The Rise ofTotalitarianism

How World War I set the stage for World War II

Think Back

Answer the following prompt using your notes and knowledge from World War I.

Describe the Treaty of Versailles and the affect it had on Germany.

You should have at least 5 COMPLETE sentences.

What is a Totalitarian Government?• A government that holds total control over all aspects of day-to-

day life in a country• A.K.A Absolute, Authoritarian, Dictatorship, Autocracy, Tyranny,

Oppressive

• Examples:• Absolute Monarchies

• English Tudor Rule• French Bourbon Rule (Louis’)

• Imperial Rule• Russia (Romanovs)• France (Napoleon)• Japan (Hirohito)***

• Nazi Germany (Hitler)***• Fascist Italy (Mussolini)***• Dictatorship

• N. Korea (Kim)• Spain (Franco)***

• Communist Russia – Soviet Union (Lenin, Stalin)***

Review: The Rise of Joseph Stalin• Ranking Up

• Appointed by Vladimir Lenin to serve in the Bolshevik Party

• After the Revolution Lenin promoted him to Secretary General of the Communist Party

• Stalin takes Over• After the death of Lenin,

Stalin defeats Leon Trotsky for control of the Soviet Union• Controls through fear and

intimidation

The Rise of Benito Mussolini• Before Ruling Italy

• Member of the Socialist Party

• Soldier in the Italian Army during WWI• Supported the war effort

• Socialist Party did not

• Kicked out of the Socialist Party for supporting the Italian involvement in WWI

• Turning to Fascism• Founded the Fascist Party of Italy in 1919

• Fascism – authoritarian nationalism that opposes equality and places the state above the individual

• Believed in a strong Italian military with a strong central leader (himself, of course!!)

• Taking Over• In 1922, Mussolini and The Black Shirts (member of the Fascist

Party) stormed Rome and took control of the government.• By 1925, Mussolini is named dictator

Remind me to have this guy

killed for taking so long

with this picture…

The Rise of Francisco Franco• Before Ruling Spain

• Joined the Spanish Army in 1907• Served during World War I• Became a General in 1923• Named Commander of the Spanish Army in 1933

• A Shift in Spanish Power• Social Unrest

• Left and Right political factions become more divided

• King Alfonso XIII is voted out• Briefly replaced by a left-leaning government that reduced military control

• 1933 Elections• Put a more right-leaning militaristic government in place• Franco is put in a position of power

• Cannot stop tensions from rising

• 1936 Elections• Left-leaning government takes over• Franco is stationed far away from Spain

The Rise of Francisco Franco• Establishing the Nationalist Party

• 1936 – Franco announces the Nationalist Manifesto• Franco named Head of the Government and Commander-in-Chief

• The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)• Backed by Germany and Italy• Franco lead the Nationalists on a region-by-region takeover of

Spain• Ended with an unconditional surrender in 1939

• Franco Takes Over• Named “El Caudillo” or “The Leader” in 1939• His official title was:

• Generalísimo Francisco Franco; Su Excelencia Jefe del Estado, el Caudillo de España de la Última Cruzada, Hispanidad, y de la Guerra de Liberacióncontra el Comunismo y sus Cómplices• General Francisco Franco; His Excellency the Head of State, the Leader of Spain

of the Last Crusade, Hispanic heritage, and of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Accomplices

The Rise of Hirohito and Hideki Tojo• Emperor Hirohito

• Became the Emperor of Japan after his father’s death in 1926.

• Lead Japan through the Second Sino-Japanese War

• Survived many assassination attempts

• Hideki Tojo• Joined the Imperial Japanese

Army in 1905• Rose up the ranks of the Army,

becoming Major General in 1934, and Vice-Minister of War in 1938.

• Became Prime Minister of Japan in 1941.

The Rise of Adolf Hitler• Served in the Bavarian Army in WWI

• Weimar Republic takes power in 1919• Hitler appointed Police Spy of Intelligence Commando

• Arrested and jailed for attempting to overthrow the government• Writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his ideas for the Nazi Party

• Nazi Takeover• Nazi Party wins majority of congressional seats in 1932

• Hitler appointed Chancellor in 1932• Enabling Act – Gives Hitler‘s Cabinet full power

• President Hindenburg dies in 1934• No new elections are planned

• Hitler named Fuhrer in 1934• All checks and balances removed

• Hitler becomes Commander-in-Chief• Controls ALL of German military

Nazism• National Socialist German Worker’s Party

• Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or “Nazi” for short

• Beliefs• Emphasized German nationalism

• Believed that Germany was superior to all other nations• Any nation that did not accept this, should be annihilated

• Belief of the Aryan master race• Hatred of the Jews (among others)

• Expansion of Germany• To reclaim what was lost during WWI

• Proletariat - A nation of workers• Socialist Policies

• Universal Healthcare and Welfare

• Anti-Communist• Dangerous because it wanted to dissolve private ownership and supported

class-conflict

World

War II

The Interwar Period

• Lasts from the end of WWI in 1918 until the outbreak of WWII in 1939.

• Many nations go through an economic crisis

• Totalitarian leaders take over many countries• Russia, Germany, Italy, Spain

• The United States and Great Britain go through the Great Depression

• Production falls• This causes prices to fall

• Wages fall• This causes unemployment to rise

• The value of the US Dollar and British Pound plummet

The Interwar Period

• France relies too heavily on war reparations from Germany

• The government is bankrupt and torn down the middle

• French economy needed a strong Germany

• French politicians wanted to cripple Germany

• A French Civil War is feared• Socialist Party

• Lower wages, Reduced pensions, Public works closed,

Consumer good taxes increased

• Popular Front• Right-to-strike, Collective bargaining, Limited

workweek to 40 hours, Raised wages

The Interwar Period

• The Soviet Union Avoids Economic Crisis!!

• How?• Rapid development

• Catching up with advanced Western countries

• Isolationism• Trading with only those countries who benefit them

• No political opposition• No interest groups

• Prices and wages fixed• No competition

• Wealth distribution equal

• No class warfare

The Interwar Period• The Violation of the Treaty of Versailles

• Between 1933 and 1938, Germany violated the Treaty four times• 1. Left the League of Nations in 1933

• 2. Rebuilt the Army and reintroduced the draft• Forced conscription into the Nazi Army

• 3. Remilitarize the Rhineland• An area between France and Germany that acted as a safe zone and buffer between the two nations

• 4. Annexed Austria in the Anschluss• Felt Germany needed “lebensraum” or living space in order to survive.

• Nazi Non-Aggression Pacts• 1934 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact

• Vowed to end fighting for ten years and negotiate problems

• Germany will break this pact within five years

• 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact• Promised no fighting for ten years

• Would help Germany avoid a two-front war

• Germany will break this pact within two years

The Interwar Period

• Appeasement• The policy of Britain towards Germany and Italy to give small concessions to Hitler and Mussolini in hopes of keeping them from radical action and starting another major war• Many saw the Treaty of Versailles as unfair to Germany

• Felt this returned Europe to it’s “former glory”

• Munich Agreement of 1938• Allowed Germany to annex strategic military strongholds in Czechoslovakia• Called the Sudetenland

• Signed by Germany, France, Italy and Great Britain• Neville Chamberlain

• “Peace for our time!”

War Breaks Out!

• Pact of Steel (1939)• Military and political alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

• Japan was initially invited, but declined because Germany would not declare war against

the Soviet Union.

• British-Polish Mutual Assistance Treaty• Signed to protect both Britain and Poland from German attacks

• Germany sees this as a threat to their earlier agreement with Poland and voids it!

The Invasion of Poland

• Nazi Invasion of Poland (Sept 1st, 1939)• British ultimatum to stop the invasion or face war is ignored

• September 3rd, 1939• Great Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany

• The British Royal Air Force (RAF) will attack the

German Navy

• Eventually, Canada will declare war, as well.

• The United States claims neutrality• They felt this war, much like WWI, was Europe’s

battle to fight.

The Invasion of Poland

• Soviet Invasion of Poland (Sept. 17th, 1939)

• To “counter” the Nazi invasion

• Soviets and Nazis decide to split Poland and create Spheres of Influence

• Nazi = Western Poland / Soviets = Eastern Poland

• Losses• Poland = 66,000 dead

• Germany = 16,343 dead

• Soviet Union = 737 dead

• Slovakia = 18 dead

• Wounded combined = 180,000

• Missing/Captured combined = 700,000

The World is Split

• The Allied Powers• Formed from the Treaty of Versailles• Mainly Great Britain, France, and Poland at the start of the war in 1939.• The Soviet Union will join in 1941.

• The United States will fully join in 1942.

• Also included smaller nations from the British Commonwealth (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and India)

• The Axis Powers• Originated from the Pact of Steel signed between Germany and Italy in 1939

• Tripartite Pact of 1940• Official military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan

• Joined by smaller countries Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Bulgaria

26

World LeadersAllied and Axis Powers

28

GREAT BRITAIN

• Neville Chamberlain

• Prime Minister of Great Britain in September 1939 at start of WWII

29

GREAT BRITAIN

• Winston Churchill

• Prime Minister (2) during most of the war, from 1940 to 1945

30

FRANCE

• Charles de Gaulle

• French general who led the French in their fight against Germany. After WWII, he became President of France.

USSR

• Joseph Stalin

• Communist Dictator of Russia (1928-1953)

USA

• Franklin D. Roosevelt

• President – 1933-1945

33

GERMANY

• Adolf Hitler

• Führer• German dictator (1933-

45) who planned & started WWII.

ITALY

• Benito Mussolini

• Prime minister of Italy (1922-1943). He joined forces with Hitler to fight the Allied powers.

35

JAPAN

• Hideki Tojo

• Prime Minister of Japan (October 1941 - July 1944)

Early Major Battles

• The Battle of France (1940)• Nazi Germany invades France

• Pushes Allied Powers to Dunkirk• Most of the French Army escapes

• Germans will capture Paris on June 22nd, 1940.

• The Battle of Britain (1940)• The British RAF defended their homeland from constant attacks from the German Luftwaffe.

• The Blitz – Constant bombing attacks from

Germany on London

• Included bombings that lasted through the night.

• Marked the first defeat of Hitler’s forces in World War Two.

A New Type of War

• Blitzkrieg• Literally translated from German to mean “lightning war.”• Hitler also used the term Vernictungschlacht which is translated as “War of Annihilation.”

• This was a multi-layered tactic used by Hitler that• 1. Began with a heavy, long-range bombardment from planes/tanks

• 2. Followed by another close-range attack from tanks, armored cars, and planes

• 3. Finished with troops on the ground

• “Focal Point, Paralysis, Attack”• Find a strategic place to hit

• Take out the early defense systems in place

• Send infantry in to finish the job

The Us Involvement

• Although the Neutrality Act of 1939 prevented the US from going to war, it still helped…some…• A few pilots trained and fought with the RAF• “Cash-and-Carry” – Allowed the US to sell weapons/materials to countries like Great Britain, but the cash must be in hand AND that country must transport it.

• Lend-Lease Act, 1941• Permitted the President of the United States

• “to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article“

• Basically The President can sell, lend, lease, trade, or give anything used in war to a country that they see fit if it helps defend the United States.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Japanese Land Grab• 1931 Japan takes Manchuria

• 1940 Japan eyes China

• The US and The UK disagree• Both cut off trade with Japan

• Cut off oil supply for Japan

• Japan will try to “take” what they need• Too risky

• US has naval fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

• Watching activity in Pacific Ocean

• Makes Japanese invasions impossible

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Japan’s plan• Cripple US Pacific Naval Fleet

• Get more land in China

• Apologize to US

• Negotiate Peace

• Keep Land• Yep…that sounds like it would work!!!!

• Planning• Months of secret planning

• Modified planes and torpedoes for shallow water

• Devised a 5 Phase Attack

• Doubts that it might backfire

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• 5 Phase Plan• PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting

from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.

• PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40 a.m.

• PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 – 9:15 a.m.

• PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45 a.m.

• PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9:45 a.m.

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

Japanese Naval Force•65 Total Watercraft

• 4 heavy aircraft carriers

• 2 heavy cruisers• 35 submarines• 2 light cruisers• 9 oilers• 2 battleships• 11 destroyers

• Lead by Admiral Yamamoto

Japanese Air Force •353 Total Planes

• (1st Wave/2nd Wave)• 40 torpedo planes

• (40/0) • 103 level bombers

• (49/54)• 131 dive bombers

• (51/80) • 79 fighters

• (43/36)

• Lead by MitsuoFuchida

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• “Veering right toward the west coast of the island, we could see that the sky over Pearl Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself became visible across the central Oahu plain, a film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered intently through my binoculars at the ships riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I counted them. Yes, the battleships were there all right, eight of them! But our last lingering hope of finding any carriers present was now gone. Not one was to be seen.”• Commander Mitsuo Fuchida

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

Japanese Losses• 64 killed

• 1 captured

• 29 aircraft destroyed

• 4 submarines sunk

• 1 submarine grounded

American Losses• 2,403 killed

• 1,178 wounded

• 188 aircraft destroyed

• 159 aircraft damaged

• 4 battleships sunk• 2 other ships sunk

• 3 battleships damaged

• 1 battleship grounded

• 3 cruisers damaged

• 3 destroyers damaged

• 3 other ships damaged

The Reaction of the USA

• December 8th, 1941• President Roosevelt asks Congress to declare war on Japan

• It will pass• Only 1 person voted against it

• December 11th, 1941• Germany declares war on US

• US declares war on Germany

• US declares war on Italy

• The United States is OFFICIALLY in World War 2…

America Fights Back

• April, 1942

• FDR• Wants to bomb Japan

• Boost public morale

• Feasibility• Can bombers take-off from

carriers?

• Planned and led by Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle• Will be known as the

“Doolittle Raid”

• Famous aerial engineer before the war

America Fights Back

• Requirements for bombers• 2,400 mile range

• 2,000 lb payload

• Selection of the N. American B-25 Mitchell• Modifications had to be made

• Removal• Lower gun turret

• Liaison radio

• Installation• Blast plates on fuselage

• 3 additional fuel tanks

• Mock gun barrel in tail cone

America Fights Back

• Spotted by Japanese ship• Signaled attack

• Begin raid early?• 160 miles out of preferred range• Fuel questions

• All planes make it safely off carrier• All targets hit• Low fuel = crash landing

• American Losses• 7 dead• 16 B-25 Mitchell’s lost

• Inflicted minor damage on Japanese

• Boosted public morale

The Casablanca Conference

• January 14-24, 1943

• Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle

• Plan European strategy

• Casablanca Declaration• Unconditional surrender of Axis Powers

• Aid USSR in invasion of Italy

World war II: 1943

• February-October• Germans surrender after the Battle of Stalingrad

• Benito Mussolini resigns as Prime Minister and dictator of Italy and Italian forces

surrender to Allied forces

• Italian forces under Allied Command declare war on Germany.

• November• Tehran Conference

• Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin

Roosevelt met to discuss and plan Operation

Overlord

Operation Overlord

• Allied Plan for Defeating Nazi Germany• 1. Operation Pointblank: Bombing campaign to dismantle German air force.

• 2. Operation Neptune: Invade German strongholds at Normandy, France by sea• Also known as the D-Day Landings

• Over two-million soldiers will land in Normandy over a few months

• 3. Create a two-front war for Germany• Fighting US/Britain on the west and the Soviet Union on the east.

• Germans send close to 600,000 soldiers to fight the Allies

• 4. Push German forces back into Germany and liberate Paris

• Losses• Allies – around 225,000 killed

• Germany – between 300,000 and 400,000 killed

Yalta Conference

• February, 1945

• Meeting between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill to discuss plans for the end of

the war and beyond.

• Each wanted something different• Roosevelt wanted help from Stalin against Japan

• His failing health lead him to agree on things he

normally wouldn’t

• Stalin wanted to keep the land he acquired in

eastern Europe

• Churchill wanted free elections in Eastern Europe

• Each had some similar ideas for Germany after the war

• Demilitarization

• Denazification

World War II: 1945

• April• US begins to focus on defeating Japan

• Major Victories• Iwo Jima

• Okinawa

• Deaths of prominent world leaders• President Roosevelt dies

• Harry S. Truman takes the office

• Mussolini is hanged

• Hitler commits suicide

• May• German forces unconditionally surrender

• May 8th – Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day)

Potsdam Conference

• Meeting in July of 1945 between the leaders of the Soviet Union, United States and Great

Britain to discuss the fate of Germany

• Changes in Leadership

• US now lead by President Harry S. Truman

• GB now lead by Prime Minister Clement Attlee

• SU still lead by dictator Joseph Stalin

• Agreements• Demilitarization, denazification, democratization, decentralization, dismantling

and decartelization

• Nazi war criminals to be put on trial

• Land taken by Germany to be given back

• Destroy German war factories

• Germany to pay reparations to the Soviet Union

The Manhattan project

• 1941-1947• US, Great Britain, Canada

• Research and Development• Nuclear weaponry

• Nazi Germany’s nuclear status?

• $2 Billion ($24 Billion today)

• 130,000 Employees

• Research of nuclear fission• Uranium/plutonium

• Dropping the Bomb• 6 months of fire-bombing ordered by Harry S. Truman

• Little Boy dropped on Hiroshima on August 8, 1945• Fat Man dropped in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

• August 15, 1945• Japanese surrender to US

• Called “Victory over Japan Day” or “V-J Day”

The End of the War

• The United Nations• The League of Nations was seen as a failure for its inability to contain threats from totalitarians.

• In April of 1945, 50 nations sent delegates to San Francisco, CA to draft a charter for the United Nations (UN)

• Each member country would have one vote• Members of the Security Council have more power (US, USSR, Britain, France, and China)

• The UN promised to have a greater role in world affairs• Disease, Famine, War, Education

The HolocaustThe Nazi’s Failed Attempt at Genocide

The Holocaust• “Anti-Semitism” means anything said or done against Jews.

• The Nazi party blamed Jews for Germany’s post World War I problems

• Nuremberg Laws• A series of racial laws passed against Jews during Hitler’s reign.

• 1. The Protection of German Blood and Honor – this made it illegal for Germans to marry Jews. Breaking this law carried a heavy prison sentence.

• 2. German Citizenship – Only those with German (or closely related) bloodlines could be a citizen of Germany. Many Jews who held government jobs had to resign and also lost their right to vote in German elections.

• 3. Made the swastika the official flag of Germany.

• Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass”• November 9th, 1938

• Jewish homes and businesses were broken into and destroyed

• 30,000+ Jews were arrested and transported to concentration camps.

The Holocaust• Ghettos

• “Holding cities” for Jews who had been displaced from their homes.• Eventually they were forced into a camp.

• Concentration Camps• Auschwitz, Dachau, Bergen-Belsen were the biggest• Jews were brought in on a rail car without knowing where they were.

• Then split up between the weak and strong• The weak would go immediately to the gas chambers

• Sometimes, medical experiments were performed on the weakest.• The strong were forced to work in horrid conditions until they died

• If they became too sick/weak to work, they were killed.

• “Arbeit Macht Frei”• Work makes you free

• Extermination Camps• Treblinka, Auschwitz, etc.• Jews were taken directly to the gas chambers

• This was officially called “The Final Solution” by Nazi leaders.

• Death Toll• It is estimated that over six-million Jews died during the holocaust

The Holocaust• Liberation

• Concentration and Extermination Camps were liberated after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945.• Treblinka was destroyed before the Allies made it.

• Nuremberg Trials• Trials for Nazi officials were held in Nuremberg, Germany

beginning in 1945.• Over 200 were tried and found guilty of war crimes and “crimes against

humanity”• Some of the top leaders received the death penalty, others were given life

in prison• Many were never captured, but the charge and punishment remained

• The State of Israel• Israel became an official Jewish country in 1948, coming out from

a civil war with the Palestinians.