The Science of Judo

The Science of Judo is the first book to set out and discuss the science, coaching and history behind judo performance. Evidence- based and informed by the latest research, the book offers practical guidance on pre-paring athletes for high performance and understanding the core tenets of the sport science underpinning it. Featuring contributions from world- leading experts, the book consists of chapters on all aspects of judo performance, including:

• The historical development of judo and its physical, intellectual andmoral role

• Physicalpreparationforcompetition,coachingandtrainingstrategies• Skillacquisition,talentidentificationanddevelopment• Nutritionandlifestyleofjudoka• Performanceanalysisandbiomechanics• Injuryepidemiologyandprevention• Specialconsiderationsforfemaleandyoungjudoka

Clearly written and accessible, The Science of Judo provides upper- level students and researchers, and coaches and sport science staff working with judoka, with the most thorough and authoritative reference on sport science applied to judo currently available.

Mike CallanisaPrincipalLecturerinSportDevelopmentandBusinessattheUniversityofHertfordshire,UKandaEuropeanJudoUnionDidacticand Scientific Expert. He has extensive experience in providing coacheducation and consultancy around theworld.He is the President of theInternationalAssociationofJudoResearchersandSecretaryGeneraloftheCommonwealthJudoAssociation.PreviouslyhewastheInternationalFed-erationServicesGroupLeader for Judo for the2012OlympicandPara­lympicGames,andChiefExecutiveoftheJudospaceEducationalInstitute.HisPhDrelatestosupportforjudoplayersinaneducationalenvironment.He is a 7th Dan and was awarded the International Judo FederationSpecialAwardforhisservicestoeducationandresearch.

Routledge Research in Sport and Exercise Science

TheRoutledge Research in Sport and Exercise Science series is a showcase for cutting- edge research from across the sport and exercise sciences, including physiology, psychology, biomechanics, motor control, physical activity and health, and every core sub- discipline. Featuring the work of established and emerging scientists and practitioners from around the world, and covering the theoretical, investigative and applied dimensions of sport and exercise, this series is an important channel for new and groundbreaking research in the human movement sciences.

Availableinthisseries:

Detecting Doping in Sport Stephen Moston and Terry Engelberg

The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering Edited by Ludovic Seifert, Peter Wolf and Andreas Schweizer

The Athlete Apperception Technique ManualandMaterialsforSportandClinicalPsychologists Petah M. Gibbs, Mark B. Andersen and Daryl B. Marchant

Complex Sport Analytics Felix Lebed

The Science of Figure Skating Edited by Jason Vescovi and Jaci VanHeest

The Science of Judo Edited by Mike Callan

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/sport/series/RRSES

The Science of Judo

Edited by Mike Callan

Firstpublished2018 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN

andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

©2019selectionandeditorialmatter,MikeCallan;individualchapters, the contributors

TherightofMikeCallantobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorial matter, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has beenassertedinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

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British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary

Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook

ISBN:978­0­8153­4913­6(hbk) ISBN:978­1­351­16536­5(ebk)

TypesetinSabon byWearsetLtd,Boldon,TyneandWear

This book is dedicated to Roy Inman, Syd Hoare and Nobuyuki Sato, three men who taught me about judo, and therefore about life. It is also dedicated to Jane, Reva and Joda, who enrich that life every day.

Contents

List of figures ix List of tables xi Notes on contributors xii Editorial note xvii

Introduction 1

PART IHistory and education 5

1 Historical development of judo 7M IK E C A L LAN AND S L AV I Š A B RAD I Ć

2 Judo as a physical, intellectual and moral education 14M IK E C A L LAN

3 Kata training for judo: value and application of judo kata to judo training 19S LAV I Š A B RAD I Ć AND M I K E C A L LAN

4 Judo injuries epidemiology and prevention 29N I KOLAO S ( N I KO S ) MA L L I A RO POULO S

PART IIDevelopment 39

5 Judo for children 41S LAV I Š A B RAD I Ć

viii Contents

6 Talent identification, development and the young judo player 57GEORGE BOUNTAK I S , Y U S UK E K ANAMARU AND

ANDREW B URN S

7 The skill acquisition process for judo – building to a constraints- led approach 67DARREN WARNER AND YU S UK E K ANAMARU

8 Considerations for the female judoka 76XANNE J AN S E D E J ONGE

PART IIICompetition 89

9 Competition demands of judo 91XANNE J AN S E D E J ONGE

10 Athlete- centred coaching 99DARREN WARNER

11 Periodisation and planning of training for judo 105BOB CHA L L I S

12 Physical preparation for judo 120ANDREW B URN S , B EN RO S EN B LATT AND

A L LAN MACDONALD

13 Psychological preparation for the judoka 130RE B EKA P RO SOL I AND R ENATA B AR I Ć

14 Notational analysis for judo 142BOB CHA L L I S AND

L EONARDO J O S é MATARUNA ­ DO S ­ S ANTO S

15 Biomechanics of judo 159M IK E C A L LAN

16 Nutrition and weight management for judo 165M IK E C A L LAN

Index 171

Figures

3.1 Kata attheButokuden,Kyoto 20 3.2 Thetransitionoftechniqueandprinciplebetweenkata

and randori and shiai 21 3.3 Nage no Kata techniques 22 3.4 Katame no Kata techniques 24 3.5 Displayofcriticalmomentofperformancetechnique

duetodefensiveukereaction 25 5.1 Judopresentationinpublic 43 5.2 Valuesofjudo 44 5.3 Schoolagejudoka 45 5.4 Developingfriendships 46 5.5 Teenagejudoka 47 5.6 Disciplinedjudoka 48 5.7 Sequenceofadoptingjudoknowledgeforchildren

throughplay 49 5.8 Reviewingnotes 52 5.9 Firstcompetition 53 5.10 Ukemi 5511.1 Theconceptofsupercompensation 10611.2 Withagreatmagnitudeoftrainingthereisagreater

magnitudeofcompensation 10611.3 Trainingduringoverload 10711.4 Thehierarchicalstructureofanannualplan 11011.5 Afurtherbreakdownofthehierarchicalstructureofan

annualplan 11111.6 Thehierarchicalstructureofatrainingprogramme 11111.7 Graphicalrepresentationoflinearperiodisationwhere

volume and intensity oppose each other and change throughouttheyear 113

11.8 Graphicalrepresentationofundulatingperiodisationwhere intensity and volume are high throughout but raiseastrainingtolerance/fitnessincreases 113

x Figures

11.9 Exampleofbenchmarkingassessmentusedwithinneedsanalysisforafictitiousathlete 115

11.10 Workflowwhencreatingaperiodisedplan 11611.11 Exampleofanindividualperiodisedplan 11711.12 Trainingloaddatatakenfromthe‘athleteanalyser’

software showing the overload phase through to the taper 118

12.1 PhysicalPerformanceModelforGrip 12214.1 WorktoresttimesandthecontributionofTachi- waza

and Ne- wazatoworktime 15114.2 ExampleofSportscodecodewindowandtimeline 15314.3 ExampleofAthleteanalyserdatacodedbyathletes 15414.4 Exampleofdataretrievalfromathleteanalyser 155

Tables

3.1 AnalysedNage no Kata techniques 23 5.1 Agedivisions 44 5.2 Judotrainingmethods 5111.1 Issuesaroundrecoverytimeandstrategiescoachescan

employaroundthis 10814.1 The15mostfrequentlyusedtechniquesduringthe1996

OlympicGamesrankedandsplitbygender 14414.2 CollateddatafromFranchiniandSterkowicz(2000)

showing the overall percentages of all scoring Nage- wazatechniquesforeachofthefourthrowingcategorieswithinthe1996OlympicGames,andtheWorldChampionshipsof1995,1997and1999 145

14.3 Sacripanti’sbiomechanicalclassificationthatsplitstheGokyointo‘couplingofforce’andphysicallevertechniques 147

14.4 Acomparisonofthetime–motionanalysisliteratureinjudo, including work segments, rest segments, number of workblocksandtotalcontesttime 152

Contributors

Renata Barić is a licensed sport psychologist and professor at University of Zagreb,FacultyofKinesiology.ShehasaPhDinpsychologyandMas-ter’sDegreesinbothkinesiologyandpsychology.Sheteachesarangeofsport and exercise psychology modules at different Universities in Croatia. She has publishedmore than 200 scientific and professionalarticlesandbooks.SheisfounderandchiefoftheLaboratoryforsportpsychologyanddiagnosticsattheInstituteofKinesiologyandaheadofSectionforSportandExercisePsychologyattheCroatianPsychologicalAssociation. She is trained in Cognitive­Behavioural Therapy. Renatahas12yearsofexperienceasasportpsychologistwithmanyeliteandyoungathletesandcoachesfrommanydifferentsports.Shewasapartof the team supporting the silver medal winning Quad Skull rowingteamattheOlympicGamesinLondon2012andthesilvermedalwin-ningnationalwaterpolo team inRio2016.Also, shewas theofficialsport psychologist for the gold medal winning national water polo team at theWorld Championships in Budapest 2017 and the 2018WorldGymnastichighbarchampion.SheiscurrentlypreparingthemfortheOlympicGamesinTokyo2020.

George Bountakis is the National Judo Coach for Wales and was theNational Coach for Greece at the 2012 and 2004 Olympic Games.From 1989 to 2015 he was President and Head Coach of the BudōCenterJudoClubofNeoPhiladelphiainAthens,Greece.Hehasorgan-isedmanycompetitionsthroughoutGreece.HeiscurrentlycompletinghisPhDattheUniversityofHertfordshireresearchingteachingmethodsforjudokathroughmusicanddance.Asayoungjudoka,helivedandtrainedatTsukubaUniversityinJapan.

Slaviša Bradić isChairmanof the International JudoFederationMilitaryandPoliceCommission,anIJFkata judge, and a kata instructor for the IJFAcademy.FortheCroatianJudoFederationheisHeadoftheKataandBeltCommissions,MemberoftheCommitteeforSchoolSport,andselector for the kata nationalteam.HisbookonSelf­Defenceistheoffi-cial textbook for the IJF Academy for the police. Nationally he is a

Contributors xiii

MemberoftheCroatianSchoolSportFederation,creatoroftheproject‘Judoinschools’,andaLecturerattheCroatianOlympicAcademyandtheSportsAcademy.HeisHeadCoachfortheJudoClub‘Rijeka’,andAdvisor to the Judospace Educational Institute. Slaviša has qualifica-tionsasaJudocoachfromtheCroatianOlympicAcademy,andfromAnglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, he has the Bachelor of SciencewithHonoursSportsCoaching(EuropeanJudoUnion).HisPhDstudiesattheUniversityofHertfordshirefocusonJudointhePrimarySchoolEducationSystemasanExtracurricularActivity.

Andrew Burns is theHead of Performance Support for theWelsh JudoAssociation,andaLecturerinStrengthandConditioningattheUniver-sity of Winchester. As a Great Britain international athlete in judo (–90kg category) he haswonmedals atCommonwealthGames,mul-tipleWorldCupsand–23EuropeanChampionships.Hewasafulltimejudoplayerforover12years,andiscurrentlyworkingtodevelopthenext generation of British andWelsh judoka.He also delivers specialprojects implementinggrappling­basedtraining forProfessionalRugbyteams,MMAandFootballclubs.

Mike CallanisaPrincipalLecturerinSportDevelopmentandBusinessattheUniversity ofHertfordshire, and aEuropean JudoUnionDidacticand Scientific Expert.He has extensive experience in providing coacheducationandconsultancyaroundtheworld.HeisthePresidentoftheInternationalAssociationofJudoResearchersandSecretaryGeneralofthe Commonwealth Judo Association. Previously he was the Inter-nationalFederationServicesGroupLeaderforJudoforthe2012Olym-pic and Paralympic Games, and Chief Executive of the JudospaceEducationalInstitute.HisPhDrelatestosupportforjudoplayersinaneducationalenvironment.Heisa7thDanandwasawardedtheInter-national Judo Federation Special Award for his services to educationand research.

Bob Challis is a Senior Lecturer in sports coaching at Anglia RuskinUniversity, Cambridge, UK. His areas of teaching and research include performance analysis in judo, planning and periodisation in judo and Long­TermAthleteDevelopment (LTAD).Heworkswithin the judoresearch group and was the course leader for the European Judo Unions’ level 4 and5highperformance coachawards from2010 to2016.Bob’sPhDresearchfocusedonthetechnical,tacticalandtime–motionanalysisoflightweightwomen’sjudoandtheeffectsthatInter-national Judo Federation rules have had on this population of athletes. From an applied perspective, Bob is the head coach at CombertonJudo Club, where his role means he manages and coaches full- time athletes, recreational athletes and the Advanced Apprenticeship inSporting Excellence. In 2002, Bob was the assistant coach to the

xiv Contributors

Englandteamatthe2002CommonwealthGames.BobalsoregularlycoachestheBritishArmyjudoteamandcoachedAngliaRuskin’sjudoteam to British University champions four times as head coachbetween2010and2016.

Xanne Janse de JongeisaSeniorLecturerinExercise&SportScienceattheUniversityofNewcastle,Australia.ShestudiedExercisePhysiologyattheVUUniversityAmsterdamintheNetherlandsandmovedtoAustraliatocompleteherPhDontheeffectsoffemalehormonefluctuationsonexer-cise performance. Her research still focuses on this topic and has expanded to include oral contraceptives and the effect of female hormone fluctuationsontrainingadaptations.Xannealsoworks inappliedsportscience research and in particular training load monitoring in collabora-tion with the Central Coast Mariners Football Club and the Judo Federa-tionofAustralia.Duetoheractiveinvolvementinjudo,XannewasaskedbytheJudoFederationofAustraliatochairtheirSportScienceAdvisoryCommittee.Sheheldthisrolefrom2007till2013andcontinuestobeamemberof thiscommittee.Xannestill enjoysgettingon thematatherlocal judo club with her husband and two daughters.

Yusuke KanamaruisAll­JapanNationalTeamCoachandisthecoachto2016OlympicChampionShoheiOnoandWorldChampionsHiroyukiAkimoto,RikiNakaya,ShoichiHashimotoandTakanoriNagase.Heisan Associate Professor at Ryotokuji University, where he researchescoaching and teaching methods. In 2017 he undertook a one­yearresearch scholarship toWales, supportedby the JapanOlympicCom-mittee, in order to learn about European coaching styles and best coach-ingpracticeasheprepares tobea coach for Japanduring theTokyo2020OlympicGames.Heistheauthorofthebook,‘ThisperfectJudo’.Yusukecompetedinthe2008BeijingOlympics,was2002AsianGamesChampion,twiceWorldmedallist,andfourtimesAll­JapanChampion.

Allan MacdonaldisaStrength&Conditioningcoachwhocurrentlyleadsthe physical preparation for the British Olympic & Paralympic JudoTeam.AllanhasbeenwiththeBritishJudoteamforfouryearsandisbased at the British JudoCentre of Excellence inWalsall. Previously,Allanworked at SportScotland Institute of Sportwhere he ledon theJudoandVolleyballnationalprogrammesaswellasprovidingS&Cser-vices to various sports including, rugby, swimming, skiing and curling. AllanholdsanhonoursdegreeinSportScience,hasbeenanaccreditedS&Ccoachsince2011andisatutorfortheUnitedKingdomStrength&Conditioning Association. Allan’s strength and conditioning philo-sophy is centred around building athletes who move well, who are strong and who have excellent work capacity.

Nikolaos (Nikos) MalliaropoulosisaConsultant(Hon)PhysicianinSport&ExerciseMedicineatBart’sandTheLondon,MileEndHospital,and

Contributors xv

SeniorClinicalLectureratQueenMaryUniversityofLondon (CentreofSportsandExerciseMedicine).Since1986,hehasheldthepositionof Director of the Sports Injuries Clinic of Track and Field HellenicAssociationinThessalonikiandwasChiefMedicalOfficeroftheHel-lenicOlympicTeamXXVIII (Athens, 2004); Fellowof theFaculty ofSports and Exercise Medicine UK (FSEM); Member of the BritishAssociation of Sports and Exercise Medicine (BASEM); FoundingMember of the European College of Sports and Exercise Medicine(ECOSEP); formerBalkanJudoChampion,6thDan;andBritish JudoCoachUKCCLevel2.

Leonardo Jose Mataruna- Dos-SantosisanAssociateProfessor,CollegeofBusinessAdministration,AmericanUniversity in the Emirates,Dubai.Dr Mataruna has a PhD from Gama Filho University, focusing oninnovationinsportandtechnologyforresearch,aBA(Hons)andBScin Physical Education and Sport, PGCert Higher Education, PGCertHuman Resource Management and PGCert Sport Training andMethods(Judo).HewasawardedaDistinctionPostgraduateDiplomainOlympicStudiesbytheInternationalOlympicAcademy(Greece)andLoughboroughUniversity (UK).He isa4thDan inJudoandreceivedtheMedal Pierre deCoubertin in 2017, andMedal of SportMilitaryHonour of InternationalCouncil ofMilitary Sport (CISM). Leonardowas part of the Judo Coach team and attended the Olympic GamesfromSydney2000toRio2016;theParalympicGamesofAthens2004ascoach;Beijing2008,London2012andRio2016asjournalist(com-mentatoratSportvChannel–GloboSatTV);andtheWinterOlympicsofTorino2006,Vancouver2010,Sochi2014,andFIFAFootballCup2014 as scientist.Heworked as consultant forUNESCO to promoteYouthEngagementandOlympicEducation.

Rebeka ProsolifinishedherMaster’sDegreeinPsychologyattheUniver-sityofZagreb,FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialScienceswheresheiscurrentlystudyingforherPhD.SheworksattheUniversityofZagreb,Faculty of Kinesiology, as a teaching and research assistant on several Sport PsychologyModules.Rebeka is a licensed sport psychologist inCroatia.Shepublishedseveralresearchpapersandactivelyparticipatedin numerous conferences and symposiums. Since 2013, Rebeka hasworked at the Judospace Educational Institute as Sport PsychologyAdvisor,andsince2008shehasbeenalicencedCroatianJudoFedera-tioncoachworkinginjudoclubSamobor.SheholdstheHOAandEJULevel3PerformanceCoachingAwardandhasparticipatedinnumeroussport psychology and psychodiagnostic educations. In 2015 she waselectedassecretaryoftheSectionforSportandExercisePsychologyatCroatianPsychologicalAssociationaswellastheCountryRepresenta-tiveattheEuropeanNetworkofYoungSpecialistsinSportPsychology(ENYSSP). Currently, she’s attending Level 2 training in Cognitive

xvi Contributors

BehaviouralTherapy. She started training judo in 1997,was nationalteam competitor for several years, and currently holds 3rd Danblack belt.

Benjamin Rosenblatt is the LeadMen’s Physical PerformanceCoach fortheEnglishFootballAssociation.Hehassupportedthephysicalprepa-ration of international judoka for eight years, including the preparation of anOlympic andEuropeanmedallist. Previous to this, Benwas theSeniorRehabilitationScientistattheIntensiveRehabilitationUnitoftheBritishOlympicAssociationandEnglishInstituteofSport.Inthisrolehe helped to understand why athletes got injured and what the most effectiveapproachestorehabilitatingthemwere.HehasaPhDinsportsbiomechanics and physical preparation, with particular emphasis on the principles of exercise selection for effective training.

Darren WarnerisChiefExecutiveoftheWelshJudoAssociationandisaPhDstudentattheUniversityofHertfordshirelookingatskillacquisi-tion for judo.DarrenwasaPerformanceCoach for theLondon2012Olympic Games working alongside Kate Howey, focusing on threeTeamGBmembers, includingsilvermedallistGemmaGibbons,whosesilver medal contributed to British Judo’s best Olympic Games since1992.Anationalcoachforeightyears,Darrenhasachievedsuccessateverylevel.AsaGreatBritaindevelopmentcoach,heledtheunder23EuropeanTeamtofivemedalsin2007,Britain’sbiggestmedalhaulatthis event.Then, in2008,he ledGreatBritain to threemedals at theWorld JuniorChampionships, their highestmedal tally of the last 20years.DarrenisaformerBritishChampionwithovertenyears’experi-enceasafull­timeathlete.HehasaMaster’sDegreeinCoachingfromSheffieldHallamUniversity, and aBAHons SportManagement fromCoventryUniversity,wherehewontheTutorsAwardforbeststudent.Darrenhasaveryholisticapproachtojudo,highlightedbythefactthattwomembersoftheLondon2012ParalympicTeamstartedjudowithhim,includingdoubleParalympicmedallistSamIngram.

Editorial note

AllJapanesewordsare italicised,and longvowelsoundshavebeen indi-cated by macrons. Macrons are omitted for Japanese words in common Englishuse(e.g.JigoroKano,judo).Japanesepersonalnamesarelistedinthe conventional English manner, with surname last. Where possible we have followed the convention for spelling found in the Kōdōkan NewJapanese–EnglishDictionaryofJudo.

Introduction

This is a book about judo – a sport and a way of life. A sport developed from the Japanese martial arts and ways as a physical, intellectual and moral education. A sport founded by the father of Japanese Physical Education, Professor Jigoro Kano. Jigoro Kano was a visionary, who applied rigorous research and analysis to the development of judo, and often referred to it in scientific terms. This book continues that approach, it offers a mirror into judo from a scientific perspective. Judo is practised across the world in over 200 countries, and across five continents. The practitioners, jūdōka, form part of the global judo family. Judo changes lives. It is the only Japanese budō to also be included in the Olympic programme, and the founder Jigoro Kano was the first member of the International Olympic Committee from Asia. Given the global reach, it is not surprising that many world leaders have a background in judo – a modern sport that can trace its roots back to hand- to-hand combat in pre- history. There are two fundamental principles of judo, the maximum efficient use of physical and mental strength, and mutual prosperity for self and others. The first is about applying your power in the most efficient way, a principle which can be applied just to throwing an opponent, but also to all actions in daily life. Kano realised that for individuals, worry, anger and conflict, are not efficient, they are a waste of power. If many people are inefficient, then a society will fail. The most efficient use of power for a group relies on members supporting each other, and then the society can benefit from that application of maximum efficient use of power. Thus, creating mutual prosperity for self and others. As Jigoro Kano said, ‘The purpose of judo is to perfect yourself so that you can contribute to society’. I was honoured to be approached by Routledge to write this book and wanted to bring to the project some of the leading thinkers of this genera-tion. This is a remarkable group of knowledgeable individuals and practi-tioners I am proud to call colleagues. Drawn from six countries and ten universities, between them they have provided specialist services to com-petitors at the last four Olympic Games. They have coached Olympic and World Championship medallists. They hold seven doctoral qualifications,

2 Introduction

eight hold the judo grade of 4th Dan or above. We offer this book as a tribute to the judo scientists over the last century who have built the body of research that makes a book such as this possible. I thank the team of authors for their efforts in the preparation of this manuscript, and for sharing their expertise. The 16 chapters are divided into three parts, or themes; first, History and Education, then Development and finally, Competition. In this way the reader can follow the path from the origins and purpose, through the development of the individual to international competition.

Part I – History and education

Chapter 1, Historical development of judo, draws on academic sources to present a depth of analysis on the development of judo, and particularly the development of judo scientific and research activities. It is structured in three sections: early history; Jigoro Kano; and modern judo and inter-nationalisation. The chapter demonstrates that science and research has been an integral part of judo since its inception. Chapter 2 draws on the writings of Jigoro Kano to consider Judo as a physical, intellectual and moral education – the Principle of the Three Edu-cations as originally proposed by Herbert Spencer. The chapter is in three sections: physical, intellectual and moral. It draws on academic research, such as studies into brain grey matter, and the psychosocial impact of martial arts training, to consider the three educations in the context of judo. Kata training for judo is Chapter 3 and in recognising that the practis-ing of judo is based on kata and randori, it presents a short history of judo kata, an outline of the Kōdōkan kata, and a discussion on the value of kata training. In particular how the techniques and principles of kata can be applied in randori and shiai. Chapter 4, Judo injuries epidemiology and prevention, is the last chapter in Part I, and it discusses the frequency of occurrence of judo injuries in training and in competition, and the different training situations and the associated injury risk. It highlights the main risks involved in judo and gives an overview of promising measures and implementation strategies to prevent judo injuries.

Part II – Development

In Chapter 5, Judo for children, the benefits for children who practice judo are identified, including: behavioural, multilateral development, develop-ment of social skills and cognitive abilities. The role of judo in human psychological development is emphasised, and the link between expertise in judo and negative levels of aggression is acknowledged. This leads into Chapter 6, which presents a consideration of Talent identification, development, and the young judo player, a collaboration

Introduction 3

between three respected coaches, George Bountakis, Yusuke Kanamaru and Andrew Burns. They recognise the complex journey from beginner to winner, and how all people involved in the process of identification and development of talented judoka need to possess a keen awareness of the key considerations at this vital time in an athlete’s career. Additionally, they offer an understanding of key developmental constructs such as delib-erate practice, psychological characteristic development, and how the man-agement of key relationships could greatly enhance the experience of talent development for the athletes. This is followed by Chapter 7, which considers The skill acquisition process for judo – building to a constraints- led approach, by Darren Warner and Yusuke Kanamaru. They outline skill acquisition models that provide frameworks for coaches and educators, which encourage learning through the use of games designed to improve understanding. This chapter identifies existing theory behind the skill acquisition process, evaluating its relevance to the developing judoka before considering any practical implications. The final chapter of Part II, Chapter 8, turns the focus to Considerations for the female judoka. For most female judoka their competitive years coincide with their reproductive years, so they are exposed to fluctuations in hormones throughout the menstrual cycle or through oral contraceptive use, which affect many physiological functions. The influence of these hor-monal fluctuations, on the health and performance of the judoka are explained.

Part III – Competition

Part III begins with an analysis of the Competition demands of judo, in Chapter 9. It determines the physiological requirements of the sport through time–motion analysis and competition demands; and identifies that match duration can vary from over 10 minutes to only seconds, with the average match duration of approximately three minutes. Each match consists of about 11 blocks of activity lasting between 20 to 30 seconds each followed by approximately 10 seconds of rest. The demands analysis leads into Chapter 10, Athlete- centred coaching, by one of the world’s leading exponents, Darren Warner. He explains how to optimise the performance programme to ensure the delivery of the best possible performance in judo competition. He discusses why the athlete should be at the centre of the decision- making process when designing a performance programme. He provides a variety of interventions, con-sidering potential benefits to the athlete as well as methods of monitoring and assessment for each athlete. The process of Periodisation and planning of training for judo is out-lined next in Chapter 11, an area with conflicting research and opinion on what is correct. The chapter aims to give coaches the knowledge to develop

4 Introduction

their own process for planning training based upon their athletes and their environment. The following Chapter 12 is a collaboration between Andrew Burns, Ben Rosenblatt and Allan Macdonald, all experts in Physical preparation for judo, who focus on developing the physical capacity to achieve two goals: to enable the athlete to complete the necessary training needed in order to develop their sport specific skills; and to enhance the capabilities of the athlete to deliver performance in a competition scenario. This chapter details the scientific underpinning that governs the physical train-ing required to compete in judo. Physical preparation is followed by Psychological preparation for the judoka, Chapter 13, which explains why psychological preparation should be an integral part of a judoka’s development and competition prepara-tion. It introduces some general information about psychological prepara-tion in judo and offers guidelines for implementing such a programme. Notational analysis for judo, Chapter 14, allows us to understand three main areas of our sport, the technical components, the tactical components and the physiological demands via time–motion analysis. The chapter allows us to understand how judo is constructed, analysing the athlete’s opposition and developing our athletes. It will also consider the various types of software used and how the coach or athlete might use hand nota-tion as a low- cost solution to analyse the opposition or oneself. As the techniques of judo are based on biomechanical principles, Bio-mechanics of judo, Chapter 15, takes the common approaches to Sport Biomechanics and explains the main concepts in the context of judo. Chapter 16, the final chapter, considers Nutrition and weight manage-ment for judo, which includes the basics of good nutrition for the general population, the specific requirements for sports performers, and the spe-cific needs of the judoka. It deals with issues around weight management, including the advantages and disadvantages of common weight- loss tech-niques. There is also an explanation of issues around dehydration, glyco-gen depletion and strategies to recover after a weigh- in. Through this approach the authors hope to provide a broad introduc-tion to judo from a scientific perspective. Each chapter refers to relevant scientific sources, where the reader may find greater detail. It is hoped that this work will stimulate the reader to study judo more deeply and take further steps along the way.

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