The role of Puntland Diaspora in Development

Garowe-Main Campus

The role of Puntland Diaspora in Development

By

Awil Abdukadir Osman Hassan

BDS/33/2010

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCS IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF BACHELOR OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

PUNTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY (PSU)

ADVISOR: MOHAMED SAID SAMANTAR, PhD

Garowe, Puntland, Somalia

August 2014.

[i]

I AWIL ABDUKADIR OSMAN, a student of Puntland State University, hereby to

declare that this work is original both in material and in substance unless where due

acknowledgement is made and to the best of my knowledge has never been

submitted to any other University whatsoever.

Signature: Date

…………………………… ………/………/………….

Awil Abdukadir Osman

[ii]

This research report has been carried out under my supervision and is due for

submission to the Faculty of Social Science, department of Development Studies.

Signature: Date

………………………… …………/…………/..………..

Supervisor: Prof. Mohamed Sa’id Samantar

[iii]

I dedicate this work to my parents and my brothers for their psychological, financial

and parental assistance in the course of my education.

I especially owe to this book for MOHAMED SAID MOHAMED for his highly

financial support and understanding.

[iv]

I owe my best gratitude to all those who financially, academically, psychologically

and socially contributed to accomplishment of this research. My special gratitude

goes to my supervisor Prof. Mohamed Sa’id Samantar, who tirelessly corrected and

guided me in this study, thanks for your patience and understanding.

I also wish to thank the management and staff of PSU University for the academic

and material support without which the accomplishment of this work would not

have been easy.

I feel indebted to my brother Mohamed Sa’id (Farole) for his continued and

generous support in my academic life. Not forgetting my parents, sisters and

brothers for their love and patience.

To all my friends and classmates in the development class, I appreciate your

academic and material support during my time of study.

Lastly, I cannot fail to appreciate my respondents from Bosaso, kalkacyo and

Garowe for the great support in providing information relied upon in the

compilation of this study. I do appreciate your support in this.

Thank you.

[v]

DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL .......................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. vi

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. vii

LIST OF ACRONOMIES ................................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER ONE: .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 Background of the Study ........................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Background: .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Thesis statement: .................................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Hypothesis: ........................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Purpose of the research ....................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Research objectives .............................................................................................................. 4

1.6 Research questions ............................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Significance of the study ..................................................................................................... 5

1.8 Limitations of the study ...................................................................................................... 5

1.9 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER TWO: .................................................................................................................................. 7

2.0 Literature review ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 The role of Diaspora in poverty reduction ....................................................................... 7

2.3 The role of Diaspora in employment creation ............................................................... 10

2.4 The role of Diaspora in social harmony .......................................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE: ............................................................................................................................ 14

3.0 Methodology of the Study .................................................................................................... 14

3.1 Introduction: ....................................................................................................................... 14

3.2 Research design: ................................................................................................................. 14

3.3 Location of the study: ........................................................................................................ 14

3.4 Research population: ......................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Data collection method: ..................................................................................................... 15

2.5.1 Sources of data: ........................................................................................................... 15

[vi]

2.6 Research instrument: ......................................................................................................... 16

2.7 Ethical consideration: ........................................................................................................ 16

CHAPTER FOUR: .............................................................................................................................. 17

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE

FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 Introduction: ....................................................................................................................... 17

4.2 Level one: Community representative’s respondents .................................................. 17

4.2.1 Demographic characteristics .................................................................................... 17

4.2.2 Respondent’s Questioner: ............................................................................................. 19

4.3 Level two: Diaspora representatives ............................................................................... 23

4.3.1 Demographic characteristics: ................................................................................... 23

4.3.2 Respondent’s Questioners: ........................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER FIVE: ................................................................................................................................ 33

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 33

5.1 Introduction: ....................................................................................................................... 33

5.2 Summary of the finding: ................................................................................................... 33

5.3 Conclusions: ........................................................................................................................ 35

5.4 Recommendations: ............................................................................................................. 36

6.0 Reference: ............................................................................................................................ 38

APPENDIX I: Research Questionnaire ....................................................................................... 39

Table 1: Showing summary of the respondents ....................................................................... 15

Table 2 Gender respondents .................................................................................................... 17

Table 3: Age of respondents ................................................................................................ 18

Table 4: Educational Background ....................................................................................... 19

Table 5: Does your family member receive any remittance from Diaspora? ............... 19

Table 6: Does the remittance is the only source of income for your family?................ 20

Table 7: Select your own choose for the range of remittance your family receives? .. 21

Table 8: Check the following needs as per your remittance covers them? ................... 21

Table 9: Select basic time your family receives remittances? ......................................... 22

Table 10: Gender of Diaspora respondents ...................................................................... 23

Table 11: Age of the Diaspora Respondents ..................................................................... 23

Table 12: Educational Background of Diaspora Respondents ....................................... 24

[vii]

Table 13: are there any NGOs or CBO or Any Puntland Diaspora association that

you're a member of it? .......................................................................................................... 25

Table 14: Does your associate have offices in the country? ............................................ 26

Table 15: how many job vacancies do you post per year (average)? ............................. 26

Table 16: Do your associations involve micro financing and investment projects? .... 27

Table 17: how many small businesses are created by under micro financing projects

per year? ................................................................................................................................. 28

Table 18: Does your Diaspora association contribute the infrastructure building and

rehabilitation in Puntland? .................................................................................................. 29

Table 19: Do you personally invest your own business inside the country? ............... 30

Table 20: select the range of the number of employees of your business? ................... 30

Table 21: Does your association launches a capacity building projects in Puntland? 31

Table 23: Tick any of the following, if your association implements or builds? ......... 32

Figure 1: respondent’s Gender percentage numbers ....................................................... 18

Figure 2: respondent’s age percentage numbers .............................................................. 18

Figure 3: percentage Education numbers .......................................................................... 19

Figure 4: percentage respondent’s remittance receivers ................................................. 20

Figure 5: Does the remittance is the only source of income for your family? .............. 20

Figure 6: Select your own choose for the range of remittance your family receives? . 21

Figure 7: percentage uses of Diaspora incomes ................................................................ 22

Figure 8: respondent’s percentage basic time income ..................................................... 23

Figure 9: percentage number of gender Diaspora respondents ..................................... 23

Figure 10: percentage number of Diaspora respondent’s age ........................................ 24

Figure 11: respondent’s percentage education numbers................................................. 25

Figure 12: respondent’s percentage numbers of Association members ........................ 25

Figure 13: percentage respondents of table of diaspora assoication office ....................... 26

Figure 14: in Percentage of how many job vacancies do you post per year (average)?

.................................................................................................................................................. 27

Figure 15: Do your associations involve micro financing and investment projects? .. 28

Figure 16: how many small businesses are created by under micro financing projects

per year? ................................................................................................................................. 29

Figure 17: Does your Diaspora association contribute the infrastructure building and

rehabilitation in Puntland? .................................................................................................. 29

Figure 18: Do you personally invest your own business inside the country? ............. 30

Figure 19: select the range of the number of employees of your business? ................. 31

[viii]

Figure 20: Does your association launches a capacity building projects in Puntland?

.................................................................................................................................................. 31

Figure 21: percentage of the rate of capacity building projects ...................................... 32

[ix]

BIC Business and Investment Council

CBOs Commercial business Organizations

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GDP Growth Domestic Production

IDPS International Displacement Persons

NGOs Non-governmental Organizations

PSU Punt land State University

RR remittance recipient

RS remittance sender

SNM Somaliland National Movements

UNHDI United Nations Human Development Index

US United States

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This chapter explains the introduction of the role of Puntland Diaspora in development,

specifically their actual contribution to the progresses of society and meeting with basic

necessities and society’s recovery from the collapse of the 1991 and their role beyond the

failure of State.

This chapter also gives further information about different institutions which have been

implemented by these Diaspora outside and inside the country to convene everything about

society’s needs in the region in order to tackle problems of destruction in the country and to

build up the nation from bottom, where its societies can meet with all basic human survival.

First to understand the concept of this study, (Michael P. Todaro, Stephen C, smith

2012:05)1 “Development is the process of improving the quality of all human lives and

capabilities by raising people’s levels of living, self-esteem, and freedom”, so, Development

means every step that is taken to the positive side to meet with these and also with the aim of

(Richard Peet, Elaine Hartwrick, 1999) described2 as “making a better life for most people,

essentially, meeting basic needs: sufficient food to maintain good health; a safe, healthy place

in which to live; affordable services available to everyone; and being treated with dignity and

respect and beyond meeting these needs, basic to human survival”, though the field is a

multi-disciplinary or many-sided subject concerned about social, economic, political and

environmental which are called Dimensions of development. Therefore, what the researcher

is going to consider is developments practiced by Diaspora as an important role of nation

building from abroad, either economic recovery, social progress or as political arena.

1 Economic development 2012 2 Theories of development: contentions, arguments, and alternatives (1999)

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Before all, the study explains each of the dimensions of development. What is a social

development? (Bilance, 1997) explained the concept3 “Social Development is the promotion

of a sustainable society that is worthy of human dignity by empowering marginalized groups,

women and men, to undertake their own development, to improve their social and economic

position and to acquire their rightful place in society ..”, but the core issue behind this study

comes under the concept of the factors that (The Copenhagen Social Summit 1995) defined

Social Development as the three basic criteria of “Poverty Eradication, employment

Generation and Social Harmony”, it is these factors what the study is mainly searching in

order to know more about the context of Somalia’s Diaspora role towards it, specifically

Garowe, Bosaso, and Kalkayo regions of Puntland, so the aim of the research is to further

explain and detailed the Diaspora’s role on eliminating poverty and the steps they follow for

it, their role of creating job opportunities for vulnerable people, youth and IDPS groups; and

finally their role of peace building and security investment in areas where Diaspora operates

in Somalia especially Garowe, Basaso, and Kalkayo of Puntland.

What is Economic development? (Michael P. Todaro, Stephen C, smith 2012) explained

“The study of how economies are transformed from stagnation to growth and from low-

income to high-income status, and overcome problems of absolute poverty”, with this theory,

many Somalis in abroad were trying to recap people’s income through remittance, local

investment, and non-profit NGOs to create job opportunities to those their family members

don’t get an opportunity to income from Diaspora members, Government agencies,

international agencies and as well as areas where aid projects cannot reach.

Hence, what is Diaspora?

3 Tamilnadu Social Development Report (2000)

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Diasporas are people from their country of origin as Wikipedia explains Diaspora “a

scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic area, and can also refer to

the movement of the population from its original homeland”, who in some cases hope to go

back to where they came as Wikipedia includes “the term Diaspora carries a sense

of displacement the population so described finds itself for whatever reason separated from

its national territory, and usually its people have a hope, or at least a desire, to return to their

homeland at some point, if the "homeland" still exists in any meaningful sense”.

In Somalia (Abdulkadir Osman Farah 2011)4

“The different stages produced different

migration types, the first was strategic and it took Somalis to Africa, Arabian Peninsula and

Asia to sustain colonialism in these regions. The second was partially economic and

opposition-driven and resulted in the migration of bureaucrats, army officers and students”,

more sense fully, from 1991 up to day, the people of the horn especially Somalis have been

leaving their homeland to outside world looking for safe life and fruitful future, thus by

escaping the civil war, droughts, famine and political tyrannies who spread in the country,

which made them unfortunately (UNHDI, 2012) “the world’s largest Diaspora groups and

largest recipients of remittance”, these people spread through all the world’s corners and

filled every space in every country of the earth, they reproduced and educated to sustain both

their lives and generations they came from.

Moreover, the former well-known region of north-eastern Somalia now call Puntland have

many Somali Diaspora who contribute much of their effort, sacrifice and fund to the different

regions and as whole where they came from.

Diaspora has a positive role on development in Puntland, Somalia.

4 Paper: Formal and informal mobilization of the Somali Diaspora (2011)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_migration

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Though Somalia destructed and lost everything both human and natural resource after

1991, for this reason many of its scattered population around the world have been trying to

help back communities they left and build its institutions.

These people have participated allot of ways to help health, education, and basic living

standard by sending bills for their families, they usually work as a group of communities to

dig wells or building hospitals or sending money for vulnerable people living specific region

or district, funding every term of infrastructure and NGOs through remittance.

The point of this research is to further encourage such work and to realize that Somalis have

lost great human resource in non-sense political and traditional dispute, for this reason, what

is benefit are only foreigners from our people, though they contributed much of their wealth,

skills and resources to the Somali communities they left at whole and for special.

The study objectives aim at to:

1. Investigate the role of Puntland Diaspora in poverty reduction?

2. Examine the role of Puntland Diaspora in creation job opportunities? And

3. Explore their role in social harmony and political participation?

2. What is the role of Puntland Diaspora in poverty reduction?

3. How does Diaspora create job opportunities?

4. What are the role Puntland Diaspora towards social harmony and political

participation?

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The study investigates and encourages the work and role of Diaspora in Somalia, especially

Puntland in order to show more about their positive contribution to the development of what

mostly nations around the world knows a failed state, where its societies’ woe exceeded to a

dangerous catastrophes.

For this issue, the study saw to clarify that this society is leaned on the role and sacrifice of

their migrated people; it can be denied how much they paid to cover the need of education,

health services, and basic needs which government cannot fill it proper.

The study is also has significance for:

To the government of Somalia and Puntland State of Somalia: the study will help in

drawing to the extent of Diasporas role in development in whole and specifically Puntland, to

encourage their task for their people in recovering them from the collapse, drawing a huge

analysis about to the extent of Diasporas role in local development.

To the Diaspora itself: the finding will help them to know how honestly cannot be forgotten

their role by the society and that Diaspora are the supreme support of Somali community in

and outside the country.

To the community: the finding shows how entirely the life standard depends on income

from outside either donor’s contribution, international agencies or by Somali Diaspora.

The study is about huge topic, which is not easy to write within a semester, because it extends

from individual to larger human development, though exists this intense work, what matter

most is that due to institutional weakness documents about this issue are not available, except

mini.

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The scope of the study fixes to the role of Puntland Diaspora in development of Somali

communities, especially Garowe, Kalkayo, and bosaso districts of Puntland, Somalia.

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This chapter introduces the role of Somali Diaspora as a background, but focuses specifically

in the North-eastern (Puntland) Diaspora role in the development of their region.

The study looks at this issue for many angles towards this role such as poverty reduction,

employment creation, Diasporas’ role in political participation and institution building.

though the study is very proud, then what is more necessary is role of Diaspora in social

services like basic needs, health and education facilities, including investment and

infrastructural improvements, NGOs creations to handle many socio-economic and political

affairs, as well as Factors under this research include political participation, conflict

resolutions and consultants they offer to local leaders and government institutions.

According to (Kathleen Newland, Erin Patrick, 2004) “For many countries, the Diaspora are

a major source of foreign direct investment (FDI), market development (including

outsourcing of production), technology transfer, philanthropy, tourism, political

contributions, and more intangible flows of knowledge, new attitudes, and cultural

influence”, in the context of Somalia, it is believed that the main source of income are Somali

Diaspora as (Farah 2009) “The economic remittances from Somali Diaspora communities

have enormous significance for the survival and dynamics of the Somali economy.

Remittances have been far more important for the survival of people than development and

humanitarian aid put together”, because it is unmentionable the role of Somali remittances

played the significance of household income, fundraising projects in order to rebuilt or main

the capacities of educational, and health institutions in Somalia. Together as the rate of

remittance increases every year and it is measured per year as (Caitlin Chalmers & Mohamed

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Aden 2008) indicates “Somali remittance firms have become increasingly vital as the only

source of income for many households and businesses. Indeed, so important have remittances

become that it is now estimated that between US$750 million and US$ 1 billion enters

Somalia each year making it the fourth most remittance dependent country in the world, with

remittances contributing between 20% and 50% of the country’s GDP”, and without these

money, the survival of the Somali Community would have been difficulty, due to lack of

institutions to fill that gap, fortunately and more importantly note is that as these writers tells

(Dr Randolph Kent, Dr Karin Von Hippel, & Mark Bradbury 2004) “The largest source of

Somali remittances is the United States, where employment and business opportunities are

considered to be superior to other places. All of these factors have a bearing on relationships

between Somalis in the Diaspora and Somalia, as well as their aspirations for their immediate

families, clans and country(s). These factors also influence the amount of financial resources

that Somalis remit to Somalia and the forms of development that they support”, to foster the

local development and infrastructures destroyed by the civil war or reaching these

opportunities areas where projects never ever implemented like districts and villages near the

boarders and coastlines.

According to, (Hassan Sheikh & Sally Healy 2009), “Remittances to family members inside

the country are a well-established practice. Remittance flows were estimated at up to $1

billion in 2004 but could be as high as $1.6 to Somalia and $700 m to Somaliland.

Remittances represent 23% of household income with up to 40% of households receiving

some assistance”, without such support, the situation on the ground would be devastated, but

on the hand knowing that (Affi 2012) “The Somali Diaspora has sacrificed itself in order to

support relatives at home because so many send a great deal of their earnings back home”, to

support relatives and districts that Diaspora originated from. More considerable, Somalis

outside their country are approximately as (UNHDI, 2012) 14% are living outside and,

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although half of them living comps in east Africa and Yemen mostly, the most considerable

income comes from Europe, Asia (Middle east) and America and thus these people the

money they send back home is used mostly as (Farah, 2009) explains the “Financial

remittances from Somalis living outside the country are an outstanding feature of the Somali

economy, and have for long been crucial to the economy. Today, the new Diaspora in the

West has assumed a very important role as a source of remittances to family members in

Somalia or in refugee camps”, these remittances are used to pay family basic needs, school

fees, healthcare, household homes income and the improvement of small business enterprises

like kiosks, for example Ladan Affi in her master’s Degree, she found that (Affi 2012)

“Diaspora support and promotion of educational initiatives has been either in financial and

material contributions or in Diaspora returning home to reconstruct schools, which were

destroyed during the civil war that consumed much of Somalia particularly in the larger cities

which had government schools, The Diaspora have also sought to provide these services in

areas of the country where schools were not previously available. The Diaspora has built

universities, colleges and vocational schools across Somalia. Almost all of the universities

working or being constructed in Somalia has been Diaspora driven and supported. From the

University of Southern Somalia in Baidoa, to East Africa University in Bosaaso to the decade

old Amoud University in Borama, were all began with ideas and support from the Somali

Diaspora in the United States, Europe and the Middle East. But, Diaspora participation in

education is not limited to higher education but includes the establishment of elementary and

high schools.”, not only educated oriented but Diaspora as well as she wrote speaking their

role in health care facilities (Affi 2012) also said in her finding “Diaspora Somalis have taken

a vital role in the provision of health services in Somalia, in the absence of a central state.

Whether it is in the form of establishing new hospitals, collecting money and material or

bringing those unable to receive the right medical help into their host countries, the Diaspora

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have been critical in the provision and availability of health services in Somalia”,

considerably, Puntland State in the northeast of Somalia (Farah, 2009) mentions that

“During 2005 and 2006 the primary education system in Puntland improved due to a better

management structure, committed leadership in terms of ensuring efficiency and most

significantly the various community initiatives and Diaspora contribution. Furthermore local

and international NGO also provide valuable contribution to the structure and upgrading of

primary functioning schooling system”, this helped Puntland to find more read and writable

young children, booming education schools both private and public funded by Diaspora or

international agencies or local NGOs.

Starting that Diaspora role of creating jobs begins with establishment of NGOs, super

markets, restaurants and hotels across whole Somalia, (Farah, 2009: 16) includes “Somali

Diaspora mobilization requires mobilizing structures and practices in the form of networks

and association people create and join to articulate and express their wishes. Such

associations and networks could be host country oriented as well as associations based on

kinship trans-national oriented relations”, specially local Somali NGOs and international

oriented which are established in Somalia are best indicated by (Affi, 2012:156) for example,

Somaliland ( Amoud Foundation, and Somaliland Forum), Puntland (Somali Family service,

Puntland Diaspora Forum, Galkayo Education Centre for Peace and Development),

Mogadishu (Arafat hospital) and outside country (Somali Family Organization) to come

together in response to events such as disaster relief or to requests for help from their

communities at home. This group can also include individuals who come together to support

a specific project and conduct annual fundraisers, these organization invest education and

health services to benefited by marginalized group, women, orphans and girls in comps and

other international and local displaced people including that Diaspora established in the local

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many businesses and small enterprises to widen their interconnectedness with the local for

example, (Caitlin Chalmers & Mohamed Aden 2008) “Nomad International, a voluntary

Somali Diaspora organization which concentrates on the development of health and

education in Somaliland, has raised $20,000 for the Burco Hospital, $15,000 for the Hargeisa

Hospital, $80,000 for the Cerigaabo Hospital and $1000 for Hargeisa University through

fundraising events from the Somali population living abroad” other evidences show as it talks

about (Affi 2012) “In 2007, many Diaspora and locally-based business people pooled their

wealth and resources and created the Somali Business and Investment Council (SBIC) to

search for investment opportunities in other parts of Africa”, many of these Diaspora come

home to invest local, such as creating supermarkets, restaurants, hotels, and other import

agencies, the same as interview from Diaspora (Caitlin Chalmers & Mohamed Aden

2008)indicates that “many community members interviewed explained that they sent money

to a family member or friend so that they could set up a small business or undertake in other

entrepreneurial activity that would begin to generate adequate income itself”, Diaspora also

provide extra investment to capital investment, like housing and social services as (Dr

Randolph Kent, Dr Karin von Hippel, & Mark Bradbury, 2004) “People in the Diaspora have

invested large sums of capital in certain business sectors, such as telecommunications, light

industry and private infrastructure. To date, there has been some limited investment in public

utilities and infrastructure, such as water supplies, schools and hospitals. People in the

Diaspora have invested major amounts of capital in housing, particularly in Somaliland and

Puntland. This has led to the rapid expansion of existing urban areas and the urbanization of

rural areas, and has generated employment and secondary businesses. The social impact of

housing on health should also not be underestimated. And the Diaspora appears to have

contributed more to education than any other sector, from primary education through to

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university education. The Diaspora pay for school fees, teacher salaries, the construction of

facilities, and the provision of materials and expertise”

In according to these writers, during the military rule and after (Dr Randolph Kent, Dr Karin

von Hippel, & Mark Bradbury, 2004) “Some of the political-military movements in Somalia

have been started and funded by Somalis living outside Somalia, The SNM, for example,

mostly depended on Diaspora funding. During the war in the late 1980s the armed factions

mobilized support from their clan members in the Diaspora. The Diaspora continues to play

an important role in politics. They have contributed to peace talks, such as the one held in

Arta, Djibouti in 2000, and Mbgathi, Kenya in 2004, through organizations such as Somali

Peace Line”

Acccordin to (Maalin, 2012) “Funding Diaspora-led programs is an effective tool for

investing in development projects that can help play a role in democratizing Somalia. Such

programs are effective for capacity building, microcredit, government infrastructure,

agriculture development, economic system development, schools and health centers, and

employment opportunities for people in urban and rural areas”, this role can enhance Somalis

integration and development in the local, especially in areas where stable states exist such as

Puntland (Abdihman Mohamed – Somali Diaspora) wrote “In Puntland, collaboration

between the Diaspora, local civic actors and the traditional leadership succeeded in

establishing relative stability and the growth of their own Governance structures” local NGOs

established by the Puntland Diaspora have active role in building institutions based on NGOs,

which implements service delivery and political participation including social mobilization

through democracy and peace involvement of the society (Laura Hammond, Mustafa Awad,

Ali Ibrahim Dagane, Peter Hansen, Cindy Horst, Ken Menkhaus, Lynette Obare, 2011) “local

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NGOs are often started by resourceful Diaspora entrepreneurs who are skilful in brokering

between international development institutions typically based in Europe, North America and

Nairobi and local political, developmental and socio-cultural realities in Puntland”, in the

political participation, as (Hassan Sheikh & Sally Healy 2009) “Since 2000, the Diaspora has

been highly visible in the state institutions of Somalia, including Somaliland and Puntland,

occupying top leadership positions of the state, political parties, cabinet, parliament and civil

service”, not only state but national government also play an important role, best example are

all Somalia’s prime ministers were Diaspora including most ministers and military and police

officers, because as (Hassan Sheikh & Sally Healy, 2009) shows “The Diaspora can also play

a more effective role in promoting a culture of peace through internal dialogue within the

Diaspora community in support of peaceful resolution of conflicts rather than fuelling

conflict. The international community can also assist the Diaspora to strengthen their

engagement at the political level, with the local political parties and institutions”.

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This chapter presents the definite research methodology and techniques that was practiced by

the researcher in the process of creating data. It provides how the analysis of the geographical

study research design finally was arrived at, description of the population sampling strategies,

data collection techniques and methods of data analysis techniques.

The research relied on descriptive research design focusing on the facts, visions, sensitivity as

well as the experiences of the respondents. The actual method was purposive, because the

research questions depended on necessary analysis, explanatory and descriptive perspectives

of the communities living in Garowe, Basaso and kalkacyo, and it is the only way, that the

researcher could generate new knowledge about the value and roles of Puntland Diaspora in

development contribution of the State.

During the route of the study findings, only quantitative measures were relied upon in data

collection and analysis. Facts on the subject material were collected from three regional

districts of Puntland as stated above, and this was done through by using questionnaires only.

The quantitative design involved the use of close-ended questionnaires which were issued to

these diastricts in Puntland ( Bosaso, Kalkacyo and Garowe).

The study was conducted in three districts of Puntland (North-eastern Somalia), particularly,

Garowe, Bosaso and Kalkacyo districts. The area was purposely selected because of its

convenient locations and because of available materials of the issue that provided the

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researcher vital information on the study than out of whole newly created nine regions that

the State composes now.

The thesis population covered (80 people) composing both Diaspora and communities, who

were representative of both gender and different age categories. The respondents were drawn

from the districts of Garowe, Basaso and kalkacyo as mentioned earlier several times in the

study.

The target population comprised of (25) respondents from Garowe, (20) from Bosaso, and

(35) from Kalkacyo. Three districts of these regions were the main focus of the study due to

the time and resource that the researcher could afford it utmost.

Table 1: Showing summary of the respondents

Type of respondent Frequency Percentage

Garowe 25 31.25

Bosaso 20 25

Kalkacyo 35 43.75

Total 80 100

Source: Field Data 2014

The table 1 above is presentations the population of 80 respondents that was drawn through

purposive sampling from the regions in above.

Primary Data: This was obtained through use of self- administered questionnaires collected

from the respondents of the study.

16| P a g e

Secondary Data: The researcher gained from the secondary data by the help of text books

and other related works of outstanding scholars such as published magazines, written data

sources including published, organizational reports and internet sources were all referred to,

as long as to provide more information about the role of Diaspora in whole Somalia and

specifically to Puntland, focusing on Garowe, Bosaso and kalkacyo regions.

Written Secondary Data about role of Diaspora, specifically Puntland development issues

was too little than researcher likely to find, but enough and enough resource of Somalia’s

concern as whole are potential, including those who tirelessly contributed to their point of

view and understanding about this issue in public conferences and debates of Somali

migrants contribution to the development sphere.

Questionnaires: The researchers used only close ended questionnaires in gathering

information from the selected respondents the three main towns of Puntland. The

questionnaire was purposely used because it helps in seeking personal views of the

respondents as well as providing us with an opportunity to use their knowledge while

providing a wide range of data; also, it avoids repetition of questions.

The researcher carried out the study with full knowledge and authorisation of the responsible

authority. The researcher first of all obtained a letter of introduction from the university,

introducing him to the field which she used to build confidence of the respondents as

supcision was erased, to this confidentiality was assured as paramount. The researcher

thereafter selected respondents, book for interviews as well as questionnaires’ collection

dates.

17| P a g e

This chapter covers the presentation, analysis and discussion of the findings focusing on the

main variables of the study which were to find out the percentage of the role of Puntland

Diaspora have in development, such as the role they play in poverty reduction, infrastructure

and investment and also social harmony through building capacity like good governance,

schools and health care centers and conflict resolutions.

Furthermore, this chapter also composes two levels of data analysis based on research

objectives. The first level was asked community representatives to answer the first objective

of the study, while the second and third objective was asked Diaspora representative whom

the study later categorized into them and also discuss their findings.

Table 2 Gender respondents

Frequency Percent

Male 23 46

Female 27 54

Total 50 100

Source: primary data 2014

The table 2 above shows the respondent’s Gender divisions of male (23 people) and female

representatives of (27 people) in the study.

The figure 1 below indicates the percentage number of female who are (54%) and male

respondents who are (46%).

18| P a g e

Figure 1: respondent’s Gender percentage numbers


Table 3: Age of respondents

Frequency Percent

below 25 years 12 24

25-35 yrs 21 42

35- 45 yrs 17 34

Total 50 100


The table 3 above shows the respondents age different ages from people whose age are below

25 yrs old represent (12), 25 -35 represent (21), and finally 35 – 45 represent (17).

The figure 2 below indicates the percentage number of respondent’s age groups, for example

below 25 yrs are (24%), 25- 35 are (42%), and also 25 – 45 represent (34%).

Figure 2: respondent’s age percentage numbers


46%

54%

Male Female

24%

42%

34%

below 25 years 25-35 yrs 35- 45 yrs

19| P a g e

Table 4: Educational Background

Frequency Percent

secondary level 17 34

bachelor level 16 32

master level 17 34

Total 50 100


The table 4 above shows that respondent’s educations are classified into primary (17 people),

bachelor (16 people), and master level (17 people)

The figure 3 below indicates the percentage primary level respondent (34%). Bachelor level

(32%) and master level respondents (34%).

Figure 3: percentage Education numbers


Table 5: Does your family member receive any remittance from Diaspora?

Frequency Percent

Yes 37 74

No 13 26

Total 50 100


The table 5 above shows that (37 out of 30) respondents claim that they receive remittance

from Somali Diaspora, while (13) of them refused to earn any income from Diaspora.

The figure 4 below indicated that (74%) of people asked this question are remittance recipient

who definitely emphasizes Somalis are dependent on Diaspora.

34%

32%

34%

secondary level bachelor level master level

20| P a g e

Figure 4: percentage respondent’s remittance receivers


Table 6: Does the remittance is the only source of income for your family?

Frequency Percent

Yes 38 76

No 12 24

Total 50 100


The table 6 above shows that remittance recipient of the study represent (38 people) while

(12) of them are recipients of remittance.

The figure 5 below indicates that remittance recipient represent (76%) of the respondents, and

those who don’t get any remittance from abroad were only (24%). These recipients are more

fortunate than those who don’t get any from where else because they survive from hunger,

drop from schools due to lack of fee t pay and shelter.

Figure 5: Does the remittance is the only source of income for your family?


74%

26%

Yes No

76%

24%

Yes No

21| P a g e

Table 7: Select your own choose for the range of remittance your family receives? Frequency Percent

$50 - $200 13 26

$250 - $350 18 36

$350 - $500 7 14

Skipped once 12 24

Total 50 100


The table 7 above shows the respondents range of money they receive from their Diaspora

members, for example those who get between $50 – $200 represent (13 people), between

$250 - $350 dollar represent (18 people), between 350 – 500 dollar represent (7 people),

while the remaining (12 people) once skipped due to they don’t get any remittance.

The figure 6 below indicates the percentage ranges between $50 - $200 represent (26%),

$250 - $350 represent (36%), and $350- $500 represent (14%).

Figure 6: Select your own choose for the range of remittance your family receives?


Table 8: Check the following needs as per your remittance covers them?

Frequency Percent

living cost 15 25

tuition fees 11 18.3

health care 8 13.3

small business invest 4 6.7

No 12 36.7

Total 50 100


The table 8 above shows that respondents who receives remittance allocates their income for

different purposes due to their different needs, for example respondents who pay their income

26%

36%

14%

24%

$50 - $200 $250 - $350 $350 - $500 System

22| P a g e

living cost like bill of households represent (15 people), those who use it for school fees were

(11 people), those who use it for health care facilities were 8 people), and those invest their

income for small businesses like kiosks represent (4 people) only.

The figure 7 below indicates the percentage purposes that each respondent uses the

remittance, he or she gets from abroad, for example: those who use living cost represent

(25%), tuition fess represent (18.3%), health care (13.3%), and finally small business invest

represent only (8%).

Figure 7: percentage uses of Diaspora incomes


Table 9: Select basic time your family receives remittances?

Frequency Percent

monthly 17 34

yearly 11 22

any time 10 20

Skipped once 12 24

Total 50 100


The table 9 above shows the respondent’s basic time they found their income from Diaspora

associates, for example: respondents who get their income monthly represent (17 people),

those who gets yearly represent (11 people) and those get their income whenever they need

represent (10 people).

The figure 8 below indicates that the Percentage monthly income recipient respondents were

34%), yearly income recipient respondents (22%), and finally any time remittance recipient

respondents were (20%).

36.7%

18.3% 13.3%

6.7%

25%

living cost tuition fees

health care small business invest

No

23| P a g e

Figure 8: respondent’s percentage basic time income


Table 10: Gender of Diaspora respondents

Frequency Percent

Male 18 60

female 12 40

Total 30 100


The table 10 above shows that respondents of the study were composed both female (12) and

male (18) people.

The figure 9 below indicated same, but looks as percentage female (40%) and male (60%).

Figure 9: percentage number of gender Diaspora respondents


Table 11: Age of the Diaspora Respondents

Frequency Percentage

Below 20 yrs 8 26.7

25- 35 yrs 9 30

35-45yrs 10 33.3

45 and above 3 10

Total 30 100


17

11 10

12

monthly yearly any time System

18 12

60 40

0

100

Male female

Frequency Percent

24| P a g e

The table 11 above shows the respondent’s age are varied as you can see people whose age

are below 20 yrs represent 8 numbers, 25 -35 represent 9, 35 -45 represent also 10, while only

those their age are above 45 yrs represent 3 people.

The figure 10 below indicated the percentage of respondent’s age, for example: below 20 yrs

represent (26.7%), 25 – 35 yrs old represent (30%), 35 – 45 yrs represent (33.3%) and finally

above 45 yrs old represent (10%).

Figure 10: percentage number of Diaspora respondent’s age


Table 12: Educational Background of Diaspora Respondents Frequency Percent

secondary level 7 23.3

bachelor degree 7 23.3

master level 10 33.3

PHD 6 20

Total 30 100


The table 12 above shows the respondent’s education level, secondary level respondents

represent (7 people), bachelor holders also represent (7 people), master levels were (10

people), and P.H.D (6 people).

The figure 11 below indicates the percentage education level of respondents, for example:

secondary levels are (23.3%), bachelor also (23.3%), master level (33.3%), and (P.H.D 20%).

8 9 10 3

26.7 30 33.3

10 0

50

Below 20 yrs 25- 35 yrs 35-45yrs 45 and above


25| P a g e

Figure 11: respondent’s percentage education numbers


Table 13: are there any NGOs or CBO or Any Puntland Diaspora association that you're a member

of it?

Frequency Percent

yes 23 76.7

no 7 23.3

Total 30 100


The table 13 above shows that (23) respondents of the study were members of either NGOs,

CBO, or Puntland associations, while (7) of them were not part of it

The figure 12 below indicates that members of NGOs, CBOs or Puntland Diaspora were

represented (76.7%) while those who were not represented only (23.3%).

Figure 12: respondent’s percentage numbers of Association members


7 7 10 6

23.3 23.3 33.3

20

0

20

40

60

secondary level bachor degree master level PHD

Frequency Percent

23 7

76.7

23.3 0

50

100

150

yes no

Frequency Percent

26| P a g e

Table 14: Does your associate have offices in the country?

Frequency Percent

yes 17 56.7

no 7 23.3

skipped once 6 20

Total 30 100


The table 14 above shows the respondents who their associations have an office in the

country as well as, here 17 respondents were answered yes, while 7 of them said no and

remaining 6 respondents are not members of any NGOs or CBOs, or any Puntland Diaspora

associations.

The figure 13 below indicates the percentage of each respondent’s number 17 (56.7%), 7

(23.3), and 6 (20%).

Figure 13: percentage respondents of table of diaspora assoication office


Table 15: how many job vacancies do you post per year (average)?


1- 4 5 16.7

5 -10 5 16.7

10 and above 8 26.6

Skipped once 12 40

Total 30 100


The table 13 above shows the number of job vacancies they offer each year as average, so

respondents who claim to announce (1 -4) jobs were (5 people), (5 – 10) jobs were (5

people), (10 and above) represent also (8 people).

17 7 6

56.7

23.3 20 0

20

40

60

80

yes no skipped once

Frequency Percent

27| P a g e

The figure 14 below indicates that respondents from 1- 4 are (16.7%), (5- 10) are (16.7%),

and 10 and above jobs offers represented on (26.6%)

Figure 14: in Percentage of how many job vacancies do you post per year (average)?


Table 16: Do your associations involve micro financing and investment projects?

Frequency Percent

yes 20 66.7

no 3 10

skipped once

7 23.3

Total 30 100


The table 16 above shows those respondents who are their associate members involve

financing and investment projects, for example those who said yes were (20 people), while

refused once were (3 people) and skipped once (7 people).

The figure 15 below points out the percentage number of respondents 20 represents (66.7%),

3 represents (10%) and skipped once represented on (23.3%).

5 5 8 12

16.7 16.7

26.6

40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

01-May 05-Oct 10 and above Skipped once

28| P a g e

Figure 15: Do your associations involve micro financing and investment projects?


Table 17: how many small businesses are created by under micro financing projects per

year?


5-15 2 6.7

15-25 5 16.7

25-35 7 23.3

35 and above 5 16.7

Skipped once 11 36.7

Total 30 100


The table 17 above shows the number of small business that each respondent implemented

through micro finance per year, for example respondents who creates (1 -15 small business)

represented on (2 people), (15 -25 small business) represented on (5 people), (25 -35 small

business) represented on (7 people), (35 and small businesses) represented on (5 people), and

those who said no represented on (11 people).

The figure 16 below indicates that small business implemented stands as percentage, for

example: 1 -15 are (6.7%), 15 -25 are (16.7%), 25 – 35 are (23.3%), 35 and above are

(16.7%), and skipped once were also (36.7%).

20 3 7

66.7

10 23.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

yes no skipped once

Frequency Percent

29| P a g e

Figure 16: how many small businesses are created by under micro financing projects per year?


Table 18: Does your Diaspora association contribute the infrastructure building and rehabilitation in Puntland?

Frequency Percent

yes 19 63.3

no 4 13.3

Skipped once 7 23.3

Total 30 100


The table 18 above shows the respondent’s choice about whether they contribute the

infrastructure of Puntland and rehabilitations or not, for respondents who said yes for this

issue were 19 people, while those refused were only (4 people), skipped once were also (7

people).

The figure 17 below indicates the percentage number of respondents yes respondents

represent (63.3%), no respondents represented on (13.3%), skipped once were also (23.3%).

Figure 17: Does your Diaspora association contribute the infrastructure building and rehabilitation in Puntland?


2 5 7 5 11 6.7 16.7 23.3 16.7

36.7

0

20

40

60

Jan-15 15-25 25-35 35 and above Skipped once


19 4 7

63.3

13.3 23.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

yes no Skipped once

Frequency Percent

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Table 19: Do you personally invest your own business inside the country?

Frequency Percent

yes 21 70

no 9 30

Total 30 100


The table 19 above shows that whether Diaspora of this study itself invests their own

business inside country, so 21 people mentioned they implement it, while 9 of them said no.

The figure 18 below shows the percentage number who responded yes represented on (70%),

while respondents who said no were (30%).

Figure 18: Do you personally invest your own business inside the country?


Table 20: select the range of the number of employees of your business? Frequency Percentage

5 -15 3 10

15 - 25 8 26.7

25 - 35 4 13.3

35 and above 5 16.7


Total 30 100


The table 20 above shows the number of employers that each respondents use for his

business, for example respondents who employed between 5 -15 for their business represent

(3 people), between 15 – 25 employers represent (8 people), 25 - 35 employers (4 people), 35

and represent (5 people), and finally those skipped represent (10 people).

The figure 19 below indicates the percentage variation between these respondents, 5-15

(10%), 15-25 (26.7%), 25-35 (13.3%), above 35 represent (16.7%), and 10 (33.3%).

21 9

70

30

0

50

100

yes no

Frequency Percent

31| P a g e

Figure 19: select the range of the number of employees of your business?


Table 21: Does your association launches a capacity building projects in Puntland?

Frequency Percent

yes

20 66.7

no 6 20

Skipped once 4 13.3

Total 30 100


The table 21 shows that a Diaspora association launches a capacity building for Puntland

community; these represent were (30 people), while only 6 people of them did not take part

any capacity building, and skipped once were 4 people.

The figure 20 below indicates the percentage number of yes respondents (66.7%), while no

respondents were only (20 %).

Figure 20: Does your association launches a capacity building projects in Puntland?


3 8 4 5 10 10

26.7

13.3 16.7

33.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

May-15 15 - 25 25 - 35 35 and above Skipped once

20 6 4

66.7

20 13.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

yes no Skipped once

Frequency Percent

32| P a g e

Table 22: Tick any of the following, if your association implements or builds? Frequency Percentage

Schools and health

care

7 23.3

Civil conflict

resolutions

5 16.7

Helping orphans 3 10

Improving Good

Governance

4 13.3



The table 22 above interprets the variations between the capacity buildings offered by

Diaspora associations in Puntland as you can see it those respondents who offer schools and

health care centers represent (7 people), those who implement civil conflict resolutions

represent (5 people), those who help orphans were (3 people), those who improves good

governance were (4 people), and those who entirely skipped from the question were (11

people).

The below figure 21 indicates the percentage number of different capacity building, for

example schools and heath care resent (23.3%), civil conflict resolutions represent (16.7%),

helping orphans (10%), improving good governance (13.3%), and finally those skipped the

questioner represented on (36.7%).

Figure 21: percentage of the rate of capacity building projects


7 5 3 4 11

23.3 16.7

10 13.3

36.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Schools and health care

Civil conflict resolutions

Helping orphans

Improving Good

Governance

Skipped once


33| P a g e

This chapter is about total conclusion of the findings of this study, in which the researcher

have been conducted 2014 for the purpose awarding bachelor degree at faculty of social

science, department of development studies.

Objective one: the role of Puntland Diaspora in poverty reduction:

In question of the study “does your family receive any remittance from Diaspora? ”, The

study found that Diaspora’s role in covering basic needs necessity have taken party to sustain

the lives of all most entire community directly or indirectly by sending remittance back home

as (74%) of the respondents answered to get income from their family Diaspora, in question

“does the remittance is the only source of income for your family? ”, the study also found

that (76%) of the respondents don’t receive any other resource of income apart from that. In

question “select the range of remittance your family receives” The income from the

Diaspora family members ranges between $50 to $500 dollars in which they find monthly,

yearly or any time they need see (table 7).

In question “check the following needs as per your remittance covers them?”, the study

found that these incomes covers living cost (25%), tuition fees (18.3%), health care (13.3%),

and investing small business centers (6.7%), together (63.3%) of the respondent’s life

standard.

Objective two: the of Diaspora in infrastructure and investment:

The second part of the study was that in question “are there any NGOs, CBOs, or any

Puntland Diaspora association that you are a member of it?” the study found that (76.7%)

of the Diaspora respondents were the members of international and local NGOs, CBOs or any

34| P a g e

other Puntland associations as respondents told. It was also asked that “does your

associations have an offices in the country?”, and the study found that they have offices in

the country (56.7%) of them. It was also asked “how many job vacancies do you post per

year?”, and the respondents answered that t hey announce the ranges between 1 to 10 jobs

more average per year, as respondents claimed (60%) of them. The next question asked was

whether “their associations involve micro financing and investment projects?”, and the

result became that (66.7%) of respondent’s associations involve macro financing and

investment projects. The next question was “how many small businesses are created under

micro financing per year?” The result found became that (64%) of the respondents mention

to have been created small businesses under these projects.

The next question asked was that “does your Diaspora association contribute the

infrastructure building and rehabilitation in Punt land?”, the study also found that (63.3%)

of the respondent’s Diaspora associations contribute the infrastructural building and

rehabilitations of Puntland and the next question asked beyond that was “do you personally

invest your own business inside the country?”, they answered (70%) of Diaspora itself

invested their own business inside the country to create more employment opportunity to the

local people. The next question asked was that “select the range of employee of your

business hairs”, the result is as the following, the range of employment of these businesses

hairs are varied from each other and it is between 1 to 5 employee (10%), 15 to 25 (26.7%),

25 to 35 employee (13.3%), and finally 35 employee above (16.7%) together maximize

(66.7%) respondents and their Diaspora associates.

Objective three: the role of Diaspora in Social harmony and political

participation:

The third part, the question the Diaspora was “does your association launches a capacity

building projects in Puntland?” which is also the final finding of this study, was found that

35| P a g e

(66.7%) respondents and their Diaspora associate launches capacity building projects in

Puntland to increase social interactions, peace and technical skills to maintain long term

sustainability of the community.

However, the last question next to the above question was “tick any of the following, if your

associations implements or builds – schools and health care centers, civil conflict

resolutions, helping the orphans, and improving good governance?”, the study found that

the most significant capacity building they perform for society include building schools and

health care centers (23.3%) of the respondents, civil conflict resolution (16.7%) of the

respondents, helping orphans (10%) of the respondents, and finally improving good

Governance systems in the country (13.3%%), together comprise (63.3%) of the respondents.

The study concludes that the respondents of the research were (80 people) who were

representative of the largest three cities of Basaso, Garowe and Kalkacyo, who contributed

their experiences and understanding about the role of Puntland Diaspora plays in

development.

The first part or objective of the study were focused on remittance recipient and composed on

50 respondents in which as mentioned in the finding (74%) of them learned on remittances

from family members outside home country.

The second part was also focused on Diaspora groups and considered as remittance senders

who composed on (30 people) who were respondents from all the regions. Fortunately,

(76.7%) of them were members of either international, local NGOs, or CBOs who serves for

the community as well, and contributes infrastructural building investment and capacity

building in Puntland.

36| P a g e

However, the main aim of this study was to find to some extent the level of the role of

Puntland Diaspora in development reaches, and what level of development contribution they

offer.

To the Puntland Government:

Puntland Diaspora did not only participated a key role in sending remittance, but also

served as capacity building institutions, such as technical advisers for Puntland

ministers and education institutions; and also played an important paramount as

contributors of infrastructural building projects.

So that, they deserve a return which is, to modernize Puntland tourism places and

museum centers or if they don’t exist it now, to build it, as their families and children

be motivated to return back home.

They also deserve to be guided as to be considered the only effective human resource

we have today.

To the community:

It is a great opportunity that other societies don’t have; to get a help from Diaspora

community, so it is good for you make sustainable the opportunities offered by

Puntland Diaspora to the region by guiding peace and stability.

Because without peace you would have not seen such a progress like investments and

other development based infrastructure and capacity building projects in your regions.

The study finally recommends with you to make every effort you can precede the

relationship between you and your Diaspora community members outside the country.

37| P a g e

To Puntland Diaspora Communities:

The study firstly gives thanks for all Somali Diaspora communities, especially

Puntland Diaspora who made utmost sacrifice and implemented the work of many

NGOs like Puntland Diaspora forum, Somalia family services and others which

cannot be concluded here their names and values.

The study also recommends with Diaspora groups to join together to do something

tangible and valuable for the entire community than before.

The study finally concludes this recommendation that your role in development

contributions was proud and considered as a paramount important position you played

the existence and support the lives of many poor communities in which without you,

would have been lost.

Further researches:

1 “The negative role of Puntland Diaspora in political development?”

2 “Beyond Diaspora: consequences and alternatives” case study

38| P a g e

Affi, l. (2012). "Destroying and Constructing the State from Below: The Role of the Somali

Diaspora in Conflict, Development and Governance". p. 23.

Caitlin Chalmers & Mohamed Aden . (2008 ). " UK Somali Remittances survey". department

for international development .

Dr Randolph Kent, Dr Karin von Hippel, & Mark Bradbury. (2004). "Social Facilitation,

Development and the Diaspora: Support for Sustainable Health Services in Somalia".

London: The International Policy Institute, King’s College London.

Farah, A. O. (2009). " Diaspora involvement in the development of Somalia". 13 .

Hassan Sheikh & Sally Healy. (2009). "SOMALIA’S MISSING MILLION: THE SOMALI

DIASPORA". UNDP.

Kathleen Newland, Erin Patrick. (2004). "Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in

Poverty Reduction in their Countries of Origin". p. 4.

Laura Hammond, Mustafa Awad, Ali Ibrahim Dagane, Peter Hansen, Cindy Horst, Ken

Menkhaus, & Lynette Obare,. (2011). "Cash and Compassion: The Role of the Somali

Diaspora in Relief, Development and Peace-building". (pp. 54, 63). Chatam House.

Maalin, Y. A. (2012). "Review of the Somali Diasporain the US and its impact on democracy

building in Somalia". 01.

39| P a g e

Dear Respondent

I am, Awil Abdukadir Osman, a student from Puntland State University. I present to

you this questionnaire designed to seek information on “the role of Puntland

Diaspora in development”. It is carried as a partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of a Bachelor degree of Social science, department of development at

PSU. You are humbly requested to assist by providing appropriate answers. Your

contribution, opinions and experiences will be solely for this academic study and

will be maintained as confidential.

QUESTIONNAIRE SCHEDULE

INSTRUCTION: PLEASE TICK WHERE APPROPRIATE

Objective 1: Demographical Background

1.1 Type of Respondent

[RR]:Recipient □ [RS]:Diaspora □

1.2 Gender

Male□ Female□

1.3 1.3: Age

Below 25 yrs. □ 25-35 yrs.□ 35-45 yrs.□ 45 yrs. and Above □

1.4 Educational Level

Secondary level

□ Bachelor level □ Master Level □ PHD level □

Objective 2: The role of Diaspora in poverty reduction

NB. If you selected [RR] answer question: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5. if not skip to Objective

3 and 4

2.1 Does your family receive any remittance from Diaspora?

Yes □ No □

2.2. Does the remittance is the only source of income for your family?

Yes □ No □

2.3 Select the range of remittance your family receives

$50 - $200□ $250 - $350□ $350 - $500□ $550 and Above □

2.4 check the following needs as per your remittance covers them

living costs □ tuition fees□ health care costs□ Small business invests.

□

2.5. Select basic time you receive your remittances

Monthly □ Yearly□ Other time□

40| P a g e

Objective 3: The role of Diaspora in employment creation & infrastructural investment

3.1

Are there any NGOs, CBO or any Puntland Diaspora association that you are a member

of it?

Yes □ No □

If yes, answer question 3.2a, 3.2a, 3.3a, 3.3b, and if no proceed to question 3.5a and 3.5b

3.2a Does your association has an office in the country

Yes □ No □

3.2b If yes, how many Job vacancies do you post per year (average)?

1-4 □ 5-10 □ 10 and above □

3.3a Does your association involve micro financing and investment projects?

Yes □ No □

3.3b If yes, How many small businesses are created by microfinance per year (average)?

5-15 □ 15-25 □ 25-35 □ 35 and above □

3.4a

Does your Diaspora association contribute the infrastructure buildings and rehabilitation

in Puntland?

Yes □ No □

3.5a Do you personally invest your own business inside the country?

Yes □ No □

3.5b if yes, select the range of the number of employees of your business

5-15 □ 15-25 □ 25-35 □ 35 and above □

Objective 4: The role of Diaspora in Social Harmony

4.1 Does your association launches a capacity building projects in Puntland?

Yes □ No □

4.2 Tick any of the following, if your association implements or builds

Schools and Healthcare centers□

Civic Conflict

resolutions□ Helping Orphans □

Improving good Governance □

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The role of Puntland Diaspora in Development

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