The Temporal Dating and Analysis of the Archaeological Assemblage Recovered from a Portion of Prehistoric Site,

“Satos Rini Rumaytak” (At the Hill Above the River Site) CA-SCR-12

A Project Report

Presented to

The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology

San Jose State University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Masters of Arts

By

Gerald M. Starek

December 2013

© 2013

Gerald M. Starek

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Abstract

In 1986, the Department of Anthropology at San Jose State University conducted an

archaeological field school excavation project on a portion of prehistoric site CA-SC-12. This

project was initiated by the cultural resource management firm, Archeological Consulting and

Research Services Inc. (ACRS) of Santa Cruz, Ca., as a mitigation alternative for offsetting the

potential impact to CA-SCR-12, by a proposed residential development project. A total of 15,100

elements were recovered from the site by the SJSU field school team and an additional 1292

elements were recovered from the site by ACRS. All materials were later accessioned into the

San Jose State University Department of Anthropology Repository.

This project report details the inventorying and analysis of the SJSU CA-SCR-12

assemblage. In addition, I frame three basic research questions about the nature of the site and I

turn to AMS dating, XRF sourcing, and obsidian hydration studies to obtain data which may aid

in answering those questions.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my mother, wife, and my three daughters for their love, patience,

and support during my research and writing of this project report. I am also greatly indebted

to many people who provided suggestions and assistance when needed: Dr. Eric Bartelink,

Mathew Diez, John Schlagheck, Deniz Enverova, Jean Geary, Melynda Atwood, Deep

Choudhari, Joshua Garcia, Michael Wescoat, Leon Manou, and Alana Daigneault. I would also

like to thank my Graduate Committee beginning with my Committee Chair Dr. Meniketti for

encouraging me to apply to the Master’s Program in Applied Anthropology, Dr. Sunseri for her

guidance and advice and Mr. Alan Leventhal who introduced me to the prehistoric Muwekma

Ohlone site CA-SCR-12, which became the focus of my research. This project would have been

impossible without their assistance. Finally, I thank the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San

Francisco Bay Area for their support in my efforts to learn more about this ancestral heritage

site. It was an honor to work with the cultural materials from prehistoric site, “Satos Rini

Rumaytak” (At the Hill Above the River Site) CA-SCR-12 and I thank you for that privilege.

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Table of Contents Chapter Page No. Table of Contents ii List of Figures iii List of Tables viii List of Maps ix Chapter 1: Introduction: Project Overview 1 Chapter 2: Archival Literature Search from the Northwest Information Center 21 Chapter 3: Analysis of Flaked, Pecked, and Battered Stone from CA-SCR-12 35 Chapter 4: Analysis of Shellfish Remains Recovered from CA-SCR-12 97 Chapter 5: Analysis of Faunal Bone Recovered from CA-SCR-12 113 Chapter 6: Analysis of Bone and Shell Artifacts from CA-SCR-12 123 Chapter 7: Historic Artifacts Recovered from CA-SCR-12 130 Chapter 8: Burial Descriptions and Skeletal Biology: Inventory and Analysis 133 Chapter 9: The Dating and Chronological Placement of the Prehistoric Site CA-SCR-12 140 Chapter 10: Conclusion 146 Bibliography 152 Appendix A Final Report ACRS Excavation 912 Third Street Appendix B SJSU Research Foundation Grant Appendix C Letter of Support Muwekma Ohlone Tribal Leadership Appendix D Results from AMS Dating: Beta Analytic Laboratory Appendix E Results from XRF Sourcing: Geochemical Research Laboratory Appendix F Results from Obsidian Hydration Study Appendix G Results from Shell Analysis: Museum Services Laboratory Appendix H Results from Nitrogen Isotope Analysis: Dr. Eric Bartelink Appendix I Shell Distribution Trends by Occurrence Appendix J Faunal Bone Chart: Distribution of Taxa by Recovery Context Appendix K Distribution of Historic Artifacts by Recovery Context Appendix L Neonate Skeletal Inventory Sheets

List of Figures Figure No. Page No. Figure 1: Third Street Cottage at Time of Excavation 7 Figure 2: Site Map Showing Location of Test Excavations 8 Figure 3: Biface Fragment (Monterey Chert) 44 Figure 4: Biface Dart Point Fragment (Obsidian) Illustrated 45 Figure 5: Biface Dart Point Fragment (Obsidian) 45 Figure 6: Dart Point Fragment (Red Franciscan Chert) 46 Figure 7: Dart Point Fragment (Green Franciscan Chert) 46 Figure 8: Midsection Fragment (Monterey Chert) 47 Figure 9: Base Fragment Monterey Chert 47 Figure 10: Basal Fragment (Obsidian) Illustrated 48 Figure 11: Basal Fragment (Obsidian) 48 Figure 12: Base Fragment of Dart Point (Monterey Chert) 48 Figure 13: Midsection Fragment of Dart Point (Red Franciscan Chert) 49 Figure 14: Impact Spall (Monterey Chert) 49 Figure 15: Earred Fragment of Projectile Point Base (Illustrated) 50 Figure 16: Earred Fragment of Projectile Point Base (Obsidian) 50 Figure 17: Upper Portion of Dart Point (Monterey Chert) 51 Figure 18: Biface Fragment (Obsidian) 52 Figure 19: Biface Fragment (Obsidian) Illustrated 52 Figure 20: Projectile Point Remnant (Obsidian) 53 Figure 21: Projectile Point Remnant (Obsidian) Illustrated 53 Figure 22: Base Fragment (Monterey Chert) 54

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List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 23: Midsection Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) 54 Figure 24: Base Fragment (Monterey Chert) 55 Figure 25: Tip Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) 56 Figure 26: Tip Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) Illustrated 56 Figure 27: Side-Notched Green Franciscan Chert Projectile Point 57 Figure 28: Side-Notched Green Franciscan Projectile Point (Illustrated) 57 Figure 29: Thermally Affected Dart Point Fragment (Monterey Chert) 58 Figure 30: Thermally Affected Dart Point Fragment (Monterey Chert) Illustrated 58 Figure 31: Proto Backed Knife (Monterey Chert) 59 Figure 32: Backed Knife “Utilized Edge” (Red Franciscan Chert) 60 Figure 33: Backed Knife Truncated “Backed Aspect” (Red Franciscan Chert) 60 Figure 34: Backed Expanding Flake (Rhyolite) 61 Figure 35: Backed “Utilized” Flake Quartzite 62 Figure 36: Backed Cortical Flake (Quartzite) 62 Figure 37: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Quartzite) 63 Figure 38: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Andesite) 64 Figure 39: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Monterey Chert) 64 Figure 40: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Quartzite) 65 Figure 41: Scraper (Andesite) 66 Figure 42: Scraper (Quartzite) 67 Figure 43: Chopper Fragment (Quartzite) 68 Figure 44: Chopper (Quartzite) 68

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List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 45: Possible Chopper (Quartzite) 69 Figure 46: Borer Specimen (Monterey Chert) 70 Figure 47: Borer Specimen (Andesite) 70 Figure 48: Split Sandstone Cobble 75 Figure 49: Large Pecked Sandstone Cobble 75 Figure 50: Edged Battered Cobble (Rhyolite) 76 Figure 51: End Battered Cobble (Sandstone) 77 Figure 52: Chopper / Hammerstone (Andesite) 77 Figure 53: Cobble (Rhyolite) 78 Figure 54: Hammerstone Cobble (Quartzite) 78 Figure 55: Rounded Cobble (Andesite) 79 Figure 56: Possible Steatite Ornaments 80 Figure 57: Possible Ornaments (Steatite) Illustrated 80 Figure 58: Possible Ornaments (Steatite) Illustrated 81 Figure 59: Eighty-Five (85) Obsidian Specimen Recovered from 912 Third Street 83 Figure 60: CA-SCR-12 Obsidian Sources Via Quantitative Composition Estimates 87 and Integrated Net Count Data Figure 61: CA-SCR-12 Obsidian Sources – Frequency and Percent 87 Figure 62: Choosing Location for Obsidian Thin Section Removal 90 Figure 63: Obsidian Thin Section Removal 91 Figure 64: Preparing Obsidian Thin Section Microscope Slides 91 Figure 65: Obsidian Thin Section Positioned in Liquefied Metal 92

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List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 66: Sample of Prepared Obsidian Thin Section Slides 92 Figure 67: Grinding This Section Slides: 600 – Grip Powder, Glass Plate, & Water 93 Figure 68: Grinding Thin Section to Half its Original Thickness 93 Figure 69: Making Hydration Readings 94 Figure 70: Eighty-Two Unit Level Shell Samples 98 Figure 71: Mytilus californianus Shell Samples 102 Figure 72: Protothaca staminea Shell Sample 103 Figure 73: Olivella biplicata Shell Samples 103 Figure 74: Thatched Barnacle Samples 104 Figure 75: Coronula diadma (Whale Barnacle) Exterior View 104 Figure 76: Saxidomus nuttalli (Shell Fragment) 105 Figure 77: Tegula funebralis &Tegula brunnea Samples 106 Figure 78: Platyodon cancellatus (Shell Fragments) 106 Figure 79: Collisella digitalis Shell Sample 107 Figure 80: Collisella pelta Shell Sample 108 Figure 81: Collisella scabra Shell Sample 108 Figure 82: Undifferentiated Chitons 109 Figure 83: Cryptochiton stelleri (Shell Fragments) 109 Figure 84: Nucella canaliculata Shell Sample 110 Figure 85: Mule Deer/California Black-Tailed Deer 115 Figure 86: Cervus canadensis roosevelti cervical bone 116 Figure 87: Cervus canadensis roosevelti AMS Sample 117

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List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Figure 88: Roosevelt Tule Elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti) 117

Figure 89: California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) 118 Figure 90: California Sea Lion (Zalophus californicus) AMS Sample 119 Figure 91: California Sea Lion (Zalophus californicus) 120 Figure 92: Stellar Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubata) 121 Figure 93: Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) 121 Figure 94: Possible Bone Awl Tip 124 Figure 95: Possible Bone Awl Tip (Illustrated) 125 Figure 96: Possible Bone Awl Remnant 125 Figure 97: Possible Bone Awl 126 Figure 98: Possible Bone Awl (Illustrated) 127 Figure 99: Possible Bone Awl 127 Figure 100: Possible G2 or G6a Series Bead Saucer 128 Figure 101: Burial #1- Adult Left Diaphysis Femur Fragment 134 Figure 102: Burial #2- Right Talus 135 Figure 103: Burial #3- Neonate Burial 136 Figure 104: Burial #4- Humeral Head Fragment 137 Figure 105: Cultural Chronology of North Central Coast California 141

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List of Tables Table No. Page No. Table 1: Arbitrary Levels of Excavation 9 Table 2: Principal Shell Taxa from Test Borings 25 Table 3: Principal Shell Taxa from Test Units 25 Table 4: Distribution of Core Types SJSU Assemblage 39-40 Table 5: Distribution and Context of Projectile Point / Biface Types 43 Table 6: SJSU Obsidian Provenience Data (80 Specimens) 84 Table 7: ACRS Obsidian Provenience Data (5 Specimens) 84 Table 8: Obsidian Specimens Sourced Via Energy Dispersive X-Ray 85

Fluorescence Table 9: Provenience Data – 24 Obsidian Specimens Selected for Hydration 89 Table 10: Distribution and Weight of Shell 99 Table 11: Taxonomic List of Identified Faunal Species CA-SCR-12 114-115 Table 12: Results from AMS Dating Burial #1, Shell, and Mammalian Bones 143 Table 13: Hydrated Obsidian Thin Sections Submitted to Origer Obsidian 143

Laboratory Table 14: Conversion Dates on the Mean Hydration Values from CA-SCR-12 144

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List of Maps Map No. Page No. Map 1: Location of CA-SCR-12 7.5 Quad 3 Map 2: CA-SCR-12 Boundary Zone 4 Map 3: Site Map 912 Third Street Burial Locations 138

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1

The Temporal Dating and Analysis of the Archaeological Assemblage Recovered from a Portion of Prehistoric Site,

“Satos Rini Rumaytak” (At the Hill Above the River Site) CA-SCR-12

Chapter 1: Introduction and Project Overview

Introduction

This project report details the fieldwork and resultant analysis of two prehistoric

archaeological assemblages that were recovered from a portion of an Early Period Ancestral

Ohlone / Costanoan site “Satos Rini Rumaytak” (At the Hill Above the River Site) CA-SCR-12,

located at 912 Third Street, in the City of Santa Cruz, California. One assemblage was recovered

in July 1986 by the cultural resource management firm, Archaeological Consulting and Research

Services Inc. of Santa Cruz, Ca. The other assemblage was recovered in the Fall 1986 by a San

Jose State University Department of Anthropology field school class. All cultural materials

recovered from the ACRS test excavations (1 archive box) were included with those materials

recovered by the SJSU field school class (23 boxes) and were later accessioned into the San Jose

State University Anthropological Facility.

This project report presents information on the results of the Archival Literature search

and the previous archaeological work that has been conducted at the site in Chapter 2; analysis of

the flaked, pecked and battered stone assemblages and other artifacts recovered from CA-SCR-

12 in Chapter 3; analysis of several species of bay and marine shellfish that were identified

within the SJSU shell assemblage in Chapter 4; analysis of specific terrestrial and marine

mammal remains that were identified within the faunal bone assemblages in Chapter 5; analysis

of bone and shell artifacts in Chapter 6; cursory description and numeration of the historic

artifact assemblages in Chapter 7; burial descriptions and skeletal biology in Chapter 8; and the

dating and chronological placement of prehistoric site CA-SCR-12 in Chapter 9.

2

In Chapter 10, I address the three research questions that were put forward in the

beginning phases of this project study. I then discuss the implications of my research and I offer

recommendations for the future analyses of the prehistoric ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan CA-

SCR-12 archaeological assemblage.

SJSU Research Grant

This Master’s project study was partially funded by the San Jose State University,

College of Social Sciences Research Foundation in the amount of $1995.00, for the purposes

of: 1) conducting Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating studies on several

organic materials (human bone, terrestrial and marine mammal bone, and Mytilus shell), 2)

sourcing obsidian artifacts via non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

(EDXRF), and 3) conducting obsidian hydration studies. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, which

is very interested in learning about its ancestral past, submitted a letter to the San Jose State

University Department of Anthropology, which served as a statement of full support for the

specialized studies that are presented in this archaeological project report.

Background Information

ACRS Field Excavation at CA-CR-12

In May 1986, Mr. Tom O’ Neill contacted the cultural resource management firm,

Archaeological Consulting and Research Services Inc. (ACRS) and requested a preliminary

archaeological reconnaissance and a program of archaeological test augerings on a parcel of

land that lay within the recorded boundary of the prehistoric site CA-SCR-12. The subject parcel

consists of less than one acre of land and is located at 912 Third Street in the City of Santa Cruz,

California. The Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) is 005-183-06 and the Universal Transverse

Mercator Grid (UTMG) coordinates for the approximate center point of the project area are:

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Datum: NAD 27 / Zone: 10 / Easting: 586950 / Northing: 4091646 on the U.S.G.S. 7.5

minute Santa Cruz Quadrangle (see Map 1). Mr. O’ Neill owned this particular parcel of land

Map 1: Location of CA-SCR-12 on U.S.G.S. Santa Cruz 7.5’ Quadrangle 1: 24 000

and had submitted a proposal to the City of Santa Cruz for a planned residential development

project. The proposed residential project included the demolition of an existing historic structure

and the construction of two townhomes, a carport, parking facility, walkways, and a resurfacing

of the existing driveway (Dietz 1986). In addition, new landscaping was to be installed.

CA-SCR-12 is an Early Period Ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan site that is located less

than one quarter mile north of the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and it sits on a bluff just above

the southern edge of the San Lorenzo River (Baker 1980). The elevation of the site is

CA-SCR-12

4

approximately 80 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) and the nearest source of fresh water

drainage is the San Lorenzo River, which is located approximately 150 feet to the northeast of

the site. Other fresh water sources in the area include: marshes, lagoons, and other perennial,

intermittent, and ephemeral creeks and drainages (Pulcheon et, al 2006).

A review of all Northwest Information Center detail records, archaeological site records,

maps, and project files associated with CA-SCR-12 indicate that the site’s boundary zone

resembles a large oval. The oval extends from the San Lorenzo River levee near the north end of

Cliff Street on the northeast, to the south side of Pacific Avenue near the east end of West Cliff

Drive on the west, and to a point on Main Street midway between 2nd and 3rd Streets (Cartier

2003). CA-SCR-12 is a massive site and measures approximately 1200 x 600 feet in area (see

Map 2).

Map 2: CA-SCR-12 and Current Surroundings (Source: Google Earth)

Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) principal investigator, Mr. Steven

Dietz and other ACRS investigative personnel reconnoitered and augered the subject parcel per

Mr. O’ Neill’s request. A total of eleven test borings were completed within the subject area and

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the results of that augering program indicated that: 1) a large portion of the subject parcel

contained cultural deposits associated with CA-SCR-12, and 2) cultural deposits which lay in

the middle and front portions of the parcel appear to be undisturbed and intact. A limited

program of archaeological test excavations were recommended in order to determine the

significance of that portion of the site CA-SCR-12 which was found to be situated within the

subject parcel (Dietz 1986).

In July 1986, ACRS returned to the subject area (912 Third Street) and completed a

program of archaeological test excavations near the middle and front portions of that parcel. A

total of three rapid recovery 1x1 meter square excavation Test Units were completed. All three

Test Units were excavated in a succession of separate arbitrary 20 cm levels to depths ranging

from 80-100 cm BS. Cultural deposits were recovered from the test excavations and these

included: thermally altered rock, faunal bone, four Olivella shell beads (types A1b, A1c, and

one G2 or G6 series bead saucer), lithic debitage, ground stone fragments, bone tools, biface

fragments, choppers and ground stone artifacts, and one side-notched Green Franciscan Chert

projectile point. These artifacts are described by Mr. Dietz in his final report titled,

“Archaeological Test Excavations of a Portion of Prehistoric Site CA-SCr-12 Located at 912

Third Street, Santa Cruz, California” (see Appendix A). In addition, all cultural materials

recovered from the ACRS test excavations (1 archive box) were later accessioned into the

collections of the San Jose State Anthropological Facility.

Upon completion of the ACRS data recovery program at 912 Third Street, Mr. Dietz

concluded that the proposed development project would cause a disturbance to that portion

of the site CA-SCR-12, which was found to be situated within the project parcel. Archaeological

Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) prepared a mitigation plan which detailed the

provisions of how construction should proceed and that plan included the following provision:

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“Excavation of a portion of the site within the project parcel by an archaeological field class from San Jose State University. Discussions undertaken at the completion of the test excavations resulted in the permission for the investigation of CA-SCR-12 on the property by a field class from S.J.S.U. as part of the projects mitigation plan. The field class excavations began in September and are in progress. The property owner has offered to provide funds for two radiocarbon dates in the event that the S.J.S.U. excavations recover any suitable materials for dating. A report of any work completed by professional archaeologists will be prepared as part of their involvement. Excavations completed by S.J.S.U. will be summarized in a report prepared by the class. The materials obtained during ACRS’s test excavation (1 archive box) will be included with those recovered by the S.J.S.U. field class and accessioned into the collections of the San Jose State Anthropology facility. Sourcing and hydration dating of the obsidian debitage included in the ACRS test collection will be undertaken as part of the S.J.S.U. field class studies (Dietz 1986, 18-19).”

SJSU Field Excavation at CA-SCR-12

On August 30th 1986, a team of students and staff from the San Jose State University

Department of Anthropology began an eleven-week archaeological field school excavation

project on that parcel of land located at 912 Third Street, under the direction of Anthropology

instructor Dr. Tom Jackson (Student Field Notes 1986). The names of the field school students,

staff, and faculty are listed below and the source of this information comes from the San Jose

State University Anthropology 195 class roster and the site attendance records from the 1986

calendar year. The investigative personnel included:

• Anthropology 195 students

Joan Coulson Tammy Bloom Stephen Kidder Mette Fordan Heather Turner Dara Cohen Patricia Lomas-Wolfe Bennet Willey Stephen Kidder Jill Matsumoto Bob Darcy Laurie Macfee Cynthia Mazzei Brian Wesenberg

• S.J.S.U. Staff: Mr. Alan Leventhal • S.J.S.U. Faculty: Dr. Tom Jackson

7

Field Methods

The excavation phase of the SJSU field school project began in the front and along the

side yard of a circa 1850s cottage style home which was located within the project area (see

Figure 1).

Figure 1: 912 Third Street Cottage at the Time of the Excavation

A total of eleven excavation units were established within the residential parcel (see Figure 2).

The CA-SCR-12 assemblage was recovered from seven controlled 1 x 2 meter excavation

units and four 1.5 x 1.5 meter trench units. All units were excavated using the unit-level

methodology. Here, the technique was to dig each excavation unit down vertically in discreet

arbitrary levels, defined by the lines of a grid system. This system of control, which originates

from a site datum, aids in the recording of the exact provenience of all material recovered from

an archaeological site (Hester, Shafer and Feder 2009).

Nine of these test units were excavated in a succession of separate arbitrary 10 cm levels

8

to depths ranging from 80-100 cm BS. Test Unit 3A and Test Unit 3B were not included in the

initial research design. However, a thin veneer of baked earth/clay was discovered in Unit 3 at a

depth of 70 cm BS (Student Field Notes 1986). The discovery of that feature triggered the

opening of two additional Test Units (Unit 3A and Unit 3B) on the east and west side of Unit 3.

Figure 2: Site Map Showing Location of Test Excavations

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Unit 3A was excavated on the east side of Unit 3, in 30 cm levels to a depth of 60 cm BS. The

excavation of that unit then continued in 15 cm levels to a depth of 90 cm BS. Unit 3B was

excavated on the west side of Unit 3, in 30 cm levels to a depth of 60 cm BS. The excavation of

Unit 3B then continued in 10 cm levels to a depth of 70 cm BS (see Table 1 for the arbitrary

levels of excavation and the depth of each level). The feature itself appears to have been defined,

however, no samples (e.g., floatation, charcoal, or soil) were found in the curated SJSU

Table 1: Arbitrary Levels of Excavation and Depth of Each Level

Depth 10 cm Levels

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3A Unit 3 Unit 3B Unit 4 Unit 5

TRU 1

TRU 2

TRU 3

TRU 4

0-10 10--20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

(75)

70-80 80-90

90-100

collection. All cultural materials recovered from the excavation units were screened using ¼

inch mesh and placed into plastic unit level bags (Student Field Notes 1986). Those bags were

labeled with the site number, unit number, and a reference number and they were placed in unit

level bags, which contained information that include: site number, unit number, unit level,

excavator(s) name, date, and a reference number.

When the excavation phase of the project was near completion, the field school students

drew stratigraphic profiles illustrating the west wall of Test Unit 1, the east wall of Test Unit 4,

and the east wall of Test Unit 5. In addition, the students illustrated the baked earth/clay feature

which was present both in Test Units 3 and 3A. Once the final stages of stratigraphic recording

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were completed, all excavated earth was then backfilled into the excavation units.

On November 8th 1986, the excavation phase of the SJSU field school project concluded.

All recovered cultural materials (totaling 23 boxes) were transported back to the San Jose State

University Department of Anthropology Laboratory for further processing, analysis and

classification. The recovered assemblages included: flaked stone, shell, faunal bone, human

remains, historic materials, and midden soil samples.

Assessment of the SJSU and ACRS Archeological Collections

The SJSU Archaeological Catalog (Phase 1)

In May 2012, I began the present study by conducting a three week preliminary review

and assessment of all available documentation (maps, field / excavation notes, archeological

catalogs) and cultural materials (24 boxes: SJSU n = 23, ACRS n = 1) associated with both the

SJSU and ACRS excavations at CA-SCR-12. As a result, some serious issues began to emerge.

First and foremost, despite having located the SJSU preliminary CA-SCR-12 artifact catalog, it

was evident that this catalog was an incomplete “rough draft” rather than representing a final

artifact inventory. While the “preliminary” or “draft” catalog may be a standard practice in the

process of cataloging any archaeological collection, this particular inventory was missing vital

contextual data associated with the San Jose State University field school excavation at CA-

SCR-12. For example, all catalog sheets and their respective data specifically derived from

Test Units #’s 1, 2, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, and 5, as well as from Trench Unit # 1 were either previously

misplaced or lost.

The archaeological catalog functions as a permanent record reflecting all cultural

materials recovered from an excavation project (Sutton and Arkush 2009). Furthermore, it

contains vital information such as: the project name, the site’s trinomial designation, accession

numbers / catalog numbers, and unit and other provenience information. Catalogues may also

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include scaled drawings, material descriptions, classifications, quantities, weights, and a remarks

section. Therefore, the catalog is one of the most important administrative documents associated

with the analysis of any archaeological project. With that said, the conditions of the SJSU CA-

SCR-12 catalog and the administrative archive were such, that it was virtually impossible to

reference them when trying to frame basic research questions about the nature of the site, based

upon the recovered assemblages. Due to the paucity of documentation in the administrative

archive (i.e., archaeological catalog, unit logs, and other contextual data), I realized that the next

phase of work included laying out the entire assemblage by unit and level in order to obtain a

preliminary understanding of what cultural elements (artifacts, faunal bone, shell, flaked and

ground stone tools, human remains, and historic materials) were present in this particular

collection.

The SJSU CA-SCR-12 Assemblage (Phase II)

In June 2012, I began Phase II which included the process of laying out and accessing the

CA-SCR-12 assemblage by unit and level in the San Jose State University Department of

Anthropology Laboratory and as a result, additional issues began to emerge. For example, a

large portion of all cultural materials (artifacts, faunal bone, shell, lithics, human remains and

historic materials) recovered from Test Units # 1 through # 5, and Trench Units # 1 and # 2 had

only been subjected to a preliminary sort and cursory review. In other words, the SJSU field

school faculty and students never completed the processing of these materials. Furthermore, all

cultural materials recovered from Trench Unit # 3 and Trench Unit # 4 had never been processed

at all. Although this originally posed a very serious dilemma for me, after reviewing the entire

SJSU CA-SCR-12 assemblage (which consisted of approximately 15,100 elements), I discovered

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that a large percentage of all materials recovered from the site were never completely processed

or classified.

The ACRS Administrative Archive and Archaeological Assemblage

As a result of my preliminary review of the SJSU CA-SCR-12 collection, I identified a

total of thirty-six unit level bags containing cultural materials recovered from the 912 Third

Street location within the site, however, they were dated July 1986. This was somewhat

confusing to me, because the SJSU field school excavation project at 912 Third Street did not

begin until August 30th 1986. In addition, all thirty-six unit level bags were recovered from Test

Units that were excavated in a succession of separate arbitrary 20 cm levels, yet none of the

SJSU Test or Trench Units were excavated using that methodology. It became evident that there

was some mixing of the boxed cultural materials between the ACRS and SJSU CA-SCR-12

excavations.

In order to resolve this issue, I went into the San Jose State University Department of

Anthropology Repository and located one box which was labeled, “ACRS: Dietz / CA-SCR-12

Excavation Project - 912 Third Street / July 1986.” Unfortunately, that box did not contain any

administrative paperwork, field notes, or an archaeological catalog either. Once I laid out that

assemblage by unit and level, it became apparent that approximately 1,292 artifactual and

ecofactual materials required separate processing and further classification before including them

in my study.

The Archaeological Report -The Dissemination of Information (Phase III)

In July 2012, I made three trips to the Northwest Information Center at Sonoma State

University in Rohnert Park to try to access all relevant archival records, maps, and project files

associated with previous archaeological work conducted on site CA-SCR-12. A total of twenty-

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two associated detail records were currently on file at this location. One of those records

identified as (S-8703) was titled, “Final Report Archaeological Test Excavations of a Portion of

Prehistoric Site CA-Scr-12, Located at 912 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California. October 1,

1986.” That report was prepared by Stephen Dietz of Archaeological Consulting and Research

Services Inc. and it detailed the ACRS data recovery program conducted at the 912 Third Street

address in July 1986. Unfortunately, I did not locate any archival records or a project report

which detailed the SJSU data recovery program conducted at 912 Third Street that same year.

Once I had completed the review of the Northwest Information Center archival records,

the SJSU CA-SCR-12 administrative archive, and the SJSU CA-SCR-12 archaeological

collection, it became apparent that the SJSU archaeological team did not generate a preliminary

project report detailing their August 1986 data recovery program at the 912 Third Street

residence. Perhaps this was because the preliminary analyses and final classification of the CA-

SCR-12 assemblages were never completed. It now seemed reasonable to conclude that the CA-

SCR-12 archaeological collection sat on a repository shelf for twenty-seven years and its

contents remain unanalyzed and a mystery to the archaeological community and other interested

publics.

Ethically, we are taught, that when an archaeologist goes into the field and engages in an

excavation project, he or she must generate a preliminary or final project report once the project

has been completed. This report, which illuminates the archaeological data, is then disseminated

to the archaeological community, interested public, and if mindful, to the local Native American

tribe whose ancestors left that archaeological record. Unreported field information or laboratory

analyses that go unfinished may represent a tragic loss of irreplaceable data (Hester, Shafer, and

Feder 2009).

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Project Overview

The Evolution of a Master’s Project

The SJSU CA-SCR-12 archaeological collection may contain a potential “treasure trove”

of information regarding Ancestral Ohlone/ Costanoan paleo-environmental adaptation and

exploitation strategies during the Middle/Late Holocene. A period that has been recently sub-

divided into the Early (3500 B.C. - 600 B.C.), Middle (600 B.C. - A.D. 1000), Middle-Late

Transition (A.D. 1000 - 1250) and Late (A.D. 1250 - 1769) cultural periods (Jones et al 2007).

However, the condition of the collection was, for lack of a better word, “problematic.” I

surmised that it would require a minimum of one year to resolve those issues which hindered my

ability to move forward with my study of the assemblage. I also considered the notion of just

walking away from the CA-SCR-12 archaeological collection altogether, because the lack of

records and the poor condition of the collection was such, that working with them may not be

worth the effort. Instead, I decided to embrace the challenge and focus on establishing order to

the collection simply because this was the responsible and professional thing to do as a graduate

student in anthropology.

The Proposed Project in Three Phases

Establishing a sense of order to the San Jose State University CA-SCR-12 archaeological

collection will open up paths for further comprehensive analyses and the temporal placement of

the CA-SCR-12 assemblages. In order to accomplish this phase of work, the entire assemblage

(which comprised approximately 16,392 cultural elements between the two excavations (SJSU n

= 15,100, ACRS n = 1292) had to be laid out by unit and level, analyzed, inventoried and

organized, in meaningful constructs. As I mentioned earlier, four significant issues emerged

15

during my review and assessment of the collections: 1) a major portion of the SJSU

archaeological catalog had been removed from the binder and was either misplaced or lost and

the ACRS administrative archive did not have an archaeological catalog at all, 2) preliminary

analyses and final classification of the excavated materials from CA-SCR-12 were never

completed, 3) there was some mixing of unprocessed cultural materials derived from both

archaeological collections, and 4) neither a preliminary nor a final project report was ever written

by San Jose State University and disseminated to the archaeological community.

Phase I

The objectives for Phase I of this project included:

• Assessment of all cultural and ecofactual materials recovered from the San Jose State University excavation at CA-SCR-12 and complete a preliminary and final classification of those materials (approximately 15,100 elements).

• Assessment of all cultural and ecofactual materials recovered from the Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) data recovery program at CA-SCR-12 and complete a preliminary and final classification of those materials (approximately 1292 elements).

• Generate two archaeological catalogs, which will function as permanent records of all materials recovered from CA-SCR-12 by S.J.S.U and Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS).

Methods

In June 2012, the processing and analyses of the San Jose State University and the

Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) CA-SCR-12 archaeological

collections commenced in the SJSU Department of Anthropology Laboratory. Over the course

of eight months, I laid out both assemblages by unit and level and conducted a comprehensive

review, analysis, inventory and classification of those assemblages in meaningful constructs.

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The tools and equipment employed for the analysis of the archaeological materials included:

• Mitutoyo model CD-6 electronic digital calipers • Ohaus Series 700 2610g triple beam scale • Bausch & Lomb AS245 variable 10.5 – 45x variable stereoscopic microscope • Incandescent lamp – 150 watt • Plastic bags 2mm - qty: 3,000 • Raytech Gem Saw • Sharpie marking pens • Panasonic DMC-FS3 35mm digital camera • AWS-201 digital scale – (0.01g) accuracy • Digital tape recorder • ¼ -inch mesh screen on a sawhorse screen stand

The artifact processing phase involved washing, cleaning, sorting, measuring, weighing, and

labeling materials to preserve provenience and contextual information (Hester, Shafer, and Feder

2009). Subsequently, as the archaeological materials were sorted into categories, the process of

classification began. I separated all of the recovered materials into generalized categories which

included flaked stone tools and debris, ground stone, cobble stone tools, other stone (i.e.,

manuports), faunal bone, bone tools, shellfish remains, shell beads and ornaments, human

remains, and historic materials. Some of the variables which influenced my decision making

during this classification phase included: material type, weight, shape, typology and size (Sutter

and Arkush 2009). These classes were then further subdivided into types, based on several

criteria including: degree and type of modification (manufacturing and/or use-wear patterns), and

measurements of attributes (Thomas 1989). All preliminary and final material classifications

were independently verified by Anthropology instructor Alan Leventhal.

In April 2013, I completed both preliminary and final classifications of all cultural and

ecofactual materials recovered from the excavations conducted by SJSU and by ACRS. All unit

and provenience data, along with typologies, material quantities, descriptions, measurements,

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and weights were recorded into two newly generated CA-SCR-12 archaeological catalogs. One

catalog is titled, “SJSU: August 1986 Excavation - CA-SCR-12.” The other catalog is titled,

“ACRS: July 1986 Excavation - CA-SCR-12.”

Phase II

A review of all CA-SCR-12 archival records on file at the Northwest Information Center

indicated that cultural deposits (including human remains, shell fish, terrestrial and marine faunal

bone, and flaked and ground stone tools) were reported to have been recovered from the site

beginning in 1950. Yet, no attempts were ever made to conduct AMS dating on any organic

materials such as the human remains, shell fish remains, shell beads, or faunal bone (terrestrial

and marine) previously recovered from the various test excavations conducted on CA-SCR-12

prior to 1986. In addition, no attempts were ever made to source any of the obsidian flaked stone

artifact materials through XRF or perform hydration studies on the obsidian flaked stone

artifacts. Although all of the above materials have been reported as being recovered from CA-

SCR-12 from previous excavations, the location of these recovered collections are basically

unknown. However, the SJSU CA-SCR-12 collection did reveal that the assemblage does

indeed contain all of the above cultural materials for specialized studies. With the archival

review aspect of Phase II complete, I framed some basic research questions about the nature of

the site. The following research questions were put forward:

Research Question # 1: What types of activity sets did CA-SCR-12 possess? Analysis The proposed analysis needed to address this question included: 1) Analysis of the

flaked, pecked, and battered stone assemblages and other artifacts recovered from CA-SCR-12; 2) Analysis of the terrestrial and marine faunal bone assemblages; 3) Analysis of the shellfish assemblage; 4) Review of all project files currently

18

archived at the NWIC; and 5) Analysis of the human burials that were recovered from the site.

Research Question # 2: What are the sources of the flaked stone materials (obsidian) and what can XRF sourcing tell us about Ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan trade networks? Analysis: - The proposed analysis needed to address this question included: 1.) Submission of

85 obsidian artifacts to Dr. Richard Hughes of Geochemical Research Laboratory for a sourcing study via non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF).

Research Question # 3: What are the temporal components represented at the site?

Analysis: The proposed analysis needed to address this question included: 1) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating of a small quantity of identified human bone (Burial # 1: Left Diaphysis- Adult); 2) AMS dating of Mytilus shell from the basement layer of the site; 3) AMS dating of terrestrial faunal bone (2nd cervical vertebra from a Roosevelt Tule Elk); 4) AMS dating of sea mammal bone (right ulna of California Sea Lion); 5) Obsidian hydration studies (SJSU Obsidian Laboratory and Tom Origer and Associates) conducted on twenty-four out of the eighty - five obsidian artifacts that were recovered from the site; 6) measurement and typology of a cut Olivella bead (based on Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987 temporal dating scheme B1); and 7) Comparison of the metric attributes of a side-notched Green Franciscan Chert projectile point to other small side notched projectile points recovered in the Monterey Bay Area (Dietz 1986).

The objectives for Phase II of this project included:

1.) Writing and submission of a grant proposal to the San Jose State University, College of Social Sciences Research Foundation for $2,000.00 for purposes of conducting radiometric accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of several organic materials and for the XRF sourcing of the obsidian artifacts. In December of 2012, I was awarded $1995.00 to pursue these proposed specialized studies (see Appendix B).

2.) Per the terms of the Grant Agreement and with permission of both the Department of Anthropology and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe (see Appendix C), I submitted a small sample of identified human bone from Burial # 1 (from the mid-section of the left diaphysis of an adult femur) to Beta Analytic Inc. in Miami Florida, for an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating study and isotopic analysis. Burial # 1 (Ref. # 51-1) was recovered from Unit 3A at a depth of 60-75 cm BS (see Appendix D for the AMS dating results).

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3.) Submission of a sample of mussel shell (Mytilus californianus) to Beta Analytic Inc. in Miami Florida, for an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon date. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit 1 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS (see Appendix D for the dating results).

4.) Submission of a sample of bone from a 2nd cervical vertebra from a Roosevelt Elk to Beta Analytic Inc., for an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon date. The specimen (Ref. # 67-10) was recovered from Unit 3A at a depth of 30-60 cm BS.

5.) Submission of a sample of bone from a right ulna from a California Sea Lion to Beta Analytic Inc., for an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon date. This marine faunal bone sample (Ref. # 59-11) was recovered from Test Unit 1 at a depth of 60-70 cm BS (see Appendix D for the dating results).

6.) Submission of eighty-five samples of obsidian to Dr. Richard Hughes of Geochemical Research Laboratory, Portola Valley, California, for sourcing obsidian artifacts via non- destructive Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) (see Appendix E for the EDXRF report).

7.) Submission of twenty-four obsidian samples to San Jose State University alum John Schlagheck to conduct obsidian hydration studies in the SJSU Obsidian Hydration Lab. The results of the hydration studies were independently verified by Tom Origer from Origer & Associates in Rohnert Park, Ca. (see Appendix F for the obsidian hydration report).

8.) Submission of approximately 20 lbs (82 sample bags) of shell fragments to Frank Perry of Museum Services in Santa Cruz, Ca., for a speciation study of the various shell fish recovered from the site (see Appendix G for the speciation report).

9.) Submission of forty-five terrestrial faunal bone specimens to Jean Geary from San Jose State University, for a species identification study (see Chapter 5).

Summary

AMS studies were conducted on all four of the above samples (human, terrestrial, marine,

and shell). The results of these studies are discussed in Chapter 9. In addition, the human bone

sample from Burial # 1 was later the subject of an isotopic analysis study (see Appendix H for

the stable isotope analysis report). Furthermore, all eighty-five obsidian specimens were

sourced via XRF and twenty-four of those specimens were the subject of an obsidian hydration

study. The results of XRF study are discussed in Chapter 3 and the results of the obsidian

hydration study are discussed in Chapter 9.

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All shell fragments (82 sample bags) were examined and thirty-six taxa of shellfish were

identified. The results of the shell speciation study are discussed in Chapter 4. A total of forty-

five faunal bone elements were examined and seven species of terrestrial and marine mammals

were identified. The results of the faunal bone analysis are discussed in Chapter 5.

Phase III

The Archaeological Report

The objective for Phase III of this study is to generate an archaeological project report

that details the field work and resultant analysis of both the SJSU and the ARCS CA-SCR-12

archaeological collections. This report will serve as a permanent record of all materials

recovered by both excavation projects (SJSU: August 1986 and ACRS: July 1986) that were

conducted at 912 Third Street, in Santa Cruz, Ca. The CA-SCR-12 archaeological collection is

currently located in the SJSU Department of Anthropology Curational Repository.

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Chapter 2

Archival Literature Search from the Northwest Information Center

As mentioned in the project overview, the background research for this study included

making three trips to the Northwest Information Center (NWIC) of the California Site Inventory

at Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California to view all archived archaeological site

records, maps, and project files associated with CA-SCR-12. The Northwest Information Center

and other regional centers were established by the California Office of Historic Preservation as a

local repository for all archaeological reports that are prepared under cultural resource

regulations (California Environmental Quality Act) (CEQA) 1970; (Doane and Haversat 2002).

To date, there are twenty-two associated CA-SCR-12 detail records identified by the

NWIC as: S-003760, S-00378, S-003905, S-003911, S-003965, S-003966, S-00389, S-004033,

S-004034, S-004044, S-004082, S-004096, S-004138, S-005537, S-008701, S-008702, S008703,

S-024884, S-026275,S-0027089, S-033259, S-035250 that are on file. In addition, I made one

trip to Cabrillo College in Santa Cruz, Ca. to view all CA-SCR-12 project files and artifacts

curated in the Cabrillo College Department of Anthropology Repository.

Previous Investigations at CA-SCR-12

CA-SCR-12 was first recorded in 1950 by a U.C. Berkeley archaeological survey team

during the construction of the Laura Lee Court Motel, located at 820 Third Street. The site was

described as a “shell midden” with a depth of three to four feet (DWL and WJW 1950).

According to the site survey record, human burials and other artifacts were uncovered by

bulldozer and then reburied.

In 1954, human burials and other artifacts were uncovered once again during the

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construction of a four unit addition to the El View Motel located at 810 Third Street. George

Atwood, a plumbing contractor who worked on the four unit addition submitted a letter which

stated:

“I was the plumbing contractor on the 4 unit addition on the western edge of the lot that

the motel is on. As we proceeded north to south with the addition of these units, we

uncovered what in my estimation was an Indian burial site approximately the distance of

the City street width from the southern edge of the existing structure shown in the

photograph. We picked up numerous artifacts, shells, beads, and some bones. All of

these objects were recovered from a depth of three feet or less and appeared to be

concentrated within an area not more than 50 to 60 feet in diameter.

At that time, my uncle, William Atwood, was an amateur archaeologist and he confirmed

that this was indeed a burial site. Additionally, he explained, and it fitted the

circumstances that the Native American people that inhabited this area would bury their

dead in a rectangular or circular mound on a high point. This seems to be the case here.

After passing that point, we uncovered no other artifacts or bones (Atwood 1979).”

In 1972, Don and Jean Stafford along with Starr Gurcke conducted a surface

reconnaissance on a vacant lot located on the east side of Cliff Street, adjacent to 504 Cliff

Street. According to the Archaeological Field Inventory Record, forty-nine cultural and

ecofactual specimens were recovered from that reconnaissance and those materials included:

shell fragments, utilized chert flakes, waste chert flakes, chert core fragments, one chert point

fragment, one quartzite flake, Olivella shells, one barnacle shell fragment, and an obsidian

pebble fragment. A review of the Northwest Information Center files indicated that this

collection is stored at the Santa Cruz City Museum (Rob Edwards 1975).

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Although CA-SCR-12 was first recorded in 1950 and designated as a Native American

archeological site, it along with other sites in the area did not become the subject of many

archaeological studies until the passing of new federal and state legislation during the mid 1960s

and early 1970s. Legislation such as: the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the

National Environmental Protection Act of 1969, Executive Order 11593 in 1971, Section 106 of

the National Historic Preservation Act in 1974, the Archaeological and Historical Preservation

Act of 1974, and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) in 1970 resulted in a boom

in Cultural Resource Management (CRM) archaeology (King et al. 1977). With the advent of

cultural resource management archaeology, CA-SCR-12 became the focus of several

archaeological mitigation studies (Dietz 1986).

In 1974, Dr. Margaret C. Fritz (San Jose State University) and Dr. John M. Fritz

(University of California, Santa Cruz) performed test excavations on a parcel of land located at

514 Cliff Street for Stevens and Calender, A.I.A. Phase 1 of their field work included a surface

survey and sampling of that extant portion of CA-SCR-12, so as to approximate site boundaries

and to determine the extent and nature of the disturbed resources (Roop and Flynn 1976). Seven

mechanical test bores and four 1 x 1 meter excavation units were completed within the project

area. Cultural deposits were recovered from depths ranging between 20 and 90 cm Below

Surface (BS) and they included: shell (Mollusca), bone, stone flakes, flaked tools, bifacial stone

tools, projectile points, milling stone, bone tool fragments, needles, awls, shell beads, and

thermally altered rock (Fritz and Fritz 1974).

In their final report titled, “Archaeological Evaluation of a Portion of 4-SCR-12 (“Beach

Hill Site”), Located on the Lands of Ronald Lee Trupp,” Drs. Margaret and John Fritz concluded

that: 1) the archaeological resources present at 514 Cliff Street represent a remnant of a much

24

larger site that extended several hundred yards westward along the north side of Beach Hill, and

2) while large portions of the site had been severely disturbed by residential and utility

construction during the past century, other portions remained intact. In addition, Fritz and Fritz

proposed that future data recovery programs at CA-SCR-12 should include at least two

accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating studies, in order to establish the

temporal range of the site.

The following year, in August 1975, Rob Edwards performed a records search and an

archaeological surface reconnaissance on a parcel of land situated on a knoll above the southern

edge of the San Lorenzo River, between 912 and 924 Third Street. The focus of that field

investigation included: 1) assessing the significance of the site, 2) evaluating the impact of

proposed development on of the site, 3) suggesting possible mitigation procedures, and 4)

determining the boundaries of the site.

Cultural materials were recovered from Edwards’ surface reconnaissance and these

included: possible human bone fragments, prehistoric refuse, and historic artifacts (Edwards

1975). In Mr. Edwards’ final report to Nittler & Nittler Realtors, he stated that “human remains

had been found in the process of excavating a utilities trench in 1969-70 at 912 Third Street

(immediately adjacent to the subject parcel)” (Edwards 1975: 2). Edwards also estimated the site

to be “at least one thousand years and perhaps as much as two to four thousand years old”

(Edwards 1975: 2). Subsurface testing was recommended to determine the significance of the

cultural resources present within that particular project parcel.

In January 1976, William Roop and Katherine Flynn of Archaeological Resource Service

completed a series of test borings and excavations on that same parcel of land located between

25

912 and 924 Third Street. The focus of that data recovery program included: 1) determining the

nature of the subsurface materials present in that particular portion of the site, 2) further

sampling the disturbed nature of the site, 3) determining the site’s boundaries, 4) recovering

suitable artifactual and ecofactual data which could help date CA-SCR-12, and 5) assessing

whether or not this particular portion of CA-SCR-12 will be adversely impacted by the proposed

residential construction project (Roop and Flynn 1976).

Twelve auger bore holes and three excavation Test Units were completed within the

project area. A total of fourteen genera of shellfish were recovered from the auger bore holes.

The five principal taxa are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Five Principal Taxa Recovered From Test Borings

Genus # of Samples % of Sample Mytilus sp. (Mussel) 358 65.7 Protothaca Staminea (Pacific Littleneck Clam) 91 16.7 Tegula funebralis (Black Turban Snail) 24 4.4 Balanus sp. (Barnacle) 21 3.9 Saxidomus nuttalli (California Butter Clam) 9 1.6

Eighteen genera of shellfish were recovered from the three excavation Test Units. The six

principal taxa are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Six Principal Taxa Recovered From Test Units

Genus # of Samples % of Sample Mytilus sp. (Mussel) 2419 63.5 Protothaca Staminea (Pacific Littleneck Clam) 770 20.2 Balanus sp. (Barnacle) 159 4.2 Macoma nasuta (Bent-Nose Macoma) 104 2.7 Tegula funebralis (Black Turban Snail 89 2.3 Clinocardium sp. (Clam) 45 1.2

26

The recovered artifactual materials included: pestles, mortar fragments, mano fragments,

two obsidian projectile point fragments, scrapers, awls, bone spatulates, needles, deer bone hair

pins, and bird bone beads (Roop and Flynn 1976). Small quantities of faunal bone were

recovered and they included: black tailed deer, grey squirrel, and rabbit. In addition, lithic

debitage were recovered and those materials included: chert, feldspar, siltstone, quartzite, and

quartz.

In their final report titled, “Archaeological Testing of a Portion of 4-SCr-12, between 912

and 924 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California,” Roop and Flynn stated that “the site is quite large,

extending from the east of Cliff Street (Fritz and Fritz 1974) to the west of Main Street, and

south across Third Street to some degree (Edwards 1975) (Roop and Flynn, 7-8).” Additional

data recovery programs were recommended if the development project continued as planned.

In January 1977, Katherine Flynn of Archaeological Resource Service undertook a

subsurface excavation on a parcel of land located at 1031 Third Street. The focus of the study

included determining the presence or absence of a peripheral edge of CA-SCR-12. A total of

twelve hand auger borings were completed at staggered twelve meter intervals along three

baselines to depths ranging between 50 and 109 cm BS (Flynn 1977). In addition, two 1 x 1

meter square units were opened up and excavated in a succession of separate arbitrary 10 cm

levels to depths ranging between 40-60 cm BS.

In Flynn’s final report titled, “Archaeological Test Excavations of an Alleged Portion of

4-SCr-12, Located within Property at 1031 Third Street, Beach Hill, Santa Cruz,” she stated that

“the twelve auger borings and the excavation of two units revealed almost a complete lack of

aboriginal artifacts in the soil matrix. Any aboriginal deposits present most likely came from the

27

disturbed periphery of the site” (Flynn 1977: 1). Flynn further elaborated that the southern

periphery of CA-SCR-12 may be represented by the presence of dark soil and broken shell

fragments exposed in the yard of the house located at 924 Third Street.

In June 1977, Katherine Flynn, William Roop, and Leo Barker of Archaeological

Resource Service performed a preliminary archaeological reconnaissance on three parcels

located on Beach Hill in Santa Cruz, Ca. (Flynn and Barker 1977). Two of these parcels were

located at the southeast corner of Cliff Street and Third Street and the third parcel fronted Third

Street just west of Cliff Street (Deitz 1986). Cultural materials were recovered from all three

parcels during the surface reconnaissance and those materials included: midden, chert, flaked

tools, ground stone implements, faunal bone, shell, and human remains.

On July 2, 1977, Katherine Flynn sent a letter to the property owner, Mr. Dick Feurtado

recommending test excavations due to the proven sensitivity of the area. In that letter, Flynn

noted that CA-SCR-12 had been the subject of several surveys and data recovery programs since

1974 and the data generated from those programs helped to establish the northern and western

boundaries of the site (Fritz and Fritz 1974; Edwards 1975). Flynn further elaborated that all

three parcels in question may represent the southern and eastern peripheries of CA-SCR-12.

Two months later, Archaeological Resource Service established five 1 x1 meter square

excavation units within the project area. Two Test Units were placed within the parcel located at

the southeast corner of Cliff Street and Third Street (i.e., the corner lot). The other three Test

Units were placed within the parcel that fronted Third Street just west of Cliff Street (i.e., the

garden lot). All units were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels to a depth of 70 cm BS.

28

Cultural materials were recovered from the “corner lot” and some of those materials

included: twenty-three species of shellfish, lithic debitage, utilized flakes, faunal bone, modified

tools (knives, scrapers, and projectile points), fragmented bone tools, and Olivella shell bead

manufacturing debitage. The cultural materials recovered from the “garden lot” included:

twenty-three species of shellfish, lithic debitage, utilized flakes, modified flakes, faunal bone,

Olivella shell beads, polished bone fragments, and thirty-six human bone fragments.

In their final report titled, “Archaeological Test Excavations on the Lands of Feurtado,

Third and Cliff Street,” Flynn and Barker present the first map of the site detailing the estimated

size of CA-SCR-12 along with an estimation of the disturbed size of the site. In that report, they

also suggested that CA-SCR-12 may have possessed four different activity areas that included:

food processing, mortuary practice, stone tool manufacturing, and specialized bead

manufacturing

In April 1978, San Jose State University professor Dr. Anne Woosely completed a shovel

test pit survey on a parcel of land located at 327 Main Street in Santa Cruz, Ca. The first test pit

was excavated to a depth of 30 cm BS and produced only historic materials. The second test pit

yielded a mix of shell fragments, chert flakes, animal bone, and historic artifacts. Limited

subsurface testing and monitoring were recommended as part of Dr. Woosely’s mitigation plan.

The following year, in September 1979, Suzanne Baker of Archaeological Consultants

completed a preliminary archaeological surface reconnaissance on a vacant lot located at the

southwest corner of Third and Younger Street (131-133 Younger Street). Prehistoric and historic

cultural materials were recovered from that reconnaissance and some of those materials included:

lithic materials, shell, and glass fragments. Ms. Baker recommended subsurface testing as part

29

of her mitigation plan due to the lot’s close proximity to known deposits of prehistoric

archaeological material (Baker 1979).

Following Bakers’ preliminary reconnaissance, that same lot located at the southwest

corner of Third and Younger Street (131-133 Younger Street) was subject to auger testing by

Archaeological Consultants in November 1979. Seven auger holes were completed on the

southern side of the lot where construction was contemplated (Baker 1979). All borings ranged

from 40 to 60 cm BS and yielded no midden or aboriginal materials. Subsurface testing was

recommended if construction was contemplated on the northern portion of the lot.

In September of that year, Alan Mart of Hilltop Properties, requested that Archaeological

Consultants complete a salvage excavation program on a parcel of land located at 514 Cliff

Street (Baker 1979). Certain portions of that parcel were previously tested by Fritz and Fritz in

1974 and it was noted that “while large portions of the site have been severely disturbed by

residential and utility construction during the past century, two small areas of undisturbed

midden remained intact “ (Baker 1979: 1). Archaeological Consultants prepared a mitigation

plan which detailed the provisions of how construction was to proceed (Breschini and Haversat

1978). In March 1979, terms of that plan were finalized (Breschini and Haversat 1979) and the

salvage excavation program began in those undisturbed areas of midden that would be impacted

by construction. The focus of that data recovery program included: 1) collecting faunal and floral

material to learn more about aboriginal resource procurement strategies, 2) recovering obsidian

deposits for XRF sourcing, 3) assessing the significance of the site, and 4) recovering data to

determine whether the site was occupied at the time of Spanish contact or during the Mission

period (Baker 1979).

30

Two 2 x 2 meter square excavation Test Units and two 2 x 1 meter square excavation

Test Units were opened up on the west side of the parcel, adjacent to Cliff Street (Dietz 1986).

All four Test Units were excavated in a succession of separate arbitrary 10 cm levels to a depth

of 70 cm BS. The recovered cultural materials included: shell fragments, floral materials, faunal

remains, lithic debitage, historic material, flaked stone tools (Monterey Chert projectile points,

utilized flakes, and biface fragments), ground stone tools (manos, metates, pestles, and pecked

stones), a small amount of obsidian, and human remains.

Human bone fragments were recovered from all four Test Units. In addition, a nearly

complete flexed human burial was uncovered from Test Unit # 1 at a depth between 45 and 75

cm BS. The burial was sexed as an adult female in her mid to late twenties. Grave goods

associated with the burial included: ochre, unmodified Olivella shell beads, a chert biface, and a

necklace made of 412 spire-lopped and spire-ground whole Olivella shell beads (Baker 1979).

The burial and the grave goods were given to the Ohlone Indian Cultural Association for reburial

at an Indian cemetery in Watsonville, California.

In her final report titled, “Report on the Archaeology of 514 Cliff St., CA-SCR-12, Santa

Cruz, California,” Baker stated:

“without suitable materials for radiocarbon dating, no definitive dates can be attributed to the portion of SCr-12 which was excavated in this project. The most that can be said is that these materials are probably Middle to Late Horizon in context. Hopefully, additional work will one day be conducted at SCr-12 which will provide dates for the site” (Baker 1980: 61).

In May 1986, Mr. Tom O’ Neill (owner of a land parcel located at 912 Third Street)

requested Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) to complete a preliminary

reconnaissance and a program of archaeological test augerings on a certain portion of CA-SCR-

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12, located at 912 Third Street, in Santa Cruz, Ca. According to the Northwest Information

Center files, that particular parcel of land was situated within what was considered to be the most

intact portion of CA-SCR-12 (Dietz 1986). The project’s principal investigator, Stephen Dietz,

noted that several burials had been discovered over the years near or within the lot at 912 Third

Street (Edwards 1975; Flynn and Barker 1977).

As mentioned in the Introduction and Project Overview section of this report, ACRS

completed a program of archaeological test augerings at 912 Third Street in June 1986 and a

program of rapid recovery test excavations in July 1986. Upon completion of the ACRS data

recovery program at 912 Third Street, Mr. Dietz concluded that the proposed construction

project would cause a disturbance to that portion of the site CA-SCR-12, which was found to be

situated within the project parcel. Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS)

prepared a mitigation plan which detailed the provisions of how construction should proceed and

that plan included two mitigation alternatives for offsetting the potential impacts to CA-SCR-12

by the proposed residential development project. Mitigation alternative # 2 called for the

excavation of a portion of the site within the project parcel by an archaeological field class from

San Jose State University.

In the Discussion Section of his final report titled, “Archaeological Test Excavations of a

Portion of Prehistoric Site CA-SCr-12, Located at 912 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California,”

Dietz addresses many topics, some of which include:

• The scientific significance of the site

• Sourcing obsidian to reconstruct patterns of prehistoric trade and exchange relationships

• Hydration studies to develop an understanding of how and why those relationships may

have changed over time

32

Dietz also stated that: “we would estimate that CA-SCR-12 functioned as a permanent or

seasonal residential base (village) during the period beginning ca. 2500 to 1250 B.P” (Dietz

1986: 16). That estimation was based on comparison with data obtained from other sites

excavated in the Monterey Bay Area.

On August 30, 1986 a team of students and staff from the San Jose State University

Department of Anthropology began an eleven-week archaeological field school excavation

project on that certain portion of prehistoric site CA-SCR-12, located at 912 Third Street. Under

the direction of Anthropology instructor Dr. Tom Jackson, the field school team completed a

program of archaeological test excavations near the middle and front portions of that parcel.

A parcel of land located at 1903 Third Street, in Santa Cruz, Ca. was subject to a surface

reconnaissance and augering program on December 31, 2001 by Mary Doane of Archaeological

Consulting. Doane observed small fragments of Mytilus and Haliotis shell during her

reconnaissance. A total of eight soil test borings were completed within the parcel, none of

which revealed prehistoric cultural materials. However, since the project parcel lay within the

recorded boundary of archaeological site CA-SCR-12, it was recommended that a qualified

archaeologist monitor any planned excavations into the soil.

In May 2003, a parcel of land located at 331 Main Street, in Santa Cruz, Ca. was subject

to a general surface reconnaissance by Dr. Robert Cartier of Archaeological Resource

Management. No prehistoric cultural resources were observed during the surface

reconnaissance. However, since the proposed development project parcel lay within the

recorded boundary of archaeological site CA-SCR-12, it was recommended that a qualified

archaeologist monitor any planned excavations into the soil.

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Discussion

Until the commencement of the present study, all previous cultural resource management

(CRM) data recovery programs completed at CA-SCR-12 were primarily focused on assessing

the potential impact of proposed development on the cultural deposits that lie within the

boundaries of the site. Subsequently, in most of the archaeological reports on file, the various

authors make suggestions and offer tentative speculations with regard to certain aspects of the

site. For example:

1.) In their final report titled, “Archaeological Evaluation of a Portion of 4-SCR-12 (“Beach Hill Site”), Located on the Lands of Ronald Lee Trupp,” Margaret and John Fritz suggest that future data recovery programs should include at least two Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating studies, in order to establish the temporal range of the site.

2.) In his final report to Nittler & Nittler Realtors, Rob Edwards hypothesized the site to be at least one thousand and perhaps as much as two to four thousand years old.

3.) In her final report titled, “Report on the Archaeology of 514 Cliff St, CA-SCR-12. Santa Cruz, California,” Susan Baker stated: “without suitable materials for radiocarbon dating, no definitive dates can be attributed to the portion of SCr-12 which was excavated in this project. The most that can be said is that these materials are probably Middle to late Horizon in context. Hopefully, additional work will one day be conducted at SCr-12 which will provide dates for the site.”

4.) In his final report titled, “Archaeological Test Excavations of a Portion of Prehistoric site CA-SCr-12, Located at 912 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California,” Dietz recommends obsidian sourcing and hydration studies to learn more about patterns of prehistoric trade and exchange and to develop an understanding of how and why those relationships may have changed over time. Mr. Dietz also hypothesized that CA-SCR-12 may have functioned as a permanent or seasonal residential base (village) during the period beginning ca. 2500 to 1250 B.P.

A review of all detail records associated with previous archaeological work conducted on

site CA-SCR-12 demonstrates that there are still many questions that have gone unanswered

with regard to understanding the various aspects and temporal components represented at this

34

site. One of the goals of this research project is to provide data which will help to answer those

unanswered questions.

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Chapter 3

Analysis of Flaked, Pecked, and Battered Stone from CA-SCR-12 Introduction

This chapter reports on the analysis of the flaked stone and pecked and battered stone tool assemblages that were recovered from 912 Third Street by San Jose State University in August 1986 and by Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) in July 1986. The SJSU flaked stone assemblage was recovered from two distinct contexts: 1) seven controlled hand excavated Test Units and screen recovery, and 2) four controlled hand excavated Trench Units and screen recovery. A total of 10,746 lithic elements were recovered from both excavation contexts: Test Units n = 5,432 and Trench Units n = 5,314. The ACRS flaked stone assemblage was recovered from three hand controlled rapid recovery test excavation units and screen recovery (Dietz 1986). A total of 974 lithic elements were recovered from this context. Methods

In August 2012, all flaked stone materials were removed from their original unit level bags and washed and placed onto sorting trays in the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology Laboratory. The materials were then examined and sorted by material type, state of completeness, stage of reduction and modification, and overall form. All final material classifications were independently verified by Anthropology instructor Mr. Alan Leventhal. Once all of the flaked, pecked, and battered stone materials were classified, counted, measured, and weighed, they were placed into new unit level bags. The unit level bags were then labeled with the site number, unit number, unit level number, and reference number. All unit and material provenience data along with material quantities, descriptions and weights were recorded

36

into the new CA-SCR-12 archaeological catalogs. The tools and equipment employed in the stone analysis included:

• Bausch & Lomb AS24 10.5x – 45x variable stereoscopic microscope • Ohaus Series 700 2610g triple beam balance scale • 150 watt incandescent lamp • Mitutoyo Model CD-6 electronic digital caliper • AWS-201 digital scale - (0.01g) accuracy

The following attributes were employed for classifying formed tools, informal tools and

waste flake / debitage (after Leventhal et al. 2009):

1. Material type

2. Type of flake (flaking debris) based on the following criteria: (a) Probable mode of production (e.g., bipolar, freehand hard hammer, soft hammer, or

pressure flaking) (b) Condition of flake (e.g., complete, fragmented, shattered, thermally spalled etc.) (c) Size and shape ( e.g., orientation of the platform and bulb of percussion, expanding) (d) Overall thickness of the flake (e) Presence, absence and percentage of cortex present on the dorsal and /or platform

3. Informal tools (e.g., utilized flakes, modified flakes), based on:

(a) Degree of edge modification (b) Observed type of use/wear patterns and edge damage

4. Formed (formally flaked) tools, based on:

(a) Overall morphology and degree of modification (b) Presence of use/wear patterns or edge damage (e.g., polish, nibbling, impact

fractures) (c) Evidence of reworking and reuse Based on the above attributes, a total of nine formed (formal) and informal tools as

well as thirteen debitage / waste flake categories were identified and are listed below: Formed (Formal) and Informal Tools

1. Cores, Core Fragments, Assayed Cobbles and Assayed Pebbles (6 sub-types) (111 specimens) SJSU: n = 91 ACRS: n = 20

2. Utilized Flakes (93 specimens) SJSU: n = 91 ACRS: n = 2

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3. Modified Flakes (50 specimens) SJSU: n = 45 ACRS: n = 5 4. Projectile Points / Biface (52 specimens) SJSU: n = 48 ACRS: n = 4 5. Backed knifes (9 specimens) SJSU: n = 9 6. Scrapers (2 specimens) SJSU: n = 2 7. Choppers (5 specimens) SJSU: n = 3 ACRS: n = 2 8. Borers (2 specimens) SJSU: n = 2 9. Groundstone (3 specimens) ACRS: Mano n = 2 / Metate n = 1

Debitage / Waste Flakes

1. Cortical Flakes (1193 specimens) SJSU: n = 1,110 ACRS: n = 83 2. Primary Flakes (6033 specimens) SJSU: n = 5,680 ACRS: n = 353 3. Thinning Flakes (2195 specimens) SJSU: n = 1,854 ACRS: n = 341 4. Pressure Flakes (23 specimens) SJSU: n = 23 5. Bipolar Cortical Flakes (235 specimens) SJSU: n = 217 ACRS: n = 18 6. Shatter (351 specimens) SJSU: n = 316 ACRS: n = 35 7. Thermal Spalls (857 specimens) SJSU: n = 818 ACRS: n = 39 8. Bipolar Wedge (4 specimens) SJSU: n = 4 9. Bipolar Flakes (461 specimens) SJSU: n = 396 ACRS: n = 65 10. Resharpening Flakes (25 specimens) SJSU: n = 25 11. Bipolar Shatter (3 specimens) SJSU: n = 3 12. Core Rejuvenation Flakes (3 specimens) SJSU: n = 3 13. Cortical Shatter (10 specimens) SJSU: n = 6 ACRS: n = 4

These formed (formal) and informal tools along with thirteen flaked stone debitage classes fall into twenty identified material types which are:

1. Red Francisican Chert (RFC) 11. Siltstone (Slt) 2. Green Franciscan Chert (GFC) 12. Sandstone (San) 3. Yellow Franciscan Chert (YFC) 13. Quartzite (Qtzite) 4. Monterey Chert (MC) 14. Quartz (Qtz) 5. Chalcedony (Chal) 15. Green Stone / Pillow Basalt (Gspb) 6. Obsidian (Obs) 16. White Franciscan Chert (WFC) 7. Andesite (And) 17. Jasper (J) 8. Chert/other (Co) 18. Gray Franciscan Chert (GrFC) 9. Rhyolite (Rhy) 19. Schist (Sch) 10. Basalt (Ba) 20. Steatite (St)

Flaked Stone Artifact Descriptions Cores, Core Fragments, Assayed Cobbles and Assayed Pebbles

Cores are made on pebbles, cobbles, and other knappable stone materials to produce

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lithic elements: 1.) products (cores, bifaces, primary flakes, and etc.) and 2.) by-products (flakes, blades, and debitage). Cores from this collection fall into six types: Type 1 - Cobble cores (12 specimens) SJSU: n = 6 ACRS: n = 6 Type 2 - Pebble cores (19 specimens) SJSU: n = 15 ACRS: n = 4 Type 3 - Exhausted cores (27 specimens) SJSU: n = 22 ACRS: n = 5 Type 4 - Bipolar pebble / cobble cores (10 specimens) SJSU: n = 9 ACRS: n = 1 Type 5 - Core Fragments (34 specimens) SJSU: n = 32 ACRS: n = 2 Type 6 - Assayed pebble /cobbles (9 specimens) SJSU: n = 7 ACRS: n = 2

A total of ninety-one specimens were classified as cores or assayed pebbles from the SJSU assemblage (see Table 4: Distribution of Core Types). A total of twenty specimens were classified as cores or assayed pebbles from the ACRS assemblage. I will employ definitions proposed by Leventhal et al. 2009 (Pp 11-7 – 11-11) to define the different core types.

Type 1: Cobble cores generally consist of fist sized rounded cobbles (originally larger than 3 inches) of various lithic materials which display a limited amount of flake detachment along one edge. They retain much of their original cortex and size, thus distinguishing them from the smaller pebble cores.

Type 2: Pebble cores share the same basic characteristics as cobble cores, except that they tend to be less than 3 inches in original overall maximum length.

Type 3: Exhausted cores tend to be too small or difficult for further reduction, hence the usefulness has become exhausted.

Type 4: Bipolar cores are made on either cobble or pebble-sized lithic material and display distinctive bulbar expressions that are characteristic of hard hammer and anvil reduction techniques.

Type 5: Core fragments are cores that still retain a portion of their original flake scar detachment and striking platforms, but were either shattered or fragmented during the reduction process.

Type 6: Assayed pebbles /cobbles are different from cores in that they exhibit only one or possibly, at most, two flake scars. Although the raw materials may be of knappable quality, they tend to have been struck once, evaluated or “assayed,” and then discarded for some unknown reason.

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Table 4: Distribution of Core Types: SJSU Assemblage

Specimen # Type Provenience / CM Material Type Weight 16-15 Type 1 Cobble Core TU# 2 40-50 Quartzite 169.1g 29-11 Type 1 Cobble Core TU# 3 40-50 Quartzite 258.1g 38-4 Type 1 Cobble Core TRU# 3 20-30 Quartzite 288.8g

79-12 Type 1 Cobble Core TRU# 4 40-50 Andesite 300.1g 72-14 Type 1 Cobble Core TRU# 2 80-90 Schist 271.1g 45-26 Type 1 Cobble Core TRU# 3 60-70 Sandstone 5 lbs 36-81 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 42.0g 15-12 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 2 30-40 Monterey Chert 66.7g 61-26 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 3A 0-30 Monterey Chert 43.1g 56-11 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 3A 75-90 Monterey Chert 43.5g 77-2 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 3B 30-60 Monterey Chert 33.8g 35-1 Type 2 Pebble Core TU# 4 50-60 Monterey Chert 69.0g 52-2 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 2 20-30 Monterey Chert 37.5g

64-46 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 2 50-60 Monterey Chert 149.2g 65-15 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 2 70-80 Monterey Chert 28.1g 65-1 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 2 70-80 Rhyolite 108.0g

38-18 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 3 20-30 Monterey Chert 18.4g 38-37 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 3 20-30 Monterey Chert 26.2g 43-41 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 3 50-60 Monterey Chert 47.8g 49-19 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 3 70-80 Monterey Chert 63.8g 50-12 Type 2 Pebble Core TRU# 3 90-100 Monterey Chert 31.1g 21-3 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 1 30-40 Monterey Chert 28.4g 74-1 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 1 80-90 Monterey Chert 15.0g

13-17 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 2 20-30 Monterey Chert 32.3g 16-18 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 2 40-50 Monterey Chert 30.3g 16-19 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 2 40-50 Monterey Chert 18.3g 22-6 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 2 70-80 Monterey Chert 17.1g 77-1 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 3B 30-60 Monterey Chert 35.2g

10-30 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 4 30-40 Monterey Chert 20.3g 32-34 Type 3 Exhausted Core TU# 4 40-50 Monterey Chert 26.1g 27-2 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 1 10-20 Monterey Chert 43.1g

54-14 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 1 70-80 Monterey Chert 20.1g 54-15 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 1 70-80 Monterey Chert 42.1g 68-18 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 2 40-50 Monterey Chert 27.1g 43-35 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 3 50-60 Monterey Chert 15.4g 43-37 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 3 50-60 Monterey Chert 45.2g 43-39 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 3 50-60 Monterey Chert 28.2g 43-40 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 3 50-60 Monterey Chert 25.7g 45-19 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 3 60-70 Monterey Chert 32.9g 85-20 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 4 20-30 Monterey Chert 24.5g 85-21 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 4 20-30 Monterey Chert 24.1g 85-23 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 4 20-30 Monterey Chert 52.4g 82-6 Type 3 Exhausted Core TRU# 4 80-90 Monterey Chert 14.0g 3-20 Type 4 Bipolar Core TU# 1 0-10 Monterey Chert 50.3g 21-2 Type 4 Bipolar Core TU# 1 30-40 Monterey Chert 25.5g

36-13 Type 4 Bipolar Core TU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 30.1g 39-30 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 1 30-40 Monterey Chert 42.7g 25-33 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 3 10-20 Monterey Chert 54.5g 25-36 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 3 10-20 Monterey Chert 48.1g 79-28 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 4 40-50 Monterey Chert 35.8g 80-10 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 4 50-60 Monterey Chert 48.2g 84-14 Type 4 Bipolar Core TRU# 4 60-70 Monterey Chert 21.8g 36-80 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 48.0g 36-82 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 15.0g 59-15 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 1 60-70 Monterey Chert 46.2g

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73-1 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 1 70-80 Monterey Chert 68.2g 11-11 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 2 0-10 Monterey Chert 96.7g 23-30 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3 20-30 Red Franciscan 21.8g 71-20 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3 60-70 Monterey Chert 37.2g 75-6 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3 70-80 Monterey Chert 13.7g

56-12 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3A 75-90 Monterey Chert 21.5g 76-17 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3B 0-30 Monterey Chert 11.3g 71-29 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3B 30-60 Quartzite 75.5g 78-1 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 3B 60-70 Monterey Chert 53.1g

32-38 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 4 40-50 Rhyolite 98.3g 35-24 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 4 50-60 Andesite 77.3g 12-2 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 10-20 Monterey Chert 36.3g 24-2 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 30-40 Monterey Chert 102.1g

31-19 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 40-50 Quartzite 58.1g 31-30 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 40-50 Monterey Chert 20.3g 34-19 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 50-64 Monterey Chert 29.1g 34-20 Type 5 Core Fragment TU# 5 50-64 Monterey Chert 30.8g 26-28 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 1 0-10 Monterey Chert 33.4g 26-29 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 1 0-10 Monterey Chert 40.5g 33-20 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 1 20-30 Monterey Chert 17.3g 46-29 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 15.7g 46-37 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 1 50-60 Monterey Chert 44.4g 42-13 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 0-10 Rhyolite 50.7g 47-19 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 10-20 Monterey Chert 16.2g 52-18 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 20-30 Quartzite 99.9g 52-32 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 20-30 Monterey Chert 31.3g 62-16 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 30-40 Andesite 136.3g 64-10 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 2 50-60 Sandstone 288.5g 37-24 Type 5 Core Fragment TRU# 3 30-40 Monterey Chert 1.8g 73-2 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TU# 1 70-80 Monterey Chert 68.2g 22-5 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TU# 2 70-80 Andesite 40.9g

29-32 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TU# 3 40-50 Monterey Chert 24.5g 78-2 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TU# 3B 60-70 Monterey Chert 65.3g

10-29 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TU# 4 30-40 Monterey Chert 90.0g 68-25 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TRU# 2 40-50 Siltstone 110.2g 41-18 Type 6 Asssayed Pebble TRU# 3 40-50 Monterey Chert 21.9g

Utilized Flakes

Utilized flakes are informal or generalized tools that have been employed for a task involving cutting, scraping, and shaving and then discarded. Utilized flakes show little or no purposeful detachment modification other than that caused by the work they have performed. In order for a flake to be classified as utilized, a flake must have one or more edges or Edge Units (E.U.s) exhibiting evidence of use/wear patterns.

A total of ninety-one flaked stone elements have been classified as “Utilized Flakes” from the SJSU assemblage and a total of two flaked stone elements were classified as “Utilized

Table 4: Distribution of Core Types: SJSU Assemblage (continued)

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Flakes” from the ACRS assemblage The distribution and context from which these utilized flakes were recovered is as follows: SJSU Assemblage

• Unit # 1 13 specimens (RFC n = 1, And n = 2, MC n = 10) • Unit # 2 6 specimens (RFC n = 1, Slt n = 1, MC n = 4) • Unit # 3 6 specimens (And n = 1, Rhy n = 1, Qtzite n = 1, MC n = 3) • Unit # 3A 10 specimens (RFC n = 1, And n = 1, Rhy n = 1, Qtzite n = 1, MC n = 6) • Unit # 3B 7 specimens (RFC n = 3, MC n = 4) • Unit # 4 8 specimens (MC n = 6, Qtzite n = 2) • Unit # 5 10 specimens (MC n = 7, Chalc n = 1, Gspb n = 1, Qtzite n = 1) • TRU# 1 21 specimens (MC n = 11, Qtzite n = 7, Ba n = 1, Rhy n = 1, And n = 1) • TRU# 2 2 specimens (And n = 1, GFC n = 1) • TRU# 3 7 specimens (And n = 4, MC n = 1, Rhy n = 1, Qtzite n = 1) • TRU# 4 1 specimen (MC n = 1)

ACRS Assemblage Unit # 1 1 specimen (And n = 1) Unit # 2 1 specimen (Qtzite n = 1) Modified Flakes

Modified flakes are considered informal tools. Most modified flakes represent incomplete

stages of manufacture, meaning that after some initial reduction the artifact is abandoned for some reason (Hylkema 1985). Modified flakes may also, in some cases, represent resharpened tools such as utilized flakes that were not deployed again after modification (Leventhal et al. 2009).

A total of forty-five flaked stone elements have been classified as “Modified Flakes” from the SJSU assemblage, and a total of five flaked stone elements were classified as “Modified Flakes” from the ACRS assemblage. The distribution and context from which these modified flakes were recovered is as follows:

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SJSU Assemblage

• Unit # 1 2 specimens (MC n = 2) • Unit # 2 2 specimens (MC n = 2) • Unit # 3 4 specimens (MC n = 4) • Unit # 3A 3 specimens (MC n = 3) • Unit # 3B 1 specimen (MC n = 1) • Unit # 4 1 specimen (MC n = 1) • Unit # 5 5 specimens (MC n = 5) • TRU # 1 11 specimens (MC n = 11) • TRU # 2 9 specimens (MC n = 8, Qtzite n = 1) • TRU # 3 3 specimens (MC n = 2, And n = 1) • TRU # 4 4 specimens (MC n = 4)

ACRS Assemblage

• Unit # 1 3 specimens (MC n = 3) • Unit # 3 2 specimens (MC n = 2)

Projectile Points / Bifaces

Projectile points are usually bifacially flaked tools that are attached to lances, darts,

spears or arrows for the purpose of hunting game and warfare. A total of forty-eight projectile point / biface specimens were recovered by SJSU from the site and a total of four projectile point / biface specimens were recovered by ACRS. The distribution and context from which these projectile points / bifaces were recovered is as follows (see Table 5). The attributes of twenty of the fifty-two projectile points / bifaces specimens are described below.

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Table 5: Distribution and Context of Projectile Point / Biface Types

Specimen # Material Type

Provenience

Description Weight

7-25 MC Unit# 1 20-30 Biface Fragment 4.0g 21-5 MC Unit# 1 30-40 Biface Fragment 2.5g 14-1 Obs Unit# 2 10-20 Projectile Pt. Fragment 3.0g

14-30 MC Unit# 2 10-20 Biface Fragment 2.2g 15-2 Obs Unit# 2 30-40 Projectile Pt. Tip 3.9g 15-3 Obs Unit# 2 30-40 Projectile Pt. Fragment 0.7g

16-11 Obs Unit# 2 40-50 Projectile Pt. Fragment 0.2g 17-22 Obs Unit# 2 50-60 Impact Fracture Flake 0.5g 20-1 RFC Unit# 3 10-20 Projectile Pt. Base 4.1g 23-1 GFC Unit# 3 20-30 Projectile Pt. Midsection 4.9g 28-1 MC Unit# 3 30-40 Biface Fragment 3.8g 60-2 RFC Unit# 3 50-60 Biface Fragment 13.9g 71-8 MC Unit# 3 60-70 Projectile Pt. Midsection 2.3g

71-21 MC Unit# 3 60-70 Projectile Pt. Base 2.9g 61-1 Obs Unit# 3A 0-30 Projectile Pt. Base 0.7g

61-28 MC Unit# 3A 0-30 Biface Fragment 16.0g 61-39 MC Unit# 3A 0-30 Biface Edge Fragment 1.2g 61-47 MC Unit# 3A 0-30 Biface Fragment 3.8g 61-5 Obs Unit# 3A 0-30 Biface Fragment 0.5g 67-1 MC Unit# 3A 30-60 Biface Fragment 1.6g 51-2 MC Unit# 3A 60-75 Biface Fragment 8.1g 31-3 MC Unit# 5 40-50 Projectile Pt. Midsection 4.3g 26-1 J TRU# 1 0-10 Projectile Pt. Midsection 3.0g

27-33 MC TRU# 1 10-20 Projectile Pt. Tip 0.7g 53-22 MC TRU# 1 60-70 Biface Fragment 3.7g 47-1 Obs TRU# 2 10-20 Projectile Pt. Fragment 0.5g

41-22 MC TRU# 2 10-20 Biface Fragment 1.4g 62-26 MC TRU# 2 30-40 Projectile Pt. Fragment 2.0g

62-31 MC TRU# 2 30-40 Biface Fragments (qty:2) 21.5g 68-19 MC TRU# 2 40-50 Biface Fragment 11.0g 68-5 Obs TRU# 2 40-50 Impact Fracture Flake 1.0g 64-2 MC TRU# 2 50-60 Projectile Pt. Fragment 2.5g 66-3 MC TRU# 2 60-70 Biface Fragment 12.9g 65-9 MC TRU# 2 70-80 Biface Midsection 11.2g

65-11 MC TRU# 2 70-80 Projectile Pt. Midsection 6.0g 72-3 Obs TRU# 2 80-90 Impact Fracture Flake 0.1g 8-3 Obs TRU# 3 0-10 Projectile Pt. Midsection 2.3g

25-2 Obs TRU# 3 10-20 Projectile Pt. Fragment 3.7g

25-37 MC TRU# 3 10-20 Projectile Pt. Base fragment 6.8g 41-2 Obs TRU# 3 40-50 Projectile Pt. Midsection 2.0g 43-1 MC TRU# 3 50-60 Biface Fragment 19.3g 43-2 MC TRU# 3 50-60 Biface Fragment 14.0g 70-1 RFC TRU# 4 0-10 Projectile Pt. Midsection 4.9g

70-23 MC TRU# 4 0-10 Biface Fragment 16.5g 85-2 MC TRU# 4 20-30 Projectile Pt. Midsection 8.0g

79-30 MC TRU# 4 40-50 Base off a Biface 4.5g 80-20 MC TRU# 4 50-60 Projectile Pt. Fragment 2.4g

D-100-16 Obs Unit# 1 0-20 Projectile Pt. Fragment 2.5g D-104-1 MC Unit# 3 0-20 Projectile Pt. Tip 2.7g D-12-17 GFC Unit# 3 60-80 Projectile Point 3.5g

64-2 MC TRU# 2 50-60 Projectile Point Biface 2.6 g N/A MC Unit# 1 20-40 Biface Fragment 2.5 g

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Specimen # 7-25 is a biface fragment of a partially flaked small leaf-shaped projectile point of Monterey Chert that was subjected to thermal alteration (see Figure 3). It may represent a pre- stage to a small dart point, or a poorly finished product. The tip has been snapped off, suggesting that the specimen has been spent. The specimen also exhibits thermal spalls and is discolored due to exposure to heat. Max. length = 29.5 x 17.1 x 7.3 mm. Wt. 4.0 g.

Figure 3: Biface Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 7-25

Specimen # 14-1 appears to be a biface dart point made on a rather thick flake of obsidian (see Figures 4 and 5). The specimen may be a contracting stem or leaf shaped point. Toward the distal end, there is a snap that is perpendicular to the axial length. There is also an impact fracture that is parallel to the axial length. Both edges exhibit remnants of soft hammer percussion and pressure flaking for the final edge treatment along the existing lateral edge. Max. length = 24.6 x 14.2 x 8.1 mm. Wt. 2.7 g.

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Figure 4: Biface Dart Point Fragment (Obsidian) – Ref. # 14-1 (Illustrated)

Figure 5: Biface Dart Point Fragment (Obsidian) – Ref. # 14-1

Specimen # 20-1 is a base of either a leaf shaped or a contracting stem dart point made of Red Franciscan Chert (see Figure 6). The upper portion “distal end” exhibits a snapped impact fracture perpendicular to the axial length of the projectile point. Max. length = 22.8 x 22.2 x 8.7 mm.Wt. 4.1 g.

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Figure 6: Dart Point Fragment (Red Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # 20-1

Specimen # 23-1 is a biface midsection most likely from a large and thick dart point of Green Franciscan Chert. The basal “proximal end” exhibits an oblique 45 degree impact fracture. The distal end exhibits an impact fracture perpendicular to the axial length. Several pot lids are present on the surface indicating exposure to fire. Max. length = 30.4 x 15.4 x 12.2 mm. Wt. 4.9 g (see Figure 7).

Figure 7: Dart Point Fragment (Green Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # 23-1

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Specimen # 71-8 appears to be a midsection of a large dart point of Monterey Chert (see Figure 8). The proximal end exhibits an oblique impact fracture that appears to include the remnant of a notch or halfting element. The distal end has an impact fracture perpendicular to the axial length. One edge exhibits some gloss suggesting that it may have been also employed in a knife-like cutting activity. Max. length = 33.1 x 24.1 x 10.1 mm. Wt. 8.9 g.

Figure 8: Midsection Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 71-8

Specimen # 71-21 is a base of a probable contracting stem dart point of Monterey Chert (see Figure 9). The distal end exhibits a snapped fracture perpendicular to the long access which suggests a possible impact fracture rather than an end shock break due to manufacturing. Max. length = 17.9 x 21.5 x 7.3 mm. Wt. 2.9 g.

Figure 9: Base Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 71-21

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Specimen # 61-1 appears to be a basal portion of a small and thin projectile point made on a primary flake of Obsidian (see Figures 10 and 11). The lateral margins are carefully pressure flaked, although the central portions of both faces do not appear to be flaked at all. There is a remnant of a possible halfting element present on one of the lateral edges. It appears that this specimen was not a well manufactured projectile point. Due to the specimen’s size and neck width, it might actually be an arrow point. Max. length = 16.6 x 16.9 x 4.1 mm. Wt. 1.3 g.

Figure 10: Basal Fragment – Ref. # 61-1 (Illustrated) Figure 11: Basal Fragment – Ref. # 61-1

Specimen # 31-3 is a midsection and base of a large contracting stem dart point made of Monterey Chert (see Figure 12). The specimen exhibits an impact fracture perpendicular to the base and an oblique fracture from the midsection on the distal end. The edges exhibit careful pressure flaking. Max. length = 31.2 x 19.4 x 10.0 mm. Wt.4.3 g.

Figure 12: Midsection and Base Fragment of Dart Point (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 31-3

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Specimen # 26-1 is a midsection of a dart projectile point made from Red Franciscan Chert (see Figure 13). Both the distal and the proximal ends exhibit perpendicular snaps to the axial length of the point. The edges exhibit careful pressure flaking scars. Max. length = 14.6 x 17.1 x 8.8 mm. Wt. 3.0 g.

Figure 13: Midsection Fragment of Dart Point (Red Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # 26-1

Specimen # 27-33 appears to be an impact spall of a tip of a projectile point, possibly a dart point of Monterey Chert (see Figure 14). The tip exhibits careful pressure flake scars and the body appears to have been spalled off due to impact of the actual point itself. Max. length = 22.6 x 10.6 x 3.9 mm. Wt. 0.7 g.

Figure 14: Impact Spall (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 27-33

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Specimen # 47-1 appears to be a remnant of a corner notched / earred projectile point base made from Obsidian (see Figures 15 and 16). The specimen appears to have been basally notched and exhibits very careful pressure flaking along the margins. There is a truncation somewhat perpendicular to the axial length of the ear. Wt. .54 g.

Figure 15: Earred Fragment of Projectile Point Base (Illustrated) – Ref. # 47-1

Figure 16: Earred Fragment of Projectile Point Base (Obsidian) – Ref. # 47-1

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Specimen # 62-2 is an upper tip portion of a Monterey Chert dart point that exhibits remnants of soft hammer percussion and pressure flaking as part of the final edge treatment (see Figure 17).The specimen exhibits evidence of being exposed to fire with one pot-lid present toward the center of one face. The exposure to fire appears to be after the projectile point was spent. Max. length = 20.2 x 19.9 x 6.6 mm. Wt. 2.0 g.

Figure 17: Upper Portion of Dart Point (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 62-26

Specimen # 8-3 appears to be a biface projectile point made from Obsidian (see Figures 18 and 19). The specimen has several impact fractures on it. It was probably a large dart point based on its overall size. The specimen has remnants of both soft hammer percussion and pressure flaking. The orientation is difficult to determine. However, it appears that a major impact fracture is located towards the base of the point that had been hinged off, and there is a perpendicular impact fracture toward the midsection of the point. Max. length = 23.0 x 18.2 x 7.6 mm. Wt. 2.2 g.

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Figure 18: Biface Fragment (Obsidian) – Ref. # 8-3

Figure 19: Biface Fragment (Obsidian) – Ref. # 8-3 (Illustrated)

Specimen # 25-2 is a remnant of a resharpened corner-notched point made of obsidian (see Figures 20 and 21). The base has been snapped as a result of an impact fracture. Two remnant corners of the notches are present. The lateral edge margins of the projectile point appear to have

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been resharpened after usage thus making the dart point appear stubby. DSA and PSA on one of the notches can be obtained. Max. length = 25.1 x 22.6 x 6.6 mm. Wt. 3.7 g.

Figure 20: Projectile Point Remnant (Obsidian) – Ref. # 25-2

Figure 21: Projectile Point Remnant (Obsidian) – Ref. # 25-2 (Illustrated) Specimen # 25-37 is a base of either a finished Monterey Chert projectile point or a perform stage just before being finalized as a dart point (see Figure 22). The base is either from a long leaf shaped point or a contracting stem point. It retains evidence of an impact fracture rather than

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a break due to manufacturing failure. Max. length = 32.1 x 19.8 x 11.3 mm. Wt. 6.8 g.

Figure 22: Base Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 25-37

Specimen # 41-2 is a midsection of a bifacial projectile point made of obsidian (see Figure 23). The size of the specimen indicates that it was probably a dart point. Only one edge is intact and the specimen exhibits both soft hammer percussion and pressure flake scars. Both the proximal and distal ends have perpendicular truncations to the axial length of the point. One of the lateral edges exhibits a burin-like impact fracture, thus removing the remnant of that entire edge. After breakage, the specimen may have been used as a utilized edge. There is some slight nicking and retouch along the existing original edge. Max. length = 14.2 x 18.5 x 6.1 mm. Wt. 1.8 g.

Figure 23: Midsection Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) – Ref. # 41-2

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Specimen # 43-2 is a base of a nearly finished perform leaf shaped biface of Monterey Chert (see Figure 24). The final edge treatment is mostly soft hammer percussion flake scars. There is a truncation perpendicular to the axial length of the artifact, which may suggest that it was used as a large dart point projectile point. Max. length = 45.7 x 27.3 x 13.9 mm. Wt. 14.0 g.

Figure 24: Base Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 43-2

Specimen # D-100-16 is a tip of a midsize dart point made from Obsidian. Both the right and lateral edges exhibit remnants of soft hammer percussion (see Figures 25 and 26). All the edges have been pressure flaked along the margins. The specimen may have been resharpened at some previous state. It may have been part of a larger projectile point, because there is a snap perpendicular to the axial length of the specimen. Max. length = 25.1 x 16.6 x 6.6 mm. Wt. 2.5 g.

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Figure 25: Tip Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) – Ref. # D-100-16

Figure 26: Tip Fragment of Projectile Point (Obsidian) – Ref. # D-100-16 (Illustrated)

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Specimen # D-12-17 is a side-notched projectile point made from Green Franciscan Chert (see Figures 27 and 28). The specimen was recovered by ACRS from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of the 60-80 cm BS. The projectile point attributes are listed below (Dietz 1986): Max. length = 32 mm. PSA = 130 and 140 degrees Max. width or basal width = 20.6 mm. DSA = 200 and 210 degrees Blade width = 19.6 mm. Length / width ratio = 1.58 mm. Neck width = 13.7 mm. Basal indentation ratio = 1.0 Thickness = 7.2 mm. Wt. = 3.5g.

Figure 27: Side Notched Projectile Point (Green Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # D-12-17

Figure 28: Side Notched Projectile Point (Green Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # D-12-17

(Illustrated)

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Specimen # 64-2 is a dart point made from Monterey Chert (see Figures 29 and 30). The distal end “tip” exhibits an impact fracture and so does the base along one of the lateral edges. The basal impact fracture exhibits evidence of being snapped. Therefore, it is speculated that this point was successfully embedded in some large mammal. The overall quality of the stone is grey in color and exhibits thermal spalls on one face and crazing on both faces, which suggests uniform exposure to heat. The impression here is that this dart point was still embedded within the meat source while it was being cooked in a fairly hot fire, thus affecting the overall uniform coloring and quality of this dart point. Max. length = 35.1 x 14.2 x 4.8 mm. Wt. 2.6 g.

Figure 29: Thermally Affected Dart Point Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 64-2

Figure 30: Thermally Affected Dart Point Fragment (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 64-2 (Illustrated)

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Backed Knives / Utilized Flakes (9 specimens: SJSU n= 9)

Backed knives (trajectory) are tools that have a distinctive morphology. These tools appear to have been manufactured on relatively large primary or cortical flakes. The working edges appear to have been either unifacially or bifacially modified or used “as is” and then in some cases employed in a cutting or scraping activity. The opposite edges have a flattened or truncated “backed” aspect to them, thus giving the impression that these were the areas by which the tools were gripped. I am employing the term trajectory because several of these specimens appear to be in various stages of manufacturing from perform to a finished product. A total of nine backed knife specimens were recovered from the site and they are described below. Specimen # 18-3 is a small proto backed knife made on a thick primary modified flake of Monterey Chert (see Figure 31). The edge opposite the flattened “backed area” exhibits both soft hammer percussion and pressure flaking along both faces of the edge. No clearly defined use wear was detected under the microscope. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 2 at a depth of 60-70 cm BS. Max. length = 44.8 x 27.2 x 13.5 mm. Wt. 14.1 g.

Figure 31: Proto Backed Knife (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 18-3

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Specimen # 14-3 is a utilized flake made on a thick primary flake of Red Franciscan Chert (see Figures 32 and 33). The utilized edge exhibits crushing and slight gloss along the edge. The edge is straight and measures 34.5 mm and is located opposite the flattened “backed area.” The edge is located along the right lateral edge (ventral view) and the “backed edge” is located on the left lateral edge (ventral view).The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 2 at a depth of 10- 20 cm BS. Max. length = 58.8 x 37.1 x 24.7 mm. Wt. 40.0 g.

Figure 32: Backed Knife “Utilized Edge” (Red Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # 14-3

Figure 33: Truncated “backed” Aspect (Red Franciscan Chert) – Ref. # 14-3

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Specimen # 29-23 is a “backed” expanding flake made of Rhyolite (see Figure 34). The edge exhibits some possible nicking due to use. The “backed” edge is located on the striking platform area (ventral view). The opposite edge with the nicking is located on the distal edge (ventral view). No other wear patterns were observed. The right lateral edge may have been employed and exhibits slight rounding possibly due to use. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit #3 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS. Max. length = 62.3 x 41.4 x 19.7 mm. Wt. 44.4 g.

Figure 34: Backed Expanding Flake (Rhyolite) – Ref. # 29-23

Specimen # 39-35 is a “backed” utilized flake made on a primary flake of Quartzite (see Figure 35). The backed edge is located on the left lateral edge (ventral view). The utilized edge is located along the lower right distal edge (ventral view) opposite the backed edge. The edge unit is convexed and appears to have been first modified through either pressure flaking or a soft hammer technique. Some of the high facets retain evidence of rounding, gloss, and a slight polish. The edge unit is 23.5 mm and the damaged edge angle (DEA) ranges from 53 to 71

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degrees. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at 30-40 cm BS. Max. length = 47.7 x 24.6 x 9.8 mm. Wt. 17.5 g.

Figure 35: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Quartzite) – Ref. # 29-35

Specimen # 12-1 is a “backed” utilized flake made on a large cortical flake of Quartzite (see Figure 36). The backed edge is part of the cortex along the left lateral edge (dorsal view), while the utilized edge is located along the right lateral edge (dorsal view). The edge unit is straight to slightly concave and measures 50.5 mm. The edge unit exhibits evidence of rounding, gloss, and slight polish along the high facets, thus suggesting that it may have been used with a moderately resistant material, such as rawhide. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 5 at a depth of 10-20 cm BS. Max. length = 81.4 x 29.3 x 21.3 mm. Wt. 40.9 g.

Figure 36: Backed Cortical Flake (Quartzite) – Ref. # 12-1

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Specimen # 39-36 is a “backed” utilized flake made on a thick primary expanding flake of white Quartzite (see Figure 37). The backed edge is located on the left lateral edge (dorsal view). The utilized edge is on the right lateral edge (dorsal view). The edge unit exhibits nicking, slight gloss, and rounding. The edge unit is mostly straight to slightly convexed and measures 51.8 mm. The damaged edge angle (DEA) ranges from 50 to 54 degrees. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at a depth of 30-40 cm BS. Max. length = 79.9 x 48.3 x 19.4 mm. Wt. 76.5 g.

Figure 37: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Quartzite) – Ref. # 39-36

Specimen # 59-27 is a “backed” utilized flake made on a primary flake of Andesite (see Figure 38). The backed edge is located along the right lateral edge (ventral view). The high facets exhibit evidence of rounding, gloss and nicking. The edge unit is principally straight and measures 29.9 mm and the damaged edge angle (DEA) ranges from 32 to 38 degrees. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 1 at a depth of 60-70 cm BS. Max. length = 45.6 x 28.1 x 12.5 mm. Wt. 15.3 g.

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Figure 38: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Andesite) – Ref. # 59-27

Specimen # 39-34 is a backed utilized flake made on an “orange wedge” off of a large Monterey Chert cobble (see Figure 39). The backed portion of the artifact constitutes the original rounded cobble cortex. The opposite edge, which could be viewed as the right lateral edge (ventral view) exhibits slight gloss and nicking, along the high facets. The edge is principally straight and the edge unit measures 66.1 mm. The damaged edge angle (DEA) measures 32 to 39 degrees. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at s depth of 30-40 cm BS. Max length = 83.2 x 32.3 x 18.1 mm. Wt. 89.0 g.

Figure 39: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 39-34

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Specimen # 26-34 is a utilized flake made on an expanding flake of Quartzite (see Figure 40). The backed edge consists of the original cortex of the cobble and is located on the right lateral edge (ventral view). The utilized edge exhibits slight gloss and rounding along the distal edge opposite the striking platform. The edge unit is straight and measures 45.2 mm and the damaged edge angle (DEA) ranges from 36 to 38 degrees. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at a depth of 0-10 cm BS. Max. length = 53.1 x 31.9 x 13.6 mm. Wt. 20.1 g.

Figure 40: Backed “Utilized” Flake (Quartzite) – Ref. # 26-3

Scrapers (2 specimens: SJSU n = 2) Scrapers tend to be large unifacially modified primary or cortical flakes that generally have steep Edge Units (EU’s). In some cases, scrapers may also display bifacial modifications. However, wear patterns tend to be perpendicular to the worked edges, thus suggesting that the tool was employed in a scraping-like fashion. A total of two scraper specimens were recovered from the site and they are described below.

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Specimen # 52-13 is a utilized flake of Andesite which was recovered from Trench Unit # 2 at a depth of 20-30 cm BS level (see Figure 41). The left lateral edge “dorsal view” exhibits evidence of crushing along the edge, slight grounding, and polish on the high facets, which suggests that it was used in a scraper like fashion against a moderately resistant material such as rawhide. The edge unit is slightly convexed and measures 47.9 mm. The damaged edge angle (DEA) ranges from 62 to 73 degrees. Max. length = 59.02 x 29.67 x 14.03 mm. Wt. 25.3 g.

Figure 41: Scraper (Andesite) – Ref. # 52-13

Specimen # 36-85 appears to be a unifacial tool made on a thick flake of Quartzite (see Figure 42). The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 1 at a depth of 50-60 cm BS. The utilized edge is located along the left lateral edge (dorsal view) and exhibits rounding and slight gloss on the high facets. The specimen looks as if it were used in a unidirectional fashion scraping toward the ventral side. Max. length = 47.1 x 41.5 x 15.5 mm. Wt. 30.2 g.

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Figure 42: Scraper (Quartzite) – Ref. # 36-85 Choppers (5 Specimens: SJSU n = 3, ACRS n = 2)

Choppers are cobbles that had flakes detached by hard hammer percussion, thus creating an edge which could be used to chop or split material. These tools were generally wedge shaped in cross section and the prepared edges frequently exhibited polish and crushing from use (Hylkema 1991). A total of five chopper specimens were recovered from the site. The three chopper specimens that were recovered by SJSU are described below. Specimen # 16-15 is an edge modified cobble fragment made on a rounded cobble of Quartzite (see Figure 43). The remnant edge exhibits rounding, crushing and spalling, suggesting that it was used in a chopper-like fashion. The edge unit is convexed and measures approximately 78.9 mm. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 2 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS. Max. length = 71.5 x 61.1 x 27.7 mm. Wt. 169.1 g.

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Figure 43: Chopper Fragment (Quartzite) – Ref. # 16-15 Note: Possibly backed - the backed area is opposite the utilized edge. Specimen # 77-9 is a “backed” chopper-like tool made on a large and thick primary flake of Quartzite (see Figure 44). The specimen exhibits two edge units. Edge Unit # 1 is on the proximal striking platform end, which has been crushed, spalled, and rounded. This may be the result of heavy platform preparation above the dorsal arris. The edge unit is slightly convexed. Edge Unit #2 is located on the right lateral edge (ventral view). This edge unit is straight and exhibits crushing and spalling. Opposite this edge, along the left lateral edge, is a “backed” platform area. The length of Edge Unit # 1 is 50.1 mm and the length of Edge Unit # 2 is 32.3 mm. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit# 3B at a depth of 30-60 cm BS. Max. length = 63.4 x 50.7 x 30.0 mm. Wt. 109.0 g.

Figure 44: Chopper (Quartzite) – Ref. # 77-9

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Specimen # 39-7 is a remnant of a rounded cobble of Quartzite with one edge exhibiting slight crushing and spalling, thus suggesting that it may have been used in a chopper-like fashion (see Figure 45). The Edge Unit is principally straight to slightly convexed. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at a depth of 30-40 cm BS. Max. length = 53.4 x 43.3 x 37.4 mm. Wt. 95.5 g.

Figure 45: Possible Chopper (Quartzite) – Ref. # 39-7

Borers (2 Specimens: SJSU n = 2) Borers are tools which were used to bore holes into wood, bone, shell or stone (Cartier 1993).The drill bits tend to exhibit wear patterns in the form of crushing, rounding, nicking, polish, and gloss, on the edges and tips. Two borer specimens were identified and they are described below Specimen # 76-26 appears to be a thick triangular cross section of a primary flake of Monterey Chert (see Figure 46). The tapered end bit appears to have been employed in boring a semi- resistant material such as wood. The tip appears to exhibit slight crushing along two of the three edges, suggesting that it was used for boring. The third edge appears to have snapped. No wear

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patterns are displayed on that edge. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit #3B at a depth of 0-30 cm BS. Max. length = 35.3 x 21.2 mm x 12.2 mm. Wt. 6.5 g.

Figure 46: Borer Specimen (Monterey Chert) – Ref. # 76-26

Specimen # 20-5 appears to be a borer, made on an elongated primary flake of Andesite that is triangular in cross section (see Figure 47). The tapered tip bit exhibits edge nicking on two of the edges. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of 10-20 cm BS. Max. length = 55.6 x 21.7 x 18.9 mm. Wt. 19.6 g.

Figure 47: Borer Specimen (Andesite) – Ref. # 20-5

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Debitage / Waste Flakes

A total of 10,455 flaked stone elements have been classified as “Debitage / Waste

Flakes” from the SJSU lithic assemblage and an additional 938 flaked stone elements have been classified as “Debitage Waste Flakes” from the ACRS lithic assemblage. The distribution and context from which these debitage / waste flakes were recovered is as follows:

• SJSU: N = 5,381 lithic specimens recovered from four hand-controlled excavation test units (Test Units 1 through 5).

• SJSU: N = 5,074 lithic specimens recovered from the four hand-controlled excavation trench units (Trench Units 1 through 4).

• ACRS: N = 938 lithic specimens recovered from three (3) the hand-controlled excavation Test Units.

Debitage This category consists of flaking debris produced during the manufacture of stone tools. The debitage and waste flakes from this assemblage were classified based on the probable mode of production. A total of thirteen debitage / waste flake categories have been identified from this collection. I employed definitions proposed by Leventhal et al. 2009 (Pp 11-14 and 11-15) for defining Debitage / Waste Flake classes in this study.

1. Cortical Flakes (1,193 specimens: SJSU: n = 1,110, ACRS: = 83) are usually produced by freehand hard and/or soft hammer percussion techniques. Cortical flakes represent the first of a series of flake detachment processes and these flakes retain at least 50% or more of their cortex.

2. Primary Flakes (6,033 specimens: SJSU: n = 5,680, ACRS n = 353) are removed from a core or quarry blank by either hard hammer percussion, or if from a primary blank, by both hard hammer and/or soft hammer percussion techniques. Primary flakes as opposed to cortical flakes, retain less than 50% of the cortex. However, cortex may still be present on the striking platform. If the primary flakes were derived from a primary flake blank, neither cortex or previous flake scars would necessarily be present on the dorsal face.

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3. Thinning Flakes (2,195 specimens: SJSU: n = 1,854, ACRS: n = 341) are usually produced by soft hammer or antler baton percussion. These flakes tend to be much thinner than primary flakes with smaller striking platforms and less pronounced bulbs of percussion. They usually retain two or more previously detached flake scars on their dorsal surfaces. These flakes often appear to be byproducts of the production of formed tools, such as bifaces and /or projectile points, rather than the result of initial core reduction. Some thinning flakes are typically longer than they are wide (sometimes referred to as bladelets). These thinning flakes are distinctive and are the result of the last stages of perform/bifacial tool production.

4. Pressure Flakes (23 specimens: SJSU n = 23) are usually derived from pressing an antler tine, a resharpened bone, or a hafted tooth against the edge of a flake or stone tool, resulting in this distinctively tiny flake. These flakes are usually representative of the very last stages of tool manufacture. The process is also referred to as final edge treatment. Pressure flakes may also be produced as a result of resharpening the edge of a worn tool.

5. Bipolar Cortical Flakes (235 specimens: SJSU: n = 217, ACRS: n = 18) are produced by an anvil and hard hammer reduction technique rather than by freehand hard hammer. These flakes are distinguished by three bulbar types: a) flat or sheared, b) salient, and c) diffused. They retain cortex on their dorsal surface.

6. Shatter (351 specimens: SJSU: n = 316, ACRS: n = 35) refers to usually angular, irregular shaped detritus that are most probably flake fragments and / or failed “shattered” material derived from assayed cobbles, cores and / or tools. Since these specimens have lost almost all of their flake attributes and characteristics they cannot reliably be placed in any of the other lithic classes.

7. Thermal Spalls (857 specimens: SJSU: n = 818, ACRS: n = 39) fall into a separate category because they are unintentional byproducts due to exposure to intense heat.

8. Bipolar Wedges (4 specimens: SJSU: n = 4) have cortex running from proximal to distal end along one dorsal margin. Bipolar wedge shaped flakes are usually produced on small rounded cobble and pebble cores. In some cases, however, some wedges do not have cortex present on the dorsal margins.

9. Bipolar Flakes (461 specimens: SJSU: n = 396, ACRS: n = 65) are produced by hammer and anvil technique and have the same distinguishing traits as bipolar cortical flakes, but retain less than 50% cortex.

10. Resharpening Flakes (25 specimens: SJSU: n = 25) are usually small flakes removed from the edges of chipped-stone cutting or scraping tools to rejuvenate the effectiveness of the edge.

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11. Bipolar Shatter (3 specimens: SJSU: n = 3) is the same as the “Shatter” class of debitage except that these fragments based upon remnant attributes, were more than likely produced as a result of a bipolar hard hammer and anvil technique.

12. Core Rejuvenation Flakes (3 specimens: SJSU: n = 3) are really a rare form of primary flakes. These flakes were deliberately removed as a large flake that usually retains part of the original crushed or damaged striking platform area of the core, thus classifying these large flakes as neither a core or a fragment.

13. Cortical Shatter (10 specimens: SJSU: n = 6, ACSR: n = 4) is the same as the “Shatter” class of debitage, except these fragments retain 50% or more cortex.

Material Summary A combined total of 11,393 (SJSU n = 10,455, ACRS n = 938) flaked stone materials were classified under the Debitage / Waste Flake category. In order of dominance they are as follows: SJSU Debitage / Waste Flake Assemblage (N = 10,455)

1.) Monterey Chert represented the most predominant material type in this assemblage accounting for 89% (n = 9,329) of all debitage / waste flakes recovered from the site.

2.) Volcanic materials accounted for 5.4% (n = 562) of the total. In order of prevalence they are: Andesite (n = 313 or 3%), Rhyolite (n = 239 or 2.3%), and Basalt (n = 10 or .09 %).

3.) Quartzite represented 3.9% (n = 404) of the total.

4.) Obsidian accounted for 0.7% (n = 71) of the total.

5.) Franciscan Cherts accounted for 0.5 % (n = 57) of the total. In order of prevalence they

are: Red (n = 32), Green (n = 21), White (n = 2), Yellow (n = 1), and Gray (n = 1).

The remaining six other material types have very few specimens represented and account for 0.3% of the total assemblage In order of prevalence they are: Siltstone (n = 22), Chert / other (n = 4), Quartz (n = 3), Chalcedony (n = 1), Jasper (n = 1) and Schist (n = 1). ACRS Debitage / Waste Flake Assemblage (N = 938)

1.) Monterey Chert represented the most predominant material type in this assemblage accounting for 97.1% (n = 911) of all debitage / waste flakes recovered from the site.

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2.) Volcanic materials accounted for 1.5% (n = 14) of the total. In order of prevalence they are: Andesite (n = 12 or 1.3%), and Rhyolite (n = 2 or 0.2 %).

3.) Quartzite accounted for .64% (n = 6) of the total.

4.) Obsidian accounted for .53% (n = 5) of the total.

5.) Green Franciscan Chert accounted for .21 % (n = 2) of the total.

Groundstone (3 specimens: ACRS n = 3)

A total of two mano fragments and one possible metate fragment were recovered from the site by ACRS. See Appendix A for a comprehensive description of these artifacts.

Pecked And Battered Stone Tools (8 specimens: SJSU n = 8) A total of eight pecked stone and battered stone tools were recovered from CA-SCR-12. These tools fall into two categories: 1.) pecked cobbles, and 2.) battered stones / hammer stones. Pecked Stone Cobbles (2 specimens: SJSU: n = 2)

Pecked stone cobbles are artifacts that exhibit varying degrees of pecking on the cobble surface (Cartier 2003). These informal tools may have been employed as an anvil stone or nutting stone, for the purposes of processing nuts, seeds, grains and other materials (Fogelson and Sturtevant 2004). Two pecked stone cobble specimens were recovered from the SJSU excavations and they are described below: Specimen # 43-21 is a cylindrical split cobble of Sandstone (see Figure 48). It has some slight pecking on the surface, suggesting that it may have been used as a possible pestle. The cobble also exhibits some blackening as a result of being exposed to fire. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of 50-60 cm BS. Max. Length = 87.8 x 57.3 x 26.6 mm. Wt. 169.2 g.

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Figure 48: Split Sandstone Cobble – Ref. # 43-21

Specimen # 45-26 is a slightly pecked mostly intact large cobble of fine grained Sandstone (see Figure 49). The two faces have been subjected to surface pecking and slight grinding. The high facets in the pecked area are ground on one face. The stone looks as if it were possibly used as an anvil for bipolar percussion as well. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of 60-70 cm. Max. length = 145.4 x 132.4 x 96.2 mm. Wt. 5 lbs.

Figure 49: Large Pecked Sandstone Cobble – Ref. # 45-26

Note: Max. length of convex face = 53.4 x 58.4 mm. Max. length of flat face = 72.9 x 93.4 mm.

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Hammer Stones (Battered Stones) (6 specimens: SJSU n = 6) Hammer stones are cobbles that are employed in a hammer-like fashion. Ba sed on the observed battered use/wear patterns (spalling, crushing, battering, and rounding) certain activities can be inferred. A total of six hammer stone specimens were recovered from the SJSU excavations and they are described below: Specimen # 49-8 is a remnant of either an edge battered or a chopper made on a cobble of Rhyolite (see Figure 50). The employed edge exhibits characteristic crushing, rounding and some slight spalling. The specimen may have also been used for processing rawhide. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS. Max. length = 39.9 x 30.7 x 22.9 mm. Wt. 31.3 g.

Figure 50: Edge Battered Cobble (Rhyolite) – Ref. # 49-8

Specimen # 64-48 is a slightly end battered small cobble of Sandstone (see Figure 51). Battering appears on one particular end and there is a spall on the opposite end. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 2 at a depth of 50-60 cm BS. Max. length = 74.3 x 59.7 x 29.5 mm. Wt. 191.5 g.

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Figure 51: End Battered Cobble (Sandstone) – Ref. # 64-48

Specimen # 83-16 is an intact chopper / hammer stone possibly made on a core of Andesite (see Figure 52). After the specimen was flaked as a core, three edges were employed in a chopper- like fashion and exhibit rounding, edge crushing, and spalling. Two of the prominent points exhibit battering, thus suggesting that it was also used as a hammer stone. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 4 at a depth 30-40 cm BS. Max. Length = 75.8 x 53.3 x 38.4 mm. Wt. 202.1g.

Figure 52: Chopper / Hammerstone (Andesite) – Ref. # 83-16

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Specimen # 44-16 is a cobble of Rhyolite that exhibits slight battering and crushing on one prominence and along one edge there is a hint of slight battering (see Figure 53). This specimen was not heavily employed as a hammer stone but was used as a tool. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS. Max Length = 79.2 x 57.8 x 49.5. Wt. 254.1 g.

Figure 53: Cobble (Rhyolite) – Ref. # 44-16

Specimen # 29-11 is a hammer stone made on a rounded cobble of Quartzite (see Figure 54). Two edges exhibit rounding, spalling, and battering. One end exhibits battering and rounding. The specimen was possibly used as both a hammer stone and a chopper. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS. Max Length = 75.6 x 55.6 x 35.8 mm Wt. 258.1g.

Figure 54: Hammerstone Cobble (Quartzite) – Ref. # 29-1

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Specimen # 52-3 is a multifunctional tool made on a rounded cobble of Andesite (see Figure 55). It was originally reduced as a core. There are multiple flake scars along one face. The existing end exhibits battering and some crushing, suggesting that it was also used as a hammer stone. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 2 at a depth of 20-30 cm BS. Max. Length = 66.4 x 88.3 x 71.7 mm. Wt. 475.1 g.

Figure 55: Rounded Cobble (Andesite) – Ref. # 52-3

Ornamental Stone (2 specimens: SJSU n = 2) A total of two polished ornamental stones were recovered from the site. These Steatite specimens were possibly used as nose or ear ornaments (see Figure 56). They appear as cylindrical rods or pencil shapes of uniform width and are described below.

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Figure 56: Possible Steatite Ornaments (Ref. # 38-1: Left & Ref. # 23-29: Right) Specimen # 38-1 is a cylindrical or pencil shaped rod made from Steatite (see Figure 57). The specimen is highly polished and has striations along the body from the manufacturing process. Both ends have been tapered to a point. The specimen was recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of 20-30 cm BS. Max. length = 45.7 mm x 5.3 mm. Wt. 3.1 g.

Figure 57: Possible Ornaments (Steatite) – Ref. # 38-1 (Illustrated)

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Specimen # 23-29 is a cylindrical or pencil shaped rod made from Steatite (see Figure 58). The specimen is highly polished and has striations along the body from the manufacturing process. One end has been tapered to a point and the other end in blunted. The specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of 20-30 cm BS. Max. length = 35.5 mm x 5.14 mm. Wt. 2.3 g.

Figure 58: Possible Ornaments (Steatite) – Ref. # 23-29 (Illustrated)

Miscellaneous Manuports (15 specimens: SJSU n = 11, ACRS n = 4)

Manuports are usually unmodified materials (e.g., rocks) that were carried onto a site but not modified in any way (Sutton and Arkush 2009). A total of fifteen manuport cobbles / pebbles were recovered from the site. These specimens do not fit into any particular lithic category, however, their presence at the site is culturally significant. The distribution and context from which these manuports were recovered is as follows: SJSU Manuport Assemblage: (11 Specimens)

1) Ref. # 21-19 is an intact and unmodified siltstone cobble recovered from Test Unit # 1 at 30-40 cm BS. Wt. 164.8 g.

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2) Ref. # 26-35 is an unmodified Monterey Chert pebble recovered from Trench Unit # 1 at 0-10 cm BS. Wt. 0.7 g.

3) Ref. # 52-4 is an intact and unmodified Monterey Chert cobble recovered from Trench Unit # 2 at 20-30 cm BS. Wt. 254.2 g.

4) Ref. # 52-26 is an unmodified Monterey Chert pebble recovered from Trench Unit # 2 at 20-30 cm BS. Wt. 2.1 g.

5) Ref. # 38-25 is a split pebble of Andesite recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at 20-30 cm BS. Wt. 110 g.

6) Ref. # 43-14 is a split cobble of Andesite recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at 50-60 cm BS. Wt. 39.6 g.

7) Ref. # 45-5 is a water worn Monterey Chert pebble recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at 60-70 cm BS. Wt. 1.9 g.

8) Ref. # 85-7 is an unmodified sandstone cobble recovered from Trench Unit # 4 at 20-30 cm BS. Wt. 74.0 g.

9) Ref. # 85-12 is an unmodified Red Franciscan Chert pebble recovered from Trench Unit # 4 at 20-30 cm BS. Wt 16.0 g.

10) Ref. # 79-25 consists of two (2) unmodified Monterey Chert pebbles recovered from Trench Unit # 4 at 40-50 cm BS. Wt. 10.3 g.

ACRS Manuport Assemblage (4 Specimens)

1) Ref. # 100-9 is an unmodified cobble of Siltstone recovered from Test Unit # 1 at 0-20 cm BS. Wt. 73.0 g.

2) Ref. # 100-10 is an unmodified Monterey Chert pebble recovered from Test Unit # 1 at 0-20 cm BS. Wt. 17.0 g.

3) Ref. # 3-7 is an unmodified Monterey Chert pebble recovered from Test Unit # 1 at 40-60 cm BS. Wt. 5.7 g.

4) Ref. # 11-9 is an unmodified cobble of Siltstone recovered from Test Unit # 3 at 40-60 cm BS. Wt. 87.6 g.

Obsidian (85 specimens: SJSU: n = 80, ACRS: n = 5)

A total of eighty-five obsidian specimens were recovered from the site (see Figure 59). Seventy-one of those specimens were classified as Waste Flake / Debitage:

• Pressure Flakes n = 20 • Thinning Flakes n = 48 • Shatter n = 2 • Cortical Flakes n = 1

The remaining fourteen specimens were classified as:

• Biface Projectile Point Fragments n = 3 • Projectile Point Midsections n = 2 • Projectile Point Fragments n = 3

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• Impact Fracture Flakes n = 3 • Projectile Point Base n = 1 • Biface Fragments n = 2

Figure 59: Eighty-Five (85) Obsidian Specimens Recovered from 912 Third Street

The distribution and context from which these specimens were recovered is as follows: (see Table 6 for SJSU provenience data and Table 7 for ACRS provenience data).

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Table 6: SJSU Obsidian Provenience Data (80 Specimens)

Depth in cm

Test Unit 1

Test Unit 2

Test Unit 3

Test Unit 3A

Test Unit 3B

Test Unit 4

Test Unit 5

Trench Unit 1

Trench Unit 2

Trench Unit 3

Trench Unit 4

0-10 TF(1) PF(1) PPB(1) BF(1)

TF(3) PF (3) TF (2) MPP(1)

10-20 TF (2) PF (2)

TF(1) BPPF(1)

TF(2) TF(1) TF (2) PPF(1)

PPF(1)

20-30 TF(1) TF(2) TF(1) TF(1) PF (2) TF (2) TF (3) PF (2)

30-40 TF(1) PF (2)

TF(1) BPPF(1)

TF(1) TF(1) PF (2) BF(1)

TF(1) TF(1) TF(1)

40-50 TF (3) BPPF(1) SH(1) IFF(1) MPP(1) 50-60 CF(1)

IFF(1) PF(1) PF (2)

60-70 TF (2) TF(1) TF(1) (75cm)

TF (2) TF (2) PF(1)

70-80 PF(1) TF(1) 80-90 TF(1) PF(1) IFF(1) 90-100

Table 7: ACRS Obsidian Provenience Data (5 Specimens)

As a result of the present analysis the following is a breakdown of the typology of obsidian specimens recovered from the CA-SCR-12 excavations: Thinning Flakes (TF) n = 48 Pressure Flakes (PF) n = 20 Cortical Flake (CF) n = 1 Shatter (SH) n = 2 Biface Projectile Point Fragments (BPPF) n = 3 Midsection of Projectile Point (MPP) n = 2 Projectile Point Fragment (PPF) n = 3 Projectile Point Base(PPB) n = 1 Biface Fragment (BF) n = 2 Impact Fracture Flake (IFF) n = 3

Depth in Cm

Test Unit 1 Test Unit 2 Test Unit 3

0-20 cm TF (1) PPF (1)

20-40 cm SH (1) TF (1)

40-60 cm 60-80 cm TF (1)

80-100 cm

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Obsidian Studies - Sourcing and Hydration Obsidian Sourcing On January 9, 2013, a total of eighty-five obsidian specimens were submitted to Dr. Richard Hughes of Geochemical Research Laboratory in Portola Valley, Ca., to identify geological and geographical sources of the “finger print” trace elements found in the obsidian artifacts (see Appendix E). Twenty out of the eighty-five specimens were deemed large enough (ca. > 9 -10 mm in diameter and > ca. 1.5 mm thick) to generate reliable quantitative composition estimates (Hughes 2013, 2). Dr. Hughes reported trace element measurements in quantitative units ( i.e. ppm) and made artifact-to-source attributions on the basis of correspondences in diagnostic trace element concentration values on those twenty specimens (see Table 8). Table 8: Obsidian Specimens Sourced Via Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

Specimen # Description Unit # Depth / CM Qty. Wt. Grams Source (Chemical Type)

5-51 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .71 g Bodie Hills 8-3 Projectile Pt. Midsection TRU# 3 0-10 cm 1 2.2 g Napa Valley 14-1 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 10-20 cm 1 2.67 g Napa Valley 15-3 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 30-40 cm 1 .83 g Napa Valley

16-11 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 40-50 cm 1 .35 g Lookout Mtn Casa Diablo area

17-8 Cortical Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 17-22 Impact Fracture Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .54 g Napa valley 25-2 Projectile Pt. Fragment TRU# 3 10-20 cm 1 3.61 g Lookout Mtn

Casa Diablo area 31-5 Shatter Unit # 5 40-50 cm 1 .39 g Sawmill Ridge

Casa Diablo area 39-31 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 30-40 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 41-2 Projectile Pt. Midsection TRU# 3 40-50 cm 1 1.81 g Napa Valley 47-1 Projectile Pt. Fragment TRU# 2 10-20 cm 1 .54 g Lookout Mtn

Casa Diablo area 61-1 Projectile Pt. Base Unit # 3A 0-30 cm 1 1.26 g Napa Valley 68-5 Impact Fracture flake TRU# 2 40-50 cm 1 1.01 g Napa Valley

74-16 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 80-90 cm 1 .56 g Napa Valley 76-51 Thinning Flake Unit # 3B 0-30 cm 1 .39 g Napa Valley 77-20 Thinning Flake Unit # 3B 30-60 cm 1 1.16 g Bodie Hills 85-4 Thinning Flake TRU# 4 20-30 cm 1 .87 g Napa Valley

D-100-2 Shatter Unit # 2 20-40 cm 1 .68 g Napa Valley D-100-16 Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 1 0-20 cm 1 2.48 g Bodie Hills

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Based upon this particular (EDXRF) study, 65% (n = 13) specimens were identified as being manufactured from obsidian of the Napa Valley chemical type, 20% (n = 4) specimens were manufactured from Casa Diablo area obsidians (Lookout Mountain, n = 3; Sawmill ridge, n = 1, and 15% (n = 3) specimens were fashioned from Bodie Hills volcanic glass (Hughes 2013, 2). Dr. Hughes concluded that the other sixty-five obsidian specimens “were too small and thin to generate x-ray counting statistics adequate for proper conversion from background- correcting intensities to quantitative concentration estimates.” Instead, sourcing was based on “integrated net count (intensity) data for the elements Rb, Sr, Y,Zr, Nb, Fe, and Mn” (Hughes 2013, 2). Using this technique for source assignment, Dr Hughes identified forty-one out of the sixty-five specimens as matching the profile of obsidians from the North Coast Ranges (Napa Valley, n =37; Annadel, n = 4). The remaining twenty-four specimens were identified as being manufactured from obsidians from the Mono Basin / western Great Basin area (Casa Diablo area, n = 17; Bodie Hills, n = 5; Mt. Hicks, n = 2) chemical type (Hughes 2013, 3). In summary, combining quantitative composition estimates with integrated net count data indicated that 64% (n =54) of the eighty-five obsidian specimens analyzed from CA-SCR-12 were manufactured from North Coast Ranges obsidian (Napa Valley, n = 50; Annadel, n = 4). The other 36% (n =31) obsidian specimens were made from Mono Basin / western Great Basin volcanic glasses (Casa Diablo area, n= 21; Bodie Hills, n = 8, and Mt. Hicks, n = 2). See Figures 60 and 61 below.

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Figure 60: CA-SCR-12 Obsidian Sources Via Quantitative Composition Estimates and Integrated Net Count Data

Figure 61: CA-SCR-12 Obsidian Sources - Frequency and Percent

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Obsidian Hydration Study

Today, there are several geochemical techniques used for dating an archaeological site: neutron activation (INNA), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE), thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), among others (Glascock 2002). Although obsidian hydration is no longer considered the primary geochemical technique used for dating an archaeological site, the hydration of obsidian has been continuous since 1960. The correlation between the age of volcanic glass and the growth of hydration bands is still viewed as measurable and predictable. In March 2013, I selected twenty-four obsidian specimens, based on the geological sourcing data contained in Dr. Hughes’ report titled, “Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifacts from CA-Scr-12, Santa Cruz, Ca.” and submitted them to San Jose State University alum Mr. John Schlagheck to perform an obsidian hydration study in the San Jose State University Obsidian Laboratory (SJSUOL). Mr. Schlagheck acquired technical competency in obsidian hydration through an apprentice-mentor relationship with Mr. Tom Origer at the Origer Obsidian Laboratory (OOL) in Sonoma, Ca. (Schlagheck 2011). Mr. Schlagheck received his Master’s Degree in Applied Anthropology from San Jose State University in 2011, and the focus of his research included obsidian hydration. The distribution and context from which these twenty four obsidian specimens were recovered are as follows (see Table 9).

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Table 9: Provenience Data – 24 Obsidian Specimens Selected for Hydration Specimen # Description Unit # Depth Qty Wt. Grams Source

(Chemical Type) 5-51 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .71 g Bodie Hills 8-3 Projectile Pt. Midsection TRU# 3 0-10 cm 1 2.2 g Napa Valley

14-1 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 10-20 cm 1 2.67 g Napa Valley 15-3 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 30-40 cm 1 .83 g Napa Valley

16-11 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 40-50 cm 1 .35 g Lookout Mtn Casa Diablo Area

17-8 Cortical Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 17-22 Impact Fracture Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .54 g Napa Valley 25-2 Projectile Pt. Fragment TRU# 3 10-20 cm 1 3.61 g Lookout Mtn

Casa Diablo Area 31-5 Shatter Unit # 5 40-50 cm 1 .39 g Sawmill Ridge

Casa Diablo Area 39-31 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 30-40 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 5-27 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .18 g Bodie Hills 5-50 Pressure Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .11 g Annadel 14-4 Thinning Flake Unit # 2 10-20 cm 1 .16 g Casa Diablo Area

21-29 Pressure Flake Unit # 1 30-40 cm 1 .08 g Casa Diablo Area 26-51 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 0-10 cm 1 .11 g Mt. Hicks 30-2 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 40-50 cm 1 .20 g Casa Diablo Area

33-21 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 20-30 cm 1 .14 g Casa Diablo Area D-100-16 Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 1 0-20 cm 1 2.48 g Bodie Hills

48-2 Pressure Flake TRU# 3 70-80 cm 1 .08 g Bodie Hills 57-5 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 80-90 cm 1 .09 g Mt. Hicks

61-50 Pressure Flake Unit # 3A 0-30 cm 1 .13 g Bodie Hills 64-4 Pressure Flake TRU# 2 50-60 cm 1 .21 g Annadel

64-26 Pressure Flake TRU# 2 50-60 cm 1 .11 g Bodie Hills 71-9 Thinning Flake Unit # 3 60-70 cm 1 .16 g Annadel

Methods: Reporting on a Process

On March 16, 2013, Mr. Schlagheck reported to the SJSUOL to begin the obsidian

hydration study. Given my lack of knowledge of the obsidian hydration technique, I decided that I would function as a participant observer and document this particular obsidian hydration study. For more information regarding the theory and methods of obsidian hydration please view Mr. Schlagheck’s Master’s Project Report titled, “A Community Of Practice In Obsidian Studies 2011.” That Master’s Project Report is archived in the SJSU Department of Anthropology.

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The tools and equipment required for the CA-SCR-12 obsidian hydration study included:

• Raytech Gem Saw • Thermal Plastic (Lakeside Cement) • Microscope slides • Hot plate • Glass plate • 600 – grit silicon carbide abrasive powder • Olympus polarizing microscope: Model BH2 - 100 / 115 V 0.40 /0.35A 50-60 HZ • AWS-201 digital scale - (0.01g) accuracy

Mr. Schlagheck began the hydration study by performing a qualitative evaluation on all

twenty-four obsidian specimens that were submitted to him for hydration. This involved performing a visual inspection of the unmodified specimens and determining cut locations for obsidian thin section removal (see Figure 62).

Figure 62: Choosing a Location for Obsidian Thin Section Removal The variables which influence the cut location on a particular piece of obsidian include, but are not limited to: material thickness, shape, surface texture, visible fractures within the flake, and the presence or absence of any remnant cortex (Schlagheck 2011). Once Mr. Schlagheck determined the best location to cut a particular piece of obsidian, he used a Ray Tech gem saw to

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remove a thin section for the hydration study (see Figure 63). This required making two cuts (4 mm to 5 mm target depth) into the obsidian that were parallel to each other and perpendicular to the surface of the specimen.

Figure 63: Obsidian Thin Section Removal Once thin section extractions were completed on all twenty-four obsidian specimens, Mr. Schlagheck began to prepare permanent thin section microscope slides. Here, thermal plastic (Lakeside Cement) is melted onto a glass slide using a hot plate (see Figure 64).

Figure 64: Preparing Obsidian Thin Section Microscope Slides

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When the Lakeside Cement melted, Mr. Schlagheck placed a thin section of obsidian into the liquefied material and pressed it firmly against the slide until the liquid cement hardened, holding the obsidian thin section firmly in place (see Figure 65).

Figure 65: Obsidian Thin Section Positioned in Liquefied Metal When all twenty-four obsidian thin section slides were prepared, Mr. Schlagheck began the process of grinding down each thin section slide using 600-grit silicon carbide abrasive powder and water on a glass plate (see Figures 66 and 67).

Figure 66: Sample of Prepared Obsidian Thin Section Slides

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Figure 67: Preparing To Grind Thin Section Slides Using 600-Grit Powder,

Glass Plate and Water Each obsidian thin section sample was ground on one side to just over one-half its original thickness (see Figure 68). Mr. Schlagheck then placed the slides back onto the hot plate to heat and liquefy the Lakeside thermal plastic cement. Reheating and liquefying the cement allowed Mr. Schlagheck to invert the obsidian thin section on the slide before the cement hardened again.

Figure 68: Grinding Obsidian Thin Section to Half its Original Thickness After the cement hardened, Mr. Schlagheck began the process of grinding the opposite side until the thin section measured approx. 0.003 inches thick. Once grinding was completed, the slides

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were rinsed with tap water and dried. Mr. Schlagheck placed a glass slide cover over each obsidian thin section and the hardened cement with a drop of permanent glue. On April 2, 2013, Mr. Schlagheck came back into the SJSUOL and began making hydration readings using a 12.5x eyepiece mounted to an Olympus Model BH2 microscope (see Figure 69). This step of the hydration study involved placing individual obsidian thin section slides under the microscope and locating and measuring the hydration band, which is also referred to as the hydration rind.

Figure 69: Making Hydration Readings

After Mr. Schlagheck located the hydration band, he used the micrometer in the microscope’s eyepiece to make up to six band measurements (Schlagheck 2011). The final hydration value for a particular obsidian thin section is the mean value of those six band measurements.

On April 16th 2013, Mr. Schlagheck submitted all twenty-four thin section slides along with each slide’s final hydration value to Mr. Tom Origer at the Origer Obsidian Laboratory (OOL) in Sonoma, Ca. Mr. Origer verified the final hydration values of fifteen out of the twenty-four slides and converted those values to years before present (YBP). The proposed calendric dates for those fifteen obsidian specimens are discussed in Chapter 9 of this project report.

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Discussion Now that the analysis of the flaked, pecked, and battered stone assemblages recovered from CA-SCR-12 has been completed, I can now address the research question: What were some of the activity sets that can be inferred from this assemblage recovered from CA-SCR- 12? As stated earlier in this chapter, a total of 11,720 (SJSU: n = 10746, ACRS n = 974) flaked stone elements were recovered from 912 Third Street. A total of 11,393 (SJSU: n = 10,455, ACRS: n = 938) of those elements were classified and placed into thirteen Debitage / Waste Flake categories. The remaining 327 elements (SJSU: n = 291, ACRS n = 36) were classified as “tools” and placed into eight formed (formal) and informal lithic tool categories.

A total of twenty flaked stone material types were identified in the CA-SCR-12 lithic assemblage and a comprehensive analysis of those materials indicated that nineteen of these material types were employed in stone tool manufacturing. The volume and diversity of the flaked stone materials present in the assemblage infers that on-site stone tool manufacture, reduction, and other maintenance activities were taking place as part of the ancestral Costanoan / Ohlone technologically-related subsistence activities that occurred at this site. Numerous lithic manufacturing trajectories clearly show that the number of small flakes should be greater than larger flakes by several orders of magnitude, under conditions of normal lithic manufacture and maintenance (Schick 1986). The CA-SCR-12 Debitage / Waste Flake assemblage demonstrates that a core reduction process was inherent and that stone tool manufacturing was a sophisticated activity set taking place in some particular area of the site.

Monterey chert represented the most predominant material type in the CA-SCR-12 flaked stone assemblage, accounting for 90 % (10,243) of all debitage / waste flakes recovered from the site (SJSU: n = 9332, ACRS n = 911). This data suggests that Monterey Chert was the preferred

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lithic material for the manufacture of flaked stone tools due to its knappability and regional availability as a raw lithic resource. Hunting and butchering was also an important activity set based upon the presence of projectile points and large utilized flakes and knife-like tools that exhibited use-wear patterns indicative of skinning and processing of hides. The second research question can also be addressed. What are the sources of the flaked obsidian materials and what can XRF sourcing tell us about ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan trade networks? The geological and geographical sources of the “finger print” trace elements found in the obsidian artifacts were identified by Geochemical Research Laboratory. Combining quantitative composition estimates with integrated net count data indicated that 64% (n =54) of the eighty-five obsidian specimens were manufactured from North Coast Ranges obsidian (Napa Valley, n = 50; Annadel, n = 4). The other 36% (n =31) obsidian specimens were made from Mono Basin / western Great Basin volcanic glasses (Casa Diablo area, n= 21; Bodie Hills, n = 8, and Mt. Hicks, n = 2. North Coast Range obsidian (specifically) Napa Valley Obsidian, was clearly dominant over other source locations. However, the obsidian sourcing data suggests that there may have also been relatively strong trade networks with groups to the east in the central Valley toward the Mono Basin / western Great Basin areas as well.

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Chapter 4

Analysis of Shellfish Remains Recovered from CA-SCR-12

Introduction This chapter reports on the analysis of several species of bay and marine shellfish that were recovered from the site. The SJSU shell assemblage was recovered from two distinct contexts: 1) seven controlled hand excavated Test Units and screen recovery, and 2) four controlled hand excavated Trench Units and screen recovery. Approximately 9,383.5 grams (20.7 lbs) of shell were recovered from both contexts: Test Units = 3,984.6 g and Trench Units = 5,398.9 g. Methods In November 2012, the analysis of the shell material commenced. All shellfish remains were removed from their original unit level bags and placed onto sorting trays in the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology Laboratory. These materials were washed with tap water, examined, sorted, counted, and weighed using an Ohaus Series 700 2610g triple beam scale. The sorted shell materials were then placed into new unit level bags which were labeled with the site number, unit number, unit level, and a reference number. All unit and material provenience data along with material quantities and weights were recorded into the new CA- SCR-12 archaeological catalog.

In January 2013, all sorted shell materials (totaling 82 unit level bags) were submitted to Mr. Frank Perry of Museum Services in Santa Cruz, California, to perform a comprehensive speciation study (see Figure 70).

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Figure 70: Eighty-Two Unit Level Shell Samples

Mr. Perry has over 40 years experience studying Central California coast marine mollusks and other shellfish species. The focus of the speciation study included:

1) Examining the contents of each sample bag and identifying the shellfish species (excluding fragmentary shells smaller than 30 mm in diameter) from the CA-SCR-12 assemblage.

2) Identifying smaller shell species (> 30 mm in diameter) if they represented species not present in the larger fraction.

3) Identification of the principal taxa present in the assemblage and placing examples of

each type into separate bags.

4) Offering observations regarding the general composition of the various shell types.

5) Identifying Mytilus shells from the basement layers and placing those specimens in separate plastic bags for possible AMS dating.

6) Preparing a report listing all of the identified shell species present in the assemblage and their relative abundance.

The proveniences and weights of all shell specimens recovered from each arbitrary level of each excavation unit are noted in Table 10.

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Table 10: Distribution and Weight of Shell

Unit # 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30cm 30-40cm 40-50cm

50-60

60-70cm 70-80cm 80-90cm

90-100cm Total Wt. Grams

Unit # 1 68.1g 99.8g - 131.1g 46.7g 100.6g 206.9g 256.3g 143.5g - 1053g Unit # 2 29.6g 38.5g 31.1g 8.1g 19.3g 39.1g 32.8g 21.9g - - 220.4g Unit # 3 - - 45.2g 29.4g 94.4g 274.3g 296.9g 34.6g - - 774.8g Unit # 3A 17.4g 12.6g 60-75cm = 39.1g

75-90cm = 47.5g - 116.6g

Unit # 3B 11.4 g 62.8g 53.1g N/A - - 127.3g Unit # 4 39.0g 78.2g 40.0g 126.1g 29.4g 140.8g 410.5g 74.9g - - 938.9g Unit # 5 31.6g 118.2g 48.5g 54.9g 145.1g 103.2g 202.4g 49.7g - - 753.6g TRU# 1 119.3g 302.6g 198.1g 115.9g 196.4g 298.5g 128.6g 263.9g 218.3g - 1841.6g TRU# 2 15.5g 62.2g 59.4g 245.4g 195.8g 225.8g 173.1g 231.5g 82.6g - 1291.3g TRU# 3 258.9g 260.2g 222.3g 148.6g 147.9g 73.9g 41.2g 18.4g 21.5g 34.3g 1227.2g TRU# 4 46.5g 95.1g 177.8g 231.1g 173.3g 130.2g 130.1g 43.8g 10.9g - 1038.8g

Total Wt. = 9383.5 g Note: - = No samples recovered

List of Identified Taxa A total of thirty-six taxa were discovered in the CA-SCR-12 assemblage. The following is a list of thirty-three identified taxa, with the scientific and common name of each. Included in this list are three species of shell which remain unidentified and they are: unidentified land snail, unidentified chitons, and unidentified shell. Species: Mollusca, Bivalvia

1.) Clinocardium nuttallii. Nuttall’s Cockle 2.) Crasadoma gigantea. Giant Rock Scallop 3.) Macoma nasuta. Bent-Nose Clam 4.) Mactromeris catilliformis. Dish Surfclam 5.) Mytilus californianus. California Mussel 6.) Petricola carditoides. Nestling Clam 7.) Platyodon cancellatus. Boring Softshell Clam 8.) Protothaca staminea. Common Pacific Littleneck 9.) Saxidomus nuttalli. California Butterclam 10.) Tresus nuttalli. Pacific Gaper Clam 11.) Zirfaea pilsbryi. Rough Piddock

Species: Mollusca, Gastropoda 12.) Acanthina spirata. Angular Unicorn 13.) Acmaea mitra. White-Cap Limpet 14.) Collisella digitalis. Ribbed Limpet

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15.) Collisella pelta. Shield Limpet 16.) Collisella scabra. Rough Limpet 17.) Crepidula adunca. Hooked Slipper Shell 18.) Haliotis rufescens. Red Abalone 19.) Helix aspersa. European Land Snail 20.) Homalopoma luridum. Red Snail 21.) Lottia gigantea. Owl Limpet 22.) Notoacmaea scutum. Plate Limpet 23.) Nucella canaliculata. Channeled Dogwinkle 24.) Nucella emarginata. Emarginate Dogwinkle 25.) Ocenebra lurida. Lurid Rock Snail 26.) Olivella biplicata. Purple Dwarf Olive2 27.) Tegula brunnea. Brown Turbin Snail 28.) Tegula funebralis. Black Turbin Snail 29.) Unidentified land snail Species: Mollusca, Polyplacophora 30.) Cryptochiton stelleri. Gumboot Chiton 31.) Unidentified chitons

Species: Arthropoda, Crustacea 32.) Semibalanus cariosus Barnacle 33.) Balanus sp. Barnacle 34.) Coronula diadma. Whale Barnacle 35.) Cancer antennarius. Rock Crab 36.) Unidentified Shell

As I mentioned earlier in this chapter, a total of eighty-two unit level sample bags representing eleven excavation units were analyzed by Mr. Frank Perry. Per my request, Mr. Perry generated a list of the principal taxa present in the assemblage by occurrence. The following is a list of the number of samples in which each of the more common taxa occurred (see Appendix I). Taxa not listed were found in 1 to 10 of the samples.

• Mytilus californianus. n = 72 samples out of 82 • Protothaca staminea. n = 70 • Olivella biplicata n = 55 • Barnacles n = 45 • Saxidomus nuttalli. n = 33 • Tegula spp. n = 26

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• Platyodon cancellatus. n = 16 • Collisella spp. n = 15 • Undifferentiated chitons n = 13 • Cryptochiton stelleri. n = 12 • Nucella canaliculata. n = 11

The identified taxa were not segregated into quantifiable samples by species. However, qualitative observations were made regarding the principal taxa present within each level. In terms of both the volume and number of fragments of shell, mussel shell (Mytilus californianus) is generally more common in the lower levels, clam (Protothaca staminea) and other shell material dominate the upper levels (Perry 2013, 9). See Appendix I for shell distribution trends by occurrence.

Principal Species Present (by Frequency) in the CA-SCR-12 Assemblage

Molluca, Bivalvia:

• Mytilus californianus. California Mussel. This species was present in seventy-two (72) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 71). The exterior of these shells are purplish-gray and white with numerous irregular, flattened radiating ribs. The interior of these shells tend to be grayish to grayish-white. The species lives intertidally attached to rocks and coral to depths of (50 m) deep (National Audubon Society 1981). The California Mussel’s habitat ranges from Alaska to central Mexico. Dense beds of mussels occur along the rocky parts of the Santa Cruz County coast, including along West Cliff Drive (Perry 2013). The species is edible and rich in vitamins. A sample of Mytilus

californianus shell was identified and submitted to Beta Analytic Inc. in Miami Florida, for an AMS radiocarbon date. This shell sample was recovered from

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Trench Unit # 1 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS. The results of the radiocarbon dating study are discussed in Chapter 9 of this project report.

Figure 71: Mytilus californianus Shell Samples

• Protothaca staminea. Common Pacific Littleneck. This species was present in seventy (70) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples. The exterior of these shells tend to be yellowish-white or brownish while the interior of the shells are white (see Figure 72). The species lives in the lower half of the intertidal zone in sandy mud, in bays, or on the open coast near rocks (National Audubon Society 1981). The Common Pacific Littleneck’s habitat ranges from the Aleutian Islands to southern Baja California. It is sought after by both commercial and sports fishermen as a delicacy. This species of clam was clearly a food resource of the ancestral Ohlone / Costanoans occupying CA-SCR-12.

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Figure 72: Protothaca staminea Shell Sample

• Olivella biplicata. Purple Dwarf Olive. This species was present in fifty-five (55) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples, although in relatively small numbers (see Figure 73). This species lives on sand, from the low-tide line to water depths of (50 m deep). The Purple Dwarf Olive’s habitat ranges from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Baja Mexico (National Audubon Society 1981). It is very common near Capitola, California (Perry 2013). It is not clear if this species of shellfish was a major food resource for the ancestral Ohlone. However, the shells were fashioned into shell beads and used for economic transactions, ornamentation and were considered a marker of wealth in pre and post contact periods in California (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987).

Figure 73: Olivella biplicata Shell Samples

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• Semibalanus sp. / Balanus sp. / Coronula diadma. These species were present in forty-five (45) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 74). The extremely fragmented nature of both the Semibalanus cariosus. and the Balanus sp. shell remains made taxa identification difficult. However, two fragments of Coronula diadma. (whale barnacle) were present in the assemblage (see Figure 75). This species is found locally on the humpback whale and has also been reported from fin, blue, and sperm whales (Newman and Abbott 1980). These barnacles may have been deposited on the site as a result of processing whale meat and blubber (Perry 2013).

Figure 74: Thatched Barnacle Samples

Figure 75: Coronula diadma (whale barnacle) exterior view

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• Saxidomus nuttalli. California Butter Clam. This species was present in thirty-three (33) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples. The exterior of these shells are grayish- yellow to brownish, while the interior of the shells are white and purple (see Figure 76). This species lives deeply buried in the sand, in bays, or off rocky coasts, from near low- tide line to water depths ranging from (10 m to 46 m) deep (National Audubon Society 1981). The California Butter Clam’s habitat ranges from Central California to northern Baja California. Empty shells commonly wash up on the beach near Capitola, California (Perry 2013). These and other types of shellfish were a staple food for the ancestral Ohlone (Jacknis 2004).

Figure 76: Saxidomus nuttalli (shell fragment)

• Tegula funebralis. / Tegula brunnea. These species were present in twenty-six (26) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 77). Tegula funebralis. (Black Turban snail) lives on rocks intertidally and is very common along the rocky shores of

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Santa Cruz County (Perry 2013). The Black Turban Snail’s habitat ranges from Vancouver, British Columbia, to central Baja Mexico. Tegula brunnea. (Brown Turban Snail) also lives on rocks intertidally and is found from Oregon to the Santa Barbara Islands (National Audubon Society 1981).

Figure 77: Tegula funebralis (left side) Tegula brunnea (right side)

• Platyodon cancellatus. Boring Soft-Shell Clam. This species was present in sixteen (16) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples. The exterior of these shells are chalky white, and yellowish brown, while the interior of the shells are white (see Figure 78). This species lives intertidally, boring into heavy clay, soft sandstone, and mudstone and is common along the Santa Cruz rocky shores (Perry 2013).

Figure 78: Platyodon cancellatus (shell fragments)

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• Collisella digitalis. Ribbed Limpet / Collisella pelta. Shield Limpet / Collisella scabra. Rough Limpet. These species were present in fifteen (15) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples and are described below.

Collisella digitalis. Ribbed Limpet. This species lives on vertical rock surfaces in the intertidal zone where there is wave action (National Audubon Society 1981). The exterior of these shells range in color from dark greenish gray to reddish brown, while the interior of the shells are bluish white (see Figure 79). The Ribbed Limpet habitat ranges from Alaska to Baja Mexico.

Figure 79: Collisella digitalis Shell Sample

Collisella pelta. Shield Limpet. This species lives on rocks intertidally. The exterior of these shells are grayish with irregular white radial stripes (see Figure 80). The interior of the shells are bluish white with dark and light spotting (National Audubon Society 1981). The Shield Limpet’s habitat ranges from Alaska to Baja Mexico.

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Figure 80: Collisella pelta Shell Sample

Collisella scabra. Rough Limpet. This species lives on rocks at mid-tide level in the spray zone (National Audubon Society 1981). The exterior of these shells tend to be grayish and greenish white with radiating ribs along the edges (see Figure 81). The Rough Limpet’s habitat ranges from Southern Oregon to Baja California.

Figure 81: Collisella scabra Shell Sample

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• Undifferentiated Small Chitons. Several unidentified species of chiton were present in thirteen (13) out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 82). Over 140 species of these marine mollusks exist in North America today (National Audubon Society 1981). Locally, several species of chiton live intertidally on rocks (Perry 2013).

Figure 82: Undifferentiated Chitons

• Cryptochiton stelleri. Gumboot Chiton. This species was present in twelve (12) out of

the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 83). The Gumboot Chiton lives among rocks, near low-tide level to water depths of (18m) deep. This species of chiton is the largest in the world, reaching 33 cm in length (Perry 2013). The Gumboot Chiton’s habitat ranges from Alaska to the Channel Islands, California (National Audubon Society 1981).

Figure 83: Cryptochiton stelleri (shell fragments)

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• Nucella canaliculata. Channeled Dogwinkle. This species was present in eleven (11)

out of the eighty-two (82) unit level samples (see Figure 84). The Channeled Dogwinkle lives on rocks intertidally and is found from Alaska to Monterey California (National Audubon Society 1981). This species is characteristic of mussel beds and could have been brought to the site accidentally with mussels (Perry 2013).

Figure 84: Nucella canaliculata Shell Sample Discussion

CA-SCR-12 is located in the coastal terrace ecological zone. The coastal terrace encompassed sites situated adjacent to the shoreline, along the coastal plain and up to the lower most uplifted terraces which appear as low foothills overlooking the ocean (Hyklema 1991). There is a rich mosaic of plant communities in this part of the Central Coast Region and they include: coastal strand, coastal salt marsh, riparian, redwood and mixed redwood- Douglas fir forest, broadleaf evergreen forest, coast live oak, foothill woodland, chaparral, and grassland (Moratto 2004). Located in the coastal strand (an area of cliffs, beach, and dunes),

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CA-SCR-12 had access to the nearby beaches and rocky shorelines for hunting sea mammals, fishing, and collecting shellfish (Baker 1980). As stated earlier in this chapter, a total of 9,383.5 grams (20.7 lbs) of shellfish remains were recovered by SJSU from 912 Third Street. A total of thirty-six taxa of bay and marine shellfish were discovered in the CA-SCR-12 shell assemblage and most of those species were considered as nutritional food resources by the ancestral Ohlone.

With the resultant analysis of the CA-SCR-12 shell assemblage complete, I can now address the research question: What types of activity sets can be inferred from the CA-SCR-12 assemblages? First and foremost, we have evidence of shellfish harvesting from the low, medium, high intertidal, and subtidal coastal water zones as well as from the Bay and the mouth of the San Lorenzo River. Second, the volume (9,383.5g) and diversity of shellfish remains present in the assemblage suggests that those food resources were collected and transported back to the site for further processing, distribution and consumption. Shellfish harvesting is an inferred subsistence-related activity set indicated by the recovery of large volumes of shellfish remains by previous investigators (Fritz and Fritz 1974, Roop and Flynn 1976 & 1977, Woosely 1978, Baker 1979, and SJSU in 1986).

For comparative purposes, approximately 17,400 grams (38 lbs) of shellfish remains were recovered from Susanne Bakers’ 1980 data recovery program at 514 Cliff Street, which is located approximately 300 ft to the east of 912 Third Street. A total of twenty-five taxa of shellfish were identified and they are listed below:

1.) Protothaca staminea. Common Pacific Littleneck 2.) Unknown pen shell 3.) Ocenebra lurida. Lurid Rock Snail 4.) Crab 5.) Clinocardium nutalli. Nuttall’s Cockle 6.) Land snail

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7.) Balanus sp. Barnacle 8.) Tellina idea. Ida’s Tellin 9.) Macoma nasuta. Bent Nosed Clam 10.) Acmaea sp. Limpet 11.) Tressus nutalli. Pacific Gaper Clam 12.) Tegula sp. Turbin snail 13.) Saxidomus nuttalli. California Butterclam 14.) Panomya ampla. Clam 15.) Cryptochiton stelleri. Gumboot Chiton 16.) Semele rupicola Rock Semele 17.) Haliotis rufescens. Red Abolone 18.) Olivella biplicata. Purple Dwarf Olive 19.) Cerithidiae Ceriths 20.) Mytilus californianus. California Mussel 21.) Penitella penita. Flat-tipped Piddock 22.) Unidentified Chitons 23.) Crepidula sp. Slipper Shell 24.) Calliostoma sp. Top Shell Family 25.) Thais sp. Rock Shell

The results from Baker’s excavation indicates that the dominant shell species recovered from that portion of CA-SCR-12 were Protothaca staminea, followed by Mytilus sp. and balanus (barnacles) (Baker 1980).

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Chapter 5

Analysis of Faunal Bone Recovered from CA-SCR-12

Introduction

This chapter addresses the large assemblage of vertebrate faunal remains that were

recovered from 912 Third Street by San Jose State University in August 1986 and

Archaeological Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) in July 1986. The SJSU faunal bone

assemblage was recovered from two distinct contexts 1) seven controlled hand excavated Test

Units and screen recovery, and 2) four controlled hand excavated Trench Units and screen

recovery. A total of 3,074 bone elements weighing 4,771.1 grams were recovered from both

contexts: Test Units n = 1,539 elements weighing 2,466.6 g and Trench Units n = 1,535 elements

weighing 2,304.5 g.

The ACRS faunal bone assemblage was recovered from three rapid recovery test

excavation units and screen recovery (Dietz 1986). A total of 223 bone elements weighing 429.3

grams were recovered from this excavation. See Appendix A for a detailed summary of all

mammal, fish, and bird taxa recovered from the site by ACRS.

Methods

In January 2013, the analysis of the faunal material commenced. All faunal bones

were removed from their original unit level bags and placed onto sorting trays in the San Jose

State University Department of Anthropology Laboratory. These materials were washed with tap

water, counted, weighed using an Ohaus Series 700 2610g triple beam scale, and sorted into the

following categories of taxa: bird, fish, reptile, rodent, and mammals (See Appendix J for the

distribution of faunal bone elements by provenience, number, and weight). The faunal materials

were then placed into new unit level bags which were labeled with the site number, unit number,

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unit level number, reference number, and a taxon description. All unit and material provenience

data along with quantities, descriptions, and weights were recorded into the two newly generated

CA-SCR-12 archaeological catalogs.

A comprehensive analysis of the vertebrate faunal bone assemblage was beyond the

scope of this study. However, in March 2013, I contacted San Jose State University faunal

analyst, Ms. Jean Geary, and requested her to examine and attempt to identify some of the larger

bone elements that were present in the collection. Ms. Geary selected approximately forty–five

bone specimens and compared them with the comparative mammalian and avian osteological

collection curated at the Museum of Birds and Mammals, Department of Biological Science at

San Jose State University. Ms. Geary noted as part of her methodology that if a specimen

matched the comparative material it was issued a species designation. Ms. Geary successfully

identified 31 % of the selected samples and based upon her analysis of those samples, the site

did provide some species of significance in identifying ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan paleo-

environmental adaptation and exploitation strategies.

Taxonomic Composition

Of the fourteen specimens identified, seven species were represented and they are listed

below (See Table 11).

Table 11: Taxonomic List of Identified Faunal Species from CA-SCR-12

CLASS: MAMMALIA (Terrestrial Mammals)

ORDER: ARTIODACTYLA

Family Cervidae Deer, elk, moose, caribou

Odocoileus hemionus Black-tail deer

Cervus canadensis roosevelti Roosevelt elk

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CLASS: MAMMALIA (Marine Mammals)

ORDER: CARNIVORA

Family Mustelidae Otters, badgers, weasels, martens,

Enhydra lutris Sea otter

Family Otariidae Sea lions, seals, walrus

Zalophus californicus California sea lion

Eumetopias jubata Steller sea lion

Family Phocidae Earless seals

Phoca vitulina Harbor seal

ORDER: RODENTIA

Family Geomyidae

Thomomys bottae Botta’s pocket gopher

Terrestrial Mammals / Artiodactyla

Odocoileus hemoinus (17 specimens: SJSU n = 6, ACRS n = 11)

A total of six Odocoileus hemoinus (Mule deer / California Black-Tailed Deer) remains

were identified within the sample. All of the specimens were recovered from Test Unit # 3A at a

depth of 60-75 cm BS and they included: two left astragalus fragments, one right 1st phalange,

one right distal radius fragment, and two ventral fragments. The Mule deer / California Black-

Tailed deer inhabits several vegetative communities (forest edge, woodlands, grasslands and

chaparral) in Central Coastal California (see Figure 85).

Figure 85: Mule Deer / California Black-Tailed Deer

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A total of eleven Odocoileus hemionus (California black-tailed deer) remains were

recovered from two additional areas within the site by ACRS in July 1986. Six specimens were

recovered from ACRS Test Unit # 1 at depths ranging from 20-60 cm BS. The other five

specimens were recovered from ACRS Test Unit # 3 at depths ranging from 40-100 cm BS.

Cervus canadensis roosevelti (2 specimens: SJSU n =2)

A total of two Cervus canadensis roosevelti (Roosevelt elk) bones were identified.

One cervical bone specimen (Ref. # 67-10) was recovered from Test Unit # 3A at a depth of

30-60 cm BS (see Figure 86).

Figure 86: Cervus canadensis roosevelti Cervical Bone (Ref. # 67-10)

A sample of this specimen (11.1 grams) was submitted to Beta Analytic for AMS dating in April,

2013 (see Figure 87). The results of the AMS study are discussed in Chapter 9 of this project

report.

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Figure 87: Cervus canadensis roosevelti AMS Sample (Ref. # 67-10)

The other specimen (Ref. # 29-3: not pictured) represents a distal end rib fragment that was

recovered from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS and it exhibits multiple cut marks along

one face. The Tule elk (Cervus nannoides) is a subspecies of elk found only in California. The

species thrived in California central and coastal grassland habitats until European contact (see

Figure 88).

Figure 88: Roosevelt Tule Elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti)

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Marine Mammals / Mustelidae

Enhydra lutris (6 specimens: SJSU n = 1, ACRS n = 5)

One Enhydra lutris (Sea otter) bone was identified within the sample. Specimen (Ref. #

37-6: not pictured) represents a complete right humerus that was recovered from Trench Unit # 3

at a depth of 30-40 cm BS. The specimen also exhibits cut marks along its distal end. The sea

otter generally lives in shallow offshore environments along the California Coast and it is the sea

floor that provides the otter with most of its food supply: fish, sea urchins, mollusks, crabs and

other invertebrates. The Ancestral Ohlone / Costanoans procured a wide range of natural

resources for clothing / blankets and they often hunted the sea otter for its hide and its

exceptionally thick coat of fur (see Figure 89).

Figure 89: California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

A total of five Enhydra lutris (Sea otter) remains were recovered from two other

excavation units within the site by ACRS in July 1986. Three unidentified bone fragments

were recovered from Test Unit # 2 at depths ranging from 20-80 cm BS. The other two bone

fragments were recovered from Test Unit # 3 at a depth of 40-60 cm BS.

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Marine Mammals / Otariidae

Zalophus californicus (10 specimens: SJSU n = 2, ACRS n = 8)

Two Zalophus californicus (California sea lion) bones were identified within the sample.

Specimen (Ref. # 43-7: not pictured) represents a manus (front paw) fragment that was recovered

from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of 50-60 cm BS. The other specimen (Ref. # 59-11) represents a

right ulna fragment that was recovered from Test Unit # 1 at a depth of 60-70 cm BS

(see Figure 90). A 12.1g sample of this specimen (Ref. # 59-11) was submitted to Beta Analytic

for AMS dating, in May of 2013. The results of the AMS study are discussed in Chapter 9.

Figure 90: California Sea Lion (Zalophus californicus) AMS Sample (Ref. # 59-11)

The California sea lion habitat includes: rocky shorelines, sandy beaches, sand bars,

sheltered coves, and the tide pools of coastal inland and mainland shorelines (see Figure 91).

Male California sea lions can weigh up to 770 lbs and grow to lengths which exceed eight feet.

Females can weigh up to 220 lbs and grow to lengths which exceed six feet. CA-SCR-12 is

located in the coastal terrace ecological zone and it is situated adjacent to the shoreline. The

ancestral Ohlone / Costanoans therefore had easy access to the nearby beaches and rocky

shorelines for hunting these and other species of sea mammals.

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Figure 91: California Sea Lion (Zalophus californicus)

A total of eight Callorhinus ursinus / Zalophus californicus (Fur seal / Sea lion)

bones were recovered from two other excavation units within the site by ACRS in July 1986.

One specimen was recovered from Test Unit # 2 at a depth of 60-80 cm BS. The other six

specimens were recovered from Test Unit # 3 at depths ranging from 20-100 cm BS.

Eumetopias jubata (1 specimen: SJSU n = 1)

One Eumetopias jubata (Steller sea lion) bone was identified within the sample.

Specimen # 60-16 (not pictured) represents a rib fragment that was recovered from Test

Unit # 3 at a depth of 50-60 cm BS. The Steller sea lion (i.e. Northern sea lion) is the largest of

the eared seals. Steller sea lion females typically weigh between 500-750 lbs and can grow to

lengths which exceed eight feet. Stellar males typically weigh between 900-2,500 lbs and they

can grow to lengths which exceed eleven feet. This species of sea lion mainly forages near

mainland coastlines and in between intertidal zones and continental shelves (see Figure 92).

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Figure 92: Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubata)

Phoca vitulina (1 specimen: SJSU n = 1)

One Phoca vitulina (Harbor Seal) bone was identified within the sample. Specimen # 51-

6 (not pictured) represents an incomplete left femur fragment that was recovered from Test Unit

#3 at a depth of 60-75 cm BS. The Harbor Seal thrives in a wide range of habitats: shallow

coastal waters, estuaries, rivers, and sandbars and beaches during the low tides (see Figure 93).

Figure 93: Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)

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Discussion

As stated earlier in this chapter, a comprehensive analysis of the CA-SCR-12 vertebrate

faunal bone assemblage was beyond the scope of this study. However, the site did provide some

species of significance in identifying ancestral Ohlone / Costanoan paleo-environmental

adaptation and exploitation strategies. The remains (burnt and unburnt) of several major

species consisting of both terrestrial and marine mammals were identified in the SJSU faunal

bone assemblage, thus inferring that those food resources were procured through hunting and

fishing and brought back to the site for further processing, distribution and consumption.

Terrestrial and marine mammal hunting are inferred activity sets indicated by the recovery of

3,297 faunal bones (SJSU n = 3,074, ACRS n = 223) from the 912 Third Street address locus. In

addition, large quantities of faunal bone remains were recovered and reported upon by previous

researchers from other areas within the site (Fritz and Fritz 1974, Edwards 1975, Roop and Flynn

1976 and 1977, Woosely 1978, and Baker 1980).

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Chapter 6

Analysis of Bone and Shell Artifacts from CA-SCR-12

Introduction

This chapter reports on the analysis of the bone and shell artifacts that were recovered

from 912 Third Street by San Jose State University in August 1986 and Archaeological

Consulting and Research Services in July 1986. A total of four possible bone awl specimens

were recovered from the site (SJSU n = 3, ACRS n = 1). In addition, a total of four Olivella

shell beads were reported as being recovered from the site by ACRS. One is an Olivella type

A1b Medium Spire-lopped bead, two are Olivella type A1c Large Spire-lopped beads, and one is

an Olivella type G2 Normal Saucer or G6 Irregular Saucer bead (Dietz 1986; Bennyhoff and

Hughes 1987). However, in February 2013, I revisited the ACRS shell assemblage and it was

noted that only one out of the four Olivella shell bead artifacts was present in the collection. That

specimen (Ref. # 12-11: G2 or G6 series Saucer) is described below. See the ACRS Final Report

located in Appendix A for a comprehensive description of the other three Olivella shell bead

artifacts: type A1b (n = 1), and type A1c (n = 2).

Methods

In February 2013, all bone and shell artifacts were removed from their original unit level

bags and placed onto trays in the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology

Laboratory. The artifacts were then cleaned, measured, and weighed using an Ohaus Series 700

2610g triple beam scale. Each bone awl specimen was examined under a Bausch & Lomb

AS245 10.5 – 45x variable stereoscopic microscope for evidence of polishing, striations,

abrasions and burning. The Olivella shell bead specimen (Ref. # 12-11) was also examined under

the microscope to confirm perforation type (conical, biconical and etc.). The bone and shell

artifacts were then placed into new unit level bags which were labeled with the site number, unit

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number, unit level number, and reference number. All unit and material provenience data along

with quantities, descriptions, and weights were recorded into the two CA-SCR-12 archaeological

catalogs.

Bone Artifacts (4 specimens: SJSU n = 3, ACRS n = 1)

Bone Awls

Bone awls consist of pieces of worked bone that have been modified for use as

specialized tools. These tools are usually associated with tasks which include the weaving of

baskets, netting, woven traps, and as punches for perforating animal hides (Leventhal et al.

2009). A total of four bone awl specimens were recovered from the site and described below.

Specimen # D- 12-18 appears to be a reworked awl-like tool, possibly made from deer bone. The

entire body exhibits heavy polishing with manufacturing striations. The tip (distal end) exhibits

rounding with a tapered blunt end that appears to be reworked. The proximal end appears to be a

reworked snap and exhibits rounding and some polishing. It is not clear that this tool was

originally used as an awl “ but highly likely.” The specimen appears to have been reworked into

a peg-like tool for some unknown use. It was recovered by ACRS from Test Unit 3 at a depth of

60-80 cm BS (see Figures 94 and 95). Max length = 37.9 mm, Max. width at tip = 7.9 mm,

Max.width at base the base = 11.2 mm. Wt. 2.6 g.

Figure 94: Possible Bone Awl Tip – Ref. # D-12-18

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Figure 95: Possible Bone Awl Tip – Ref. # D-12-18 (Illustrated)

Specimen # 6-40 is a midsection fragment of a polished bone artifact, possibly made from deer

bone. The specimen may be a remnant of an awl or fishing gear. Both the tapered “distal end”

and the proximal end are truncated or “snapped.” The midline also exhibits a break parallel to

one of the polished edges. The overall body exhibits polishing, manufacturing striations, and

organic staining. The specimen was recovered by SJSU from Test Unit 4 at a depth of 20-30

cm BS (see Figure 96). Max. length = 21.9 mm, Max. Width = 5.3 mm. Wt. .55 g.

Figure 96: Possible Bone Awl Remnant – Ref. # 6-40

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Specimen # 79-5 is a midsection fragment of a polished bone artifact, possibly made from deer

bone. The morphology of this specimen is very similar to Specimen D-12-18 described above.

Both the distal and proximal ends are truncated or “snapped” as well as the midline. The remnant

body and one intact edge also exhibit polishing and manufacturing striations. This specimen was

recovered by SJSU from Trench Unit 4 at a depth of 40-50 cm BS (see Figure 97). Max.

length = 21.8 mm, Max width = 9.8 mm. Wt. .92 g.

Figure 97: Possible Bone Awl – Ref. # 79-5

Specimen # 6-1 is a distal midsection of an awl-like tool, possibly made from deer bone. Both

the proximal and distal ends are truncated or “snapped.” The remnant body exhibits polishing

and manufacturing striations. The specimen was recovered by SJSU from Test Unit 4 at a

depth of 20-30 cm BS (see Figures 98 and 99). Max. length = 28.8 mm, Max. width = 6.8 mm.

Wt. 1.21 g.

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Figure 98: Possible Bone Awl – Ref. # 6-1 (Illustrated)

Figure 99: Possible Bone Awl – Ref. # 6-1

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Shell Artifacts (ACRS n = 4 specimens)

Olivella Shell Beads

Although a total four Olivella shell beads were reported by ACRS as being recovered

from the site (912 Third Street), only one shell bead artifact was located in the “ACRS: July

1986 CA-SCR-12 shell assemblage.” That specimen (Ref. # 12-11) was recovered from Test

Unit 3 at a depth ranging from 40-60 cm BS (see Figure 100). Max. Length = 7.6 mm,

width = 7.4mm, curvature = 1.9 mm, perforation diameter = 1.8 mm (slightly off center),

biconically drilled.

Note: Bead is not perfectly round

Figure 100: Possible G2 or G6a Series Bead Saucer (Exterior View)

Discussion

The bone awl artifacts recovered from the site are very similar to each other, suggesting

evidence of a worked bone technology and manufacturing process. While these specimens are

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too fragmented to succinctly classify, using E.W. Gifford’s 1940 “ Californian Bone Artifacts”

as a typological guide, all four specimens appear to be remnants of Type A1 Bone Awls made

from the leg bones of deer.

Based on the general morphological characteristics of shell bead specimen (Ref. # 12-11)

described above, Dietz ascribed it to either the G2 or G6 series Saucer bead. If it types out as a

G6, it would then be classified as a G6a Irregular Saucer. The G6 series was defined as a new

bead type by Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987), based on a large grave lot of 3,271 of those beads

found within a single burial (Burial #5) at CA-MNT-229 in Moss Landing (Dietz 1986). Based

on three radio carbon dates obtained from those samples of G6 shell beads found within the

burial, Bennyhoff ascribed the beads to the “Early/Middle period Transition phase” or ca. 2,500

– 2,200 years B.P. (Scheme B1, Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:135; Dietz 1986).

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Chapter 7

Historic Artifacts Recovered from CA-SCR-12

Introduction

The focus of this chapter is to provide a description and numeration of the different

categories of non-aboriginal (historical) artifacts that were recovered from 912 Third Street. The

SJSU historical artifact assemblage was recovered from two contexts 1) seven controlled hand

excavated Test Units and screen recovery, and 2) four controlled hand excavated Units and

screen recovery. A total of 989 historic artifacts were recovered from both contexts: Test Units

n = 604 and Trench Units n = 385. See Appendix K for the distribution of these historic artifacts

by number and provenience. The ACRS historical artifact assemblage was recovered from three

controlled hand excavated rapid recovery Test Units and screening. A total of 72 additional

artifacts were recovered from this context.

Methods

In February 2013, all historical artifacts were examined in the San Jose State

University Department of Anthropology Laboratory. The artifacts were removed from their

original unit level bags and sorted into the following “material of manufacture” (Orser 2004)

categories: metal, glass, porcelain, rubber, plastic, brick, ceramic, clay, asphalt, tar, iron, and

copper. These artifacts were cleaned, counted, weighed using an Ohaus Series 700 2610g triple

beam scale, and placed into new unit level bags. The unit level bags were labeled with the site

number, unit number, unit level number, and reference number. All unit and material

provenience data along with quantities, descriptions, and weights were recorded into the new

CA-SCR-12 archaeological catalogs.

Material Summary

A combined total of 1,061 (SJSU: n = 989, ACRS: n = 72) historic artifacts were

recovered from the site. In order of prevalence they are as follows:

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SJSU Historical Artifact Assemblage (N = 989)

1.) Glass fragments represented the most predominant material type in this assemblage, accounting for approximately 55.3 % ( n = 548) of all historic materials recovered from the site. Included in this count is one glass marble (Ref. # 39-18) that was recovered from Trench Unit 1 at a depth of 30-40 cm BS.

2.) Metal nail fragments (round and square) accounted for 25.7 % (n = 255) of the total.

3.) Porcelain fragments accounted for 7.3 % (n = 72) of the total.

4.) Assorted metal fragments such as: flakes, screws, spikes, and bullet shell casings accounted for 3.6 % (n = 36) of the total.

The remaining nine other material types have fewer than twenty specimens represented in each

category and when combined they account for 7.9 % (n = 78) of the total historic assemblage. In

order of prevalence they are: brick (n = 18), rubber (n = 15), clay (n = 13), plastic (n = 10),

asphalt (n = 7), ceramic (n = 7), tar (n = 6), iron (n = 1), and copper (n = 1). Included in these

counts are: one clay marble (Ref. # 25-25) that was recovered from Trench Unit # 3 at a depth of

10-20 cm BS and one complete clay dish that was recovered from that same provenience.

ACRS Historical Artifact Assemblage (N = 72)

1.) Metal fragments represented the most predominant material type in this assemblage, accounting for 48.6 % (n = 35) of all historic materials recovered from this collection.

2.) Glass fragments accounted for 41.6 % (n = 30) of the total.

3.) Porcelain fragments accounted for 9.7 % (n = 7) of the total.

Discussion

A comprehensive analysis of these historical artifacts was outside the scope of this

particular project study. However, both the San Jose State University and the Archaeological

Consulting and Research Services (ACRS) CA-SCR-12 historic assemblages have been sorted,

thus providing a generalized classification of these two collections. The two collections have also

been segregated from their prehistoric assemblages so that they may be analyzed by a San Jose

State University Historical Archaeology class at some future date.

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Although some of these materials may date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it

appears that no significant historical features and/or artifacts were encountered within this

portion of the larger site.

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Chapter 8

Burial Descriptions and Skeletal Biology: Inventory and Analysis

Introduction

This chapter reports on the human remains that were recovered from the SJSU

excavation conducted on CA-SCR-12 at 912 Third Street. A total of three isolated adult

human skeletal elements and one neonate burial were recovered from the site. For purposes

of this study, I am treating all three skeletal isolates as separate individuals. These burials

(which I assume to have been primary inhumations prior to disturbance) were assigned as

Burials #1, #2, #3, and #4, thus indicating that there were a possible minimum number (MNI)

of four individuals that were recovered by the SJSU field school excavation project at CA-

SCR-12 (see Map 3 below for the locations of Burials # 1 - # 4).

Methods

On March 1, 2013, I contacted San Jose State University alumna Ms. Melynda Atwood

who has worked as an osteologist on many ancestral Ohlone skeletal populations, and requested

of her to examine all of the human bone elements that were present in the CA-SCR-12

collection. On March 6, 2013, Atwood conducted the skeletal analyses on all four human

burials. The neonate skeleton (Burial # 3 – Ref. # 51-20) was laid out in anatomical position in

the Anthropology Lab and the elements were recorded on Ohlone Families Consulting Services

(OFCS) skeletal inventory sheets (see Appendix L). The aging criteria used for analysis of the

neonate burial followed the 1994 Standards edited by Buikstra and Ubelaker and also Bass

(1995).

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Sex and a specific age were impossible to determine on the other three skeletal isolates

(Burial # 1 - Ref. # 51-1, Burial # 2 - Ref. # 55-10, and Burial # 4 - Ref. # 51-19) being that they

are each represented by a single element. What information could be ascertained was recorded

into the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology Burial Record Catalog.

Burial: 1 Description

Burial # 1 (Ref. # 51-1) is represented by a portion of a moderately robust adult left

femur which measures 94.9 mm in length. This skeletal element was recovered from Test Unit

3A at a depth of 60-75 cm BS. This element consists of the upper 1/3 of the diaphyseal shaft

with the superior margin just inferior to the lesser trochanter (see Figure 101). Per the terms of

the COSS research grant agreement and with the permission of both the Department of

Anthropology and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, a 9.7 gram sample from this specimen was

submitted to Beta Analytic in December 2012, for an AMS radiocarbon dating and isotopic

analysis. The results of those two studies are discussed in Chapter 9 of this project report.

Figure 101: Burial # 1 - Adult Left Diaphysis Femur Fragment (Ref. # 51-1)

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Burial: 2 Description

Burial # 2 is represented by a right talus (Ref. # 55-10) which measures 56.6 mm in

length. This skeletal element was recovered from Test Unit 4 at a depth of 60-70 cm BS (see

Figure 102). Very little information can be ascertained from this element other than the fact that

it is complete, moderately robust, and represents the remains of an adult individual.

Figure 102: Burial # 2 - Right Talus (Ref. # 55-10)

Burial: 3 Description

Burial # 3 is represented by the remains of a neonate (Ref. # 51-20). This burial was

recovered from Trench Unit 1 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS (see Figure 103). The condition of the

skeleton is good, with slight postmortem damage to the cortex and some fragmentation (Atwood

2013). The sex of the neonate could not be ascertained, however its age was estimated to be 0-6

months.

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Figure 103: Burial # 3 – Neonate Burial (Ref. # 51-20)

Burial 3 - Cranium: The cranium is fragmentary with three vault fragments present which

includes: 1) the right petrous portion of the temporal, 2) three fragments that are possibly

sphenoid and 3) a complete left zygomatic. The mandible is absent.

Axial Skeleton: A complete left clavicle and right scapula are present. Seven cervical

vertebrae, five thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae are present. Of the os coxae

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(pelvis), a complete left pubis and left ilium are present. Four left ribs are present and the

sternum and the sacrum are absent.

Upper Appendicular Skeleton: The upper appendicular skeleton is fragmentary with one right

humerus, two right ulna, and one left radius fragment present. The hands are absent.

Lower Appendicular Skeleton: Only the right leg is present and it is consists of a complete

femur and tibia. The fibula is incomplete and the patella and feet are absent.

Burial: 4 Description

Burial # 4 (Ref. # 51-19) is represented by an adult humeral head fragment which

measures 28.9 mm in length. This skeletal element was recovered from the same unit and

provenience as the neonate burial: Trench Unit 1 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS (see Figure 104).

Figure 104: Burial # 4 - Humeral Head Fragment (Ref. # 51-19)

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Map 3: Site Map 912 Third Street – Burial Locations

Discussion

A review of all archival records associated with CA-SCR-12 indicated that there has been

a continuous history of recovering human remains from this site dating from excavations

conducted from 1950 to 1986. In chronological order, the recovery of human remains began

with the site’s initial recording in 1950. According to the site survey records, human remains

Burial # 3: Neonate

Burial # 4: Adult Humeral Head

Burial # 2: Adult Talus

Burial # 1: Adult Femur

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were uncovered by a bulldozer and then reburied during the construction of the Laura Lee Court

Motel, located at 820 Third Street. In 1954, human remains were uncovered once again during

the construction of a four unit addition to the El View Motel located at 810 Third Street (Atwood

1979). In 1975, Rob Edwards noted in his final report to Nittler & Nittler Realtors that human

remains had been found in the process of excavating a utilities trench in 1969 - 1970 on a parcel

of land located at 912 Third Street.

In June 1977, human remains were collected during an archaeological reconnaissance on

three land parcels that lay within the recorded boundaries of CA-SCR-12. In September 1977,

an additional thirty-six human bone fragments were excavated from those aforementioned three

land parcels. In March 1979, a nearly complete flexed human burial was recovered from 514

Cliff Street by Susan Baker. In August 1986, three isolated human skeletal elements and one

neonate burial were recovered from 912 Third Street by the SJSU field school class.

Prior to the present osteological analysis, no previous investigator formally analyzed or

C14 dated any of the skeletal remains reported from CA-SCR-12. As a result, based upon both

the archival record and the skeletal data presented above, it seems reasonable to conclude that

mortuary/funerary-related activities had taken place at this ancestral Ohlone/Costanoan site.

Lastly, late in this analysis, Dr. Eric Bartelink from CSU, Chico, analyzed the results of

the nitrogen stable isotope obtained by Beta Labs on Burial #1’s femur which yielded dietary

evidence of high marine sources of food such as sea mammal, fish and shell fish. The results of

this study was expected given that this individual was recovered within a coastal locality with

evidence of abundant marine resources (see Appendix H for Bartelink’s full report).

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Chapter 9

The Dating and Chronological Placement of the Prehistoric Site CA-SCR-12

Introduction

On October 9, 2012, I received a letter of support from the Muwekma Ohlone Tribal

leadership (see Appendix C) allowing for the submittal of four small samples of bone (human: n

= 1, mammalian: n = 2) and one sample of Mytilus shell to Beta Analytic for Accelerator Mass

Spectrometry (AMS) dating. In addition, I was granted permission to conduct obsidian

hydration studies on all obsidian specimens that were recovered by the two excavation projects

(SJSU and ACRS) that were conducted at 912 Third Street. These studies were necessary in

order to obtain chronological information on the temporal components represented at this site.

Given that no attempt has ever been made to radiocarbon date CA-SCR-12, I predicted a

resultant date ranging from 2500 to 1500 years BP (500 B.C. – A.D. 500) based on the relative

dates that have been postulated in the CA-SCR-12 archival record.

Per the terms of the COSS Research grant agreement, the bone (human and mammalian)

and shell specimens were submitted to Beta Analytic for AMS dating (see Appendix D for the

AMS dating results). The obsidian specimens were submitted to Mr. John Schlagheck and Mr.

Tom Origer of the Origer Obsidian Laboratory (OOL) for a hydration study after their respective

sources had been determined by XRF by Dr. Richard Hughes (Geochemical Research

Laboratory) (see Appendix E and Appendix F for the obsidian hydration and XRF reports). The

results of the AMS dating and obsidian hydration studies are discussed below.

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AMS Dating: Human Burial # 1 (Left Diaphysis Femur - Ref. # 51-1)

Based upon my research questions, I wanted to know whether the mortuary component

represented at this portion of CA-SCR-12 predated, or post-dated or was coeval with the

subsistence –settlement patterns gleaned from the site’s artifactual and ecofactual assemblages.

On December 12, 2012, a 9.7g sample of bone (Left Diaphysis Femur – Ref. # 51-1) was

submitted to Beta Analytic for AMS dating and for 15N / 14N Stable Isotope analysis (an

indicator of the propensity of dietary foods (e.g., marine mammal, fish, terrestrial mammal or

terrestrial plant during the last ten years of a person’s life). The results from Beta Analytic were

obtained on January 7, 2013. Burial # 1 yielded a mid-range date of 1955 BC thus placing it

within the Early Period (which spans 3500 B.C. – 600 B.C.), based upon Jones, et al. (2007)

regional chronology for North Central California (see Figure 105).

Adapted from Jones et al. 2007 Figure 105: Cultural Chronology of North Central Coast California

AMS Dating: Mytilus Shell (Mytilus californianus)

Based upon the result of dating the human femur, I then raised the question, when was

the earliest evidence of shell fish exploitation going on at the site? As a result on February 15,

2013, a sample of Mytilus californianus shell was submitted to Beta Analytic for AMS dating.

The sample was recovered from Trench Unit 1 at a depth of 80-90 cm BS. The results from Beta

Analytic were obtained on February 26, 2013. The Mytilus californianus shell specimen yielded

a corrected (after applying Delta R value 225 + / - 35) mid-range date of 240 BC thus falling

Cultural Period Dates A.D. / B.C Late Period A.D. 1250 - 1769

Middle - Late Transition A.D. 1000 - 1250 Middle Period 600 B.C. - A.D. 1000 Early Period 3500 B.C. - 600 B.C.

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within the Middle Period (spanning 600 B.C. – A.D. 1000).

AMS Dating: Roosevelt Elk (2nd Cervical Vertebra - Ref. # 67-10)

Based upon the AMS dating of the human femur and the Mytilus shell sample, I wanted

to know whether or not elk hunting was coeval with either mortuary practice or shell fish

harvesting activities. On April 24, 2013, an 11.1g sample of a cervical vertebra from an

identified Roosevelt Elk (Cervus canadensis roosevelti – Ref. # 67-10) was submitted to Beta

Analytic for AMS dating. On May 7, 2013, I received an email communication from Beta

Analytic (from Mr. Chris Patrick, May 7, 2013) stating that:

The bone specimen’s C13 /12 ratio was more depleted (more negative) than expected @ -21.4 o/oo. Typically, the C13/12 ratio for animals will range between -9 and -21 o/oo. C13/12 ratios more negative than -21 o/oo can indicate the presence of exogenous carbon compounds (like humic acids) that could not be removed by the pretreatments applied.

It was also noted that the bone’s collagen appeared to be darkly stained and was visually not very

good. Beta Analytic recommended that I not pursue dating this elk bone specimen unless I was

willing to accept a result (date) that may be biased. I decided not to proceed with the AMS

dating of that elk bone.

AMS Dating: California Sea Lion (Right Ulna - (Ref. # 59-11)

After failing to obtain a date on the Elk vertebra I decided to raise the same chronological

question relative to the hunting of sea mammals. On May 15, 2013, a 12.1g sample of marine

mammal bone from a California Sea Lion (Zalophus californicus – Ref. # 59-11) was submitted

to Beta Analytic for AMS dating. The results from Beta Analytic were obtained on June 5, 2013.

The California Sea Lion bone yielded a corrected (Delta R value 225 + / - 35) mid-range

corrected date of 556 BC which also dates to the Middle Period (600 B.C. – A.D. 1000).

The following table summarizes the results of the AMS C14 dating technique (see Table 12).

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Table 12: Results from AMS Dating Burial #1, Shell, and Mammalian Bones Beta Lab # Specimen Radiocarbon Age Conventional Age Calendar Age Corrected (2 Sigma) (Intercept) 338823 Burial #1 3430 + / - 30 BP 3590 + / - 30 BP 1955 BC

343288 Mytilus Shell 2330 + / - 30 BP 2750 + / - 30 BP 240 BC

347804 Elk N/A N/A N/A

349175 Sea Lion 2780 + / - 40 BP 2990 + / - 40 BP 556 BC

Obsidian Hydration Study

On April 16, 2013, a total of twenty-four hydrated obsidian thin section slides, which

were prepared by John Schlagheck, were submitted to the Origer Obsidian Laboratory (OOL) in

Sonoma, California (see Table 13). Mr. Origer successfully verified the final hydration values of

fifteen out of the twenty-four slides and converted those values to years before present (YBP).

See Table 14 and Appendix E for the converted calendric dates for those fifteen specimens.

Table 13: Hydrated Obsidian Thin Sections Submitted to Origer Obsidian Laboratory Specimen # Description Unit # Depth Qty Wt. Grams XRF Source

(Chemical Type) 5-51 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .71 g Bodie Hills 8-3 Projectile Pt. Midsection TRU# 3 0-10 cm 1 2.2 g Napa Valley 14-1 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 10-20 cm 1 2.67g Napa Valley 15-3 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 30-40 cm 1 .83 g Napa Valley

16-11 Biface Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 2 40-50 cm 1 .35 g Lookout Mtn Casa Diablo Area

17-8 Cortical Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 17-22 Impact Fracture Flake Unit # 2 50-60 cm 1 .54 g Napa Valley 25-2 Projectile Pt. Fragment TRU# 3 10-20 cm 1 3.61g Lookout Mtn

Casa Diablo Area 31-5 Shatter Unit # 5 40-50 cm 1 .39 g Sawmill Ridge

Casa Diablo Area 39-31 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 30-40 cm 1 .36 g Napa Valley 5-27 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .18 g Bodie Hills 5-50 Pressure Flake Unit # 1 10-20 cm 1 .11 g Annadel 14-4 Thinning Flake Unit # 2 10-20 cm 1 .16 g Casa Diablo Area

21-29 Pressure Flake Unit # 1 30-40 cm 1 .08 g Casa Diablo Area 26-51 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 0-10 cm 1 .11 g Mt. Hicks 30-2 Thinning Flake Unit # 1 40-50 cm 1 .20 g Casa Diablo Area

33-21 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 20-30 cm 1 .14 g Casa Diablo Area D-100-16 Projectile Pt. Fragment Unit # 1 0-20 cm 1 2.48g Bodie Hills

48-2 Pressure Flake TRU# 3 70-80 cm 1 .08 g Bodie Hills 57-5 Pressure Flake TRU# 1 80-90 cm 1 .09 g Mt. Hicks

61-50 Pressure Flake Unit # 3A 0-30 cm 1 .13 g Bodie Hills 64-4 Pressure Flake TRU# 2 50-60 cm 1 .21 g Annadel

64-26 Pressure Flake TRU# 2 50-60 cm 1 .11 g Bodie Hills 71-9 Thinning Flake Unit # 3 60-70 cm 1 .16 g Annadel

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Table 14: Conversion Dates on the Mean Hydration Values from CA-SCR-12 Specimen # Estimated YBP Atifact Type Mean Hydration

Value XRF Source

5-51 2100 Thinning Flake 3.5 microns Bodie Hills 8-3 3835 Projectile Point Midsection 4.7 microns Napa Valley 15-3 2100 Biface Projectile Point Fragment 3.5 microns Napa Valley

16-11 1037 Biface Projectile Point Fragment 3.0 microns Lookout Mtn Casa Diablo Area

17-22 959 Impact Fracture Flake 2.4 microns Napa Valley 31-5 1773 Shatter 3.7 microns Sawmill Ridge

Casa Diablo Area 39-31 2333 Pressure Flake 3.7 microns Napa Valley

D-100-16 1829 Projectile Point Fragment 3.3 microns Bodie Hills 5-50 1203 Pressure Flake 2.1 microns Annadel

26-51 1879 Pressure Flake 3.9 microns Mt. Hicks 30-2 1773 Thinning Flake 3.7 microns Casa Diablo Area

33-21 884 Pressure Flake 2.7 microns Casa Diablo Area 48-2 2706 Pressure Flake 4.0 microns Bodie Hills

57-5 2836 Pressure Flake 4.7 microns Mt. Hicks 64-4 1571 Pressure Flake 2.3 microns Annadel

Discussion

Although the mean hydration values of only fifteen obsidian specimens were converted to

estimated years before present (YBP), much can still be ascertained from the resultant data.

When applying calendar conversion formulae based upon their respective identified source to the

hydrated obsidian artifacts recovered from CA-SCR-12, we find that the resultant temporal range

spans from 1822 BC to AD 1129.

When we consider the AMS C14 date on Burial # 1 from this site, the temporal range

increases by 133 years, thus spanning approximately from 1955 B.C. - A.D. 1129. Six of the

above obsidian specimens: Ref. # 8-3 (3835 BP), Ref. # 15-3 (2100 BP) and Ref. # 39-31 (2333

BP) all sourced to Napa Valley; Ref. # 48-2 (2706 BP) and Ref. # 5-51 (2100 BP) both sourced

to Bodie Hills; and Ref. # 57-5 (2836 BP) sourced to Mt. Hicks. Based upon these results, their

converted dates do fall within the range of the AMS dates ranging from 1955 BC – AD 240.

Furthermore, these resultant calendar conversion data also support the argument that this site was

continuously occupied from the Early through the Middle Periods, with a possible presence

periodically through the beginning of the Late Period (AD 1129).

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The resulting temporal span based upon the respective sourcing and obsidian hydration

studies is as follows:

1.) Napa Valley 1822 B.C. - A.D. 1054 (2,876 years)

2.) Mt Hicks 823 B.C. - A.D. 134 (957 years)

3.) Bodie Hills 693 B.C. - A.D. 184 (877 years)

4.) Casa Diablo Area A.D. 240 - A.D. 1129 (889 years)

Temporal Placement of Diagnostic Artifacts

Single Olivella G Series Bead

The Olivella shell bead specimen (Ref. # 12-11) described in Chapter 6 was identified as

either the G2 or G6 series bead saucer by Stephen Dietz. If it is indeed a G6a (irregular saucer

bead), it was ascribed to the Transition Phase, between the Early and Middle periods (ca. 2450 –

2150 years BP) using Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987 temporal dating scheme B1. If it is classified

as a G2 (Normal Saucer) bead, it too is a marker of the Middle Period “with an emphasis of the

early phase (including the Early/Middle Transition)” (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:132).

Side-Notched Projectile Point

The attributes of the side-notched Green Franciscan Chert projectile point (Ref. # D-12-

17) described in Chapter 3 were compared to other small side-notched dart points recovered from

sites in the greater Monterey Bay Area, such as CA-Mnt-229 and CA-Mnt-391. Analysis of

projectile points from those other sites have yielded dates ranging from ca. 3,000 – 1,500 B.P.

(Middle Period) and this projectile point from CA-SCR-12 falls within these attribute ranges

(Dietz 1986).

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Chapter 10

Conclusion

The primary goals of this Master’s project were to open up paths for further analyses and the temporal placement of the prehistoric CA-SCR-12 archaeological assemblages. These assemblages have now been revisited, analyzed, re-combined and inventoried. A foundation has now been laid that provides definition to the temporal components which are represented at this particular portion of the site, 912 Third Street. This way, we can continue to develop a more in-depth understanding of the indigenous groups who left that archaeological record; the ancestral Ohlone / Costanoans.

During my analysis of the CA-SCR-12 collection, I framed some basic research questions about the nature of the site. The following research questions were put forward, some of which were pursued outside the funding for this project study: Research Question # 1: What activity sets did CA-SCR-12 possess? Research Question # 2: What are the sources of the flaked stone materials (obsidian) and

what can XRF sourcing tell us about Ancestral Ohlone /Costanoan trade networks?

Research Question # 3: What are the temporal components represented at the site? With the analysis of the prehistoric CA-SCR-12 archaeological assemblages complete, I can now address the above research questions in chronological order. First, we have evidence that CA-SCR-12 possessed a minimum of four distinct activity sets: stone tool manufacturing, shellfish harvesting, terrestrial and marine mammal hunting, and mortuary practice.

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Second, a total of eighty-five (85) obsidian artifacts were submitted to Geochemical Research Laboratory for sourcing via non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The results of the sourcing study indicated that 64 % (n = 54) obsidian specimens were manufactured from North Coast Ranges obsidian (Napa Valley, n = 50; Annadel, n = 4). The other 36% (n =31) obsidian specimens were made from Mono Basin / western Great Basin volcanic glasses (Casa Diablo Area, n = 21; Bodie Hills, n = 8; and Mt. Hicks, n = 2). The obsidian sourcing data infers that relatively strong trade networks existed between the groups with a seasonal presence at CA-SCR-12 and the groups in the North Coast Range regions and the Mono Basin / western Great Basin areas. In addition, twenty-four obsidian specimens were submitted to the SJSU Obsidian Hydration Laboratory for the purposes of conducting hydration studies. Third, several organic materials (human bone, terrestrial and marine faunal bone, and shell) were submitted to Beta Analytic for the purposes of conducting radiometric accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating. Based upon the results of the above analyses, the temporal range of CA-SCR-12 potentially spans from 1955 B.C. - A.D. 1129. Subsequently, the AMS C14 dates on the Mytilus shell (240 B.C.) and the California Sea Lion bone (556 B.C.) also suggest, that while these two activity sets (shellfish harvesting and terrestrial and marine mammal hunting) may not appear to be coeval, they do fall within close range of each other and they are occurring during the Middle Period (600 B.C. - A.D. 1000). The Middle Period has been characterized by the continued exploitation of shellfish, while fish and terrestrial game are increasingly selected (Sunseri 2009).

Furthermore, the attributes of: 1) a possible G6a type Olivella shell bead and 2) a side-

notched Green Franciscan Chert projectile point were compared to other G6a shell bead types

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and side notched points recovered from sites in the greater Monterey Bay Area. Implications of this Study

This project report represents a major contribution to the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology, because it serves as a permanent record of all materials recovered by both excavation projects (SJSU: August 1986 and ACRS: July 1986) that were conducted at 912 Third Street. A copy will be submitted to the Northwest Information Center at Sonoma State University, in Rohnert Park, Ca. so that it may be viewed by the archaeological community and other interested publics.

This report also contains scientific data that were generated via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating, isotopic analysis, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), and hydration studies. That data serves as an important contribution to the scientific community because it increases our understanding of prehistoric Central California Coast region chronologies and cultural lifeways. The AMS C14 test results will be submitted to Mr. Gary Breschini so that he can input the data into his California C14 Database.

In 1990, the Native American Graves and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA; U.S. Public Law 101-601) was enacted, mandating that all U.S. Government agencies, non-Smithsonian Institution museums and other institutions receiving federal funding to inventory Native American human remains, assess ancestral associations (cultural affiliation), communicate with federally recognized tribes, and return remains if requested by these tribes (Larsen 1997). Included in this report, is a comprehensive skeletal analysis that identifies a possible minimum number of four Native American individuals. All bone element data were recorded onto 1) Ohlone Families Consulting Services (OFCS) skeletal inventory sheets and 2) the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology Burial Record Catalog. The analyses, identifications,

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and inventorying of the those skeletal remains therefore contributes to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) requirements for the San Jose State University Department of Anthropology. On October 9th 2012, Muwekma Tribal Council Chairwoman Rosemary Cambra submitted a letter to the SJSU Department of Anthropology, which served as a statement of full support of my efforts to learn more about their ancestral site CA-SCR-12. Muwekma Ohlone Tribal members participated in the oversight of the SJSU field school excavation project at CA- SCR-12 in 1986 and the recent lab analysis of all cultural materials recovered from this ancestral heritage site. As a result of this collaboration with the Muwekma Ohlone Tribal leadership, who not only supported the AMS dating and obsidian sourcing and hydration, the Muwekma Language Committee was asked to help rename CA-SCR-12 in one of their several Native dialects. Because this site is located in Santa Cruz County, the Language Committee chose to employ the Awaswas (Santa Cruz) language for naming this ancestral heritage site. Monica V. Arellano, Vice-Chairwoman and Co-Chair of the Language Committee worked on the naming and translation of the site.

As mentioned earlier in this project report, CA-SCR-12 is located on a sandy bluff overlooking the San Lorenzo River. Based upon this strategic location the Tribal leadership decided to name the site in their language “Satos Rini Rumaytak,” which translates into English as either “At the Hill Above the River Site” or “Place of the Hill Above the River Site.” Therefore, CA-SCR-12 will now be referred to as Satos Rini Rumaytak. The linguistic sources employed in this translation are as follows:

Satos = Hill (Hills, Sierra) (1877 J.W. Powell Awaswas/Santa Cruz)

Rini = Above (1879 Alphonse Pinart Awaswas/Santa Cruz)

150

Rumay = River (1877 J.W. Powell Awaswas/Santa Cruz)

Site = -tka after vowels; -tak after a consonant (JP Harrington Chochenyo)

Note: The locative definition of the –tak and –tka suffix endings refers to the following

meanings ‘At, Place, Place of, Location, Area, Site, By the, Into the and etc.’

This collaborative effort between the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and San Jose State University makes vital linkages between the aboriginal tribe of this region and our institution of higher learning. The renaming of the Tribe’s ancestral heritage site supports the Tribe’s process of cultural and linguistic revitalization and political reclamation within their aboriginal homelands. This relationship further embraces the Tribe’s history and heritage, thus creating meaningful bonds between our two communities. It is my hope that this study offers a contribution to the Native Ohlone community and provides scientific and historical information that the Tribe can find useful as it reconnects with their ancestral past. Recommendation for Future Research The scientific data that has been generated from my analysis of the prehistoric CA-SCR- 12 archaeological assemblages simply represents a snapshot of a series of activities that occurred in a particular locality within a specific period of time. That data does not provide definitive answers to any of the research questions postulated in this study, rather it hints at several possibilities. Although this body of work contributes to our understanding of prehistoric Central California Coast region chronologies, in many ways it remains incomplete due to the limitations of budget, personnel, and time constraints. The scope of this project was also narrowed by the nature of 1986 excavations at 912 Third Street, giving order to the CA-SCR-12 collection,

151

creating two archaeological catalogs, and focusing on particular temporal components that were present within the CA-SCR-12 assemblage. However, now that the SJSU CA-SCR-12 archaeological assemblage has been revisited, analyzed, re-combined and inventoried, it can now be analyzed by others thus potentially furthering the research on the lifeways of the ancestral Costanoan/ Ohlone people who inhabited this region over the millennia.

152

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1979 Letter Regarding Observations Made of CA-SCR-12 at 810 Third Street. Files of the California Archaeological Inventory Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.

Baker, Suzanne

1979 Letter Report Concerning Archaeological Reconnaissance of 131-133 Younger Street, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Alan Mart, Santa Cruz.

1979 Archaeological Testing at 131-133 Younger Street, Santa Cruz, California.

1980 Report on the Archaeology of 514 Cliff Street., CA-SCR-12. Prepared for Alan Mart, Santa Cruz, Ca.

Bass, W.M.

1995 Human Osteology: A Laboratory and Field Manual. 5th Edition, Missouri Archaeological Society, Inc. Bennyhoff, J.A. and R.E. Hughes

1987 Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks Between California and the Western Great Basin. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. 64(2): 79-175.

Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat

1978 Archaeological Mitigation Plan for 514 Cliff Street, Santa Cruz, California.

1979 Addendum to Archaeological Mitigation Plan for 514 Cliff Street, Santa Cruz, California. Buikstra J.E., and Ubelaker, D.H.

1994 Standards: For Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44.

Cartier, Robert

2003 Cultural Resource Evaluation of the Subocz Project at 331 Main Street in the City of Santa Cruz, California.

Dietz, Stephen A.

1986 Final Report: Archaeological Test Excavations of a Portion of Prehistoric Site CA-SCR-12, Located at 912 Third Street Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for T. O’Neill, 912 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California.

Doane, Mary

2002 Letter Regarding Archaeological Monitoring of Land Parcel Located at 1903 Third Street in Santa Cruz, California.

Doane, Mary and Trudy Haversat

2002 Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of Assessor’s Parcel 005-193-020, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County, California.

DWL and WJW

1950 Archaeological Site Survey Record, CA-Scr-12. On File, California Archaeological Inventory Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.

Edwards, Rob

1975 Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of lot between 912 and 924 Third Street on Beach Hill in Santa Cruz, California.

153

Flynn, Katherine

1977 Archaeological Test Excavations of an Alleged Portion of 4-SCr-12, Located Within the Property at 1031 Third Street, Beach Hill, California. Prepared for Madeline Johnson.

1977 Letter Regarding Archaeological Survey of Two Pieces of Property at the Southeast Corner of Cliff

Street and Third Street, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Mr. Feurtado, Santa Cruz, California. Flynn, Katherine and Leo Barker

1977 Archaeological Test Excavations on the Lands of Feurtado, Third and Cliff Streets, Beach Hill, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Mr. Feurtado, Santa Cruz, California.

Fogelson, Raymond and William Sturtevant

2004 The Handbook of North American Indians, Southeast Vol. 14. Smithsonian Institution Press. Fritz, Margaret and John Fritz

1974 Archaeological Evaluation of a Portion of 4-SCR-12 Located on the Lands of Ronald Lee Trupp, Cliff Street, above Third Street, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Stevens and Calender, A.I.A.

Gifford, Edwin W.

1940 California Bone Artifacts. University of California Anthropological Records (2):153-237. Berkeley. Glascock, Michael D.

2002 Introduction: Geochemical Evidence for Long-Distance Exchange. In, Geochemical Evidence for Long-Distance Exchange. M.D. Glascock, ed. Pp. 1-11. Westport: Bergin and Garvey.

Hester, Thomas, Harry J. Shafer and Kenneth L. Feder

2009 Field Methods In Archaeology. Walnut Creek, Ca: Left Coast Press. Hughes, Richard

2013 Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12, Santa Cruz, California.

Hylkema, Mark G.

1991 Prehistoric Native American Adaptations Along the Central California Coast of San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Social Sciences, San Jose State University, California.

1985 The Archaeological Excavation of CA-SMA-118, Bean Hollow State Beach. San Mateo County,

California. Jacknis, Ira

2004 Food in California Indian Culture. Berkeley: Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology. University of California

Jones, T.L. and K.A. Klar

2007 California Prehistory Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Lanham, MD: Alta Mira Press. King, T. F., P.P. Hickman, and G. Berg

1977 Anthropology in Historic Preservation: Caring for Culture’s Clutter. New York:Academic Press. Larsen, Clark S.

1997 Bioarchaeology Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Leventhal, Alan, Diane DiGiuseppe, Melynda Atwood, David Grant, Rosemary Cambra, Charlene Nijmeh, Monica V. Arellano, Susanne Rodriguez, Sheila Guzman-Schmidt, Gloria E. Gomez, Norma Sanchez, and Stell D’Oro

2009 Final Report on the Burial and Archaeological Data Recovery Program Conducted on a Portion of a Middle Period Ohlone Indian Cemetery, Katwas Ketneym Wareeptak (The Four Matriarchs Site) CA-SCL-869, Located at 5912 Cahalan Avenue, Fire Station # 12 San Jose, Santa Clara County, California. Report Prepared for the City of San Jose, Department of Public Works, San Jose.

Morrato, Michael J.

2004 California Archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press Inc. Newman, William A. and Donald P. Abbott

1980 Cirripedia: The Barnacles. In Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Orser, Charles E.

2004 Historical Archaeology. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Perry, Frank

2013 Identification of Shell Material from CA-SCR-12. Santa Cruz County, Ca. Pulcheon, Andrew, Timothy Jones and Michael Konza

2006 Cultural Resources Background Report and Archaeological Sensitivity Map for the City of Santa Cruz General Plan Update.

Rehder, Harald A.

1981 National Audubon Society Field Guide to Shells. New York: Chanticleer Press. Roop, William and Katherine Flynn

1976 Archaeological Testing of a Portion of 4-SCr-12, Between 912 and 924 Third Street, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Third Street Associates, Santa Cruz, California.

Schick, K.D.

1986 Stone Age Sites in the Making: Experiments in the Formation and Transformation of Archaeological Occurrences. Oxford: BAR International Series, 319.

Schlagheck, John

2013 SJSUOL Obsidian Hydration Report for 24 Specimens from Site CA-SCR-12 in the City of Santa Cruz, CA.

2011 A Community of Practice in Obsidian Studies. Unpublished Master’s Project, Department of

Anthropology, San Jose State University, California. Stafford, Don, Jean Stafford and Starr Gurcke

1972 Archaeological Field Specimen Inventory Record for Vacant Lot on East Side of Cliff Street Adjacent to 504 Cliff Street, Santa Cruz, California. On File, California Archaeological Inventory Northwest Information Center, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California.

Student Field Notes

1986 San Jose State University. Sunseri, C.K.

2009 Spatial Economies of Precontact Exchange in the Greater Monterey Bay Area, California. Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz. (Publication no. 3367774.)

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Sutton, M. and Arkush, B.

2005 Archaeological Laboratory Methods. 5th ed. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Thomas, David H.

1989 Archaeology. 2nd ed. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Woosely, Anne I.

1978 Memo to Central Coast Regional Coastal Zone Conservation Commission: Archaeological Survey of Cultural Resources 327 Main Street, Santa Cruz, California. Prepared for Mr. Bernie Bourriague, owner.

APPENDIX A

FINAL REPORT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEST EXCAVATIONS

OF A CERTAIN PORTION OF PREHISTORIC

SITE CA-SCR-12 LOCATED AT 912 THIRD

STREET, SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA

APN 5-183-06

ARCHEAOLOGICAL CONSULTING

AND RESEARCH SERVICES INC.

APPENDIX B

SJSU RESEARCH FOUNDATION GRANT

APPENDIX B-1

APPENDIX B-2

APPENDIX B-3

APPENDIX C

LETTER OF SUPPORT

MUWEKMA OHLONE TRIBAL LEADERSHIP

P.O. Box 360791, Milpitas, California 95036

October 9, 2012 Dr. Charles Darrah, Chairman Anthropology Department Dear Dr. Darrah, A request for a letter of support came to our Tribe’s attention from Anthropology graduate student Mr. Jerry Starek in consultation with Mr. Alan Leventhal to conduct AMS dating on small samples of human remains and obsidian artifacts that were excavated in 1986 by San Jose State University. Since that time it is my understanding that no analysis or a preliminary report was ever written summarizing the San Jose State University field school salvage excavations. Furthermore, it is my understanding that Mr. Starek intends to write up this ancestral heritage site as his Master’s thesis. As you may already know that the Muwekma Tribal leadership has supported many faculty, graduate and undergraduate student studies in the past, and at time we have worked hand-in-hand with the same on our ancestral burials and burial regalia. Therefore, please allow this letter serve as a statement of full support in Mr. Starek’s efforts to learn more about our ancestral site Ca-Scr-12 located in the City of Santa Cruz. Furthermore, he has the Tribe’s permission to conduct radio carbon dating on sample of our ancestral remains, charcoal, and animal remains under the supervision of Mr. Alan Leventhal or the department’s archaeologists. He also has our support for his proposed obsidian hydration studies. Please note, that back in 1986 I was contacted by the Native American Heritage Commission about the excavations at this site and I supported the project back then. Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or Tribal Administrator Ms. Norma Sanchez at rcambra@muwekma.org or nsanchez@muwekma.org. Sincerely, Rosemary Cambra, Chairwoman Cc: Muwekma Tribal Council Cultural Resources file Ca-Scr-12

MUWEKMA OHLONE INDIAN TRIBE OF THE San Francisco BAY AREA REGION

’Innu Huššištak Makiš Mak-Muwekma “The Road To The Future For Our People”

TRIBAL CHAIRPERSON ROSEMARY CAMBRA TRIBAL VICE CHAIRPERSON MONICA V. ARELLANO TRIBAL COUNCIL HENRY ALVAREZ JOANN BROSE GLORIA E. GOMEZ ROBERT MARTINEZ, JR. RICHARD MASSIATT SHEILA SCHMIDT CAROL SULLIVAN KARL THOMPSON (TRES) FAYE THOMPSON-FREI TRIBAL ADMINISTRATOR NORMA E. SANCHEZ

APPENDIX D

RESULTS FROM AMS DATING

BETA ANALYTIC RADIOCARBON DATING

LABORATORY

APPENDIX D-1

January 7, 2013

Mr. Alan Leventhal San Jose State University College of Social Sciences Office of the Dean San Jose, CA 95192 USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Results For Sample Burial # 1 CA-SCR-12

Dear Mr. Leventhal:

Enclosed are the radiocarbon dating results for three samples recently sent to us. They each

provided plenty of carbon for accurate measurements and all the analyses proceeded normally. As usual, the method of analysis is listed on the report with the results and calibration data is provided where applicable.

As always, no students or intern researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other

obligations and priorities were used in the analyses. We analyzed them with the combined attention of our entire professional staff.

If you have specific questions about the analyses, please contact us. We are always available to

answer your questions.

Our invoice will be emailed separately. Please, forward it to the appropriate officer or send VISA charge authorization. Thank you. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

APPENDIX D-2

Mr. Alan Leventhal Report Date: 1/7/2013

San Jose State University Material Received: 12/18/2012

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 338323 3430 +/- 30 BP -15.2 o/oo 3590 +/- 30 BP SAMPLE : Burial # 1 CA-SCR-12 15N/14N= + 14.4 o/oo ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (bone collagen): collagen extraction: with alkali 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 2030 to 1880 (Cal BP 3980 to 3830)

C A LI B R A TIO N O F R AD IO C AR B O N AG E T O C AL E N D A R Y E A R S

Rad

io ca

rbo n

ag e

(BP

)

(V ar ia bl es : C 1 3/ C 1 2= -1 5.2 : la b. m ul t =1 )

L a b o ra to ry n u m b e r: B e ta -3 38 32 3

C o n v en ti on al r ad io ca rb on ag e: 3 590 ±3 0 B P

2 S i gm a ca l ib ra te d r es u l t : ( 95 % p r ob ab il i ty )

In t er cep t of r ad io ca rb on age

C a l B C 2 03 0 t o 18 80 (C a l B P 3 98 0 t o 38 30 ) In te rc ep t dat a

w i t h c al i br at i on cu rv e: C a l B C 1 94 0 ( C a l B P 38 90)

1 Si gm a c al ib r at ed re su l ts : ( 68 % pr ob ab il i t y)

C a l B C 2 01 0 t o 20 00 (C al B P 39 60 t o 3 95 0) a nd C a l B C 1 98 0 t o 19 00 (C al B P 39 20 t o 3 85 0)

3 7 0 0 3 5 9 0 ±3 0 B P B o n e c o l la g e n

3 6 8 0

3 6 6 0

3 6 4 0

3 6 2 0

3 6 0 0

3 5 8 0

3 5 6 0

3 5 4 0

3 5 2 0

3 5 0 0

2 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 2 0 1 9 0 0 1 8 8 0 1 8 6 0

APPENDIX D-4

October 7, 2013

Mr. Alan Leventhal San Jose State University College of Social Sciences Office of the Dean San Jose, CA 95192 USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Result For Sample CA-SCR-12 Ref#59-11

Dear Mr. Leventhal:

Enclosed is the radiocarbon dating result for one sample recently sent to us. The sample provided

plenty of carbon for accurate measurement and the analysis proceeded normally. As usual, the method of analysis is listed on the report with the results and calibration data is provided where applicable.

The web directory containing the table of all your results and PDF download also contains

pictures including, most importantly the portion actually analyzed. These can be saved by opening them and right clicking. Also a cvs spreadsheet download option is available and a quality assurance report is posted for each set of results. This report contains expected versus measured values for 3-5 working standards analyzed simultaneously with your sample.

The reported result is accredited to ISO-17025 standards and the analysis was performed entirely

here in our laboratories. Since Beta is not a teaching laboratory, only graduates trained in accordance with the strict protocols of the ISO-17025 program participated in the analyses. When interpreting the result, please consider any communications you may have had with us regarding the sample.

If you have specific questions about the analyses, please contact us. Your inquiries are always

welcome.

Thank you for prepaying the analyses. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

APPENDIX D-5

Mr. Alan Leventhal Report Date: 10/7/2013

San Jose State University Material Received: 5/17/2013

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 349175 2780 +/- 40 BP -12.3 o/oo 2990 +/- 40 BP SAMPLE : CA-SCR-12 Ref#59-11 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (bone collagen): collagen extraction: with alkali 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 730 to 380 (Cal BP 2680 to 2330)

APPENDIX D-6

Rad

io ca

rbo n

ag e

(BP

)

C A LI B R A TIO N O F R AD IO C AR B O N AG E T O C AL E N D A R Y E A R S

(V ar ia bl es : C 1 3/ C 1 2= -1 2.3 : D el t a- R = 225 ±3 5: G l ob re s= -2 00 t o 5 00 : la b. m ul t =1 )

L a b o ra to ry n u m b e r: B e ta -3 49 17 5

C o n v en ti on al r ad io ca rb on ag e: 2 990 ±4 0 B P

(2 77 0± 50 ad ju st ed f or lo ca l re se rv oi r c or re ct io n )

2 S i gm a ca l ib ra te d r es u l t : ( 95 % p r ob ab il i ty )

In t er cep t of r ad io ca rb on age

C a l B C 7 30 to 3 80 (C a l B P 268 0 to 23 30 ) In te rc ep t dat a

w i t h c al i br at i on cu rv e: C a l B C 5 30 ( C al B P 2 48 0)

1 Si gm a c al ib r at ed re su l t: ( 68 % pr ob ab il i t y)

C a l B C 6 50 t o 4 40 ( C al B P 2 600 t o 239 0)

2 9 5 0 2 9 9 0 ±4 0 B P ( 2 7 7 0 ±5 0 a d j u s te d ) B o n e c o l la g e n

2 9 0 0

2 8 5 0

2 8 0 0

2 7 5 0

2 7 0 0

2 6 5 0

2 6 0 0

2 5 5 0 7 5 0 7 0 0 6 5 0 6 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 0 4 5 0 4 0 0 3 5 0 3 0 0

C a l B C

R e fe re nce s: D at aba se u sed

M A RI NE 09 Re fere n c es t o IN T C AL 09 da ta ba se

H e at on ,e t.a l. ,20 09, R ad ioc ar b on 51 (4): 115 1- 116 4, Re i m er ,e t. al , 2 009 , R ad io ca rbo n 5 1(4) :11 11 -11 50 , S tu iv er, et .al ,19 93 , R ad io ca rbo n 3 5(1) :13 7-1 89 , O e sch ge r,et .a l., 197 5,T el lu s 27 :16 8-1 92

M at h e m at ic s u s ed fo r ca li bra ti on s c e n ari o A S im p li fi e d A pp roa ch to Ca li bra ti ng C1 4 D a te s T a lm a, A . S., Vo ge l, J. C., 19 93 , R ad io ca rb on 35 (2): 31 7-3 22

B e ta An a lytic R a d io ca rb o n D atin g La b ora to ry 4 98 5 S. W . 74 th C o u rt , M ia m i, F lo rid a 33 1 5 5 • T e l : ( 3 05 ) 6 67 - 51 6 7 • F a x : (3 0 5 )6 6 3 -0 9 6 4 • E - M a il: b e ta @ ra d io c a rb o n. c o m

Email communication: Tuesday, May 7, 2013 at 12:37 PM

Allan

We have completed the pretreatment of your sample CA-SCR-12 Ref# 67-10.

It yielded sufficient extracted collagen for dating, however when the C13/12 ratio was checked we noted that it was more depleted (more negative) than we would normally expect @ -21.4 o/oo

Typically the C13/12 ratio for most animals will range between -9 and -21 o/oo. C13/12 ratios more negative than -21 o/oo can indicate the presence of exogenous carbon compounds (like humic acids) that could not be removed by the pretreatments applied.

If exogenous carbon is present it may bias the age typically in a more recent direction by some unknown amount. There are other reasons that the C13/12 can be depleted, like high fat diets, starvation, disease, partial heating or cooking of the bone, or some combination of all, but as this is not typically known by the researcher, it is difficult to know if the dating should be recommended.

This particular bones collagen appears to be darkly stained and visually is not good looking. Because of the combination of all these factors I would not recommend the dating of this sample unless you can accept a result that may be biased to some extent in the more recent direction. Unfortunately there is no way to predict how much, if any, bias there might be...it could be very small or very large.

Let me know if you have any questions and if you would like us to cancel at this time or proceed with the dating. The cost to cancel at this point is $195

Sincerely,

Chris Patrick

Deputy Director / Technical Manager

Beta Analytic, Inc

4985 SW 74th Court

Miami, FL 33155 U.S.A.

Tel: (01) 305-667-5167 / Fax: (01) 305-663-0964

www.radiocarbon.com

APPENDIX E

RESULTS FROM OBSIDIAN SOURCING

GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY

APPENDIX E-1

Geochemical Research Laboratory Letter Report 2013-3

Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12, Santa Cruz, California

January 16, 2013

Mr. Gerald M. Starek 1461 West Hacienda Avenue Campbell, CA 95008 Dear Mr. Starek: This letter reports the results of energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (edxrf) analysis of 86 artifacts from CA-SCr-12 located in Santa Cruz, California. This analysis was conducted pursuant to your letter request of January 9, 2013. Analyses of obsidian are performed at my laboratory on a QuanX-EC™ (Thermo Electron Corporation) edxrf spectrometer equipped with a silver (Ag) x-ray tube, a 50 kV x-ray generator, digital pulse processor with automated energy calibration, and a Peltier cooled solid state detector with 145 eV resolution (FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The x-ray tube was operated at differing voltage and current settings to optimize excitation of the elements selected for analysis. In this case analyses were conducted for the elements rubidium (Rb Kα), strontium (Sr Kα), yttrium (Y Kα), zirconium (Zr Kα), niobium (Nb Kα) and iron vs. manganese (Fe Kα/Mn Kα) ratios. Analyses for barium (Ba Kα) were conducted as necessary. X-ray tube current was scaled automatically to the physical size of each specimen. After x-ray spectra are acquired and elemental intensities extracted for each peak region of interest, matrix correction algorithms are applied to specific regions of the x-ray energy spectrum to compensate for inter-element absorption and enhancement effects. Following these corrections, intensities are converted to concentration estimates by employing a least-squares calibration line established for each element from analysis of up to 30 international rock standards certified by the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Geological Survey of Japan, the Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques (France), and the South African Bureau of Standards. Further details pertaining to x-ray tube operating conditions and calibration appear in Hughes (1988, 1994). Trace element values (except Fe/Mn ratios) for the artifacts in Table 1 are expressed in quantitative units (i.e. parts per million [ppm] by weight), and these were compared directly to values for known obsidian sources that appear in Bowman et al. (1973), Hughes (1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1994), Jack (1976), Jackson (1986, 1989), and Stross (et al. 1976). Artifacts are assigned to a parent obsidian type if diagnostic trace element concentration values (i.e., ppm values for Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and, when necessary Ba, Ti, Mn and Fe2O3

T) corresponded at the 2-sigma level. Stated differently, artifact-to-obsidian source (geochemical type, sensu Hughes 1998) matches are considered reliable if diagnostic mean measurements for artifacts fell within 2 standard deviations of mean values for source standards. The term "diagnostic" is used here to specify those trace elements that are well measured by x-ray fluorescence, and whose concentrations show low intra-source variability and marked variability across sources (see Hughes 1993). Zn and Ga ppm concentrations are not considered "diagnostic" because they don't usually vary significantly across obsidian sources (see Hughes 1984). The trace element composition measurements presented in Table 1 are reported to the nearest ppm to reflect the resolution capabilities of non-destructive edxrf spectrometry for quantitative analysis. The resolution limits of the present x-ray fluorescence instrument for the determination of Rb is about 4 ppm; for Sr about 3 ppm; Y about 3 ppm; Zr about 4 ppm; and Nb about 2 ppm (see Hughes [1994] for other elements). When counting and fitting error uncertainty estimates (the "±" value in the table) for a sample are greater than calibration-imposed limits of resolution, the larger number is a more conservative reflection of composition variation and measurement error arising from differences in sample size, surface and x-ray reflection geometry. Twenty of the obsidian artifacts you submitted were large enough to generate reliable quantitative composition estimates. As Table 1 and Figure 1 show, 13 of these were manufactured from obsidian of the Napa Valley (sensu Jackson 1989: 89)

chemical type, four were made from Casa Diablo area obsidians (Lookout Mountain, n=3; Sawmill Ridge, n= 1; cf. Hughes 1994), and three were fashioned from Bodie Hills volcanic glass (Jack 1976: Table 11.5).

Figure 1

Zr vs. Sr Composition of Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Dashed lines represent the range of variation measured in geologic obsidian source samples. Filled triangles plot artifacts listed in Table 1. Error bars are two-sigma (95% confidence interval) composition estimates for each specimen. The numbers of artifact plots do not correspond exactly to the tabulations in Table 1 because of convergence of data points at this scale.

I generally report trace element measurements in quantitative units (i.e. ppm) and make artifact-to-source attributions on the basis of correspondences in diagnostic trace element concentration values (e.g. those presented in Table 1), but 66 of the specimens you sent were too small and thin to generate x-ray counting statistics adequate for proper conversion from background-corrected intensities to quantitative concentration estimates (i.e., ppm). I analyzed both artifacts to generate integrated net count (intensity) data for the elements Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Fe and Mn. After background subtraction, the intensities (counts per second) were converted to percentages. The counting data and derived ratios appear in Table 2, and the plotted values appear in Figure 2. Source assignments were made by comparing the plots for artifacts against the Rb/Sr/Zr parameters of known source types identified archaeologically in the Sacramento Valley and San Francisco Bay area (following Jackson 1974; 1989: Figure 3; Jack 1976: Figure 11.1a. 11.2a) and by comparison with geologic standards in my extensive in-house reference collection. Further discussion of this analysis technique, and potential problems with the use of ternary diagrams, appears in Hughes (1998, 2010).

Figure 2

Ternary Diagram Plots for Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Dashed lines represent range of variation in geologic obsidian source samples. Black dots plot SCr-12 artifacts reported in Table 2. The numbers of artifact plots do not correspond exactly to the tabulations in Table 2 because of convergence of data points at this scale. Non-obsidian sample no. 39-10 not plotted.

The Rb/Sr/Zr plots for the specimens in Table 2 (see Figure 2) effectively identify 41 artifacts as matching the profile of obsidians from the North Coast Ranges (Napa Valley, n= 37; Annadel, n= 4), while the remaining 24 were manufactured from obsidians erupted to the east in the Mono Basin/western Great Basin area (Casa Diablo area, n= 17; Bodie Hills, n= 5; Mt. Hicks, n= 2) chemical type. One artifact (no. 39-10) was made from a non-obsidian parent material. In summary, combining quantitative analysis results (Table 1) with integrated net count rate data (Table 2), this research shows that 54 of the 85 obsidian artifacts analyzed from SCr-12 were manufactured from North Coast Ranges obsidian (Napa Valley, n= 50; Annadel, 4), and that the other 31 obsidian specimens were made from Mono Basin/western Great Basin volcanic glasses (Casa Diablo area, n= 21; Bodie Hills, n= 8; and Mt. Hicks, n= 2). I hope you will find this information useful in your overall evaluation of the significance of this site. Please contact me (lab phone: [650] 851-1410; e-mail: rehughes@silcon.com; web site: www.geochemicalresearch.com) if I can provide any further assistance or information. Sincerely, Richard E. Hughes, Ph.D., RPA Director, Geochemical Research Laboratory

References Bowman, H.R., F. Asaro, and I. Perlman

1973 On the Uniformity of Composition in Obsidians and Evidence for Magmatic Mixing. Journal of Geology 81: 312-327. Hughes, Richard E.

1983 X-ray Fluorescence Characterization of Obsidian. In David Hurst Thomas, The Archaeology of Monitor Valley: 2. Gatecliff Shelter, pp. 401-408. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 59 (Part 1). New York

1984 Obsidian Sourcing Studies in the Great Basin: Problems and Prospects. In Richard E. Hughes (ed.), Obsidian Studies in the Great Basin, pp. 1-19. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 45. Berkeley.

1985 Obsidian Source Use at Hidden Cave. In David Hurst Thomas, The Archaeology of Hidden Cave, Nevada, pp. 332-353. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 61 (Part 1). New York.

1986 Diachronic Variability in Obsidian Procurement Patterns in Northeastern California and Southcentral

Oregon. University of California Publications in Anthropology 17. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1988 The Coso Volcanic Field Reexamined: Implications for Obsidian Sourcing and Hydration Dating Research.

Geoarchaeology 3: 253-265.

1989 A New Look at Mono Basin Obsidians. In Richard E. Hughes (ed.), Current Directions in California Obsidian Studies, pp. 1-12. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 48. Berkeley.

1993 Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Glass from the Obsidian Cliffs Flow, Three Sisters Wilderness, Oregon. Northwest Science 67: 199-207.

1994 Intrasource Chemical Variability of Artefact-Quality Obsidians from the Casa Diablo Area, California. Journal of Archaeological Science 21: 263-271.

1998 On Reliability, Validity, and Scale in Obsidian Sourcing Research. In Ann F. Ramenofsky and Anastasia Steffen (eds.), Unit Issues in Archaeology: Measuring Time, Space, and Material, pp. 103-114. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

2010 Determining the Geologic Provenance of Tiny Obsidian Flakes in Archaeology Using Nondestructive EDXRF.

American Laboratory 42 (7): 27-31.

Jack, Robert N. 1976 Prehistoric Obsidian in California I: Geochemical Aspects. In R.E. Taylor (ed.), Advances in Obsidian Glass

Studies: Archaeological and Geochemical Perspectives, pp. 183-217. Noyes Press, Park Ridge, New Jersey. Jackson, Thomas L. 1974 The Economics of Obsidian in Central California Prehistory: Applications of X-ray Fluorescence Spectrography in Archaeology. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University. 1986 Late Prehistoric Obsidian Exchange in Central California. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Stanford University.

1989 Late Prehistoric Obsidian Production and Exchange in the North Coast Ranges, California. In Richard E.

Hughes (ed.), Current Directions in California Obsidian Studies, pp. 79-94. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 48. Berkeley. Stross, Fred H, Thomas R. Hester, Robert F. Heizer, and Robert N. Jack.

1976 Chemical and Archaeological Studies of Mesoamerican Obsidians. In R.E. Taylor (ed.), Advances in Obsidian Glass Studies: Archaeological and Geochemical Perspectives, pp. 240-258. Noyes Press, Park Ridge, New Jersey.

Table 1

Quantitative Composition Estimates for Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Trace and Selected Minor Element Concentrations Ratio Cat. Obsidian Source Number Zn Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Ti Mn Fe2O3

T Fe/Mn (Chemical Type)

______________________________________________________________________ Values in parts per million (ppm) except total iron (in weight percent) and Fe/Mn ratios; ± = two σ estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression fitting error at 120-240 seconds livetime; nm = not measured; + = patinated.

5-51 nm nm 211 114 13 100 18 616 nm nm .80 15 Bodie Hills ±5 ±4 ±2 ±4 ±2 ±28 ±.02 8-3 nm nm 185 5 49 234 11 nm nm nm nm 70 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 14-1 nm nm 200 7 52 232 11 nm nm nm 1.50 79 Napa Valley ±5 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 15-3 nm nm 187 5 46 225 10 nm nm nm nm 85 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 16-11 nm nm 149 89 17 171 14 997 nm nm 1.40 44 Lookout Mountain, ±4 ±3 ±2 ±4 ±2 ±40 ±.02 Casa Diablo area 17-8 nm nm 201 6 52 245 10 nm nm nm 1.49 70 Napa Valley ±5 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 17-22 nm nm 200 6 51 243 11 nm nm nm 1.52 71 Napa Valley ±5 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 25-2 nm nm 142 85 18 173 13 1015 nm nm nm 45 Lookout Mountain, ±4 ±3 ±2 ±4 ±3 ±34 Casa Diablo area 31-5 nm nm 150 122 18 184 14 1137 nm nm 1.46 40 Sawmill Ridge, ±4 ±4 ±2 ±4 ±2 ±37 ±.02 Casa Diablo area 39-31 nm nm 220 13 53 253 10 446 nm nm nm nm Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±34 41-2 nm nm 186 6 49 233 12 nm nm nm nm 84 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 47-1 nm nm 152 95 18 179 15 1001 nm nm nm 42 Lookout Mountain, ±4 ±3 ±2 ±4 ±3 ±38 Casa Diablo area 61-1 nm nm 196 5 52 237 9 nm nm nm 1.43 81 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 ±.02 68-5 nm nm 193 8 50 238 10 nm nm nm 1.47 81 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 ±.02 74-16 nm nm 197 9 49 239 12 nm nm nm 1.51 89 Napa Valley ±5 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 76-51 nm nm 200 6 52 254 13 nm nm nm 1.39 85 Napa Valley ±5 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 77-20 nm nm 194 107 13 95 18 560 nm nm .77 16 Bodie Hills ±5 ±4 ±2 ±4 ±2 ±28 ±.02

Table 1

Quantitative Composition Estimates for Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Trace and Selected Minor Element Concentrations Ratio Cat. Obsidian Source Number Zn Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Ti Mn Fe2O3

T Fe/Mn (Chemical Type)

______________________________________________________________________ Values in parts per million (ppm) except total iron (in weight percent) and Fe/Mn ratios; ± = two σ estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression fitting error at 120-240 seconds livetime; nm = not measured; + = patinated.

85-4 nm nm 196 5 50 240 10 nm nm nm 1.44 72 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±2 ±.02 100-2 nm nm 184 7 50 236 12 nm nm nm 1.38 76 Napa Valley ±4 ±2 ±3 ±5 ±2 ±.02 100-16 nm nm 185 106 14 87 16 590 nm nm .75 16 Bodie Hills ±5 ±4 ±2 ±4 ±2 ±30 ±.02 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

U.S. Geological Survey Reference Standard RGM-1 nm nm 150 109 27 217 10 813 nm nm 1.86 65 Glass Mtn., CA (measured) ±4 ±3 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±28 ±.02 RGM-1 nm nm 150 110 25 220 9 810 1617 279 1.86 nr Glass Mtn., CA (recommended) ±8 ±10 ±20 ±1 ±46 ±120 ±31 ±.03

Table 2

Integrated Net Intensity Element Data for Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Element Intensities Intensity Ratios Obsidian Source

Cat. no. Rb Sr Zr Σ Rb,Sr,Zr Rb% Sr% Zr% Fe/Mn Rb/Sr Zr/Y Y/Nb Zr/Nb Sr/Y (Chemical Type)

4-2 410 10 862 1282 .320 .008 .672 78.4 41.0 6.8 3.6 24.6 .1 Napa Valley 5-27 443 273 359 1075 .412 .254 .334 14.6 1.6 10.6 .5 5.5 8.0 Bodie Hills 5-28 386 16 841 1243 .311 .013 .677 74.9 24.1 6.4 3.5 22.1 .1 Napa Valley 5-50 289 127 992 1408 .205 .090 .705 62.7 2.3 7.1 3.4 24.2 .9 Annadel 6-4 437 14 899 1350 .324 .010 .666 77.5 31.2 6.6 3.6 23.7 .1 Napa Valley 8-6 441 15 929 1385 .318 .011 .671 84.2 29.4 6.6 3.5 23.2 .1 Napa Valley 8-28 418 17 883 1318 .317 .013 .670 70.0 24.6 6.4 3.1 19.6 .1 Napa Valley 12-6 353 14 696 1063 .332 .013 .655 81.2 25.2 6.4 3.1 19.9 .1 Napa Valley 12-30 385 17 785 1187 .324 .014 .661 90.4 22.7 6.7 3.0 19.6 .1 Napa Valley 13-34 387 12 840 1239 .312 .010 .678 86.5 32.3 6.7 3.5 23.3 .1 Napa Valley 14-4 266 182 545 993 .268 .183 .549 42.2 1.5 10.9 1.2 12.7 3.6 Casa Diablo area 15-11 510 14 998 1522 .335 .009 .656 87.4 36.4 6.4 3.0 19.6 .1 Napa Valley 18-2 420 12 920 1352 .311 .009 .681 73.0 35.0 6.8 4.2 28.8 .1 Napa Valley 18-50 427 15 955 1397 .306 .011 .684 86.8 28.5 6.8 4.3 28.9 .1 Napa Valley 19-4 434 15 908 1357 .320 .011 .669 75.3 28.9 6.9 3.2 22.2 .1 Napa Valley 21-29 279 191 521 991 .282 .193 .526 46.1 1.5 12.7 1.1 13.7 4.7 Casa Diablo area 21-35 466 293 375 1134 .411 .258 .331 14.7 1.6 12.9 .5 6.0 10.1 Bodie Hills 21-36 446 16 925 1387 .322 .012 .667 83.9 27.9 6.8 3.1 21.0 .1 Napa Valley 23-4 407 19 860 1286 .317 .015 .669 71.9 21.4 6.3 4.5 28.7 .1 Napa Valley 23-50 452 20 934 1406 .322 .014 .664 76.2 22.6 6.5 3.3 21.2 .1 Napa Valley 26-4 463 18 911 1392 .333 .013 .655 90.4 25.7 6.8 3.0 20.2 .1 Napa Valley 26-50 456 18 938 1412 .323 .013 .664 75.8 25.3 6.6 3.4 22.3 .1 Napa Valley 26-51 366 57 280 703 .521 .081 .398 14.5 6.4 5.8 .6 3.5 1.2 Mt. Hicks 27-4 449 15 938 1402 .320 .011 .669 88.2 29.9 6.4 4.4 28.4 .1 Napa Valley 28-24 405 298 698 1401 .289 .213 .498 46.3 1.4 17.5 .8 14.0 7.5 Casa Diablo area 30-2 373 335 756 1476 .255 .229 .516 41.8 1.1 14.3 1.1 16.1 6.3 Casa Diablo area 30-50a 428 21 890 1339 .320 .016 .665 80.7 20.4 6.4 3.5 22.3 .2 Napa Valley 30-50b 299 125 1021 1445 .207 .087 .707 60.4 2.4 6.9 3.5 24.3 .9 Annadel 33-2 433 17 920 1370 .316 .012 .672 89.7 25.5 6.2 3.2 19.6 .1 Napa Valley 33-21 229 216 527 972 .236 .222 .542 43.7 1.1 17.0 .8 12.9 7.0 Casa Diablo area 37-2 435 16 894 1345 .323 .012 .665 75.3 27.2 6.4 3.5 22.4 .1 Napa Valley 38-3 471 22 945 1438 .328 .015 .657 83.7 21.4 6.7 2.9 19.7 .2 Napa Valley 38-26 344 254 682 1280 .269 .198 .533 40.5 1.4 13.1 1.0 12.3 4.9 Casa Diablo area 39-10 7 135 33 175 .040 .771 .189 8.5 .1 nc 0 4.7 nc Not Obsidian 39-31 424 24 896 1344 .316 .018 .667 70.1 17.7 6.6 3.1 20.4 .2 Napa Valley 39-32 451 18 922 1391 .324 .013 .663 70.4 25.1 6.4 3.1 19.6 .1 Napa Valley 46-3 437 12 878 1327 .329 .009 .662 81.5 36.4 6.8 3.0 20.4 .1 Napa Valley 47-3 304 208 629 1141 .266 .182 .551 42.6 1.5 13.1 .9 12.3 4.3 Casa Diablo area 47-26 427 12 895 1334 .320 .009 .671 76.1 35.6 7.0 2.5 17.6 .1 Napa Valley 48-2 475 305 389 1169 .406 .261 .333 14.9 1.6 10.8 .5 5.8 8.5 Bodie Hills 51-3 362 312 753 1427 .254 .219 .528 43.4 1.2 14.8 .8 11.8 6.1 Casa Diablo area 53-2 370 259 701 1330 .278 .195 .527 46.6 1.4 14.6 .9 12.5 5.4 Casa Diablo area 53-100 413 15 916 1344 .307 .011 .682 69.7 27.5 6.7 3.0 20.8 .1 Napa Valley 57-5 381 69 281 731 .521 .094 .384 15.8 5.5 6.5 .5 3.6 1.6 Mt. Hicks 61-5 275 250 614 1139 .241 .220 .539 45.8 1.1 12.5 .9 11.4 5.1 Casa Diablo area 61-50 459 283 349 1091 .421 .259 .320 15.5 1.6 10.0 .6 5.9 8.1 Bodie Hills 62-3 409 16 853 1278 .320 .013 .667 85.3 25.6 6.1 3.2 19.8 .1 Napa Valley 64-4 287 119 1018 1424 .202 .084 .715 63.0 2.4 7.1 3.8 26.8 .8 Annadel 64-26 459 254 355 1068 .430 .238 .332 14.9 1.8 9.3 .7 6.3 6.7 Bodie Hills 66-4 462 15 939 1416 .326 .011 .663 72.7 30.8 6.4 3.6 22.9 .1 Napa Valley 66-14 389 20 836 1245 .312 .016 .672 72.1 19.5 6.2 3.4 21.4 .2 Napa Valley 66-37 354 245 676 1277 .277 .192 .531 45.7 1.5 13.6 1.1 15.1 4.9 Casa Diablo area 71-9 393 123 1064 1580 .349 .078 .673 60.1 3.2 7.1 4.3 30.4 .8 Annadel 72-3 381 13 806 1200 .318 .011 .672 84.0 29.3 6.5 3.4 22.4 .1 Napa Valley 76-18 414 16 871 1301 .318 .012 .670 91.3 25.9 6.2 4.2 26.4 .1 Napa Valley 76-50 449 14 946 1409 .319 .010 .671 91.6 32.1 6.4 3.1 20.1 .1 Napa Valley 81-1 327 222 648 1197 .273 .186 .541 44.3 1.5 13.5 .9 12.2 4.6 Casa Diablo area

Table 2 (continued)

Integrated Net Intensity Element Data for Obsidian Artifacts from CA-SCr-12

Element Intensities Intensity Ratios Obsidian Source

Cat. no. Rb Sr Zr Σ Rb,Sr,Zr Rb% Sr% Zr% Fe/Mn Rb/Sr Zr/Y Y/Nb Zr/Nb Sr/Y (Chemical Type) 83-3 265 193 570 1028 .258 .188 .555 42.0 1.4 13.6 .8 11.2 4.6 Casa Diablo area 85-15 293 207 615 1115 .263 .186 .552 46.1 1.4 11.6 1.0 11.6 3.9 Casa Diablo area 85-16 359 262 699 1320 .272 .199 .530 42.1 1.4 12.9 1.1 13.7 4.9 Casa Diablo area 85-17 312 248 556 1116 .280 .222 .498 43.2 1.3 14.6 .9 13.6 6.5 Casa Diablo area 85-18 456 14 911 1381 .330 .010 .660 76.5 32.6 6.1 3.4 20.7 .1 Napa Valley 100-1 487 15 951 1453 .335 .010 .655 90.2 32.5 6.4 3.4 21.6 .1 Napa Valley 100-14 432 17 901 1350 .320 .013 .667 77.7 25.4 6.6 3.3 22.0 .1 Napa Valley 100-15 320 215 637 1172 .273 .183 .544 44.5 1.5 13.6 1.0 13.9 4.6 Casa Diablo area 103-1 431 10 896 1337 .322 .008 .670 79.1 43.1 6.4 4.3 27.2 .1 Napa Valley __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Elemental intensities (counts/second above background) generated at 30-60 seconds livetime. * = patinated. nc= not computed.

APPENDIX F

RESULTS FROM OBSIDIAN HYDRATION

STUDY

SJSU OBSIDIAN LABORATORY AND

ORIGER OBSIDIAN LABORATORY

August 20, 2013 Mr. Jerry Starek Graduate Student Department of Anthropology San Jose State University RE: Obsidian Hydration Results: (Job Number: SJSUOL-13-001) Dear Jerry: Thank you for trusting your obsidian samples to the San Jose State University Obsidian Laboratory (SJSUOL). This letter summarizes laboratory analysis for twenty-four (24) specimens from site CA-SCA-12 in the City of Santa Cruz, CA. Methods Laboratory technicians visually survey each specimen to identify two or more surfaces that will likely yield hydration results. Two parallel cuts are required to remove a thin section from the selected location on each specimen with a four-inch diameter circular saw blade mounded on a lapidary saw. The raw thin sections are about one millimeter thick when removed and are mounted on a standard microscope slide with Lakeside Cement. The mounted sections are then manually ground in two stages using #600 silicon carbide abrasive on plate glass. Grinding is complete when the sample is about 0.003 inches thick, or when light passes readily through the thin section. A glass slide cover is permanently mounted over the thin section. Technicians measure the hydration band using a 40X objective and a 12.5X eyepiece mounted on an Olympus BH-2 polarizing microscope. Ideally, six measurements are obtained from various locations along the cross-sectional margin of each sample. The measurements are averaged to yield the mean values reported on the attached data sheet. Due to normal limitation of the equipment, an error of +/-0.2 microns is acknowledged for the reported data. The measurements reported here were done at SJSUOL and verified by Tom Origer at the Origer Obsidian Laboratory (OOL) in Santa Rosa, CA. Of the twenty-four pieces of obsidian examined, fifteen yielded hydration readings. See the “comments” area of the data sheet for specific information on individual specimens including the conversion of the mean hydration value to an estimated Years Before Present (YBP). The

APPENDIX F-1

estimated age is the result of using the equation YBP = kx² (Friedman & Smith, 1960), where the constant (k) is 153.4 for Napa obsidian (Origer, 1987), and the hydration measurement (x) is corrected for Effective Hydration Temperature (EHT) (Basgall, 1990) in the Santa Cruz area and the difference in hydration rate by source. The estimated date is appropriately used as a rough estimate of the time since the surface of a particular specimen was last exposed to the atmosphere rather than a precise indicator of age. While most of the specimens in your assemblage were debitage flakes, four were clearly fragments of formed tools. In order to mitigate the destructive effects of the obsidian hydration procedure on the potential diagnostic value of these artifacts, they were drawn in detail by Phil Schmidt, a noted scientific illustrator, prior to being cut in the laboratory. The drawings are attached to this report letter. Sincerely, John Schlagheck, M.A., RPA Hydration Technician SJSUOL

Works Cited Basgall, M. E. (1990). Hydration Dating of Coso Obsidian: Problems and Prospects. Presented at the 1990

SCA Annual Meeting. Foster City.

Friedman, I., & Smith, R. L. (1960). A New Dating Method Using Obsidian: Part I-The Devleopment of the Method. American Antiquity, 25(4), 476-493.

Origer, T. M. (1987). Temporal Control in the Southern North Coast Ranges of California: The Application of Obsidian Hydration Analysis. Papers in Northern California Anthropology, 1.

APPENDIX F-2

San Jose State University Obsidian Laboratory (SJSUOL) Data Sheet

Client ID Number

Catalogue Number (SJSUOL-13-001-)

Description of Specimen

Mass (g) Illustrated Mean Hydration

Value (Microns)

Comments

5-51 1 Flake 0.71 3.5 Source: Bodie Hills Estimated YBP: 2100

8-3 2 Point Fragment 2.20 Yes 4.7 Source: Napa Estimated YBP: 3835

14.1 3 Point Fragment 2.67 yes NA Source: Napa

15-3 4 Point Fragment 0.86 3.5 Source: Napa Estimated YBP: 2100

16-11 5 Point Fragment 0.35 3.0 Source: Casa Diablo Estimated YBP: 1037

17-8 6 Flake 0.36 NA Source: Napa

17-22 7 Impact Fracture Flake

0.54 2.4 Source: Napa Estimated YBP: 959

APPENDIX F-3

Client ID Number

Catalogue Number (SJSUOL-13-001-)

Description of Specimen

Mass (g) Illustrated Mean Hydration

Value (Microns)

Comments

25-2 8 Point Fragment 3.67 Yes NA Source: Casa Diablo Variable width/weathered surface

31-5 9 Shatter 0.39 3.7 Source: Casa Diablo Estimated YBP: 1773

39-31 10 Point Fragment 0.36 3.7 Source: Napa Estimated YBP: 2333

100-16 20 Point Fragment 2.48 Yes 3.3 Source: Bodie Hills Estimated YBP: 1829

5-27 22 Flake 0.18 NA Source: Bodie Hills Diffuse Hydration

5-50 24 Flake 0.11 2.1 Source: Annadel Estimated YBP: 1203

14-4 31 Flake 0.16 NA Source: Casa Diablo Thin Section too thin/Lab error

21-29 36 Flake 0.08 NA Source: Casa Diablo Lab error

APPENDIX F-4

Client ID Number

Catalogue Number (SJSUOL-13-001-)

Description of Specimen

Mass (g) Illustrated Mean Hydration

Value (Microns)

Comments

26-51 43 Flake 0.11 3.9 Source: Mt. Hicks Estimated YBP: 1879

30-2 46 Flake 0.20 3.7 Source: Casa Diablo Estimated YBP: 1773

33-21 50 Flake 0.14 2.7 Source: Casa Diablo Estimated YBP: 884

48-2 59 Flake 0.08 4.0 Source: Bodie Hills Estimated YBP: 2706

57-5 63 Flake 0.09 4.7 Source: Mt. Hicks Estimated YBP: 2836

61-50 65 Flake 0.13 NA Source: Bodie Hills Lab error/too thin

64-4 67 Flake 0.21 2.3 Source: Annadel Estimated YBP: 1571

64-26 68 Flake 0.11 NA Source: Bodie Hills Lab error

APPENDIX F-5

Client ID Number

Catalogue Number (SJSUOL-13-001-)

Description of Specimen

Mass (g) Illustrated Mean Hydration

Value (Microns)

Comments

71-9 72 Flake 0.16 NA Source: Annadel Lab error

APPENDIX F-6

APPENDIX G

RESULTS FROM SHELL ANALYSIS

MUSEUM SERVICES LABORATORY

Identification of Shell Material From CA-SCR-12

Santa Cruz County, California

Prepared by

Frank A. Perry Research Associate, Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History

February 9, 2013

Background and Procedure

This report was prepared at the request of Mr. Gerald Starek of San Jose State University for his study of CA-SCR-12, a Native American archaeological site in Santa Cruz County, California. Most of the material had already been washed and had been bagged by reference number. There were 11 units (Unit 1, Trench Unit 1, Unit 2, Trench Unit 2, Unit 3, Trench Unit 3, Unit 3A, Unit 3B, Unit 4, Trench Unit 4, and Unit 5). Most were sampled in 10 cm intervals down to a depth of 90 cm. I examined the contents of each bag, made a list of the taxa, and placed examples of each in separate bags with my identifications. Most of the shells were fragmentary and most were from mollusks. Emphasis was placed on the identification of larger (greater than 30 mm) pieces. However, smaller specimens were also recorded if they represented species not present in the larger fraction. Thirty-six taxa were discovered. At the request of Mr. Starek, some qualitative observations were made of the relative abundance of the principal taxa. In the majority of cases, each reference number referred to a particular unit and depth, although in some cases multiple reference numbers applied to the same unit and depth. Because the catalog for the excavation was lost, it is unclear why some depths for certain units have more than one reference number (Starek, personal communication, 2013). For statistical purposes (see Distributional Trends, page 8), data from these duplications were combined and the depth intervals for each unit designated “samples.” There were 82 samples from the 11 units.

List of Taxa

The following is a list of taxa, with the scientific and common name of each.

Molluca, Bivalvia:• Clinocardium nuttallii. Basket Cockle• Crasadoma gigantea. Giant Rock Scallop• Macoma nasuta. Bent-Nose Macoma• Mactromeris catilliformis. Dish Surfclam• Mytilus californianus. California Mussel• Petricola carditoides. Nestling Clam• Platyodon cancellatus. Boring Softshell Clam

APPENDIX G-1

• Prototothaca staminea. Common Pacific Littleneck• Saxidomus nuttalli. California Butterclam• Tresus nuttalli. Pacific Gaper Clam• Zirfaea pilsbryi. Rough Piddock

Mollusca, Gastropoda• Acanthina spirata. Angular Unicorn• Acmaea mitra. White-Cap Limpet• Collisella digitalis. Ribbed Limpet• Collisella pelta. Shield Limpet• Collisella scabra. Rough Limpet• Crepidula adunca. Hooked Slipper Shell• Haliotis rufescens. Red Abalone• Helix aspersa. European Land Snail• Homalopoma luridum.• Lottia gigantea. Owl Limpet.• Notoacmaea scutum. Plate Limpet• Nucella canaliculata. Channeled Dogwinkle• Nucella emarginata. Emarginate Dogwinkle• Ocenebra lurida. Lurid Rock Snail• Olivella biplicata. Purple Dwarf Olive• Tegula brunnea. Brown Turban Snail• Tegula funebralis. Black Turban Snail• Unidentified land snail

Mollusca, Polyplacophora• Cryptochiton stelleri. Gumboot Chiton• unidentified chitons

Arthropoda, Crustacea• Semibalanus sp.? Barnacle• Balanus sp.? Barnacle• Coronula diadma. Whale Barnacle• Cancer antennarius. Rock Crab

• Unidentified shell

Condition of Material

Nearly all of the shell material is fragmentary. Only occasional intact gastropods and complete clam valves were observed, some of which were photographed for this report. Even small gastropods, such as Tegula, were cracked open by people to get the meat inside. In a few

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

2APPENDIX G-2

cases, shell fragments had rounded edges. Presumably these were beach-worn pieces of shell brought to the site incidentally with other shellfish.

Most of the shells have a chalky appearance and feel. This is typical of shell that has been buried in soil for a number of years and has started to dissolve. Some, however, preserve traces of the original coloration. The Black Turban Snail and Brown Turban Snail could sometimes be distinguished by slight differences in color. Mussel shells are usually dark gray unlike most of the other shell material, which is white.

Discussion of Species

Molluca, Bivalvia:

• Clinocardium nuttallii. Nuttall Cockle. This clam has been reported intertidally from Elkhorn Slough (Caffrey et al., 2002) and lives offshore in northern Monterey Bay (personal observation). Empty shells commonly wash up on Santa Cruz area beaches. It is reportedly good eating (Fitch, 1953). Only a few fragments of shells were found. Note that the species name is officially spelled with a double i while others have one.

• Crasadoma gigantea. Giant Rock Scallop. This species ranges from the intertidal to 80m (Coan et al., 2000). It is “highly prized as food” (Haderlie and Abbott, 1980A). The young scallops are free swimming, but as adults live attached to rocks (Haderlie and Abbott, 1980A). Empty shells wash up on Santa Cruz area beaches near rocky areas (personal observation). Only two shell fragments were found among the samples. It is also known as the Purple-Hinged Scallop and is listed in older literature as Hinnites giganteus or Hinnites multirugosus.

• Macoma nasuta. Bent-Nose Macoma. This species is common in exposed to sheltered areas from the intertidal to 50 m (Coan et al., 2000). In northern Monterey Bay, it apparently lives just offshore, as the empty shells commonly wash up on beaches (personal observation). The animal burrows into mud, sand, and gravel to a depth of 10 to 20 cm (Haderlie and Abbott, 1980A). Fitch (1953) reported it to have excellent flavor but stated it is difficult to clean. Only 3 specimens were recovered (all broken) from 3 samples.

• Mactromeris catilliformis. Dish Surfclam. This is a subtidal species, living at water depths of 5 to 20 meters and burrowing into the sand or mud of the bottom (Coan et al., 2000). Although it would not usually be accessible to the Native Peoples of this region, unusually large storm waves can wash the clams up onto the beach while still alive. The author observed this in late January, 1981, at Rio Del Mar Beach, east of Santa Cruz, when thousands of these clams were cast onto the beach by large waves.

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

3

Mactromeris catilliformis(shell fragment showing hinge)

APPENDIX G-3

• Mytilus californianus. California Mussel. These shells are dark blue and white in life with a rough exterior and radiating ribs. The species lives intertidally along exposed rocky shores and to a depth of 100 m (Coan et al., 2000). Dense beds of mussels occur along rocky parts of the Santa Cruz County coast, including along West Cliff Drive (personal observation). Even small fragments show radiating ribs, which distinguishes them from smooth shells of the Bay Mussel, Mytilus trossulus. Both have been reported from middens near Elkhorn Slough (Caffrey et al., 2002). Mussels are quite edible and can be taken today with a fishing license. The meat is rich in vitamins (Fitch, 1953). In the summer months mussels may feed on a type of plankton that makes the meat dangerously toxic to humans (Ricketts et al., 1985). This species was found in more samples than any other (72 of the 82 samples).

• Platyodon cancellatus. Boring Softshell Clam. This species ranges from the low intertidal to 20m (Coan et al., 2000). It bores into soft sandstone and mudstone and is common along Santa

Cruz rocky shores (personal observation). Fitch (1953) says, “It is of fine flavor and excellent in chowder.”

• Prototothaca staminea. Common Pacific Littleneck. This species lives in the middle to low intertidal zones in the sand and gravel of tidepools and under rocks (personal observation). It is commonly taken by clam diggers in the Opal Cliffs area near Capitola (personal observation) and has a fine flavor (Fitch, 1953). This species was found in 70 of the 82 samples (second only to Mytilus).

• Petricola carditoides. Nestling Clam. Depth range: intertidal to 46 m (Coan et al., 2000). This species does not bore into rocks, but instead nestles in the empty holes of boring clams. Found in 7 samples.

• Saxidomus nuttalli. California Butterclam. This species inhabits the mud or sand of bays and

lagoons at a water depth of intertidal to 10 m (Coan et al., 2000). It lives today in Elkhorn Slough and in protected parts of northern Monterey Bay. Empty shells commonly wash up on the beach near Capitola (personal observations). Fitch (1953) reported it to be “highly esteemed for food.” Older literature commonly uses the name “Washington Clam.”

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

4

Petricola carditoides

Protothaca staminea

Saxidomus nuttalli

Mytilus californianus (shell fragments)

APPENDIX G-4

• Tresus nuttalli. Pacific Gaper Clam. This is a large, deep burrowing species of the low intertidal and subtidal. It can burrow to depths of 1 meter or more in sandy mud (Haderlie and Abbott, 1980A) and is common in Elkhorn Slough (personal observation). Smaller specimens are sometimes found burrowing in the sand of tidepools at Opal Cliffs (personal observation). Only a few shell fragments were found (in 9 samples), mostly from small individuals.

• Zirfaea pilsbryi. Rough Piddock. In the Santa Cruz area, this species is common boring into soft sandstone and soft mudstone of the low intertidal (personal observation). It can bore as much as 50 cm into the rock (Haderlie and Abbott, 1980A). Fitch (1953) listed it among edible bivalves. It was found in 2 samples.

Mollusca, Gastropoda

• Acanthina spirata. Angular Unicorn. This small, carnivorous snail occurs on rocks in the middle and high tide zones (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). It was found in 11 samples. Some of the shells are broken, suggesting that it was used as a food source despite its small size. The distinct spiral cords and shoulder ridge distinguish it from the closely-related Acanthina punctulata.

• Acmaea mitra. White-Cap Limpet. One specimen found. This limpet lives in the low intertidal and subtidal (Lindberg, 1981). Its high profile and white color make it distinctive.

• Collisella digitalis. Ribbed Limpet. Several specimens are definitely this species, which is common on rocks of the upper intertidal and splash zones. The apex is very close to the anterior end, which helps distinguish it from other limpet species.

• Collisella pelta. Shield Limpet. A very common limpet attached to rocks of the middle and low intertidal zones (Lindberg, 1981). It is highly variable, making identification in middens difficult. Several specimens, however, were found that match the profile and external sculpture of this species.

• Collisella scabra. Rough Limpet. This species lives on rocks of the upper intertidal and splash zones (Lindberg, 1981). It is easily identified by its coarse, radiating ribs.

• Crepidula adunca. Hooked Slipper Shell. This small slipper shell (to 25 mm) lives attached to the shells of intertidal snails such as Tegula funebralis (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). It may have been brought to the site incidentally

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

5

Collisella scabra

Acanthina spirata

Zirfaea pilsbryi(shell fragment)

APPENDIX G-5

while attached to the snails (which were broken and eaten).

• Haliotis rufescens. Red Abalone. On rocks in the low intertidal (uncommon) and subtidal to a depth of 180 m (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). Only three shell fragments were found.

• Helix aspersa. European Land Snail. This species was introduced to California by Europeans (Hanna, 1966) and therefore would not have been consumed by people here prior to European settlement. Rodent activity could account for the fact that the one shell was found at a depth of 20-30 cm (Unit 2).

• Homalopoma luridum. This small, usually reddish, snail is common today in tidepools of the Monterey Peninsula but is very rare in the Santa Cruz area (personal observation). One specimen was recovered from Trench Unit 3 (20-30 cm).

• Lottia gigantea. Owl Limpet. This limpet lives on surf-swept rocks of the open shore. It is low in profile with a distinctive interior color pattern said to resemble an owl. The interior is smooth while the exterior is commonly rough and eroded. This is a large species, reaching 100 mm in length (Lindberg, 1981). It is considered quite edible, and there was even a commercial harvest in California for a short time in the early 1900s (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). Lottia is still common along the Santa Cruz County coast (personal observation). Only parts of two shells were found.

• Notoacmaea scutum. Plate Limpet. One specimen of this species was found.

• Nucella emarginata. Emarginate Dogwinkle. This snail lives on rocks and among mussels and barnacles in the middle and high intertidal zones (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980).

• Nucella canaliculata. Channeled Dogwinkle. Common on rocks and in mussel beds of the middle intertidal zone (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). This species is characteristic of mussel beds and could have been brought in accidentally with mussels, especially small specimens.

• Ocenebra lurida. Lurid Rock Snail. Common underneath rocks in the low intertidal and subtidal (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). Only one specimen of this small snail was found, which was fairly complete. It may have accidentally been brought to the site with other shellfish.

• Olivella biplicata. Purple Dwarf Olive. This species occurs from the low intertidal to a depth of 80 m on sandy bottoms of bays, lagoons, and protected areas of the outer coast (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). It is very common near

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

6

Nucella emarginata

Olivella biplicata

Haliotis rufescens(shell fragment)

APPENDIX G-6

Capitola (personal observation). Olivella was found in nearly all the samples, though not in great numbers. Some of the shells are broken, suggesting that the animal inside was eaten.

• Tegula funebralis. Black Turban Snail. This species is abundant on rocks and in tidepools of the middle tidal zone (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). It is very common today along the rocky shores of Santa Cruz County (personal observation). Several whole or nearly whole shells of this and the Brown Turban confirmed that both are present. It can be difficult to distinguish the two based on shell fragments.

• Tegula brunnea. Brown Turban Snail. This species lives lower down on the rocks than the Black Turban Snail and also lives subtidally (Abbott and Haderlie, 1980). It appears to be less common than the Black Turban.

• unidentified land snail. A small, native snail was found at the 0-10 cm level and is likely to be recent.

Mollusca, Polyplacophora

• Cryptochiton stelleri. Gumboot Chiton. According to Haderlie and Abbott (1980B), this species occurs from the low intertidal zone to subtidal. It does not attach firmly to rocks, so sometimes washes up on the shore during storms. It is the world’s largest chiton, reaching a length of 33 cm.

• Unidentified chitons. A number of chiton plates were recovered. These were not identified to species. Locally, several species of chiton live intertidally on rocks.

Arthropoda, Crustacea

• ?Semibalanus cariosus Barnacle. Several fragments of a “thatched” barnacle were found. The pieces most closely resemble the above species, but alternatively could be from the very similar Tetraclita rubescens.

• ?Balanus sp. Barnacle. Barnacles of a particular species can vary so much in shape, it is difficult to identify them from shell fragments. The movable parts (the scuta and turga) are quite diagnostic, but none of these were found in the samples. The barnacle remains generally look like those of Balanus aquila and Balanus nubilis, both of which are large, edible, and occur on intertidal rocks.

• Coronula diadma. Whale Barnacle. Two fragments of this species were found in Trench Unit 4 at a depth of 40-50 cm. This species is found locally on the humpback whale and has also been reported from the fin, blue, and sperm whales (Newman and Abbott, 1980). All of these occur off our coast (and were no doubt more common prior to whaling by Europeans). In recent years humpbacks have been observed only a few hundred meters off the beach at Santa Cruz (see for

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

7

Cryptochiton stelleri(part of one plate)

APPENDIX G-7

example, Hoppin, 2011). The barnacles could have been brought to the site along with pieces of blubber and meat (see for example Kandel and Conard, 2003).

• Cancer antennarius. Rock Crab. This crab lives in the low intertidal to a depth of 40 m on rocky shores (Garth and Abbott, 1980). It is also caught from the Santa Cruz Wharf (personal observation). One fixed left finger was recovered (Trench Unit 3, 20-30 cm).

Unidentifed

• Unidentifed shell. Several examples of this shell were found. It is very slightly cupped, smooth on the convex side, with faint concentric lines and radiating ridges on the concave side. It was compared with several species of bivalve and with parts of barnacles and none matched. Though possibly just a part of some larger structure, its distinct morphology would seem to make it identifiable.

Distributional Trends

The following is a list of the number of samples in which each of the more common taxa occurred. Taxa not listed were found in 1 to 9 of the samples.

Mytilus californianus 72 samples out of 82 total Protothaca staminea 70 Olivella biplicata 55 barnacles 45 Saxidomus nuttalli 33 Tegula spp. 26

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

8

unidentified shell fragment

Coronula diadma(interior [above] and exterior views of two fragments)

APPENDIX G-8

Platyodon cancellatus 16 Collisella spp. 15 undifferentiated small chitons 13 Cryptochiton stelleri 12 Nucella canaliculata 11

In terms of both volume and number of fragments of shell, Mytilus californianus is generally more common in the lower levels, Protothaca staminea and other shell material dominates in the upper levels.

References

Abbott, Donald P. and Eugene C. Haderlie. 1980. “Prosobranchia: Marine Snails.” In Morris, Robert H., Donald P. Abbott, and Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Caffrey, Jane, Martha Brown, W. Breck Tyler, and Mark Silverstein, eds. 2002. Changes in a California Esturary: A Profile of Elkhorn Slough. Moss Landing. California: Elkhorn Slough Foundation.

Coan, Eugene V., Paul Valentich Scott, and Frank R. Bernard. 2000. Bivalve Seashells of Western North America. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.

Fitch, John E. “Common Marine Bivalves of California.” 1953. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin No. 90.

Garth, John S. and Donald P. Abbott. 1980. “Brachyura: The True Crabs.” In Morris, Robert H., Donald P. Abbott, and Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haderlie, Eugene C. and Donald P. Abbott. 1980A. “Bivalvia: The Clams and Allies.” In Morris, Robert H., Donald P. Abbott, and Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Haderlie, Eugene C. and Donald P. Abbott. 1980B. “Polyplacophora: The Chitons.” In Morris, Robert H., Donald P. Abbott, and Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Hanna, G Dallas. 1966. “Introduced Mollusks of Western North America.” Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, No. 48.

Hoppin, Jason. “YouTube Video: Humpback Whale Surfaces, in front of Bikini-clad Paddler.” Santa Cruz Sentinel, posted Nov. 3, 2011, Retrived Feb. 4, 2013. http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_19256988

Kandel, Andrew W. and Nicholas J. Conard. 2003. “Scavenging and processing of whale meat and blubber by later stone age people of the Geelbek Dunes, Western Cape Province, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin, 58 (178), p. 91-93.

Lindberg, David R. Acmaeidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca. 1981. Pacific Grove, California: The Boxwood Press.

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

9APPENDIX G-9

Newman, William A. and Donald P. Abbott. 1980. “Cirripedia: The Barnacles.” In Morris, Robert H., Donald P. Abbott, and Eugene C. Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ricketts, Edward F., Jack Calvin, and Joel W. Hedgpeth. Revised by David W. Phillips. 1985. Between Pacific Tides. 5th Edition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Shell Material from CA-SCR-12

10APPENDIX G-10

APPENDIX H

STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND

PALEODIET OF OHLONE HUMAN

BURIAL #1 (REF. #51-1) FROM CA-SCR-12

BY ERIC BARTELINK

CA-SCR-12

STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AND PALEODIET OF AN OHLONE HUMAN BURIAL FROM CA-SCR-12, SANTA CRUZ COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Eric J. Bartelink, Ph.D., D-ABFA

Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico INTRODUCTION

Since the late 1970s, stable isotope analysis has been commonly used by archaeologists to shed light on past human lifeways, including the reconstruction of ancient diets, migration patterns, infant weaning practices, and prehistoric trade networks. The adage “you are what you eat” is the foundation for isotopic studies used for dietary reconstruction and refers to the relationship between the isotopic composition of an animal’s tissues and its diet (DeNiro and Epstein 1978; Fry 2006). Stable isotope analysis of bone provides a record of food consumption practices during the last 10-15 years of life of the individual. Paleodietary studies typically focus on stable carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) isotope analysis, which has provided baseline data on human subsistence patterns in different regions.

This report reviews the theoretical basis of stable isotope analysis and provides parameters for prehistoric diet using isotopic values of flora and fauna from central California. Next, it provides a dietary reconstruction from a femur of a late Holocene human burial from CA-SCR-12 using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of bone collagen. Radiocarbon dating by Beta Analytic reported a calibrated bone collagen date of cal BC 2030 to 1880 (cal BP 3980 to 3830). STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS

Stable isotopes are atoms of an element with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons. Because stable isotopes do not undergo radioactive decay, they provide a record of the in vivo chemical signatures of an organism. Although chemically similar, isotopes of the same element react at different rates in chemical reactions due to small differences in atomic mass. This causes the disproportionate enrichment of one isotope over another, a process known as isotopic fractionation (Fry 2006). Stable isotope values are generally expressed as the ratio of the “rare” (heavy) isotope to the “abundant” (light) isotope (e.g., 13C/12C) compared to a known standard, expressed in permil (‰) or parts per thousand relative to the standard (Schoeller 1999). International laboratory standards are provided by the National Bureau of Standards and the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. The delta notation symbol (δ) is used to express the isotopic ratio of a sample relative to the standard. Isotope values are calculated as follows (where R is equal to the ratio of the rare to the abundant isotope in the sample compared with that of the standard):

δ = (R sample – R standard)/ R (standard) x 1000

Stable carbon isotopes are expressed relative to the PDB (Pee Dee belemnite) standard, a Cretaceous fossil (Belemnitella americana) from the Pee Dee formation in South Carolina. PDB is assigned a value of 0‰ by definition and is enriched in 13C relative to organic carbon and most terrestrial carbonate materials. Hence, δ13C values for most living things are negative relative to the standard. Stable isotopes of nitrogen are expressed by the ratio of 15N/14N relative to the standard of atmospheric N2 (AIR), also set at 0‰. Because air is more depleted in 15N than most living things, δ15N values in most living things are positive relative to the standard. Substances that have higher delta (δ) values are more enriched in the “heavy” isotope (Fry 2006).

STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPES

Carbon isotopes (13C/12C) in bone reflect the consumption of C3, C4, and CAM plants and the animals that consume them. During photosynthesis each type of plant utilizes a different carbon molecule

CA-SCR-12

to incorporate carbon into its tissues. C3 plants produce a 3-carbon molecule when fixing atmospheric carbon. This photosynthetic process is referred to as Calvin-Benson photosynthesis, and discriminates more against the isotopically heavier 13C when incorporating atmospheric CO2. C3 plants include most plant life typical of temperate regions, including trees, shrubs, legumes, and tubers. C4 plants produce a 4-carbon molecule (Hatch-Slack photosynthesis) that discriminates less against the isotopically heavier 13C compared to C3 plants when incorporating atmospheric CO2. C4 plants include tropical grasses such as maize, millet, and sorghum that are typical of hot and arid climates. δ13C values for C4 plants average –12.5‰, whereas C3 plants average –26.5‰ (Schwarcz and Schoeninger 1991). CAM plants include succulents and cacti and fall in between C3 and C4 plants depending on the degree of daytime photosynthesis. In marine environments, carbon is derived from dissolved bicarbonate, C3 and C4 plants, and photosynthesizing phytoplankton. This typically results in less negative carbon isotope values in marine organisms, similar to those in C4 plants. In regions such as central California where C4 plants are not consumed as food resources, this distinction permits discrimination of marine versus terrestrial diets in a consumer’s tissues (Schoeninger et al. 1983; Schwarcz and Schoeninger 1991).

Nitrogen has two stable isotopes, 15N and 14N, which are incorporated into plants from N2 in the atmosphere and ocean water. Marine plants typically have more positive isotope values than terrestrial plants and these differences are reflected in animal consumers. Unlike carbon, nitrogen isotopes show a trophic level effect, with the tissues of its consumers enriched ~3‰ over food values at each level in the food web (Schwarcz and Schoeninger 1991). Nitrogen isotope values are typically higher in marine ecosystems than in terrestrial ecosystems due to longer food chains. DIETARY RECONSTRUCTION

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis can provide evidence regarding the relative contribution of different foodstuffs to the diet, especially among groups that consumed resources from both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The isotopic analysis of Burial 1 from CA-SCR-12 will shed light on ancient diet along the Santa Cruz coast, and will provide new data to compare with previous research (Bartelink 2006, 2009; Bartelink and Wright n.d.; Beasley 2008; Beasley et al. 2013). This report only discusses data from bone collagen, thus isotope values primarily reflect the protein component of the diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Preparation

With permission from the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area a sample of human femur bone was submitted by graduate student Gerald Starek and Alan Leventhal (San Jose State University) to Beta Analytic Inc. for radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis. Beta Analytic’s pretreatment protocol involves washes through deionized water, mechanical cleaning of the external bone cortex, and pulverization of the sample. Sample treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCL) is used to remove the bone apatite fraction. After HCL treatment, samples are inspected for the presence of rootlets, and then treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove secondary organic acids (i.e., “with alkali”). Beta Analytic Inc. data sheets report both the measured and conventional radiocarbon age and δ13C and δ15N values in permil (‰). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Comparisons

Table 1 presents the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope descriptive statistics. The δ13C value is -15.2 and the δ15N value is 14.4‰. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone collagen are consistent with a mixed diet composed primarily of marine protein, such as shellfish and marine fish, with some contribution from terrestrial protein sources.

CA-SCR-12

TABLE 1: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Summary Statistics for Burial 1.

Sex

Age

δ13Ccoll (‰)

δ15Ncoll (‰)

Indeterminate

Adult -15.2 14.4

Figure 1 plots stable isotope values for a number of economically important plant and animal

resources from central California. The data for animals represent adjusted “meat values”, accounting for published diet-to-tissue offsets due to fractionation between meat and bone collagen. The individual boxes represent minimum and maximum values for different food resources from central California based on archaeofaunal and modern faunal and floral data reported in Bartelink (2006). However, freshwater fish are poorly characterized for California and the box model represents a global range based on studies from a number of regions. The modern plant and animal carbon isotope values are corrected by +1.5‰ for the “Suess Effect” (the reduction of atmospheric δ13C due to fossil fuel burning) to bring values in line with the prehistoric food web. The plot shows clear differences between marine and terrestrial resources and also demonstrates the ~3‰ stepwise increase in nitrogen isotope values along the food web. This model should be considered a reasonable approximation of the isotopic composition of available food resources due to the limited sample representation of some key food resources.

For stable carbon isotopes, human collagen δ13C values will be ~5‰ higher than the source of dietary protein due to the average fractionation offset between diet and bone collagen (Ambrose and Norr 1993; Tieszen and Fagre 1993). This assumes that the δ13C value of dietary protein is equal to that of the whole diet; thus, consumers of marine foods will have diet to collagen offsets higher than 5‰. Adjusting the δ13C values for the 5‰ offset, the values overlap with shellfish as well as some higher trophic level marine fish. For δ15N, human collagen values should be ~3‰ higher than the source of dietary protein due to the trophic level effect. Subtracting 3‰, the range of human values also overlaps with these same protein sources (Figure 1).

“Mea

t” δ

15N

(AIR

)

“Meat” δ13C (PDB)

FreshwaterFish

MarineMammals

Marine Fish

TerrestrialHerbivore

FreshwaterMussel

BayShellfish Terrestrial

Carnivores

C Terrestrial and Marsh

Plants

3

FIGURE 1: Reconstructed Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Values for Economically Important Dietary Resources in Central California (from Bartelink 2006, 2009). Red dot shows Burial 1 from CA-SCR-12.

CA-SCR-12

Regional Comparisons

Figure 2 plots the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values for the CA-SCR-12 burial with data from several late Holocene sites along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley and Delta (see Bartelink 2006, 2009). The linear correlation of δ13C and δ15N values for San Francisco Bay Area sites indicates a high level of variability in marine versus terrestrial resource consumption in the region, with dietary input coming from both ecosystems. In other words, some individuals (in the upper right quadrant of the plot) consumed diets focused mainly on marine protein, while individuals from other Bay area sites consumed greater amounts of terrestrial protein.

The individual from CA-SCR-12 plots most closely with Middle and Late Period sites along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay (CA-ALA-309: Emeryville Shellmound; CA-ALA-312: Horton Landing Site; CA-ALA-328: Patterson Mound, CA-ALA-329: Ryan Mound). Thus, the burial is dissimilar to sites from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley and Delta (CA-SJO-68: Blossom Mound, CA-SJO-142: McGillivray Mound, CA-SJO-154: Cardinal Mound, CA-SAC-43: Brazil Mound, CA-SAC-60: Hicks Mound, CA-SAC-06: Johnson Mound). This clearly indicates that the individual buried at CA-SCR-12 consumed a mixed diet composed primarily of marine protein, such as shellfish and marine fish, with some contribution from terrestrial protein sources.

FIGURE 2: Bone Collagen Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Data for Burial 1from CA-SCR-12 compared to sites in Central California. Black square is the CA-SCR-12 burial.

SUMMARY

The implications of the paleodietary analysis of the human burial from CA-SCR-12 are significant, and contribute to broader paleodietary research along the central coast of California. Burial 1 had a diet consistent with consumption of a mixed diet composed primarily of marine protein, such as shellfish and marine fish, with some contribution from terrestrial protein sources. The isotope values indicate greater contribution from marine resources than terrestrial resources. Burial 1 is similar to many Middle and Late

San Francisco Bay Area

Sacramento Valley

CA-SCR-12

Period burials from the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay and also to one individual who has a similar signature recovered from the west bay at CA-SCL-287/CA-SMA-263 (Bartelink 2010; Leventhal et al. 2010), but is distinctive from diets in the Central Valley.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Rosemary Cambra, Chairwoman of the Muwekma Ohlone Indian Tribe and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribal Council for their permission to conduct this study. This important research could not have been conducted without their blessing and support. Special thanks are owed to Gerald Starek and Alan Leventhal of SJSU for their dedication and support of this research, as well as his valuable insights on California prehistory

CA-SCR-12

References Cited Ambrose, S. H. and L. Norr 1993 Experimental Evidence for the Relationship of the Carbon Isotope Ratios of Whole Diet and Dietary Protein to those of Bone Collagen and Carbonate. In Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, edited by J. B. Lambert and G. Grupe, pp. 1-37. Springer-Verlag, New York. Bartelink, E. J. 2006 Resource Intensification in Pre-Contact Central California: A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Diet and Health Patterns among Hunter-gatherers from the Lower Sacramento Valley and San Francisco Bay. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Bartelink, E. J. 2009 Late Holocene Dietary Change in the San Francisco Bay Area: Stable Isotope Evidence for an Expansion in Diet Breadth. California Archaeology 1(2):227-252. Bartelink, E. J. 2010 Paleodietary Analysis of Human Remains from Yuki Kutsuimi Šaatoš Inūxw (Sand Hill Road) Sites: CA-SCL-287 and CA-SMA-263. In Final Report on the Burial and Archaeological Data Recovery Program Conducted on a Portion of a Middle Period Ohlone Cemetery, Yuki Kutsuimi Šaatoš Inūxw (Sand Hill Road) Sites: CA-SCL-287 and CA-SMA-263, Stanford University, California (Vol. II), Leventhal A. et al. (ed.); Pp. 5-1 to 5-16. Bartelink, E.J. and L.E. Wright n.d. Marine and Terrestrial Resource Consumption in Late Holocene Central California: Stable Isotope Evidence from San Francisco Bay and the Lower Sacramento Valley. Unpublished manuscript. Beasley, M. M. 2008 Dietary Trends of the Ellis Landing Site (CA-CCO-295): Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Prehistoric Human Remains from a San Francisco Bay Area Shellmound. MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico. Beasley, M. M., Martinez A., Simons D.D., and E. J. Bartelink 2013 Paleodietary Analysis of a San Francisco Bay Area Shellmound: Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Late Holocene Humans from the Ellis Landing Site (CA-CCO-295) Journal of Archaeological Science. 40:2084-2094. DeNiro, M. J. and S. Epstein 1978 Influence of Diet on Distribution of Carbon Isotopes in Animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42(5):495-506. Fry, B. 2006 Stable Isotope Ecology. Springer Science, New York. Leventhal, Alan, Diane DiGiuseppe, Melynda Atwood, David Grant, Susan Morley, Rosemary Cambra, Dr. Les Field, Charlene Nijmeh, Monica V. Arellano, Susanne Rodriguez, Sheila Guzman-Schmidt, Gloria E. Gomez, and Norma Sanchez 2010 Final Report on the Burial and Archaeological Data Recovery Program Conducted on a Portion of a Middle Period Ohlone Indian Cemetery, Yuki Kutsuimi Šaatoš Inūxw [Sand Hill Road] Sites: CA-SCL-287 and CA-SMA-263, Stanford University, California. Report Prepared for Stanford University by Muwekma Ohlone Tribe/Ohlone Families Consulting Services.

CA-SCR-12

Schoeller, D. A. 1999 Isotope Fractionation: Why Aren't We What We Eat? Journal of Archaeological Science 26(6):667-673. Schoeninger, M. J., M. J. Deniro and H. Tauber 1983 15N/14N Ratios of Bone-Collagen Reflect Marine and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Human Diet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60(2):252. Schwarcz, H. P. and M. J. Schoeninger (1991). Stable Isotope Analyses in Human Nutritional Ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:283-321. Tieszen, L. L. and T. Fagre 1993 Effect of Diet Quality and Composition on the Isotopic Composition of Respiratory CO2, Bone Collagen, Bioapatite, and Soft Tissues. In Prehistoric Human Bone: Archaeology at the Molecular Level, edited by J. B. Lambert and G. Grupe, pp. 121-155. Springer-Verlag, New York.

APPENDIX I

SHELL DISTRIBUTION TRENDS

BY OCCURRENCE

APPENDIX I-1

Test Unit # 1 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50cm 50-60cm 60-70 cm 70-80cm 80-90cm Clinocardium nuttallii

N O

S A M P L E S

R E C O V E R E D

Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeriscatilliformis x x Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides Platyodon cancellatus x x x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x x x Tresus nuttalli x x Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea x Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata x x Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x x x Tegula brunnea x Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri x x Semibalanus cariosus Balanus sp.? x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x

APPENDIX I-2

Test Unit # 2 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm Clinocardium nuttallii

N O I D E N T I F I A B L E

S A M P L E S

Crasadoma gigantea x Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis x Mytilus californianus x x x x x x Petricola carditoides Platyodon cancellatus x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa x Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x x Tegula brunnea Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus Balanus sp.? x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail x Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons

APPENDIX I-3

Test Unit # 3 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm Clinocardium nuttallii

N O

S A M

P L E S

R E C O V E R E D

N O

S A M P L E S

R E C O V E R E D

Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x Petricola carditoides x Platyodon cancellatus Protothaca staminea x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x x

Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra x Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x Tegula brunnea x Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus Balanus sp.? x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons

APPENDIX I-4

Test Unit # 3A Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-30 cm 30-60 cm 60-75 cm 75-90 cm Clinocardium nuttallii

N O I D E N T I F I A B L E

S A M P L E S

Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x Petricola carditoides Platyodon cancellatus x Protothaca staminea x Saxidomus nuttalli x Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata Tegula brunnea Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus Balanus sp.? Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons

APPENDIX I-5

Test Unit # 3B Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-30 cm 30-60 cm 60-70 cm Clinocardium nuttallii Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis x Mytilus californianus x x x Petricola carditoides Platyodon cancellatus Protothaca staminea x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x Tegula brunnea Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus x Balanus sp.? x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell x Unidentified chitons

APPENDIX I-6

Test Unit # 4 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm Clinocardium nuttallii

N O I D E N T I F I A B L E

S A M P L E S

x Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x Petricola carditoides Platyodon cancellatus Protothaca staminea x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata x Nucella emarginata x Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x Tegula brunnea x Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus x Balanus sp.? x x x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x

APPENDIX I-7

Test Unit # 5 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-1 0cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm Clinocardium nuttallii Crasadoma gigantea x Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides

Platyodon cancellatus x x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x Tresus nuttalli x Zirfaea pilsbryi x Acanthina spirata Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis x Collisella pelta Collisella scrabra x Crepidula adunca Haliotis refescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x x Tegula brunnea Tegula funebralis Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus Balanus sp.? x x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x

APPENDIX I-8

Trench Unit # 1 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Clinocardium nuttallii x x Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta x x Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides x Platyodon cancellatus x x x x x x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x x x x x x x Tresus nuttalli x

x x

Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x x x x x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis x Collisella pelta x Collisella scrabra x Crepidula adunca Haliotis rufescens x x Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum x Nucella canaliculata x x x Nucella emarginata x x x Ocenebra lurida x Olivella biplicata x x x x x x x x x Tegula brunnea x x x Tegula funebralis x x x x x Cryptochiton stelleri x x x x x x Semibalanus cariosus x x Balanus sp.? x x x x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x x x

APPENDIX I-9

Trench Unit # 2 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Clinocardium nuttallii Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides x x Platyodon cancellatus Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x x x x Tresus nuttalli x Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis x Collisella pelta x Collisella scrabra x x Crepidula adunca x x Haliotis rufescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea x Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata x x x Nucella emarginata x x Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x x x Tegula brunnea x x x Tegula funebralis x x Cryptochiton stelleri x Semibalanus cariosus x x Balanus sp.? x x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x x

APPENDIX I-10

Trench Unit # 3 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

90-100 cm

Clinocardium nuttallii x Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta x Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides x x Platyodon cancellatus x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x x x Tresus nuttalli Zirfaea pilsbryi x Acanthina spirata x x Acmaea mitra x Collisella digitalis x x Collisella pelta x Collisella scrabra Crepidula adunca x x Haliotis rufescens Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum x Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata x x Nucella emarginata Ocenebra lurida x Olivella biplicata x x x x x x x x Tegula brunnea x Tegula funebralis x x x x Cryptochiton stelleri Semibalanus cariosus x x Balanus sp.? x x x Coronula diadma Cancer antennarius x Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x x

APPENDIX I-11

Trench Unit # 4 Shell Distributional Trends By Occurrence

Taxa 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Clinocardium nuttallii Crasadoma gigantea Macoma nasuta Mactromeris catilliformis Mytilus californianus x x x x x x x x x Petricola carditoides x Platyodon cancellatus x x Protothaca staminea x x x x x x x x Saxidomus nuttalli x x Tresus nuttalli x x Zirfaea pilsbryi Acanthina spirata x Acmaea mitra Collisella digitalis Collisella pelta x Collisella scrabra x Crepidula adunca x x x Haliotis rufescens x Helix aspersa Homolopoma luridum Lottia gigantea Notoacmaea scutum Nucella canaliculata x x Nucella emarginata x x Ocenebra lurida Olivella biplicata x x x x x x Tegula brunnea x Tegula funebralis x x x x Cryptochiton stelleri x x x Semibalanus cariosus x Balanus sp.? x x x x x Coronula diadma x Cancer antennarius

Unidentified land snail Unidentified Shell Unidentified chitons x x x

APPENDIX J

FAUNAL BONE CHART

DISTRIBUTION OF TAXA BY

RECOVERY CONTEXT

APPENDIX J-1

Test Unit # 1 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Test Unit 1 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

35 /28.7g 2/1.1g 9/4.7g 5/1.3g 35.8 g

10-20 cm

3/1.0g 27/16.2g 1/0.9g 5/2.5 g 2/0.6g 21.2 g

20-30 cm

1/0.4g 1/0.9g 1/0.1 1.4g

30-40 cm

98/59.9g 8/10.8g 10/3.7g 13/8.1g 1/0.1g 82.6g

40-50 cm

1/0.2g 45/32.2g 5/2.8g 1/0.9g 3/1.0g 37.1g

50-60 cm

1/0.2 9/3.4g 67/41.9g 9/4.8g 3/1.6g 51.9g

60-70 cm

50/202.5g 31/66.1g 268.6g

70-80 cm

6/15.0g 1/0.1 15.1 g

80-90 cm

14/104.7g 1/2.4g 107.1g

Total Faunal Elements = 469 Total Wt. = 620.8 g

Test Unit # 2 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Test Unit 2 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total Wt. Grams

0-10 cm

15/20.6g 5/2.1g 22.7g

10-20 cm

6/1.1g 5/3.1g 17/28.9g 4/1.9g 35.0g

20-30 cm

3/1.3g 22/17.9g 1/0.1g 5/3.2g 22.5g

30-40 cm

4/2.9g 9/6.3g 1/0.5g 9.7g

40-50 cm

5/7.9 2/1.0g 4/5.6g 14.5g

50-60 cm

7/3.5g 1/0.5g 6/2.8g 6.8g

60-70 cm

5/9.8g 2/1.7g 11.5g

70-80 cm

5/2.8g 3/1.2g 4.0g

Total Faunal Elements = 137 Total Wt. = 126.7 g

APPENDIX J-2

Test Unit # 3 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Unit 3 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

8/4.1g 8/32.1g 5/2.9g 39.1g

10-20 cm

No Specimens Recovered

20-30 cm

6/2.1g 10/6.7g 16/58.1g 66.9g

30-40 cm

5/2.7g 16/28.3g 2/3.3g 34.3g

40-50 cm

7/16.7g 16.7g

50-60 cm

2/1.2g 23/146.6g 3/3.1g 10/57.0g 1/0.3g 8/2.1g 210.3g

60-70 cm

10/23.5g 10/7.6g 12/26.1g 57.2g

70-80 cm

3/1.4g 6/20.9g 22.3g

Total Faunal Elements = 171 Total Wt. = 446.8 g

Test Unit # 3A Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Unit 3A

Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total Wt.

Grams

0-30 cm

23/83.2g 2/6.3g 89.5g

30-60 cm

3/2.7g 13/157.3g 1/0.2g 160.2g

60-75 cm

6/10.0 155/230.1g 22/70.6g 2/1.2g 311.9g

75-90 cm

8/13.4g 3/ 4.6g 18.0g

Total Faunal Elements = 238 Total Wt. = 579.6 g

APPENDIX J-3

Test Unit # 3B Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Test Unit 3B

Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total Wt.

Grams

0-30 cm

1/0.4g 9/41.5g 41.9g

30-60 cm

2/1.1g 13/17.8g 1/1.1g 1/0.7g 20.7g

60-70 cm

1/1.0g 4/4.0g 48/62.2g 12/15.8g 2/1.4g 84.4g

Total Faunal Elements = 94 Total Wt. = 147.0 g

Test Unit # 4 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Test Unit 4 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

2/2.5g 4/2.6g 1/1.2g 6.3g

10-20 cm

8/2.7g 37/22.7g 3/1.2g 15/11.1g 37.7g

20-30 cm

18/11.9g 27/15.1g 1/0.2g 27.2g

30-40 cm

3/0.7g 3/2.7g 56/57.9g 9/5.0g 12/7.3g 2/0.1g 73.7g

40-50 cm

16/9.5g 14/25.9g 10/51.0g 4/0.1g 86.5g

50-60 cm

38/32.5g 31/16.2g 5/8.0g 1/0.3g 57.0g

60-70 cm

7/4.9g 20/30.9g 5/35.6g 71.4g

70-80 cm

1/0.5g 0.5g

Total Faunal Elements = 353 Total Wt. = 360.3g

APPENDIX J-4

Test Unit # 5 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Test Unit 5 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

2/0.9g 1/0.3g 1.2g

10-20 cm

14/17.3g 17.3g

20-30 cm

6/22.3g 22.3g

30-40 cm

4/6.4g 6.4g

40-50 cm

4/1.7g 9/53.0g 1/0.3g 2/3.7g 58.7g

50-60 cm

4/20.g 16/35.9g 55.9g

60-70 cm

6/6.1g 6.1g

70-80 cm

4/14.0g 4/3.5g 17.5g

Total Faunal Elements = 77 Total Wt. = 185.4g

Trench Unit # 1 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Trench Unit 1 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

12/10.0g 42/86.9g 4/1.5g 98.4g

10-20 cm

20/12.2g 38/62.1g 9/1.5g 75.8g

20-30 cm

25/22.5g 12/56.3g 10/5.3g 11/25.1g 109.2g

30-40 cm

3/0.9g 17/13.9g 17/36.0g 9/10.5g 61.3g

40-50 cm

17/14.7g 24/63.1g 9/5.8g 1/23.7g 5/0.9g 108.2g

50-60 cm

21/19.3g 27/61.4g 13/11.6g 26/59.3g 1/0.1g 4/11.1g 162.8g

60-70 cm

4/2.8g 10/11.7g 3/6.4g 20.9g

70-80 cm

29/21.9g 33/60.1g 11/21.8g 3/1.0g 104.8g

80-90 cm

5/6.3g 6/12.9g 5/2.0g 21.2g

Total Faunal Elements = 486 Total Wt. = 762.6g

APPENDIX J-5

Trench Unit # 2 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Trench Unit 2 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

4/ 5.6g 5.6g

10-20 cm

15/ 12.9g 9/18.5g 2/1.9g 1/0.5g 33.8g

20-30 cm

13/9.0g 15/19.7g 10/18.1g 46.8g

30-40 cm

8/7.4g 1/0.4g 7.8g

40-50 cm

15/10.7g 16/27.2g 5/2.5g 5/5.1g 45.5g

50-60 cm

25/21.3g 16/35.8g 2/1.2g 7/3.2g 2/0.2g 61.7g

60-70 cm

4/2.9g 2.9g

70-80 cm

31/25.4g 27/88.7g 7/8.9g 8/2.9g 125.9g

80-90 cm

27/23.5g 54/150.9g 11/16.0g 22/19.7g 3/1.8g 211.9g

Total Faunal Elements = 365 Total Wt. = 541.9g

Trench Unit # 3 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Trench Unit 3 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

2/0.7g 29/21.3g 29/27.0g 5/4.1g 3/0.3g 53.4g

10-20 cm

6/2.0g 9/7.1g 21/33.6g 9/10.6g 4/1.3g 54.6g

20-30 cm

11/4.6g 13/10.5g 17/32.9g 3/0.7g 17/17.7g 66.4g

30-40 cm

8/8.0g 15/78.7g 2/0.6g 3/5.6g 1/0.2g 93.1g

40-50 cm

21/26.1g 10/25.8g 2/0.6g 14/9.2g 1/1.2g 62.9g

50-60 cm

20/17.5g 22/95.4g 1/0.1g 12/11.1g 16/89.5g 4/2.3g 215.9g

60-70 cm

17/16.1g 4/12.1g 4/4.1g 1/0.1g 32.4g

70-80 cm

No Specimens Recovered

80-90 cm

2/1.2g 7/4.1g 5.3g

90-100 1/2.4g 2.4g Total Faunal Elements = 366

Total Wt. = 586.4g

APPENDIX J-6

Trench Unit # 4 Faunal Bone Elements by Number and Weight

Trench Unit 4 Depth

Small Mammal

Medium Mammal

Large Mammal

Small Mammal ”Burnt”

Medium Mammal “Burnt”

Large Mammal “Burnt”

Fish Bird Rodent

Total # / Wt.

Grams

0-10 cm

8/12.1g 1/1.5g 13.6g

10-20 cm

14/13.3g 7/15.4g 1/0.4g 29.1g

20-30 cm

8/8.2g 6/5.3g 13.5g

30-40 cm

1/0.6g 25/18.9g 17/45.3g 3/0.6g 2/1.3g 5/6.6g 1/0.2g 73.5g

40-50 cm

23/19.5g 34/66.8g 10/11.6g 97.9g

50-60 cm

11/3.9g 13/12.6g 30/69.4g 85.9g

60-70 cm

2/0.3g 22/15.4g 13/22.4g 8/8.3g 1/0.2g 46.6g

70-80 cm

4/0.9g 17/12.1g 21/88.1g 1/1.6g 102.7g

80-90 cm

6/1.5g 3/2.2g 3.7g

Total Faunal Elements = 318 Total Wt. = 466.5g

APPENDIX K

DISTRIBUTION OF HISTORIC

ARTIFACTS BY RECOVERY CONTEXT

APPENDIX K-1

Test Unit # 1 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

Metal 10 2 2 2 1 Glass

Fragments 27 36 21 4 7

Porcelain 1 1 1 Rubber Plastic 1 Brick 3 1

Ceramic Clay 1

Asphalt Tar Iron

Copper Total Artifacts: N = 121

Test Unit # 2 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

Metal 6 6 2 2 Glass

Fragments 20 17 17 2 3

Porcelain 1 1 Rubber 1 Plastic 1 Brick

Ceramic 1 Clay

Asphalt 1 Tar Iron

Copper Glass Bottle

1

Total Artifacts: N = 82

APPENDIX K-2

Test Unit # 3 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

Metal 9 8 3 2 Glass

Fragments 39 28 6 4 1

Porcelain 1 2 Rubber Plastic Brick

Ceramic Clay 1

Asphalt Tar Iron

Copper Total Artifacts: N = 104

Test Unit # 3A Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-30 cm

30- 60 cm

60-75 cm

75-90 cm

Metal 11 1 Glass

Fragments 18

Porcelain 1 Rubber Plastic Brick

Ceramic Clay

Asphalt Tar Iron

Copper Total Artifacts: N = 31

APPENDIX K-3

Test Unit # 3B Historic Artifacts

Test Unit # 4 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

Metal 6 14 5 2 4 2 1 Glass

Fragments 18 4 14 7 4 3

Porcelain 1 1 1 Rubber Plastic 1 1 Brick 3

Ceramic Clay 5

Asphalt 2 Tar 4 Iron

Copper Total Artifacts: N = 103

Material Type

0-30 cm

30-60 cm

60-70 cm

Metal 8 Glass

Fragments 36

Porcelain 1 2 Rubber Plastic Brick

Ceramic Clay

Asphalt Tar Iron

Copper Total Artifacts: N = 47

APPENDIX K-4

Test Unit # 5 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

Metal 11 4 6 4 Glass

Fragments 8 45 8 7 1

Porcelain 7 2 Rubber Plastic 1 1 Brick 4 4

Ceramic 2 Clay

Asphalt 1 Tar Iron

Copper Glass Bottle

Total Artifacts: N = 116

Trench Unit # 1 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

Metal 15 10 14 3 2 Glass

Fragments 40 10 13 3 3 1

Porcelain 5 2 1 Rubber Plastic 2 Brick

Ceramic Clay 1

Asphalt 1 Tar 1 Iron 1

Copper 1 Glass

Marble 1

Total Artifacts: N = 130

APPENDIX K-5

Trench Unit # 2 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

Metal 8 6 1 Glass

Fragments 4 3 3 2 1

Porcelain 15 2 1 Rubber Plastic 1 Brick

Ceramic 3 Clay

Asphalt Tar Iron

Copper Glass

Marble

Total Artifacts: N = 50

Trench Unit # 3 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

90-100 cm

Metal 52 11 1 2 1 Glass

Fragments 40 1

Porcelain 10 2 Rubber Plastic 1 Brick

Ceramic Clay 1 1

Asphalt Tar 1 Iron

Copper Glass

Marble 1

Ceramic Dish

1

Total Artifacts: n = 126

APPENDIX K-6

Trench Unit # 4 Historic Artifacts

Material Type

0-10 cm

10-20 cm

20-30 cm

30-40 cm

40-50 cm

50-60 cm

60-70 cm

70-80 cm

80-90 cm

Metal 13 10 5 3 Glass

Fragments 9 7 1

Porcelain 3 7 Rubber 14 Plastic Brick 3

Ceramic 1 Clay 1

Asphalt 2 Tar Iron

Copper Glass

Marble

Ceramic Dish

Total Artifacts: N = 79

APPENDIX L

NEONATE SKELETAL INVENTORY SHEETS

OHLONE FAMILIES CONSULTING SERVICES HUMAN SKELETAL INVENTORY

Site CA-SCR-12 Burial No. 3 Date 3/6/13 Recorder Atwood

Metrics

Sex (criteria used) Indeterminate (neonate)

Age (criteria used) Neonate, 0-6 months

Condition of Skeleton Good, with slight postmortem damage to cortex and some fragmentation.

Cranium F(8) = 3 vault fragments, R petrous portion of temporal, 3 fragments that are possibly sphenoid

and complete L zygomatic

Cribra Orbitalia: (L) X (R) X

Mandible X

Teeth Permanent-Loose X In-situ X

X X

Deciduous-Loose X In-situ X

X X

Hyoid X Sternum X

Vertebrae: Cervical 4 left cervical neural arches and 3 right neural arches

Thoracic 3 left thoracic neural arches and 2 right neural arches

Lumbar 5 left lumbar neural arches

Sacrum X

Indeterminate 2 additional left neural arches and 2 additional right neural arches

Os Coxae: LEFT RIGHT INDT

Mature

Immature: Pubis C(1) X X

Ilium C(1) X X

Ischium X X X

Ribs: No. Complete (L) 4 ** (R) X No. Incomplete X

LEFT RIGHT INDT LEFT RIGHT INDT

Clavicle C(2) X X Scapula X C (1) X

Humerus X I (1) X Femur X C (1) X

Radius I (1) X X Patella X X X

Ulna X I (2) X Tibia X C (1) X

Fibula X F (1) X

Carpals: Tarsals: Navicular X X X Calcaneus X X X

Lunate X X X Talus X X X

Triquetral X X X Cuboid X X X

Pisiform X X X Navicular X X X

Grt. Mult. X X X 1st Cuneiform X X X

Lsr. Mult. X X X 2nd Cuneiform X X X

Capitate X X X 3rd Cuneiform X X X

Hamate X X X

Metacarpals: Metatarsals: MC 1 X X X MT 1 X X X

MC 2 X X X MT 2 X X X

MC 3 X X X MT 3 X X X

MC 4 X X X MT 4 X X X

MC 5 X X X MT 5 X X X

Phalanges: Hand X Foot X

Indeterminate 6 long bone fragments, unable to determine specific elements

Additional Notes ** 1 rib is possibly left 1st rib

(additional elements found in trench determined to be same individual) KEY: C (1) = complete (2/3 of element with articulating surfaces) I (1) = incomplete (less than 2/3 of element but more than 1/3 with articulating surface) F (1) = fragmentary (less than 1/3 of element or shafts only) X = absent Ribs = complete indicates that the vertebral end is present as well as completely present. If element is complete but in pieces, indicate thus: C (3) for number of pieces If epiphyses present on subadult’s long bone indicate thus: p Femur C (1) d