The Norman Conquest 1066-1100 - Droylsden Academy

TheNormanConquest1066-1100

Contentspage:1,Contentrevision

2,Activitiestocomplete

3,Howtoanswerthequestions

4,Modelanswers

5,Practicequestions

1,ContentRevisionTopic Confidencescalered

(notatall)Confidencescaleamber(middle)

Confidencescalegreen(very)

Englandbefore1066

Claimantstothethrone

TheBattleofStamfordBridgeandtheBattleofHastings

Williamestablishescontrol(all5

steps)

Castles

LifeundertheNormans:feudalsystem

LifeundertheNormans:thenationalgovernment

LifeundertheNormans:Lawandorder

EconomicchangeundertheNormans

SocialchangeundertheNormans

ReligionundertheNormans

RelationswiththePope

DurhamCathedral

EducationundertheNormans

KeyDates

• 1013:VikinginvasionofEngland.KingAethelredofEnglandiskilledandCanutebecomesKingofEngland.• 1035:KingCanutedies,hisson,HarthacanutebecomesKing.• 1041:Edward,sonofthepreviouskingAethelred,comesovertohelpHarthacanuteruleEngland.• June1042:Harthacanutediessuddenly• 3April1042:EdwardofficiallybecomeskingofEngland• 1045:KingEdwardmarriesEdith,theeldestsonofHaroldGodwinson,themostpowerfulearl.Thiswasa

politicalmarriage.• 1051:HaroldGodwinrebelsagainstEdwardandisexiled.• Late1050’s:HaroldGodwinreturnsandisappointedsub-regulus(deputy-King)• 6thJanuary1066:EdwardtheConfessor,KingofEngland,dies.• 7thJanuary1066:HaroldGodwinsoncrownedKingofEngland• May1066:HaroldandhisarmywaitingontheSouthCoast,expectinganinvasionfromWilliamofNormandy• 8thSeptember1066:Haroldsendshisarmyhome,WilliammovesalongFrenchcoasttoValery-Sur-Somme,

HaraldHardradasailstoNorthofEngland• 20thSeptember1066:BattleofFulford• 25thSeptember1066:BattleofStamfordBridge• September1066:WilliamofNormandyarrivesinSouthEnglandandbuildsfirsttemporarycastle• 13thOctober1066:HaroldarrivesinHastings,SouthEngland.• 14thOctober1066:BattleofHastings,KingHaroldkilled.• 30thOctober1066:WilliammoveshissoldiersawayfromHastingsandstartstopunishsurroundingtowns

andvillagesforsupportingHarold.• 25thDecember1066:WilliamTheConquercrownedKingofEngland.• 1067:RevoltsagainstKingWilliaminKent,TheWelshBordersandNorthumbria• 1068:RevoltsagainstKingWilliambyEdwinandMorcerandintheSouthWest• 1069:TheHarryingoftheNorth• 1070-1071:RevoltsagainstKingWilliaminEastAnglia• 1070:LefrancbecomesArchbishopofCanterbury• 21April1073:PopeAlexanderIIendPapacy• 22April1073:PopeGregoryVIIbecomesPope• 1075:TheEarlsRevolt,EarlofHereford• 1085:WorkontheDomesdaybookcommences• 25thMay1085:PopeGregoryVIIendsPapacy,VictorIIIbecomesPope• 9thSeptember1087:WilliamIdies,followinganinjuryinabattle6weeksearlier• 26thSeptember1087:KingWilliamII(commonlyknownasRufus)2ndeldestson,crownedKingofEngland• 12thMarch1088:VictorIIIPapacyends,PopeUrbanIIbecomesPope.• 1088:BishopOdoofBayeuxleadsarebellionagainstKingRufus,Rebellionfailed• 1098:Lefrancdied,Rufusdidnotreplacehim• 1091:RufusgoestoNormandytalkwithhisbrother,Robert.Noagreementreached• 1093:KingRufusbecomesillandappointsAnselmasArchbishopofCanterbury• 1093:BuildingworkonDurhamCathedralstarts• 2ndAugust1100:Rufusdied(killed?)inahuntingaccident• 2ndAugust1100:HenryI,Rufus’brother,iscrownedKingofEngland.

Keywordglossary

Danegeld-moneygiventoDanishinvaderstoencouragethemtoendinvasion

Earl–Arichlandowner

Earldoms–anareaoflandruledbyanearl

Witan-Thecouncil

Sub-Regulus-DeputyKing

Heir-apersonlegallyentitledtothepropertyorrankofanotheronthatperson'sdeath

Coronation–theceremonyofcrowningakingorqueen

Warrior-afighter/soldier

Rivals-apersonorthingcompetingwithanotherforthesameobjective

Navy-thebranchofthearmedservicesofastatewhichconductsmilitaryoperationsatsea.

Army-anorganizedmilitaryforceequippedforfightingonland.

Housecarls–theKingstrainedarmy,withgoodweapons

Fyrds-peasantfighters,withnoexperienceandlittle

Cavalry-thepartofanarmythatinthepasthadsoldierswhorodehorses

Archers-apersonwhoshootswithabowandarrows

Exiled-expelandbar(someone)fromtheirnativecountry,typicallyforpoliticalorpunitivereasons.

Harvest-theprocessorperiodofgatheringincrops.

Shieldwall–TheEnglishdefensivetacticinBattleofHastings,Soldierswouldstandinastraightlinewiththeirshieldstogether.

Conquering-overcomeandtakecontrolof(aplaceorpeople)bymilitaryforce.

Vikings-anyoftheScandinavianseafaringpiratesandtraderswhoraidedandsettledinmanypartsofNWEuropeinthe8th–11thcenturies.

Taxes–moneythatpeoplepaytotheking/church

Danes–peoplefromDenmark

Plundering-stealgoodsfrom(aplaceorperson)

Harrying-persistentlycarryoutattacksonsomething

Economic–todowithmoney

Aristocracy–theupperclass,thericherpeopleinNormanEngland

Topic1:TheNormans–conquestandcontrol

Background:Englandbefore1066–Anglo-SaxonEngland

Englandwasawealthycountryasithadalotoffertileland,whichmeantthatcropscouldgrow.Farmersgrewwheat,rye,barleyandoatsaswellasanimalproducts.OntopofthisEnglandproducedwool.ThemajorityoftheSouthofEnglandwascoveredinwoodland.ThiswasgoodforthepeopleinEngland,butitalsomeantthatitwasanattractivecountriesforinvaders.Religionwasveryimportanttopeople.

AdifferentearlwasinchargeofeachEarldom.

HaroldGodwinsonwastheearlofWessex-thiswasthemostpowerfulearl.

EdwardwaslikedbytheearlsandlordsinEnglandandhewasnamesassuccessortothethrone.Thismeansthatwhentheking(Harthacanute,Canuteson)died,Edwardwouldbecomeking.InJune1042Harthacanutedies,andayearlaterEdwardofficiallybecomesKingofEngland.

AsKing,EdwardwantedtomakesurethateverybodywasonhissidesohemarriesEdith,theeldestsonofHaroldGodwinson,ashewasthesecondmostpowerfulmaninEnglandatthetime.Howeverthisdidnotrelievetensions,theGodwinfamilyandthekingdidnotgeton.HaroldGodwineventriedtorebelagainstthekingin1051.AsaresultofthistheGodwinfamilywereexiledandEdwardgaveimportantpositionstootherNormans(fromNormandy)thatheknewhecouldtrust.

AlotofEnglishpeopledidnotlikethismove,asitmeantthatitwasNormansthatweregettingtheimportantjobs,nottheEnglish.TheWitan(governmentatthetime)encouragedHaroldGodwintocomebacktoEnglandwithanarmy.TheyconfrontedtheKingandforcedhimtogetridofhisNormanadvisorsandgiveGodwinhislandandpowerback.Astheyearswenton,EdwardbecamelessandlessinterestedinrulingEngland,hewasmoreconcernedaboutreligionanddedicatedmostofhistimetothis.HaroldGodwinstartedtoruleEnglandonEdward’sbehalf,andbylate1050’sHaroldwasproclaimedSub-regulus(DeputyKing).

Claimantstothethrone.

By1066Edwardwasseriouslyill,buthehadnosonstotakeoverthethroneoncehedied.Therewerefourmenthatthoughtthattheyshouldbeking.

EdgarAetheling.HewastheclosestrelativetoEdwardashisgrandfatherhadbeenEdward’shalf-brother.Howeverhewasonly14,hadnoarmy,nomilitaryexperience,nomoneyandnoexperienceofrunningacountry.

HaraldHardradaHaraldHardrada’sfatherhadbeenpromisedthethronebytheperviousking,Harthacanute.WhenHardrada’sfatherdiedHaraldHardradathoughtthatheshouldbeentitledtotheEnglishthrone,asithadbeenpromisedtohisfamily.Hewasanexperiencedruler,hehadbeentheKingofNorwayfor20years,hewastheleaderofastrongandpowerfulVikingarmy.

William,DukeofNormandyHewasadistantcousinofEdwardashewastheillegitimatesonofEdward’uncle.WilliamhadstrongtiestoHaroldGodwinastheearlofWessex,theyhadbeentradingforyearsandtheyhadhelpedeachotherfightofthethreatoftheVikings.EdwardhadbeenbroughtupinNormandyandwhenHaroldGodwinrebelledagainsthimin1051,itwasWilliamofNormandythathadsendintroopstohelpEdward.Inreturn,EdwardhadpromisedWilliamthethrone.WilliamwasacapablerulerofNormandy–hehadprovedthathewasabletorulesuccessfully.HealsoclaimedthatHaroldGodwinson,themostpowerfulearlinEnglandhadpromisedtosupportWilliamsclaim.

HaroldGodwinsonHaroldwasEdward’sbrother-in-lawashissisterwasEdith,theKingswife.HaroldGodwinsonwasHaroldGodwin’sson–thesonofthepersonthathadtriedtorebelagainstEdwardin1051.ThefamilyhadcontrolledWessex,themostpowerfulearldom.HehadbeenactingastheSub-Regulusthereforehadexperienceofrunningacountry,hewasaskilledmilitaryleaderandhadprovenhimselfwhenhedefendedEnglandagainstasWelshinvasion.Itisbelievedthatonhisdeathbed,EdwardaskedHaroldtolookafterthecounty,‘Icommendallthekingdomtoyourprotection’.HaroldsaidthathehadonlypromisedtosupportWilliam’sclaimtothethronebecausehewasbeingthreatened.

Onthe6thJanuary1066,Edwarddied.ThenextdayHaroldGodwinsonwascrownedKingofEngland.HewaspopularwiththeEnglishlordsashewasveryexperienced.Hewasarespectedwarrior,hewaswealthyandheknewhowtoleadEnglandtobeasuccessfulcountry.HeplannedtomarrythedaughteroftheEarlofNorthumbriatostrengthenhisposition.However,thestorydoesnotendthere.Hisrivals,Edgar,WilliamofNormandyandHaraldHardradastillwantedtobeking.

TheBattleofStamfordBridgeandTheBattleofHastings.

Haroldwasawarethattheotherclaimantswereprobablygoingtotryandtakehisthronesohestartedpreparingimmediately.HedemandedthatanyoftheshipsbelongingtoseamaninEnglandbeusedshouldtherebeaninvasion.Healsoneededtodevelophisarmy.TheKinghadasmallamountofloyalsoldiers(thehousecarls)butatthistimetherewasnotanationalarmy,soinsteadHaroldneededtocalluponhislords(Thegns)tocomeandfightandbringpeople,mostlikelypeasants,tohelpfight.TheywerecalledtheFyrds,theydidnothavehorsesorweapons.

ThefirstthreatdidnotcomefromWilliamintheSouthofEnglandwhereHaroldhadstationedhisarmy.InsteaditcamefromHaraldHardrada,theVikingleader.

May1066:HardradasailedNorth.HetriedtoinvadevariousplacesonhisrouteupNorth(egLincolnshire)butallofHarold’slordswereloyaltohimsoTostigwaseasilydefeatedoverandoveragain.ForthreemonthsHaroldandhismenjustwaitingfortheinvasion,butbetweenMayandSeptember,nothingcame.

Harold’sarmywasnowstruggling,theyhadbeenwaitingforthreemonths.Resources(egfood)werestartingtorunout,menwantedtogohome.Hissoldiersneededtobepaid.Manyofthepeasantsneededtogethomefortheharvest.

8thSeptember1066 HaroldGodwinson’sactions

William,DukeofNormandyactions

HaraldHardradaandTostigactions

Hesenthissoldiershomeafterthreemonthsofwaitingaround.

HemovedhistroopsEastalongtheFrenchcoastsothattheywereatStValery-sur-Somme,theclosestpointtoEnglandandwerewaitingforthewindtoallowthemtosailtotheSouthofEngland.Hehadalargefleetofshipswithflat-bottomssotheycouldcarryhorses.Hehadaround8,000menwithhim.

TheyweresailingdowntheeastcoastfromScotlandwithafleetof300shipsandupto8,000soldierstoinvadetheNorthofEngland.

TheBattleofStamfordBridge

HaraldHardradandTostigsailalongtheeastcoastfromScotland.Theyhave300shipswiththemandupto8,000Soldiers.

HardradandTostigarriveatRiccall,NearYork.2othSeptember,BattleofFulford:BattlebetweenHardrada/TostigandtheEarlsofNorthumbria.HardradaandTostigaresuccessful.Yorknowbelongstothem.

Meanwhile,HaroldGodwinsonlearnsthatHardrada/Tostighavearrived.HeregathershisarmyandmarchesupNorthtomeettheinvaders.Hismenmarcharound200milesinaweek.

Godwinson’smenaresofastthattheysurpriseHardradaandTostigatStamfordBridgeonthe25thSeptember1066.ThebattlestartsbadlyforHardradaandhismenastheyweretakenbysurpriseandnotready.

Hardrada’smenturnitaroundandtheyblockthemainbridgewhichstopsGodwinsonandhistroopsadvancing.

Godwinsoncomesupwithaplan,hegetshismentoswimunderthebridgeandputtheirswordsupthroughthebridgetoharmHardrada’smen.Theyarethenabletogettotheoppositeendofthebridgeandfightfrombehind.

HardradaandTostigbothkilledduringthebattle.Only24ofthe300shipstheybroughtreturnedtoNorway.Haroldwonconvincingly.

ButwithinthreedaysHaroldreceivednewsthatWilliamofNormandyhadlandedinthesouthofEngland.ThewindhadchangeddirectionwhichmeantthatWilliamleftFrancealotearlierthanexpected.Haroldnowhadtomarch200milesbackdownsouth.HoweverhehadlostalotofhisgoodfightersintheBattleofStamfordBridgesoheneededtogatheranewarmyashemarcheddown.

BattleofHastings–14thOctober1066

• HaroldhasmarcheddownsouthandarrivednearHastingsonthe13th.ItwasnotpossibletosurprisetheNormans,theyknewHaroldwasthere.

• Haroldtoldhismentocampandrestforthenight.TheystayedonSenlacHill.• Thenextmorning,WilliamwenttofindHaroldandhisarmy–hewasreadyforafight.• Bothsideshad6,000-7,000troops.• HaroldgothismentoformashieldwallontopofSenlacHill,withthehousecarlsatthefrontand

thelessexperiencedmenattheback.TheFyrdshadsimpleweaponssuchasclubs,axes,slingsandthemorepreparedfightershadswordsandjavelins.Therewerenoarchers.Theywerereadytodefend,butwerenotverypreparedforattacking.

• William’sarmyhadadifferentmakeup.HereliedheavilyonCalvary.Onhisfrontlinehehadrowsofarchers.Thesecondlinewerefootsolderswithswordsandshieldsandwearingarmourmadeofchainmail.Thehorseswereattheback.Theywerereadytoattack.

• Atthestartofthebattle,theNormansshotarrowsattheshieldwall.Theshieldwalldidnotbreak.• TheNormansthenadvanced,hopingtofightfacetofacetheystoodinfrontoftheshieldwallbut

stilltheycouldnotbreakit.• BeingonthetopofthehillreallyhelpedtheEnglish.Thehorseswerenotabletochargeupthehill

asitwastoosteep.• Theywerenowfacingfacetoface,butnoonewasclearlywinning.Theyfoughtlikethisforthe

majorityoftheday.• Howeveronethingisforsure,theEnglishbroketheirshieldwallandfollowedtheNormansdown

thehill.TheEnglishrandowninanattempttokillmoreNormans.Haroldwasnotabletostopthem,andhispositionwasnowexposed.

• KingHaroldGodwinsonofEnglandwaskilled,eitherwithanarrowthroughtheeyeorhewashackedtodeathbyasoldiersonahorse.

• Thebattlewasover,Haroldwasdead,William,DukeofNormandynowcontrolledthesouthofEnglandandwasonacampaigntobecomeKingofEnglandWhowasmoreprepared?

KingHaroldandtheAnglo-Saxons

DukeWilliamandtheNormans

Typeandsizeofarmy Around7,000.Someexperiencedbutmostlyfyrd(inexperienced)

Mixtureoffootsoldiers,archers,Calvary.7,000

Specialistsoldiers Housecarls Knightstrainedfromtheageofthreetoridehorsesandfightonthem.

Weaponryandarmour Double-handedaxe,pikes,shields.Housecarlshadarmour,peasantsusedfarmingequipmentandarmourtakenfromfallensoldiers.

Bows,largespear,pikes,archers,horses,armour.

Battlestyle Shieldwallformation–defensive,preventingtheenemyfromgettingin.had

Various:hadsoldiersfightingwithhorses,archerswereusedtoweardown

double-handedaxesforwhentheenemycameclose.

theenemy.Theywereattackersratherthandefenders.

Positioninthebattle Ontopofthehill–strongpositionaswasabletoseeformilesandhardforenemytogetup.

Baseofthehill,marshyland.

Previousexperienceoffighting

Wasanexperiencedleader,hadpreviouslyfoughttheWelshandtheVikingsandwonusingarangeofstrategies.

HehadbeensuccessfulinconqueringareasaroundNormandyandbeyond.

Stateofthearmy Hehadmarcheshisarmyfor4daysupNorthtomeatHaraldHardrada,foughtabattleandthenwalkedbackdowntoLondon.Hisarmywerehungry,tired,homesickandexhausted.Asitwasnearharvest(andthemajorityofhisarmywerefarmers)manyofthemdeserted,ordidnotwanttofight.

HelandedinPevenseyon28thSeptember.Theyhadbuiltacastleandmadetheirwayalongthesouthcoastburningvillagesastheywent.TheyarrivedinHastingsafewdayslaterandhadanumberofdaystorestbeforethebattle.Hebroughtplentyofresourcesandfoodtokeephissoldierscomfortable.Hesplithisarmyintosectionssothateachofthemhadaspecificroletoplay.

Extrasupport KingHaroldwasapopularKingamongsttheEnglishlordsandhadthesupportoftheWitan(government).KingHaroldhasthechanceofgetting300,000mentomeethiminLondonbuthewasimpatientandcouldnotwaitanylongerforthemsohemarchedtomeetWilliamwithoutthem.

DukeWilliamhadthesupportoftheKingofFrance.HealsohadthesupportofthePope.

Williamestablishescontrol

Williamhadwonthebattle,buthewasn’tKingofEnglandyet.WilliamburiedalloftheNormansoldiers,butnottheEnglish,Haroldwasburied,outofrespect.OverthenextfollowingmonthsWilliamstartedtoimposehiscontrolovertherestofthecountryin6steps.Itwouldtakehim2monthsuntilhewasincompletecontrol.Itwasagradualprocess.

1) Williamclearsthepathforcoronation2) DealingwiththepowerfulLords3) Dealingwithearlyrevolts4) TheHarryingoftheNorth

5) DealingwithEastAnglia6) Dealingwiththeearlsrevolt,1075

Step1:FromHastingstoLondon-Williamclearsthepathforcoronation.

AfterthebattleWilliamwaitedatHastingsforthelordsandearlstosurrenderandseeWilliamastheirking.Thisdidnothappen.Soeventually,after2weeksofwaiting,WilliamleftagroupofsoldiersatHastingswhilehewenttopunish,RomneynearHastingsfortheirroleinthedeathofsomanyNormans.Itisnotknowexactlywhathedid,butKileythathekilledthemainmenandburntdownthebuildings.

HethenmovedontoDover,buttheyquicklysurrenderedastheydidnotwantthesametreatmentthatRomenyhadhad.HeleftsomearmymentheresothattheycoulddealwithanypotentialtroublewhilehemovedontoCanterbury,whereagainthepeoplequicklysurrendered.

AlthoughthetownsintheSouthofEnglandweresurrendering,theydidnotwantWilliamastheirkingandmanyoftheleadingmengottogetherinanattempttogetEdgarAethelingtobeking.Butitwaseventuallyagreedthathewastooyoung,andmanymenwerenowtooscaredofWilliamtosayno.TheyrealisedthatthebestwaytokeeptheirwealthandpowerwastosupportWilliam.TheearlsandlordsagreedsupportingWilliamwasprobablythebestoption.

25thDecember,1066:WilliamwascrownedKingofEngland.

Step2:DealingwiththepowerfulEnglishLords.

EnglishlordsthatpromisedtosupportWilliamweregivenland.(egEarlEdwin,MorcarandWaltheof)Howeverthosethathadfought(anddied)againstWilliamweretreatedharshly.Heseizedtheirland,disinheritedtheirfamilyandgavethatlandtotheNormansthathadsupportedhim.ThismadesurethatWilliamhadestablishedanetworkofloyalNormansallacrossthecountry.WhenhewastravellingbacktoNormandyhealsomadesurethathetooksomeofhisbiggestenemieswithhim,sothattheydidnothadthethreatofthemorganisingarevolt.(egMorcarandWaltheof)

Step3-DealingwithearlyrevoltsEventhoughtheysworetosupporthim,mostoftheEnglishearlshatedtheNormanrule.TheywereforeigninvadersthatweretryingtochangeEngland.TheywerehavingtopaytaxesfortheNormancastlesortheNormansoldiers.ThosethathadbeenkilledatHastingsweredisinheritedsomanypeoplehadanew,Normanlord.Peopledidn’tlikethementhatWilliamwasputtingintoplace.

During1067smalllocalrisingstookplaceandanumberofNormansweremurderedbytheEnglish.Overthenexttwoyears(1067-1069)therebellionsbecamemuchmoreserious.

1067:Kent,TheWelshBorders,Northumbria.1068:EdwinandMorcer,TheSouthWest.

Step4–TheHarryingoftheNorthIthadalwaysbeenhardfortheKingtocontroltheNorthofEngland,asitwassofaraway.In1069Williamappointedanewearl;somebodythathecouldtrust.HepickedEarlRobertCumin.Cumintravelledupnorthwithhisarmy.Heallowedthemtokillandstealfrompeopleastheymarchedup.TheNorthumbriansfoughtback.TheystartedacampaigntogetEdgarAethelingastheirking.TheymarchedtoYorkwheretheymettheNormans.Williamhadtosendhelp,otherwisetheNormansmighthavesurrendered.HeputdowntherebellionandbuildanothercastleinYorktomaintaincontrol.

Thiswasnottheendofthetroubles.TheseEnglishLordshadSwain,theKingofDenmarkontheirside.(Hesawthisasopportunitytotakeoverthethroneforhimself)

1069:Swainand240shipsarrivedintheNorthwheretheywerejoinedbyEdgarandWalthoef.BySeptembertheyhadcapturedYork.Williamdidnotknowwhattodoashewasfacingsomanyrebellions.HeofferedtogivetheDanesmoneyiftheyleave.Thefollowingspringtheyleft.Hedealtwiththerestoftherebelsbyburninghomes,masskillinganyonethatopposedhim,killinganimalsandcropsandplundering(stealing).ThisbecameknownastheHarryingoftheNorth.(Harryingmeansharassment/maltreatment).100,000werekilled;5%ofthepopulation.

Step5:DealingwithEastAnglia,1070-1071

AclearsignthatWilliamfacedrebelsintheNorthandtheSouth.TheDanesandKingSweinhadnotreturnedhomeaftertheHarryingintheNorth.InsteadtheycameSouthtowardsEly.AlthoughSweinnolongerwantedtobekingofEngland,hewasstillhappytoplunderandthengobacktoDenmarkwithhisriches.

HerewardtheWakewasbornnearPeterboroughandhebecameinvolvedintherebellions.HewasjoinedbyEarlMorcar.MorcarwasarrestedashehasconsistentlybeenathreattoWilliamwhereasHerewardwasabletokeephislandasitwasbelievedthathewouldnotdoitagain.IntheSouth,peacewasrestored.

Step6–Dealingwiththeearls’revolt,1075.

WilliamhadgainedstabilityinEngland,earlsandlordshadswornanoathtosupportWilliamandkeeptheirland,ortheyhadleftthecountry.Thereremainedonefinalthreat,butitdidnotcomefromtheEnglish,insteaditcamefromtheNormansthemselves.

Roger,EarlofHerefordwasnolongerhappywithhisposition.Hisfatherhadhadmorepowerandland.Inshort,hewantedmorepower.

Overalltherevoltwasafailure.TheEarlwascapturedinhishouse,andthosethathadhelpedhimfledtoNormandytosavethemselves.BythetimetheDanesarrivedthefighthadfailedsotheywentbackhome.Thosethathadbeeninvolvedwerepunished;RogerandRalphlosttheirland,andWaltheofwasbeheaded.

Castles

Whenweretheybuilt?ThemainwayWilliamestablishedcontrolwasthroughcastles.Everyplacearevoltorrebellionwassquashed,acastlewasbuilt.Before1066veryfewcastleshadbeenaroundbuttheywereavitalpartforWilliamandtheNormans.WhenhelandedinPevenseyoneofWilliam’sfirstactionswasto

buildacastletohelpdefendtheirposition.EverywheretheNormanswent,theybuiltcastles.

Whyweretheybuild?1)Strategic–theyhousedsoldierswhoweredealingwithrebellions.Williamdidnothavealotoftroopssoheneededtomovethemandhousethemdependingonwheretherevoltwas.

2)Symbolic–CastleswereaconstantreminderthattheNormanswerenowincontrol.Tomakemattersworsetheyusuallydestroyedhousesintownstomakeroomforthecastles,theEnglishhadtopayforthecastlesthroughtaxesanditwasEnglishbuildersthatbuiltthem.

Whatwerethey?

TheearlycastleswerecalledMotteandBaileycastles.

Howitworked

ThearmywouldliveintheBaileywithalltheirgoodsandresourcesandiftherewasariskofinvasiontheywouldusetheladdertoclimbthesteephillintothewoodenkeepatthetopofthehill.Thekeepwasthesafearea–itwasontopofahillsotheycouldseeformilesaroundanditwashardertogetintothereforeofferingthebestprotection.

Madefromwood

ThehillwascalledtheMotte.

Itwassurroundedbyaditch,makingitharderforattackertoattack.

Apalisade(fence)alsosurroundedit.

Awoodenfort,thekeep,builtontopofthemotte.

TheBaileywastheouterareaofthecastle.Thetroopslivedherewiththeirhorses.

Mapshowinglocationsofcastles.

Casestudy:PickeringCastle

ItwasbuiltduringtheHarryingoftheNorthtoshowWilliamhadauthority.Originallyitwasbuiltwithwoodbutwaslaterimprovedandwasbuiltoutofstone.IthasallthemainfeaturesoftheMotteandBaileylabelledabove,butPickeringcastle’sbaileywasdividedinto2section;theinnerwardandtheouterward.Thecastlewasdesignedtobeimposingtothelocalpeople.

ListofNormankings:

William,DukeofNormandywintheBattleofHastingsagainstHaroldGodwinsonsowascrownedkingofEnglandbetween25thDecember1066andhisdeath,9thSeptember1087.DespitethenumberofrebellionsthatWilliamhadseeninhisearlyrule,1075hadbeenthelastone.HebecamerelativelysecurebuthispositioninNormandywasdeterioratingsoheendedupspendingalotoftimetheretryingtokeeporder.In1086hewaswoundedinbattleandbecameincrediblyill.6weekslaterhedied.KingWilliamII(alsoknownasRufus)Williams2ndeldestsoninheritedthethrone,duetoastrainedrelationshipbetweenKingWilliamandhiseldestsonRobert.Hewascrownedkingon26thSeptember,1087.Almostimmediatelyhehaschallengestohisclaim,suchasfromhisolderbrother,Robert.1088:BishipOdoofBayeuxandtenleadingNormanlordsplannedarebellion.PartoftheirproblemwasthattheyownedlandinbothNormandyandEnglandanddidnotlikethefactthattherewasadifferentkingineachcountry(RobertwaskingofNormandy,RufusKingofEngland).

Rufusfoundoutabouttheplanandwasabletobribetherebelswithpromises(eghuntinglaws)andremindingthemoftheoaththeyhadpreviouslymade.1091–WilliamtravelledtoNormandytochallengehisbrother,Robert.Theywerenotreallyabletoagree,butthefactthatRobertsoonwentontheFirstCrusademeantthatforthelastfewyearsofRufus’reign,RobertwasnotabletoplananythingagainstEngland.2August1100–Rufuswaskilledinahuntingaccident(potentiallyaplotbyhisyoungerbrother,Henrybutnoevidenceforthis.HenryI HenrybecameKingafterRufus’death.RobertandHenry(brothers_)agreedthattheywouldremainintheirownDomain.RobertwouldonlyworryaboutNormandy,HenrywouldonlyworryaboutEngland.ButHenrybrokethispromiseandinvadedNormandyanyway.1106–HenrywontheBattleinNormandysohenowruledbothEnglandandNormandy.TheNormanconquestremainedintact.

Section2:LifeundertheNormans

Feudalism

TheFeudalsystemexplained.

WilliamKept25%ofthelandforhimself,hegave25%totheChurchandsplittheremaining50%upbetweenhissupporters(approximately200BaronsandBishops)

TheBaronsandBishopsweregiventhelandbytheKingintenure(renting)andinreturntheyhadtopromisetoprovideanarmywhenWilliamneededfighters.TheyalsosworetobeloyaltoWilliam.

TheBaronsandBishopsthengrantedsomeoftheirfollowersland.TheKnights.InreturnforthelandtheknightspromisedtoserveasanarmywhentheBaronsaskedandpromisedtomaintain/lookaftertheirlandforthem.(Controllingdaytodaylifeofthepeasants)

TheKnightsthengavesomeoftheirlandtothePeasants.Inreturnthepeasantshadtoworkthatlandandgivesomeoftheircropstotheknights.TheywouldalsoberequiredtospendsometimeworkingontheKnightslandwithoutpay.Theyneededpermissionforeverything,theycouldnotleavethelord(Knights)land.

Thenationalgovernment

Inordertoensurepeoplestayedloyaltohim,Williamgaveoutlandbutalsoimportantpositions,suchasSheriffdoms.BeforeWilliamtheearlsandlordshadhadquitealotofsayinhowtheirlandwasrun,butWilliamwantedasystemthatwasmuchmorecentralised.Thegovernmentwouldwritingupa‘Writ’whichwasalistofrulesandorderthatwouldthenbesentaroundthecountry.Whilethenationalgovernmentgaveupwiththe‘Writ’heneededastronglocalgovernmenttomakesuretheselawswerebeingstuckto.

TheLocalgovernment

BeforeWilliamthecountryhadbeensplitinto134shiresandashire-reeveincontroltocollecttaxesandensurelawswerebeingkept.TheNormanslikedthisstructuresoWilliamcarrieditonwhenhewasKing,withtheBaronandSheriffincharge.Theywereresponsibleforraisinganarmy,collectingtaxesandkeepingjustice.

Williamalsokepttothelegalsystemusedbeforehim.Howeverhesimplifieditandtriedtomakeisconsistent.BeforeWilliamsomeshireswouldhaveslightlydifferentrulesbutWilliamdidn’tlikethis.Hewantedeveryonetobethetreatedthesame.

Sohowwaslawenforced?

Constable’sPowertoarrestpeople,breakupfights,preventfires.TheyheldthekeytotheSTOCKS–forminorpunishments.

Theywerenotpaidmuch,thiswasoftentheirsecondjob.

WatchmenTheymadesurethatpeoplekepttothecurfew–topreventcrimeandcatchcriminals.Theywerenotpaid;manydidn’ttakethisroleseriouslyandinsteadsawitasanopportunitytodrinkwiththeirfriends

HueandCrySystemforcatchingcriminalsafteranoffense.Theyhadtoraiseanalarmwhentheysawacrimeandcryout.Everyonethatheardhadtotryandcatchthecriminals.Youcouldbefinedforignoringthecry.

Tithing10-12villeinsinagroup.Theypromisedtopreventeachotherfromcommittingacrime.Ifonecommittedacrimetheyhadtorevealthecriminalotherwisethewholegroupwouldbepunished.

Howweresuspectsdealtwith?

Oaths–thiswasacontinuationoftheAnglo-SaxonsSuspectsweretakentocourt,evidencewaspresentedandtheypeoplewhoknewtheaccusedwerecalledtogiveanaccount.(mostlytocommentonthecharacteroftheaccused)theyhadtoswearanoathontheBibletoensuretheywerenotlying.

Trialbyordeal–thiswasacontinuationoftheAnglo-SaxonsTrialbycoldwater:waterwasblessedbyapriest.Theybelievedthatholywaterwouldrepelasinner,sotheguiltywouldflatandtheinnocentwouldsink.Trialbyhotiron:carryaredhotironintheirhandsforthreesteps.Theirhandswouldthenbebandaged,andthreedayslatertheywouldbechecked.Iftheywereguiltythewoundswouldbeinfected,iftheywereinnocentthentheywouldbeclean.

Trialbybattle–thiswasintroducedbytheNormans.Introducedforseriousoffences.Battletookplacebetweentheaccusedandtheaccuser.Woodensticksorswordswereused.ItwasbelievedthatGodwouldintervenetohelptherightperson.Itwasnotnecessarilyafighttothedeath,ifonepersonwasseriouslyinjuredtheycouldsurrender,butthiswasacceptingthattheywereguiltyandwouldleadtodeathsomostbattleswereafighttothedeath.

Howweretheoffenderspunished?Iftheaccusedwasfoundtobeinnocentthentheaccuserwouldbefinedformakingafalseclaim.Iftheaccusedwasfoundguiltyfortheftorhurtingsomeonetheywouldpayafinetothevictim.Seriousoffencessuchasmurderwouldendurealargefinefromthefamilyaswelltheoffenderbeinghanged,orhavehislimbscutoff,becastratedormadeblind.

TheDomesdayBook

1085–Domesdaybookcommenced.ThiswasasurveyofallthepropertyandresourcesinEngland.Itshowedexactlywhoownedwhatineverypartofthecountry.Intotal13.218townsandvillageswereincluded.

ThemainpurposeofthissurveywassothatWilliamknewexactlyhowmuchhecantaxeachindividualanditwouldalsostopdisputesbetweenlordsoverland.ItisbelievedthatheundertookthissurveyashewasfearfulofanotherrebelagainsthisreignsohebroughtinnewsoldiersfromNormandyandthenneededtoraisetaxessothathecouldpayforthem.

2.2:EconomicandSocialChange

Economic=money.

In1066themajorityofpeoplelivedinthecountryside–only5%livedintownsandalthoughthereweremorediseasesthere,lifewasprobablyeasierintownsthatitwasinthecountryside.

Inthecountrysidefarmers(peasants)wouldkeepanimalsandgrowcrops.Ifaharvestwasgoodtheywouldhavelotsoffood,butittheharvestfailedthenfaminewouldfollow.Sheepfarmingwasthemostpopularwayofgettinganincome,buttheproductionoffoodwasstartingtobecomemorepopular.

TheDomesdayBookwouldrecordhowmuchlandtheBaronhad,howmanyKnightshadbeengivenland,howmuchland(measuredinplough),howmanyvilleins,howmanyanimals.

Immediateeconomicimpact.

Hadanegativeimpacttostart.

• Taxes–increasedrentandtaxes.MostofthemoneyraisedwasspentinNormandy.

• Land–wastakenawayfromnearlyalltheEnglishlandowners,somewentintopoverty.

• Destruction–muchlandwasdestroyed,especiallywherearevolttookplace(e.g.HarryingoftheNorth).Housesweredestroyedtomakewayforcastles–thistookawayhousesandland.InLincoln166housesweredestroyed.

• Buildings–spentalotoftaxmoneyoncastlesandcathedralstohelpwarfare.Thebuilders(theEnglishworked)werenotpaid.

Long-termeconomicimpact.

Afterinitialdisruption,fromthelate1090’sEnglandsawgreateconomicgrowth.Tradegrew,townsgrew,populationgrew,andwealthgrew.Why?

• Increasedsecurity–Ifpeoplethinkawarisgoingtohappenthentheywon’tinvestortakerisksbutoncetheysawthatWilliamwasastableinstitutiontradingflourished.

• Bettertrade–strengthenedtradelinksbetweenEnglandandEuropeancountries.Englandwasexportingmorerawmaterialsandmakingmoremoney.(egwoolandcloth)

• Money–aftertheconquestWilliambroughtsomewealthyJewswithhimtohelpmanagetheroyalaccounts.

Socialchange

Forthepoor FortherichWork Nearlyallfarmers,lifedependedonthetimeof

year/weather.Harvestwasthebusiesttime,butfarmingwasalwayshard.Longhours,everythingwasdonebyhand,nomachineryapartfromox-drawnploughs.

Eachvillagewassurroundedbyfields(usually3)andthesefieldsweredividedintostripsandgiventoafarmer.Theywouldagreewhichcroptheywouldgrow(wheat,ryeandbarley).Butcropswerevulnerabletoweather,diseaseandanimals.Evenafteragoodharvestitwouldbehardtogrowandkeepenoughfoodforthewintermonths.Peasantswouldalsohavetheirowngardenwheretheywouldgrowvegetablesandfruit,keeppoultryandtherewascommonlandwheretheycouldkeeplargeranimals.Theywouldhaveaccesstosomewoodlandareasotheycouldcollectwoodforafire.Mostwerefamersbutvillagesalsoneededblacksmiths,acarpenter,amillerandaweaver–butsomefarmersmightdoallthesejobsthemselves.

LordsandtheBishopsweretherichestpeople.BishopswereinchargeofeverythingthathappenedinthechurchwhereastheLordsownedtheland,althoughtheydidnotfarmit.Theirmoneycamefromtheproduceproducedbytheirtenants(peasantfarmers).Theyspendmostoftheirtimerunningtheestate.Knightswerealsorich,theywouldspendmostoftheirtimepractisingtheirmilitaryskillssothattheywerereadytofightforthekingwhencalledupon.(Horsemanshiporhunting).Sheriffswouldoverseetheadministrationandmakesurethateverybodywasstickingtothelaw,ordealwiththosethatwerenotstickingtothelaw.

Food Atewhattheycouldgrow,dietwassimpleBread,oatporridge,vegetablestew.Theycouldmakethebreadthemselves,butwouldhavetopaytousethelord’soven.Meatwasatreat–asitwasmoreexpensive.Meatwouldbesaltedorsmokedtokeepitfresh

Theyhadavarieddiet.TheywouldeatbreadTheywouldeatalotofmeatsuchaspheasant,woodcock,partridge,larksandblackbirdsMeatwasforbiddenduringlentanonFridayssotheywouldeatfishinstead.

astherewerenorefrigerators.Theykepthenssohadeggs.Theykeptanimalsformilk,andtheywouldmaketheirowncheese.Iftheylivedneartheseaorarivertheywouldcatchfishandeatthat.Pottagewasthemostcommon–itwasasoupmadefrombeansandpeasandseasonedwithherbs.Waterwasnotsafetodrinksotheywouldbrewtheirownweakbeer,ordrinkmilk.Theyhadnocrockeryorcutleryandinsteadtheywouldeatfromacrustofbeadandusingtheirhands.

Theydidnoteatalotoffruitorvegetablesastheywereseenasfoodforthepoor.DairyproductswerealsoseenasafoodforthepoorsotheywerenoteatenAstheirdietwasunhealthyalotofthemsufferedfrombadteeth,scurvyandrickets.Theyhadalotofbanquetsandparties,theywastedalotoffood.Theyhadplatestoeatfrom,madeofwoodorsilverforthereallyrich.Cutlerywasrarelyused,buttheywoulduseknivesandspoons.

Housesweredark,dampandsmoky.Itwouldbealargesingleroomwithoutwindows.Therewouldbeafireinthemiddleforwarmthandforcooking.Smokewouldescapefromtawholeinthetopoftheroof.Thefloorwasmadefromearthandstraw.Animalswouldbebroughtinsideatnighttime,

Hygienewasnotgood–40wasthecommonagethatpeoplewouldliveuntil.Therewaslittleformofentertainment,peoplewouldspendtheirwholetimeworking.

Normantowns

TherewereveryfewtownsbeforeWilliam,buttheNormanssawthemasagoodopportunitytoincreasetrade.TheDomesdayBookin1085recordedthattherewere18townswithapopulationof2,000peopleand112smallertowns.Only5%oftheEnglishlivedintowns.

TheNormansincreasedtownsandusedthemasatradingcentreforlivestock,fish,saleandwool.Townsappearednearthecoastsothattheycouldexporttheirgoods.Othertownsgrewwereimportantroadsofriversmet.Othertownsdevelopedaroundcastles.

Townsattractedpeoplethatwanttosetupbusinessesandshopsratherthanbefarmers.Tradingcentreswouldbesurroundedbyhighwalls.Traderswouldbechargedtoenter,theywouldbelockedatnight.

CitizensofthesetownswerecalledBURGESSEStheyhadsomeresponsibilitiestokeeptosuchaspayingtaxes,actingaswatchman,fightingforthetownwhenended.OnceatownbecamelargeenoughitcouldbecomeaCHARTER-thischarterwouldthenbeabletoappointtheirowncouncil/major.Theycouldalsosettheirowntaxes,buttheywerestilltheresponsibilityoftheking.

Eachtownwouldhavechurchesandreligiouscentres,amixtureofhousesandcommercialproperties,amarketplace,woodenhouseswerebuiltclosetogether,streetswerenarrow,ahighstreetleadingtothemaingates,littleprovisionsforhygiene,overcrowdingleadingtodisease,aspeoplecouldn’treadshopswouldhavepicturesoutsidetoshowwhattheysold.Houseswereusuallysmalleratthebottomandgotbiggeronthesecondflooretc.asthelandwasexpensivetobuy.

TherewereloadsofjobsinNormantowns-bakers,butchers,fishmongers,brewers,armourers,robemakers,washerwomen,goldsmiths,barbers,apothecaries,moneylenders,masons,potters,shoemakersandmanymore.Theseskillswouldeitherbepasseddownthroughthefamily,orsomepeasantswouldtakeupanapprenticeshipwheretheywouldlearnthetrade.

Hierarchy:

1) Topwasmerchants,lawyers,doctors,propertyowners.2) Middlewascraftsmen,mastersoftheirtrade3) Bottomwasunskilledworkers.Servantstothericherfamilies

Diditchangeeverydaylife?

NormanAristocracy Peasants

Land AtfirstWilliamtriedtokeepthelandasitwasbutthishadtochangeastheytookpartinrebellions.KingWilliamtookpossessionofallthelandandthenredistributedittopeoplethatsupportedhim,Anewclasssystemwasintroducedinthefeudalsystem.

Althoughsomebodyelsenowhadcontrolofthelandtheyfarmed,nothingreallychangedforthem.

Newlaws WilliamwasimpressedbytheAnglo-Saxonfinancialsystemsohekeptthat,includingthecreationofthecoin.Williamintroducedanewtrialbyjuryandtrialbyconduct,butwaysofconvictingandcriminalwerekeptthesame.

Previouslypeasantshadhuntedtosupplementtheirdiet,especiallyinwinterwhentheirsuppliesdidn’tlastaslong.Butnewlawsmeantthattheyfacedfinesforhunting,ortheycouldbeimprisonedorevenouttodeath.TheMurdrumfineshadahugeimpactonpeasantsastheycouldallfaceafineisacrimewascommitted.Asaresultveryfewpeasantsjointedrevolts/rebellions.

Castles InordertoprotectthemselvesfromthelocalAnglo-Saxonpopulationtheearlsbuiltthemselvescastles.Atfirstthemwereimportantforprotectionanddefencebutthensoonbecameimportantfortradingcentresaswell

Theirlandmighthavebeenclearedtomakewayforthecastles.Mighthavehadtobuildthemcastles,fornowage.Butalotofblacksmiths,carpentersandothertraderswouldfindworkinthebailey,whereitwasprotectedsoitstoppedthemgettingattacked.

Language MostoftheearlswereNormanssotheyspokeFrenchsobecamethemainlanguage,itwasthelanguagespokenatcourtandingovernment,Latinremainedthereligiouslanguagestill.AstimewentontheFrenchlanguagebegantocombinewiththeAnglo-SaxonlanguagetomakeanAngloNormanlanguage

ContinuedtospeakEnglishhoweverNormanwordsstartedtocreepin,suchasveal,arrow,armour,baron,Knight.

Inshort,thetopofthehierarchystatussawgreatchanged-itwasacompletechangesincetheAnglo-Saxons,butthepeasantsatthebottomofthesystemsawverylittlechange.Williamhadnotplannedtochangethesystementirely,insteadheplannedtotakethebestelementsofAnglo-Saxonrule,andthebestelementsoftheNormanruleandmergethemtogether.

Section3:Religion

Education:Thechurchwastheonlyinstitutionthatproducedbooks.Textswerecopiedoutbymonks–theyweretheonlypeoplethatcouldreadandwrite.Aswellasrewritingreligioustexttheywouldalsoberesponsibleforwritingoutmedicalbooks.Themeantthattheywerein

chargeofwhatpeoplelearnt.

Economics:Thechurchwasthemajorlandowner.It

madepeasantsworkontheirlandforfree,takingthemawayfromtheirwork.Theywereworriedtheywouldbepunishediftheydidn’tagree.Thechurchalsocollecteda

tithe(tax)whichwas10%ofafarmersincomeperyear.Thiscouldbepaidinequipment

orseed.

Religion:themainrolewastoensurethatpeopledemonstratedtheirbeliefinGodbyattendingchurch,makingsuretheylivedagood,cleanlife,andwenttoheaven.

Politics:leadingmemberofthechurchwerepartoftheWitanandthereforeadvisedtheKingonimportant

matters.Thebishops,abbotsandpriestwereinvolved.ArchbishopsofYork,WinchesterandCanterburywere

seniormembers.

Law:Thechurchwasinchargeofpunishing

criminalsthatcommittedacrimeontheirland,e.g

theft.poachingormarryingarelative.

WhatwastheroleofthechurchinNormanEngland?

Religiousleaderswereaspowerfulaskings.ThePope(headofthecatholicchurch)wasthemostpowerfulmaninEurope.Priestswereveryimportant;theyhelpedthesick,ledchurchservices,heardconfessions,ledmarriageceremoniesandbaptisedchildren.Allmembersofthecommunitywhenthechurch–itwasveryimportanttothem.Whetheryouwererichorpoor,youngorold,maleorfemale,everyonewenttochurch.

Somepeopleweremorereligiousthanothers.Themostreligiouspeoplewouldgoonpilgrimages,orajourneytoareligiousplacetofeelclosertoGodandheaven.SomepeoplewouldgototheHolyLandorJerusalembutthosethatcouldn’taffordthatwouldgototheChurchofSaintEtienneinNormandytovisitthetombsthere.ThepoorestpeoplethatwerenotabletoaffordtravelwouldgotoabbeysandmonasteriesinEngland.

Williamwasveryreligiousbuthealsowantedtohavecontrolofthechurchasithadsomuchwealthandpower.HewantedtoshowhisappreciatedofGodandsohebuiltanumberofnewchurchesandcathedralsoncehebecameking.HebuiltanabbeyonthesiteoftheBattleofHastings.ThissitewasveryimportanttohimashebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhimwin.HealsobuiltanumberofcathedralssuchasWinchester,DurhamandRochester.

Williammadeanumberofchanges(reforms)totheChurchinEnglandafter1066.

Area ReformBishops EnglishbishopsandarchbishopswerereplacedbyNormans.By1080therewas

onlyoneAnglo-SaxonbishopinEngland.ANewchurchhierarchywasestablished.POPEARCHBISHOPSBISHOPSARCHDEACONSDEANSPARISHPRIESTSArchdeaconsanddeanswerenewadditions.Everyoneansweredtothepersonabovethem.

Architecture(buildings)

Therebuildingstookalotoftimeandeffortandtheylookedveryimpressive.WhenWilliamfirstbecameKinghetookbackallthelandofthechurchesandstolethetreasuresforhisowngood.Howeverhesoongavethemoneybackbyspendingitonnewbuildings.(egDurham,Norwich,BathandWinchester)

Organisation Williamimprovedtheorganisation.Theyintroducedsynods(councils)tohavemeetingstwiceayear.Dioceseswereareasoflandthatwerecontrolledbythechurch.Theyweresplitupintoarchdeaconries(sub-dioceses)whichwereagaindividedupintodeaconries.Hemadesurethatallpeopleonlyheld1positionofpowerinthechurch;hebelievedthatifyouhad2jobsyouweren’tabletodoeitherproperly.

LegalIssues In1076thechurchbecameinchargeofchurchcrimes.Thismeantthatchurchcrimeswouldnotbedealtwithbythechurchcourts,notthelocalcourts.HealsointroducedPapalLaw;whereeveryonehadtopayaonepencetaxtothePope(headofthechurch).Marriageintheclergywasofficiallyended.

ParishPriest Therewasnochangetopeasantspriests.MostAnglo-Saxonpriestskepttheirjob.Theywerestillpoorlyeducatedandmanyremainedmarried.Over2,000villagechurcheswererecordedintheDomesdaybook.

LanfrancwasoneoftheleadingArchbishops.HewasonceexiledbyWilliambuteventuallybecameWilliamsally.HewenttoRometoobtainaPapalBannerbeforehet1066invasion.HeadvisedKingWilliamonreligiousaffairsand

playedanimportantpartintheKingsreformsofthechurchinNormandyandEngland.HebecamethearchbishopofCanterburyin1070.

HowdidtheNormansinfluencereligioninEngland?

KingWilliamandthePopeweregreatfriends.ThePopewascalledPopeAlexanderII.HesworetosupportWilliamintheBattleofHastings.Howeverthroughoutthereignthefriendshipdidnotstayaspositive.ImmediatelyaftertheBattlethePopeorderedWilliamandhismentodopenance(self-punishment)forallthekillingstheyhaddoneinthebattleandthedestructiontheyhadcaused.ThiswaswhyWilliambuilttheAbbeyonthesiteofthebattle.Williamusedageld(aformoftax)topayforthisandextractmoneyfromreligioushouses.Williamalsousedreligiouspositionstopromoteorrewardthosethatfollowedhim.WilliamsIson,WilliamIIcarriedthisontoo.HoweveritwasonlymeanttobethePopethatcoulddothis,notthekings.Thisledtodisagreementsbetweenthekingandthebishops/pope.

BothWilliamsusedthechurchfortheirownpersonalgain.TherearerecordsofNormanstakingchurchpositionandthenstealingmoneyfromthechurches.AnexampleisthemonasteryinAbingtonwhereaNormanmonkmelteddownachandelierfor£40ingoldandsilver(equivalentto£35,000today)andtookitbacktoNormandy.ItwascommonfortheNormanstostealgoldandsilvergemsfromstatueandtakethembacktoNormandytouseintheirchurches.(itmustbenotedthatwedonotknowifwecantrusttheseaccountsastheywerewrittenbychroniclerswhowerelikelytowanttoportraytheNormansunfavourably.

WehavealreadyseenthatWilliamandLefranchadquiteagoodrelationship.HewasmadeArchbishopofCanterburyin1070.LefrancwantedtomakeitclearthathewasheadoftheEnglishChurch.ItwasLefrancsupportofWilliamthatmeantthePopelikedWilliamtoo.

In1089hediedandinsteadofreplacinghim,Williamtookthelandheownedforhimself.Heusedthemoneyheacquiredfromthistopayforanarmytohelphimfightoffthosethatwererebellingagainsthim.HecarriedonrefusingtoappointanyoneasArchbishopofCanterburyasheenjoyedthatincomeforhimself.ButwhenWilliambecameillin1093hethoughtthatitmighthavebeenbecauseofhislackofpiety(religiousness)andsobelievingthathewasgoingtodieheappointedAnselmashearhisconfessionsandadministerhislastrights.Inreturnforhelpinghim,WilliamappointedAnselmtheArchbishopofCanterbury.

TherelationshipbetweenAnselmandWilliamwasquitestrained.Theyarguedabouttheirreforms.AnselmbelievedthatthechurchshouldbeindependentofthemonarchsofEuropeandshouldbeallowedtotakecareoftheirownaffairs,removecorruptionfromthechurch,andensureallmembersofthechurchremainedcelibate.ObviouslyWilliamdidnotliketheideaofkeepingthechurchindependentasthemonarch;hewantedthecontrol!ThisideashadbeenbroughtinbyPopeGregory.AfteroneoftheirargumentsAnselmaskedifhecouldgotoRometoseethePope.Williamagreed,butitwasnowevidentthatAnselmwouldsupportthePopeovertheKing.

Historicenvironment:NormanCathedrals

CathedralsbuildundertheNormanswereverygrandandlarge.WilliamplacedgreatimportanceonreligionandGod.Buildingsweredesignedtobemagnificentandseenfrommilesaround.TheywereRomanesque.ThiswasalotdifferenttothecommonAnglo-Saxonbuildingsthatwereoftensmallandmodest.TheEnglishbelievedthattheyweretheretosupportthepeople,notlookmagnificent.

LefancwascontendingforpowerwithThomas,ArchbishopofYork.Thomaswantedmaincontrol,but

ashehasbeenappointed2nditwasLefrancthatconsecratedhim.BeforeLefrancdidthis,hemadeThomasswearanoathofLoyaltytowardshim,

thereforeensuringthatLefrancbecamethemostpowerful.ThekinghadpersuadedThomastosubmit.

Theywereusedasaformofintimidation,justlikethecastleswere.TheywereasymboltoremindtheEnglishthattheNormanswerenotincontrol.Theywerealsooftenbuiltonahillsothattheywereprominent.

Casestudy:DurhamCathedral

Builtonhighground

Massivestructurethatdominatedlocallandscape,remindedeveryonethattheNormanswereincontrol.

DurhamwaspoliticallyimportantasitwasthemainbufferzonebetweenEnglandandScotland.

WilliamfoundDurhamhardtocontrolsohegavetheBishopmorecontrolashethoughpeoplewerelikelytolistentothechurch.

Cathedralshadanave.Wherethecongregationsat.Thewindowsatthebackwereperpendicular(pointedtop)andwereoftengiftedbyricherpeoplethatwantedtoensureaplaceinheaven.Thesewerecommonfeatures.

Buildingworkstartedin1093.Itwasdesignedtoattractpilgrims,asthiswouldshowhowimportantEnglandwas.

RanulfFlambard(1060-1128)wasoneoftheBishopsofDurham.Hestartedtheconstruction.Hewasgeneroustothepoorandneedy,buthecouldalsobegreedy.

Therewasamonasteryattachedforthemonkstolikein.

Thelifeofamonk

Monks(male)andnuns(female)dedicatedtheirlivestoGod.Monksoftenlivedinmonasteriesorabbeys;achurchwithadomesticbuildingattached.Nunsoftenlivedinnunneriesorconvents.Thiswayoflivewasknownasmonasticism.WhentheDomesdayBookwaswrittentherewere35monasteriesandnunneriesinEngland.Between1066and1135thenumberofmonksandnunsincreasedfrom1000toaround5000livingin250religioushouses.

TheBenedictineVows–Vowsyouwouldtakeasamonk

1) Vowofpoverty:Theyhadtogiveupalltheirwealthandpersonalpossessionswhentheyjoinedthemonastery.

2) VowofChasity:thisvowmeansabstainingfrom(nothaving)sex,andalsogivingupotherphysicalpleasuressuchaseatingsweetfoodordrinkingalcohol.

3) Vowofobedience:TheyhadtoobeytotheteachingsofGodthroughtheBibleandfollowtherules.

Dailylifeforamonk:

00.00:Firstprayersoftheday(Matins)03.00:Morningprayers(Lauds)06.00:Getup,wash,churchservices07.00:Meetfordaysinstructions08.00:Privatereadingandprayer09.00:Churchservice(TerceandMass)12.00:Churchservice(sext),meal14.00:Rest15.00:ChurchService16.00:Farmingandhousekeeping18.00:Churchservice21.00:Nightprayersandbed/

4) VowofStability:Thepromisethattheywouldneverleavethemonasticcommunity,andforsomethisevenmeantnotleavingtheirmonastery.

Thewayoflifewasmeanttobeharsh,uncomfortableandsometimespainful.Theylivedinisolationawayfromthedistractionsandcorruptionofeverydaylife.Theywerecompletelyself-sufficient,meaningthattheyproducedalloftheirownfoodandmaterials.Theywouldoftencarryoutthisworkthemselves,althoughsomereligioushouseswouldhirelaybrotherstocarryoutthiswork.

Themajorityoftheirlifewasdevotedtoprayer,theybelievedthattheywerehelpingothersgettoHeavenbyprayingforthem.OrdinarypeoplecouldevenpaymonasteriestoprayinthehopeofgettingintoHeavenquicker.Thismadethembenefactorsastheywerehelpingtofundit.

SohowdidtheNormansreformmonasteries?

Spectacularabbeyswerebuilt(egWhitbyAbbeyinthenortheast).MonkswerebroughtfromNormandytorunthemonasteries.Eachmonastery/abbeywouldthenbegivensomelandtocontrol.Thiswasthenpartofthefeudalsystem.

EducatingEngland

EducationwasfirstpromotedinEnglandundertheRomansastheyemployedfulltimeteachers.HoweverwhentheRomansleftBritainalotofthesespecialistschoolscloseddownandeducationwastakenoverbytheChurch.Thismeantthatthechurchwasinchargeofalleducation.Theteachersweremonksandnunsandstudentsweretaughtinmonasteriesorabbeys.HoweverundertheNormans,schoolsweretakenoutofthemonasteriesandweremovedintothetownsandcities.Educationhadtobepaidfor,sowasoutofthereachofpeasants.Somepoorerstudentswouldbeabletogotoschoolbuttheywouldhavehadtoworkasservantsinthemonasteryinreturn.Girlswereexcludedfromeducation.Reformswithinmonasticismmeantthatchildrenwerenolongerallowedinmonasteriessoeducationhadtogosomewhereelse.Thechurch,however,wasstillinchargeofeducation.

Bythetwelfthcenturytherewere40schoolsandbythethirteenthcenturytherewere75schools.Frenchwasspoken,butstudentswouldstilluseLatinforwriting.

IfstudentsweresuccessfulatschooltheymovedontouniversitywhereallbooksandlectureswereinLatin.OxfordUniversitywasfoundedin1096andthiswastheonlyuniversityuntilCambridgein1209.Studentswhodidn’tgotouniversitycouldbecomemerchants,parishclergyorclerks.Theywouldnotlearnmaths,accountancyandlaw–theseweretaughtwhentheystartedwork.

WilliamIIandthechurch

AsWilliamIwasdyingheaskedLefranctomakeitwasRufusthatgotthethrone.Onthe26thSeptember1087Rufus(WilliamII)becameKing.However,soonafterthecrowningconflictsarose.Rufushadaverydifferentattitudetowardsthechurch.Whilehisfatherhasbeengenuinelyreligious,Rufussawthechurchasawaytomakemoney.Thechurchdidalsonotapproveofhiswayofhislife;heremainedmarried,childlessandwasalmostcertainlyahomosexual.

Thefirstrebellioncamein1088,whentheBishopofSaint-Calais.ThebishoptoldRufusofaplotandagreedtohelphimoutbybringingreinforcementstoaidhimhoweverheneverreturnedwiththetroops.Rufusputhimontrialfortreason.Saint-CalaisarguedthatheshouldbeputinchurchtrialbutRufusrefusedashebelievedthatSaint-CalaishadbrokentheOathofallegiancetothekingandthereforeshouldbetriedinasecularcourt.InNovember1088hewasputontrial,declaredguilty,lostthisbishopricandexiled.AlthoughhewaseventuallyallowedbackinEngland,itshowedthepeoplethatKingRufusdeterminedthecontrolofthechurchandhewasnotcontrolledbythechurch.Itwasnowclearthatthechurchwassubordinatetothecrown.

RelationswiththePope

UnderWilliamI

RelationsbetweenthekingandPopeAlexanderweregood.ThePopeblessedhimbeforetheBattleofHastings.Theybothwantedtoreformthechurchandworktomakeitlesscorrupt.Williamwantedtoremovetheuntrustworthybishopsfrompowerastheymightplanarevolt,andthePopewantedtomakesurethatthechurchwasemptyofcorruptbishops.Theyworkedtogethertomakesurethishappened.By1070therewereonlytwoEnglishbishopsremaining.Hewantedthechurchto

However,thenextPope,Gregorywasmoreradicalandhewantedtomakesurethatthechurchhadmoreauthoritythantheking,nottheotherwayaround.Hewantedtomakesurethatalldecisionsabouteducationanddiscipline.Williamdidn’tlikethissotherelationshipstartedtodecline.HewantedtomakesurethatthebishopskepttravellingbetweenRomeandEnglandtoreportoneverythingthathappened.KingWilliamdidn’twantthislevelofsupportashewantedthebishopstoreporttohimandnotthePope.Hewasclearthathewantedtoreformthechurch,butonlyifhewasstillincharge.WhenPopeGregoryaskedWilliamtoswearloyaltytohim,Williamrefused.

UnderRufus(WilliamII)

WhenRufusbecameKing,GregorywasstillPope.Rufuswasnotareligiousmanandhewasn’treallyinterestedinreformingthechurchinthesamewayhisfatherhad.Theydidnotgeton,forsimilarreasons.Rufuswantedtohavefullcontrol;hewantedtoappointthebishopsthathewanted.Relationsbetweenthechurchandcrownwereverytense.Rufuswasforcedoutofoffice.EventuallyPopeUrbanreplacedGregoryandUrbanagreedtonotinterferewithEnglishappointmentswhileRufuswasking.Howeverthisdidnotimproveeverything-therelationshipwasstillhostile.

UnderHenryI

HepromisedtoendRufus’policyofplunderingthechurch.HenryreceivedmoresupportfromthechurchthatRufushas.HenryacceptedtheAnslem’scontroloverthechurchandallowedthemtomakesomereforms,suchasbanningmarriagebetweenclergyandcondemningthebuyingandsellingofchurchland(simony).Howevertherewerestillproblems;Henrywantedtoappointhisownbishops(investiture)andthiswouldshowthatthekingwasinchargeratherthanthechurch.Itwasabetterrelation,buttherewerestilltensions.

2,RevisionactivitiesTask1–Anglo-SaxonEnglandbefore1066

10pointsummary

1. Englandwasawealthycountrywitharound2millionpeoplelivinginit.Mostofthesepeoplelivedinthesouth,withfewerinthenorthandwest.

2. Religionwasimportant,everyonefollowedCatholicChristianityandacceptedwhattheChurchsaidasabsolutefact.

3. EdwardtheConfessorhadruledsince1042andhisreignhadbeenlargelystableandpeaceful.HisrulewasaidedbytheWitan.

4. Societywasorderedbyahierarchywherepeoplewereorderedbytheirlevelofimportance.Thekingwasatthetop,followedbytheChurch.Earlsandthenpeasantsatthebottom.

5. TherewerehardlyanycastlesinEnglandanditwasnotverywelldefended.6. MostofthesouthernhalfofEnglandwascoveredinforestandthereweresmallvillageswheretheforest

hadbeenclearedandlandwasfarmed.7. ThekinghadearlstohelphimruleEngland.EachearlhelpedruleadifferentpartofEngland.

8. Thekinghadearlsandhousecarlswhowereprofessionallytrainedsoldiers–therewerearound2500-3000housecarlsinEngland.

9. ThemostpowerfulearlinEnglandwasEarlGodwinwhohadacloserelationshipwithKingEdwardbutwhohadpubliclyfallenoutwithhimin1052.

10. EnglandhadgoodtradelinkswithothercountriessuchasNorwayandFrance.Ithadasophisticatedmintingsystem–itmadeitsowncoins–andhadoneofthemostadvancedeconomicsystemsintheknownworldatthistime.

Task:basedonthe10pointsummary,whatwerethepositivesandnegativesofAnglo-SaxonEngland?

PositivesofAnglo-SaxonEngland NegativesofAnglo-SaxonEngland

Task2–TheDeathofEdwardtheConfessorandClaimstotheEnglishThrone

Task:completetheparagraph,usingthewordsintheboxbelow

Edwardthe______________hadbeenkingofEnglandsince_______.Hehad

reignedEnglandwiththesupportofthe__________whichwasacouncilofEnglish

earlsandbishops,suchasEarl__________.EdwardtheConfessordiedinJanuary

_______withoutleavingany____________.Asaresult,itwasunclearwhowould

becomeking.Therewere______powerfulmenwhoputtheirclaimforwardforthe

throne,howevertheseclaimantswerefromdifferentcountriesandhaddifferent

Confessor 4 1066 Witan Children Godwin 1042

levelsofsupport.

Task:matchuptheclaimantstotheEnglishthronein1066withtheinformationthatexplainswhotheywereandwhattheirclaimwas.

Task3a–PreparationsfortheBattleofHastings

Task:matchupthecorrectfeaturestoeacharmytoshowthepreparationsthatHaroldGodwinsonandWilliamofNormandymadeforbattlein1066.

HaroldGodwinson WilliamofNormandy

Army

Fyrd

Cavalry

ThegreatnephewofEdwardwhichmadehimtheclosestbloodrelative.HewasnotnamedasanheirbyEdward,eventhoughhehadlivedwithEdwardsincehewasachildandwastreatedasthoughhewasEdward’sadoptedson.HewasanAnglo-Saxonandhadthesupportofmanyearls.TheKingofNorway,hewasapowerfulVikingwithalargeandsuccessfularmy.HewasrelatedtoKingCnutwhohadruledEnglandfrom1016-1035andheclaimedthatashewasarelativeofthepreviousking,thatheshouldnowbekingofEngland.WasadistantcousinofEdwardtheConfessor.HadgrownupwithEdwardtheConfessorandsupportedhimwhenEarlGodwinhadrebelledagainsthimin1051.ThoughtthathehadbeenpromisedthethronebyEdwardseveralyearsbeforehisdeathandclaimedthathehadthesupportofHaroldGodwinson.Wasnotabloodrelationtotheking,butwasthebrotherinlawofEdwardtheConfessor.HewastherichestmaninEnglandandhadhelpedEdwardtorule–especiallytowardstheendofhisreign.HewasaskilfulmilitaryleaderwhohadbeatenaWelshinvasionandthereforehadthesupportoftheEnglishlords.Edward’sdyingwishwasthatthispersonbecomekingofEngland.

HaroldGodwinson

WilliamofNormandy

HaraldHardrada

EdgarAetheling

Navy

Tactics

Pre-fabricatedcastles 3,000housecarls 3,000horsesThegns Nocavalry KnightsArchers Armyofseveralthousand 7,000soldiersCavalry fyrd Noarchers

LargeNavy PapalBanner 700ships

Task3b–January–September1066

Task:usingthecontentbooklet,fillinthegapsinthetimelineofeventsleadinguptotheBattleofHastings.

Edward the Confessor

________ on 5th January

1066. The next day, __________ _____________

is crowned king of England.

Harold Godwinson begins to

_________ for an

___________ from Normandy.

By May 1066 he has several

thousand ___________.

In ______ 1066, Harold’s brother ___________ raids

England, attacking the _______

During this time, William’s preparations meant that he had an army of _________ soldiers,

Task3c–TheBattleofHastingsTask:illustratethestoryboardwiththeeventsoftheBattleofHastings.

At the beginning of September, Harold sent his army home to

gather in the _________. At the same time, Tostig and _______ ________ started sailing down

the coast from Scotland.

Tostig and Harald Hardrada landed near ______ and fought

the Battle of __________. Anglo-Saxon earls Edwin and

Morcar were ___________ but were not __________. York

surrendered.

Harold regathered his army and marched _______ - they

covered ______ miles in a week. Harold caught Tostig and

Hardrada by ________ and defeated them at the Battle of

_________ _________.

Despite defeating and _________ Tostig and

Hardrada, 3 days after his victory at Stamford Bridge,

Harold heard that William had __________ ___ ____________.

2. The battle starts at 9am. Norman archers fired at Anglo – Saxons BUT arrows flew over their heads.

1. Norman infantry then charged up hill BUT was blocked by housecarls using shield wall formation which remained firm.

Task3d-WhydidWilliamwintheBattleofHastings?

Task:completethismindmapusingtheprevioustwopagesandyourcontentbooklettoexplainwhyWilliamwontheBattleofHastings.AnnotatearoundeachheadingwithevidencetosupportthateachfactorhelpedWilliamtowin.

Tactics

Task4-RevoltsagainsttheNormans1066–1075

Task:Matchtherebelliontothedescriptionusingthemapandyourcontentbooklet.

1067–TheWelshBorders1067–Kent1067–Northumbria1068–Edwin&Morcar1068–TheSouthWest1069–HarryingoftheNorth1070-71–EastAnglia1075–NormanEarls

Whichrebellion? Description WilliamappointedCopsigtorulepartofEngland,whichwasanodddecisionasCopsig

hadpreviouslyworkedforEarlTostigGodwinson.CopsigwassoonambushedbyNorthumbriansandhisheadhackedoff.

1068–TheSouthWest

ThecityofExeterrebelledagainstWilliamandwasputundersiegefor18days.Williamthenloweredtaxesandbuiltacastletoincreasehiscontroloverthecity.DespitetwoattemptedrebellionsfromHaroldGodwinson’ssons,ExeterremainedloyalthankstoWilliam’sactions.

EadrictheWildwasjoinedbytwoWelshkingsandattackedHerefordshire.

TwoAnglo-Saxonearlsrebelledforasecondtime,butsubmittedtoWilliamwhenhebegantobuildmorecastlesinEngland.

ThefinalchallengethatWilliamfaced,butthistimefromtheEarlofHerefordandtheEarlofEastAnglia–withsupportfromWaltheof.Williamdealtwiththisrebellionrelativelyeasily,andbythetimetheDanesarrivedtherebellionwasover.

AdifficulttocontrolareaofEnglandsoughthelpfromKingSweinofDenmark,aswellasrebellingseveraltimesthemselvesatplacessuchasDurham.Followingtherebellion,Williamlaidwastetotheland,withmasskillingsandburnings.

PeoplewereangryathowtheyhadbeentreatedbytheNormansaftertheBattleofHastings.TheypersuadedtheFrenchEustaceofBoulognetoattempttoseizeDoverCastlebutwhenhedid,hedidn’tattackwithenoughforceandwassoondefeated.

WilliamfacedarebellionfromtheDaneswhohadremainedinEnglanddespiteagreeingtoleave,andanAnglo-SaxoncalledHereward.ThiswasnotacompletelyseriousrebellionasKingSweinhadgivenupontheideaoftakingEngland,howeverHerewardwasanuisancetoWilliam.

Task5a–Normanmilitaryinnovations:motteandbaileycastles

Task:labelthemotteandbaileycastlediagramusingthegridbelow.

KeepAwoodenorstonefortifiedtower

ontopofamotte.

OuterBaileyAnouterwardthatprotectedthe

innerbailey.

DrawbridgeAbridge,especiallyoneoveracastle'smoat,whichishingedatoneendsothatitmayberaised

topreventpeoplecrossingMotte

Araisedmoundorearthworkwithastoneorwoodenkeep(a

fortifiedtower)ontop.

InnerBaileyThebaileyisacourtyardenclosed

andprotectedbyaditch

PalisadeAwallmadefromlargewooden

stakes.

StairThestairsconnectingthekeeponthemottewiththeinnerbailey.

StockadeAbarrierformedfromupright

woodenpostsorstakes,especiallyasadefenceagainst

attack

GableThetriangularendofahouse.

Task5b-howandwhywerecastlesbuilt?

Task:completetheparagraphs,usingthewordsintheboxbelow

Edward the Confessor control burhs defend central

Castleswere________toNorman________ofEngland.Veryfewcastleshadbeenbuiltby

____________the_____________andthedefensivefortificationsthattheAnglo-Saxons

usedwerecalled__________.Thedifferencebetweenburhsandcastleswasthatburhs

werebuiltto___________thepopulation,whereascastleswerebuilttocontrolthe

rebelliousEnglish.

ThefirstcastlesthattheNormansbuiltwerecalled________and_________castles.A

mottewasanearthmound,anda_______wasbuiltontopofit.Theditchesaroundthe

mottemadeithardertoattack.Thebaileywastheouterareaofthecastlewhichwas

defendedbyawooden______________.Norman___________werestationedinthebailey

alongwiththeirhorses.Thesetroopscouldretreattothekeepiftheyneededextra

protection,butthekeepwasalsousedasa_________________.Amotteandbaileycastle

couldbeerectedveryquickly,butthewoodenstructurewasaweaknessbecausetheycould

__________.

Castleshadtwomainfunctions:_____________and_____________.

• Strategic:theyhousedNorman____________whocouldhelptostopany

_____________.Normansoldierswerenevermorethana__________marchaway

fromaNormancastle.

• Symbolic:castleswereapermanent_____________totheEnglishofwhowasnow___________________thecountry.TheNormanschargedtheEnglish__________tohelpthemmaintainthecastles.

Task6–NormancontrolofEngland

Task:completethismindmapusingthepreviouspagesandyourcontentbooklettoexplainhowtheNormanscontrolledEnglandafter1066

troops motte burn keep palisade lookout bailey

symbolic reminder soldiers governing rebellions day’s taxes strategic

Force

Task7a–GovernmentinNormanEngland

Task:usingthecontentbooklet,annotateeachpyramidtoexplainwhoeachsectionofsocietycontained.

Task7b–ThefeudalsystemundertheNormans

Task:inthefinalcolumnofthetable,explainwhathadchangedfromtheAnglo-SaxonstotheNormans.

Feature Anglo-Saxon Norman Whatchanged?

FeudalSystem

Sixmajorearldomsin10664,000thegnsKingownedmostoftheland,followedbytheChurch.

Kingownedabout20%oftheland,withtheChurchowningaround25%ofland.Remaininglandsharedbetween200Normanbaronsandbishops.By1086only4thegnsownedland.RoyalForestsandForestLawcreated.

-Morelandgiventobaronsandbishops.-Fewerthegnsownedland.-MoreRoyalForestscreated.-ForestLawcreated.

MilitaryControl

Themainpartoftheking’sarmywouldbemadeupfromhousecarls.Fortherestofthearmy,theAnglo-Saxonsusedthefyrd.

Knightsmadeanoathtotheirlord–itwasareligiousdutytoprovideservice.Knightsalwayshadtocarryoutmilitaryservice.By1100theNormankinghad5,000knightshecouldcallon.

Nationalgovernment

ThekingwasinchargeandthenobilitywereinvolvedintheprocessofdecisionmakingthroughtheWitan.Anglo-Saxongovernmentissuedordersinwriting–thesewerecalledwrits.Thiswasashortdocumentwhichgaveorderstobesentaroundthecountryandhesystemwasknownasgovernmentbywrit.

NormankingscontinuedtotaketheadviceoftheirladingsubjectsthroughtheGreatCouncil.TheNormanscontinuedgovernmentbywritbutissuedfarmoreorders,whichallowedWilliamtocreateamorecentralisedgovernment.

Localgovernment

UndertheAnglo-Saxon,Englandhadbeensplitinto134shires.Ashire-reeve(theoriginalwordforsheriff)wasinchargeofeachshireandorganisedjustice,punishmentandthecollectingoftaxes.Eachshirewassplitintosmallerareasknownashundreds.

TheNormansfoundtheAnglo-Saxonsystemeffectivesostillusedsheriffs.Thesheriffactedassecondtoabaroninanarea,andwasavitallinkbetweenthekingandthelocalarea.Anglo-SaxonsheriffswerereplacedwithNormansheriffs.

Task8a–Normanlegalsystem

Task:completethemissingwordsineachbulletpoint,usingyourcontentbooklet.

1. Thelegalsystemalsokeptmanyfeaturesfrom____________-__________England.2. Thiswasduetothe_____________element,butitwasalso_____________–ithelpedtoprovethatthe

Normanswere____________rulers.3. TheonebigchangethattheNormansdidmakewasto_____________thesystemandmakeitmore

______________________.4. Themostimportantcourtsremainedthe____________court,the__________courtandthe

_____________court.5. From1076,_________________courtstodealwithchurchmatters.6. Therewasno___________forceinNormanEngland,thereforethelawwasenforcedbyarangeofdifferent

people.7. The__________and__________________stillhadtheirownlawsintheearlyyearsofNormanrule.8. Invulnerableareassuchasthe____________,theearlseffectivelyhadtheirownroyalpowers.9. However,theNormantrendwasforareastocomeincreasinglyunder__________controlasitallowedthe

Normanstogainmore____________powerandtomake____________.

Task:decidewhethereachstatementiseithertrueorfalseusingyourcontentbooklet.

Statement TrueorFalse?Constableswerenotpaidmuch,buthadthepowertoarrestpeople,breakupfightsandputoutfires.Theyalsoheldthekeystothestocks.

Watchmenwerepaidtodotheirjob.Theirrolewastoensurethatpeopleabidedbycurfews,preventcrimeandcatchcriminals.

Hueandcrywasthesystemforraisingthealarmafteracrimehadtakenplace.Ifanyonewitnessedacrime,theyhadadutytoreportitandcouldbepunishediftheydidnot.

Atithingwasagroupof10-12menwhoallpromisedtostoptheotherscommittingcrimes.Ifonedid,itwasthedutyoftheotherstorevealtheguiltyparty,orriskthewholegroupbeingfined.

IfaNormanwaskilledandtheirmurdererwasnotfoundwithin5days,thewholepopulationofthehundredwouldbefined.ThismurdrumfinehelpedtoreducehostileactsagainsttheNormans,butwhenthesehostileactsdidoccur,themoneyfromfinesprovedusefulfortheking.

Task8b–TrialsinNormanEngland

Task:usingyourcontentbook,summariseeachformofNormanjusticein30wordsforeach.

...................................................................

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...................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Task9–DomesdayBook

Task:bulletpointinformationaboutDomesdayundereachheading–useyourcontentbooklettohelpyou.

Task:writea25worddefinitionofwhatDomesdayBookwas:.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Task10a–LifeinaNormanvillage

Task:annotatetheimageofaNormanvillagewith5facts.Hint:thinkabout:- Wholivedthere- Whattheydid- Whattheirhouseswerelike- Whohadpower- Hygieneanddiet

AimofDomesdayBook:

Howwasinformationcollected?

WhatwouldDomesdayallowWilliamtodo?

Whichareasdiditnotcover?

Task10b–LifeinaNormantown

Task:annotatetheimageofaNormantownwith5facts.Hint:thinkabout:- Wholivedthere- Whattheydid- Whattheirhouses/businesseswerelike- Whohadpower- Hygieneanddiet

Task11–SimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenAnglo-SaxonandNormanEngland

Task:Placeeachbulletpointonthespectrumtoshowhowfaryouthinkitchanged.- Feudalsystem- Militarycontrol- Nationalgovernment- Localgovernment- Legalsystemandtrials- Lifeinvillages- Lifeintowns

BigchangefromAnglo-SaxonEngland

SmallchangefromAnglo-SaxonEngland

Task12a–TheEnglishChurch


ReligionwasveryimportantinNormanEnglandandeverybodywasa_______________________andbelievedinGod.Ifyouwenttochurchandledagoodlife,youwouldgoto____________,howeverifyouwerebadanddidnotgotochurch,youwouldgoto________.

TheleadersoftheChurchwerevery__________________–sometimesaspowerfulaskings.The__________–theoverallleaderoftheChurch–wasprobablythemostpowerfulindividualinEurope.

TheChurchwasthelargestsingle____________________inEurope–by1086ithelda____________ofalllandinEngland.Itwasgivenlandbyrichpeoplewhowantedtoensurethattheywouldgotoheavenortheyinsteadleftmoneyfor____________fortheir________.

Everyone inEnglandhad topaya tax to theChurchcalleda________whichwasone tenthofanything thatwasproduced.Additionaltaxeswerealsopaidatcertaintimesofyearsuchas______________________andsurplicefeesforceremoniessuchasweddingsandfunerals.

__________:ThemainroleofthechurchwastoensurethatpeopleshowedthattheybelievedinGodbygoingtochurch.

__________: TheChurchwas amajor landowner in England. Peasants had towork onChurch land for free eventhoughtheyhadtheirownlandtolookafter.TheybelievedthatGodwouldknowiftheyhadnotdonetheirworkontheChurchlandandthatGodwouldpunishthem.TheChurchalsocollectedtaxescalledtithes.

___________:TheChurchheardcourtcasesforcrimescarriedoutonChurchlands.IftheChurchfoundsomebodyguiltyofacrime,theywouldhanddownjusticeintheking’sname.

____________: Leadingmembersof theChurchadvised thekingon importantnational issuesasmembersof theWitan.

___________:TheChurchwastheonlyinstitutionthatproducedbooks.Inthisway,theChurchcouldcontrolwhichbookswerepublished.

___________:peopleinthetwelfthcenturydidnotunderstandthecauseofdiseasesandthoughtthattheywereapunishment from God. As a result, priests tried to cure the sick by praying for them or recommend they pay apenanceintheformofmoney,painorprayer.

Pope heaven powerful Roman Catholic hell

prayers tithe quarter souls landowner Easter Dues

education politics religion health law money

Task12b–NormanreformstotheChurch

Task:matchthechangetothedescriptioninthetable.

Change Description

ArchbishopStigandwasreplacedbyArchbishopLanfranc.By1080,therewasonlyoneAnglo-Saxonbishop,Wulfstan,left.

Atfirst,theNormansstolethetreasuresofmanyofthe49EnglishmonasteriesandtooktheChurch’sland.However,theNormanssoonbeganrebuildingAnglo-SaxonchurchesandcathedralsintheRomanesquestyle(whichwasalreadyfamiliartothemandusedinFrance).

TheChurchwas separate fromall the restof societyandgiving itaspecialrole inthe legalsystemthroughChurchcourts. In 1076, the Council ofWinchester ordered thatonlyChurchcourtscouldtryclergyforcrimes.Thismeantthat people who worked for the church would only betried for their crimes in Church courts rather than localcourts.

Dioceses (areas of land served by a church or cathedrale.g.Ripon)weredividedintoarchdeaconries,whichwerefurtherdividedintodeaneries.Archdeaconsbecamemorecommon,andhadtheroleofenforcingChurchdisciplineintheirarea,presidingoverChurchcourts.

Anglo-Saxon cathedrals in isolated rural locations wereknocked down and moved to more strategic locationssuch asmarket towns, so that the bishopwas in amoresecurelocationwithanoverviewofhisareaofcontrole.g.ThetfordwasmovedtoNorwich.

Changes

• TheChurchwasusedtohelptheNormanstocontrolareasofEnglandthatmayrebel.• TheChurchwasusedtohelptheNormanstocontrolwhatpeoplethought.• TheChurchhadseparatelegalpowersinNormanEngland.• TheNormansensuredthatimportantpeopleintheChurchwereloyal.• ThestructureoftheChurchwaschangedtoallowtheNormansmorecontrolineachdiocese.

Task13a–ChangestoChurchorganisation

Task:rankthechangesfrom‘biggestchange’to‘smallestchange’–1isthebiggestchange,8isthesmallestchange.

• WhathadnotchangedwasthepeopleatthetopoftheChurchhierarchy.ThePopewasstillheadoftheCatholicChurchandthereforethemostpowerfulCatholic.

• KingWilliamwascertainthatmembersoftheChurchinEnglandshouldnotobeythePopeovertheking.• WilliamcontrolledcommunicationbetweentheleadersoftheEnglishChurchandthePopeinRome.Thismeantthat

WilliamcouldinfluencetheinformationthatChurchleadershadaccessto.• WilliamwasalsoincontrolofwhowasappointedtotheEnglishChurch.• TheChurchundertheNormansbecamemorecentralised–thismeansthatitwasanswerabletotheArchbishopof

Canterburyandinturntheking.• Therewerealsonewpositionsintroducedsuchasarchdeaconsanddeans.• ThenewNormanstructureallowedbishopstohavefargreatercontroloftheirdiocese.• ThereweremoreparishpriestsundertheNormansthantherehadbeenpreviously.

Rank Summaryofchange1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Task13b–WilliamRufusandtheChurch

Task:drawaseriesofimagesineachboxtodescribetheconflictsthatWilliamRufushadwiththeChurch

ConflictwithWilliamofSaint-Calais10881.TherewasarebellionagainstRufusin1088.TheBishopofSaint-CalaishadinformedRufusaboutthisplot,andpromisedtobringreinforcementstohelphim.However,Saint-Calaisthenchangedhismindandneverreturnedwithhistroops.Rufusputhimontrialfortreason.

2.Saint-Calaisarguedthatasamemberoftheclergy,heshouldbetriedinaChurchcourtratherthaninasecularcourt.Rufusrefused,arguingthattheBishophadbrokenhisoathoffealty(loyalty)tothekingandshouldbetriedbyaking’scourt.

3.TheBishopofSaint-CalaisdideventuallyreturntoEnglandin1091andservedaBishopofDurhamuntil1095,butthetrialwassignificant.ItshowedhowdeterminedRufuswastocontroltheChurchratherthanbecontrolledbyit

ConflictbetweenAnselmandRufus1093-94

1. WhenLanfrancdiedin1089,hewasnotreplaced.ThiswasadeliberatemovebyRufusashewantedtotaketheincomefromtheChurchlandsthatLanfranchadheldbeforehisdeath.

2. In1093,RufussufferedaseriousillnessandthoughtthatGodwaspunishinghim.TopleaseGod,hedecidedtoappointanewArchbishopofCanterbury–Anselm.

3. RelationsbetweenRufusandAnselmweredifficultfromthebeginningandby1094,AnselmwaspreachingaboutthelackofmoralsatRufus’court.

4. RufuswasnothappywithAnselm’scomments;hefeltthatheownedtheabbeysandthatAnselmshouldnotgetinvolvedinhisaffairs.

TheCouncilofRockingham1095

1. RufushadstoppedAnselmtravellingtoRometogetPapalapprovalforhisappointmentasarchbishop;RufusarguedthatthiswouldshowthatAnselmwasreallygivinghisloyaltytothePope(RufuswantedtolimitthepowerofthePopeinEngland).Theycouldnotagree,sotheCouncilofRockinghamwascalled.

2. Therewasmuchdebateandlittleagreementandsoatrucewascalled.RufushadbeenforcedtoacceptPopeUrbanIIasPope,butUrbanagreedtostayoutofEnglishaffairswhilstRufuswasking.

3. Relationsdidnotstaygoodforlong,andRufusblockedAnselm’seffortstoreformtheChurchthroughChurchcouncils.Anselmalsodidn’twanttopayRufusextrataxesorprovidethenumberofknightsthekingrequired.

4. By1097,AnselmhadfledtoRome–thisleftRufusabletoprofitfromthemoneyraisedbyAnselm’semptypositionintheChurch.

Simony

1. AswellasconflictwithdifferentpeopleintheChurch,Rufusalsobroughtbackthepracticeofsimony(sellingjobsintheChurch).ThishadbeenoutlawedbyLanfrancinthe1070s.Forexample,RufussoldthebishopricofThetfordtoHerbertLosingafor1000marks.

2. OneofRufus’keyallies,RanulfFlambard,wasverygoodatraisingmoneyfromtheChurch–thismadehimpopularwithRufusbutunpopularwiththeclergy.RufusrewardedhimbymakinghimBishopofDurham–for£1000!

Task14–NormanrelationswiththePapacy

Task:foreachNormanking,decidewhetherornottheirrelationshipwiththePopewasgoodorbad.

King Whathappened? Goodorbadrelations?

WilliamI • PopeAlexanderII(1061-1073)gaveWilliamthepapalbannertofightunderattheBattleofHastings,blessinghisinvasion.BothPopeAlexanderandWilliamwantedtoreformthecorruptEnglishChurchandbringitintolinewithChristianityintherestofEurope.

• PopeAlexanderalsowantedtogetridofanycorruptorincompetentbishops.Williamsupportedthis,andalsopromisedtoabolishthepracticesofnepotismandsimony,aswellastobanclericalmarriage.However,William'smainaimwastogetridofuntrustworthyEnglishmenfrompowerfulrolesintheChurchandtoreplacethemwithNormans.

• PopeGregoryVIIwantedbishopstotraveltoRometoreporttohim,butthisdidnothappen-evenLanfrancdidnotdothis.WhilstWilliamdidagreetobringbackataxcalledPeter'sPencewhichwaspaidtoRome,hewasclearthathedidnotwantthePopetointerferewithhisrightshasking.

WilliamRufus • WilliamRufushadfirstdamagedhisrelationshipwiththePapacyafterhistrialofWilliamofSaint-Calaisin1088-9afterhiscameintoalotofconflictwiththePope,particularlyafterhisappointmentofArchbishopAnselm.

• PopeUrbanII(1088-1099)alsohadabadrelationshipwithRufus.ThiswasduetoRufus'actionsinstoppingAnselmfromtravellingtoRomeandblockingAnselm'sreformstotheEnglishChurch.Eventually,AnselmhadbeenexiledandfledtoRomein1097,furtherdamagingtherelationshipbetweenRufusandthepapacy.

HenryI • ArchbishopAnselmrefusedtobemadebishopbyKingHenry.Hewasexiledin1103.ThisledthePopetothreatenHenrywithexcommunication,theworstpunishmentthattheChurchcouldgive.

• Eventually,in1107,HenryreachedanagreementwiththePope.Henryagreedtogiveuphisrighttoinvestbishops.Thismeantthattheywouldstillhavetoswearloyaltyandprovideserviceswhenrequired.

• Afterthis,AnselmsupportedHenryandinreturnwasallowedtobringinPopeGregoryVII’sreforms,forexamplecondemningsimony.

Task15–MonasteriesinNormanEngland

Task:aroundthemonk,write10factsaboutmonasticisminNormanEngland.Youwillalsoneedyourclassnotestohelpwiththistask.

Hint–thinkaboutthevowsmonkstoo,howtheNormansbuiltmoremonasteries,changesthatNormanssuchasLanfrancmadetomonasteries.

Task16–EducationinNormanEngland


Before1066,educationinmonasterieswasconductedin__________ratherthan__________,andtheteachersweremonksornuns.

WhentheNormansarrivedin1066,educationmovedoutofmonasteriesandconventsandintothe_______________.AsthesizeandnumberoftownsincreasedundertheNormans,sodidtheneedforabettereducationsystem.Peopleneededbetterliteracyandnumeracyskillsinordertoconduct__________.Furthermore,theNormanbaronsandknightswholivedinEnglandwantedtheirchildreneducatedtothehighestpossiblestandards.

Reformswithinmonasticismmeantthatchildrenwerenolongerallowedwithinmonasteriesorconvents,thereforeschoolsmovedoutofmonasteriesandbecameseparatebuildings.Therewasanexplosioninthenumberofschools–by1100therewere______schoolsandby1200therewere75.

Inschools,__________wasspokenandbegantoinfluencetheEnglishlanguage(andviceversa).However,Latinwasstillusedforwritingandwasseenasthelanguageof___________.

Attheageof______,somechildrenmovedonto___________schools,whichwereseparatefromChurchschools.Studentsstayedatgrammarschoolforatleast4years,learning___________grammaraswellashowtospeakandwritethelanguage.

TheschoolyearlastedfromSeptembertoJune,whichenabledpeasantfamiliestobringinthe___________duringthesummermonths.Theschooldaystartedassoonasthesunwasupandendedlateafternoon.Duringlessons,theteachersatinthemiddleoftheroomandchildrensatonbenchesaroundtheoutside,answering__________directedatthembytheirteachers.

Ifstudentsweresuccessfulatschool,theymovedonto_____________whereallbooksandlectureswereinLatin.Studentswhodidnotgotouniversitycouldbecomemerchants,parish_________orsecretarialclerks.Subjectssuchasmaths,accountancyandlawwerenottaughtingrammarschoolsandweretaughtwhenstudentsstartedwork.

towns & cities Christianity trade 40 Latin French English

harvest university clergy 10 Latin questions grammar

Task17–DurhamCathedral

1. WhereisDurhamCathedrallocated?Whyisthisimportant?

2. WhenwasDurhamCathedralbuiltandwhenwasitfinished?

3. TowhatsaintwasDurhamCathedralbuiltinthehonourofandtohousehisshrine?

4. WhywasitimportantforWilliamtobuildacathedralinDurham?

5. WhydidDurhamCathedralbecomeasiteforpilgrimages?

6. WhatdowemeanbytheRomanesquestyle?

7. WhichmonasticorderlivedinthemonasteryattheCathedral?

8. DescribetheaspectsofthemonasticorderthatoccupiedtheCathedral.

9. Why was a monastery attached to Durham Cathedral? What does this tell you about theimportanceofrevivingMonasticisminNormanEngland?

10. WhydoesaddingadeaneryreflectchangesinthereorganisationoftheEnglishChurchHierarchy?

11. WhydidDurhamCathedralbecomeofmilitaryimportance?

12. Why was a castle built next to the Cathedral and is this common in Norman England – giveexamples?

13. Why did the Bishop Prince have more independence in Durham than other Bishops across thecountry?

14. What does the appointment of Ranulf Flambard to Bishop Prince show about the relationshipbetweentheKingandchurchandwhathappenedtoFlambard?

15. LabelthefeaturesofDurhamCathedral

3,HowtoanswerthequestionsQ5:HowconvincingisinterpretationA…(8marks–10minutes)

Allanalysisisoncontentofthesource–sowhatyoucanSEE.

Needthreeclearaspectsofthesourceandsupportusingownknowledge.Pickdetailsfromthesource,explainthemanduseownknowledgeonthetopictosayitisconvincing.

Q6:Explainwhatwasimportantabout…(8marks–10minutes)

TwoPEELparagraphstoexplainwhatwasimportant.Lookatoutcomesoftheeventandimpactsofthatchange.

Q7:Writeanaccount…(8marks–10minutes)

LookatWHAThappened,WHYithappenedthentheOUTCOMES.

Re-wordthequestionintoHOWsomethinghaschanged.

TwoPEELparagraphs

Q8:‘Normancathedralswerebuilttoreflectthepowerofthemonarch’.HowfardoesastudyofDurhamCathedralsupportthisstatement?(16marks–25minutes)

3PEELparagraphs,usingthefactorinthequestionfirst.Aconclusion–thisshouldhastwopointstobackup.

4,ModelanswersHowconvincingisinterpretationAabouttheimpactoftheNormansonEnglishmonasteries?(8marks)

InterpretationAisconvincing

becauseitshowshowNormanactionshadanumberofdifferentimpacts.Theinterpretationshowshowthesomeactionsthat‘lackedrespect’bythenewNormansmonasticleaderswereunpopularwiththeEnglishmonks.Forexample,in1083,thenewAbbotofGlastonburywasamancalledThurstan.HeinsistedthathismonksuseaNormanchantintheirservicessohesentknightsintothechurchtoforcethem,whichresultedin3monksbeingkilledand18injured.Thesenewideaswere‘disturbing’totheEnglishmonks,whowereadecadebehindthereformsthatwerehappeninginNormandy.

However,eventhoughAshowsthenegativereactionforEnglishmonks,itshowsthatthereformsweregoodforEnglishmonasteries.TheNormansbroughtinnewlearningfromEurope,likewhenLewesPriorywascontrolledfromClunyinFrance,whichwasknownitsqualityscholarsandlearningaboutStBenedict.TheNormansalsobuiltnewmonasteriesinareaslikeWhitbyabbeyintheNorthofEngland,whichhelpedtospreadthechurchesinfluence.SomepartsofAnglo-Saxonpracticesuchassaintworship,shownbySt.Cuthbert’srelicsatDurham,wererespectedbyNormans.Therefore,theinterpretationisconvincingbecauseitshowsthateventhoughthe‘freshintellectuallife’wasnotpopularwithEnglishmonksandcreatedtension,ithelpedtoleadtothegrowthofthechurchthroughoutNormanEngland.

ExplainwhatwasimportantaboutlandholdinginNormanEngland(8marks)

WilliamusedlandholdingandlordshiptoincreasehispoweraftertheConquest,whichmadethempoliticallyimportant.AfterWilliamwontheBattleofHastings,hehadtorewardthepeoplewhohadsupportedhim.Forexample,hemadeWilliamFitzOsbernthefirstEarlofHerefordin1067andrewardedhimwithlandsinOxfordshire,Dorest,Berkshire.InexchangefortheirnewpowerandwealththeNormanLordshadtosupportWilliam,includingfightingforhimandsupportinghispolicies.ThiswasimportantbecauseitmeantthatWilliam’spowerwasprotected,andallowedWilliamtodealwiththreatswhentheyhappened.

WilliamalsomadesurethechurchwasgivenenoughlandsinEngland,whichwasimportantforreligioninNormanEngland.Forexample,whileWilliamclaimedallofthelandinEnglandafterHastings,hegaveaboutaquarterbacktothechurch.ThiswasimportantforNormanEnglandbecauseitallowedthechurchtobuildspectacularnewmonasteriesandcathedralsthroughoutEnglandlikeDurham.ItwaspoliticallyimportantbecauseseniorchurchmenlikeBishopOdoactedasregentsforWilliaminareasofthecountrythatneededtobebroughtundercontrol,likeintheNorthofEnglandwheremanypeoplehadconnectionswithVikings.

Writean

Thisisamodelanswerbecause:

TheresponseisacomplexexplanationoftheconsequencesoflandholdingandlordshipinNormanEngland.Morethanoneconsequenceisidentified,explainedinthebroaderhistoricalcontentandsupportedwithdetailedandrelevantknowledgeandunderstanding.

InterpretationA:AninterpretationoftheimpactoftheNormansonEnglishmonasteries.AdaptedfromanarticlebyHughLawrence,in‘HistoryToday’,1986.

EnglishmonasticismaftertheconquestwastransformedbytheaggressivebuildingofnewmonasteriesoccupiedbymonksfromFrance.ThiswasdeeplydisturbingforEnglishMonks,whohadtoacceptnewNormansuperiors.TensionwasheightenedbythelackofrespectshownforEnglishcustoms.ButtheNormansbreathedfreshintellectuallifeintotheEnglishmonasteriesthroughnewlearningfromthecontinentalongwithdifferentcustoms.

accountofthewaysinwhichthefeudalsystemchangedundertheNormans(8marks)

OnewaythatthefeudalsystemchangedwasthattheAnglo-SaxonaristocracylostmostoftheirpowerundertheNormans.However,WilliamchangedthepeoplerunningthesystemtoNormansupporterswhichmeantthatmanyEnglishearlswereleftwithnothing.ThiswasbecauseWilliamclaimedallofthelandinEnglandthatusedtobetheirsandusedthefeudalsystemtorewardtheNormanbaronsandchurchmenwhohelpedhimtosecurepowerinEnglandbygivingthemparcelsofland.Forexample,hemadehishalf-brotherBishopOdotheEarlofKentafterhefoughttheBattleofHastings.ThechangesthatWilliammadetothefeudalsystemmeantthatby1076therewereonlytwoEnglishmenwhoownedlandthathadbeengiventothembytheking.

Thefeudalsystemalsochangedthewaythatlandwaspassedonfromoneearltoanother.BeforetheNormans,theAnglo-Saxonsusedtodivideuplandbetweenmembersofthefamilyofthelandowner.However,theNormanschangedthisbyintroducingtheideaofprimogeniture,wheretheoldestsontookoverthelandwhenthebarondied.Eventhoughthismeantthattheyoungersonsanddaughterslostout,ithelpedtokeepthefeudalsystemstrong,becauseitmeantthatlandholdingwaskepttogetherasapowerfulunitratherthanbeingdispersedintosmallerunits.Iftherewasadisagreement,thiswouldbedealtwithbyaNormancourt.Thesechangesallowedlandtobepassedfromtheearltohisfirstsonsmoothly.

5,PracticequestionsQuestion5–Howconvincing(8marks–10minutes)

Q5:HowconvincingisinterpretationAabouttheNormanlegalsystem?

Thisisamodelanswerbecause:

Theresponseshowscomplexthinking.ItexplainsandsubstantiatesmorethanonebroaderimpactthattheNormanshadonthefeudalsystem,supportedwitharangeofaccurateanddetailedfactualknowledgeandunderstanding.

HowconvincingisinterpretationAabouttheimpactofNormanmonasteries?

HowconvincingisinterpretationAinshowingwhyWilliamhadavalidclaimtoEnglishthrone?

Question6–Explaintheimportanceabout(8marks–10minutes)

Q6:ExplainwhatwasimportantaboutthereformsofthemonasteriesforNormanEngland

Q6:ExplainwhatwasimportantaboutlandholdingandlordshipinNormanEngland

Q6:ExplainwhatwasimportantaboutlawandorderinNormanEngland

Q6:Explainwhatwasimportantaboutthebuildingofcastles

Q6:ExplainwhatwasimportantabouttheactionstakenbyWilliamtodealwithrebellionsinestablishingNormancontrol

Question7–Writeanaccount(8marks–10minutes)

Q7:WriteanaccountonthewaysthefeudalsystemchangedundertheNormans

Q7:WriteanaccountofthewaysinwhichthelivesofAnglo-SaxonvillagersstayedthesameundertheNormans

Q7:WriteanaccountofhowWilliamwontheBattleofHastings

Q7:WriteanaccountonhowreligionchangedundertheNormans

Q7:WriteanaccountofrelationsbetweentheNormanmonarchsandthePapacy

Question8–Historicalsitestudy(16marks–25minutes)

Q8:‘Normancathedralswerebuilttoreflectthepowerofthemonarch’.HowfardoesastudyofDurhamCathedralsupportthisstatement?

Q8:‘NormancathedralswerebuilttoimposethepoweroftheChurch’.HowfardoesastudyofDurhamCathedralsupportthisstatement?

Q8:‘Normancathedralswerebuilttoshowtheimportanceofreligion’.HowfardoesastudyofDurhamCathedralsupportthisstatement?

Q8:‘NormancathedralswerebuilttoconsolidatethepoweroftheNormans’.HowfardoesastudyofDurhamCathedralsupportthisstatement?

The Norman Conquest 1066-1100 - Droylsden Academy

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