First World War Survey - The Canadian Story

A Project by the World Heritage TourismResearch Network (WHTRN)

The Centennial of the First World War (1914 -1918) Survey:

The Canadian Story

Dr. E. Wanda GeorgeMount Saint Vincent University

May 2014

Tables and Graphs created by GeoMac

© 2014 E. Wanda George. All rights reserved.

ABOUT THE RESEARCH PROJECT

WHTRN Project Team (Core Researchers)

Dr. E. Wanda George, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS CA

Dr. Myriam Jansen-Verbeke, KU Leuven, BE Dr. Mallika Das, Mount Saint Vincent University,

Halifax, NS CA Dr. Brian Osborne, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON CA

This presentation presents results of the Canadian data collected in the global online ‘Centennial of the First World War’ Survey project which was conducted in 2012 by the World Heritage Tourism Research Network

(WHTRN).

WHTRN gratefully acknowledges the support of the Flemish Department of Foreign Affairs, Mount Saint Vincent University, KU Leuven, project

advisers and all those who participated in this project.

Photo on title slide: Tyne Cot Cemetery, near Ieper, Belgium. Photo, Slide Banner & WordClouds, © E W. George, 2012

Africa (N=63) 2% 17 countries

Asia (N=118) 4% 13 countries

Europe (N=1,994) 71% 39 countries

N. America (N=497) 18%7 countries

Oceania (N=146) 2% 2 countries

S. America (N=8) 0.5% 3 countries

Total Global Response

2827[2490]

United States 277, Canada 211 [194], Bahamas, Mexico, Bermuda, Costa Rica, HaitiAustralia 112, New Zealand 34Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia

South Africa 44, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Benin, Botswana, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana ,Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Sierra Leone,Suriname, Tanzania, TogoIndia 63, China, Turkey, Hong Kong, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia , Bahrain, Japan, South Korea, Russia, Taiwan, ThailandBelgium 683, Switzerland 295, France 293, United Kingdom 205, Germany 158, Netherlands 128, Poland 39, Ireland, Italy, Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Hungary, Latvia,Finland, Sweden, Israel, Albania, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Iceland ,Romania, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Continental Response

Top 13 countries

highlighted in red

Global Responses by Language

4German English French Dutch0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

413 (15%)

1333 (47%)

377 (13%)

704 (25%)

Total Responses N= 2827

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Age of Respondents GL CA

18-29 yrs 19% 7%30-39 yrs 17% 10%40-49 yrs 20% 19%50-59 yrs 21% 30%60-69 yrs 17% 26%70-79 yrs 5% 6%80 yrs and > 1% 2%

Gender GL CAMale 62% 66%Female 38% 34%

Total Valid CanadianResponse

2490 [197]Education

(highest level achieved)

GL CA

High School Diploma 11% 9%Trade Certificate or College Diploma 5% 9%Bachelor's Degree Undergrad Degree 18% 20%Master's Degree Graduate Degree 38% 30%Doctoral Degree Postgrad Degree 24% 32%

Profile of Global Vs Canadian Respondents

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5

Canadian Respondents by Age Group

6

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18-29 years

30-39 years

40-49 years

50-59 years

60-69 years

70-79 years

80 years or over

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

7%10%

19%

30%

26%

6%

2%

Total Responses = 177

18-29 years 7%30-39 years 10%40-49 years 19%50-59 years 30% 60-69 years 25%70-79 years 6% 80 years or over 2%

64% of r

esponden

ts

were ag

e 50 or

over

Respondents by highest educational

level achieved

7

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High School Diploma

Trade Certificate or College Diploma

Bachelor's Degree (Undergraduate)

Master's Degree (Graduate)

Doctoral Degree (Postgraduate)

0102030405060

9% 9%

20%

30% 32%

TotalCanadian Respondents = 171

82% of C

anadian

responde

nts had

a

univers

ity degr

ee

Respondents by main areas of expertise,

if an educator or researcher

8* Some respondents checked more than one discipline.

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Archeology

Cultural studies

Geography

Political science

Management & Marketing

Military history

Regional planning

Sociology

Tourism studies

World history

Other,

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

8 (5%)

21 (12%)18 (10%)

9 (5%)

25 (15%) 26 (15%)

7 (4%)4 (2%)

33 (19%)

22 (13%)

0

Total Canadian Respondents = 173All disciplines

Respondents by Occupation (Global)

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9Note: Size of word/phrase is relative to number of responses i.e. the larger the word/phrase, the larger the number of responses.

Personal Connections to WWI

10

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Yes No Don't know0

20

40

60

80

100

95 (49%)

61 (32%)37 (19%)

Did a family member serve in the military in WWI?

Total Canadian Responses = 193

Yes No Don't know020406080

100120

35 (18%)

115 (60%)

43 (22%)

Was a family member killed in action in WWI?


49 % of Can vs. 51% of global respondents had a family

member serving

18 % of Can

vs. 21% of g

lobal

respondents

had a famil

y

member kille

d in action

in WWI

11

Personal Connections to WWI - cont’d

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Yes No Don't know0

50

100

150

30 (16%)

148 (77%)

15 (8%)

Did a family member live in a former WWI combat

zone in 1914?Total CanadianResponses = 193

Yes No Don't know0

50

100

150

200

1%

98%

1%

Do you currently reside in a former WWI combat zone?Total

CanadianResponses = 193

Yes No Don't know0

50

100

150

37 (19%)

136 (70%)

20 (10%)

Does a family member or friend currently reside in a former

WWI combat zone?Total CanadianResponses =193

Global Yes = 35%

GlobalYes = 14%

GlobalYes = 26%

Other Personal Connections to WWI (Global)

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Memories of WWI should be kept alive…

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93% Agre

e

or Stron

gly

Agree

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

020406080100120140160

1% 0 2%

21%

75%

…for understanding events that changed

world historyTotal Canadian Responses = 191

96%

Agree/St

rong

ly Agree

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

2% 2%

17%

46%

33%

…for understanding the warfare of WWI


79%

Agree/St

rongly

Agree

14

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Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

0%20%40%60%

2% 3% 7%21%

67%

…for remembering the sacrifices of millions of

people in WWITotal Canadian Responses = 191

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

0%

20%

40%

60%

3% 3% 9%28%

57%

…for serving as a deterrent to future conflict between

countriesTotal Responses = 191

85%

Agree/St

rongl

y Agree

88%

Agree/St

rong

ly Agree

15


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Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

2% 3%

29%

38%

27%

…for promoting intercultural exchangeTotal Canadian Responses = 191

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

0%

10%

20%

30%12% 13%

23% 21%

32%

…for strengthening feelings of national

identityTotal Canadian Responses = 191

53%

Agree/St

rongl

y Agree

65%

Agree/St

rongly

Agree

16


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Strongly Disagree

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

2% 5%

22%

40%

32%

…for encouraging visitation to WWI war sites


72% Agre

e or

Strongly

Agree

17


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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

21%

46%

21%28%

38%21%

40%

75%

33%

67%57%

27% 32% 32%

Strongly AgreeAgreeNeutralDisagreeStrongly Disagree

Strengthening

national identity is more

important to

Canadians (53%

agreed) when

compared globally (25%)

96%

Agree/Stron

gly Agree 79

%

Agree/Stron

gly Agree

88% Agree /

Strongly

Agree 85%

Agree/

Stron

gly Ag

ree 65%

Agree/

Stron

gly Ag

ree53%

Agree/

Stron

gly Ag

ree 72%

Agree/

Stron

gly Ag

ree

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

7%5%

3% 3%

11% 12%

21%23%

5%

10%

4% 4%

14%

8% 8%10%

18%20%

12%16%

26%

21%24%

22%

44% 45%48%

51%

34%

25% 24%20

25%

20%

33%

26%

16%

35%

23%25%

Not at all important Of little importance Neutral Important Very important

18

Your remembrance of WWI is influenced by…

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Documentaries/broadcasts and

literary, artistic and cultural

works most important influencers

Lesson

s

learne

d in

school

Docume

ntarie

s

& Broa

dcasts

Movies

about

WWi

Litera

ry,

artist

ic &

cultur

al

works

Intern

et

inform

ation

Visits

to WW

I

battle

fields

or

commem

orativ

e even

ts

Storyt

elling

by

family

or fr

iends

about

WWI

Person

al

inheri

tance

of

docume

nts/so

uvenir

s

Other influences on remembrance (global)

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Number of times of visits to a WWI Heritage Site

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0 times 1-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 t...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

35 (20%)

24 (13%)

9 (5%) 11 (6%)

100 (56%)93 (55%)

50 (30%)

12 (7%)5 (3%)

9 (5%)

In your own country (N = 179)

20% of Canadians

have never visi

ted

a WWI heritage s

ite

in Canada. Howev

er,

56% have visited

more than 10 tim

es.

Number of times of visits to a WWI Heritage Site in the last 5 years

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210 times 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times 5 times more than 5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60 52 (29%)

19 (11%)12 (7%) 12 (7%)

7 (4%)

40 (23%)35 (20%)

How many times have you visited a WWI heritage site in the last 5 years?

While 29%

have not

visited a

WWI

heritage s

ite in las

t

5 years, 4

7% indicat

e

frequent v

isits (>4

times).

Would visiting a WWI heritage site be a motive for you to travel to a

particular destination?

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22a primary motive a secondary

motivenot a motive

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

27% (n=50)

38% (n=69)35% (n=64)

Would visiting a WWI heritage site be a motive for you to travel to a

particular destination?Total Canadian Response = 183

65% said it would be a primary or secondary motive to travel.

Are you likely to visit a WWI heritage site

in the near future?

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23

Definitely Not Probably Not Not Sure Probably Definitely0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12 (7%)

41 (23%)

46 (25%) 52 (29%)

31 (17%)


46% indicate they are likely to visit a WWI heritage site in the near future. 25% are unsure.

Places most likely to visit

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25

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related event or ceremony

0 times 1-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times more than 10 times

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45% 42%

24%

7%

2%

26%

44%

28%

13%

4%

11%

In your own country (n=178)

In another country (n=180)

How many times have you attended a WWI-related commemorative event

or ceremony?

A significant number of Canadians (42%) have never attended a WWI-related event or ceremony in Canada

26

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related event or ceremony anywhere in last 5 years

0 times 1 time 2 times 3 times 4 times 5 times more than 5 times

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

45%

9%12%

9%

2%

8%

15%

How many times did you attend a WWI-related event or ceremony anywhere

in the last 5 years?Total

Canadian Responses = 180

Likelihood to visit a WWI commemorativeevent or ceremony during its Centenary?

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27Definitel... Probably... Not ... Prob... Defini...

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8 (4%)

26 (15%)28 (16%)

52 (29%) 65 (36%)

16 (9%)

69 (40%)54 (31%)

21 (12%)14 (8%)

In your own country

65% of Canadians said they are likely to visit a WWI event or ceremony during it Centenary (2014-2018)

Commemorative event or ceremony most likely to attend during the

Centenary

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Current or past affiliations with war-related organizations (affirmative responses)

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29a war veterans' association or

club

the military a war-related professional organization

a war-related museum/visitor

center

a war-related government department

0102030405060708090

100

49 (28%)N=175

62 (35%)N=177

29 (17%)N=169

37 (22%)N=169 28 (17%)

N=169

Current or past affiliations with war-related organizations

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30

Yes

NoTotal Responses

020028 (17%) 141 (83%)169 (100%)

Current or past affiliations with war-

related organizations ......

a war-related government department

Yes No Total Respons

es

0100200 37 (22%)

132 ( 78%) 169 (100%)

Current or past affiliations with war-

related organization.........a war-related museum/

visitor center

Current or past affiliations with war-related organizations –

cont’d

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31

Yes No Total Responses

050

100150200

49 (28%)

126 (72%)175 (100%)

Current or past affiliations with war-related organizations

...... A war veterans' association or club

Yes No Total Responses

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

62 (35%)

115 (65%)

177 (100%)

Current or past affiliations with war-related

organizations.....the military

Current or past affiliations with war-related organizations –

cont’d

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32

Interest in TV/Internet broadcasts, films, books & other media

coverage specifically related to WWI as the Centenary approaches

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33Definitely Not

Probably Not Not Sure Probably Definitely0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

3% 2% 36%

8%

53%Total Canadian Responses: N=17891% Probably/Definitely Interested Global61% Probably/Definitely Interested Canadian

61% show interest in media coverage related to WWI Centenary.

Describing WWI heritage sites as …..

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34places for pilgrimages

places for reflection

places for education in world...

places for honouring

places for remembrance

places for spiritual healing

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

28%

40%

34%30% 29% 28%28%

53%61% 58%

66%

14%

Strongly DisagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly Agree

n=178

Places for education in world history = 95%Places for remembrance = 95%Places for reflection = 93%Places for honouring = 88%

Opinions about WWI heritage preservation and the role of

tourism

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35Strongly Disa...

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly A...

0102030405060708090

100

1%4%

17%

46%

35%

WWI heritage landscapes deserve to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage.

Total CanadianResponses N = 179

81% Agree/Strongly Agree

World Heritage designation is given to sites that are considered to

be of Outstanding Universal Value

“In focusing o

n

historical eve

nts

such as WW1 we

have

the option to

evolve

and as a globa

l

community make

better

choices. WWI W

orld

Heritage sight

s allow

us this opport

unity

and thus touri

sm can

become a venue

to

facilitate awa

reness

and the positi

ve

evolution of

humanity.”

“I think UNESCO World Heritage status will be generally beneficial for the long term future of these sites but an unfortunate bi-product of this is the greater publicity this will engender and in its train the enhanced visitor pressures that these fragile sites will encounter.”

Some other thoughts…


tourism

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37

0

10

2030

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

27%

38%

24%

The status of 'UNESCO World Heritage' guarantees the

preservation of WWI heritage sites.

62% Agree/Strongly Agree. However,

research does not support this claim

0102030405060708090

100

2 (1%)9 (5%)

41 (23%)

83 (47%)

43 (24%)

The status of 'UNESCO World Heritage' will

keep the memories of WWI alive.Total Canadian Responses

N = 178



tourism

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3% 1%

21%

53%

22%

Tourism helps sustain the values of WWI

heritage.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3% 2%

23%

45%

26%

Tourism is instrumental in preserving WWI heritage sites.


75%

Agree/St

r

ongly

Agree

Total Canadian Responses N = 179

Total Canadian Responses N = 179


tourism

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39Strongly Disa...

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly A...

0102030405060708090

100

2%4%

40% 39%

16%

Development of WWI memorial landscapes meets current trends in

cultural tourism.

54%

Agree/Strong

ly Agree but

40% are not

sure.

Total CanadianResponses N = 179

War Memorial Landscapes:Tourism Attractions

40

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Tyne Cot Cemetery The Cross of Sacrifice

Canadian Soldiers

in the Trenches

at Vimy Ridge in 1917

On a blustery Easter Monday morning 95 years ago, thousands of young Canadians poured out of trenches and underground bunkers and tunnels and swarmed up a gently sloping hillside in northern France, a place called Vimy Ridge. Early in the morning of 9 April 1917, 20,000 soldiers attacked in the first wave of fighting. Canadian casualties reached 10,602, of which 3,598 were killed. One of the greatest battles in Canadian history, the victory at Vimy Ridge was considered the turning point of WWI.(Source: Huntington Post, April 2, 2012)Landscape of Memory: Canadian National Vimy Memorial Site, France. (Photo source: W. George, 2011) Together with the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, this Canadian memorial site receives nearly 1,000,000 tourists annually.

“Tourism is unavoidable. Tourism in order to visit battlegrounds and cemeteries can be insane, almost like picking on dead bodies…touristic approach must be very cautious and not be a primary aim of reflection and actions. The remembrance and the sacrifices of our forebears should not be devaluated to a commercial and touristic commodity.”

Tourism is not welcomed by everyone!

“War is sufferi

ng and

there is no ple

asure

in remembering o

r

celebrating it.

This

is also not a

commodity to be

sold

in market under

the

brand of Touris

m.”

“I beli

eve that

managing herita

ge

tourism is of g

reat

importance. It

is

important to al

low

people to visit

sites

and to understa

nd

them…can be eas

ily

destroyed by

insensitive

development… eve

ry

site does not ne

ed a

visitors' centre

or

museum.”

Visitor experiences at WWI Heritage Sites support…

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43

01020304050607080

3% 2%

14%

39% 42%

The remembrance of millions who believed their countries

were 'worth fighting and dying for'


Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

010203040506070

4% 8%

34% 34%

20%Total CanadianResponses 178

The promotion of peace movements

71% Agree/Str

ongly Agree

54% Agree/Str

ongly Agree


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44Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

01020304050607080

5% 7%

33%

43%

12%

An interest in military strategies

Total CanadianResponses = 177

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

010203040506070

4% 16%

36% 37%

16%

Efforts for international solidarity



55%

Agree/Strong

ly Agree


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45Strongly Disagree

Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

0102030405060708090

1% 1%6%

45%49%

A consciousness about the human suffering of WWI



Landscapes of War: The Trench of Death in Flanders, Belgium

The Trench of Death

Views about developing sustainable tourism at WWI heritage sites -

Important factors

47

Not at all

Important

Somewhat Importan

t

Neutral Important

Very Importan

t

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1% 4%

22%

40%

33%

Visitor Management


73% Important

Not at all

Important

Somewhat

Important

Neutral Important

Very Importa

nt

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2% 4%

33%38%

23%

Carrying Capacity


61% Important

48


Important factors – cont’d

Not at all

Important

Somewhat Importan

t

Neutral Important

Very Importan

t

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1% 3%

19%

40% 37%

Codes of Conduct for Visitors


Not at all

Important

Somewhat

Important

Neutral Important

Very Importa

nt

0102030405060708090

100

1% 2%

14%

31%

54%

Ethical Standards for Commercializing WWI

HeritageTotal CanadianResponses = 177

77% Important 85% Important


Important factors – cont’d

49

Not at all

Important

Somewhat

Important

Neutral Important

Very Importa

nt

0102030405060708090

100

1% 1%9%

37%

53%

Authenticity of the Historical Setting


Not at all

Important

Somewhat

Important

Neutral Important

Very Importa

nt

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1% 1%7%

32%

60%

Integrity of Interpretation of War

MemoriesTotal CanadianResponses = 177

90% Important 92% most Important

Centennial of the First World War (1914 -1918) Survey

REFERENCES: George, E.W., Jansen-Verbeke, M., Das, M. & Osborne, B.S. (2012). The Centennial of the First World War (2014-2018). An online survey. Halifax, NS: World Heritage Tourism Research Network, Mount Saint Vincent University.Kovacs, J.F. & B.S. Osborne (2012). A Bibliography: The Great War (1914 – 1918). Halifax, NS: World Heritage Tourism Research Network, Mount Saint Vincent University. Online at: http://www.whtrn.ca/Data/Sites/1/media/greatwarbibliography,-april17,2014.pdf.

:

First World War Survey - The Canadian Story

Documents

Transcript of First World War Survey - The Canadian Story