, MKKS, 2, 81-95.

— (1993) : “Zwei Saulensarkophage aus der Südwestnekropole in Aiznaoi”, AA, 517-526.

Turnovsky, P. (2005) : “The morphological repertory of Late Roman / Early Byzantine Coarse Wares in Ephesos”, in : Gurt i Esparraguera et al. 2005, 635-645.

Ulf, Chr., éd. (1996) : Wege zur Genese griechischer Identität, Berlin.

Urso, G., éd. (2007) : Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia minore. Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 28-30 settembre 2006, Pise.

Uygun, Ç. (2009) : Patara Tepecik Nekropolü ve Bey Evi’nden Ele Geçen Kırmızı Astarlı Seramikler (İ.Ö. 2.yy.-İ.S. 3. yy.), thèse inédite, Antalya.

Uzunoğlu, E. (1986) : “Three Hittite Cylinder Seals in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum”, Ancient Anatolia, 77-83.

Vaag, L. E. (2002) : “Fine Wares. Black and Plain Pottery”, in : Vaag et al. 2002, 28-39.

Vaag, L. E., V. Norskov, J. Lund et M. K. Schaldemose (2002) : The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos. Report of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum, 7, The Pottery. Ceramics Material and Other Finds from Selected Contexts, Aarhus.

Vacante, S. (2008) : “Economia e territorio di Iasos nell’età di Alessandro Magno. Una rilettura di SIG3 307”, MediterrAnt, 9, 509-531.

— (2010) : “Alessandro e l’apodosis del mar piccolo di Iasos: alcune osservazioni”, in : Angeli Bertinelli & Donati 2010, 229-235.

Van Bremen, R. (2007) : “Networks of Rhodians in Karia”, MHR, 22, 113-132.

Van Bremen, R. et J. M. Carbon, éd. (2010) : Hellenistic Karia, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Hellenistic Karia (Oxford, 29 June - 2 July 2006), Bordeaux.

Van de Maele, S. et J. M. Fossey, éd. (1992) : Fortificationes Antiquae, Amsterdam.

Varinlioğlu, E. (1981) : “Inscriptions from Erythrae”, ZPE, 44, 45-50.

— (1986) : Die Inschriften von Keramos, Bonn.

— (2010) : “Kodapa and Kodopa”, in : Van Bremen & Carbon 2010, 207-216.

Varinlioğlu, E., A. Bresson, P. Brun, P. Debord et R. Descat (1990) : “Une inscription de Pladasa en Carie”, REA, 92, 1-2, 59-78.

Varinlioğlu, E. et P. Debord (2004) : “Hyllarima 2003”, AST, 22, 67-68.

Varkıvanç, B. (1995) : “Das Heroon von Mezargediği in der Nähe von Kaunos”, Lykia, 2, 99-111.

Venit, M. S. (1999) : “The Stagni Painted Tomb: Cultural Interchange and Gender Differentiation in Roman Alexandria”, AJA, 103, 641-669.

Verzone, T. (1978) : “Hierapolis di Frigia. Nei Lavori della Missione archaeologica Italiana in “Quaderni de Le Ricerca Scientifica CNR”, 100, 1-87 ; 391-475.

Vessberg, O. (1953) : “Hellenistic and Roman Lamps in Cyprus”- Opuscula Atheniensia, 1, 115-129.

Vessberg, O. et A. Westholm (1956) : “The Swedish Cyprus Expedition”, Vol. IV, Part 3. The Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Cyprus. Stockholm.

Villard, L. et F. Blondé (1992) : “Sur quelques vases présents dans la Collection Hippocratique : confrontation des données littéraires et archéologiques”, BCH, 116, 97-117.


Virgilio, B., éd. (2003) : Studi Ellenistici, 15, Pise.

Vismara, N. (1989) : Monetazione arcaica della Lycia I. Il dynasta Wekhssere I (Glaux 2), Milan.

Voigtländer, W. (1986) : “Zur archaischen Keramik in Milet”, in : Milet 1899-1980. Ergebnisse, Problem und Perspektiven einer Ausgrabung, Kolloquium Frankfurt am Main 1980, W. Müller- Wiener éd., Tübingen, 35-56.

Von Bothmer, D. (1962) : “Painted Greek Vases”, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, 21-1, 1-11.

Von Gerkan, A. (1948-1949) : “Die Herkunft des dorischen Gebälks”, JdI, 63, 1-13.

Von Hammer-Purgstall, J. (1811) : Topographische Ansichten gesammelt auf einer Reise in die Levante, Vienne.

Von Saldern, A. (1980) : Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis, Cambridge (Mass.)-Londres.

Von Schiele, W., éd. (1983) : Istanbuler Forschungen, Band 34, Tübingen.

Vouvalidis, K., G. Syrides et K. Albanakis (2005) : “Holocene morphology of the Thessaloniki Bay: Impact of sea level rise”, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplément 137, 147-158.

Vroom, J. (2004) : “Late antique Pottery, settlement and trade in the East Mediterranean: a preliminary comparison of ceramics from Limyra (Lycia) and Boeotia”, in : Bowden et al. 2004, 281-331.

— (2005) : “New light on ‘Dark Age’ pottery: a note on finds from south-western Turkey”, Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta, 39, Abingdon, 249-255.

Waksman, S. Y., P. Reynolds, S. Bien et J.-C. Tréglia (2005) : “A major production of Late Roman ‘Levantine’ and ‘Cypriot’ common wares”, in : Gurt i Esparraguera et al. 2005, 311-325.

Waksman, S. Y. et J.-C. Tréglia (2007) : “Caractérisation géochimique et diffusion méditerranéenne des céramiques culinaires ‘égéennes’. Études comparées des mobiliers de Marseille, de Beyrouth et d’Alexandrie (Ve s.-VIIe s.)”, in : Bonifay & Tréglia 2007, 645-657.

Waksman, S. Y., A. Bouquillon, N. Cantin, et I. Katona (2007) : “The first Byzantine ‘Glazed White Wares’ in the early medieval technological context”, Archaeometric and Archaeological Approaches to Ceramics, Papers presented at EMAC’05, 8th

European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, Lyon 2005, BAR International Series S1691, 129-135.

Waksman S. Y., S. Lemaître, avec la collaboration de M.-C. Arqué, B. Yener-Marksteiner et E. Pellegrino (2010) : “Céramiques culinaires de Lycie aux époques romaine et proto-byzantine : approches archéologiques et archéométriques”, in : Menchelli et al. 2010, 781-790.

Walbank, M. B. (2002a) : “Notes on Attic Decrees”, ZPE, 139, 61-65.

— (2002b) : “Dihippos Myrrhinousios (ZPE, 137, 113-116)”, ZPE, 140, 71-72.

Waelkens, M., éd. (1993) : Sagalassos I. First General Report on the Survey (1986-1989) and Excavations (1990-1991), Louvain.

— (2004) : “Ein Blick von der Ferne. Seleukiden und Attaliden in Pisidien”, IstMitt, 54, 435-480.

— (2005) : “Provincial capitals and hinterland cities. A dialogue at Sagalassos”, in : Brandt et al. 2005, 377-386.

Waelkens, M. et L. Vandeput (2007) : “Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Pisidia”, in : Elton & Reger 2007, 97-105.

Walcot, P. (1966) : Hesiod and the Near East, Cardiff.

Walpole, R. (1820) : Travels in Various Countries of the East ; being a Continuation of Memoirs relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, & c., Londres.

Walser, G. (1980) : “Die Straßenbautätigkeit von Kaiser Claudius”, Historia, 29, 438-462.

Waywell, G. B. (1978) : The Free-standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in the British Museum, Londres.

— (1993) : “The Ada, Zeus and Idrieus Relief from Tegea in the British Museum”, in : Palagia & Coulson 1993, 79-86.

Weickenmeier, N. (1985) : Theorienbildung zur Genese des Triglyphon, Versuch einer kritischen Bestandsaufname, Darmstadt.

Weicker, G. (1902) : Der Seelenvogel in der alten Litteratur und Kunst. Eine Mythologisch-Archaeologische Untersuchung, Leipzig.

Weiler, I. (1996) : “Soziogenese und soziale Mobilität im archaischen Griechenland. Gedanken zur Begegnung mit den Völkern des Alten Orients”, in : Ulf 1996, 211-239.

Weiskopf, M. (1989) : The so-called “Great Satraps’ Revolt”, 366-360 B.C. Concerning Local Instability in the Achaemenid Far West, Historia Einzelschriften, 63, Wiesbaden.

Weiss, P. (1992) : “Pisidien : Eine historische Landschaft im Licht ihrer Münzprägung”, in : Schwertheim 1992, 143-165.

Welwei, K. W. (2000) : “Peraia”, DNP, 9, 533-5.

Werth, W. (2006) : Hekate. Untersuchungen zur dreigestaltigen Göttin, Hambourg.

Wesenberg, B. (1984) : “Zu den Schriften der griechischen Architekten”, DiskAB, 4, 39-48.

— (1991) : “Zur Entstehung des griechischen Keilsteingewölbes”, DiskAB, 5, 252-258.

West, M. L. (1966) : Hesiod, Theogony, Oxford.

Westholm, A. (1963) : “The Architecture of the Hieron”, Swedish Excavations and Researches, I, 2, Lund.

Wieder, M., D. Adan-Bayewitz et F. Asaro (1994) : “Source materials, micromorphology, and the provenance of the storage jars from Roman Galilee”, in : Ringrose-Voase & Humphreys 1994, 307-316.

Wiegand, Th. et H. Schrader (1904) : Priene, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen 1895-1898, Berlin.

Williams, C. (1989) : Anemurium. The Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery, Subsidia Mediaevalia 16, Toronto.

Winkler, J. J. et F. I. Zeitlin, éd. (1990) : Nothing to do with Dionysos? Athenian Drama in its Social Context, Princeton.

Winter, E., éd. (2008) : Vom Euphrat bis zum Bosporus. Kleinasien in der Antike. Festschrift für Elmar Schwertheim zum 65. Geburtstag, II, Bonn.

Winter, F. E. (1971) : Greek Fortifications, Toronto.

— (1994) : “Problems of Tradition and Innovation in Greek Fortifications in Asia Minor, late fifth to third century B.C.”, in : Debord & Descat 1994, 29-52.

Wittek, P. [1934] (1967) : Das Fürstentum Mentesche, Amsterdam.

Wörrle, M. (1977) : “Epigraphische Forschungen zur Geschichte Lykiens I”, Chiron, 43-66.


— (1988) : Stadt und Fest im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien. Studien zu einer agonistischen Stiftung aus Oinoanda, Munich.

— (1991) : “Epigraphische Forschungen zur Geschichte Lykiens IV : drei griechische Inschriften aus Limyra”, Chiron, 21, 203-239.

— (1995) : “Epigraphische Forschungen zur Geschichte Lykiens V : die griechischen Inschriften der Nekropolen von Limyra”, Chiron, 25, 387-417.

— (2001-2002) : “Die Toten von Limyra. Eine traurige epigraphische Bilanz”, Lykia, 6, 296-300.

— (2007) : “Limyra in der frühen Kaiserzeit”, in : Schuler 2007, 85-97.

Wriedt Sørensen, L. et K. Winther Jacobsen, éd. (2006) : Panayia Amathoussa II. Political, cultural, ethnic and social relations in Cyprus, Approaches to Regional Studies (Monograph of the Danish Institute at Athens 6.2), Athènes.

Wright, G. R. H. (1987) : “Masonry Construction at Marib and the ‘Interwoven structure’ (emplecton) of Vitruvius”, Archäologische Berichte aus dem venem, Band 4, 79-83.

Wurster, W. (1993) : “Dynast ohne Palast - Überlegungen zum Wohnbereich lykischer Feudalherren”, in : Borchhardt & Dobesch 1993, I, 5-30.

Yağcı, E. E. (1990) : “Hatay Müzesi’ndeki bir Gurup Cam Eser”, I. Uluslararası Cam Sanatı Sempozyumu, Istanbul, 29-30.

Yakar, J. (2007) : Anadolu’nun Etnoarkeolojisi, Istanbul.

Yener, E. (1998) : “Aydın İli, Çine İlçesi, Kabataş Köyü, Tepecik Tümülüsü Kurtarma Kazısı 1996”, MKKS, 8, 235 -255.

Yener-Marksteiner, B. (2007) : “Keramik aus der Sondage 5 in der Weststadt von Limyra”, in : Marksteiner et al. 2007, 236-276.

Yener, B. et Th. Marksteiner (2007) : “Fundkeramik aus Sondage West 3 und der Ringmauer im Westbereich von Xanthos”, in : Lemaître 2007c, 77-115.

Young, R. S. (1981) : The Gordion Excavations Final Reports, Volume I : Three Great Early Tumuli, Philadelphie.

Zahle, J. (1979) : “Lykische Felsgräber mit Reliefs aus dem 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.”, JDAI, 94, 245-346.

— (1990) : “Herrscherporträts auf lykischen Münzen”, in : Borchhardt et al. 1990, 51-56.

Zettler, R. L. et L. Horne, éd. (1998) : Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur, Philadelphie.

Zgusta, L. (1964) : Kleinasiatische Personennamen, Prague.

— (1984) : Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen, Heidelberg.

Ziche, I. éd. (à paraître) : Identity and Identification in Antiquity, Proceedings of the International Conference held at the Florida International University, Miami, April 7th-9th 2009, H. Ziche éd., Cambridge Scholars Press.

Zografou, A. (2010) : Chemins d’Hécate. Portes, routes, carrefours et autres figures de l’entre-deux. Kernos, Suppl. 24, Paris.

Zoroğlu, L. (1986) : “Kelenderis Mezar Buluntuları”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 455-466.

— (2000a) : Kelenderis I. Kaynaklar, Kalıntılar, Buluntular, Ankara.

— (2000b) : “Kelenderis Nekropolü”, OLBA III, Mersin, 115-135.

— (2009) : CVA, Turkish Republic, Silifke Museum, Fascicule 1, Turkish Institute of Archaeology, Istanbul.

Three Chamber Tombs from Belentepe near Keramos in Karia

Documents

Transcript of Three Chamber Tombs from Belentepe near Keramos in Karia