Thermal Performance of Mosque Architectural Forms and its impacts on indoor temperature and thermal...

Thermal Performance of Mosque Architectural Forms and its impacts on indoor

temperature and thermal comfort

Al - Sharjah as a case study

Emad S.Mushtaha

Assistant Professor, Dep., of Architecture, University of Sharjah

Abstract

Hundreds of mosques have been built to serve people in Sharjah city. A previous

research published in 2007 has investigated the main mosque forms in the city of

Sharjah, four forms were found: square, square with small additives in four

directions, rectangle, and octagonal. Herein, in this study the forms are simplified

to three forms instead of four for the similarity between the first two forms. The

study investigates the effect of these forms on its thermal performance,

occupants’ thermal comfort, and indoor temperature. Three model scenarios

representing the original three forms have been developed using the ECOTECT

software. The location of the buildings and its area and materials plus the

internal heat gain were kept the same in the simulation models. From the

investigation, results obtained showed a significant effect of mosque form and

construction on its thermal performance, indoor temperature and occupants’

thermal comfort. Therefore, It is recommended to revise the existing designing

approach to consider best forms and construction details that consume less

energy and achieve the comfort.

KEYWORDS: Mosque Design, Sharjah City, Thermal performance, Thermal Comfort,

Indoor Temperature

1. INTRODUCTION

Mosque in Arabic called “masjid”, which is a defined space of worship for

followers of Islam, where all Muslims can meet together for prayers. Historically,

the mosque worked as a center for information, education, and dispute

settlement. The main spaces in mosque buildings are: prayer hall, dome and

minaret, services area for toilets and ablution, Imam residence, and courtyard

(not in all buildings). As mentioned earlier, hundreds of mosques have been built

to serve people in Sharjah city. This number of mosques is in an increase as the

government is giving a special attention to the religious buildings. Locally, many

endeavors and studies had focused on sustainability issues; few of them

discussed the environmental aspects of mosques. There have been several calls

asking for proper use of passive design tools like shading devices, insulation, and

natural ventilation in order to improve the thermal performance of indoor

spaces.

Regionally, the topic is immensely active on the table and many researchers

have investigated the performance of such buildings like (Asfour,2009 ),

(Abideen, 1997), (Al-Najim and Al-Mofeez ,1999). Therefore, the authors have

decided to investigate the effect of mosque forms and passive design on its

thermal performance within the comfort limits.

According to a previous research published in few years ago (AWAD, 2007), four

forms were found: square, square with small additives in four directions,

rectangle, and octagon. It is noticed that these forms can be simplified to three

forms instead of four for the similarity between the first two forms.

The impact of the passive design’s elements on room temperature has been

studied to improve indoor comfort. Herein, achieving environmentally friendly

designs within the most modest means in a sound environment is urgently

needed.

Three strategies namely: shading, ventilation, insulation for walls, roofs and floors

in addition to a baseline case were conducted in the study in order to obtain

effective solution for indoor environment. The modelling analyses would focus on

summer rather than winter for its obvious problems of hight“Tempaerature and

Heat”.

This study aims to show the impact of passive tools on building thermal

performance under hot climate regions and to investigate the effect of building

forms on its thermal performance which would help future design to list its

priorities, tools, and materials towards sustainability, and would assist decision

makers set their priorities on passive tools and proper form within comfort limits

Herein, this study focuses on evaluating some common passive parameters such

as shading devices, natural ventilation, and insulation on mosques.

2. OJECTIVES:

The main objectives of this study are to investigate:

1.The impact of passive design on building thermal performance.

2.The effect of building forms on its thermal performance.

This would help designers and decision makers list their priorities, forms, and

materials towards sustainability.

3. THE EFFECT OF MOSQUE FORM AND CONSTRUCTION ON THERMAL

PERFORMANCE

3.1. STUDY METHODOLOGY

The selected research methodology here is using ECOTECT computer software

to simulate the thermal performance. Using computer software enables studying

various scenarios of building mass, geometry and materials, under specific

climatic conditions.

3.2. ECOTECT

Ecotect is one of the most common environmental software analysis and

simulation packages, which is widely used both professionally as well as on

research projects. Using a graphical interface, the building models are

generated and materials, dimensions and building elements are specified. The

finished model is then simulated with a specific climatic conditions and

numerical as well as visual results are obtained. Ecotect version 2011 was used

during this research.

3.3. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

As the research is looking at mosques in the city of Sharjah, UAE. No specific

climatic data file could be obtained at the time of this study for Al Sharjah city.

However due to the close proximity of the city of Dubai, whith the borders of

sharjah and Dubai merging together. The climatic data file for Dubai was used.

90% of the mosques in Sharjah lie within a 50km radius circle from Dubai.

Dubai and Sharjah have a hot and arid climate with mild warm winters (23o

average high temperatures) and extremely warm and humid summers (42o

average high temperatures). Accordingly internal thermal comfort is not a

problem in winter compared to summer, and it was hence chosen to model the

thermal performance inside the mosque at the worst possible scenario, which is

the average hottest day of the year, which is the 19th of August according to

the Ecotect weather file.

3.4. MOSQUE OCCUPATION SCHEDULE

Ecotect allows setting up an occupation schedule for each zone in the model.

This is beneficiary in the mosque scenario as the mosque occupation patterns

varies greatly according to prayer times. The mosque simulated has a constant

indoor area of 400m2, this allows for a peak occupation of 800 prayers (2 persons

per square meter). From many sites observation, the following occupation

schedule was used in this study:

1. 5% constant occupation of the prayer space

2. 20% occupation during daily prayers (5 prayers per day)

3. 100% occupation during the Friday prayer.

3.5. SELECTED FORMS

From the literature, three main mosque forms where selected: The square

mosque, the rectangular and the octagonal mosque. The form of such where

simplified to the bare minimum relevant to this study. The areas of the mosques

are kept constant at 400 m2 and height at 5m. Hence the three variants have

an equal internal volume and occupation capacity.

3.6. STUDY VARIATIONS MATRIX

For each of the three cases selected, several variation where tested,

representing the baseline (standard mosque construction and practice) as well

as 5 other variations for passive design strategies suitable for the selected

climate. These strategies include: Fabric insulation, Solar shading and natural

ventilation. Also combining these strategies together has been studied, as per

the following matrix:

Square Rectangle Octagon

1 Baseline A1 B1 C1

2 Insulation A2 B2 C2

3 Shading A3 B3 C3

4 Insulation + Shading A4 B4 C4

5 Ventilation A5 B5 C5

6 Ins. + Shad. + Vent. A6 B6 C6

The different cases are explained below:

3.6.1. BASELINE CASE

The baseline cases (A1, B1, C1) represent the standard practice for mosque

buildings with the standard building materials.

Component Material U-

Value Admittance Width

Wall Concrete Block with Plaster 1.170 3.690 235mm

Windows Single Glazed – Aluminum frame 6.00 6.00 6mm

Floor Concrete Slab with Carpet 0.920 6.00 1,620mm

Roof Clay Tiled 3.10 3.10 135mm

3.6.2. INSULATION

Thermal insulation increases the resistance of the building materials to heat

transfer, which mainly regulates the fabric heat gains and losses. This has a

double effect, of reducing the heat gain from the outside during the peak

temperature hours as well as prevent heat loss during night, which is an effect

known as thermal lag

In these second cases (A2, B2, and C2) have been upgraded with insulation

materials with much better U values, this included insulated walls, double glazed

windows and an insulated green roof.

Component Material U-

Value Admittance Width

Wall Double Concrete Block with

Polystyrene insulation

0.420 3.910 280mm

Windows Double Glazed – Air gap –

Aluminum frame

2.410 2.380 42mm

Floor Concrete Slab with Carpet 0.920 6.00 1,620mm

Roof Concrete roof – insulation –

gravel and soil with grass

1.030 4.50 570mm

3.6.3. SHADING

Solar shading blocks direct solar radiation from entering the building through

glazed windows, such as physical vertical, and horizontal shading devices. These

horizontal louvers where designed to block the direct solar radiation on windows

during the summer months (June to Aug) between the hours of 10:00am in the

morning and 3:00pm in the afternoon.

Ecotect solar shading design wizard was used to accurately model the shading

devices according to those parameters. This strategy is explored in cases (A3, B3,

and C3)

3.6.4. VENTILATION

For a mosque building, people go in

and out very frequently, hence

insuring a tight building is almost

impossible. Some large mosques

counter that by using double doors,

however in this size of mosque a single

door is used. The average air change

rate for such has been set at 2 ach/hr.

Natural ventilation as a passive

strategy helps increase thermal comfort by increasing air change rate. Hence

this strategy was explored by introducing natural ventilation within the mosque

space at a rate of 10 air changes per hour. Explored in cases (A5, B5, C5)

3.6.5. COMBINING STRATEGIES

Cases (A4, B4, and C4) explore combining insulation and natural ventilation

strategies.

Cases (A6, B6, and C6) explore combining the three passive strategies: Insulation,

Shading and Ventilation.

4. ANALYSIS

4.1. CASE A

4.1.1. DESCRIPTION

Case A is a square Mosque with an area of 400 m2, dimensions are 20 x20m. The

mosque is oriented to point towards Qibla, 102o degrees clockwise from North.

This makes the facades almost north, east, south and west oriented respectively.

The mosque space has a height of 5m. A door is placed on the opposite side of

the Qibla for an entrance. The other three facades have windows equal to 20%

of the façade area. Windows are all 2m in height with a sill of 1.5m

4.1.2. THERMAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS – INTERNAL TEMPERATURES

The above model with variations listed earlier was run on Ecotect and internal

temperatures for the “Average hottest summer day”(19th of August), was

extracted as follows:

Figure 1 - Case A thermal performance

Case A1

This case considered the baseline; normal practice for mosque buildings uses

the standard materials, with minimal insulation, 2 air changes per hour and high

envelope leakage.

For the Baseline case B1, internal temperatures are around (4.7o) above the

outdoor temperatures during the lowest temperatures of the day at 5am and

around (1.3o) above the peak temperature at 2pm.

Case A2

In this case, highly insulated materials are used in walls, windows and roof. For

case A2, the added insulation has greatly benefited the internal comfort, by

regulating the temperatures. The temperatures at 5am are around (3.6o) above

the outdoor temperatures, however peak temperatures at 2pm drop by more

than (2.7o).

29.00

31.00

33.00

35.00

37.00

39.00

41.00

43.00

45.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

OUTSIDE

A1_Baseline

A2_Insulation

A3_Shading

A4_Insulation + Shading

A5_Ventillation

A6_Insul. + Shad. + Vent.

Case A3

In this case, shading devices are added to block the sun at peak temperature

hours from 10:00am to 3:00pm.

Almost no advantage was shown by shading alone in this case. Temperatures

are almost similar to the baseline case with a drop of less than (0.1o).

Case A4

Case A4 combines the insulation from case A2 with the shading devices from

case A3.

Again showing almost similar results to the case A2 (insulation alone). With

minimal advantage gained from shading the windows in this scenario. Less than

(0.1o) difference.

Case A5

This case explores the effect of natural ventilation, by increasing the air change

rate 5x times the standard.

Ventilation in such a climate shows approx. (1.5o)increase I indoor temperatures

above the outdoor temperatures during the coldest time of the day at 5am and


Case A6

This case combines all the 3 strategies tried in the previous options

For case A6, internal temperatures are approx. (4.6o) above the outdoor

temperatures during the lowest temperatures of the day at 5am and around

(2.7o) below the peak temperature at 2pm.

The average temperatures for the six cases are as follows:

Figure 2 - Average Temperatures For Case A

A study of the average temperatures for the 6 scenarios in comparison to the

ambient temperatures reveal that although casesA6, A5 and A4 are performing

better than the other cases, average temperatures within the space cannot be

dropped to comfortable levels with passive strategies alone.

37.11

39.20

37.90

39.18

37.89 37.84

37.29

35.0

35.5

36.0

36.5

37.0

37.5

38.0

38.5

39.0

39.5

40.0

Aver. O

utsid

e

Aver. A

1

Aver. A

2

Aver. A

3

Aver. A

4

Aver. A

5

Aver. A

6

deg

ree

s

4.2. CASE B

4.2.1. DESCRIPTION

Case B is a rectangular Mosque with an

area of 400 m2, dimensions are 15 x

26.6m. As per the preferred Islamic rule,

the longest side is towards Qibla. Similar

to case A,the mosque s rotated 102o

clock wise towards the qibla. This makes

the facades almost north, east, south

and west oriented respectively.The

mosque space has a height of 5m.A

door is placed on the opposite side of the Qibla for an entrance. The other three

facades have windows equal to 20% of the façade area. Windows are all 2m in

height with a sill of 1.5m



temperatures for the “Average hottest summer day” was extracted as follows:

FIGURE 3 - CASE B THERMAL PERFORMANCE

29.00

31.00

33.00

35.00

37.00

39.00

41.00

43.00

45.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

OUTSIDE

B1_Baseline

B2_Insulation

B3_Shading

B4_Insulation + Shading

B5_Ventillation

B6_Ventillation

Case B1



envelope leakage.

For the Baseline case B1, internal temperatures are around (4o) above the



Case B2

In this case, highly insulated materials are used in walls, windows and roof. For

case B2, the added insulation has greatly benefited the internal comfort, by

regulating the temperatures. The temperatures at 5am are around (4o) above

the outdoor temperatures, however peak temperatures at 2pm drop by more

than (4o).

Case B3


hours from 10:00am to 3:00pm. For case B3, Almost no advantage shown by

shading alone in this case. Temperatures are almost similar to the baseline case

Case B4

Case B4 combines the insulation from case B2 with the shading devices from

case B3. For case B4, again showing almost similar results to the case B2

(insulation alone). With minimal advantage gained from shading the windows in

this scenario. Less than (0.1o) difference.

Case B5


rate 5x times the standard. For case B5, ventilation in such a climate shows

approx. (2o) above the outdoor temperatures during the lowest temperatures of

the day at 5am and around (0.5o) above the peak temperature at 2pm.

Case B6


For case B6, internal temperatures are approx. (2.1o) above the outdoor


(2.4) below the peak temperature at 2pm.

The average daily temperatures for the six cases are as follows:

FIGURE 4 - AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR CASE B


ambient temperatures reveal that though case B6, B5 and B2 are performing



37.11

39.16

37.90

39.17

37.90 37.83

37.30

35.0

35.5

36.0

36.5

37.0

37.5

38.0

38.5

39.0

39.5

40.0

Aver. O

utsid

e

Aver. B

1

Aver. B

2

Aver. B

3

Aver. B

4

Aver. B

5

Aver. B

6

deg

rees

4.3. CASE C

4.3.1. DESCRIPTION

Case C is anoctagonalmosque with an area

of 400 m2, with each side measuring 9.1 m.

The mosque space has a height of 5m.A

door is placed on the opposite side of the

Qibla for an entrance. The other 7 facades

have windows equal to 20% of the façade area. Windows are all 2m in height

with a sill of 1.5m.



temperatures for the “Average hottest summer day” was extracted as follows:

FIGURE 5 - CASE C THERMAL PERFORMANCE

29.00

31.00

33.00

35.00

37.00

39.00

41.00

43.00

45.00

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

OUTSIDE

C1_Baseline

C2_Insulation

C3_Shading

C4_Insulation + Shading

C5_Ventillation

C6_Insul. + Shad. + Vent.

Case C1



envelope leakage.

For the Baseline case C1, internal temperatures are around (4o) above the



Case C2

In this case, highly insulated materials are used in walls, windows and roof.

For case C2, the added insulation has greatly benefited the internal comfort, by

regulating the temperatures. The temperatures at 5am are around (4.2o) above

the outdoor temperatures, however peak temperatures at 2pm drop by approx.

(4.8o).

Case C3


hours from 10:00am to 3:00pm.

For case C3, shading shows a drop of less than (0.1o) compared to the baseline

case C1.

Case C4

Case C4 combines the insulation from case C2 with the shading devices from

case C3.

For case C4, again showing almost similar results to the case C2 (insulation

alone). With minimal advantage gained from shading the windows in this

scenario. Less than (0.1o) difference.

Case C5


rate 5x times the standard.

For case C5, ventilation in such a climate shows approx. (1.8o) above the



Case C6


For case C6, internal temperatures are approx. (1.8o) above the outdoor


(1.4) below the peak temperature at 2pm.

The average daily temperatures for the six cases are as follows:

FIGURE 6 - AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR CASE C


ambient temperatures reveal that though case C6, C4 and C2 are performing



37.11

39.38

37.91

39.37

37.90 37.93

37.29

35.0

35.5

36.0

36.5

37.0

37.5

38.0

38.5

39.0

39.5

40.0

Aver. O

utsid

e

Aver. C

1

Aver. C

2

Aver. C

3

Aver. C

4

Aver. C

5

Aver. C

6

deg

rees

4.4. COMPARING THE THREE MOSQUE FORMS A, B AND C

4.4.1. COMPARISON OF THE THREE CASES

The previous study has compared the performance for the variants (cases) of

the three different mosque forms: A, B and C. Here we attempt to compare the

best case for each form to establish the best performing geometry so far. Hence

the temperature schemes for the cases: A6, B6 and C6 are compared and the

difference in temperatures for each scheme against the ambient where plotted

as follows:

FIGURE 7 - TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR CASES A, B AND C

The comparison shows the octagonal mosque (Case C6) performing better than

the other options in regulating the internal temperatures. Achieving the lowest

average temperatures throughout the average warmest day.

However as earlier recorded, none of the three cases with three variations,

where able to drop the average indoor temperatures beyond the average

outdoor temperatures. Generally indoor thermal comfort is not possible using

passive strategies alone.

4.4.2. STUDY OF THE SAVINGS IN THE AC POWER LOAD

-1.70

-1.20

-0.70

-0.20

0.30

0.80

1.30

1.80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Case A6

Case B6

case C6

Hence, as is the common practice in the region of study, active air conditioning

systems are required to achieve thermal comfort in summer. However based on

the simulations done, passive strategies where able to drop the indoor

temperatures inside the mosque, by an average of (2.1o) during the warmest

summer day. The study was extended to study the savings in AC power load

that can be achieved using such passive strategies compared to baseline case.

Similar to the previous study, Ecotect software was used to calculate the AC

power load during the full year for Cases (C1) and (C6), representing the best

performing passive scenario, compared to its baseline. A hybrid air-conditioning

system was assumed, with 95% efficiency, with a lower band thermostat range

of (18o) and an upper band of (26o). This system operates only when the

temperatures fall beyond the thresholds, and remains off otherwise.

FIGURE 8 - AC COOLING LOAD COMPARISON FOR THE BASELINE CASE C1 AND

BEST PASSIVE STRATEGIES C6

The figure above is showing a considerable savings in AC cooling load, between

the passively designed Case C6 compared to the baseline case C1. The total

yearly cooling load calculated by Ecotect dropped from 229 MWh per year for

the C1, to 64 MWh per year for case C6. The maximum savings occur on winter

months (December to February) with the cooling load almost eliminated (13% to

2% of the original load), while savings in summer though less (approx. 71% from

June to August) are still considerable. The average savings are 77% of the

original load.

0.0 0.1 1.1

3.6

7.1 8.5

12.1 12.3

9.5

6.9

2.6

0.5 0.5 1.5

5.1

13.7

25.5

29.8

41.6 42.6

32.4

23.3

9.4

3.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

MW

h

Case C6 Case C1

FIGURE 3 - SAVINGS IN COOLING LOAD FOR CASE C6 COMPARED TO C1

The simulation also shows a drop in the peak cooling load from 123,815 W at

14:00 on the 19th of August in case C1, to 40,209W at 12:00 on the 31st of August

in case C6. This means a 67.5% reduction in the cooling load, which allows

designing a much smaller HVAC system to handle such a load compared to the

baseline case, further contributing to lowering the initial cost, as well as running

a more efficient system with optimized load.

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1. SUMMARY

5.1.1. EFFECT OF MOSQUE GEOMETRY

The simulation done, showed that even though there is an effect of the mosque

geometry on its performance. This effect is a negligible impact compared to the

other factors, this mainly relates to the geographic location of the study in the

UAE, where the sun angles during summer are so high, that the orientation of the

facades has almost no effect.

Never the less, the Octagonal mosque performed better than the other

geometries, this is due to the fact that it has the smallest surface area versus the

internal volume, with the square mosque having a bigger surface area and the

rectangle having the biggest surface area. The small surface area in such a

climate reduces the fabric gains through the walls and roofs, resulting in lower

internal temperatures.

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Cooling Load savings

5.1.2. PASSIVE STRATEGIES

Several passive strategies where simulated, including Insulation, Solar Shading

and Ventilation, as well as two combination . The simulations showed the

following:

Thermal insulation showed the most profound effect on reducing the

internal temperatures during the peak hours averaging (2.7o below

ambient outside temperatures) and (4.2o below baseline case)

Solar shading has a lesser effect on reducing the internal temperatures

compared to the ambient. (1.7o above ambient outside temperatures)

and (0.1o below baseline case). This is the result of the sun angles in

summer being extremely vertical, reducing the efficiency of the shading

louvers

Natural ventilation had a very limited effect, mainly due to the high

ambient outside temperatures. Showing (0.6o above ambient outside

temperatures) and (0.9o below baseline case)

Combining the three strategies proved to be the most effective over-all

managing to regulate the indoor temperatures to approx. (0.2o above the

ambient outdoor temperatures)

However, none of the passive strategies nor their combinations was able

to drop the indoor temperatures to comfortable levels. This is mainly due

the very high outdoor temperatures during summer and the high heat

gain due to occupancy inside the mosque.

5.1.3. ACTIVE STRATEGIES AND SAVING ENERGY

It was clear from the analysis done that due to the harsh summer climate in the

UAE, it’s not possible to achieve thermal comfort in mosques with passive

strategies alone. The combination of very high summer temperatures almost all

day, the high relative humidity as well as the high internal heat gain from the

large number of prayers, makes the use of active strategies to cool the space to

reasonable temperatures a necessity.

However from the previous analysis, it was clear that passive design can help

reduce the AC cooling load, by dropping the internal temperatures as well as

reduce the external heat gain.

To measure the efficiency of such a scenario, a comparative study was done to

calculate the monthly cooling load of the baseline case C1 against the best

passive scenario C6.

Results showed a huge savings in the cooling load throughout the year, a

reduction that reaches almost 97% during January and averages around 71%

during summer. The passive strategies in C6 have also reduced the peak cooling

load from 123,815 W to 40,209W, a 67.5% savings.

5.2. CONCLUSION

The results shown in this study can be summarized in the following points:

Mosque shapes with the minimum surface area achieve better

performance in the Sharjah/Dubai climate, and reducing the external

heat gain.

Passive design strategies can help reduce the external heat gain as well

as regulate the internal temperatures. However are not able to achieve

thermal comfort conditions.

Combining passive and active strategies significantly reduces the energy

use for cooling the mosque space, as well as reducing the size of the

HVAC units used.

5.2.1. FUTURE STUDIES

A number of other points can be explored in future studies relating to passive

mosque design that have not been covered here:

Combining renewable energy systems, like PVs on the mosque roof, to

generate energy as well as reduce the solar heat gain by blocking the

sun from reaching the roof surface.

Using hybrid cooling systems like ground cooling to further optimize the

active cooling.

Exploring more innovative mosque building geometries like semi-spherical

shapes or semi-buried buildings.

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Al-Najim A., Al-Mofeez I., 1999, The Role of Courtyard in Power Consumption of

the Mosque. EbenSaleh, M., Alkokani, A.,Proceedings of the symposium on

mosque architecture, Vol. 6A: The Environmental Control in Mosque Architecture,

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Abideen K., Aspects of Passive Cooling and the Potential Savings in Energy,

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Transactions.

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