The Road to World War I
159
Welcome back… • Bell Ringer: Practice Map! • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the causes of World War I
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Transcript of The Road to World War I
Welcome back…
• Bell Ringer: Practice
Map!
• Agenda and Objective:
Through notes and
discussion, students
will identify the causes
of World War I
WORLD WAR
ONE “The War to End All Wars”
• Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans were highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an “earthly paradise.”
• The First World War would not only kill millions of human beings, it would also destroy one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which Western Civilization had been founded -- the belief in progress.
For Tomorrow: Textbook
pages 887-890…Battles
• What were some of the major
battles fought during the war?
• What were the common
characteristics of these battles?
The Road to
World War I
Long-term causes of World
War I #1 Alliances
• Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente
• 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco-Prussian War.
• Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France
• 1879, Dual Alliance:
• Dual Alliance based on German support for Austrian in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans
• Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria
• Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa.
The Alliance System
• The division of Europe’s great powers into two
loose alliances (Germany, Austria and Italy vs.
France, Russia and Great Britain) added to the
tensions.
#2 Militarism • Massive military
build up increased
tension and
guaranteed that if
war came it would
be incredibly
destructive.
World War I was when the old world became the new.
Here, a German cavalryman wears a gas mask and
carries a long spear or pole, from two different ages of
war.
Wilhelm II
• German Kaiser (1888-1918)
• wanting Germany to have her “place in the sun”
• Bitter rival of Bismarck, who wanted Germany to be
a continental power (let England be)
• 1890- Bismarck is dismissed by Wilhelm II. Germany
moved from a proponent of peace to a military power
The Anglo-German arms
race • Militarism led to a belief in the inevitability of a
general European war.
• British policy was to have its fleet larger than the combined fleets of any two rival nations
• 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II began expansion of German navy to protect a growing international trade and colonialism
• By World War I, both Britain and Germany possessed Dreadnoughts—new super battleships with awesome firing range and power
• Universal
conscription had
become the norm in
Europe by 1914.
• Great Britain was
the exception.
• European
standing
armies had
doubled in size
between 1890
and 1914.
Comparative figures on army
increase, 1870-1914:
1870 1914
Russia 700,000 1,300,000
France 380,000 846,000
Germany 403,000 812,000
Austria-Hungary 247,000 424,000
Britain 302,000 381,000
Italy 334,000 305,000
Japan 70,000 250,000
U.S.A. 37,000 98,000
• Most European armies were made up of rural peasants, since most urban working-class males could not pass the physical.
• Many German generals did not trust the loyalty of the urban youth.
Mobilization and Planning
• Modern European armies followed the Prussian model of complex mobilization and strategic planning involving timetables and railroad deployment of troops and supplies.
• These plans lacked flexibility and
forced diplomats and political
leaders to make decisions based on
the fixed programs of the military.
To move one German army corps -
(or just 2.5% of the German Army)
it took this many railway cars :
Officers 170 cars
Infantry 965 cars
Cavalry 2960 cars
Artillery 1915 cars
... in 140 trains
Average train length 42 cars.
And it took the same number of cars
- about 6000 -
to transport all of their supplies.
“War is too important a
matter to be left to the
military.”
–Georges Clemenceau.
#3 Imperialism led to increased tensions between the
Great Powers over Africa
• Berlin Conference, 1885: Germany's late entry into imperialism led Bismarck to establish rules for carving up Africa
• Kruger Telegram (1902): triggered British anger at Germany when the Kaiser congratulated the Boers on their victories over British troops in South Africa.
• 1906: Algeciras Conference settled the First Moroccan Crisis
• Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
• 1906: Algeciras
Conference settled the
First Moroccan Crisis
(GB, Russia supported
France as a protectorate)
• 1911: Second
Moroccan Crisis
(under pressure France
allowed Germany parts
of the Congo in return
for French protectorate
in Morocco)
Bell Ringer…Analyze the following cartoon with
your knowledge of the causes of World War I
Welcome Back!
• Agenda and Objective: through note and video
review, students will identify causes of World
War I and it’s impact on society.
• PAPER DUE TOMORROW!!!!
#4 Nationalism created
a "powder keg" in the Balkans • The Ottoman Empire
(“the sick man of
Europe”) receded
from the Balkans
leaving a power
vacuum
• Pan-Slavism
• First Balkan Crisis
(Bosnian Crisis)
• First Balkan War
(1912)-Russian supports
Balkan league, Ottomans
loose territory
• Second Balkan War
(1913) Serbia v. Bulgaria
over Macedonia. (Serbia
and Greece get)
• "Third Balkan War"
between Austria and
Serbia became World War
I in the summer of 1914
Nationalism • The rise of
nationalism did not
give rise to the
liberal-envisioned
international
fraternity of the 19th
century.
Something to Think
about… • Some historians have argued
that conservatives, fearing
socialist revolution, sought to
use war to “smother internal
troubles.”
Review…
• What were the long standing
causes of World War I
• Give examples…
The Outbreak
of War
The Summer of 1914
• The Balkan Crises between 1908 and 1913 had increased tensions in the region.
• The desire of the Serbs to create a “Greater Serbia” was opposed by Austria but encouraged by Russia.
The Assassination
• On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophia, were assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand.
The Funeral of Franz Ferdinand
• The Austrian government was not certain that the Serbian government was directly involved but it wanted revenge and a war to destroy the Serbian kingdom.
“The Blank Check”
• Fear of Russian
intervention led
the Austrians to
seek the
support of the
German Kaiser.
• William II responded
with the infamous
“blank check” –
Germany would fight
Russia to aid Austria
in its war.
The Ultimatum • Austria then gave
demands to Serbia
that were so extreme
that Serbia had to
reject them.
• Austria then
declared war on
Serbia on July 23.
Serbian Army during its
retreat towards Albania
Russian Reaction
• On July 28,
Russia ordered
partial
mobilization of
its troops against
Austria.
More Ultimatums • Germany then gave
an ultimatum to Russia to halt their mobilization or face war.
• Russia ignored the demands and Germany declared war on Russia on August 1st.
The Great War
• As you watch the clip…
• What are your impressions
of the war?
• What “new” technology
and military strategy was
used?
• How did the War impact
society? In what ways?
• Agenda and Objective:
Through discussion of
primary sources and a
video clip, students
will identify what
made WWI a “modern
war” as well as the
reaction of those
fighting it.
Illusions of the Times
• Economists had written
before the war that economic
conditions made a great war
unlikely and if it occurred it
would be brief.
• Many political pundits believed that “rational” diplomats would prevail and control the situation making war unlikely or at least short-lived.
• Government propaganda had stirred up national feelings and now played on those feelings to stir up a war fever.
• Even many socialists and labor leaders rose to join the cause in the country’s campaign for justice and revenge.
“Over by Christmas”
• Most believed the war would only last a few weeks.
• Hadn’t all the other wars since the age of Napoleon been over quickly?
Reading Activity…
• What was the attitude of these
soldiers at the start of the war?
Welcome Back!
• Bell Ringer: Pair up
and discuss your
poems.
• Tomorrow: Study
Guide due, also focus
on how War impacted
the homefront.
• Agenda and Objective:
Through poem
analysis, students will
identify the changing
mood of those who
fought in WWI
• Dulce et decorum est
pro patria mori:
mors et fugacem
persequitur virum
nec parcit inbellis
iuventae
poplitibus timidove
tergo.
• How sweet and
seemly it is to die for
one's country:
Death pursues the man
who flees,
spares not the
hamstrings or
cowardly backs
Of battle-shy youths.
Wars of Nationalism • The Europeans failed
to recognize that the
real prototype for the
modern war of
nationalism was the
American Civil War –
four years, 364,000
dead.
• Many also believed that the sheer cost of the modern mechanized war would not allow for a sustained effort.
The Glorious Adventure
• Many young people saw the war as a great adventure – a chance to escape their boring bourgeois lives.
The Great Redemption
• Others saw the
war as a chance to
bring their nations
together through
self-sacrifice,
heroism and
nobility.
• “The lamps are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our lifetimes.”
- Sir Edward Grey
The Schlieffen Plan in Action • The German plan for
success relied on speed and mobility.
• Hundreds of thousands of troops crossed the Belgian border and in four weeks reached the Marne River outside of Paris.
British Expeditionary Force
• The Germans had not counted on the speed at which the British were able to mobilize and bring troops across the Channel.
The First Battle of the Marne
• The British and
French troops, under
French General
Joseph Joffre,
stopped the German
advance at the Marne
on September 6-10.
• The Germans were forced to retreat but the allies were unable to pursue.
• The war immediately broke into a stalemate as both sides dug trenches.
Trench Warfare
• The trenches would soon
stretch from Switzerland to
the English Channel – the
front line would hardly move
for four years.
The Eastern Front • The Russians began the war
with a major offensive into German territory in the north.
• Their advance was halted at the Battles of Tannenberg (August 30) and Lake Masurian (September 15).
• The Russians were
effectively knocked out of
the war.
The Austrian War
• The Austrians were initially defeated by the Russians in Galicia and by the Serbians.
• Germany eventually came to their aid in defeating the Serbs and pushing the Russians back 300 miles.
• The Russians lost 2.5 million men -- either dead, wounded or captured.
The Italians • The Italians in the
mean time had switched sides and launched an attack against their old enemy the Austrians.
• The Italian front also became a stalemate of trench warfare.
The Great
Slaughter
1916 –1917
The Trenches • The Western Front
became an elaborate system of breastworks and interconnected trenches, protected by barbed wire, machinegun nests and artillery batteries.
"Trenches full of liquid mud. Smelt horribly. Full of dead
Frenchmen too bad to touch. Men quite nauseated."
No Man’s Land • The opposing forces
were separated by
open fields of bombed
out craters and
destroyed villages,
across which the
troops would launch
suicidal bayonet
charges.
No Man’s Land
“Over the Top”
• Pressure was constantly put on the
generals to break through and bring
about a victory.
• The breakthrough was believed possible if enough fire power could be brought to bear to “soften up” the lines and then mass enough troops to charge the enemies lines.
• The machine guns doomed
the charges to failure -
millions of men lost their
lives trying to gain a few
miles of territory.
The Battle of Verdun
• The Germans launched an attack at the French town of Verdun in February of 1916.
• The initial
advances were
soon halted by
the French
General Henri-
Philippe Petain.
• Unprecedented bombardment, aerial dogfights and the use of poison gas took the lives of over 700,000 men in ten months of fighting.
War in the Air
"Those
magnificent
men in their
flying
machines"
"[It] climbed like a monkey and
maneuvered like the devil."
Manfred von Richthofen
THE RED BARON
The Price of
Glory
The Blue Max
The Battle of the Somme
• In order to take pressure of the French at Verdun, the British launched an attack to the west at the Somme River.
• The Germans were forced to move
troops to counter this attack.
The British suffered
420,000 casualties.
The French lost
nearly 200,000 and
it is estimated that
German casualties
were in the region
of 500,000.
• The outcomes of these battles were indecisive, with neither side gaining nor losing territory.
Life in the Trenches
• For men in the
trenches it was a life
of long days of
boredom followed
by days of pure
terror and living hell.
• During combat the men in the trenches lived with constant bombardment, the threat or reality of mustard gas, the corpses of the fallen and the rats that fed on them.
Gassed
• The only relief from the mud and the terror of the trench was the suicide that came with the order to “fix bayonets.”
• As soldiers on both sides
realized that no one could gain
an advantage in trench warfare
daily life for the soldier became
increasingly squalid,
regimented, and miserable in
the filthy, rat-infested, and lice-
ridden trenches.
“live and let live”
• Men on both sides developed a “live and let live” policy that let men go about their daily lives in some safety.
• Men produced humorous magazines and sang soldiers songs.
• The Germans sang “The Watch
on the Rhine.”
• The Americans would sing
“Over There.”
Johnnie, get your gun, get
your gun, get your gun,
Take it on the run, on the run,
on the run,
Hear them calling you and
me, ev'ry son of liberty
Hurry right away, no delay, go
today
Make your Daddy glad to
have had such a lad,
Tell your sweetheart not to
pine, to be proud her boy's in
line
The Widening of the War • The British, in an attempt to attack
the Ottoman Empire, attempted a landing at Gallipoli on the Dardanelles.
• The Bulgarians joined the war on the side of the Central Powers and brought the Gallipoli campaign to an end.
The Landing at Gallipoli
“Your news is indeed serious.
But there is nothing for it but
to dig yourselves right in and
stick it out. You have got
through the difficult business,
now you have only to dig, dig,
dig, until you are safe."
Lawrence of Arabia
• A British officer named T.E. Lawrence incited the Arabs tribes to rally behind Prince Faisel and attack the Ottoman Turks.
Prince Faisel
T.E.Lawrence
"All men dream: but not
equally. Those who
dream by night in the
dusty recesses of their
minds wake in the day to
find that it was vanity: but
the dreamers of the day
are dangerous men, for
they may act their dream
with open eyes, to make
it possible."
- The Seven Pillars of Wisdom
"A skittish motor-bike with a
touch of blood in it is better than
all the riding animals on Earth."
--T.E. Lawrence
•The British were able to
move from Cairo in
Egypt to take Jerusalem
and Damascus in the
Middle East.
The War at Sea
• The British and the German navies
fought only one major naval
engagement during the war – the
Battle of Jutland.
• While the Germans out-
maneuvered the British and lost
less ships, the British ended up
blockading the North Sea.
The German U-Boat
• The Germans retaliated by
imposing a counter-blockade
of England using unrestricted
submarine warfare.
Freedom of the Seas • While the US tried to remain
neutral in the war, the use of submarines to sink unarmed passenger ships outraged the Americans and violated President Wilson’s call for “Freedom of the Seas.”
The Sinking of the
Lusitania • On May 7, 1915, a German U-
Boat torpedoed and sank the
British passenger ship the
Lusitania.
• 100 Americans were killed.
RMS Lusitania
• The protests over this incident and the sinking of other passenger liners led the Germans to pledge not to use unrestricted submarine warfare.
Breaking the Pledge
• Eager to break the deadlock of the Western Front, the Germans resumed the use of submarines in January of 1917.
• The Germans were willing to gamble that the British would be starved out of the war before the US would respond.
The Zimmerman Note
• An intercepted note from the German Foreign Minister to the Mexican government called on the Mexicans to join the war and regain their lost territories from the US.
The US Joins the War
• The note caused outrage in America and led to Wilson seeking a declaration of war.
• The US declared war on Germany April 6, 1917.
General John “Blackjack” Pershing
The War in 1917
• The US would not arrive
in great numbers until
1918, in 1917 the war was
not going well for the
allies.
Ypres -Winter 1917
• The Italians were smashed in October and in November the Bolshevik Revolution took Russia out of the war.
The Home Front
The Home front
• "Total war": involved mass
civilian populations in the war
effort
Total War • European
governments gradually took full control of all aspects of their economies.
• Millions of people were mobilized to fight or work.
• This led to increased
centralization of the
government and the
widespread use of
propaganda to
manipulate public
opinion.
• Massive conscription drafted most able-bodied men in their youth
• In some cases, civilian populations became targets
• News was censored; propaganda lionized men at the front and dehumanized the enemy
• In 1914, the S.P.D. (then the largest party in the Reichstag) agreed to support the war as part of the “civil peace” with the Kaiser—the burgfrieden.
• The same may have also been true in Britain as the issue of Irish independence dominated the headlines.
• British propaganda effectively demonized Germany as the “Hun”
• Economic production was focused on the war effort
• Free-market capitalism was abandoned in favor of strong central planning of the economy.
• Women replaced male factory workers who were now fighting the war.
• Labor unions supported the war effort.
• Increase in centralized control by warring regimes
• Germany became the world's first totalitarian regime in order to control the war effort
• War promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor
• As public morale and support for the war ebbed police powers were widely expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.
• Internal opposition to the war came largely from liberals and socialists appalled by the scale of human slaughter and the terrible costs of rampant nationalism and militarism.
Women in the War
• Many women
went to work in
the factories to
replace the men
sent to the
trenches.
• Expectations for
women during the
war were that
they would return
to their "normal"
lives when the
war ended.
• These women workers played an important role in winning women the right to vote immediately following the war.
Death - the Great Leveler • Death rates at the front in
World War One were high for all soldiers regardless of their prior social status, but mortality was especially great among junior officers drawn largely from the nobility and the unskilled laborers and peasants comprising the mass of infantry troops.
• The fortunate ones
were the skilled and
highly skilled
workers that were
exempted from going
to battle.
• The new British Prime
Minister David Lloyd
George was misguided
in his optimism that
the war was ending
class conflicts through
the common hardship
and loss of war.
• By the end of the war it was very apparent that not all classes had suffered equally during the war -- large industrialists, especially owners of factories making weapons and munitions did very well. Krups Factory in Germany
WAR CASUALTIES
In Flanders Fields In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.
Have You News of my Boy Jack? -
Rudyard Kipling
• 'Have you news of my boy Jack?'
Not this tide.
'When d'you think that he'll come back?'
Not with this wind blowing, and this tide.
'Has anyone else had word of him?'
Not this tide.
For what is sunk will hardly swim,
Not with this wind blowing and this tide.
'Oh, dear, what comfort can I find?'
None this tide,
Nor any tide,
Except he did not shame his kind-
Not even with that wind blowing, and that tide.
Then hold your head up all the more,
This tide,
And every tide;
Because he was the son you bore,
And gave to that wind blowing and that tide!
Ethnic Minorities • Ethnic Slavs in the
Balkans, Poles in
Russia and the Irish
in Great Britain all
dreamed of having
their own national
states.
