Cahiers du Centre d’ÉtudesChypriotes 42, 2012

THE SWEDISH CYPRUS EXPEDITIONThe Cyprus collections in Stockholm and the Swedish Excavations

after the SCEKristian GÖRANSSON

In the history of Cypriote archaeology the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (1927-1931) has a prominent place. It has been claimed that the excavations conducted by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition “laid the foundation for the study of all aspects of Cypriote archaeology.” 1 In only four years the expedition conducted systematic and – in many cases extensive – excavations of 21 archaeological sites all over the island with the outspoken intention of establishing a chronology for the prehistory and early history of Cyprus. The sites excavated by the expedition range from a Neolithic settlement (Petra tou Limniti) and rich Bronze Age tombs (e.g. Lapithos) over sanctuaries (such as Ayia Irini, Kition and Mersinaki) to a royal palace (Vouni) and a Roman theatre (Soli.).

Background to the expeditionThe Swedish Cyprus Expedition was led by Einar Gjerstad (1897-1988) and consisted

of himself and the following three members: the archaeologists Erik Sjöqvist (1903-1975) and Alfred Westholm (1904-1996), and the architect John Lindros (1898-1961). The ex-pedition arrived in Cyprus in the autumn of 1927, but Gjerstad had already excavated on the island in 1923-24 when he carried out research for his doctoral dissertation Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, which was defended at the University of Uppsala in 1926.2 In a most entertaining book entitled Ages and Days in Cyprus, 3 Gjerstad tells the story of the background of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition. In 1922 the Swedish consul in Cyprus, Luke Z. Pierides, had met Axel W. Persson, Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Uppsala at a railway station in Serbia. Persson was on his way to Greece as he was the Director of the Swedish excavations at Asine and when Pierides heard that Persson was not only an archaeologist but also Swedish he urged him to come to

1. Karageorghis 2009, p. 7.2. Gjerstad 1926.3. Gjerstad 1980. The book was first published in Swedish as Sekler och Dagar. Med svenskarna

på Cypern 1927–1931 in 1933, based on articles Gjerstad had written in the Swedish national daily newspaper the Dagens Nyheter during the time of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

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Cyprus. Persson was prevented from going there at that time, so Pierides asked if instead he could “persuade a young Swedish archaeologist to travel to Cyprus in order to start some thorough archaeological research.”4 Gjerstad – being one of Persson’s foremost students and a participant in the excavations at Asine – recounts how one summer-night in Asine Persson discussed Pierides’ invitation with him and how he accepted this.5 A more detailed version of the story of when Persson met Pierides is told by Persson himself in Asine. De svenska utgrävningarna, a popular book in Swedish published in 1931.6 The story is translated into English by C.-G. Styrenius in his chapter on the Swedish Cyprus Expedition in the publication of the conference on Cypriote archaeology held at the Me-delhavsmuseet in 1992.7

In October 1923 Gjerstad arrived in Larnaca and was warmly welcomed by Pierides. He went on to study finds at the Cyprus Museum excavated by Menelaos Markides as well as conducting the aforementioned excavations himself at a few sites. Thus began the “prehistory” of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition. Gjerstad soon realized that the ar-chaeology of Cyprus had an enormous potential for continued research, and after he had defended his dissertation in 1926 he began seeking support – both scientific and finan-cial – for a large archaeological expedition to Cyprus. The support by the Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf) was crucial and Gjerstad managed to get the necessary funds from a large number of private donors which made it possible to launch the expedition in 1927. Thus it happened that the four young Swedes arrived in Cyprus in 1927 and spent almost four years on the island.

The sites excavatedBelow follows an overview of all the sites explored by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.8

While Gjerstad was the director of the expedition the field work at the sites was carried out by either Sjöqvist or Westholm with their separate teams of Cypriote workers. This meant that the expedition could excavate two sites at different parts of the island at the same time. The architect Lindros would travel between the sites to do the drawing and photographic recording while Gjerstad would oversee the work on his visits to the sites.

AmathusThe ancient site of Amathus lies on a hill on the south coast of Cyprus, about 11 km

east of Limassol. The ruins cover a large area on the summit and the slopes towards the

4. Gjerstad 1980, p. 10.5. Gjerstad 1980, p. 10.6. Persson 1931, p. 23-26.7. Styrenius 1994, p. 7-9.8. I am grateful to Karen Slej, Fredrik Helander and Sofia Nordin Fischer for compiling much of 

the information from the SCE, the archives of the Medelhavsmuseet (in particular the field diaries and notebooks of the expedition) and Gjerstad’s popular account Ages and Days in Cyprus on which this gazetteer of sites to a large extent is based.

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sea. Finds attest to a rather long period of existence from Cypro-Geometric I until the Early Byzantine period. In 1930 Alfred Westholm surveyed the ancient necropolis on both sides of the acropolis. He excavated 26 tombs, most of which had rock-cut or built shafts and a dromos leading to the bottom of the shaft. Two of the tombs were of very good construction and quality, marking them out as being for rich or even royal subjects. The dates of the tombs ranged from the Cypro-Geometric I to the Roman period (1050 BC – c. AD 150).

Ayia Irini The site of Ayia Irini is situated on a rock plateau near the north-west coast of Cyprus.

To the west of the village church Erik Sjöqvist in 1929 excavated an intact ancient sanctuary (Figs. 1-2). Sjöqvist identified seven periods of use dating from the end of the Late Cypriote III until c. 480 BC. Periods 4-6 (c. 700-500 BC) were the most important at the site. The sanctuary consisted of a large open court surrounded by smaller buildings and a temenos wall. Around a limestone altar with an oval stone on top of it were placed more than 2000 votive offerings in the shape of terracotta figurines and statues of various sizes: bulls, animals, minotaurs and humans. It is not clear to which deity the sanctuary was dedicated. The votives were arranged in concentric semi-circles around the altar with the cult stone. The bull statuettes, the armed statues and the chariots point towards a fertility deity, but one that presumably also bestowed success in warfare. The human figures are of different sizes and some might represent the worshippers. According to Sjöqvist and Gjerstad the area was repeatedly flooded by a nearby stream. As a result the sanctuary was finally abandoned in the 5th century BC. In the 1st century BC it enjoyed a brief revival.

Figure 1. The excavations at Ayia Irini in 1929. Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C01814).

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Figure 2. Erik Sjöqvist during the excavations at Ayia Irini in 1929. Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C01811).

Figure 3. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition at Mersinaki in 1930: John Lindros, Alfred Westholm, Erik Sjöqvist and Einar Gjerstad.

Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C02763).

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Ayios IakovosThe village of Ayios Iakovos is situated about 22.5 km north of Famagusta. Einar

Gjerstad visited the place already in 1923 and became familiar with Melia, an ancient necropolis east of the village, where several tombs had been looted by grave-robbers, but never scientifically excavated. In 1929 Erik Sjöqvist began excavating the necropolis of Melia. Two tombs had been looted, but fourteen were intact. The tombs were rock-cut with a stepped corridor-shaped dromos and a flat, vaulted chamber of somewhat irregular shape. The tombs dated from Middle Cypriote III to Late Cypriote II (1725-1200 BC). While searching for the settlement to which the tombs had once belonged the expedition found a Bronze Age sanctuary with a large terracotta basin in a field north of the village. Most of the votive gifts were found in and around this basin. Behind the wall was an interior court with two stone platforms serving as altars. The sanctuary was in use in Middle Cypriote III and Late Cypriote II (1725-1600 BC and 1450-1200 BC).

Ayios PhokasIn September 1929 Alfred Westholm conducted a small excavation on a field near

the church of Ayios Phokas, some 30 km north of Lefkoniko.9 This excavation was never published, but in the note book Westholm lists the finds and they consist mainly of Archaic to Roman limestone sculpture including some fine heads.10 He interpreted the site as a sanctuary and one of the heads depicts Pan.11

EnkomiThe “necropolis” of Enkomi”12 some kilometres to the north-west of Famagusta was

already known and partly excavated when Erik Sjöqvist began investigating it in the summer of 1930. The extraordinarily rich tombs had led to extensive looting of the site. The necropolis was situated east of the village of Enkomi. Sjöqvist started with a number of trial trenches, but buildings from the Byzantine period had cut and destroyed many of the tombs. Eventually they found an undisturbed part of the necropolis where 22 rich tombs were uncovered. The tombs were rock-cut and in some cases covered by a mound of earth. Several of the tombs contained large amounts of Mycenaean pottery. Most of the tombs date to Late Cypriote II (1450-1200 BC).

9. The location of this site was for long mistakenly thought to be near Kythrea, but Fredrik Olson has recently identified the correct location of it (Olson 2009, p. 436).  

10. The notes from the excavation at Ayios Phokas are found in SCE Note book no. DII:2:E, kept . The notes from the excavation at Ayios Phokas are found in SCE Note book no. DII:2:E, kept in the archives of the Medelhavsmuseet.

11. This head together with six other heads, one fragment of sculpture and three terracotta lamps . This head together with six other heads, one fragment of sculpture and three terracotta lamps are held in the collections of the Medelhavsmuseet (contra what is stated in Olson 2009, p. 436).12. ��nkomi was identifi ed a few years later as a �ron�e �ge city by the e�cavations of �.F.��. . ��nkomi was identified a few years later as a �ron�e �ge city by the e�cavations of �.F.��. 

Schaeffer].

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IdalionThe city of Idalion, one of the ancient kingdoms in Cyprus, is situated in the centre

of the island, located on the river Yalias, close to the modern village of Dali. Idalion consisted of two acropoleis and a lower city. The necropolis, with tombs from Late Bronze Age to the Roman period, extends to the east and west of the city. The summit of the eastern acropolis was occupied by a sanctuary of Aphrodite, and in the valley below was a sanctuary of Resheph-Apollo. In the summer of 1928 Erik Sjöqvist began excavating the top plateau of the western acropolis as this place had not been investigated before. He encountered walls and buildings of a fortified sanctuary of Anat-Athena in use between 1200 and 470 BC. The votive gifts found consisted mainly of weapons and tools. Sjöqvist also dug trial trenches below the western acropolis and found the royal palace of Idalion. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition hoped to return for further excavations at such a promising site, but this never happened.

KitionThe ruins of Kition are within the boundaries of the modern city of Larnaca. Kition was

founded in the Late Cypriote period by the Mycenaeans and in towards the end of the 9th century BC Phoenicians arrived at Kition. The so-called acropolis was located in the north-eastern part of the city in a place called Bamboula. Between the “acropolis” and the present sea-shore lay the ancient harbour, which had gradually silted up, forming a marshland. A necropolis with tombs from the Early Cypriote to the Roman period extends to the north, west and south of the city. Alfred Westholm began excavating at Kition in October 1929 and continued until April 1930. The purpose was to do a stratigraphic examination of the Bamboula mound in order to be able to date the Phoenician colonisation of Cyprus and investigate the role of the Phoenicians in the development of Cypriote culture. After only three days of digging a large deposit of votive sculptures was encountered and Westholm extended the excavation. The excavation yielded no inscriptions indicating to which god the sanctuary was dedicated, but several of the statues depict Herakles-Melqart.

Kountoura TrachoniaTo the east of the fortress of Nitovikla (q.v.) on the Karpass Peninsula lies the hilly

and forested area of Kountoura Trachonia. Here the expedition discovered an ancient cemetery with tombs cut into the steep rock wall as well as burials dug into the ground. More than a dozen tombs in the ground had been opened and looted. Eight of these had had mounds of earth lined by upright stone slabs. According to the peasants in the neighbouring village none of the looted tombs had been very rich. In 1929 Erik Sjöqvist excavated fourteen intact tombs and one looted. They were all of the dromos type, cut into the rock. The tombs were dated by numismatic evidence to the second half of the 3rd century BC.

KythreaDuring the winter of 1930 finds of lithic tools found at the village of Kythrea were

reported to the Swedish Cyprus Expedition. The site lies north-east of Nicosia, 200 m

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south of Kephalovryso, on a slope much furrowed by the streams and winter rains and on the eastern bank of a small river. The excavation in the spring of 1930 was conducted by Alfred Westholm. A Chalcolithic settlement was discovered. Five circular huts built from small or large rubble were excavated. In four of them a base for a central support for the wooden roof was found. The huts had been more or less cleared of their contents before being abandoned, apart from hut IVB which had been destroyed in a fire. Here flint tools, grinders and mortars and a small jug were found.

LapithosAt the village of Lapithos on the north coast of Cyprus the Swedish Cyprus Expedition

excavated a settlement and two necropoleis. The settlement was excavated by Einar Gjerstad himself in October-November 1928. Gjerstad found traces of dwellings in the shape of several hut foundations. Three sacrificial pits cut into the rock were found, as well as several hearths. Other finds include objects of flint, stone and pottery. The settlement was dated to the 4th millennium BC. Along the shore west of the village Erik Sjöqvist excavated 23 tombs in a necropolis at a locality called Vrysi tou Barba in September-October 1927. The tombs were of the dromos type with one or several burial chambers. The rich grave goods consisted of a large quantity of metal weapons and tools. The tombs were dated to 2075-1050 BC. From November 1927 until the end of April 1928, Sjöqvist excavated another necropolis, Kastros. This site had never been excavated before, but looted already in Byzantine times. 30 tombs of different types were excavated – some of the extremely rich in grave goods. This necropolis was dated to the Cypro-Geometric period (1050-750 BC).Marion

Marion, one of the ancient kingdoms of Cyprus, is located on the west coast of Cyprus. In the 3rd century BC the city was refounded as Arsinoe by the Ptolemies. The ruins cover a large area, part of which is now under the town of Polis. The necropolis had been partly excavated before the Swedish Cyprus Expedition arrived in March 1929. Trial trenches were laid out in both the eastern and western part of the necropolis. Erik Sjöqvist excavated a total of 98 tombs, dating from 1050-150 BC. Those from the Cypro-Archaic and the Cypro-Classical periods outnumber the other periods, but this could be due to the fact that the main burial ground of the Cypro-Geometric period is located elsewhere. Most of the tombs were of the dromos type.Mersinaki (Fig. 3)

Mersinaki lies on the coast between Vouni (q.v.) and Soli (q.v.) in the Morphou Bay in north-west Cyprus. When Alfred Westholm arrived here in the summer of 1930 he noted that the site was very attractive, with huge old olive trees and bushes of tamarisk and oleander. Ancient pottery and fragments of stone and terracotta were visible on the ground. Remains of two buildings were found as were eight pits containing a large quantity of fragmentary limestone and terracotta sculptures. The remains have been interpreted as part of a sacred precinct. Two of the inscriptions found demonstrated that it was a sanctuary of Apollo. Athena is also named and a terracotta chariot group indicates

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that she was worshipped here at a later date. The sanctuary was in use from the late Cypro-Archaic period until the 1st century BC. In the Roman period a house was built and many of the sculpture fragments from the previous periods were buried in the large pits.

MiliaMilia lies 18 km north-west of Famagusta. In 1928 the police reported clandestine

excavations near Milia to the Cyprus Museum. Some of the diggers were caught and a few vases were brought to the museum. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition got interested in investigating the site and got a permit to do so in February-March 1928. Around the village tombs rock-cut tombs were found, but most had been looted. Alfred Westholm excavated a number of tombs but found only four of them worthy of publication. The tombs were all of the type with a dromos and a burial chamber. One of them was empty but the others contained several vases imported from Syria or Greece. The finds showed that the tombs had been re-used. The tombs were dated to Late Cypriote I-II (1600-1200 BC).

NetaNeta lies on the Karpass Peninsula. In 1928 the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated

a Bronze Age necropolis with rock-cut tombs at Neta. A sanctuary with finds of Cypro-Archaic II limestone sculpture was also excavated. This site remains unpublished with the exception of two sculptures published in 2003 in the Medelhavsmuseet catalogue.13

NitoviklaNitovikla is situated on the Karpass Peninsula. The site is on a low hill overlooking

the plateau. Some very large stones had always been visible in the area and the place had a fortified character. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition came here in 1928 and noticed a small burial ground. In the autumn of 1929 Erik Sjöqvist began investigations and twelve tombs were found opened and robbed in modern times. Only three intact tombs were found, all from the Middle Cypriote III period (1725-1600 BC). The excavation then shifted to the fortress, a square building of Cyclopean masonry with towers in three of the corners and flanking the entrance. The fort was used in the Middle Cypriote III to Late Cypriote I (1725-1450 BC) periods.

OuraOura is situated on the Karpass Peninsula. In April 1928 a field near the sanctuary of

Aphrodite Ourania was explored by Erik Sjöqvist,14 but it was not published in the SCE. The reason given by the expedition was the fact that the large number of fragments of

13. Karageorghis . Karageorghis et al. 2003, pp. 265-266, cat. nos. 305 and 306 which are reported to have been found at Neta (Medelhavsmuseet inv. nos. MM Acc 667 and MM Acc 669).

14. See Beer 1978, note 3 for interesting oral information given by Alfred Westholm on Oura.. See Beer 1978, note 3 for interesting oral information given by Alfred Westholm on Oura.

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limestone sculpture found were all very badly damaged and disintegrated. However, two Cypro-Archaic II sculptures were published in 2003 in the Medelhavsmuseet catalogue.15

PaleoskoutellaThe necropolis of Paleoskoutella lies to the north of the Nitovikla fortress (q.v.), on a

hill close to the road. A large tumulus in the necropolis was surrounded by several smaller ones. Probably the necropolis had contained about twenty tombs. In the autumn of 1929 Erik Sjöqvist excavated seven of the tumuli which consisted of stone and earth piled up. Tombs 1, 3 and 6 had no tomb chambers and probably served as cult places. They had, however, been totally emptied and covered with thick layers of white clay earth. Tombs 2 and 5 had been emptied of their burials and tomb 7 with fourteen individuals appeared to contain burials brought from other tombs. The tombs date from Middle Cypriote III (1725-1600 BC).

Petra tou LimnitiDuring the excavations of the palace of Vouni (q.v.) the members of the expedition

swam across to the small rocky island of Petra tou Limniti a short distance from the shore.16 Here they discovered the first vestiges of the Neolithic period in Cyprus. During two summer weeks in 1929 Alfred Westholm excavated the site. The island is only 150 m in length and 30 m wide, with very steep north and west sides. The top of the island is only accessible from the east. On a small plateau were discovered the remains of huts with several phases of occupation. The finds were objects of flint, stone and bone, mainly tools, bowls and idols. The finds were dated to pre-pottery Neolithic IA-B (8200-5900/5600 BC).

SoloiThe city of Soli was one of ancient kingdoms of Cyprus. The site is located on a hill

near the village of Karavostasi. To the east is a large cultivated plain, to the south is the island’s richest copper district. The ruins of ancient Soloi were seen on the ground and the city walls were traceable in many places. The city existed from Cypro-Geometric times until the Early Byzantine period. In October 1927 Alfred Westholm began excavating the Roman theatre which had been cut in the rock. In other areas of the city trial trenches revealed parts of a poorly preserved temple and walls which were interpreted as part of a royal palace complex. This site, however, was never extensively investigated. East of Soloi lies another site named Cholades, which Alfred Westholm explored in 1930-31.17 Gjerstad and the others realised that an excavation of the whole site would be beyond the economic resources of the expedition as it was coming to an end. An agreement was made with the Cypriote authorities, whereby the expenses of the excavation were shared between the

15. Karageorghis . Karageorghis et al. 2003, p. 263-264, cat. nos. 303 and 304 (Medelhavsmuseet inv. nos. MM Acc 630 and MM Acc 225).

16. See the vivid description in Gjerstad 1980, p. 16-17.. See the vivid description in Gjerstad 1980, p. 16-17.17. The temples at Cholades were the topic of Westholm’s doctoral dissertation (Westholm 1936).. The temples at Cholades were the topic of Westholm’s doctoral dissertation (Westholm 1936).

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expedition and the Cyprus Museum.18 The excavation took place from November 1930 until the end of February 1931. Westholm found six temples named A-F, which had been altered several times during four periods. The temples were dated between the Cypro-Hellenistic and Roman periods. Marble and limestone votive sculpture were found in some quantities. According to the interpretation by the excavators Temples A and B were conjointly dedicated to Aphrodite and Cybele. One or possibly both of Temples C and D were sacred to Isis and Temple E to Serapis, Canopus and Eros in mourning. Temple F was probably dedicated to Mithras.

StylliThe village of Stylli is located on the Mesaorea plain, north-west of Famagusta. East

of the village along the road to Enkomi is an ancient necropolis which Erik Sjöqvist began investigating in the autumn of 1930. The Crown Prince of Sweden, Gustaf Adolf, took part in the excavation. In total 17 tombs were excavated, all of which were of the dromos type. The irregular shape of the tomb chambers was characteristic of the site. The tombs had clearly been re-used. The tombs range in date from Cypro-Geometric IIIA to Cypro-Archaic IIA (c. 900–500 BC).

TrachonasAlong the shore eastwards from Kountoura Trachonia (q.v.) on the Karpass Peninsula

lies a site named Trachonas. Here tombs dated from Cypro-Geometric II to the Hellenistic period had been found and looted. Erik Sjöqvist examined a particularly well-built tomb in April 1928. The tomb was built of large blocks of stone with a long dromos and a chamber with false barrel vaulting. Over the entrance of the tomb chamber was a relief depicting two dancing figures. The tomb was empty and could only be dated by comparison with other tombs. A date in the middle of the Cypro-Archaic I period (c. 700-650 BC) was suggested. Hellenistic sherds found in the dromos fill suggest a later re-use of the tomb.

VouniVouni is situated on the north-west coast of Cyprus. The site lies on a rock rising to a

height of almost 270 metres, near the sea to the west of Soli (q.v.). The ancient name of the site is not known. Alfred Westholm excavated at Vouni from spring 1928 until autumn 1929 (Fig. 4). The palace found on the hill was most likely a fortified royal summer residence, possibly connected to the city of Soli. The hill was protected by defensive walls with several towers. Within this area the summit to the south was reserved for a 5th century BC temple dedicated to Athena. The temple consisted of a cella fronting a large court, and a smaller forecourt with an altar and three cult buildings. A necropolis with rock-cut tombs stretched below the palace across the slope from the western to the eastern defensive wall. The palace was in use between 500 and 380 BC with two building

18. �estholm notes that, unlike the fi nds from the previously e�cavated sites, �� . �estholm notes that, unlike the finds from the previously e�cavated sites, �� all the finds made in the course of the excavations were to be handed afterwards to the museum without any division.” (Westholm 1936, p. 8).

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phases, roughly 500-450 and 450-380 BC. The first palace had a rooms grouped around a central open court with a grand staircase. In the middle of the court was a basin/cistern. In the second phase the orientation of the palace changed and an upper storey was added. Around 380 BC the palace was destroyed. Apparently the inhabitants had to leave the palace in a hurry and someone deposited a treasure in a vase hidden under a staircase. The Vouni treasure contained jewellery of gold and silver, silver bowls and 252 gold and silver coins.

Other sites exploredIn addition to these sites the Swedish Cyprus Expedition also made brief soundings

in places they never chose to excavate properly. They also salvaged finds from robbed tombs,19 and purchased objects from villagers. Some finds of those categories came to the Medelhavsmuseet and are therefore kept among the excavated finds from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.20

19. E.g. the MC tomb at Galinoporni published by �ström (1957 and 1960). In a letter to �ström . E.g. the MC tomb at Galinoporni published by �ström (1957 and 1960). In a letter to �ström Erik Sjöqvist wrote that the expedition saved the remains of a partly looted tomb outside of the village of Galinoporni (1960, p. 123).

20. E.g. the contents of the MC tomb at Galinoporni discussed above (inv. no. MM Acc 247).. E.g. the contents of the MC tomb at Galinoporni discussed above (inv. no. MM Acc 247).

Figure 4. The workforce at Vouni on the last day of the excavation, 1929. Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C01441).

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Before the beginning of the expedition, the following four sites were explored by Einar Gjerstad in 1923-24 for his doctoral research:

AlambraNear the village of Alambra in the Nicosia district Gjerstad made soundings in a

hillside unearthing traces of a settlement dating to Early Cypriote II-III (c. 2075–2000 BC). He excavated a house with two rooms and an open court.

KalopsidhaNear the village of Kalopsidha in the Famagusta district Gjerstad excavated parts of

a settlement dating from Early Cypriote III to Middle Cypriote III (c. 2000-1600 BC). A large house with eleven rooms was interpreted as a merchant’s house due to the presence of imported pottery from Syria.

NikolidhesNikolidhes is situated 3 km north of Idalion (q.v.). There Gjerstad excavated what he

interpreted as a small fortress with two building phases, both dating to Late Cypriote I (1600–1450 BC).

PhrenarosOn a limestone plateau near the village of Phrenaros in the Famagusta district, Gjerstad

excavated a building which was dated to the late Neolithic period (c. 4000 BC). Some flint tools and a few potsherds were found.

The division of the findsTowards the end of the expedition began the discussion of how the finds were to be

divided between Cyprus and Sweden. In this the expedition was greatly helped by the visit to Cyprus in the autumn of 1930 by the Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf. The Crown Prince was a trained and very keen archaeologist who, as was mentioned above, had supported the expedition from the outset. During his visit to the island he inspected many of the sites excavated and took part in the excavations at Stylli together with Erik Sjöqvist. At that time, Menelaos Markides, the Director of the Cyprus Museum, Rupert Gunnis, the private secretary to the Governor and Einar Gjerstad, representing the Swedish Cyprus Expedition, worked out a suggestion of how the finds were to be divided. The Crown Prince and the British Governor Sir Ronald Storrs then had the final say before the proposal could be presented to the Museum Committee in Nicosia. The negotiations took three weeks and when the proposal was presented on October 27th 1930 the Museum Committee ratified it without any changes.21

When, in 1932, Einar Gjerstad wrote a short piece in an article on the Crown Prince as a promoter of archaeological research he praised the important role played by the Crown Prince in the division of the finds: “However, a still more important result of the Crown Prince’s visit to Cyprus is the fact that he succeeded in interesting the local

21. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172-173.. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172-173.

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British authorities in effecting a division of the expedition’s finds, whereby the claims of Cyprus and Sweden, but chiefly those of science, were simultaneously satisfied. As a principle of division it was laid down that the find-units, i.e. tomb-groups and deposits, were not to be split up, but were to accrue as a whole either to Cyprus or Sweden, and, furthermore, that Sweden was to receive a representative series of finds from all epochs and of all kinds of objects. On the basis of these terms Sweden received about two-thirds of the nearly 18 000 finds, covering pottery, faience, bronze, iron, silver and gold objects, as well as stone and terracotta sculptures. Furthermore, Sweden received all the sherd-material of any scientific value.”22 Thanks to this wise division of finds scholars wishing to study the finds from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition will find a complete tomb-group or deposit in either the Cyprus Museum or the Medelhavsmuseet.23 In the case of the Medelhavsmuseet the collections are searchable in the on-line database and most objects have colour photographs.24 There are, however, exceptions to these principles of division. For example, the terracotta figures from the sanctuary at Ayia Irini amounted to around 2000. Therefore it was decided to divide the figures between the two countries despite the fact that they belong to the same deposit. As regards the gold objects the majority remained in Cyprus, but casts were made so that the Medelhavsmuseet holds replicas of those objects. Furthermore, all objects that were deemed to be “unique” were to remain in Cyprus. On the definition of “unique” Gjerstad has elsewhere written: “The phrase ‘unique objects’, it was decided, was to be interpreted in a broad-minded way. The term ‘unique objects’ was not to be applied to those which differed in detail and artistic execution from similar objects in the Cyprus Museum. In this way it was possible for the Swedish Expedition to receive a representative series of sculptures, (…)”25 Later in the same text Gjerstad notes: “Sharing out the finds of an archaeological expedition, which means splitting up the coherent and connected material results of the work of the expedition is, of course, a delicate matter, but I think that it would be hard to find a better criterion for the division than the one we used, for it satisfied both the scientific requirement that the finds should not be split, as well as the desire of the Museum authorities and the archaeological expedition to receive a representative series of the finds.”26

In the beginning of March 1931 the finds were transported by train on the Cyprus Government Railway from Nicosia to the port of Famagusta.27 There the 771 wooden

22. Gjerstad 1932, p. 6-7.. Gjerstad 1932, p. 6-7.23. A list of the Swedish share of the division was compiled and published by K. Andersson in . A list of the Swedish share of the division was compiled and published by K. Andersson in Andersson in Andersson in

the Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin (Andersson 1982). This list contains errors and is incomplete, but it is largely correct and a useful tool when searching for the location of specific objects. 

24. The database can be accessed by following this link: . The database can be accessed by following this link: http://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/25. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172.. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172.26. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172.. Gjerstad 1980, p. 172.27. Westholm 2006, p. 429-430 (his last letter from Cyprus to his parents, dated Feb. 26. Westholm 2006, p. 429-430 (his last letter from Cyprus to his parents, dated Feb. 26th 1931).

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packing-cases were loaded onto the Swedish Orient Line’s M/S Gotland (Fig. 5).28 On March 5th the ship sailed to Sweden with the finds and the members of the expedition via Beirut and Constantinople.

The Cyprus collections in StockholmWhen the c. 12 000 objects and the 5 000 boxes with sherds arrived in Stockholm in

1931 the Swedish National Heritage Board decided that the collections were to be stored in an unheated 18th century manor house called Oxenstiernska Malmgården (Fig. 6).29 The premises could hardly be described as adequate for such important collections, but despite the primitive circumstances the archaeologists and conservators worked hard to restore and study the finds. Alfred Westholm was put in charge of the Cyprus collections in 1934 and remained in this position until 1945. The Herculean task of publishing the results of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition was undertaken by Gjerstad, Westholm and Sjöqvist in the 1930s. The drawings of the finds were made by Bror Millberg. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, commonly abbreviated SCE, was published between 1934 and 1937 in three large volumes, each consisting of two parts (text and plates). These volumes, in total 2 000 pages and 600 plates, contained the results of the lion’s share of

28. Gjerstad 1980, p. 174.. Gjerstad 1980, p. 174.Gjerstad 1980, p. 174.29. Styrenius 1994, p. 13.. Styrenius 1994, p. 13.Styrenius 1994, p. 13.

Figure 5. The 771 packing-cases at the harbour of Famagusta, March 1931. Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C06267).

k. göransson, the swedish cyprus expedition 413

the excavations. In the following decades additional volumes appeared and by 1972 the publication of the expedition was completed.

There was much debate in Sweden in the 1930s about what was to be done with the Cyprus collections. A commission appointed by the government worked on the question in 1935-36.30 The general view was that the collections would have to be transferred to more suitable storage and eventually the National Heritage Board, in 1940, agreed to move the collections to the adjacent building that had belonged to the artillery. At that time the Museum of National Antiquities (Historiska museet) had been created and a museum building was erected next to the old artillery buildings. In 1944 the collections were thus moved again to the basement of the new museum building where they were to remain until 1982.31 As a result of the continued work of the commission of the 1930s the Medelhavsmuseet32 was created in 1954.33 In this new institution the Cyprus collections were merged with the collections of the Egyptian Museum in Stockholm and other collections of antiquities from the Mediterranean area. However, the Egyptian Museum stayed where it was in the Old Town as did the Cyprus collections, so this union was only on an administrative level. In the 1970s and early 1980s the then director of the museum, Carl-Gustaf Styrenius, devoted much time and energy to find a solution to the problem of suitable premises for the Medelhavsmuseet. In 1982 an agreement was made with the National Property Board to move the collections into an old bank on a very attractive address at Gustav Adolfs Torg, the square where the Royal Opera and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are located, with a view across to the Royal Palace, and this is where the museum still is located today.

Exhibiting the collectionsShortly after the arrival of the Cyprus collections in Stockholm in 1931 there was a

great interest from the scholarly world as well as the general public to see the rich finds brought home by the Swedish archaeologists. The first exhibition was staged in 1933 at the Liljevalch Art Gallery, where the Ayia Irini group was exhibited in a very aesthetic way. In 1941 Alfred Westholm curated an exhibition entitled Före Fidias (“Before Phidias”) featuring pre-classical art from ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean area, primarily Cyprus and Mycenaean Greece.34

30. . SOU 1936.31. Styrenius 1994, p. 14.. Styrenius 1994, p. 14.32. The offi cial name in �nglish of the museum is the Museum of Mediterranean and Near �astern . The official name in �nglish of the museum is the Museum of Mediterranean and Near �astern 

Antiquities, but for a long time the Swedish name “Medelhavsmuseet” (literally the Mediterranean Museum) is used also internationally.

33. Styrenius 1994, p. 15.. Styrenius 1994, p. 15.34. Westholm 1941.. Westholm 1941.

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Figure 6. Cypriote pottery in the store rooms in Stockholm in the 1930s. Photo: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition (MM neg. C08654).

Figure 7. The Ayia Irini group as exhibited when the Medelhavsmuseet was opened in 1982. Photo: Margarita Sjöblom (MM neg. 0610G).

k. göransson, the swedish cyprus expedition 415

Figure 8. The study corner named “The Expedition” in the Medelhavsmuseet, opened in 2006. Photo: Ove Kaneberg (MM neg. 09912D).

Figure 9. General view of the A.G. Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities, Medelhavsmuseet, opened in 2009. Photo: Ove Kaneberg (MM neg. 12698D).

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In the Museum of National Antiquities (Historiska museet) only a very small selection of the Cyprus collections was exhibited as part of the permanent gallery of antiquities. The new premises at Gustav Adolfs Torg thus presented an opportunity to exhibit a much larger selection of Cypriote antiquities in Stockholm. The first exhibition in the new museum building was created for the inauguration of the museum on September 16th 1982. The Ayia Irini group was the natural focal point of the Cyprus section in the central hall of the museum (Fig. 7). In 1989 there was a major reshaping of the exhibition space in the museum. Cyprus was now given a separate, larger gallery with a protective climate-controlled showcase for the Ayia Irini group.35 In 2005 this gallery was removed as plans for a new, even larger Cyprus gallery in the central hall of the museum were being made. As a first step, a small gallery, created on the second floor of the museum, and named The Expedition opened in 2006 (Fig. 8). The intention of this gallery next to the museum café is that it should be seen as a study corner where visitors are welcome to study the rich selection of Cypriote pottery on display, read books on ancient Cyprus available on a shelf or watch the film on the work of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition made by John Lindros for Svensk Filmindustri in 1929-30.

Three years later, in 2009, the new, large A.G. Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities was opened. The gallery was designed by the renowned Swedish architectural firm White and the very bold, modern design was praised by architectural critics.36 As with the previous exhibitions of the Cyprus collections the Ayia Irini group takes pride of place. In this new gallery well over 900 of the c. 1 000 terracotta figures which make up the Swedish part of the find from the sanctuary at Ayia Irini are on display in a huge purpose-built showcase which dominates the central hall (Figs. 9-10). The concept of the new gallery, as described by the Museum Director Dr. Sanne Houby-Nielsen and the architects, is to create the notion of visiting a sacred place. The terracotta figures from Ayia Irini are placed standing in a semi-circle facing the sacred stone which lay on the altar. A mirror placed along one interior wall of the showcase doubles the number of figures exhibited to the original c. 2 000 found, which helps the museum visitors to understand the impact the votives once must have had on the ancient visitors to the Ayia Irini sanctuary.37

The SCE ArchivesThe Medelhavsmuseet was created as the direct institutional successor to the Swedish

Cyprus Expedition. Therefore, the museum not only holds the archaeological finds in its collections, but also keeps the archives of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition. The copyright

35. Styrenius 1994, p. 16-17.. Styrenius 1994, p. 16-17.36. The Cyprus gallery was even included in a guide book to the architecture of Stockholm: “. The Cyprus gallery was even included in a guide book to the architecture of Stockholm: “The

new mise-en-scène consists of eight green-winking triangular prisms forming the exhibition stands. Adroit use of mirrors also makes for a powerful visual impact.” (Hultin et al. 2009, p. 336).

37. See Göransson 2008 (in Swedish) for more on the concept of the new gallery as well as a . See Göransson 2008 (in Swedish) for more on the concept of the new gallery as well as a short historical overview of the collections in the museum.

k. göransson, the swedish cyprus expedition 417

of the plans, drawings, photographs, etc. of the SCE was also transferred to the museum. The archives include the excavation notebooks, original plans, drawings and around 10 000 photographic negatives. The photographic archive is of particular interest since it not only contains photographs from the excavations and the finds, but also a large amount of photographs depicting Cypriote landscapes, towns, villages as well as the members of the expedition on days off having a swim, resting in the shade, going to parties with the locals, day-trips with the Volvo, sitting at the kafeneion, etc.38

There are also many photographs from the 1930s and 1940s in Stockholm, showing the members of the expedition studying the objects in preparation of the publication.39 These photographs testify to the rather Spartan conditions at the old manor house where the collections were kept. There are also photographs of the early exhibitions of parts of the collections in Stockholm. Most of the negatives have been digitized and much can be

38. See �inbladh 1994, fi gs. 13�26 for a good selection of photographs of this character and the . See �inbladh 1994, figs. 13�26 for a good selection of photographs of this character and the lavishly illustrated Winbladh 1997.39. �.g. Styrenius 1994, fi gs. ��9.. �.g. Styrenius 1994, figs. ��9.

Figure 10. The current Ayia Irini showcase in the Medelhavsmuseet. Photo: Ove Kaneberg (MM neg. 12714D).

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viewed on the museum’s on-line database.40 In 2012 the notebooks from the excavations were scanned in order to preserve the contents for the future. The notes were written in pencil, mainly in Swedish, and after more than 80 years the script has faded and the books are very fragile. Now these notebooks are also available on-line in the same database for anybody interested in the Swedish Cyprus Expedition.

Research on the collectionsAt the same time as the A.G. Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities was under

construction the Medelhavsmuseet decided to move the reserve collections from the basement of the museum to an external location. By doing this the finds from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (as well as the rest of the museum collections that are not on display) are now kept in modern, state-of-the art store rooms. There are also better facilities for staff as well as visiting scholars and students wishing to study the collections.

As was clear from the gazetteer of sites above, not all sites were published in the SCE and some remain unpublished to this day. As for the 5 000 boxes of sherds brought to Stockholm the research potential in that material is very promising. This was already shown by G. Hult in her “excavation of an excavation”, when she reconsidered Gjerstad’s interpretation of the fortress at Nitovikla.41 All sherds come from stratified deposits excavated by the expedition at the major sites they worked on. In 2011 a research programme involving two post-doctoral scholars studying the sherd collection was initiated at the Medelhavsmuseet.42 The two scholars are sponsored by the A.G. Leventis Foundation, the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation and the Medelhavsmuseet. Their focus is on the sherds from Ayia Irini. It is hoped that more material in this important sherd collection will be studied in the future.

From what has been mentioned in this description of the excavations and the finds there should be no doubt that the Cyprus collections in the Medelhavsmuseet remain important for coming generations of archaeologists. This was clearly demonstrated at the conference held at the museum in 1992 which resulted in the publication The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: The Living Past, 43 a very appropriate name. In 2006 the conference “Finds and Results from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927-1931: A Gender Perspective” was held at the museum. This conference resulted in a publication with almost 30 contributors,44 testifying to the ongoing development of our knowledge of ancient Cyprus based on the finds discovered by four young Swedes in Cyprus between 1927 and 1931.

40. The database can be accessed by following this link: . The database can be accessed by following this link: http://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/41. Hult 1992 and Hult 1994.. Hult 1992 and Hult 1994.42. Dr. Giorgos Bourogiannis and Dr. Christian M�hlenbock.. Dr. Giorgos Bourogiannis and Dr. Christian M�hlenbock.43. Rystedt 1994.. Rystedt 1994.44. . Focus 5, 2009.

k. göransson, the swedish cyprus expedition 419

Swedish archaeology in Cyprus after the SCEIn 1947-48 Arne Furumark (1903-1982), professor of Classical Archaeology and

Ancient History at the University of Uppsala, directed excavations at Sinda, a village located in the Mesaoria plain, some 30 km east of Nicosia.45 There he unearthed a Bronze Age settlement dating to LC IIC2-LC IIIA2 with Cyclopean fortification walls.46 On the site was also discovered “broken sculpture of various styles probably originating from a temenos in the neighbourhood”, with mainly Archaic and Classical pieces.47 The finds from the Sinda excavations were divided between the University of Uppsala and the Cyprus Museum. In Uppsala the finds are kept in the collections of the Museum Gustavianum,48 whereas the majority of the finds that remained in Cyprus are now lost since they were stored at the Famagusta Museum.49

The single most important Swedish archaeologist in Cypriote archaeology after Einar Gjerstad was Paul �ström (1929-2008). �ström had studied under both Axel W. Persson at the University of Uppsala and Einar Gjerstad at the University of Lund. He wrote his doctoral dissertation on the Cypriote Middle Bronze Age supervised by Gjerstad at Lund.50 �ström was professor of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History at the University of Gothenburg 1969-1993. In Cyprus he excavated at the sites of Kalopsidha, Ayios Iakovos and at Hala Sultan Tekke near Larnaca. The excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke, which began in 1971, resulted in important finds of a Late Bronze Age harbour settlement close to the Larnaca Salt Lake.51 The archaeological evidence testifies to the importance of the town as a centre of trade and industry with influences from all over the Eastern Mediterranean. Besides a successful career as an archaeologist and scholar, �ström also ran his own publishing house, Paul �ströms Förlag (Åström Editions), founded in 1962. A great many publications in the field of Cypriote archaeology were published by �ström, particularly in the series Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (SIMA).

Swedish archaeologists have continued working at Hala Sultan Tekke after �ström’s death in 2008. The new Swedish excavation project at the site began in 2010 under the direction of Peter M. Fischer, professor of Cypriote Archaeology at the University of

45. Preliminary results of the excavations were published in . Preliminary results of the excavations were published in AJA in 1948 (Young 1948) and in Opuscula Atheniensia in 1965 (Furumark 1965), but the full publication did not appear until after Furumark’s death (Furumark and Adelman 2003).

46. Furumark and Adelman 2003, p. 69-73.. Furumark and Adelman 2003, p. 69-73.47. Furumark and Adelman 2003, p. 69.. Furumark and Adelman 2003, p. 69.48. Nordquist 1978, p. 27.. Nordquist 1978, p. 27.49.  Furumark  and �delman  2003,  p.  69  (written  by  �aul  �str�m  who  studied  the  fi nds  in .  Furumark  and �delman  2003,  p.  69  (written  by  �aul  �str�m  who  studied  the  finds  in 

Famagusta in 1970).50. . Åström 1957.51. The many seasons of excavations and specialised studies were published by �ström and his . The many seasons of excavations and specialised studies were published by �ström and his

collaborators in Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (SIMA) 45:1-12 between 1971 and 2007.

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Gothenburg. Since 2010 Fischer has carried out excavations at the site every spring. A new city quarter with rich finds has been discovered and partly exposed.52 The extensive georadar surveys of the site in the 2012 season point to a city that may have been as large as 50 ha.53 Coming seasons will add further to our knowledge of this important settlement. The excavations provide an excellent opportunity for Swedish students to learn Cypriote archaeology through field work. Thus the legacy of the pioneering work undertaken by the Swedish Cyprus Expedition is kept alive at Swedish universities and this bodes well for the future.

The Swedish Institute in Rome

BIBLIOGRAPHY

52. Preliminary excavation reports of the 2010 and 2011 seasons have been published in the an-. Preliminary excavation reports of the 2010 and 2011 seasons have been published in the an-nual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome (Fischer 2011, Fischer 2012).

53. Peter M. Fischer, pers. comm.. Peter M. Fischer, pers. comm.

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Åström (P.), 1957, The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age, Lund.

Åström (P.), 1960, “A Middle Cypriote Tomb from Galinoporni”, OpAth III, p. 123-133.

Beer (C.), 1978, “A ‘Temple Boy’ and a Head with Cap from Cyprus”, Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin 13, p. 41-44.

Fischer (P.M.), 2011, “The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2010: Excavations at Dromolaxia Vizatzia/Hala Sultan Tekke. Preliminary results”, OpAthRom 4, p. 69-98.

Fischer (P.M.), 2012, “The New Swedish Cyprus Expedition 2011. Excavations at Hala Sultan Tekke”, OpAthRom 5, p. 89-112.

Focus 5, 2009, Finds and Results from the Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927-1931: A Gender Perspective, Medelhavsmuseet. Focus on the Mediterranean 5.

Furumark (A.), 1965, “The Excavations at Sinda. Some Historical Results”, OpAth 6, p. 99-116.

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gjerstad (E.), 1926, Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus, Uppsala.

gjerstad (E.), 1932, “Cyprus”, in “Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf as a Promoter of Archaeological Research”, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 4, p. 5-7.

gjerstad (E.), 1933, Sekler och Dagar. Med svenskarna på Cypern 1927-1931, Stockholm.

gjerstad (E.), 1980, Ages and Days in Cyprus, Göteborg.

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göransson (K.), 2008, “Cypernsamlingarna på Medelhavsmuseet”, Medusa 4, p. 3-10.

hult (G.), 1992, Nitovikla Reconsidered, Medelhavsmuseet Memoir 8, Stockholm.

hult (G.), “An Excavation of an Excavation. On the Track of Nitovikla 60 Years after the Expedition”, in Rystedt 1994, p. 63-69.

hultin (O.) et alii, 2009, The Complete Guide of Architecture in Stockholm, Stockholm.

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nordquist (G.), 1978, “The History of the Collection”, in From the Gustavianum Collections in Uppsala 2, 1978. The collection of Classical Antiquities. History and studies of selected objects, Uppsala, p. 11-36 (Boreas 9).

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rystedt (E.) ed., 1994, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: The Living Past, Medelhavsmuseet Memoir 9, Stockholm.

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styrenius (C.-G.), 1994, “From the Swedish Cyprus Expedition to the Medelhavsmuseet of Today”, in Rystedt 1994, p. 7-17.

Westholm (A.), 1936, The Temples of Soli: Studies on Cypriote Art during Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Stockholm.

Westholm (A.), 1941, Före Fidias, Riksantikvarieämbetets och Statens Historiska Museums Utställningar Nr 3 [Exhibition catalogue], Stockholm.

Westholm (A.), 2006, “De fantastiska åren på Cypern” Brev till föräldrarna 1927-1931 av Alfred Westholm [“The Fantastic Years in Cyprus”. Letters to his parents 1927-1931 by Alfred Westholm], ed. Paul �ström, Sävedalen.

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young (J.H.), 1948, “Cyprus”, AJA 52, p. 530-533.