Rescue excavation tombs from pyrgos 2002

Rescue-excavated tombs of the Early and Middle Bronze Age from Pyrgos (Limassol). Part I*

Maria Rosaria Belgiorno (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma , Italia)

I N T R O D U C T I O N Evidence for early Neolithic occupation has

been found on the south coast of Cyprus, on the Akrotiri peninsula and at the nearby village of Parekklisia north-east of Limassol. Later in the Neolithic period the population spread throughout the regions of the island and the inhabitants settled where they found land with a suitable natural environment, building villages along the slopes of the Troodos Mountains, such as those of Choirokoitia and Kalavasos-7ewto.

Some of these populations remained in the southern regions of Cyprus until the Chalcolithic period. Signs of late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age settlement have been found on the sites located between the bays of Larnaka and Limassol, where there was a high concentration of human occupation along a chain of settlements a few kilometres from coast. Recent surveys made in the Vasilikos Valley have augmented this evidence (Todd 1978). These data, together with the Catling survey records (Catling 1962), suggest that even at that time diverse routes must have connected these sites. Some internal trade routes would have linked the southern Cypriot coast with the internal and northern coast sites, perhaps through the same corridors used in historical times.

Although recent surveys and excavations of new settlements have widened our knowledge of the earlier part of the Bronze Age period of Cyprus (previously based only on the material taken from the tombs), our understanding of the transition from the Early to Middle Bronze Age periods remains problematic, as does the cause of

the general settlement abandonment at the end of the Middle Bronze Age. All the Cypriot urban centres appear to have been deserted within a short time, testifying to the happening of events which overturned the entire social organisation and settlement system of the Early to Middle Bronze Age. The geography and history of Pyrgos village

Pyrgos is one of the villages which surrounds the site of Amathous, one of the most important and ancient harbours of Cyprus. The village is situated in a small valley among the low metalliferous foothills of the Troodos Mountains, 4km.

* I thank Prof. V. Karageorghis, Dr Demos Christou and Dr S. Hadijsavvas who as Directors of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus gave me the opportunity to study the unpublished material of the Pyrgos tombs excavated by the Department of Antiquities up to 1993.1 would like also to thank Dr Eleni Procopiou for her assistance in looking for the documents related to the tombs in the Limassol District Museum. I am also very grateful to Mrs Sylvie Hartmann and Mr Chr. Polycarpou for the drawings of the pottery and copper objects. I should like to express my gratitude to A. de Strobel for the photos and to A. Mancini for the maps of the Pyrgos necropolis and for the composition of the figures and plans. I would also like to thank Alison South for checking the phraseology. This article is the first part of my study concerning the tombs of Pyrgos excavated by the Depar tment of Antiquities of Cyprus from 1940 to 1993. The second part will be published in RDAC 2003. Tomb 21 was published by the writer in RDAC 1997. The tombs found in Pyrgos from 1993 until the present will be published by Dr P. Flourentzos. All dimensions are in meters; H.= Height; H.P. = Height Preserved; D.= Diameter; L.= Length; D.M.= Diameter Mouth; D.M.P.= Diameter Mouth Preserved; D.B.= Diameter Base; R.P.=Red Polished; D.P.=Drab Polished.

2 MARIA ROSARIA BELGIORNO

from the coast. This region, known as the "Limassol Forest", was one of the richest in wood resources before deforestation. The modern harbour of Limassol inherited the overseas trade traffic of Amathous after the Medieval period, becoming the first marit ime emporium of Cyprus and the district capital of the region.

A long chain of anciently exploited mineral resources encircles Limassol Bay, between the Akrotiri peninsula and the Episkopi area in the west and the Vasilikos Valley and the well known mineral complex of Kalavasos to the east.

In an interesting recently published article on the Medieval Cistercian remains of Pyrgos (Sch-abel 2000), C. Schabel mentions that the name of the village does not refer to a local tower or a fortified building, but is the popular Greek transformation of the Latin Peregus, the name of the village in 1225. The Cistercian system was used in a monastic centre to capture the water, using long channels, and it continued to be utilised by the inhabitants of Pyrgos until fifty years ago, when the Cistercian channels were replaced by the English aqueduct (the year 1954 is inscribed on the cement of public fountains). However, ignorant of Cistercian history, for centuries people believed that the name Pyrgos came from the "Pyrgui Rigena" (a legendary queen Rigena) a construction deeply sunk into the local havara and located in the very centre of the ancient "chorio", in Rigena street. Today, its entrance is unfortunately closed, but people remember that the "pirgui" had a large entrance, with a staircase leading down into a deep gallery, used by the queen Rigena, who went out at night (in a gold chariot) to meet her lover in Amathous. It is believed that at the bottom of the gallery there were many "antiquities" and that should one go inside holding a candle to light the way it would unexpectedly be blown out. Whether the "pirgui" was the entrance to a secret gallery for clandestine meetings, or the "dromos" of a monumental tomb, or the main Cistercian channel, which connected the large cistern (Schabel 2000) with the basilica, or even the entrance to an ancient cop

per mine, we will never know, as in 1994 it was sealed up under a cement pavement in order to build a private garage. Thus, this historic monument from which the village took its name, has been concealed forever.

After the year 1500, Pyrgos was indicated on geographical and nautical maps with the symbol of a monastery, as one of the geographical reference points of southern Cyprus such as Amathous, Polemidia, Episkopi and Erimi.

Probably the earliest settlement at Pyrgos goes back as far as the end of the Chalcolithic period, when the first inhabitants settled in the area between the modern village and the hill of Mavrorachi (Belgiorno 1997). Later, the prehistoric cemetery of the Early and Middle Bronze Age was located precisely in the area of the modern village, its main axis following the route of the principal road which today crosses the village. Geometric and Archaic tombs, Hellenistic and Roman remains were scattered everywhere and reused in buildings, together with a number of inscribed funerary cippi used to decorate private gardens. A sparse scatter of pottery of different periods lying on the surface testifies to the uninterrupted life of the village until today. In historical times, the Pyrgos story seems linked more to the abundance of water resources than to the strategic position between the sea and the rich copper outcrops of the Troodos slopes. The favourable position of the village on the confluence of a number of streams in the two branches of the Pyrgos river played a most important role for agricultural and domestic necessities and in modern times has transformed the small traditional "chorio" into a luxury residential quarter of nearby Limassol.

We must go back to the year 1940 to find in the register book of the Department of Antiquities the first mention of an Early Bronze Age tomb accidentally discovered under a house in the village. But we know that even before that date, for many years the systematic looting of

, tombs in Cyprus had provided regular business for the antique markets. Since the prehistoric pot-

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I

Geometric tombs ) Early-Middle Bronze age tombs

M a p 1 tery of Cyprus follows a regional style, it can be assumed that some of the many vases made in the characteristic South Coast style, which have been registered in public and private collections all over the world, with no indication as to their origin, are from Pyrgos. Thus the rescue excavations of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus (Karageorghis 1965b) have only saved a low percentage of the tomb groups, but nevertheless have been very helpful in providing information on the location, distribution and position of the Pyrgos Early-Middle Bronze Age cemetery, which in turn helped to discover the related sett lement in 1995 (Belgiorno 1997a). As mentioned previously, the main concentration of tombs coincides with the heart of the modern village, where everywhere, even today, tombs are likely to be found under houses and gardens when rebuilding foundation walls or digging in the courtyards.

After the abandonment of the Mavrorachi settlement in the Middle Bronze Age (Belgiorno 1999, 2000) occupation of the necropolis area for urban purposes began after a long period of oblivion during which the inhabitants had probably forgotten the existence of a cemetery in that area. Evidently the location of the cemetery was considered perfect for the construction of the new village on the confluence of the branches of the Pyrgos river, owing to the presence of a natural ford crossing the river bed before its convergence with the Moni river one kilometre away. The abundance of water at that point and the easy crossing of the river probably helped in making this choice.

Although the excavations in the settlement of Pyrgos-Mavrorachi are limited to a small area among residential buildings, the discovery of copper industrial remains in the prehistoric inhabited area, as well as the material found in


the tombs will help in understanding the social level of the people who settled in the Pyrgos valley during the Early and Middle Bronze Age; it was probably a community of some significance involved in the production of copper, which was very much in demand at that time. Most important for the location of the settlement and the understanding of the role of Pyrgos as a copper industrial site in Bronze Age Cyprus, was the unexpected discovery of Pyrgos Tomb 21 (Belgiorno 1997b), towards the northern part of the village, believed to have belonged to a coppersmith, because of the selection of 13 different copper objects and the stone tool types used in copper working found inside. As the tools of Tomb 21 were suitable for the final phase of metal working (hammering, cleaning and polishing the objects), this suggested the presence of a copper workshop in the area connected with the mineral resources of the surrounding territory. The results of the survey, the soundings and the recent excavation in the area of Mavrorachi 300m. west of Tomb 21 demonstrate that this hypothesis was correct. It is obvious that the study of the Early-Middle Bronze Age tombs of Pyrgos, as well as the data from the excavation of Mavrorachi, will enrich our knowledge of the chronology of the site and the cultural level reached by the inhabitants during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, thereby helping us to reconstruct a more exact picture of the life of a prehistoric copper production centre on the south coast of Cyprus.

The temporary storage of the material coming from Pyrgos in the store-room of the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia before being consigned to the Limassol District Museum caused some confusion in the numbering. When the material was finally transferred to the Limassol District Museum in 1978 the existence of two tombs with no. 1 and two tombs with no. 2 was discovered. By 1978, the number of tombs excavated by the Department of Antiquities in Pyrgos had reached 15. It was impossible to change the inventory numbers of the vases so the first four tombs were registered as Tombs no. 1, no. la, no. 2, no. 2a.

TOMB 1 (Fig. l) The first tomb was reported as Tomb 1, 1941,

Inv. no. 1941/111-12. There is no record as to who excavated the tomb and whether it was found looted or not. The items were transferred from Nicosia to Limassol in 1978, rep. 653/1 "From Tomb 1 Pyrgos", together with the material of another tomb, probably excavated in 1951, also registered as Pyrgos Tomb 1. Later, the latter was registered as Tomb l a to distinguish it from the previous tomb excavated in 1941. Unfortunately, the plan of this tomb (as also the plans of Tombs la and 2) has been lost or probably never existed. But the tomb's location was reestablished by N. Petrides, technician in the Limassol District Museum, during the excavation of Tomb 5 in 1964 (Map 1).

The finds consist of pottery, bronzes and one spindle whorl. Since the four vases and the bronzes are all of an exceptional type, and no common vases were recorded, we assume that not all the grave items found in the tomb have been collected and brought to the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia. 1. Amphora, medium size, rim chipped, body dam

aged. Partially repaired. H.: 0.35, D.M.: 0.112. R.P. Light, pinkish-mauve fabric (south coast blue core: grey, pink and blue), medium texture with few tiny inclusions; dark red-brown slip with medium lustre, mottled to dark brown. Globular body, rounded-pointed base, high cylindrical neck, rounded mouth with everted rim. Vertical horned handles, round section, from lower neck to shoulder. Incised fine decoration filled with white paste: sets of vertical lines on the neck between sets of punctured hatched triangles and lozenges; collar of punctured lines and incised zigzags on the shoulder at the base of the neck; on the body alternate vertical groups of straight lines and zigzags pendent from the shoulder to the lower body; zigzags on the handles. Similar to Tomb 21, no. 62/18 (Fig. 1: 1).

2. Jug, fragment of neck near rim missing, rim chipped. H.: 0.20, D.M.: 0.05. R.P. south coast. Hard, heavy, red fabric; yellow-red slip, slight lustre, mottled to dark red-brown. Globular body with

• rounded base, short cylindrical neck with flaring rim and cut-away mouth. Vertical loop handle, round in

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART 1


section, from base of mouth to shoulder. Relief decoration: vertical snake on front of neck and two knobs on the shoulders, one on each side of the handle. Cf. Karageorghis 1958: medium size jugs, type B IV (Fig.l: 2).

3. Askoid juglet, rim chipped, body damaged. H.: 0.186, L.: 0.14, D.M.: 0.025. R.P. Light, pinkish-red fabric; dark red slip mottled to dark grey on handle, body and feet. Spherical body supported on four feet. Round base, cylindrical narrow neck with flaring cut-away spouted mouth. Vertical loop handle, round in section, from base of spout to shoulder. Decorated with three horizontally pierced knobs around the neck and four pierced knobs around body. Incised fine decoration: four vertical sets of zigzag lines on the body, under the neck opposite the handle, on the shoulders, and between the handle and the knob. Cf. Karageorghis 1958, fig. 28, Tomb 3/1 (Fig. 1: 3).

4. Askoid juglet, top of neck, handle and tip of the "tail" missing. H.P.: 0.12, L.: 0.14, D.M.: 0.03. R.P. Medium soft, heavy, red fabric; red-orange slip, high lustre. Bird-shaped body, neck with cut-away spout (?), positioned at one extremity of the body. Probably a triple vertical handle bridging rim (base of spout), shoulder and body sides. Pierced projection on either side of the neck. Relief collar around base of neck. Incised zigzag decoration scattered on the body and around the neck (Fig. 1: 4, PI. 1: 1).

5. Spindle whorl, limestone. H.: 0.033-0.040, D.: 0.04, D. hole: 0.01. Crewe (1998), Type III, d 4. Undeco-rated. A similar spindle whorl was found at Kalopsi-da, Stewart 1962, fig. 103:17; Crewe 1998 fig. A.2.29, no. 4 (Fig.l: 5).

6. Hook-tang bronze weapon with notched, heart-shaped shoulders. L.: 0.31, blade L.: 0.25; Type: Catling 1964, A.lc; Swiny 1986, 76, figs 61, 66; Balthazar 1990, tab. 66 (Fig. 1: 6).

7. Pinched-spring bronze tweezers L.: 0.10. Type: Catling 1964, C.2b; Balthazar 1990, tab. 143; Belgiorno 1997, Pyrgos Tomb 21 no. 41 (Fig. 1: 7).

Comment on finds As shown in the above catalogue two of the

vases belong to the south coast fabrics and repertoire: the amphora no. 1 in Drab Polished ware with rich incised decoration and characteristic horned handles at the base of neck (an identical vase was found in Pyrgos Tomb 21 , 62/18, Bel

giorno 1997b) and the Red Polished jug no. 2, which seems to be a peculiar product of the Limassol region, with the decoration of a snake in relief on the front of the neck. These kinds of decoration are well attested in the regions of Lar-naka and Limassol from the beginning of Middle Bronze Age both for Red Polished and Drab Polished fabrics (Todd 1986, pis XV: 4; XVI: 4; Her-scher 1988, figs 2, 4, 6). The askoid jug no. 3 is very similar in dimensions, shape and incised decoration to Kalavasos Tomb 3, no. 1 (Karageorghis 1958, 145, fig. 28), dated to the end of EC III. The second askos no. 4 may be similar in shape and decoration to the Stewart Class IIIC: 1, g and h (Stewart 1992, 44, 45), both dated to MC I-II.

Suggested chronology: MC II.

TOMB la (Fig. 2) Only the finds from this tomb, with inventory

numbers, were recorded in the register book of Limassol District Museum, and it is not certain if the tomb was found in 1951 or 1954. An annotation on the register book tells us that " seven vases were collected from a well near the Pyrgos school". The location of this well was reinvestigated by Petrides who, years later, made a distribution map of the tombs excavated and pointed out the existence of other tombs in the fields around the school and the church of Panagia (Map 1). 1. Large jug, top of neck missing. H.: 0.371. D.M.P.:

0. 06, D.B.: 0.06. R.P. Hard, heavy, red-brown fabric; dark red slip, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body. Long tapering neck, flaring rim; flat base. Vertical handle, round in section, forming a right angle from mid-neck to shoulder. Coarsely incised decoration: one zig-zag line on the handle. Stewart 1988: Class 1, Group Bib , Type a3; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, Type AI (the difference with the Kalavasos example consists in the decoration, in relief at Kalavasos and incised at Pyrgos) (Fig. 2: 1).

2. Amphora. H.: 0.24, D.M.: 0.104. D.P. south coast fabric. Hard, light, reddish-pink fabric; orange-buff slip, matt, mottled to grey on the base. Convex cylindrical neck, everted rim; pointed base. Two vertical ridged handles from mid-neck to shoulder, round in

Fig. 2

8 MARIA ROSAR1A BELGIORNO

section. Two protuberances, pierced in the centre, on shoulder between the handles. Incised zig-zag decoration on the handles; punctured line around the upper shoulders connected to a punctured line around the handles and two vertical punctured lines over the protuberances. Stewart 1992: Class VII, Group A Type u var. a (Fig. 2: 2).

3. Jug, rim chipped. H.: 0.384, D.M.: 0.045, D.B.: 0.085. R.P. Heavy, red-brown fabric; dark red-orange slip, mottled to dark grey and black. Globular body with small flattened base; long, narrow, cylindrical neck with enlarged mouth and flaring rim. Vertical handle, round in section, from mid-neck to shoulder. Relief decoration: two small opposite knobs on the neck at each side of handle attachment. A pierced ring lug on the shoulder opposite the handle. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group 1B2 Type p; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, Type Al (Fig. 2: 3).

4. Jar, "Cooking pot", rim chipped. H.: 0.152, D.M.: 0.114. R.P. Gritty, dark red fabric, many inclusions; red slip, slight lustre, mottled to light grey and black. Ovoid body, short neck with everted rim, flat base. Opposed pairs of holes on the shoulder under the rim. Two opposed horizontal semicircular flat lugs, applied as decoration on mid-shoulder. The holes under the rim are a characteristic of the Philia culture: Stewart, 1992: Class IX, Group B Type c (Stewart 1962,5C£IV:1A, fig. CXXVIII: 1) (Fig. 2: 4, PL 1: 2).

5. Milk bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.224, D.M.: 0.228, D.B.: 0.08. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, dark orange-red fabric, some inclusions; red slip, mottled near the base from yellow-pink to light grey. Deep body with curved sides, flat base and in-turned rim; tubular side-spout from mid-body, slightly bent, with flaring rim. Vertical loop handle from rim to upper body with a deep vertical incision at the top. Similar to Stewart, 1992: Class X, Group C: Type g, but with a deeper body and undecorated (Fig. 2: 5).

6. Jar, "Cooking pot", rim chipped. H.: 0.196, D.M.: 0.124. D.B.: 0.052. R.P. Hard, heavy, dark orange-red fabric; red-orange slip, mottled to dark grey interior on the rim, medium lustre. Ovoid body with small flat base; very short neck with everted rim. Small horizontal semicircular opposed handles on shoulder, slightly horned, with a depression between them on each side. Undecorated. Stewart 1992: Class IX, Group B Type f (Fig. 2: 6).

7. Bowl, rim slightly chipped. H.: 0.09. D.M.: 0.115,

D.B.: 0.035. R.P. Red fabric; red slip mottled from grey to black, medium lustre, grey-black interior. Deep hemispherical body, in-curved rim, round-flat-tish base. Small elongated pierced lug with a small horn at rim (Fig. 2: 7).

Comment on finds Six of the seven vases are of Red Polished

ware, but none has incised decoration on the body. Only one is Drab Polished and is decorated with impressed dots. The types of jugs no. 1 and no. 3 have been found at Vounous and Lapithos in Early Bronze Age: that of no. 3 was chronologically positioned by Stewart between EC IIIB and MC I (Stewart 1988, 62-3, 91). Jars no. 4 and no. 6 are shapes known in the Early Bronze Age, but which disappeared during the Middle Bronze Age. The characteristic holes under the rim of no. 4 are similar to those on a jar from Agia Paraske-vi Tomb 9, no. 12, (Hennessy et al. 1988, fig.15) dated to the Philia phase. The shape of no. 6 parallels a vase in the Cyprus Museum no. 1859, dated approximately to EC III (Stewart 1992, 196). The milk bowl no. 5, a type found at Vounous and Karmi, was dated by Stewart to the EC II (Stewart 1992, 21). The bowl no. 7 has parallels at Marg i -Davan Tomb 4, nos 3, 4, 5 (Frankel and Webb 1996, 231-3). The D.P. amphora no. 2 is the D.P. version of a vase found at Lapithos (Tomb 308, no. 9), dated between the EC IIIB to MC I ( Stewart 1992, 110: Group VII A Type u var. a). It is uncertain whether all these vases belong to the same Tomb la, but if they did the Tomb 1 ensemble should not be later than the EC III - MC I.

Suggested chronology: end of EC III.

TOMB 2 (Fig. 3) Tomb 2, 1941/VIII-12/6: the only reference

found for this tomb in the Limassol District Museum register book is: "Pyrgos Tomb 2: 8 pieces, transferred in 1978 to Limassol District Museum from Nicosia". 1. Basin. H.: 0.23, D.: (irregular) 0.45, D.B.: 0.11. R.P.

Red brown-orange fabric, many inclusions; red-orange slip, slightly mottled to grey interior and

Fig. 3


exterior; medium lustre. Deep conical body with flat base. Expanded in-curved sides from mid-body, with slightly in-turned rim. Two opposed horizontal handles circular in section at mid body. Stewart 1992: Class XI, Group A, Type al (Fig. 3: 1, PI. 1: 4).

2. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.104, D.M.: 0.138. R.P. Red-orange fabric; red slip, mottled from grey to black exterior, slightly lustrous; grey-black interior, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body, flat base, incurving walls, slightly tapered in-curved rim. Small vertical pointed pierced lug, top rising above the rim. Similar to Alampra F 638-640: references in Coleman et al. 1996, 320-1 (Fig. 3: 2).

3. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.085, D.M.: 0.12, D.B.: 0.035. R.P. Red-brown fabric; red slip, well polished, slightly mottled to yellow-grey, matt. Inverted piriform body, flat base, slightly tapered rim. Small, vertical, pointed unpierced lug, top rising above the rim. For references cf. no. 2 (Fig. 3: 3).

4. Bowl, part of lug missing. H.: 0.106. D.M.: 0.14, D.B.: 0.035. R.P. Dark red fabric; red slip, slight lustre, mottled to yellow-grey near the handle and the rim on exterior; completely mottled to dark grey, medium lustre on interior. Inverted piriform body, flat base, slightly tapered rim. Lug similar to no. 3. For references cf. no. 2 (Fig. 3: 4).

5. Basin, rim chipped. H.: 0.085, D.M.: 0.22, D.B.: 0.035. R.P. Red orange fabric; red-orange slip, mottled to light grey near the rim; extensively mottled to dark grey and black on exterior around the base; slightly mottled on interior; high lustre. Hemispherical body, round flattish base. Two horizontal opposed lugs on the rim: one is semicircular and pierced vertically twice, the other rectangular with pointed unpierced ends. Stewart 1999: Class XI, Group D (Fig. 3:5).

6. Jar, medium size. H.: 0.20, D.M.: 0.0142, D.B.: 0.065. R.P. Dark orange-red fabric; red orange slip, slight lustre. Bulky body with small flat base; short, broad, concave neck with everted rim. Two large perforations on mid-shoulder on one side. Undecorated. A similar vase with perforations was classified by Stewart 1992: Class IX, Group B Type f (Fig. 3: 6).

7. Jug, large size. H.: 0.36, D.M.: 0.048, D.B.: 0.10. R.P. Red fabric; red slip, mottled to grey around the base; medium lustre. Globular body, flat base, tall narrow tapering neck, slightly flaring rim. Vertical handle round in section, from mid-neck to shoulder.

One small knob above the handle attachment on the body. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B2 Type h; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, type Al (Fig. 3: 7).

8. Jug, smaller version of no. 7. H.: 0.285, D.M.: 0.035, D.B.: 0.07. R.P. Brownish fabric; yellow-brown slip, mottled to dark grey-brown for two thirds, slight lustre. Globular body, round base, tall, narrow conical tapering neck, flaring rim. Vertical handle, round in section, from mid neck to upper body. One small knob above handle attachment on the body. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B2 Type h; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, type Al (Fig. 3: 8).

Comment on finds All the vases are in Red Polished ware, with

out any incised decoration on the body. The basin no. 1 belongs to a type characteristic of the EC period found at Arpera, Vounous, Pyrgos, Margi, Psematismenos and Sotira (Georgiou 2000, 57). The bowls nos 2, 3 and 4 are very similar in shape and fabric to Tomb 1, no. 7. The common characteristics are the mottled surface exterior and interior and the rounded conical shape of the body. This second attribute disappears during the MC, when the bowl bodies become conventionally less deep and hemispherical. The small shallow basin no. 5 belongs to Stewart's Class XI D, which is very common in EC I-III (Stewart 1999, 52-5). Jar no. 6 is very similar in shape to Tomb 1, nos 4 and 6, and can be assigned to EC II-III. Jugs nos 7 and 8 belong to the same class as Tomb 1 no. 3 (Stewart 1988, 87-91). Their inverted piriform body and the narrow cylindrical neck are attributes typical of EC II-III jugs. The material seems to be very close chronologically to Tomb 1, but the presence of the basin no. 1 suggests an earlier date for this tomb.

Suggested chronology: EC II-III.

TOMB 2a (FigS4-iO) Excavated by Petridis 8-IV-1954, this tomb

was found on the north side of the village, west of the Pyrgos River and facing the ruins of the medieval mill, under a road leading to the village of Moni. The shape of the tomb is roughly ellipsoid. The main axis oriented north-south is

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 11

Fig. 4 . Plan and section of Tomb 2a.

2.70m., the west-east width is 2.40m. It is impossible to understand at which depth it was originally cut in the havara as its roof was completely eroded at the time of discovery and the tomb was preserved only for a depth of about 0.7m. The ground at that point slopes down eastwards towards the river and it is logical to suppose that the entrance had the same orientation. The vertical walls of the tomb formed a 90° angle with the floor and the drawing by Petridis shows only a small curve at the top. The section drawing shows a perfectly flat floor with a stratification of four layers: the deposition level, the filling soil, the smashed bedrock and the ground level corre

sponding with the moving of the road. Petridis noticed that the items inside the tomb had been left on a well levelled floor and that some stones of different dimensions formed a sort of covering, but the condition of the tomb remains do not permit us to understand if their position was intentional or caused by the collapsing of the roof.

The tomb contained the bones of eight human bodies and 59 burial gifts: some bones and vases had been moved from their original location to make room for the last burial. The bones of the last two people buried were found in a reserved

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 13 space on the south-west side, near the wall and all the previous bones and gifts were positioned in a semi-circle pointing eastwards. The presence of some skull fragments in three vases (nos 5, 8 and 13) and of a number of crushed bones among the vases in the middle of the tomb, led us to suppose that the original position of the bodies lay in the west-south corner and in the centre, and most of the grave goods items were left in their original position. Under his drawings of the tomb Petridis wrote: "Nos 53 to 59 removed from over 49-51. Between 28-32-17-9-12-49". 1. Jug, rim chipped. H.: 0.173. D.M.: 0.04. Medium

hard, heavy, pink fabric, medium texture, few inclusions; dark red slip. Oval body with rounded-pointed base, medium cylindrical neck with cut-away spouted mouth. Loop handle rising from base of spout to shoulder, rounded in section. Relief decoration: a snake placed vertically on the shoulders opposite the handle. Similar to Pyrgos Tomb 1, no. 2. Karageorghis 1958: medium jugs Type B IV (Fig. 5: 1).

2. Whetstone, sandstone, complete. L.: 0.07. Flat body, with one terminal straight and one pointed and rounded, tapering towards the unpierced end. Hole for suspension under the straight terminal, pierced from both sides. The fracture at the top edge over the hole shows clearly that the object was made reusing a longer tool which had probably broken. Stewart 1962, SCE Vol. IV: 1A (Fig. 10: 2).

3. Spindle whorl. H.: 0.03, D.: 0.043. Brown fabric with medium dark inclusions, red-brown slip. Worn surface, some remains of lustre. Biconical shape. Crewe 1998: Type II c, 3 (Fig. 10: 3).

4. Jug, top of neck missing. H.P.: 0,378, D.M.: 0.08. Hard, heavy, red-pink fabric, grey whitish core; buff-orange slip; medium lustre. Oval to spherical body, rounded base, tapering rather wide neck. Handle from mid-neck to shoulder, oval in section. Upward-pointing relief chevron on shoulder opposite the handle (Fig. 5: 4).

5. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 7 H.+handle: 0.108, D.M.: 0.122-0.130. Medium hard, red fabric; red slip, gentle mottling to grey on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, converging sides, straight rim, rounded base. Horizontal loop handle oval in section, rising from the rim. Similar to no. 45. A fragment of human skull was found inside this bowl (Fig. 5: 5).

6. Milk bowl. H.: 0.11, D.M.: 0.14. R.P. Medium hard, red fabric; yellow-red slip, medium lustre on exterior and interior. Converging sides, rounded pointed base, tubular spout with out-turned rim (D.M.: 0.035), jointed to the rim with an incised bridge-handle. Vertical loop handle, pointed at the top, circular and oval in section, from rim to shoulder; incised decoration on the handle (Fig. 5: 6).

7. Bowl, handle missing, rim chipped. H.: 0.05, D.M.: 0.11. R.P. Medium hard, red fabric; red slip mottled to light grey and black; medium lustre on exterior, matt on interior. Hemispherical body with in-curving walls, round base. Horizontal handle from the rim. Two rim projections opposite the handle. Karageorghis 1958: small bowls with horizontal loop handle on rim, type BI (Fig. 5: 7).

8. Jug, rim chipped. H.: 0.165, D.M.: 0.04. R.P. Medium, hard, heavy, red-orange fabric; red slip, matt. Globular body with rounded base, cylindrical tall neck with outward rim, handle from mid-neck to shoulder. Relief decoration: knobs on the shoulder. A fragment of human skull was found in this jug. Stewart, 1988: Class I, Group B 2, p, EC III-MC I (Fig. 5: 8).

9. Jug, half of spout missing, body repaired. H.P.: 0.21, D.M.: 0.04. Hard, light, buff fabric; red slip mottled to brown on half body. Globular body, rounded base, short neck curving slightly towards the handle, with cut-away spouted mouth. Short vertical handle rising from rim to shoulder, rounded in section. Three string-holes around the neck. Incised decoration filled with white lime: groups of three vertical lines interrupted by impressed circles on the body (8), on the neck (3), and as collar (1) around the neck base. Karageorghis 1958: medium size jugs, Type B2. Similar to Pyrgos Tomb 21, no. 4 (Fig. 5: 9).

10. Bowl, handle missing, rim chipped. H.: 0.065, D.M.: 0.11. R.P. Hard, dark red fabric; pink-red slip slightly mottled to light grey; medium lustre on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body with gently incurving walls of uniform thickness. Rounded base. Traces of probably horizontal loop handle below the rim. Three rim projections opposite the handle. Incised decoration: four groups of small dashes on top of rim. Karageorghis 1958: small bowls with horizontal loop handle on rim, Type BI (Fig. 5: 10).

11. Bowl, two wall fragments near rim missing. H.: 0.093, D.M.: 0.167. R.P. Medium hard, red fabric; red slip, matt and mottled to dark grey and black on exterior, medium lustre on interior. Hemispherical

\

Fig. 6

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 15 bowl, in-curving walls, round base. Small pierced knobbed lug below rim. Karageorghis 1958: small bowls, Type A IV (Fig. 5: 11).

12. Bowl, chipped, three large fragments of sides missing. H.: 0.078, D.M.: 0.16. R.P. Hard, heavy, red fabric; red slip, slight lustre, hemispherical wide body with curved sides and broad flat base. Horizontal flattish handle, oval in section, below the rim (and probably a second lug or an open spout opposite the handle). Incised decoration: 8 impressed dashes on the rim adjacent to the handle. Probably it is a variant (for the broad flat base) of Stewart 1992: Class XI, Group C: Type a4 (Fig. 12: 3).

13. Milk bowl, rim of spout restored. H.: 0.38, D.M.: 0.37. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; red-orange slip; on the exterior one side of the body shows a large mark mottled to orange, grey and black; on the interior the slip is medium lustrous and extensively mottled to dark grey. Deep body with slightly converging walls, flat base. Tubular side-spout with a slightly everted rim rises from mid-body. Vertical loop handle, circular in section, on the middle of the back of the body from the rim to the upper body. A second horizontal pushed up loop handle is positioned below the vertical one. Their function is not clear. No decoration. Inside this vase was found a skull probably belonging to the earliest burial. Stewart 1992: Class X Group A (Fig. 5: 13, PL 1:7).

14. Jug, upper neck and rim missing. H.: 0.36, D.M.: 0.08. Hard, heavy, red-buff fabric; brown-red slip, medium lustre. Oval, body, rounded base, cylindrical neck, handle from mid-neck to shoulder, oval in section. Incised decoration: a vertical wavy line on the middle of the handle and on front of the neck; one horizontal opened zig-zag line on the shoulder below the base of the neck. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B2c, Type c (Fig. 6: 14).

15. Jug, complete. H.: 39,5, D.M.: 0.08. R.P. Hard red-grey fabric; light red-brown slip, moderate lustre, mottled to grey. Rounded base, cylindrical neck, out-turned rim, handle from neck to shoulder, oval in section. Relief decoration: horizontal snake on front corresponding to the base of the neck. Fabric and decoration similar to no. 47. Karageorghis 1958: medium size jugs, Type B IV (Fig. 6: 15).

16. "Cooking" dipper. H.: 0.11,8, D.M.: 0.10. R.P. Coarse heavy fabric; red slip, mottled to grey on front, medium lustre. Oval body with round base and distinct short neck, out-turned rim, slightly

pulled out opposite the handle. Vertical loop handle, roughly oval in section, rising over the rim to shoulder. Incised decoration: simple incised lines at top of handle. Stewart 1992: Class VIII Group D Type dl var. a; Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 5/1, no. 38, fig. 7 (Fig. 6: 16).

17. Milk bowl, restored. H.: 0.18, D.: 0.35. R.P. Medium hard, medium heavy, brown-orange fabric; red-buff slip, medium lustre. Hemispherical shallow body with walls straight from mid-body, tubular spout with flaring rim. Horizontal ledge handle below rim pierced twice and incised in the middle. Karageorghis 1958: large bowls, Type B; Stewart 1999: Class X, Group B Type b (Fig. 6: 17).

18. Jug, top of neck and upper part of handle missing. H.P: 0.33, D.M.?: 0.05, D.B.: 0.09. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; red slip, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body, small flat base, tapering neck. Vertical handle from neck to shoulder, rounded in section, with a knob on middle. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B lc Type p; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, type Al (Fig. 6: 18).

19. Jug, damaged on top of neck and rim. H.P: 0.173. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red-orange fabric; red slip, slight lustre. Ovoid body with high cylindrical neck, rounded- pointed base, flaring rim, handle from mid-neck to shoulder, rounded-squared in section. Knobs on the body on both sides of the handle and opposite it. Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, Type Al ; Stewart, 1988: Class I Group B2 Type 6 (Fig. 6: 19).

20. Jug, lower part of handle and half neck over the handle missing. H.: 0.42, D.M.: 0.05, D.B.: 0.113. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; red slip, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body, flat base, tapering neck, flaring rim. Vertical handle with knob from neck to shoulder. Relief decoration: relief crescent on shoulder near the handle and on middle handle. Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, Type A l ; Stewart 1988: Class I Group Blc (Fig. 6: 20).

21. Bronze pin. L.: 0.185. Pin with squared knob head. Catling 1964, C.3a. 2-knob; Swiny 1986, 80, figs 64, 67; Balthazar 1990, tab. 156 (Fig. 10: 21).

22. Jug, rim chipped. H.: 0.19, D.M.: 0.034, D.B.: 0.02. R.P. Hard, medium heavy red-orange fabric; red-orange slip, medium lustre. Ovoid body with pointed flat base, tall cylindrical neck with out-turned rim. Vertical handle from mid-neck to shoulder, rounded in section. Relief decoration: a vertical snake on front of neck opposite the handle with a

Fig. 7

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 17 crescent below on the shoulder. Two buttons at either sides of handle on the shoulders. Stewart 1988: Class I Group B2 p; Karageorghis 1958: medium size jugs, Type C III, fig. 7, Tomb 5/F.B. no. 31 (Fig. 6: 22).

23. Jug. FL: 0.26, D.M.: 0.043, D.B.: 0.056. R.P. Hard, heavy, red fabric; red slip mottled to dark grey on the body, lustrous. Ovoid to globular body, flat base, long neck, lower part tapering, upper part cylindrical, flaring rim. Handle sloping from mid-neck to shoulder, squared in section in the middle. One button on the neck beside handle. Stewart 1988: Class I Group B2, f 1. This group belongs to the EC III-MC I (Fig. 6: 23).

24. Jug, large fragments of walls missing, partially restored. H.: 0.453. D.M.: 0.054, D.B.: 0.13. R.P. Hard, heavy red-brown fabric; red slip, medium lustre. Ovoid to globular body, narrow cylindrical tapering neck, out-turned rim, flat base. Vertical short handle from mid-neck to shoulder, rounded in section. Three buttons on front shoulder opposite the handle. Stewart, 1988: Class I, Group Blc ; Karageorghis 1958: large jugs, Type Al (Fig. 7: 24).

25. Jug, top of neck, top of handle and fragments of walls missing. H.P: 0.22, D.M.: 0.06. R.P. Hard heavy, red-buff fabric; red-orange slip, medium lustre. Oval to pear shaped body, rounded base, cylindrical, slightly convex neck, handle from neck to shoulder oval in section. Incised decoration: a double horizontal discontinuous zigzag line on the body below the neck base. Similar to no. 14. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B2c, Type c (Fig. 7: 25).

26. Juglet, top of neck and one string-hole projection missing. H.P.: 0.095, D.M.: 0.015. Hard, light red fabric; red lustrous slip. Globular depressed body, rounded base, narrow cut-away curving neck, probably with elongated spout, short vertical handle from rim to shoulder rounded in section. Incised decoration filled with white lime: twelve groups of three vertical straight lines on the body from neck to base; two horizontal groups of three lines on the neck and around its base, and a pendent punctured triangle in front. Four string hole projections around the mid-body (one missing). Karageorghis 1958, juglets Type CV; Stewart and Stewart 1959, pi. LXVIII, e (Fig. 7: 26).

27. Juglet, half of body and neck missing, restored. H.: 0.095. D.M.: 0.025. R.P. Medium hard, heavy buff fabric; orange-buff, worn, medium lustre slip. Fragmentary piriform body, rounded base, long narrow neck with funnel-shaped rim, vertical handle from

rim to shoulder projecting above rim. Incised decoration: groups of horizontal straight and wavy lines on neck and body. Karageorghis 1958, juglets Type CII, Kalavasos Tomb 11, no. 36, fig.15 (Fig. 7: 27).

28. Milk-bowl, handle and half of spout missing; rim chipped. H.: 0.10, D.M.: 0.184. R.P. Medium hard, red fabric; red slip mottled to dark grey on the spout, lustrous interior and exterior. Hemispherical body, rounded base, horizontal loop handle below rim. Four symmetrical double knob projections on rim. Tubular side spout. Incised decoration: a zigzag line roughly scratched on the body below the rim. Stewart 1992: Class X, Group C2, Type d2 var. b, but with the handle of Type d2 var. a (Fig. 7: 28, PI. 1: 3).

29. Spindle whorl, complete. H.: 0.058. Orange-brown fabric with many small inclusions; brown-orange slip, matt, surface worn. Pointed shape with hole curving inside, eroded around the entrance of the hole on the narrow terminal. No decoration. Crewe 1998: Type III d, 4 (Fig. 10: 29).

30. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.095, D.: 0.18. R.P. Hard, medium heavy red fabric. Red slip, slightly mottled to orange and grey, lustrous interior and exterior. Deep spherical body, slightly converging sides, rounded base, a small pierced lug below rim. Karageorghis 1958, small bowls, Type A IV (Fig. 7: 30).

31. Spindle whorl, destroyed. H.: 0.057. It was almost identical to no. 29. Crewe 1998: Type III d, 4.

32. Basin, rim damaged and chipped, fragment of wall with rim missing. H.: 0.17, D.M.: 0.42, D.B.: 0.13. R.P. Hard, heavy red-brown fabric; brown-red slip, medium lustre. Wide bowl, flat base, flaring walls slightly converging from mid-body to rim, straight rim. Two horizontal ledge handles on the rim, one with two vertical piercings. Stewart 1992: Class XI, Group d, Type e, E CI - II, fig. 13: 2 (Fig. 7: 32).

33. Amphoriskos, rim and top of handles chipped, damaged surface. H.: 0.20, D.M.: 0.093 R.P. Medium hard, heavy brown-red fabric; dark red slip mottled to dark grey, medium lustre. Ovoid to globular body, accented line of neck, wide cylindrical neck slightly tapered at the base. Two small vertical angular handles at base of neck, squared in section. Incised decoration: vertical open double zigzags on the neck between handles. Stewart 1992: Class VII, A2 Type w, and D types: g3, f, m. (Fig. 7: 33).

34. Amphora, storage jar shaped. H.: 0.53, D.M.: 25, D.B.: 0.176. R.P. Hard heavy fabric, thick walls; red-orange slip, mottled to grey, medium lustre.

Fig. 8

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 19 Globular body, flat base, wide cylindrical neck with everted rim, handles from mid-neck to shoulder, flattish and angular at top, squared in section, relief collar at the base of neck. Stewart 1992: Class VII, Type A h 2 (Fig. 8: 34).

35. Amphoriskos, large fragment of rim and portions of relief decoration missing. Restored. H.: 0.13,8, D.M.: 0.05. D.P. Hard, thin, buff-pink fabric with inclusions emerging on the surface; worn, thin buff slip. Globular body, rounded base, cylindrical neck with everted rim. Horned handles between the neck and the shoulder. Three rows of necklaces in relief on front side and back and vertical ear-lugs with four holes each at both sides of mid-neck. In front of neck a small relief crescent above two perforations for the eyes and a prominent small knob for the nose with a perforation below representing the features of a human face. Belgiorno 1997, 12, fig. 2 a-b (Fig. 8: 35).

36. Bowl, handle missing, rim chipped. H.: 0.049, D.: 0.08. R.P. Medium hard, heavy red fabric; red slip, medium lustre on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, slightly in-turned rim, horizontal loop handle. Small knob at the rim opposite the handle. Karageorghis 1958, small bowls, type BI (Fig. 7: 36).

37. "Cooking" pot or dipper. H.: 0.178, D.M.: 0.145. R.P. Coarse, heavy, dark red fabric, coarse inclusions, Red slip mottled to dark grey, slightly lustrous. Deep ovoid body, rounded base, flaring rim. A high rising vertical handle, squared in section, from rim to mid-body, positioned opposite a second small vertical ring handle from rim to upper body, squared in section. Stewart 1992: Class VIII, Type Bfl var. a; Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 10, no. 2, fig. 14; Coleman et al. 1996, Alampra F134 (Fig. 8: 37).

38. "Cooking" dipper, body damaged, rim chipped, fragments of walls missing, partially restored. H.: 0.145, D.M.: 0.12. R.P. As no.16. Heavy, coarse, red-brown fabric, unslipped brown smoothed surface. Oval body with rounded base and distinct very short neck, flaring rim. Vertical loop handle, roughly oval in section, rising above rim to upper body. Projection on the rim opposite the handle. Incised lines at the top of handle. Stewart 1992: Class VIII, Type D d 2 var.b; Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 5/1, no. 29, Tomb 5/III, no. 3, fig. 7; Coleman etal. 1996, Alampra F141 (Fig. 8: 38).

39. "Cooking" dipper. Handle damaged, rim chipped, restored. H.: 0.165, D.M.: 0.93 Heavy, coarse, dark red-orange fabric, unslipped, dark red smoothed sur

face. Oval body with rounded base and distinct very short neck, flaring rim. High vertical loop handle, rounded in section, rising above rim to upper body. Projection on the rim opposite the handle. Stewart 1992: Class VIII, Type D e; Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 5/1, no. 38, fig. 7 (Fig. 8: 39).

40. "Cooking" dipper, half of rim, handle missing. Restored. H.: 0.95, D.: 0.92. Heavy, coarse, dark red-orange fabric, unslipped, dark red smoothed surface mottled to dark grey in front. Oval body with rounded base and distinct very short neck, flaring rim. Vertical handle, rounded in section, probably as no. 39. Knob projection on the rim opposite the handle. Stewart 1992: Class VIII, Type D e; Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 5/1, no. 29, Tomb 5/III, no. 3, fig.7; Coleman et al. 1996, Alampra F141 (Fig. 8: 40).

41. Amphora-storage jar, neck fragment missing; damaged and restored. H.: 0.515, D.M.: 0.21. As no. 34 above. R.P. Hard heavy fabric, thick walls. Red-orange slip, mottled to black, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body, flat base, short wide neck with everted rim, and two vertical angular handles from mid-neck to shoulder, squared in section. Crescent in relief on the neck. Stewart 1992: Class VII, Type A h 1 (Fig. 9: 41).

42. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.051, D.: 0.135. Medium hard, pink-brown fabric. Red-brown slip mottled to light grey, medium lustre on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body with in-curving walls. Two opposed projections on the rim, one perforated and incised in middle, one grooved. Decorated on the rim with three groups of incisions (Fig. 8: 42).

43. Spindle whorl, complete. H.:0.031. Coarse red-brown fabric with many inclusions; red-brown, worn, matt slip. Incised decoration: circle of small dots around the hole on the flat terminal; roughly vertical zig-zags on the body alternated with vertical straight lines. Crewe 1998: Type III d,l (Fig. 10: 43) .

44. Bowl, intact. H.: 0.084, D.M.: 0.19. Medium heavy hard fabric; red-orange slip, lustrous exterior and interior, external surface with spots mottled to orange and black. Shallow rounded body, slightly converging sides, rounded base. Horizontal compact loop handle on rim, angular at top, roughly squared in section. Double vertical horned lugs opposite the handle, rising from the exterior, on the rim (Fig. 8: 44) .

45. Bowl, rim chipped, handle missing. H.: 0.0.55,

Fig. 9

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 21 D.M.: 0.128. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; brown-orange slip, medium lustre on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, converging sides, straight mouth, round base. Horizontal loop handle, round in section, rising from rim. Similar to no. 4a above. For parallels coming from south coast see Coleman et al. 1996, 286-7, 316, figs 63, 71 (Fig. 8: 45) .

46. Jug, rim chipped. H.: 0.13, D.M.: 0.05 (at the base of spout). R.P. Hard, heavy red fabric; dark red slip mottled to black, medium lustre. Spherical body with a short concave neck with cut-away spout. High vertical loop handle decorated with deep discontinuous wavy line, rising from the base of spout to shoulder, rounded in section; the handle has a "tail" extension below its junction on the body. Similar to Stewart 1988: Class I, A 2, Type m. (Fig. 8: 46) .

47. Jug, fragments of body missing, damaged and restored. H.: 0.31, D.M.: 0.078. R.P. Hard red-grey fabric; light red-brown slip, moderate lustre, mottled to grey. Oval to pear-shaped body, rounded base, and narrow cylindrical neck, flaring bell rim. Handle from neck to shoulder, oval-square in section. Interior coated with white paste, probably remnant of food. Relief decoration: two horizontal snakes around the middle neck opposite the handle (Fig. 9: 47) .

48. Whetstone. L.: 0.06,8. Oblong body, one end square, tapering towards the pointed end. Squared top terminal pierced from the top and from one face, the hole L-shaped in section. The same type of whetstone was found in Pyrgos Tomb 21, no. 38 (Belgiorno 1997b) (Fig. 10: 48).

49. Bowl, rim chipped. Restored. H.: 0.055, D.: 0.19. R.P. Hard, dark red-brown fabric; pink-red slip almost completely mottled to grey on interior and exterior, moderate lustre. Wide conical body with flaring walls, gently in-curving near the rim, flat base. A pair of horned (?) projections on the rim rising from the exterior wall. Twin with no. 50. Karageorghis 1958: small bowls, Type BII-IV (Fig. 9: 49).

50. Bowl, half of body missing, restored. H.: 0.067, D.: 0.22. Hard, heavy red fabric; red slip, slightly mottled to grey on exterior, moderately lustrous surface on exterior and interior. Wide conical body with flaring walls, gently in-curving near the rim, flat base. A pair of vertical, horn-shaped projections rising on the rim from the body. As no. 49, above. Kara

georghis 1958: small bowls, Type BII-IV (Fig. 9: 50).

51. Bronze awl with pointed tang. L.: 0.077. Catling 1964, Type B4, Fig. 75; Swiny 1986, 83, fig. 65; Todd et al. 1986, 64, fig. 41: 15; Balthazar 1990, 252, tab. 132 (Fig. 10: 51).

52. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.098, D.: 0.132. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; brown-red slip, moderate lustre, mottled to dark grey and black on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, converging sides, straight mouth. Rounded base. Horizontal pierced rounded lug below the rim. Coleman et al. 1996, 292, 317, fig. 64: F196, fig. 71: F 619 (Fig. 9: 52).

53. Jug, damaged, fragments of walls missing, restored. H.: 0.32,2, D.M.: 0.053. Red slip, moderate lustre. Ovoid-piriform body, rounded base, tapering cylindrical convex neck with out-turned rim and rounded lip. Vertical handle from mid-neck to upper shoulder, rounded in section. Incised and punctured decoration filled originally with white paste: vertical double zig-zags with three dots impressed at the external zig-zag angles on the neck (characteristic Denia decoration). Two vertical zig-zags on the body at both sides of handle descending from the neck base. Dikaios 1940, Type 4.IIIc; Stewart 1988, Class I: Group Bib , Type d var. b (Denia Tomb A.la), fig.7: 14, pi. 291; Frankel and Webb 1996, Margi, 140, P 2910 (Fig. 9: 53).

54. Bowl, large rim fragment missing, chipped, repaired. H.: 0.056, D.: 0.10. R.P. Black topped, medium soft, heavy buff-salmon fabric; red slip mottled to black on the rim, completely black interior, lustrous exterior and interior. Rounded body, rounded base. Vertical string hole lug below the rim, pierced horizontally (Fig. 9: 54).

55. Bowl, rim badly chipped. H.: 0.06, D.: 0.115. R.P. Medium soft, heavy cream-buff fabric; red slip mottled to dark grey and black on exterior, black on interior, lustrous exterior and interior. Rounded body, rounded base. Vertical string hole lug below the rim, pierced horizontally. Two opposed flat horizontal projections decorated with incisions on the rim, one over the lug (Fig. 9: 55).

56. Bowl, rim chipped, large wall fragment and handle missing, body restored. H.: 0.085, D.: 0.118. R.P. Medium hard, heavy, red fabric; brown-orange slip, mottled to dark grey and black, medium lustrous exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, converging sides, straight mouth, round base. Horizontal


Fig. 10

RESCUE-EXCAVATED TOMBS FROM PYRGOS (LIMASSOL). PART I 23 loop handle, round in section, rising from side rim. Knobbed lug on the rim opposite the handle. Similar to no. 45, above. For parallels coming from south coast see Coleman et al. 1996. 286-7, 316, figs 63. 71 (Fig. 9: 57).

57. Bowl, large fragment of walls and rim missing, restored. H.: 0.103, D.: 0.216. Hard, red fabric. Red-brown slip, medium lustre. Deep shallow body, slightly converging sides, small flat base, open wide side spout, small flat horizontal lug on the rim opposite the spout. Stewart 1992, Class XII, Group A Type d (Fig. 9: 57).

58. Jug, half of neck missing, partly restored. H.R: 0.22, D.M.: 0.045, D.B.: 0.038. R.P. Heavy hard fabric. Red slip mottled to black, medium lustre. Inverted piriform body, small flat base. Handle from mid-neck to upper shoulder, at right angle to the neck, rounded in section. Undecorated. Stewart 1988, Class I, Bib, Type a3, fig. 15: 5 (Fig. 9: 58).

59. Amphora, damaged, restored. H.: 0.263. D.M.: 0.106. D.P. south coast. Light, hard pale brown fabric. Thin, brown slip, mottled to yellow-cream, surface partially worn, medium lustre. Spherical body, cylindrical neck, everted rim. Opposed horned handles from the base of neck to shoulder, oval to squared in section. Two opposed buttons in relief between the handles on the neck and on upper shoulder. Incised decoration: one horizontal band of double lines filled with dashes around the neck. Eight vertical bands of double lines filled with dashes pendent from the neck base on the body. Belgiorno 1997b, Pyrgos Tomb 21, nos 11, 15, 43 (Fig. 9: 59).

Comment on finds Jugs and juglets

Jug no. 1 is almost parallel to that illustrated by Karageorghis (1958, fig. 22) from Kalavasos Tomb 11, no. 3. The jug no. 46 (Stewart Class I A2) is similar to no. 1 in dimension and shape, but belongs to the very characteristic Red Polished (III) Mottled fabric and has no close parallel for its peculiar incised decoration. The jug no. 4 is of a common type, but has a particular creamy, lustrous slip, and could be included in the numbers of the rare examples of White Polished ware. It is difficult to understand if its whitish appearance was intentionally produced, or accidental.

The juglets nos 8, 15 and 22 have parallels from Kalavasos (Karageorghis 1958, medium size jugs, type C III, fig. 7, Tomb 5/F.B, no. 31). Moreover no. 8 for the knob decoration and nos 15 and 22 for the snake decoration, both distinct to the southern coast of Cyprus, seem respectively smaller versions of jugs nos 19 and 47. The small jugs nos 9 and 26 are practically twins and differ only in the colour of the surface, brown for no. 9 and orange-red for no. 26, and for the presence of four string holes knobs on the body of no. 26. Their characteristic fabric (D.P.) and the incised decoration are considered very diagnostic elements of Middle Bronze Age pottery of the southern coast of Cyprus (Herscher 1981). This jug is characterised by the peculiar position of the string holes on the neck resembling the features of a human face; this decorative scheme may be linked with the most ancient figurative repertoire of Cyprus, which goes back as far as the Chalcolithic period. Jugs nos 14 and 25 belong to Stewart Class I, Group B2c, Type c (Stewart, 1988, 97). The type is not very common and has parallels to Vounous and Lapithos in MC I. Jugs nos 18, 20 and 24 are very similar. They belong to Stewart Class I, Group B l c (Stewart 1988, 67-8) and have many parallels to the north coast jugs from EC I to EC II. No. 23 is considered by Stewart a smaller version of the previous ones (Stewart 1988 , 86-7) and has many parallels at Vounous and Karmi dated between EC III and MC I. Juglet no. 27 is a common type, well known at Kalavasos (Karageorghis 1958, Kalavasos Tomb 11, no. 36, fig. 15). Jug no. 53 is a common type which remained in use for a long time during the Middle Bronze Age (Dikaios 1940, Type 4.IIIc; Stewart 1988, 291, fig. 7: 14: Class I, Group B i b , Type d var. b, Denia Tomb A. la ; see also Frankel and Webb 1996, 140, Margi P2910). Jug no. 58 (Class I, B i b , Type a3) is a type considered by Stewart a "sub type of a larger class... the real bridge between the EC I and II forms. The progressive degeneration of the base and the gradual enlarging of the body, mark the passage of t ime" and date between the EC IC and EC II (Stewart 1988, 62, fig. 15: 5).


Amphorae The two store jars of medium size nos 34 and

41 (Class VII, Type A h 1) are the largest vases from the tomb. Similar in shape and size, they differ from each other in some details such as a small relief decoration on the neck of no. 41 . This type is generally dated to the EC IIIA (Stewart 1992, 102, fig. 13: 4). The fabric and the incised decoration of the amphoriskos no. 33 is similar to jug no. 25. Its shape is not common and looks like a prototype of the amphorae which has string-hole projections in place of handles (Stewart, 1992, Class VII D g 2) or a type on the borderline between the string-hole handled amphorae and the lugged amphorae (Stewart 1992, 135, Class VII, Group C2, Type b). The small amphora no. 35 with its peculiar relief decoration, which transforms the vase into a sort of human idol, has been the subject of a specific article (Belgiorno 1998). Moreover, its Drab Polished fabric and shape are characteristic of the pottery production of the Limassol region. Human faced vases, common in the East Mediterranean area in Prehistoric times, have a long history and tradition in Cyprus, going back to the Chalcolithic period (Belgiorno 1998). The same fabric, different only in the brown colour of the slip, appears on amphora no. 59. Its shape and decoration is typical of the south coast of Cyprus during the Middle Bronze Age (Herscher 1981). Spouted bowls and milk bowls

The milk bowl no. 13 belongs to the Stewart (1992) Class X Group A, but the two superimposed handles are both present in the types occurring on North coast (Stewart 1992, Class X Group A, Types a2, a3, d2, 1). The type derives from a Philia shape, known in the RP(P) version (without handle) and in the W.P.(P) version (with the handle), and had some diffusion in the region of Vounous in the EC I and II (Frankel and Webb 1996, fig. 5: 3-4 and fig. 19: 5). The black mark of mottle bordered by a thick orange line is characteristic of the Red Polished (I and II) ware of the Early Bronze Age. The "spouted milk

bowl" remained in use for a long time but its dimension and the shape of the body were considerably transformed during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, becoming more and more small, low and rounded. A direct parallel is offered in this Tomb by no. 6, a bridged spout milk bowl with a high loop handle (MC I-II). The vase is conceptually the same, but it is very easy to note the differences of fabric, shape and dimension (Stewart 1992, 32-35, Class X, Group C 2). The milk bowl no. 17 is completely different, for its wide, shallow body. It belongs to the Stewart Class X Group B (EC III-MC I) and is similar to the milk bowl from Pano Dikomo illustrated by Stewart 1999, fig. 1 1 : 2 . No. 28 (Stewart 1992: Class X, Group C2, Type d2 var. b), is a rare type of milk bowl which has parallels at Vounous and Karmi (Stewart 1992, 34). The "cream bowl" no. 57 has a side opening spout known from a number of varieties found mainly on the north coast during the EC III (Stewart 1999, 69-72: Class XII, Group A, d, fig. 17).

Cooking dippers The dippers nos 16, 37, 38, 39 and 40 belong

to the class of coarse domestic pots (Stewart 1992: Class VIII, Group B and D). The differences among the Pyrgos Tomb 2a examples are only in the dimension of the loop handle and the presence of a bulbous projection, or of a second smaller opposite handle, on the front of the rim (no. 37). The chronology and the distribution of these vases are not completely clear, but their presence in burial and settlement contests of the MC period is unquestionable. The charts on the evolution, distribution and chronology of the types published by Stewart (1992, 168-70) show how interesting is the study of this class of vases and how it could be profitable to continue and fill them with the new data coming from the recent excavations and publications of unpublished material. The absence in this tomb of cooking pots shaped like the "cooking" jars found in Tomb la (nos 4, 6) and Tomb 2 (no. 6), could be related to their chronology.


Large and small bowls The basins are nos 12 and 32. No. 12 is frag

mentary and probably not perfectly conserved. The missing part of the wall opposite the handle does not allow us fully to understand the shape, but a parallel can be made with Stewart (1992, 50) Class XI, Group C: Type a 4, fig. 12: 3. No. 32 is a close parallel to the basin of Vounous Tomb 120, no. 7 (Stewart 1992, 53, fig. 13: 2; chronology: EC 1C) and should be related to the first burial together with the milk bowl no. 13.

Projections, string hole knobs and flat lugs are common on the bowls of Early and Middle Bronze Age. Often these applications had not only a useful purpose, but also a decorative intention. Bowls nos 7, 11, 30, 52, and 55 show a variety of possibilities.

It is interesting to note that the colour of the surface in the interior of bowl no. 54 is completely black (characteristic of Black Topped fabric) and large percentages of the surfaces of nos 30, 49, 52 and 56 are mottled to black. On the exterior, bowls nos 11, 44 and 52 have the most impressive black mottled marks.

The bowls with horizontal loop handles nos 5, 7, 10, 36, 45, and 56 are very similar in size and shape, but only no. 5 is complete with its handle.

Bowl no. 44 has a rare shape of an angular flatfish handle, compact and thick, mottled with an orange contour characteristic of the Red Polished II fabric of EC I-II. Because of its high chronology the bowl should belong to the first burial, as should the vases nos 13, 32, 44, and 46, and the Black Topped bowl no. 54. The earlier deposition should also pertain to bowls nos 49 and 50. They are very similar, but unusual for their wide body in proportion to the low depth, and were probably used as "lamps".

Miscellaneous Two stone objects (nos 2 and 48) were found

in Tomb 2a, both are whetstones used to sharpen

metal blades. This class of objects began to appear among the burial gifts from the Philia phase and had a long history continuing until the Late Bronze Age (Stewart 1962, 257). Generally, the earlier examples have a longer body in comparison to those of the Middle Bronze Age. The L-shaped hole for suspension on no. 48 seems to be a characteristic of the Limassol region. Whetstones with similar L-shaped holes have been found at Pyrgos in Tomb 21 and in the settlement of Mavrorachi, and at Kalavasos, Todd 1986, K-PC 271, 329, fig. 44: 3, 4.

Of the four spindle whorls found in Tomb 2a, only three have survived (nos 3, 29, 43). No. 31 probably found in very bad condition is not preserved, but we know the shape from the drawing left by Petridis. Nos 3 and 29 are without decoration and have parallels from Sotira-Kaminoudia and Kalavasos (Crewe 1998, Type II c,3; III d,4).

The bronze pin no. 21 is the only copper object recorded from Tomb 2a. Because of its stylistic chronology (EC II-III) it probably belongs to the first burial. However, it is likely that some copper objects were removed from among the grave gifts, when the tomb was reopened for the later burials, judging from the presence of the two stone sharpeners, which generally are related to copper blades.

Chronology The tomb contains vases which can be dated

from the EC II to MC II. The observations of Petridis, who excavated the tomb, do not permit an absolute attribution of the gifts to the individual burials. However the presence of eight skeletons suggests that the tomb was reopened at least two or three times for the interment of various deceased persons. Moreover, a significant interval of time may have elapsed between the first and the second burial considering the high chronology of some vases such as no. 13. All the later burials, if there were more than one, seem in fact to fit in a narrow chronological range, which does not extend beyond MC II.


TOMB 3 (Fig.l l) Tomb 3 was excavated by Petridis (IV-1954),

together with Tomb 4; no evidence of bones was recorded, only some vases and pottery sherds. Both the graves are "pit tombs", like many others discovered in Pyrgos and at Alampra (Coleman et al. 1996, 113-5; Davies 1997, 11-26). The tomb was found in the garden of a private house in the centre of the village, on the eastern side of the street, which goes from the crossroads with the Moni road straight to the elementary school. The shape of the tomb is roughly squared, with rounded corners, 0.90 x 0.95m. It was impossible to calculate the original depth from the surface, because of the collapse of the roof. The preserved depth of the grave was of about 0.30m. The vertical walls of the tomb formed a 90° angle with the floor, and Petridis ' drawing shows only a small curvature at the top. Petridis noticed that the grave goods were left on a well-levelled floor, and that in the absence of human remains it was impossible to understand the position of the deceased. The tomb contained only five vases and a big fragment of a sixth, distributed in line on the west side of the chamber. 1. Bowl, rim chipped, lug missing. H.: 0.06, D.: 0.11

R.P. Hard, coarse reddish-brown fabric, medium inclusions; worn red slip, matt on exterior and interior. Hemispherical body, slightly carinated on one side, slightly flattish base (Fig. 11: 1).

2. Juglet, complete. H.: 0.096, D.M.: 0.043, D.B.: 0.02. R.P. Hard, heavy (coarse?), buff fabric with medium inclusions; light brown-orange matt slip. Ovoid-pointed body, concave neck with wide mouth and flaring rim, flattish base. Handle rising from rim to shoulder, round in section. Belongs to the class of juglets with a wide mouth, Stewart 1988, Class I Group C (c), or to the cream jugs (Stewart 1988. Class I Group F), or to the dipper amphorae (Stewart 1992: Class VII K g) (Fig. 11:2).

3. Jar "cooking" pot, fragment of rim missing. H.: 0.115, D.M.: 0.092, D.B.: 0.03. R.P. Hard red fabric, medium inclusions; thin red-orange slip, medium lustre. Ovoid body, wide flaring rim, short neck, flat base. Opposed semicircular projections on shoulders, pierced vertically in the middle. Similar to Tomb la, no. 6. Stewart 1992, Class IX, Group B

type f, pi. XXX: 1. (Fig. 11: 3). 4. Jug, body and neck damaged, fragments of walls

and rim missing. H.P: 0.19, D.M.: 0.035, D.B.: 0.03. R.P. Hard, heavy red fabric with medium inclusions; red slip mottled to grey on the body; medium lustre. Ovoid to globular body, cylindrical neck with upright rim, pointed flattish base. Vertical handle dropping from mid-neck to shoulder; deep incised zigzag decoration on handle. Stewart 1988, 61, Class I, Group B lb, Type a 1:7 vases from Vounous, EC I (Fig. 11:4).

5. Juglet with rounded mouth. H.: 0.14, D.M.: 0.035. Hard, heavy, pale brown fabric, many medium and fine inclusions; surface worn with few traces of brown-red slip preserved where the inclusions rise. Spherical flattened body, with round base, narrow, tall, cylindrical neck with round mouth, thick flaring rim. Vertical loop handle rising from rim to shoulder, rounded in section. Incised decoration: necklace of dots on the upper shoulder around the neck; this decoration is characteristic of some Drab Polished jugs. Morris 1985 (Fig. 11: 5, PL 1: 6).

6. Fragment of store jar neck; fragment of wall belonging to the neck with a portion of the handle. R.P. Hard, heavy red fabric with medium inclusions. Red-orange hard slip, medium lustre on exterior. Two impressions on the wall at both sides of handle attachment.

Comment on finds Bowl no.l is a common shape, and the fabric

is poor like the domestic coarse pottery. An exact parallel of the small jar no. 3 has been classified by Stewart as a possible Round Topped Pyxis (Stewart 1992: Class IX, Group B Type f pi: XXX: 1) linked to the family of the cooking pots of Class VIII Group F Type a , and it is a variant of no. 6 found in Tomb 1. Jug no. 4 has a peculiar neck with a straight rim and may be a later version of the EC I jug from Vounous classified by Stewart (1988, 61) as Class I, Group B l b . Type a 1. Also juglet no. 2 is probably a regional version of the cream jug classified by Stewart 1988, Class I Group F. Jug no. 5 has no direct parallels, but the fabric and the decoration are characteristic of the Limassol region in EC III-MC I.

Suggested chronology: end of EC III.

Fig. 11


TOMB 4 (Fig. 12) Tomb 4 was excavated by Petridis (19-IV-

1954), together with Tomb 3, again no evidence of bones was recorded, only some vases and pottery sherds. The tomb was found close to Tomb 3, to the south, in the same garden of a private house in the centre of the village. The shape of the tomb is also roughly squared, with the southern corner rounded, 0.80X0.80m. As in the case of Tomb 3, the preserved depth was about 0.30m. The walls sloped slightly to the east. Petridis ' plan shows that the gifts were located in the west corner. Some pottery sherds (not found in the Museum) were in the south corner and the fragment of a flask (no. 4) in the east. 1. Bowl. H.: 0.05, D.M.: 0.075. Thickness: from 0.007

(rim) to 0.014 (base). Rough, gritty, coarse, drab fabric, many inclusions; red-brown washed surface, irregular on exterior, smoothed and polished on interior. Thick walls, roughly shaped hemispherical body, converging sides, rounded base. The shape and the dimension suggest that this bowl was probably made to be used as a crucible, or that it represents the symbolic presence of a crucible in some relation with the person buried in the tomb (Fig. 12: 1, PI. 1: 5).

2. Jug. H.: 0.153, D.M.: 0.037, D.B.: 0.045. Coarse, hard, heavy, red-brown fabric with medium inclusions; thin, red-orange slip. Globular to piriform body, rounded-flattish small base, tapering neck, rounded mouth with flaring rim. Handle dropping from mid-neck to shoulder, rounded in section, with a small knob in the middle. Stewart 1988: Class I, Group B 1 b (Fig. 12: 2).

3. Bowl, rim chipped. H.: 0.08, D.: 0.118. Red-brown, medium hard fabric, medium inclusions; red slip mottled to dark grey and black on exterior and interior, medium lustre. Hemispherical body, pointed-flat base, converging sides. Small angular lug under the rim, horizontally pierced, squared in section. Similar to Alampra F 638-640: references in Coleman etal. 1996, 320-1 (Fig. 12: 3).

4. Flask, half of lower body, and handle missing. H.: 0.115. D.R Fabric similar to Tomb 3, no. 5 but less hard. Pale brown fabric, many medium and fine inclusions; surface worn with few traces of brown-red slip, preserved where the inclusions rise and inside the incisions of the decoration. Ovoid to

Plan (a) and section (b) of Tomb 4.

T T T >

Fig. 12

Plate 1


globular body, tall, restricted neck with bell rim, two perforations on the neck under the rim. Incised decoration: vertical zig-zag bands of double line fill with dashes on the neck and horizontal zig-zag bands with the same motif on the body, three horizontal lines incised under the rim and at the base of the neck. Stewart 1992: Class V, Group A Type c2 (Fig. 12: 4).

Comment on finds It is interesting to note that among the grave

gifts of Tomb 4 was a particular coarse bowl the fabric of which is so coarse and thick that it is

possible that it is a crucible bowl ready to be used. A similar object (diam. 0.084), classified as crucible, was found at Thermi (Lamb 1936, 157, nos 30, 37, pi. XXIV). The presence of the bowl in this tomb is enigmatic as the tomb is very poor in dimensions and quality of gifts. But considering the metallurgical character of the Pyrgos settlement and the presence in the same necropolis of a blacksmith's tomb (Tomb 21) it is possible to presume that this object had a peculiar symbolic meaning for the person buried here.

Suggested chronology: MC I-II.

r i E P i A H r a To (XQOQO auxo avacpeoexai ae e§r| xdcpoug xr|g noa)iur |g-Mear|g Ejtoyj|g xou XaXxou, xoug

ojtoioug aveoxatpe TO T[xf||j,a Aoxaioxfjxcov oxov n u p y o xr|g EjraQxiag Aejieoou ajto xo 1940 \ie%Qi xo 1954.

Oi acoaxtxeg avaoxacpeg xou Turpaxog AQxaioxf|xoov exouv |3or)9f|oei axr| auXXoyf| JIATJQOCTJO-QLCOV Jtov acporjouv xov x^>QO x a i XTJV e^djtXooor] xng vexQOJtoXecog xou I luoyou, oi oreoieg oxr|v auvexeia |3of|0r|aav caoxe va evxomaxei o auyxoovog oixiojiog. H ouyxevxpcoori xoov xdcpcov auum-jtxei [ie xo xevxgo xou ouyxQovou x030101^- O Tdcpog 1 Sev jroejtei va xoovoôyeixai u,exd XTJV Meor\ Ejtoxf] xov Xaktiov II, o Tdcpog l a oxi aQyoxeoa ajto XTJV notouri] Ejioxf) xou XaXxou III x a i xnv Mear] Ejroxf| xov Xakuov I. To UATXO xou Tdqpou 2 cpaivexat va eivai xpovoôyixd noXv xovxd oe auxo xou Tdcpou 1, aXka r\a Siayvoooxixf|g xeoaurxf|g xov xojtoOexei oe ura jtQcoijroxeon cpdoT] yupoo OXTJV noobiuri Ejtoxr| xov XaAxou I - I I . O Tdcpog 2a Jteoiexei ayyeia, xa ojtoia UJTOQOUV v a XQOvoXoynxouv axr|v noobiuri Ejtoxf| xov Xakxov II u^XQi TT]V Mear| Ejtoxf| xou XOIKOV II. H j t aooua ia oxxcb oxeXexobv Seixvei oxi o xdcpog eixe avoLxxei xouXdxioxov 6uo oog xoeig cpooeg yia xov evxacpiaaurj xcov vexoobv x a i eva orpavxixo XQOVLXO Sidoxnu,a exei neao)ia |3f|oei ptexaî) xng jtfjobxrig xa t xng xeA.euxaiag xacprjg, xoov ojtoicov UALXO 6ev Jtarjaxeivexai \iexa xtjv Meor) EJXOXT| xou Xakxov II.

H XEQaurxf | xou Tdcpou 3 eivai xaoaxxr|Qioxixf| xr|g EjtaQXia5 Aejieoou xaxd XTJV nQO)iur| Ejtoxf| xov XaA,xou III [xexQt t t |v Meor] Ejtoxf| xou XaX,xou I. O Tdcpog 4 neoieixe avdpieaa oe aXka xa t eva ayyeio, mOavov xcoveuxf|Qi, xo orcoto eixe au|i|3oArxri ar\\iaoia yia xo vexoo.


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Rescue excavation tombs from pyrgos 2002

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