T H E L A N G HAM S E R I E S

A N ILLU STRATED COLLECT I ON

O F ART MON O GRA P H S

EDITED BY SELWYN BR INTON,

T H E L AN G HA M S E R I E S O F

ART MON O GRA P H S

ED ITED BY SELWYN BR INTON, M.A .

Vol. I .—BA RTOLOZ Z I AND msPUPs I N

E NGLAND . By S. BR INTON, M .A . Wi thCol. Fron tispiece and 1 6 ful l-page I llustrations (xvi 96 )

VOL. I I .—COLOU R-PR1NTsOF JAPAN . ByE . F . STRAN G E . With two Colou red andnumerousfull-page I l lustrat ions

(xn + 8 5 )VOL. I I I .—TH E ILLUSTRATORS or MONTMA RTRE . By F . L. EMANU EL . W i thtwo Coloured and numerousfull-pageI l lustrations (vi i i 8 5 )

VOL . IV.—AUGUSTE ROD IN . By RUDOLF

D I RCK S . W i th two Photogravuresandeleven full-page I l lustrations(vi i i 7 2 )

VOL. V .—VEN ICE AsAN ART C ITY. By

A. Z ACH E R . W i th two Photogravuresand full-page I l lustrat ions (vi i i + 8 8 )

VOL . V I .—LONDON AsAN ART C ITY. ByMrs. STE UA RT E RSKIN B. W i th one

E tch ing and sixteen ful l-page I llustrations (vi i i 9 5 )

VOL . V I I . -NU RBMBRRG .

‘By H . Unma

BERNAY S . Wi th two Col. and full-pageI l lustrations (vi i i 8 5 )

VOL . V I I I .—TH E E IG HTEENTH CENTU RY

IN ENGL I SH CA RICATU RE . By S . B R INTON ,M .A . W i th two Col. andsixteen fullpage I llustrations (vi i i 96)

VOL. lX .—ITAL IAN ARCH ITECTU R E . By

J .WOOD BROW N, M .A . W i th numerousfull-p age I l lustrat ions (vi i i 8 8 )

VOL . x .—ROME AsAN ART C ITY . By

A . Z ACH E R . W i th numerousfull-pageI l l ustrations (vi i i 9 5 )

VOL . XI .—J . F . MI LLET . By R . MOTHER .

W i th two Photogravures and ten

full—page I l lustra tions (vi i i + 72 )VOL . X II .—J . M .WH I STLE R . By H . W.

S INGE R . W i th one Photogravure and

full-page I l lustrations (vi i i 83)

VOL . X I I I .—F . de GOYA . By R . MOTHER .

W i th one Photogravu re and full—pageI l lustrat ions (vi i i 64)

VOL . XIV .—DANTE G AB R I EL RO SSETT I .

By H . W . S INGER . Wi th th irteenfull-page I l lustrat ions. (vi i i + 73 )

VOL. XV .—MOO RI SH C ITIES I N SPA IN .

By C. GASQUOINB HARTLEY. W i thfull-page and numerousI l lustra tionsinthe text (vi i i + 99 )

VOL . XVI . —OXFO RD . By H . J . L. J .MAssé . W i th full-page and numerousI llustrationsin the text (vi i i I n )

VOL . XV I I . HOKU SA I . By E . F .

STRANGE . W i th Col. Frontispiece andn ume rousful l -page I llustrations

In P repar a t ion

POMP EU . By E . MAYER .

Volume: tofol/aw .

CON TE N T S

INTRODUCTORY

THE UN IVER S ITY

COLLEGES

ART TREA SURE S

A RMS OP WADH RM COLLEG E

ILLU STRATIONS

CHR I ST CHURCH, TH E H ALLO UTDOOR P ULP IT, MAGDALEN COLLEGEA GAs’ MA P

S EA L OE TH E TOWN

TH E UN I VER SITY CH EST

ARMS OF TH E UN IVE RS ITY .

THE BOA R’sH EAD CA ROL

MAGDALEN TOW ER

INTRODUCTORY

T has been wel l remarked that there always

I rema i ns in the mind some colour impressionof any part i cular place or scene . Mr.J . H . M . Abbot t says

,

’ “ Th ink of Oxford,

i f you have been there even for everso short a t ime.Does not th e Old c i ty sha pe i t se lf ou t of a greynessand a greenness that are itsbackground of charm

,

th e grey of i ts anci en t wal ls, and th e green of i tsbeaut i ful t rees

,and gardens, and walks, and fi eld s

Afterwards come the wind ing streets,the W indow

gardens i n the quads, th e towns and spi res, th e ha l l sand chapels

,the young fresh faces

,the placi d water

ways. Bu t always and for ever they stand outfrom amidst a lovely sett ing of g rey and Of green .

And a lways the grey seems to symbol ise g reat ageand the wisdom of th e centuries ; and the greenthe eterna l freshness and beau ty of th e springt imeOf life, and the p romi se of yea rs to come .

’

Colour In Oxford asa rule 15 indeed bu t sparinglyseen

,except when the Chrysanthemums are a t the i r

best . To represent the sombre Ol d place, as hasbe en done by some i llustrators

,with red s and purple

Vid: Tfie Spertator, S ept . 2 3, 1 90 5 .

A

2 OXFORD

browns,bright blues and gaudy t in ts of yellow i s

grotesque ly wrong.Mr. Abbott speaks further of the cha rm ofOxford ,saying, I t i s i ndeed a despa ir tosee Oxford and tofai l to rea l ise i ts mean ing

,as a lmost inev i ta bly must

those who run to i t ha st i ly for a day and comeaway again . Ten hours migh t do for a dockya rd ,an arsenal or a manufacturing cen tre ; but tenyears would ha rd ly teach a newcomer that wh ich i sto be learned from the stones of Oxford . In a dayh e is

’

only just able to real i se how l i tt le he real i sesof i t .The ten years may seem a long t ime to al lowfor th i s l esson

,but Na thaniel Hawthorne aptly

wrote that the world su re ly has not another placel ike Oxford i t isa despai r to see such a place andever to leave i t

,for i t would take a l i fet ime

,and

more than one,to comprehend and enj oy i t

sat isfa ctori ly .

”

To the thoughtfu l v isi tor who wi shes to real isei n some way the old Oxford of bygone yea rs i tmay be suggested that there are several points ofvantage for t h is i n terest ing s tudy . Of the st reetv iewsnot much can be sa i d except of t hose i nthe High Street, and even there i t isthe wholetha t must be stud ied rather than bui ld ings in deta i l .Perhapsth e best v iews are obtai ned to the east

,

from Carfax,a few ya rds down the High S treet,

and to the wes t,from a poin t j us t below the New

Schools . Another good v iew can be had to thenorth from the Martyrs’ Memorial . B road Stree tgives us a fine View to the south-east from the

INTRODUCTORY 3

gateway of T r in i ty ; and close by are th e v iewseast down Holywe l l S treet

,and up Park Stree t

from th e south corner of the fron t of Wadham .

Turn ing round south,towards S t . Mary’s a good

v i ew of the Bod le ian pile can be obta ined from apo in t outs id e the Octagon House . The old SchoolsQ uadrangle i s wel l worth s tudy ing, i n spi te of thefa ct tha t i t hasbeen restored and re-faced in parts.All Souls

,i n i ts fron t quadrang l e, though changed

in smal l detai ls, could be eas i ly recogni sed by i tsfounder . No important st ructura l a lterat ions havebeen made . From the east s id e of the grea tquadrangle a v iew

,ma i nly of e igh teenth-cen tury

Oxford,wi l l be obta ined .

The quad rangle of New College, with theexcept ion of t hesash windows and added top floor

,

i s much asW i l l iam ofWykeham left i t so,too

,the

cloisters and the bell-tower. From the gardens theold wa l lsof the town can be v i ewed at closequa rters

,and there is a fi ne v i ew from the ga rden

of the Church of St . Pete r i n the East. MertonStreet gi ves usan excel lent v iew of th e choi rOf the Co l lege Chapel . The Mob quadrang lew i th the Library on the south and west s ides i s ofgrea t in terest, the windows i n the roof be ing thechi ef add i t i on to the fourteenth-century work .

Beyond the Fel lows’ Quadrangle i s the Fel lows’

garden, from wh ich good v i ews of Magdalen andChr is t Church a re to be had . From the MertonFie lds, the College and i ts bui ld ings g roup welltogether, the p ictu re, however, being marred by thebui ld ings e rec ted i n 1 864. The quad rang le at

4 OXFORD

Oriel isanother poi n t of vantage from which to

get a v iew,i nclud ing the or ie l w indow of the

Ha l l,with Merton Tower in th e background .

Magda len i s so en t i rely charming from everypo int tha t th e selec t ion Of a poin t of v iew i sd iffi cul t . Perhaps the best v iews are that of theFounder’s Tower seen from the opposi te s i de of thecloi sters

,and that of the matchless tower from

the sma l l court wh ich conta i ns the outdoor pulp i t.There are no Engl i sh cloisters anywhere

,save at

Glouces ter,to compare w ith these

,and few towers

surpass that of th e chapel . From the garden walksand from the Cherwel l ’s banks ever-vary ing v i ewsare to be seen .

The front of Wadham,th e quad rangle

,and th e

chapel from the ga rdens,are of pecul iar beauty

,and

ough t no t to be m issed . While at Worcester theO l d monast i c bui ld i ngs are we l l worth seeing, bothfrom the ga rden side

,and from the north

,i .e.

,th e

chape l end of the colonnade.The garden fron t of St. John’s isanother of

Oxford ’s gems . There i s noth ing i n Oxford of thesame da te wi th wh ich i t may be compared . A

good v iew of Wadham front can be obtained fromthe ga rdens Of Trin i ty .

Chri st Church i s in te rest ing from many pointsof v i ew, parti cu la rly from the clo isters towards thespi re . From Merton Fields i t should be stud iedfrom any poin t that does not include the newbui ldings of Christ Church and those of Mertonnea r the Grove .The in terior of th e Cathed ral has been much

OUTD OOR PU LP IT AT MAGDALE N COLLE GE .

F ROM A P ENC I L D RAWING EY E . P . WAR R EN .

INTRODUCTORY 5

restored and a l tered,but a v iew from the second

bay of the Lady Chapel,or from the fi rst bay of the

Lat in Chapel,across the space under the tower

towards the nave,will enable one pract ically to avoid

see ing what has been done i n the way of structural change . The v ista from west to eas t

,even

though i t has only been possi b le for th i rty years,

i s worth Observ ing and compar i ng with thesame v iew as shown in engrav ings of n inetyyears ago .

Oxford i s well prov ided with open spaces,though

these spaces mostly take the form Of College ga rdens.One of the ch ief“ lungs

” i s the large area consist ingof the ga rdens of Trini ty, and S t . John

’s,with the

Gardens on the other s ide of the road belong ingrespecti ve ly to the Warden and to the Fel lows ofWa dham Col lege . C lose by a re t he beaut i fulgardens of New College, and with in easy d istanceare those of Magdalen Col lege, with the adjo i n ingdeer-park and r iver walks . I n th e High Street,near to Magda len

,i s the Botanical Garden ; and

close to i t are the ga rdens of Merton,Merton Fi eldsand Christ Church Meadow.

Loggan i n h i s“ Oxonia Il lustrata represen ts

most of these gardens as lai d ou t i n the forma lfash ion known so generally as Du tch

,wi th the trees

and shrubsc l i pped an d shaped i n many a fantast i cdev i ce . T r in i ty Garden wi th i ts l ime-walk

,

Me rton and N ew College Gardens seem to havetaken thei r presen t form in the e ighteenth century .

Wadham Garden waslai d out under D r. Wills(Warden 1 783 and Worceste r Garden s

6 OXFORD

were la i d out early i n the n ineteenth cen tury .

Even the College quadrangleswere lai d out inquai n t dev i ces—that at B rasenose wi th hedgesan d t rees (shown i n Loggan) of wh ich Hearnesai d that “ i t was a del igh tful and pleasant shadei n summer t ime.” This was al l removed i n1 727.

New College Gardens i n Loggan’st ime must

have looked rather quain t . The mound near theold wal l was terraced

,with a fl igh t of s teps fac i ng

the gard en gate . The garden space between th emound and the gate was d iv ided in to four sect ions,one of wh ich seems to have conta ined the royalarms of England

,another the arms of the Co l lege

,

and a th i rd a cur ious sund ial set ou t wi th grass,

gravel walks and box edg ing .

Old trad i t ions have d ied hard i n Oxford . St . John’sused to have a masque and other fest iv i t ies atChr istmas

,so too had Tr in i ty. S t. John’s too

used to feast upon frumenty In mid Len t.Old customs were formerly kep t up a t NewCol lege, such as the summoni ng of t he Fel lows tod inner and supper by a choi r boy

,who went from

the chapel door to the garden-gate ca l l ing, “ 1 !ma nger

tour seigneurs,” and the s ing ing of the M ira bi lia

M andi on spec ia l occa sions. The Fell ows arest i l l summoned to Col lege meet ings by blows of awooden mal le t on the foot of th e stai rcase .At Al l Souls’ twice yea rly

,v iz .

,on Al l Souls’

Day and at the Bursar’s Ga udy,Issung the Song of

the Mal lard,wi th i ts chorus

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8 OXFORD

hasbeen observed in th i s College,and may now

be said to have become a custom . On Chr istmasE ve select ions from Handel’s M essiah aresung in the Hall

,together with several carols,!

among them a modern sett ing of In dulc i Jub i lo.”Short ly before midn igh t

“ Adeste Fidelesi s sung, then si lence is kept, and at the hour“ G loria i n excels i s ” (Pergolesi) i s sung . TheCollege bel ls then clang out thei r greet ings to al lon Christmas morn

,wh i le the guests before depart

ing d rink from the s i lver g race cup the toast oft he season . 80 ends the Magda len Chor ister s’Hei l ige Nach t.”For th e study of t h e topography of the c i ty,and the various early al terat ionsin the Colleges andHal ls there i s no more interest ing book than “TheTopography of Oxford

,

” by H . Hurst, beingvol. xxx ix. o f th e pub l i cat ions of th e OxfordArch i tectura l and Historical Soc i ety . Aga s

’ Mapi s reproduced as a fronti sp iece . To a stranger i tmay appear

' too an t iquated,but to any one in

terested i n t rac i ng the g rowth o f Oxford fromEl izabethan t imes i t i s fu l l of i nteres t.Loggan

’s“Oxon ia I llust rata,

” publ i shed in 1 675 ,has fol io engrav ings of all th e then exi st ing Collegesand Hal ls

,and

, i n spi te of a few errors i n architectural d etai l

,i s ful l of i n terest.

The Oxford Almanacs,which began to be pub

lished towards the en d of the seven teen th century,The old Engl ish God rest you merry, Gentlemen,”

The F i rst Nowel l , and the p la int ive u CoventryCarol.”

INTRODUCTORY 9

form an interest ing record of the var ious Col legebu i ld i ngs at d ifferent t imes

,and often from poi nts

of v iew not general ly access i ble . They have ce rta inly deterio rated in art i st i c meri t, as may be seenby comparing the beaut iful d rawings of F. Mackenz ie wi th the recen t prints from chea p and nastyprocess-blocks. An thony a Wood will, thoughoften inaccurate

,a lways be a m ine of reference,

and is always quaint ly in terest ing to read .

Of modern guide-books,Pa rker’s Handbook

has not been recently re i ssued Alden’s i s perhapsthe best for a v isi tor wi th but l i ttle t ime to Spare,and i t isa lways brough t up to d ate, appa rent lyannua l ly. To any one who

,l ike the wri ter,

remembers Oxford of the early eigh t ies, i t usefu l lypoin ts ou t t he ch ief changes tha t have been made.Mr. J . Wells’ “ Oxford and i ts Co l leges,

” evenapart from Mr . E . H . New ’s d rawings

,must for

long be the best of guide-books.

ARMS OF BALL IOL COLLEG E

TH E TOWN

HE Ea rly Hi story of th e town of Oxfordi s much involved wi t h myths

,asmight

be expected but i t seems c lear that thep lace was not a Roman s ta t ion

,though

t he Roman road to Dorchester from A lcesterpassed i n the ne ighbourhood of Head ing ton .

Under the B ri tons there was a settlement,for

afte r being dest royed by the Saxons i n t h e midd leof the fifth cen tury

,i t was rebui l t by Vort igern .

There was undoubted ly a Saxon church on th es i te of th e presen t Cathedral

,for port i ons of i t

st i l l remain . Th i s was the Saxon church of thenunnery of S t . F ridesw ide .

fE lfred,with h i s sons E dward and fE thelward

,

res ided i n Oxford towards the end of the n in thcentury. Edward th e Eld er

,K ing of the West

Saxons,i n 9 1 2, took possess ion of and occup ied

London and Oxford and a ll the lands wh i ch theretobelonged ; and wi th th i s fact our documentaryknowledge of th e town hasto begin . His sonAthelstan i s supposed to have set up a mint i nOxford in 925 . Edmund Ironsi des wastreacherously slain there i n 1 0 1 7, and Cnu t was thus

THE TOWN 1 1

l eft master of th e posit i on . At a Witan held i nOxford i n 1 0 1 8 t he “ laws of Edga r were adopted .S t. Mart in’s Church was g ran ted by Cnut to th emonks of th e Abbey at A bingdon . Harold Ha refoot wascrowned at Oxford i n 1 036 but h is re ignwasshort

,and h i s successor Harthacnut reigned

but for two yea rs. Hatred for rule rs such asthesehad led men to cal l to th e throne Edward theConfessor

,who had been i n exi le i n Normandy .

In h i s re ign Oxford fl ourished,j udg ing by the

Domesday survey of Oxford sh i re . The referencesto wal l-mansions ” show that the town was fort ifi ed ; the reference to “ mil ls ” shows that thepopulati on wasconsi derable, and the ment ion oftol ls ” shows that i t wasa ma rket-town .

At the Conquest Oxford had grown to somes ize

,asthere were over 700 houses the re in, an d at

least seven churches.From 1 066—1 1 5 0, Oxford was subj ect to a hardtaskmaste r i n Robert D ’

O ilgi, the Constable appo i nted by the Conqueror

,a man

,however

,who

d id the work of strengthen ing the town thoroughly,who i s cred i ted w ith repai rs to the damaged churches

,

an d whose successo r and nephew undertook thebui ld ing of the fi rst Abbey at Oseney i n 1 1 29 .

The town played itspart too i n the Civ i l W a r InS tephen’s t ime

,and the Empress Mat i lda’s escape

from the Castle in w inter i s one of the facts wh ichform a landmark i n ou r early study of h isto ry .

By 1 1 6 1 the town wasof suffi ci en t importanceto have i tsrightsand pr iv i leges acknowledged by aCharte r of Henry I I .

1 2 OXFORD

In the re ign of Henry I II . S imon de Montfor tand h is fact ion forced upon the K ing the Provi s ionsof Oxford

,1 25 6 .

From th i s date the town i s of less impor tance asa town than as the seat of the Un iversi ty . In proport ion as the Un iversi ty gradually grew stronger

,

so the power of th e town w asslowly lessened .Aga s’ Map

,publ i shed in 1 5 78, and since reprinted

by the Oxford H istorica l Soc iety,shows clear ly th e

c i ty wal ls as a perfect ence in te,and they exi sted as

such fo r many years subsequently .Oxford became an important nat ional centre in theC iv i l War that ended so d isastrously for Charles I .During t h is t roubled t ime the c i ty was fort ifi ed byadd i t iona l l i nes

,the then exist ing wal ls be ing very

r ightly considered as too weak to be of any real use.Roughly i t may be sai d that these l ines extendedfrom St . G iles’sChurch to Holy Well , from thenceto Fol ly Bri dge

,from thence to a poin t to the west of

St . Thomas’ C hurch, and from thence to S t . G iles’s.

Port i ons of these l ines remained in var iousgard ens and enclosed parts of the town t i l l recentt imes

,some st i l l surv ive. B i ts of the old ci ty wall

may be seen sti l l i n the gardens of New Col lege, inLongwal l S treet

,and i n the garden a t Merton

,or

better from Merton Field s. The south sid e of

Broad Street i s bu i l t to the north of th e old wall,and port i ons rema i n h idden or occas ional ly incor

porated i n bui ld ings.Under the early Hanover ian dynas ty Oxford waspract i cally the Jacobite headquarters

,i f not cap i tal

but by the accession of George III . Jacobi t i sm hadalmost ceased to exist .

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1 4 OXFORD

blocks of stonework at the two rema in ing cornersof Carfax . A si te l ike th is, placed under the con trolof an arch i tect w ith an a tom of respec t for h is art

,

or any love for the t rad i ti on s of the place,migh t

have been made into someth ing that al l men migh thave admi red and prai se d asi t i s

,poor Carfax i s a

laugh i ng-stock to those who love thei r Oxford, anda terr ible wa rn ing as to wha t should no t be done .The town los t i n d ign ity wha t i t ga ined i nconven ience by the int rod uct ion of the t ramways

,

but i t i s to be hoped that the day i s fa r d istan twhen the H igh S treet

’s beau ty wi l l be marred byany system of cast-i ron standa rds and overheadwi res for electri c t rams . The elect ri c-lamp standa rdsare in themselves a blemish In the streets . It mu s ta lways be a matter of surprise how such crud epiece s of workmansh i p came to be designed

,and

st i l l more how the desi gn came to be accepted ast he best fo r the purpose

,by some one i n author i ty .

One of these cast-i ron abominat ions has beendel i bera tely set up to mark th e supposed si te of a

martyr’s death i n the Broad Street .I t i s a matter of grea t regret that so many of

th e O l d names of streets have been changed wi thou t a ny apparen t good reason . The CornmarketS treet w asN orth Ga te S t ree t

,S t . Aldate’s was Fish

Street,Ma rket S t ree t was Cheney Lane

,Sh i p

S treet wasSommers Stree t,Bra senose Lane w as

St . Mi ldred’s S treet, asthe Churchyard of S t .Mi ld red wasnear the si te of the presen t lane.S t. Cathari ne

’s Street,was

,asi t ough t to be now

,

Cat S t reet, Merton S treet was S t. John’s S treet

,

tak ing i ts name from the then pari sh church of

THE TOWN 1 5

S t. John ; O rie l S tree t was Schydyard S treet,Grove St reet was Grope Lane

,Pembroke S tree t

was Pennyfarth ing St reet, Queen S t reet was GreatBai ley

,New Inn Ha l l S t reet i n 1 5 30 was North

Bai ley,later Seven D eadly S ins Lane

,and th e

presen t S t. Michael Stree t was Bedford Lane ;Broad S t ree t was Horsemonger S t ree t.A most interest i ng plan of Oxford i n 1 5 30 i s

given i n Maxwel l Lyte’s H istory of the Un ivers i tyof Oxford .

TH E UN IVER SITY

HE Univers i ty of Oxford is a corporatebody

,cons ist ing of

“ the Chancel lor,

masters and scholars of the Universi tyof Oxford

,

” and i t wasso const i tuted byStat. 1 3 El izabeth , c . 20, i n 1 5 7 1 . Of these theChancellor i s the offi ci a l h ead of t he Universi ty .

He isunpaid,and i s appoin ted for l i fe by the

House of Convocat ion . Asa rule the Chancel lor,by some pecul iar rule of et iquette

,does not v i si t the

Universi ty except to recei ve a member of the Royalfami ly or on very specia l occasions.For the transacti on of publ i c business

,of wh ich

there i s no lack,there are various assemb l i es

,such

asthe ancien t House of Congregat ion of the Un iversity ofOxford

,and th e House of Convocat ion .

The fi rst of these isconcerned ch iefly wi th thegran t ing of degrees, whi le the second has funct ionspurely leg i slat ive . The House of Convocati onconfi rms or rej ects proposa l s of the Congregat ion,and elects to a l l ofli cesi n the g i ft of the Un iversi ty .As ea rly as Archbishop Laud ’s t ime

,1 63 1 , a

commi t tee composed of the Hea ds of Houses andthe Proctors and convened by the Vice-Chancel lor

THE UN IVERSITY 1 7

began to meet on Mondays. Frorr. be ing ori g i nal lya pr i vate de l i berat i ve body i t by degrees securedthe i n i t ia t i ve in al l Universi ty leg i slat ion . Thename of th is Hebdomadal B oard was changed by1 7 8: 1 8 V i ct . c . 8 1

,to Hebdomada l Counci l, but

i ts powers,pri vi leges and func t i ons were retained .

Thi s Coun c i l i s now e lec ted by the Congregat ionof the Univers i ty of Oxford .To further faci l i tate the transac t i on of muchrout ine business

,Convocat ion somet imes a ppoints

various sub-comm i ttees cal led D el egates. Thereare stand ing D elegates of the Univers i ty Press andof Priv i leges . Of late years other D elega tes havebeen appointed

,such as D elegates of the Museums,

Delegates of Local Examinat ions.As the Chancel lor i s rarely presen t in Oxford ,he nominates a deputy as V i ce-Chancellor (chosenfrom the Heads of Houses i n rota t ion), who asarul e holdsh i s Offi ce for four years _ in al l . TheV i ce-Chancel lo r holds the ch ief execut i ve power inthe Un ivers i ty

,assisted by the two Proctors

,who

are concerned main ly w i th the d isc i p l i nary regulat ions affect i ng the undergraduate members of th eUn iversi ty .

The word “ univers i ty i s somewhat d iffi cul t toexpla i n even to those who understand tha t i t i s acorporat ion

,asthere is noth ing in the na ture of an

outward and v is i b le s ign to represen t the Uni versi ty.A youth of e igh teen or nineteen se lec ts h is Col lege,wh ich i s also a corpora t ion

,and after passi ng an

examinat ion school such as tha t of the Oxford andCambr idge Schools Examinat ion Board

,or el se

1 8 OXFORD

Responsions,or the Examinat ion in l i eu of Respon

s ions at Oxfo rd,i s,as a rule

,accepted by the

College wi thout further examinat ion and whenpresented to th e V i ce-Chancel lor i s

,on paymen t of

a fee,ma tricula ted asa member of th e Un iversi ty .

He i s then bound by i ts ru les and statutes unt i l h ebecomes a graduate

,when the greater pa rt of them

cease to apply to h im . The Universi ty then,as

we know i t,i s a large body corporate, consist ing

of twenty smal ler i ndependen t corporat i ons,with

for the mos t part s imi la r regulat ions .There i s no space i n a bookle t such as th is e i therto ment ion at any length or to discuss the manyi n terest ing myths ( fo r they are noth ing else )which connect the found ing of the Un iversi ty i n

general, and Un iversi ty Col lege i n part i cular, w i thAlfred the Grea t . He was born at Wantage

,and

undoubtedly v i si ted Oxford,

ashe v isi ted otherplaces which

,l ike Oxford

,were not i n h is own

kingdom .

Other l egends asc ri be an early exi stence tothe Un iversi ty ; but i t must be remembered thateven as late asthe eleventh cen tury the whole of

England was genera l ly i n a state so unsett led andso poor, that anythi ng approxima t i ng the i dea of

a Univers i ty was almost an impossi bi l i ty .At the t ime of th e Crusades

,th e contact of the

Eastern and Western nat ions led to a d ist inct improvement of the West . Th is i s seen by th e improvemen t i n morals an d i n manners ; by theimprovemen ts i n the art of bu i ld in g

,spec imens of

wh i ch,in mod ified forms certai nly

,have come

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20 OXFORD

matter of fact the Oxford studia seem to hav e developed i ndependently of, rather than in connect i onwi th

,the ex ist ing re l ig i ous foundat i ons .

Much of the early h istory of the scholars consi sts of account s of b rawl ing, and frequently of

down-ri gh t fight i ng, with t h e town and wi th th egown

,also wi th resist ing external authori ty such

as t hat of th e Church and the K ing . With thetownsmen there was the inev i table frict ion causedby the overcharging

,a defect wh ich st i l l exi sts i n

some quarters,for t he scholars had no Colleges nor

Ha l ls t i l l the end of the th i rteenth cen tury,and

lodged with the townspeopl e. There was bound tobe fr ict ion too from the fact that the schola rs

,as

clerks,claimed exempt ion from the ord inary lega l

tr i bunals .Fight i ng with fel low studen ts i n the middleages had keener a ttract i on at a t ime when menfrom the northern Sh i res fel t an innate hat red forthe dwel lers in th e south . Asat Par i s

,the facul ty

of Arts was d iv i ded in to four N a t ions,v iz .

,France

,

P icardy,Normandy and England

,so a t Oxford

the scholars d iv id ed t hemselves into two Na t ions,

"e

though , as far as personal an imos i ty went, Ir i shmenand Welshmen migh t we l l have been added astwo other Nations. The celebrated r iots of 1 209l ed to the defin ite establ ishment of the j uri sd ic t ionof the Chancel lor, who wasnominated by theB ishop of Lincoln

,i n wh ich d iocese Oxford then

wass i tuate .From these two nati onsthe Proctorsup to 1 540

represented respect ively the North and the South .

THE UN IVERS ITY 2 1

In figh t ing agains t ex terna l author i ty,the main

spr ing for act i on seems to have been the love of

freedom . Th is w asi tsel f developed qui te early bythe foo t ing of equal i ty upon wh i ch the scholars met

,

i ndependently of the i r soc ia l posi t i on . The adven tof the various orders of fr iars too

,had cont ri buted

largely to thi s un iversal des i re for personal freedom

,and st imulated the mental act iv i ty of the

place,unt i l they had bu i l t themselves permanent

bui ld ings and fa l len away from thei r orig ina li deal s. These fri ars took the keenest i nterest i nlearn ing themselves ; and at one t ime, early in thefourteenth century

,the Universi ty was compelled

to leg i slate w i th the obj ect of keep ing the controlof the educa t ion of itsstudent s i n itsown power.To the influence of th e conventual schools i sdue the fact that the Universi ty produced i n theth i rteenth century such famous men as Grosse tete

,

B ishop of Lincoln,Adam de Marisco

,and that

indomi table ph i losopher Roger Bacon .A t the end of the th i rteenth cen tury we get theparen t group of secular Colleges

,based prima ri ly on

th e conventual founda t i ons,Mer ton, Ball iol and

Un iversi ty,which were the type of s imilar founda

t ions in the nex t few years,v iz . , Exeter and Oriel .

The founders of Merton and Exeter Openly ex

pressed thei r d isl ike of the friars’ ways, and th eydist inctly d iscouraged the study of theology.

Oriel,on the other hand

,was founded for

Bachelor Fellows,who were to study Theology and

Log i c . Queen’s was des igned clea rly as a copy of

the Merton i dea i n every way,though New Col lege

22 OXFORD

forty years later ( 1 379) was, owing to Will iam of

Wykeham’s gen ius,i ts more perfec t real isat ion. I t

was th e fin ished and working model , fol lowed bythe founders of L incoln

,A ll Souls

,Magda len ,

Brasenose,Corpus

,and later of Christ Church .

Wycl i f,the “ morn ing star of the Reformat ion

,

was the last of the series of medimval doctors, i nfact wi th h im the greatness of mediae val Oxfordmay be sa id to hav e culmina ted

,i f i t d i d not come

to an end . The suppo rt tha t was g iv en to h im inthe Universi ty was not so much founded on deeprel ig ious feel ing, as on the stead i ly growing nat iona ld i sl ike fel t for the papal power

,against which

Parl iamen t had made i ts strong protest.In the fi fteenth century the Univers i ty enteredupon a period of almos t general decl ine. It was acen tury of figh t ing rather than of learn ing, yet i ni t were produced th ree Colleges, which sti l l surv iv emain ly i n thei r orig i nal form (Lincoln, All Souls,and Magdalen) , the D iv in i ty School, and, later, thel ibrary of Duke Humfrey

,the nucleus of the st i l l

greater gi ft of S i r Thomas Bodley.Two ord inances

,the far-reach ing importan ce of

w h ich wasnot then foreseen, were passed i n thereign of Henry V . All scholars and thei r servan tswere to be under the government of Princi pals

,

able and p ruden t men,lawfully approved and

admi tted by the Chancel lor and Regents,and on

no accoun t were they to have thei r chambers i nthe houses of laymen

,under various pains and

penal t i es . A few years la ter the Universi ty passeda sta tu te wh ich requi red all scholars of the

THE UN IVERSITY 23

Universi ty to dwell i n a Ha l l or College, and

where commons were prov id ed,under pa i n of

imprisonmen t . These enactmen ts secured thepredominance of the Col leges, which becam eabsolute under El izabeth and the early S tuarts

,

and the suppress ion of unattached students,who

were not al lowed t i l l 1 868 .

The Rena i ssance for a t ime forced the Un ivers i tyin to publ i c not ice

,an d wast he means of ga i ni ng

for i t d i st ingui shed pat ronage and support . Will iG rocyn, a Fellow ofNew College

,who completed

h is study of Greek i n Florence,taught i t

,after h is

re turn,to students in Exete r College . Linacre on

h i s return from Florence became physic ian toHenry VIII . John Colet, th e founder of St . Paul

’sSchool

,lectured on the Epistles of S t . Paul

,an d

w i th S i r Thoma s More may be cons idered to have

g i ven a rel ig ious turn to th e new lea rn ing that wass lowly but surely spreading i n England . Theyand the i r fr i endshoped tha t the Church migh t bereformed from with in ra ther than from wi thout

,

but thei r hopes were not fulfi l led . Erasmus learnedGreek i n Oxford, though he was eventual ly toteach i t i n the s i ste r Un i versi ty.

The mothe r of Hen ry V I I . founded the LadyMargaret Professorsh i p of D iv in i ty in 1 497 .

Brasenose wasfounded i n 1 509, and Corpus i n1 5 1 3 and i ts founder, a bandon ing hisor igina l i d eaof a mona stery, founded i t for the increase of

learn ing, and appoi nted Readers for La t in , Greekand Theology

, Who we re to lecture for the studentsof the whole Univers ity .

24 OXFORD

Oxford suffered enormously In i ts bui ld ings bythe d issolut ion of th e mona ster ies

,as Oseney

Abbey,Rewley Abbey

,the friaries of th e Augus

t inian,Ciste rc ian

,Domin ican

,Bened ict in e and

Carme l i te monks,and the monast i c foundat ions of

Durham,S t . B ernard ’s

,and Canterbury Col leges

were suppressed,and passed into other hands

,some

of them to reappear later on with diEeIent names .Wolsey

’sown glor ious foundat ion of Card inal ’sCol lege was sup pressed at h isfa l l, and convertedlater i nto the D ean and Chapter of the CathedralChurch of Chri st in Oxford of the Foundation of

K ing Henry VIII .” The Un ivers i ty Li brary waspi l laged and ru ined under the Commissi oners ofEdward VI . Two of the suppressed mona st i ccol leges

,Durham and S t . Bernard ’s

,re-appear i n

Mary’s re ign as Trin i ty and S t . John’s,bo th

founded b z ealous Roman Ca thol ics.Under El izabeth

,Jesus College

,the fi rst Pro

testant College, wasfounded In 1 5 7 1 .

Under the early S tuarts a per iod of almostgenera l stagnat ion set i n , noteworthy, however, forthe bu i ld ing of Wa dham 1 6 1 3, and Pembroke in1 624.

Laud,who had been Pres iden t of S t . John’s from

1 6 1 1 to 1 62 1 , wasV i ce-Chancellor in 1 630. He seth i s ma rk on th e Universi ty by taking in hand thatwh ich Wolsey had w ished to do a cen tury before

,

the systemat ising and cod i fying of the Un iversi tyS tatutes. The Laud ian S tatutes took practica l lyt he form In wh ich they were used up to 1 85 6, andt here are st i l l some i n t he S tatute Book

,deal ing

THE UN IVERSITY 25

with matters wh ich have not requi red any considerable al terat i on . Others deal ing with therespect to be shown to sen ior members of theUn iversi ty

,walking about i n the suburbs, frequent

ing the taverns or housesof resi dent s i n the town ,going to publ ic meet ings i n the town , hun t ing,hawking

,carrying bombard ing instruments , or

arms othe r than bows and arrows,smoking

,d riv ing

,

ri d ing, &c .,i n t ime

,no doubt

,will d isappear from

th e S tatute Book,most of them being pract i cal ly

d isregarded and not enforced .Wi th the outbreak of the Civ i l War

,the

Universi ty,as a bel i ev er i n the D iv ine r igh t of

kings, si ded with Charles I .,and for some t ime

Oxford wasthe royal headquarters. N o rea l workcould be expected of the students wh i le the Courtwas in the town

,s t i l l less before a threa tened or an

actua l s iege, or when al l avai lable hands were a twork on fort ificat ions ; but soo n after 1 649 s tudentsbegan to reassemble asbefore the War

,and d isc i

pl ine wasrestored by slow degrees .With the R estora t ion came

,i n many cases

,the

undoing of th e ev i ls of the eject ion that had beengeneral under Puri tan rule

,and the Univers i ty was

freed from the tyrann ical overs igh t of Boards ofV i s i tors but the ev i l effects of the d issolute moralsof th e Court of Charles II . were reflected i nOxford

,and were increased when that Court came

to Oxford for months at a t ime,and d isplaced the

members of the Colleg es wh ich were selected asRoyal res idences.The earl ier par t of the eighteenth century saw

26 OXFORD

Oxford Universi ty almost stagnan t educa t ionally,

though Worcester Col lege was founded in 1 7 1 4,and i tsbui ld ings fini shed i n 1 784. Oxford waspartly Tory and partly Whig and each s ide spentmuch of i ts energy, l i terary and otherwise, i n

rev i l ing, and occasi onal ly, i f occasion offered , i nattacking, the other. Manners asa ru le wererough, though a certai n sec t i on seems to have tr i edto copy the manners of the gay roysterers of Londonand of Bath .

Of the Col leges that stand out conspicuous i n adul l century. are Trin i ty at the beginning, Corpusin the middle

,and Chri st Church ; wh i l e certa i n

of the rest,such as Bal l iol

,Merton

,New College,

Magdalen,were suffering from thegeneral stagnat ion .

During the lat ter par t of the e ighteenth cen tury,s teady work

,ow ing to the fact that st rong men

were i n command,was being done at some of the

Col leges. Oriel flourished under D r . Evele igh( 1 78 1 and Corpus under D r . Cooke ( 1 783

wh i le Wadham prospered under D r. Wi l ls( 1 783 and Christ Church d i d so underCyri l Jackson ( 1 783 who

,asD ean and

V i ce-Chancel lor, wi th D r . Parsons,Master of

Ball iol ( 1 793 may be looked upon asth egui d ing sp i r i ts in crysta l l i sing i nto defini te shapethe plans for rev iv i fy ing Oxford . With men l ikethese a t the head of Colleges the rev i val wasboundto be rea l

,and i t s efI

'

ect hasproved permanen t.As In the prev i ous rev ival s of l earn ing , par t ofth e energy produced was to be expended la te r i nthe d i rect i on of rel igious act iv i ty

,and to take

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28 OXFORD

thei r ministry at Manchester College the guid ingpr inci ple i s to teach theology withou t in sist ing thatpart icu lar doctrines should be adopted .Roman Cathol i c students si nce 1 897 have used

an upper room in the’

house oppos i te Tom Towerin S t. Aldate’sas a chapel, and have a res iden tchaplai n . Pope’s Ha l l i s th e presen t name of aRoman Catho l i c Hal l

,founded in 1 896 i n memory

of Edmund Campion , formerly Fel low of John’s,

the d ist inguished Jesui t . A large p iece of groundi n Holywel l

,compris ing the s i te of the presen t

Racquet Courts hasbeen bough t by the Duke ofNorfolk wi th a V i ew to the future bui ld ing of aBened ic t in e House .The system of publ i c examinat ions at Oxfordhas now been i n operat i on for over a cen tury. I twas i n tended to afford able cand idates a pract i ca lmeans of obtain ing d ist inct ion in st rong con trast tothe formal exerci ses p rev iously requi red from thosewho presen ted themselves for the degree of R A .

Many changes hav e been made,natural ly, i n th i s

t ime,and the examina ti ons have been extended to

i nclude N a tural Science,Law

,Modern H istory

,

Theology,Oriental s tud ies, Engl ish Language and

L i terature . The system of four classes has beenreta i ned s ince 1 830.

Oxford i s said to have se t a h igh ly pernic iousexample i n formulat ing and arranging i ts examinat ion system but th is i s a w ide subj ect

,and a frui tfu l

source for much d i scussion, for wh ich there i s h ereno oppor tun ity.

Sci ence too,wh ich had been privately fol lowed

THE UNIVERSITY 29

i n the seventeenth cen tu ry,was offi c ial ly recognised

as a subj ec t i n the Schools i n 1 85 3, certai nly atfi rst wi th d iscouraging resul ts asfar asC lass Listswere concerned . The teach ing of Sci ence general ly has t i l l qui te lately been

,owing to the necessi ty

of expensiv e appara tu s and special i nst ructors,mainly i n the hands of Un iversi ty lecturers an ddemonst rators . Bal l iol

,however

,wi th Tr in i ty,

Christ Church and Magda len, have now properlyfi t ted laboratories and lectu re rooms

,and Jesus

College has recently begun to prov ide the necessarysc i ent ific accommodat ion .

Another developmen t of the examinat ion systemhas been that known as “ Universi ty Extension,

”

advocated as early as1 85 0 by Wi l l iam Sewel l .The plan

,though excel len t

,was prematu re

,and i t

wasnot ti l l 1 879 that Oxford fo l lowed the lead ofCambridge and of London . S ince 1 885 th e workhas expanded enormous ly

,and i s st i l l being

developed,parti cularly by the summer meet ings a t

Oxford or Cambridge d u ri ng the Long Vaca t i on .

I t i s impossi b le to est imate the advantages to beObtained from some of these courses of lectures

,i f

properly supplemen ted by rea l pr i vate study ; bu tthere i s a tendency to overra te t hese a dvantages, asi s ev idenced by the des i re that some sort o f a deg reeshould be obtainable for these students who haveattended the lec tures and passed examinat ions on thesubj ect-matter .In the prog ress of modern Oxford i t may benoted that the number of Professorsh i ps andReadersh i ps hasincreased from 63 i n 1 883 to 1 05

30 OXFORD

in 1 905 . Dur ing th e same length of t ime thenumber of College Fellowsh i ps

,exclud ing those

wh ich are Honorary,has decreased from 322 to

307 ; and the number of College Scholarsh ips hasi ncreased from 498 to 5 1 2 .

One of the d i st inguish i ng features of modernOxford l i fe has been the part ial recognit ion of theclaim of women to ut i l i se to the ful l th e sameeducat ional advantages that are Open to men . Themovemen t began w i th the foundat ion of Somervi l leHall

,i n memory of Mrs . Somervi l le

,some ni ne or

ten years later than Girton and Newnham Co llegesa t Cambridge . Soon a fter the open ing in 1 879 i twas seen that the bu i ld ings were i nsuffi c ient

,and

two years later they were enlarged . An add i t ionalblock of bui ld ings was requi red by 1 886 ; andaga in

,a few years later

,new bui ldings on a far

more extensive scale showed the increasing educat ional usefulness of what had been at fi rst bu ttenta t ive . Qui te recently the Col lege, for such i ti s now

,has had bui l t a l i bra ry

,wi th accommoda

t i on for volumes .Lady Margare t Hall

,which was founded i n the

same year,i s i n tended for those who profess the

pri nciples of the Church of England . Addi t ionalaccommodat ion wasprov ided for the Hal l i n 1 896

by the erect ion of the Wordsworth Build ing.Further extensions of the movement have beenthe open i ng of St . Hugh’s Ha l l i n 1 886

,and

St . Hilda ’s Hal l i n 1 893, founded and control ledby Miss D . Beale

,of Cheltenham .

The quest ion of al lowing the women who have

THE UNIVERSITY 3 1

worked for the examinat ions to take the degrees towh ich they are equi tably ent i tled must be surelyonly a quest ion of t ime . What i s a l lowed t o thestuden ts at London and other more recent ly foundedUniversi t ies

,wi ll one day be g ranted to the women

students a t our oldest Un iversi ty . Had i t notbeen for the opposi t ion

,obst inate and unreason ing

asi t always seemed, of a few, t he d isabi l i t i es mustlong ago have ceased to exist. The students (onpayment of a fee) may now take a degree atTrini ty Col lege

,D ubl in

,on th e strength of

exami nat i ons pa ssed at Oxford,and some have

avai led th emse lves of the permiss ion . Th is seemsa mos t importan t step toward s the grant ing of

deg rees to women at Oxford .Another extension

,of wh ich i t i s at presen t

d iffi cul t to see the materia l outcome, i s the open ingof Ruskin Hal l In 1 899, now (since i ts removal totempora ry premises i n Worcester Place) RuskinCol lege. The warmes t admi rers of Mr. Ruski n’stheor ies i n social eth i cs may pause before commi tt in gthemselves to unqual ified approval of a schemewhich ostensibly prov idesfor working men themeans of studying the great soc ial and po l i t icalproblems of the day. The prospectus aims atteach ing the students to raise

,but not to rise out

of,th e class to wh ich they belong

,e i ther by

res i dence at Oxford for a year,or by means of

correspondence classes .Mere residence in Oxford as an educa t ionalcentre may do much for the inmates of th i s Col legebut i t i s a t present in Oxford w ithou t be ing of i t,

32 OXFORD

and from the part i cular standpoin t of the foundat i on migh t j ust as well

,i f not be tter

,have been

establ ish ed in a more d ist i nct ly commerc ial centre,

where the problems migh t be stud ied at fi rst-handfrom concrete example

,rather than in the abstract .

!The remembrance of Rusk in’s mud-puddle roadst i l l surv ives i n Oxford, and i t isto be hoped t hatthe future of Ruski n College wi ll not d isappoin ti ts founder and i ts pupi ls.

ARMS OF THE UN IVERSITY ,FROM A BOSS IN THE OLD SCHOOLS

TH E COLLEGE S

HE Colleges are each priva te corpora t ionsqui te d isti nct from the corpora te body wh ichwe know asthe Universi ty

,and wi th the

power o f making thei r own rulesand

regu la t ions, and enforc ing them upon thei r members.Every member of the Universi ty must belong to aCol lege or Ha l l or be one of the membersof N on

Col legiate Students,and by ceasing to belong to

one of th ese sma l ler bod ieshe ceases ipsofa cto t o bea member of the Uni versi ty.

The idea of a Col lege aswe know i t orig inatedtowards the end of the th i rteenth century

,and the

earl i es t probab ly w asMerton 1 264, o r perhapsBa l l i ol . At fi rst

,j udg i ng from the various sta tutes,

the d isc i pl ine,by contras t w i th the a lmost complete

absence of i t i n the Ha l ls, wasperhaps too pa te rna l,

bu t by slow degrees i t relaxed , and i n so doing i nmost cases improved

,though there a re except ions.

In fact i t may be sa id tha t the disc i pl ine of theColleges rema ined paterna l i n cha racter t i l l thesystem of publ ic schools wasfi rm ly esta b l ished .The Laud ian Statutes of the Un iversi ty dea lt w i thmany minute po ints of deta i l, wh ich are not now

0

34 OXFORD

the subjects of espec ia l rules,and the ment ion

of t he Proctors’ B lack Book,and of imposi t ions st i l l

remains i n the S tatute Book of to-day to remindustha t times are a lways chang ing .

The College l i bra r ies suffered terribly at thehands of the V i si tors of Edward VI . ; th e reredosa t N ew College wasdefaced by Eliza beth

’s instruct i ons; tha t at All Sou ls, which was wrecked in 1 549,was concea led wi th plaster and i ncong ruous frescoest i l l 1 876 . Most of the Col lege Chape lssuffered i fnot in the t ime of Edward V I . at any rate under theCommonweal th

,some at both times

,and many of

themzsince .

The College authorit i es are in a measure trusteesof most i nterest ing bui ld ings

,tha t have been handed

down asa rule wi th care,from a respectable

an t iqu i ty,and they shou l d be very j ealous i n beha l f

of thei r t rust . In most cases they are,but at t imes

there seemsneed for some externa l control l ingauthori ty

,wi th a power of veto

,to step in and bi d

them pause a whi le before taking any step , theresults ofw h ich may prove i rremed iable .I t must be recogn i sed

,asa necessary inci dent in

thei r growth,tha t Co l legesmay req u i re enla rge

m ent and repai r, bu t the enla rg ing or the repa i rshould not be done wi thout due considerat ion forth e past

,the present

,and the fu ture .

Ha ll s were at an ea rly date founded for therecept ion of students

,and they were so numerous

tha t Mr. Green’s rema rk that the Un iversi ty foundOxford a busy prosperous borough and reduced i tto a clus ter of lodg in g-houses i s confi rmed . These

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36 OXFORD

of th e Ha l l w i ll be left standi ng when Ori el , underthe magnificen t Rhodes bequest, isextended northwa rds in to the H igh S treet .S t . Edmund

’sH a ll,i n Queen

’s Lane,was

founded i n the th i rteen th cen tury,though none of

the presen t bu i ld ings are earl i er t han the end of

the e ighteenth century. It w i l l eventual ly beuni ted w i th Queen

’s College .N ew Inn H a ll

,which had been founded earl ie r

asT rilleck’sInn , was bough t by Wi ll iam of

Wykeham in 1 369 , with othe r adjoin ing property,and conveyed to New Col lege. Being rebui l t i n1 460, i t w asknown subsequently asN ew InnHal l . Du ring the Civ i l W a r the Hal l wasused asa Mint for coin ing the pla te contri buted by thevarious Col leges and Ha l ls . The separa te existenceof th is Ha l l came to an end In 1 887. Pa rt of themore recent bu i ld ings on the si te were incorporatedi n 1 897 i n to the Memoria l H a ll ca l led a fter B ishopHanning ton , and i t may be considered the headquarters of miss iona ry endeavour In Oxford .Universi ty Colleg e takes i ts name from the fac t

tha t the endowment g iven by Wi ll iam of Durhamin 1 249 w asi n the hands of the Un ive rsi ty ast ru stee . The inst i tut ion thus managed was cal ledi n 1 366 the M agna d ula Univ ersita tis, or Grea t orMickle Un iversi ty Hal l ; and a centu ry or so la terthe various ma sters

,who profi ted by the bequest

of Will i am of Durham,fol lowed the example of

Wa l ter d e Merton’sfoundation,and the Un iversi ty

Ha l l became known as the Univers i ty College.Though the foundat ion isold

,t he bui ld ings

,as

THE COLLEGES 37

we see them,were mainly bui lt i n the re igns of

Charl es I . and Char lesI I . , though wi th manymodern add i t ionsand a l terat ions . The front of

1 635 wasrebu i lt and al te red i n 1 800,and restored

i n 1 877 . In the large quadrang l e there i s on thesouth s i d e the Chapel ( 1 639- 65 ) ,wainscoted in cedar,and wi th an oak screen . The sid e windows werepa inted i n 1 64 1 by Van Ling the younge r, and

are excel lent spec imens of h is cra ftsmansh i p . Thecast window wasi nserted by S ir G . Scot t in 1 862 .

The L i brary wasbu il t by S i r G . G . Scott i nthe early sixt ies

,the old l ib rary of 1 669 hav ing

been converted i n to extra sets of rooms for underg radua tes.A Mauso leum was bu i l t i n 1 892 to rece ive the

beaut ifu l She l ley memorial by the late E . Ons lowFord ; but the bui ld ing somehow or other isnotsat isfac tory . The Ha l l

,which i n 1 640 wasbu i l t

on the S i te of an older refectory, wasmut i la tedin 1 766 by the add i t ion of a plaster roof. Quiterecent ly the Ha l l hasbeen ca rri ed out towardsth ewest

,a nd improved by the removal of the plaster

roof ( 1 903 The Gothi c pane l l ing at the da isend of the Hal l

,wi th i ts seven panels

,each with a

gab led top wi th crockets and finials, g ivesa cur iouslychapel- l i ke effect to the i nterio r .The College, i n the reign of James I I . , was theheadqua rters of those who wished to R omaniseOxford ; i n fac t, th e statue of James on thesou th si d e of the tower i n . th e

,la rge quadrangle,

w aspresented by the then Maste r,D r. Obad iah

Wal ker . The gablesi n the quadrang le a re odd ly

3s OXFORD

shaped,and wil l not bea r comparison w i t h those at

Oriel .B a lliol College, though one of the earl i est ofthe Co l leges In point of i ts foundat ion

,I s,i n poin t

of i tsactua l bu i ld ings,a lmost enti re ly modern .

M uch more mi gh t have been made of such aSplend i d s i te

,and

,asi t is

,the bu i ld ings are unequal

even in the i r lack of i nterest . The B rakenbu rybu i ld ings facing B road S treet and Trin i ty (bu i l t In1 867

- 69 by Mr . Waterhouse) are restless, la ckingin d igni ty

,and rather overweighted w ith expanse of

roof. In many parts th e i ncised ornament on lyserves to i rri ta te the eye of the beholder . Tothe west of th is fron t isthe Master’s Lodging

,in

corpora t ing part of the fi fteenth-century bui ld ings,and st i l l further west Fi she r Bui ld ingsAsBa l l io l gradua l ly expanded In numbers In then ineteenth century

,new bui ld ings were found

necessary,

and the b lock fa c ing St . Ma ry Magda len’s Chu rch wasbui l t in 1 82 5 by B asev i . In1 85 5 the block fac ing Beaumon t S treet wasa ddedby Sa lv i n . Further extensionswere made in 1 876—7.

Not sat isfied wi th these cha nges, the authori t i esconsen ted to the wanton dest ruction of th e C hapel—a fine bu i ld ing of sixteen th-century work -byMr. Bu tterfield. Th is

,the th i rd Chapel of the

Co l l ege,isth e least i n terest ing, excep t asregard s

the remains of th e old stai ned glass.The old Ha l l ( 1 432) hasbeen converted into anUndergraduates

’ Library. It contains So ‘

memf theIt isengraved in Parker’s“ Handbook for V isi tors

to Oxford,”1 847 .

THE COLLEGES 39

glassfrom the old Chape l . The Libra ry i s someforty years la ter than th i s old Ha l l . The Ha l l wasbui l t ( 1 875 - 1 877) by Mr . Wa terhou se . I t stands byi tsel f more or less

,considerably above the ground

leve l i n fact,i t loses in d ign i ty by i ts approach up

a narrow fl ight of steps. The roof i s good, an ddoes not i n terfere wi th th e excel lent acoust i c propertiesof the Ha l l . In the west end i s an u h

sat isfactory window.

Though the sta tutes date from 1 282,th e College

w asrea l ly founded earl i er by J ohn de Bal l iol . Hehad students establ ished i n Ol d Ba l l i o l Hal l i n1 266 . His widow, th e Lady D evorgu illa of Galloway

,ca rri ed ou t h i s in tentions

,and must rank

asco-foundress. She bough t Mary Ha l l for th estudents i n 1 284, which , to d i st inguish i t from theother B a l l iol Ha l l

,w asknown asN ew Ba l l i o l Ha l l .

M erton College, the oldest i n Oxford, i s st i l l,though i t has suffered much from restorers

,one of

the p la ces to l i nger in, i f any good idea of wha tOxford once was isto be recal led to one’s mind .

Founded a t Maldon in 1 2 64 by W a l ter d e Merton,

and t ransferred to Oxford i n 1 274, th is, the motherof Col leg es, ma rked the beg inn ing of a great changei n the Un i versi ty l i fe of students ; and the sta tutesof the founder were the model of many otherco l leg iate founda t i ons bo th at Oxford and at Cambridg e . Up to the t ime of the founda t ion, studentshad led a more or less roystering and noi sy l i fe inlodgi ngs i n the town

,or i n some of the countless

Ha l ls wh ich existed i n Oxford,i n whi ch di sc i pl i ne

w aspra ct ical ly unknown . The Ha l l,Libra ry and

40 OXFORD

other bui l d ings are,unl i ke the later Colleges ,grouped

i n an i rregu la r manner, as though everyth ing wast enta t ive . “Mob ” Quad rang le i s the old quad rang l eof the ori gi na l foundation . On th e south si d e i sthe Li bra ry

,establ ished in 1 376 by Wil l iam Rede,

B ishop of Ch ichester. Though roofed in 1 502

and fi tted w ith Ja cobean dormer windows,the in

terior i s one of the most interest ing l i brari esi nexistence. I t i s d iffi cul t to explain why i t i s knownto so few .

The Chapel,formerly th e Parish Church of S t.

John the Bapt ist,w asbough t by the founder from

R ead ing Abbey . I t isof va r ious dates,the choi r

bei ng a pa rt i cu larly fine example of Early Decoratedwork wi th geometrical t race ry . The vari ety i n thet racery of th e side windows should be noted aswel l asthe ea st w indow

,with i ts elabo rate wheel .

In th i s w indow the glass i n the lower l igh ts i sq u i te unworthy of the W indow. A wooden vaultedroof seems to have been the ori ginal i n ten t ion ofthe bu i lders . The present roof was pa in ted by thela te J . H ungerford Pol len, 1 85 0—1 85 1 .

In the An te-chapel,i n real i ty the transept of the

unfin ished bui ld ing, the lower arches are earlyfourteenth century

,and the t ransept was finished

as fa r as i t i s now in 1 424, the proj ected nave andaisles having been abandoned . The Tower i s anexce l len t example '

of Perpend icu lar work, wasfinished i n 1 450, about forty years before MagdalenTower wasbegun . S i tua ted i n a compa ra t ivelyou t-o f-

‘the-way st reet the Tower and the Chape l,i n fact th e Col lege general ly, i s often overlooked .

THE COLLEGES 4 1

Of other ea rly parts of the College the Munimen tRoom

, wh ich may have been the first l i brary,i s

p robab ly the oldest . I tsh igh pi tched roof of stonewi l l be noted between the front and the MobQuad rang les . The Sacri sty wasa l i ttl e la ter ( 1 3 1and for many years wasused asa brewhouse. I thasbeen recent ly restored .Of the Hal l t he ch ief remains are the wal ls andthe door

,with i ts in tr icate smi thwork in i ron .

Most of the present Ha l l da tes from 1 872 . Thesubstruct u re of the Hal l i s in te rest ing ear ly work.The Fel lows’ Quadrangl e i s to the sou th of

the fron t quad rangle,and wasbui l t ( 1 608 i t

i s thought, by the same a rch i tect—Thomas Ho l t, ofYork—who planned the Schools Tower. Th i squadrangle bears a family l ikeness to the quad rang leof Wadham

,wh ich w asbe ing bui lt a t the same

t ime . The Warden’s Lodging, under part of wh ichisth e Tudor archway, i s a centu ry earl ier i n poin tof da te . In the vault i ng of the arch are the armsof Henry VII . At the present t ime a house i sbe ing bui l t for the Wa rden out of College . I t isacurious co inc idence that the Col lege fi rst foundedshou ld be the fi rst to a rrange for i ts responsiblehead to l iv e e lsewhere than on the prem ises.To the south of the Mob Quad rang le i s anincong ruous b lock of bui ld i ngs, erected in 1 864by Mr . fBu tterfi eld. I t i s sa i d that the Col lege

Mob Quad ra ngle, i nclud ing a p art of th e Li bra ry,and rep lace what w as i nterest ing by someth ingdul l and commonplace. Fortunate ly the intent ion

42 OXFORD

wasnot fulfi l led . In just ice to Mr. Bu tterfi eldi t should be noted that he wascompel led by theCollege author i t i es to make the bui l d ings onestorey h igher than he orig i nal ly in tended . V i ewedfrom the fields the a dd i t ion mars t he effec t of therest of t he bui ld i ngs. N ew bui ld ings on theeastern port i on of t h e s i te

,desi gned by Mr. B .

Champneys, are now in progress .E xeter College, though fi rst founded as S tapledon Hal l i n 1 3 1 4 by Walter d e Stapledon, B ishopof Exeter

,who lost h is l i fe as a supporter of the

i l l-fated E dward II .,wasto al l i n t ents and purposes

refounded aga i n i n 1 5 65 by S i r Wi ll iam Petre, thefather of the foundress of Wadham . I t wasorig i nally founded for laymen, not for clerks norfor those who wished to study theology ; yet i nl ooki ng at the l i st of famous men who have beena t th e Col lege, one cannot hel p not ing that theg reater part have been eminent d iv i nes .Of the oldes t part of th e bui ld i ngsonly a port ionremainsof the o ld Tower gateway of 1 432 , and

th i s i s i n corporated i n the Rector’slodgings . TheHall wasbui l t in 1 6 1 8 by S i r John Ac land

,and

after pa rt ia l restorat ions in 1 8 1 8,and 1 872 , has

agai n been recently restored,new ch imney-pieces

hav ing been ad ded . I t isone of the fine Ha l l s, andcon ta ins some in terest ing port rai ts.The Chapel

,which i s a graceful s tudy of La

Sain te Cha pel le i n Pari s, wasbui l t ( 1 856- 1 85 9) forno othe r reason

,apparent ly, than that the prev i ous

Chape l had been bui lt i n 1 623.

The ca nopi ed stall s,added i n 1 884 (Bodley ) ,

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44 OXFORD

prominence i s now gi ven to the R EGNANTE CAROLOover the port ico on t h e top of th e steps. The i l lfated Edwa rd I I . seems und u ly ignored . Cha r lesI .i s honoured too i n the fan vau l t i ng of the entrance

gateway . The ogee gables are a d ist inct ive featureof the front quad rang le . There i s a good oak rooti n the Ha l l wh i ch is an excel len t Specimenof the arch i tecture of i ts t ime.The northern or garden quadrangle is a cen turylater than the other

,as the eas t S ide was bui l t i n

1 7 1 9, that on the west i n 1 730, and the south si d eSt i l l la ter i n 1 8 1 7.

The Li brary ( 1 788) was bui l t i n the Ionic styl eby Wyatt

,who also bui l t the entrance to Canter

bury Qua drang le a t Christchurch . An orig inall i brary of 1 444 had been removed in 1 637, whenother bui ld ing was i n progress .A new east window was p laced i n the Chapel i n

1 884-5 i n memory of the late Provost Edwa rd

Hawkins,a fter the en la rgement of the Chapel .

Oriel wi l l i n the future benefit by the munifi

cence of Mr. Ceci l Rhodes, under whose wi l l theCol lege receivesa la rg e sum to be devoted to t heextensi on of the Co l lege bu i ld i ngs to the H ighS treet .S t.M a ry H a ll

,ori gi nal ly a manse for the Rector

of S t . Mary-le-V i rg i n In 1 229, was conveyed byEdward II . to Orie l Col lege In 1 325 , and i t becamean academical Hall i n 1 333. The Ha l l

,i n the

south-east corner of the qua d rangle,i s now a

Jun ior Common Room for Oriel ; a bov e i t isth eChapel finished In 1 640, but wi th modern panel l ing.

THE COLLEGES 45

Th isfoundat ion was, on the re t i rement of thelast Princi pal in 1 896, merged into that o f Oriel .

Queen’sCollege w asoriginal ly founded in 1 340 by

Robert de E glesfi eld, Chapla i n to Ph i l i ppa , Queenof Edward III .

,asAula Schola r ium R eg ime and

the Col lege hasbeen under the protect ion since thenof other Q ueens, asElizabeth

,Henrietta Maria

,

Ca ro l ine and Charlotte .Eglesfield

’sch ief i dea was,besides endowing a

certain number of students of Theology and C iv i lLaw

,to prov ide for the educa t ion of severa l poor

boys,

” the antetype of the la te r scholarsh ip holdersand exh ib i t i ons ; the benefi ts of such educa t ionwere to be confined espec ia l ly to na tives of Cumberland and Westmore land . Aspa rt of the samesystem the fel lowsh i pswere c onfined to men fromthe north country . At the presen t t ime theHastings Exh i bi t ionersa re primari ly restricted tostudents from certa i n north-country schools. Thefondness of th e founder for symbol ism isseen i nh i s l imi t ing the number of Fellows to twelve, asthe number of the Apost les

,and tha t of the poor

boys ” to seventy,astha t of the d isc i ples .

O f Eglesfield’sbui ld ings noth ing remainsto us.

The Co l lege u p to the beginn ing of the e ighteenthcentury w ash idden by house property in the H ighS treet, and had itsma i n en trance a lmost Opposi t ethe Church of St. Peter in th e East . The earl iestport ion of the present rang e of bui ld ing s i s i n theback quadrang le (ea stern S i de) , which wasbegun in1 672 , and comp leted by the L i bra ry

,one of the

finest and best equi p pe d i n the town,i n 1 696 .

46 OXFORD

On no account Should the V i ew of the gardenfron t be m issed .The Hall

,which isnearly 30 feet shorter than

the Chapel,i s a good Spec imen of S i r Chris topher

Wren ’swork,bu t the scheme of decora t ion w as

designed by Mr. C . E . K empe . There is an interest i ng seri es of portra i ts of benefactors on the wa l ls .The Chapel ( 1 7 1 4 a lso by Wren

,con tain s

some of the sta ined g la ss from the older cha pe l ofE glesfield, da ted 1 5 1 8 . Most of the other windowsare a century la ter

,and restored i n 1 7 1 7 a t the

t ime they were inserted i n thei r present posi t ion .

On the ce i l i ng i s an Ascension by S ir JamesThornh i l l

,lately cleaned and restored . The altar

pi ece i s a Copy of Correggio’sLa N otte. Some

brasses of ea rly Provosts hav e recent ly been brough tfrom the crypt to the Ante-chapel .As i n many College Chapels the organ here i sbui l t on a sca le too large (and too loud) for theChapel . I t isa remarkably fine i nst rument .The fron t qua d rangle wasthe la test add i t ion tothe bui ld ings. Part of i t, the western s ide and thecloister

,w asfinished by 1 7 1 0, the rest by 1 730,

and the H igh Street front 1 750- 1 75 6 . The

arch i tect was Hawksmoor,a pupi l of W ren .

The Li brary isa room of nob le p roport i ons,designed by Wren

,with a good faca de on the

garden Si de .N ew College, wh ich once was the New Collegei n Oxford

,i s now perhaps the best example to

Show wha t a Col lege wasl ike five hund red yea rsago . It wasfounded as St . Mary of Winchester

THE COLLEGES 47

i n Oxford in 1 379, and opened seven yea rs la ter.Wi ll i am O f Wykeham,

the founde r,w asa lso the

arch i tect,and h is d esign has been th e model to

other founders of Colleges, both a t Oxford an d a tth e s ister Un iversi ty . Consider ing the la pse oft ime tha t the bui ld i ngs have been in use i t iswonderful t ha t they have escaped the hands of th erestorer . W ykeham woul d ha rd ly approve of th etampering with the he igh t of the Ha l l, the add i t i onof a Storey to the front q uadrang le, and some Of thenew bui ld ingsi n Holywell S treet bu t a fter v iewingOxford asa whole he m ig ht well be surpr ised atthe mercy shown to h isg lor iousfoundation .

The Entrance Ga teway in N ew Col lege Lane,with the except ion of the inse rt i on of sashw indows; and th e g reat quadrang le—with the exception o f the u pper storey added in 1 674, and th ei nsert ion o fsash-windows—are pract ical ly as Wykeham des igned them .

In 1 682- 4 the Ga rden Quad rang le wasadded,

and the ga rden s la i d ou t in an e laborate systemof carpet-bedd ing Shown in Loggan

’seng rav ing,but th ishasnow fortunate ly been replaced by softand even tu rf.The Ha l l

, one of the nobl est in Oxford78 feet by 35 , and orig inally 40 feet h igh, rema i nedun touched t i l l 1 5 40- 50, when Archbi shopWarhampresented th e screen and the l inen-fold panel l i ng .

The Hal l had a pa rt icula rly fine t imbe r roo f,as

shown in Loggan’sengrav ing made in 1 675 . Later

on a flat plaste r roof wasadded,which remained

t i l l S i r G . Sco tt i n 1 866 restored the Hall, and for

48 OXFORD

some reason d ec ided to ra ise the roof 1 0 feet, a ndso ru ined the propo rt i ons calcula ted by one of t h ecleverest men Eng land has ever produced .The windows are best admi red from the outsi d e

,

as the eye is not then d i stracted by thesta i ned glass.Above the screen i s An Adora tion of the Shepherds, ofthe Carracc i school

,formerly i n the Chapel .

The Cloisters a re i nterest ing both for the i r arch itecture and for the curiously wrough t roof. TheV iew acrossth e garth towa rdst he be l l-tower andthe Chape l isone of the best arch i tec tura l V i ews ofthe College.The An te-chape l isof graceful proport ions

,and

wi th a roof supported by two slender staff-mou ldedp i llars. Some of the bra ssesof the earl i er Wa rdensare wel l worthy of not ice . Many were restoredi n 1 802

,having been muti lated i n the Civ i l War .

In the Ante-chapel are severa l fourteenth-cen tu rywindows

,some of the most interest ing in Oxford .

They are apparent ly contemporary wi th the Chapel,

wh ich wasfinished by 1 386.

The grea t west window waspain ted J erva isi n 1 777, from cartoonsby S i r Joshua olds .Artist i c taste was then at a low ebb

,and the mull ions

of the windows were mut i la ted to make room forthe glass. Th isAn te-chapel , as was a l so tha t atAl l Souls

,wasi ntended to be used for d i sputat i ons

and other secular purposes.The Chapel conta i ns i n the smal l l ights i n thewindow-heads much of the origi na l fourteenthcentury glass . In the south windows the g lass isFlemish

,repai red i n 1 740 ; on the nor th side the

THE COLLEGES 49

windows were pain ted by Peckett (of York) i n1 765 and 1 744. Access to the Ha l l i s g i ven bya sta i rcase in the Munimen t Tower.The Chapel

,perhaps the finest i n Oxford

,has

al so suffered at the hands of fanat i cs and wouldbe improvers

,and in consequence hashad to b e

restored .” A good V i ew of the C hapel beforethe restora t ion i s g iven in Foster

’

S Oxford Menand thei r Co l leges .” We are told that Wykehamdid “ al l that piety could d icta te

,or affect ion and

ta ste effect,

”and we may wel l bel ieve i t . I t was

Wya t t who tampered wi th the roof and who re

stored the reredos,fragmentsof wh ich were d is

covered in 1 789 . The roof wasapparently unsa fe,

but Wya tt wasthe la st person to restore i n a conserva t ive way .

In 1 872- 80 S i r G . Scott took the Chapel i n

hand,the Col lege meantime usi ng th e Church of

S t . Pete r in the Ea st . Wya tt’s p laster cei l ing wasremoved

,and an oak roof subst i tuted . The stal ls

were for the most part c leaned and renewed,asa

study of them wil l clearly Show . The p la i n panell ing and the cornice above i t are a ll new, and so i sthe grea ter port ion of th e organ screen , wh ich nowcarriesa new organ N ew sed il ia wereinserted a fter the earl ier model

,and th e reredos

aga i n in part restored . The scu lptures were addedby Mr. Pearson in 1 894. The fine a l to- rel i evopanels above the communion tab le, represen t ingThe Sa luta tion

,The N a tiv ity, The D escent from

the Cross,The R esurrection

,and The Ascension

,

are by W estmacott . Mr . Pearson wasresponsibleD

5 0 OXFORD

for the figures in the canopi ed n iches, wh ich re

p resent the Te D eum.

Wykeham’s Pastoral S taff (cf. p . 9 1 ) i s i n arecess on the north si d e of the sanctuary .

L incoln College was founded for a Rec to r an dseven Fel lows by Richard Fleming

,B ishop of

Lincoln,i n 1 426, as“ the Col lege of the B lessed

V i rg i n and ofAl l Saints,L i ncoln

,in the Univers i ty

of Oxford .” The founder had formerly been akeen supporter ofWycl i f

,but

,hav ing changed h i s

mind,dec ided to found Lincoln C o l lege for the

Specia l pu rpose of tra i n i ng ecc lesia st i cs to refutethe pern ic ious doctri nesofWycl i f.”

The Col lege was l i censed in 1 427, but theprogress w i th the bui ld ings was s low. The Ha l lw asbui l t i n 1 436, restored and panel led i n 1 70 1 ,i ts roof h idden by a p laster ce i l i ng

,as such wasthen

the fash ion . Further altera t ions we re made in1 835 but i n ou r own day, 1 89 1 , the Hal l has beenrestored to i ts orig ina l form by Mr. T . G . Jackson .

A Cha pel w asbu i l t in 1 436 by D ean Forest, butthe presen t bu i ld ing was bu i l t in 1 63 1 by D r .Williams

,B ishop of L incoln

,and Lord K eepe r of

the Privy Sea l . The woodwork of th e roof and thepanell ing isi n cedar. I n the windows i s some

good F lemish g la ss, sa i d to have been brough tfrom Italy by D r. Will iams . So far the hand of

t he restorer haslet the Chapel alone. Long may i tbe so leftThe Li brary was origina lly on th e west S i de ofthe build ings

,and bu i l t by Dean Forest . It was

res tored i n 1 5 90, bu t after the presen t Chapel was

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52 OXFORD

roof,and i ts re redos by Si r G . Scott

,on the l ines of

the orIg Inal work, wh ich had been mut i lated in1 5 49, and pla stered up in 1 664. Strea te r paintedth e L ast yudgment upon i t, and the roof wasalsoh id den wi th lath and plas ter and pa in ted . La terth e Cha pel was Ital ian ised, 1 7 1 7, and the classi cscreen of S i r J . Thornh i l l no doubt looked wel l i nsuch su rroundings . I n 1 769 Mengs

’

N oli me

ta ngere was placed as the al tar-p iece . It i s now inthe Ante-chapel .!

Chichele procured by papal bul l the exempt ionof t he Col lege from th e j urisd i ct i on of the d i ocesan,a t that t ime the B ishop of L Incoln

, and a lso,by

g iv ing a consi derat ion, made the Col lege extrapa roch ia l as fa r as concerned the parish of S t . Marythe V i rg i n .

The Ha l l i s a spac ious room designed by D r.Cla rke and begun i n 1 729, a few years later thanthe L i bra ry

,now ca l led th e Codrington, which with

i ts read i ng-room attached i s a g reat boon to, andmuch appreciated by, those who have the entri e

to i t .M agda len College, though founded in 1 45 6, wasnot bui lt t i l l some years later. Its founder,Wil l iamPatten

,usua l ly known as Will iam of W a nfle te

,

secured the si te of S t. John the Bapt ist ospi ta l,and bu i l t most of th e presen t bui ld ings between1 472

—1 480, the President and Fel lows beingaccommoda ted in Magda len Hall, an earl ie r

A V iew of the Chapel w i th the previousornatelypa inted reredosisg iven in Foster’s“ Oxford Men and

thei r Co l leges.”

THE COLLEGES 5 3

foundation,t i l l the new bui ld ing s should be ready.

Th isMagda len Ha l l w asbu rned down ea rly i n lastcen tury

,but the Grammar Hall st i l l surv ives.

The Hal l,approached by a sta i rcase i n the south

alley of the cloisters,i s a fine room (73 feet by

30 feet) , wi th a good Jacobean screen . The wa l lsare panel led i n oak, enriched wi th a rmor ia l bearings.Mr. Bodley i n 1 903 removed Wya t t

’s sham

goth ic vault ing i n pla ste r, wh ich had long beenan e esore, and substi tuted the present oak roof.he spac ious ki tchen

,wh ich stands ou t from

the rest of the bui ld ings here, issupposed to bea pa rt of the Old S t . John the Bapt i s t Hospi ta l .The Cloisters ( 1 473) are perha ps, wi th theexcept ion of those a t Gloucester Ca thedra l

,the

most pe rfect in existence . From wh ichever pointthey are V i ewed the effect is good . On thebutt resses i n the ga rth, the grotesqu e h ie rog lyph ics(of the early s ixteenth century—restored 1 820)shoul d be not iced .The west door of the Chapel isa most gracefu lpiece of arch i tecture

,wi th itsfine fi gures of St .

Mary Magda len, S t . John , S t . Swi thun, and th efounder. A detached or flyi ng mou ld ing, pa ra l lelwi th the l ines of the arch of the recessed door

,is

qui te un ique. The Chapel had suffered so muchat ma ny t imes that i t wasnecessa ry to restore i tthoroughly in 1 832

- 1 833, asthe restora t ionsma dei n the second ha lf of the seventeenth cen tury wereIn po or taste .

In 1 740 the Ante-chapel windows (by G reenbury,1 635 ) were brought into the choir, but i n 1 860

5 4 OXFORD

they were taken back to the An te-chapel to makeroom for the present glass by Hardman .

The la rge west window was restored in 1 794,hav ing been damaged by a storm of wind someyears before . I t i s by some attri buted to Greenbury

,t he pa inter Of the other wi ndows now in th is

Cha pel : the subj ec t i s the Last J udgment, afterChristopher Schwartz

,the Raphael of Germany

,

who d ied in 1 5 94.

The fine organ , removed from Magda len byCromwel l to Hampton Court

,w asrestored to

Magda len i n 1 660,and i n 1 737 removed to

Tewkesbu ry Abbey.

The Chape l i s l ighted with the d im rel ig iousl ight of ca nd les, and isthus a strong contrast to thegarish i l l uminat ion of the Ante-chapel . At the

east end there is a g roup by Chantrey, represen t ingChrist appea ring to Ma ry M agda len in the Ga rden ;t he figure-work above in the reredos was added1 864

—1 865 . The al ta r-piece,subj ect Chr ist hea r

ing H isCross,has been attri bu ted to various

S panish Masters, e.g .,Va ldez Lea!

,Ribalta

,

Moral es,Muri l lo .

One of the ch ief beaut i es of Oxford,and for

merly the fi rs t tha t was seen by those whoa pproached the town by the road from Henley andby that from Wy combe, i s the Tower, 1 5 0 feeth igh, a grand spec imen of Perpend icu lar work

,

fin ished in 1 5 07. The lower storeys are qui tepla i n

,al l ornament be ing reserved for the windows,

t he parape t and the pinnac les . In th i s way th eTower gains i n chaste d igni ty, and dominates the

THE COLLEGES 5 5

whole b lock of bui ld ings i n wh ich i t i s placed . I tcan be admired from many points—notably from thesmal l quad rang le of S t . John the Bapt ist

,from the

north s ide of th e cloisters,from th e Water Walks

,

from the Cherwel l,and from Merton F iel ds, or,

better,from the Fel lows’ Garden a t Merton .

Every yea r on May 1 a La t i n Hymn to theTrin i ty i s sung by the choi r on th e top of th etower at sunrise ; the musi c hav ing been composed by D r. Rogers, th e Chapel orga n ist, i n1 685 . Before that t ime ma driga lsand other secula rmu si c w asperformed . The wordsand music wi l lbe found on page 65 .

W i th the except ion of th e build ingserected inthe deer pa rk i n 1 735 , Magda len hasbeen fortuna te i n itslater add it ion s

,especia l ly in the new

b lock known asS t . Swi thun ’s bui ld ings and thePresiden t’sLodg ings.B rasenose College wasfounded i n 1 509 by Wi l l iam

Smyth,Bi shop of L inco ln

,and S i r R i chard Sutton .

The Charter of Henry VII I . men t ions the “K ing’s

Ha l l and Col lege of Bra senose,

” a name derivedfrom one of the eight sma l le r Ha l ls on th e si te .B rasenose bu i ld ings, l ike those of many otherCol leges, have been much a l tered and rebui l t .Both the present Li bra ry and Chapel have beenattr i buted to S i r Chr istophe r W ren

,and if SO are

specimens of h is ea rl i es t work . Th e C ha pe l wasbegun in 1 65 6 and finished ten yea rs la ter, butsome of itsfan-vaul ted roof issa id to have beenbrough t from the Chapel of S t . Mary

’s Col lege, ofwhich a doorway remains i n N ew Inn Hall Street .

5 6 OXFORD

On the whole i t i s a clever combina tion of theGoth ic and the I tal ian styles of arch i tec ture . I tsnew appearance i s due to the restorat ion of 1 874.

The Library was finished some th ree or fouryears before the Cha pel .From the Old Quadrang le- to wh ich the dormerwindows were added ea rly i n the seventeenthcentury

,to l igh t the recently added top storey

—theEntrance Gateway looks fa r better than I t doesfrom the east fron t i n Radcl iffe Squa re .With in the last few years many changes, con

templa ted as long ago as 1 736, have been made atB rasenose . The Col lege hasextended i tself southwa rds to the H igh S treet

,and westwards by the

new fron t i n th e H igh S tree t . Th is new fron tcontains an imposing Entrance Gateway andTower

,

the Princ i pal ’s Lodging, and va rious sets of rooms .I n th is extension of the College the arch i tect

hasg i ven us a very fine piece of work, d ifferen tent i rely from much of h is other designs ascarr i edou t i n Oxford . The stone carv ing seems toodel i cate for the materia l

,and i t w i l l be in terest ing

to note how i t S tands the cl imate,asalready i t

appears to Show signs of weatheri ng .

Chr isti College w asfounded i n 1 5 1 6 byR i cha rd Foxe

,Bishop of Wincheste r and Lord

Privy Seal to H enr VII . and Henry VII I . Thefounder’s orig inal idlea wast o devote the Col lege asa seminary for a few monks from St . Swithun’sPriory at Winchester and a few secula r scholars ;but h e wasd issuaded by Hugh O ldham ,

Bishop ofExeter

,who contri buted l i be ra l ly to the cost of

THE COLLEGES 5 7

bui ld ing the College,and endowed i t with landed

property .The founder made prov is ion for defini te Instruct ion in Lat in and Greek by ordering tha t twoReaders shou ld g ive lec tures, Open to the wholeUn iversi ty

,on those languages. Th isi dea was

many years in advance of the t ime ; and the CorpusC hr ist i Professorsh i ps of Jurisprudence

,and of the

La t in Language and Literature,were the tardy

outcome .There isnoth ing very str ik ing i n the exterior ofthe bui ld ings . The fron t quadrangle w asmarredby the add i tion of another floor to two Of itsSi d esi n 1 737 . In 1 706 the Fellows

’ bui ld ings werebegun by Presiden t Turner, and take the i r namefrom h im .

The Chapel,a l though much restored in 1 843,

i s interestin and has an elaborately paintedpanelled roof

,sta l ls and screen of carved ceda r.

B ishop Foxe’s Pastoral Staffshould by no means bemissed

,and the lectern is worthy of not ice and

compa ri son wi th modern work . The altar-piece,

represent ing The Adora tion, by Rubens, was giveni n 1 804 by S i r R i cha rd Worsley.Though small, the Ha l l ( 1 5 1 6 ) IsOf perfectproportions

,and hasa good Perpend icu lar roof. I t

isra ther overburdened wi th large pictures .Co rpus Library

,on the south s ide of the quad

rang le, isone of the most i nterest ing a pa rtments inOxford

,and i s especial ly r ich i n MSS . and ea rly

prin ted books .New bui ld ings were erec ted on the north si de of

5s OXFORD

Merton S tree t in 1 885 , from designs by Mr . T . G .

Jackson .

Trinity College, founded , l ike S t . John’s,i n Mary’s

reign, and al so on th e s i te of an earl i er re l ig i oushouse

,wh ich

,as Durham Col lege, had been founded

for monks from Durham i n the th i rteenth century .Suppressed at the d issolut ion of monasteri es

,the

property,after belong ing to the Archdeacon of

Oxford,ves ted i n the Crown

,and then passed to

D r. Owen of Godstow,and again by purchase to

S i r Thomas Pope,who pu t the bui ld ings in to

repai r and founded the Col lege i n 1 5 5 5 , with aded icat i on to the Holy and U nd iv i ded Tr in i ty .

”

The fron t quadrangle,as a t present seen from

B road S treet,contains the new bu i ld ings( 1 884

1 887) designed by Mr . T . G . Jackson,t he part

nearest the Chapel be ing t he Lodg ing for thePres iden t. At the north of t he present openspace i sthe Cha pel

,bui l t by D r . Bathurst and finished in

1 694 from designs by D ean A ldr i ch,assisted by

Wren but wi th more proba b i l i ty d esigned by Wren,who had much to do

,arch i tectura l ly

,with Trin i ty .

The i nterior i s fragran t wi th itspanel l ing of

cedar. Gibbons’ carv ings i n l ime-wood seem now

to draw too much a ttention,owing to thei r bleached

appearance . In the north-east i s the Founder’stomb in a glazed recess, with two recumbenteffi gies, i n excel len t order, of S i r T . POpe and h i sth i rd wi fe

,La dy El izabeth Poulet .

Modern g lass (by Powel l) waspresen ted i n 1 885by the then Pres id ent

,D r . Woods .

The sma l l quadrangle to the north of the Cha pel

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60 OXFORD

Mr . Blore i n 1 843. The decorat ion wasdone i n1 872

—1 873, and th e stained glass at the east end i smodem . The l i ttle Chapel i n the north-east corner

,

added i n 1 662,wasrestored i n 1 897. The east

s i de of th i s q uadrangle was added in 1 5 97.

The President’s Lodg ing, between the twoquadrang les, wasenlarged i n 1 63 1 , and the southside of the second quadrangle wasforma l ly Openedas a Li brary in 1 639 . To Archbi shop Laud andh i s a rch i tect are due the colonnades

,the complet ion

of the second quadrangle and the i n im i tablefront

,wh i ch overlooks the most lovely ga rdens i n

Oxford .The Li brary consists of two rooms, one of 1 5 96,the second dat ing from 1 63 1 . I t contai nsaPastora l S taff (found in a ga rre t a t the Presi dent

’sLodging, and often wrongly said to be tha t ofA rchbishop Laud) and many other genuine Laud ianrel ics

,together w i th rare vestments and tapestry,

an early Caxton,and the curiou s por tra i t of

Charles I . i n fine l ines of Hebrew wri t ing .

The block known asCook’s bui ld ings, on thenorth of the Old gateway, was bui lt i n 1 6 1 3 . Tothe north of them i s the new front planned byMr. G. O . Scott

,and the las t add i t ion wascarried

out by Mr. E . P. Warren in 1 900- 1 90 1 .

yamsColleg e wasfounded i n 1 5 7 1 on the si te ofWhite Hall

,which belonged to the Priory of

S t . F ridesw ide,and of E lm Hall

,by D r . Hugh

Price,the nomina l Founder be ing Queen El iza

beth . The Turl front,which wasfi rst bui lt

,was

altered in 1 5 73 and re-fronted again by Buckler

THE COLLEGES 6 1

i n 1 856, when the gateway shown by Loggan wasremoved .The Ha l l was bu i lt between 1 6 1 5 and 1 620

,

th e Chapel a year later,though i t wasenlarged

and a new cast window added in 1 636 ; the frontquadrang le wasfinished by 1 630. As the endowment was small th e progress i n bui ld ing was necessarily s low.

A l ibra ry was fin ished in 1 626,but wasde

molished i n 1 636, not to be replaced t i l l 1 677,when S i r Leol ine Jenkins

,the second Founde r

,

furni shed the money . The second quad rangl e wasbegun about the same t ime, but not final ly completed t i l l early i n the e igh teenth century . Int he Hal l of JesusCo l lege i s a portrai t of Char les I .by Vandyk ; one, too, of Charles II. , and one of

Queen El iza beth . Anothe r port ra i t of QueenE l izabeth by Z ucchero

,i n the second Common

room,i s an excellen t pi ece of work.

The bui ld ingsof J esus College, with those of

Wadham and Oriel,a re of spec ial in terest as ex

amples of the later Goth ic .A t the presen t momen t on th e north s i de of th eColl ege i s be ing bui l t a range of new bui ld ings,which wil l extend the north front of the Col legefrom the T url asfar asS t . Michael’s Church . Thea rch i tect, Mr. England, prov id es two Sta i rcases O IIthe east, with rooms for underg raduat es ; anundergraduates

’ l i brary on the g round floor of th etower, with a lecture-room a bove

,and then

,to the

west,chemical

,physical

,and phys iolog i ca l labora

tor ies,together wi th a la rge lecture-room .

62 OXFORD

I t wi l l be an important step i n the developmentof sc i entific teach ing when th e Col leges make theprov ision of laboratori es more genera l than atpresen t .Christ Church wasorigi nal ly founded by Card ina lWolsey asCa rd ina l Co l lege on a very magnificen tsc ale i n 1 5 2 5 , and before he lost the favour of

Henry VIII . i n 1 5 29 , saw th e Hall and ki tchenfinished

,and pract i ca l ly in i ts presen t condi t i on

,

with parts of the west front i n S t . A ldate’s,

together wi th t he south and east S i des of th e GreatQuad rangle .Wolsey d ied in 1 5 30, and the work of bui ldi ng wasStayed for a wh i le . In 1 5 32 the K i ng ,hav ing been pet i t ioned by the Universi ty, refoundedthe Col lege under the name of K i ng Henry theEighth

’s Col lege,a purely ecclesiast ical foundation

for a' D ean and twelve Canons

,as compared

w i th W olsey’s grand scheme designed for a

Dean and s ixty Canons, s ix Pub l i c Professors,forty Petty Canons, th i rteen Chapla ins, twe lveClerks

,sixteen Choristers

,and a teacher of music .

In 1 546, th i rteen years later, after the re-d ist ri but ionof Sees

,the foundati on wasonce more suppressed

and was founded as t he “ D ean and Chapter of theCathed ral Church of Christ i n Oxford of th eFoundat ion of K i ng Henry the Eighth . TheChapel of the largest College in the Univers i ty i stherefore al so the Cathed ra l Church of the d i oceseof Oxford , a fusi on asun ique asi t i s anoma lous .The north Si de wasma i nly taken up wi th theproposed Chapel

,the wa l lsof which had on ly been

THE COLLEGES 63

ca rried up a few fee t h igh from the founda t ion .

Noth ing much wasdone be fore Dean Fel l’s t ime,but the Civi l War prevented him from carrying outh i s plan of finish ing the north S i de . We, however,owe to h im the fan-vault ing over the stai rcaselead ing to the Ha l l, which i s a lmost the last pi eceof Go th ic vaul t ing of the k i nd in Oxford . Arch it eets have sa i d that the sect ion of the mouldi ngsshows bad taste and other faults

,but the effect

,

notwi thstand ing, i s remarkably good . The samea rch i tect d i d not desi gn the stai rcase

,wh ich i s some

ofWya tt’s work .

The Grea t Quadrang le, usual ly known as T om

Quad” from the b ig be l l i n Wren

’s Tower overthe gateway, was begun by Wo lsey w ith themagnificent Tudor Ha l l, a pproached by a finestai rcase w i th a fan vau l t added by D r . S . Fel li n 1 640. D r . Fel l also nea rly fi nished the northside of the quad rang le

,Wolsey hav ing only finished

the east,south

,and pa rt of i t s western S i de. He

a lso finished the Grea t Quadrangle, i nclud ing thenorthern or unfin i shed pa rt of the west front inSt . Alda te’s

,and i n 1 682 commissioned S i r C .Wren ,

who had been more or less busy in Oxford s ince1 65 6, to finish the Ga teway Tower, since knowngenera lly asTom Tower

,from the b i g be l l from

Oseney Abbey, which was hung there a fter beingre-cast i n 1 680 . The tower was fin ish ed in 1 684.

The hell i s known as Great Tom,and i s rung

dai ly at P .M . asthe signa l for Col lege ga testo be c losed offi cial ly for the nigh t . The belfrynear the Hall was designed by Mr. Bodley, and i n

64 OXFORD

1 879 carr ied ou t in pa rt th e design con templates awooden Staging above the presen t mason ry .

!

This quadrangl e has been restored in ou r ownday by Mr . Bodley, who , under the late D eanLiddel l

,rebui l t the Bel l Tower i n the south-eas t

corner,restored the parapet and the pi nnaclesof the

Hal l,and added the ri b-mou ldings and the l i ne of

the arches,as though i t were contemplated to com

plete the cloister.The Hal l

,certainly the finest i n Oxford i f not

i n England , measuring 1 1 5 feet by 40 feet and 50feet h igh , w asfi nished in 1 5 29 . I t i s panelled asfa rasthe s i l ls of th e windows, and bears the a rms ofHenry VIII . and Wolsey i n a l terna te escutcheons .The port rai ts on t he whole are the finest Collegeco l lect ion in Oxford

,and Should be seen .

ale

Another Dean of Christ Church (D r. A l dr ich) ,h imsel f des igned Peckwa ter Quadrangl e i n 1 705 i nthe Classical style

,on th e s i te of Peckwether

’sorPeckwater

’sInn . The south si d e i s much la ter,for though begun i n 1 7 1 6 i t was not fin ished t i ll1 6 1 .7Canterbury Quadra ng le, wh ich also takes i ts namefrom an O l der foundat ion

,Canterbury Col lege,

founded in 1 363 by S imon Isl i p, Archbi shop o f

Canterb ury, w asrebui l t on the north and ea st sid esi n 1 775 , and on the south i n 1 783 .

The gateway was bui lt by Wyatt i n 1 778 .

Wadham College was bui lt 1 6 1 0- 1 6 1 3 on the si teof a suppressed monaste ry of August in ians

,by

Dorothy Wadham,of Merifield

,Somerse t

,i n fulfil

Vide p . 9 1 .

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THE COLLEGES 65

ment of her late husband’s expressed in tent ion tobui ld a College i n Oxford . I t i s one of the mostregula r i n plan

,owing to the fa ct tha t the si te was

qui te a,clear one

,being just outsi de th e then city

walls,and

,notwi thstand ing th e date, a fine example

of the so-cal led deba sed Goth i c .‘The front

,s ince the removal of the wal l and the

formal gardens,and the posts that blocked th e road

way,al l shown in Loggan

’seng rav ing of 1 675 , mayve ry well rank asone of the best proport ioned of

any,and i t hasthe meri t of not hav ing been restored .

In fac t the College asa whole has been s ingularlyfortunate i n th is respect .The entrance ga teway

,with a groined roof o f

some meri t, g i ves access to a regular quad rang le of

1 30 fee t square, wi th the Ha l l and Ante-Chapel onth e east s ide .Over th e steps to the Ha l l are statues of NicholasWadham and D orothy h i s wi fe and of James I .,

and a table t commemorating the foundati on of theCol lege. This d oorway is a weak poin t i n an otherwise i nterest ing quadrangle .The Hall

,which i s cons idered by some as the

finest after that a t Chri st Church, i s a finely-proport ioned room

,83 feet b y 35 feet, and 37 fee t i n

h eight . An Open-t imber roof improves the effect .The oak-screen i s a very good specimen of Jacobeancarv Ing.

The Chapel unfortuna tely has no t come down tousin i ts orig inal form . I t waspaved w ith marble

In Hollar’sMap, 1 643, thisisca l led N ew Col lege,and New Col lege isnamed Sa int Mary’sCol lege .

E

66 OXFORD

in 1 677, and i n 1 832 th e Goth i c rev ival ists, unde rthe superin tendence of D r . Symons

,the Wa rden

,

re-roofed i t,copying a port i on of the roof i n Crosby

Hal l,B ishopsgate S treet

,renewed the S talls

,and set

up the reredos and tabernacle work,of which the

l ess sai d the better. The Communion Ta ble wasbrough t here from the pari sh church of Ilminster

,

a place connected wi th the Founder’s fami ly .

The windows of the Chapel were bui l t i n th ePerpend i cular style prevai l ing almost exactly a century ear l i er than thei r actual da te

,and i t i s though t

that the masons worked accord ing to thei r westcountry trad i t i on in so doing. This i s i n terest i ng

,

and hasg iven r ise to absurd theories asto the realdate of the Chapel, or to legends that the Chapelwas par t of the August i n ian founda t ion tha t wasonce on the S i te of the College .A t the so-cal led restorat ion the w indows wereal lowed by the Col lege to be re-arranged .The gardens, which con tain as boundaries sometracesof the old Priory wal ls, were la i d ou t by D r .Wills

,Warden from 1 783

- 1 806, supersed ing the

elaborate and formal Dutch garden shown inLoggan . From them the garden fron t w i th i tst riangular gables, much more in terest ing than thebattlements i n the quadrangle

,the Chapel

,and the

L ib ra ry w ith i ts d iminut ive W indows,may be seen .

P embroke College was founded in 1 624 on thesi te of B roadgatesHall, by Thomas T esdale andR i chard W ightw ick, as a

“ Perpetual Col lege of

D i v in i ty,Civ i l and Canon Law

,Arts

,Medici nes.

and other Sc iences,

” and takes i ts name from the

THE COLLEGES 67

then Chancello r,Will iam Herbert

,Earl of Pem

broke . Of Broadga tesHall th e on! t race l eft i s th erefecto ry

,now used as a l i bra ry . t hasbeen fi t ted

wi th a gal lery to take the Chand ler bequest .The College was many y ea rs in buil d ing ( 1 624

and has been much mod ified at i ntervalss ince then

,and extended by the new bui ld ings In

the second quad rang le ( 1 854The presen t Hall

,wh ich was bui l t i n 1 848 by

Hayward,i s worth v iewing

,as a Spec imen of modern

Goth ic . The Chapel wasconsecrated In 1 732 . I twasdecorated 1 884- 1 885 , and i s now as bri gh t andcheerfu l looking as before i t was plai n and dul l .Like the Chapels a t Trin i ty and a t Queen

’s,i t i s

unfortunate i n respect of i ts organ,which is too

large,and too powerfu l for the work i t has to do.

Prev iously to 1 732 the Co l lege had used Ducklington

’sChapel,wh ich had belonged to B roadga tes

Ha l l . Th is cha pel waspa rt of the south a isle ofS t . Aldate’sChurch . On the upper fl oor aboveth i s Chape l w asthe Law Library, also be longingto B roadga tes, wh ich had a separate entrance inthe south west corner. Th is was restored awayin 1 842 . The street fron t was transformed in1 829

-

30, and restored In 1 879 .

Worcester College i s the modern name of a veryold foundat ion Gloucester Hal l—which wasfounded i n 1 28 for monks from th e Benedi ct inemonastery of Gloucester by John Giffard . Thepla n was soon extended so as to include monksfrom other Bened ict ine founda t i ons. On some of

the Ol d bui ld ings on the left-hand si de of the

68 OXFORD

quadrang l e th e arms of Malmesbury (a griffi n) andof N orwich ( a cross) can St i l l be traced . Onanother the rebus of W . Compton (W. wi th acomb and a tun) .At the suppression of the monasteri es the Hal l

wastransferred by Henry V II I . to the new see ofOxford

,but for a time only . In El izabeth ’s re ign

the property passed to Wi ll iam Dod ington , and

wasby h im sold in 1 5 60 to S i r Thomas Whi te,and reopened asS t . John the Bapt i st Hall i n 1 5 6 1 .

After flourish ing t i l l 1 642, i ts for tunes waned t i l lS i r Thomas Cooke’s t rustees bough t the propertyand founded Worcester Col lege In 1 7 1 4 .

The north side of the quadrangle,w i th the

Hall,Chapel and Li brary

,were bui l t i n 1 760.

Worcester Col lege Chapel,i n terest ing i n i tsel f

from the in ternal decorat ion by Burges ( 1 864con tains an alabaster lectern to hold t he B i ble

,

bound i n two volumes wi th covers in repousséS i l ver

,of Scr ipture subjects

,the Adora tion of the

M agi, and the B aptism in the yarda n. I t i s bestseen in the afternoon

,owing to the fac t tha t i t i s

one of the darkest i n ter iors in Oxford . The fron tisnot part icularly in terest i ng, except for the remainsof Gloucester Hall to the north

,with the en trance

doorway i nto wha t is now the Fel lows’ Garden .

I t i s ev iden t from Loggan’setch ing in 1 675 that

t he bui ld ings were i n a ru i nous cond i t ion In manyparts.I n 1 740 the land where th e garden i s was

acqui red . Mu ch of i t wasfrom i ts s i tua t i onswampy

,and th is fact

,no doubt

,suggested the

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70 OXFORD

new bui ld ing,and the blocks bui l t i n 1 822

,plain

and poor though they were, have been kn it together( 1 889) by the master hand of Mr. T. G . Jacksoninto one . Th is new porti on g i ves a new entranceto the College, wh ich wasmuch needed, and i n theblock there i s a new Hall . A further extensionon th e other side of New Col lege S treet wasfin ished i n 1 904, and the new bui ld ings when complete wi l l incorporate the Octagon House, or theChapel of the Annunciat ion of Our Lady bySmith Gate ” (which is now v isi ble from Cathari ne S treet ) aspart of the Porter

’s Lodg e.The arch i tect’s design for these new bui ld ingsshows a br idge across New College S treet . Thi sproposal was much d isl iked by a former Warden of

New Col lege,and wasfor a t ime dropped . I t has

lately been rev ived,and vehemently opposed by the

c iv ic author i t ies,who seem to favour the subst i tut ion

of a subway. The objecti on does not come wellfrom a body wh ich has al lowed bui ld ings suchasLloyds Bank at

aCarfax, and other simi lar mon

strosities, to be erected .

The fear that the v iew of the Bell Tower a tNew College may be spoi led by the proposed bri dgei s mainly imaginary .

! An exactly s imi lar argumen t made by private res iden ts i n B road Streetmigh t have delayed, but could never have preven ted,the erect ion of the Clarendon Bui ld ing in thee ighteenth centu ry . There are st i l l some rema insof the old Hart Ha l l

,v iz .

,part of the refectory

There is, of course, a point of view from which veryl i ttle of the Bel l Tower could be seen a t all.

THE COLLEGES 7 r

and the buttery . The old bui ld ings may bestud ied 1n Logga n

’s O xonia I l lustra ta .Keble College was founded in memory of the Rev.

John K eble,formerly Fel low and Tutor of Oriel

an d Professor of Poet ry in the Un iversi ty of Oxford .The Col lege wasthe outcome of a memorial to theauthori t ies in 1 845 , that there wasa d ist inct needfor academical education on a cheaper sca le and ondefi n i te Church l ines. This outcome was somewhat tardy

,for the idea of the College was not

rev ived v igorously un t i l twen ty years had elapsed .The name of K eble College waschosen in honourof John K eble

,who had recen tly d ied .

In the Charte r i t i s sa id to be “ founded andconst i tuted wi th the espec ia l obj ect and in tent ofprov i d ing persons desi rous of academical educat ion,and wi l l ing to l ive economical ly, with a Co l legewhere in sober l iv ing and h igh culture of the mindmay be combined wi th Chri st ian tra i n ing basedupon the princi ples of the Church of England .

The ch ief economy—if i t be one at all—i s that

the College, by requ i ring the terminal charges tobe pai d 1n advance

,foregoes the payment of caut ion

money (This, however, may be done at two otherCol leges.) A pecul iari ty of the College asat presen tconst i tuted 13 that there are no Fel lows.The a rch i tecture of the College i s gorgeousi ni ts colour

,and i n pa rts lav ishly elaborate

,as i n the

Chapel ; but the whol e block strikes a sadly d i scordan t note in the othe rwise harmon ious co lourscheme of Oxford . Mr. Butterfield wasa consummate arch i tec t, and h is London Churches, notably

72 OXFORD

All Sa in ts,Margaret Street

,and S t. Mary Magda

l ene,Paddington

,do cred i t to h i s sk i l l in plann ing ;

but the colour that was sui ted for a grimy metropol i swas, and i s, d ist inctly out of place in Oxford . Thewhole arrangemen t of coloured bricks as insetsi npat terns i n a ground of red i s al ien to the spi ri t ofthe place

,and everyth ing seems to j ar most un

pleasant ly upon the colour sense . Lapse of t imehas done noth ing to tone down the v iolen t colourof the walls.Every one w i l l admi re the propo rt ions of thelofty Chapel

,even i f the decorat ive scheme be

thought somewhat too lav ish . As to the plann ingof the College

,no doubt the arch itec t was in th e

hands of h is committee,and thei rs must be the

cred i t or the blame for the corri dor arrangements,

wh ich savour rather of a large publ i c school.

ARMS OF CHRIST CHURCH

ARMS OF L N IVE RS ITY COLLEGE

TH E CHURCH E S

HE Ca thedra l as such dates only from 1 546

but the bui ld ing, mutilated as i t wasbyWolsey and subsequen t restorers, takes usback to th e t ime of S t . Fridesw ide, who

d i ed i n the eighth century . The ConventualChurch and the Priory were burned down in 1 002 .

Prior Robert,after the Secula r Canons had been

superseded,began to bui ld a monastery for men

about the middle of the twelfth cen tu ry, and usedwhatever portions of the then exist ing Church werefound suitable. By 1 1 80 the work seems to havebeen finished

,as S t . F rideswide’srel ics were trans

lated in that year.The Spi re and Chapter House are Early Engl i shwork—the Norman door of the latter showi ng s ignsof fi re, probably that of 1 1 90. The Lady Chapelwas altered and vaul ted by 1 289 .

The so-cal led Lat in Chapel is fourteenth-cen turywork

,and a very beaut i ful extension of a smaller

74 OXFORD

Chapel . O f the east window of the choi r inserteda t t h i s period nothing remains. I t had five l igh ts

,

‘

reduced to three in the seven teenth-cen tury restora tions

,and i t was demol i shed en t i re ly by S i r G .

Scott. In the fi fteenth century the windows of thenave and north transep t ai sles were al tered to Perpendicular, and the cl erestory wasaltered to accommodate t he vaulted roof

,before 1 480.

After the suppress ion of the monas tery and i tsbes towal on Wolsey, the west end of the nave

,

w i th part of the cloister,wasremoved to make

room for the Ha l l of Card inal Col lege,and the

foundat ions were lai d and the bui ld ing begun ofa new Chapel . This work was in terrupted byWolsey

’sfall,and the foundat i ons rooted ou t in

1 67 1 . I t was i n tended to form the nor th si de ofth e Great Quadrangle.The Church was made a Cathedral in 1 545 , bu ti t seems to have been left alone unt i l the restorat ioncarried ou t by Dean Duppa in 1 630. Most of

t he windows were mut i lated for the easier insert ion of stained glass ; most of th e old glass wasdel i berately broken up

,and new glass by Van

Linge wasi nse rted , only one window of wh ichnow surv ives .D ean Duppa pewed the Cath ed ral with h ideouspews

,mut i lat ing the bases of the pi l lars where

necessary,and screened the Chapels from the tran

septs w i th more h ideous screens,hav ing a cut-ou t

I t isshown in Storer’s“ Cathedra ls of GreatBrita in,

” vol . i i i ., with the two l ightsblocked up withmasonry.

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76 OXFORD

cluster round i ts base. The presen t statues are

accen t ( 1 89 5 and the pinnacles are of the sameate.The porch on the south fron t was added in

1 637 byD r . Morgan Owen

,Chapla in to Arch

b ishop aud,the then Chancel lor of the Un iver

sity. I t was obnox ious to many bi gots on accoun tof th e figure of the V i rgin and Chi ld

,and was

mut i lated by Puri tan troopers i n 1 642 . I t wasobnoxious too to the Goth ic rev ival is ts

,who wished

to remove i t i n 1 862 ; but i n spi te of restorat ionsi t remains to show the taste in arch i tec ture of th et ime when i t wasadded to the Church . Theporch wh ich preceded i t had a parv ise ov er i t

,

access to wh ich wasgained by a narrow s tai rcaseto the left i nsi de the church door.The i ronwork of the gate and rai l ings i s muchlater than the porch . Loggan shows in 1 675 avery humble wooden fence and ga te . He a lso .

shows on the churchyard wall neare r to All Soulsa curious sundia l wh ich had been erected notlong after the rebui ld ing of the Church from thedesign of N icolas K ratzer, who wasReader i nMathemat i cs i n 1 5 20.

The nave wasrebui lt from 1 490—1 503, and was

restored and refitted i n 1 828, to make more roomfor the aud iences wish ing to attend Un iversi tysermons.The chancel was rebu i l t i n 1 462 ; bu t t hereredos was sad ly mut i lated at the eas t end bythe insert i on of oak panel l ing i n 1 673 . Most ofthe other woodwork i s original fifteen th cen tury .

THE CHURCHES 77

The orig i nal Lady Chapel—now called Adamde Brome’s Cha pel—wasbui l t in 1 320 ; but in itspresent form th is i s not c l ea rly to be seen . Per

pendicular windows were i nserted on the northsi de i n 1 5 1 0, and i n 1 733 th e arches open ing i n tothe nave were blocked—to preven t draughts and toprovide a meet ing room for the V i ce-Chancel lorand h i s procession to form before entering thechurch .

In the Chapel i s the tomb—minus i ts bras ses,

which were stolen i n the reign o f James I .—of

Adam de Brome,the Founder of Oriel . Up to

1 646 the Chance l lor’s Cou rt was held i n th is

Cha pel .On the north s ide of the Church stands a two

storeyed bu i ld ing, bui l t, accord in g to Hearne, i n theyear 1 000, accord ing to others by St . Hugh ofLincoln in 1 1 47, but more probably about 1 320 .

This bui ld ing i s ha rdly d ist inguishable from therest of th e Church on the north si de ; bu t ~itsorig inal form is best seen from the south

,where

there i s a narrow courtyard,wh ich separates i t from

the chancel .Of the two storeys tha t i t con tains

,that on the

g round floo r i s the Old Congregat ion House, oneof the most h i storical ly in terest i ng spots i n Oxford .I t wasat an early date bough t from Ori elCo l lege as a congrega t ion house for th e schola rsof the Universi ty, and i n i t th e ch ief business ofthe Un iversi ty wastransacted t i l l 1 480. In la te rt imes

,afte r be ing turned to various base uses, i t was

made to serve asa Chapel for t he Non-col legiate

78 OXFORD

studen ts . At present it i s the rest ing-place of th earch i tectural rel i cs and the s tatues that had to beremoved from the tower at the last restorat ion .

On the upper floor i s a room,almost asin

teresting asthe room above men t ioned,which

was up to 1 480 the original l i brary of the University . At that date the room was re-decorated, andused for Convocat ion up to 1 638. In our own t imei t hasbeen used as a lec ture-room for the V inerianProfessor of Law . It i s now ren ted from the University, and pract i cal ly serves as a Church-room .

Prev ious to the bui ld ing of the Sheldon ianTheatre

,th e Church was used for al l Universi ty

purposes,even for such secular meet i ngs as the

Encaenia.As surv ivals of the older t imes i t may be in

teresting to note, that before th e beginn ing of

every term,the Li tany and the Holy Communion

are celebrated,and a sermon preached in Lat i n in

the chancel,e i ther by the V i ce-Chancel lor or by

some one i n h i s behalf.Another quain t custom surv ives at S t. Mary’s

,

v iz., that at mid-day celebrat ions the desks in thechancel are covered wi th fai r l inen housel-cloths

,

and that the sacred elemen ts are brough t round tothe communi cants

,who remain in thei r several

places,al l kneel ing.

The bui ld ing i s of i nterest to us now more fromi tsassoc iat i on, for nearl three hund red years

,with

the rel igious growth of x ford,or rather ofEngland

For here,where Wycl i f’s followers preached against

the errors of the Church of Rome and the w ide

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80 OXFORD

bu i l t by B ishop Hugh of Lincoln,but the south

a i sl e was a l tered and finally completed i n the reignof the i l l-fa ted Edward I I .

,c. 1 335 . The Lady

Chapel wasi n th is a i sle .For some yea rs prev ious to 1 293 the north aislewas used by the Bal l i ol students as 3 Chapel .At the d i ssolut ion of Rewley Abbey much of

the stone wasused in bui ld i ng the Church tower( 1 5 1 1—1 5 3 wh ich has been recently thoroughly

”

restored . In our own day the Martyrs’ Memor iala isle

,to the north

,was added in 1 842 by S i r G . G .

Scott . The aisle conta ins the door of the old

Bocardo Pr ison cell .S t. Giles’sChurch was rebu i l t i n the th i rteenthcentury on th e s i te of a prev ious Church

,wh ich

was i n existence early in the twel fth century,and

th e advowson was vested i n the nunnery at God

stow. A V i ca r was fi rst inst i tuted by Hugh,

B ishop of Lincoln .

Of the Church as i t i s,making al lowance for

restorat ion,

” the chancel,nave and north ai sle are

,

of the period 1 200—20 . The Chapel 1n th e southaisle isperhaps forty or fifty years later. Someparts of the tower are Transi t ional Norman work,and the “ pla te ” t racery i s in terest in g. The fon ti s Ea rly Engl ish .Afte r the d issolut ion of monas teri es in 1 5 42 theChurch waspurcha sed by S i r Thomas Whi te forS t . John’sCollege, wh ich he founded m 1 5 5 5 .

The Church of S t. P eter m the E ast i s v ery l ittlev i s i ted as a rul e

,but i t i s one of the most in terest

ing surv ivors of the early Churches inOxford . The

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82 OXFORD

that spo t. N o one misses the commonplacebui lder’s Goth i c bui ld ings of 1 820 ; bu t al l mus tregret that the Church

,reputed to be founded by a

son of K ing Alfred,and granted by K nu t i n 1 034

to the Abbot ofAbingdon,hasnot come down to us .

S t. Alda te’sChurch was fi rst bui l t i n 1 066 .

The south ai sle was buil t i n 1 335 , bu t the ch i efpart of the present Church was bui l t i n 1 862—3,and the tower i n 1 873. Above the sou th aisle wasformerly a l i brary for the students of old Broadga tesHall

,w i th a separate en trance in the south-west

corner .S t. M ieha el’s

,formerly S t . Michael’s by the

North Gate,i s one of the four Oxford Churches

ment ioned in D omesday Book,and probably existed

long before the Conquest. I t seems to have beenrepai re d and a l tered by Robert D ’

O ilgi, and thetower brough t wi th in the l ine of early fort ifica t ions .The Church was apparently pul led down in thet h i rteenth cen tury and rebui lt . A south aisle wasbui lt i n 1 260, and a Chantry Chapel—probably theNorth Chapel—was added i n 1 342 . The last restora tion on a large scale was entrusted to Mr. S t reeti n 1 85 5 .

Up to 1 77 1 t he N orth Gate adj oined the Church ,and the pri nts of that date g iv e an idea of thenarrowness of the street

,and of the p icturesqueness

which i t hasnow almost ent i rely lost.

ARMS OF NEW COLLEGE

ART TREASURE S

NDER th i s comprehensi ve t i tle are g roupedthe Bodle ian Li brary

,the various Col lege

Libraries,th e Museum

,and the Universi ty

Ga l ler ies,the p ictures

,pla te of some of the

Colleges,and the stained gla ss windows

,though not

a l l of t hem are worthy of the name of treasures.

LIBRARIES

B ishop Cobham had bequeath ed before 1 327 to

the Un iversi ty a smal l col lect ion of books,bur these

were for ten years i n the l i brary at Oriel Col legeinstea d , Adam d e B rome hav ing taken them outof p ledge to that end . In intent ion, however, theB ishop was the Founder of the fi rst Un iversi ty

84 OXFORD

L ibrary, just as B ishop Bury seems to have been th efi rs t to establ ish a Col lege Library at DurhamCollege .While the School of D iv in it wh ich was beguni n 1 424, w asbe ing finished a ter many delays

,th e

Universi ty authori t ies would seem to have wi shedto move the books they had i n S t. Mar ’s( thehad t hen regai ned possession of B ishop Cobhamsgi ft ) to some part of the new bui ld i ng. A newp lace for books was necessary

,for Humfrey

,Duke

of Gloucester,the Good Duke

,had begun h i s mag

n ificent se ries of gi fts of books to the Univers i ty.The death of th i s benefa ctor in 1 447 was a blow

to the University,for h is promised con tr i but ion to

the Library bui ld i ng fund was not pai d . Otherbenefactors

,such as the Earl of Worcester

,and

K emp,B ishop of London

,came forward

,and to

the generosi ty of the lat ter the complet ion of theUniversi ty Library on the floor above the D i v in itySchool i n 1 478 wasdue The books were finallyi nstal led i n 1 488 .

The Libra ry,however, was soon to fal l upon

ev i l days,for in 1 5 50 the Edward ian Commiss ioners

d ispe rsed the volumes with reckless hand,and s ix

years or so later the Un iversi ty broke up and soldthe readers’ desks and benches. But the Li braryw asforty years later to rise again under the fostering care of S i r Thomas Bodley, a former Fellow of

Merton,a d iplomat ist of note under E l izabeth

,who

superv i sed the rev i val,secured g i fts of books from

others,and endowed i t l i beral ly h imsel f. Opened

i n 1 603, the year that E l iz abe th d ied, w i th about

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86 OXFORD

place that,in sp i te of the inheren t d iffi culty of

effi c ien t superv is i on,the loss of and damage done

to books and MSS . hasbeen of t rifl i ng amoun t.The Library passed unsca thed through the troubledt imes of 1 642- 1 646.

Another poin t,too

,i s noteworthy the L ibrarian

is referred to i n the S tatutes as Bod ley’s L i brarian,just as though the personal i ty of the Founder we rest i l l presen t i n the place .After the Museum was opened in 1 860, thesc i entific l i brary of the Radcl iffe was transferred toi t,and the R adcl iffe became a vai labl e as a read i ng

room in connect ion with the Bodleian . S ince thenthe Bodleian

,ever g rowing day by day and week

by week,has by statute been g ran ted the use of

parts of the basemen t of the Ashmolean Bui ld ing,of the Sheldonian Theatre, and of the New Schools.I n spi te of th is more room is wanted, and wi l leventua l ly have to be found . Many plans andmany suggestions have been made, among otherstha t All Soul s Col lege shoul d be absorbed, or

affi l iated,as a Col lege of Li brarians. Communica

t i on,not by means of a bridge, could, i t i s said, be

eas i ly arranged,and the fine l i brar at Al l Souls

would become a not inconsiderab e par t of thegrea ter Bodle ian .

Bodley’s Library has grown gradual ly by v i rtueof an arrangemen t made by Bod ley with theS tat ioners’ Company, stead i ly al l through thee igh teen th and n ineteenth cen turies, by the merg in gof the arrangemen t i n the Copyrigh t Act, by wh ichthe Bodleian is ent i tled to a copy of all books after

ART TREASURES 87

publ i cat ion . Occasional ly the steady increase hashad a sudden impetus by donations and bequestsduly ch ron icled in the Reg i ster, such asthose ofC larendon

,one of th e Un iversi ty’s g reatest bene

factors,D r. Rawlinson , Gough , and Douce .

A wa lk th rough the portion that i s shown tothe publ i c g i ves bu t a poor i dea of the whole, asthe interest ing obj ects in the cases

,and many of

the curiosi t i es tha t st i l l remain,must det ract from

the genera l impression of grandeur and of peacefulret i remen t .For those i nterested i n the many unique specimens of bind ing i n the Library, reference may bemade to a monog raph on Histori c B ind ings i n theBodle ian by W. S . Brass i ngton . The colouredreproduct ions are numerous and excel lently done .To a bone? fide studen t the place asa l ibrary insummer t ime i s a parad ise

,because i t i s not to be

equa l led by any other l i brarApart from the BodleianLi b rary

,wi th i ts un ique

col lection of books, MSS .

,re l ics

,and pictures

,

there are many art t reasures pre se rv ed i n otherGalleri es

,College Li brari es, the Museums, and else

where . It i s not, however, possi ble i n the Spacehere at command to par t i cularise ; but the Universi tyPicture Galleries now housed i n the T aylorian

Inst i tut ion contai n the Fox -S trangways Collect ion

,composed of many specimens of the

earl iest masters of the Floren tin e School ; th ePenrose Collect ion

,consist ing mainly of works

by Reynolds,Hoga rth

,Morland

,Ga insborough ;

etch ings by Rembrand t,Vandyck ; pr in ts by

88 OXFORD

Albert Durer,an d minia tures in the “ Ben t inck

Hawkins Collect ion .

In 1 894 several works by Mil lais, Holman Hun t,D . G . Rossett i

,were bequeathed by Mrs. Combe .

The ga l leries also contain ori gi nal shetchesbyMichel Angelo, and one hundred and s i xty-twoby Raphael . N o other ga l lery can show such acol lect ion . The Universi ty wasindebted to theEarlof Eldon for more than hal f of the purchase-money .To students of oldOxford

,the excel len t drawings

of Oxford made by De Wind t, J . M . W . Turner

,

and F . Mackenzie,wi l l be part icularly in terest ing.

Mr. Ruski n endowed the D rawing School ca l leda fter h im

,and presen ted a col lect ion of th e works

of J . M . W . Turner. Here, too , a re the DouceCo l lect ion of ea rly pr i n ts

,and the Chambers-Hall

Collect i on of Rembrandt and other etch ings .In the Museum portion of the ga l leri es, thean t iquarian part of the orig inal col lection of El iasAshmole is now properly d i splayed . The Museumbui ld ings also con ta i n the Fortnum Collect i onch i efly consist ing of Ita l ian renai ssance work

,a

valuable collect ion of nearly three hundred fingerr ings, and the late Professor Westwood

’s fictilei vories. Anglo-Saxon art i s well represen ted

,and

here i s K ing Alfred’s Jewel

,found near Athelney in

1 673, and presented in 1 7 1 8 .

The Egypt ian col lec t ion i s part i cularly rich i nexh ibi ts from the ea rl i est dynast ies

,secured by Pro~

fessorW . Fl inders Petri e, and the Museum has beenenriched wi th many objects from Greece and .Crete

,

presen ted by i ts presen t K eeper.

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90 OXFORD

In the Li brary a t Chri s t Chu rch there is acol lecti on of some two hundred and fi fty p ictures

,

compris ing the bequests of General Guisethe Hon . W. T . H . Fox—S trangways ( 1 828 ) andMr. Savage Landor. The M adonna a nd Child byPi ero del la Francesca

,a N ativ ity by T i t ian, and The

B utcher’sShop by A . Ca racc i

,should be carefully

noted, together wi th a sketch of a horseman byVandyck, a portrai t by Tintoretto , a cen taur byF ilippino Lippi . Some of the early I tal ian picturesi n tempera are of great i n teres t .On the upper floor is a remarkabl e coll ect ion of

books,manuscripts

,coins

,and h istor ic curiosi t ies .

I n the Hall,a fine room of noble proport ions

,

bui l t by Card inal Wolsey in 1 5 29 , i s a col lect ionof po r trai ts of former members of the foundat ion .Perhaps among the best are J ohn K ing (Mytens) ,that of H enry ohn Wesley (Romney ) ,S trange (Shee) , Shynner ( a insborough), Gladstone(S i r J . Milla i s) , and D ea n Liddell (G. F. Watts) .Most of the College Hal ls con tain p ictures ofvary ing meri t, bu t i nterest ing to the particu larfounda t i ons

, asport rai ts of Founders, Benefactors,and i l lustrious men of presen t and bygone t imes .The portrai ts atChrist Church

,Magda len

,Wadham

,

Ba l l iol,

. All Souls, Exeter, Jesus, ough t certa i nlyto be seen

,bu t the afternoon

,when the Hal ls are

,

asa rule, not being used, i s no t always the best t imeto see the pictures.The Colleges are especia l ly r i ch i n spec imens ofplate of the fourteenth and fifteenth cen turies.Perhaps the earl i est i n date and one of the most

ART TREASURES 9 1

i nterest ing i s the Wassai l Horn at Queen’s Col lege,sa i d to have been a gi ft of the Foundress, QueenPh i l ippa . Whether i t wasmade from th e horn bywh ich the members of the foundat ion were summoned to assemble at d inner i s now only a mat te rof conjecture but i t ma be noted that the cover,wi th i ts eagle (for E aglesfield) i s the work of a laterdate . The buffalo horn i s twen ty-five i nches long,with three broad bands of s i lver gi l t

,each wi th th e

wo rd “wacceyl twice repeated i n Goth ic letters . I ts tands about n ineteen inches h igh on massive eagle

’sfee t ; and the poin t of the t i p is fini shed by theadd i t ion of a grotesque headfi"N ew College is r i ch in possess ing the pastora lstaff of Will iam of Wykeham

,i ts Founder. The

goldsmi th’s work is amaz i ng in i ts del icacy andbeau ty .

The same Col lege possesses a sta nd ing-cup andcover (e. i n si lver-g i l t, repoussé with p ineapple pat tern . I ts stem

,which i s detachable, i s

t rumpe t-shaped,ornamen ted wi th a Goth i c tre foi l

crest i ng round the base . S imi lar crest ing decksth e cover

,wh ich i s surmoun ted by a finial con

sist ing of fru i t and fl owers .Another p iece of plate

,given to the College i n

1 493, i s an hourglass salt of s i lver-gi l t, with pyramidal cover

,d iv i ded i nto panels by crocketed r ibs

asframes for t r iangular pieces of glass . Threecourses of fol iage i n p ie rced work set wi th pea rl s

E lectrotyped cop iesof the chief specimensof

Oxford and Cambridge Col lege Plate can beseen in theV ictori a and Albert Museum, South K ensington .

92 OXFORD

accen tuate the beau ty of the spi ral gadroon work .

Round the base is an inscr ipt i on in Goth i c le tter ing,Super W A mon tes TER stabant HIL aque M .

”

New Col lege has also Specimens of cupsmadefrom cocoanuts, at a t ime when such nuts we reuncommon . One wi th s i lve r moun t i s i n the formof a tree grow ing w i th i n a pal i sad e

,t h e branch es

of wh ich enclose the bowl . Round the bottom of

th e cup i s a nest of wattlework of si lver w ire .The stand i s of open-worked crocketing formedof Lombard i c chara cters.A g i an t sal t-ce l la r of the fi fteenth century ispreserved a t All Souls’ College

,and i s usually

considered to have been g iven by the Founder,Archbishop Chichele

,some t ime before h is death i n

1 443. The bowl i s of crystal,born e on the head

of a huntsman,who s tands upon the base. Colour

has been added i n several places,notably in the

finial of the l id,wh ich resembles an art ichoke

,i n the

smal l figures of animals,dogs and men , represented

on the base,and on the face and hands of the

huntsman . The ba se i s surrounded by a batt lement w i th eigh t c i rcular turrets .Al l Souls’ Col lege hasalso a set of bowls ormazers

,made of maple

,with a deep r im of s i lver

gi l t these date from 1 450, and are as a set qui teumque .

B ishop Carpen ter’s cup and stand,given to Oriel

i n 1 470, are noteworthy spec imens . The cup i sformed of a cocoa-nut shell

,and the stand of part of

a gourd, mounted in si lver-gi l t.Corpus Christ i Col leg e possesses a very fine sal t

,

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94 OXFORD

the Col lege by Christopher Potter. The workmansh ip i s Engl ish

,and the date 1 637.

A t Exeter there is an ostri ch egg moun ted i nsi lver g i l t, of good workmansh i p . Date 1 6 1 0.

At Magdalen, i n the su i te of apartmen ts i n theFounder’s Tower, are two pieces o f old Arrastapestry

,wh ich are said to have been designed by

Ho lbe i n . One represents The B etrotha l of P r inceArthur

,eldest son of H enry VI I I ,

to Ka tha rine ofd rragon, the other represents the parable of The

La bourersin the Vineya rd.

The pall of Henry VII .,a magnificen t p iece of

gold brocade,1 1 feet 8 inches by 8 fee t

,i s to be seen

in the Long Gal lery at the B od leian Li brary.O f modern tapestry Exeter possesses a very finespec imen

,designed by S i r Edward Burne-Jones

,and

executed by Wi ll iam Morris,of wh ich the subject

i s The Adora tion of theM agi.

AR MS OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE

ART TREASURES 9 5

ARMS or sr . JOH N’ S COLLEGE

C ITY PLATE

The Corporat ion ins ignia are fully descri bed byMr. W . H . S t . John Hope i n h is book on Corporat ion Plate

,but i t ma be noted that the Corporat ion

hasfour maces : 1 . h e great mace, 5 ft. 4§ i n . long

,

of a late ty pe dating from the mayoralty of JohnCambe

,1 65 9

—1 660. 2 . A ba ilifi’smace,1 1 in . ,

wi ththe arms of James I . and date, 1 606. 3, 4 . In imitation of an earl i er pai r in s i lver

,wi th plain shafts and

globular heads, temp. Cha rles I I.The mayor’s cha i n i s qui te modern bu t

,

asMr. Hope we l l say s,i t i s a more reasonable des ign

than most modern examples.The seal i s of the seventeenth century, and somewhat poor in execu t ion

,the elephan t being too

cramped in hisposi t ion .

96 OXFORD

ARMS OF MERTON CO LLEGE

STAINED GLASS

I t i s only possi ble here to catalogue the variousW i ndows accord ing to thei r date.The who le subj ect of the Oxford gla ss isthat those interested i n i t are referredWinston’s wri t ings

,! and to Mr. W estlake’sbook

for any further informat ion .

TH I RTEENTH CENTURY (LATE ) , AND FOURTEENTH CENTURY(EARLY) .

M erton Chapel—N orth and sou th windows, and

tracery l ightsof east window of choir. (Restored byMessrs. Powel l . )

Arch. Journ . ,vol . ix.

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98 OXFORD

S IXTEBNTH CENTURY.S t. Peter-in-the-E ast . -The large west and south

w indowswere inserted in 1 50 1 the north window hasfragmentsof pa in ted glassinserted, 1 433, by the thenV icar, V incent Wyking .

Trinity—In the orie l window i n the Ha l l are n ine

sma ll panelsof glass,which are sa i d to have come from a

window in the Cathedra l a t Base l . They bear datesfrom 1 5 2 2 to- 1 5 9 5 , and one of 1 627 . They wereinserted here in 1 877 .

mer ited—In the east W indow of the L ibra ry therea re twelve panelsof F lemish glass, dated 1 598, but se tin modern g lass.Cathedra l.—Large window in north transept.Quasi —In the Chape l in the two windowson either

side of the entrance isOld glasspreserved from the OldC hapel, pa in ted in 1 5 1 8 , p laced in posi t ion here in 1 7 1 7 .

Balliol.—In the reading-room (formerly the Old Hal l)a re some fragmentsof old glassdated 1 5 33 in theC hapel and L ibrary are rema insof windowswhich in1 5 29—1 5 30 were pa inted for the old Chapel . The

w indowsare not in thei r orig inal form,and the subjects

h ave been jumbled together.Wadham—In the thi rd and fourth windowsfrom the

e ast, on the south si de, are two windowsconta in ing

F lem ish g l assfrom Louva in. Both are much earl ier ind ate than the Chapel .Cathedral.—W indow in west end of the north a isle

O f the nave, A:Van L inge, 1 603.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.Lincoln.

- The n ine windowsin the Chapel, F lemishg lass, 1 629- 1 63 1 on north

, and aresometimesattri butedto Bernard Van L inge.

ART TREASURES 99

Magdalen (Ante-Chapel) -W indowssouth end, about1 635 (Greenbury) . West window, 1 635 repa i red , 1 79 5 ,by Egg inton.

New College (Chapel) .—N orth , F lem ish glass; southsi de, F lem ish g lass(repa i red 1 740 ) by W . Price.Queen

’sChapel.—Most of the windowsby A . Van

Linge, 1 635 restored by J . Price, 1 7 1 7 .

Balliol. -In the Chapel are two windows, orig inal lyin the old Chape l, presented by Peter Wentworth, 1 637 .

A . Van L inge.Uni versity College Chapel.—Seven windowsbyA. Van

Linge, pa inted by 1 64 1 , but not p laced in si tu unti lafter the Restoration. East window HenryG i lesof York removed by Sir G . Scott, 1 86 2 .

Wadham Chapel—The east window in the Chape l,

Bernard Van L inge The si de windowsof theChoir are sl ightly earl i er, 1 6 1 6 . They were rearrangedin 1 832 in wrong order .

Queen’s.—The east window in the Chapel by Joshua

Pr ice, 1 7 1 7 .

E IGHTEENTH CENTURY.Mefl on.

—The lower l ightsin east window of theChape l were glaz ed by W . Pr iceNew College Chapel.

—The windowson the north si deof the Chape l ( 1 76 5 by Peckett ofYork . Thesewindowsare not to be compared with those on the

southsi de. The Old glassin the Ante-Chape l waspartlyrestored in 1 77 5 by Richard Fleming and W i ll iamCurtice in 1 777 .

Oriel.—In the Ante-Chape l isa window (removedfrom the Chape l) , pa inted by W. Peckett in 1 767 .

Wadham—The Ante-Chape l windowswere insertedin 1 8 36 ; four la ter onesin 1 838 . (Evansof Shrewsbury .)

1 oo OXFORD

St. Peter-io-tbe—Eort.—East lancet windows, 1 839 .

Ch is: Claret—Windowsin Ha l l on the r ight of thedais, 1 8 59—1 868 . (Powel l and Sons.)All Soul:.

—The great west window of the Ante-Chapel ,1 862 . (Hardman .

Uni t/emi t) ;-The cast W indow of the Chape l, inserted

by S ir G. Scott, 1 862 .

Warra nt—The Chapel windows, 1 864—1 870 . (H.

Hol iday.)

N INETEENTH CENTURY .

Magda /em—The present windowsin the Chapel were

inserted in”

1 8 5 7 (Hardman .)7 a m College.

—East window of the Chapel, 1 8 5 5 .

(Powe ll)Exeter.

-The var iousmemoria l windows in theChapel, of va riousdates. (Clayton and Bel l . )Oriel—Chapel windowsfrom designsby H . E l l is

Wooldridge, 1 884 . (Powel l and Sons.)Trinity

—Chapel w indows, 1 8 8 5 . (Powel l and Sons. )B ra :mo:e.

—Chapel east windows(Kempe) ; C radockMemoria l window, 1 88 7 (Powel l and Sons) ; b aywindow (hera ldic) , designed by T. G. Jackson, 1 889 .

(Powel l and Sons. )S t. 7 06713 .

—East window in the Chapel,1 89 1 .

(Kempe .All Soulr.—Window 1 11 the Hall, 1 892~ 1 897 . (Powel l

and Sons.)St. Crou , Holywell

—Sta in“ memori a l window.

(Powell and Sons. )Lincoln.

—W indow in the Ha l l designed by T. G .

Jackson, 1 893. (Powel l and Sons.)Trinity.

-Ha l l, small memorial window, 1 903 .

(Powel l and Sons. )

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1 02 OXFORD

ARCHITECTURE

The arch i tecture i n Oxford i s of al l per i ods, as i sto be expec ted from the h istory of the town and oft he Un iversi ty . Much hasbeen ruth lessly destroy ed,much has been asruthlessly al tered .In the fol lowing l i st of dates of the bu i ld ing i twil l be seen that though at al l t imes thereseems to have been some bui ld ing in progress

,there

w asa short lul l during the years between the ou tbreak of the Ci v i l War and the Restorat ion . Atalmost al l o ther t imes the bui ld ing has beencont inuous

,though i t has from variousreasons

varied i n amount .I t may be sai d wi thout exaggerat ion that thebui ld i ng and rebui ld ing in connect ion w i th theColleges and al l ied inst i tu t ions undertaken and completed and projected during the last twen ty-fi veyea rs exceeds i n amount the total carried ou t i n thecentury and a ha l f or the two cen tu riesimmed iatelypreced ing.B a lliol and Keble j ust miss inclusion i n the

twen ty-five years, al l the g reat changes i n thebu i ld ings hav ing been fin ished by 1 877- 1 878.

I n the case of Trinity, there i s much to chron icle .The new fron t quadrangl e wasfin i shed in 1 887,compris ing a new house for the Pres iden t on thenorth

,and a wing on the eas t .

The be l fry at Christ Church,wh ich isst i l l un

fini shed,wasbui l t 1 878- 1 880, to take the bonny

Chris t Church Bel ls,

” wh ich were considered too

ART TREASURES 1 03

heavy for th e Cathedral bel fry. The arch i tectwasMr. Bodley, who a lso desi gned the reredosinthe Cathed ral choi r.B rasenose

,between 1 88 1 and 1 889, hasbeen

enlarged by Mr . T. G . Jackson by the add it ion ofa new quadrangle, wi th inc reased accommodat ionfor undergraduates

,a new lodging for the P rincipal

and the ornate fron t i n the High S treet.At H ergford th e same arch i tect hasgiven the

College a New Hal l and Bursary, 1 887, a rangeof new bui ld ings on the north s i de of th e quadrang le and further new bu i ld ings i n N ew

College S tree t ( 1 902 which are not yet

fin ished .At S t. J ohn’

: a new front,con t i nuing the original

front of the Coll ege northwards, was begun in 1 880from designs by Mr. G . O ldred Scott

,and were

fi nished m 1 90 1 . A further extension not v isi blefrom the road haslately been completed .The extens ive restorat ion works i n N ew College

Chapel were completed in 1 880 by S i r Gi l be rtScot t. An examinat ion of th e oak work wil l showhow careful ly the old wood was preserved and

i nco rporated w ith the new carv ing. The organscreen and loft i s pract ically new, so too i s muchof the organ . Mr. Pearson in 1 894 fin ished therestora t ion of the reredos

,whi ch had been muti lated

by Queen E l izabe th’s orders .

Or iel underwent some sma l l restorationslin the

Cha pel 111 1 884- 5 , and i n the quain t port i co overthe Hall steps i n 1 897—al l carr i ed ou t by Mr.T . G . Jackson .

1 04 OXFORD

St.M a ry’sH a ll

,so long in t imately connected wi th

Or iel,has at last been merged in the parent

foundat ion,and under the terms of Ceci l Rhodes’

bequest of new bui ld ings,to include a

fron t i n th e High Street,are shortly to be under

t aken .

At Corpusthe bui ld ings erected in 1 885 byM r. T. G . . J ackson were on th e opposi te side of

Merton Stree t,a t the corner ofGrove S treet . The

Pres iden t’s Lodgi ng i s be ing enlarged at th e presentt ime ( 1 905 ) from designs by the Pres iden t .Merton wasenlarged by the i ncorporat i on of

S t. Alba n’sH a ll by a statu te made in 1 88 1 . At

the momen t of wri t ing th i s note th e quadrangle,wh ich had been altered i n 1 863 and 1 866, i s be ingdemol ished to make room for new bui ld ingsd esigned by Mr. Bas i l Champne s. The roomsformerly occupied as Warden’s godgings, datingfrom the early s ixteen th cen tury

,and s i tua ted pa rtly

o ver the gateway lead ing from the front i nto th eFellows’ Quadrangle, muti lated later a fte r the S tu artResto rat ion

,are now bei ng d ismantled and altered .

A new lodging for the Warden i s be i ng buil t onthe north s id e of Merton S t reet, an in terest ing old

house be ing demol ished at the corner of Log icLane.J esusColleg e at the presen t t ime i s partl y i n

the arch i tect’s hands, as new bui ld ings, to consistof rooms

,a l i b rary, and a chemical laboratory,

wi l l take up the south s id e of Sh i p S treet fromthe Pres i den t’s Garden almos t to St. Michae l’sC hambe rs.

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1 06 OXFORD

clea rance of older work before h e cou l d begi nw i th Card inal College. Dean Duppa workedh is w i l l wi t h the Cathedra l i n 1 634. MagdalenandWorcestersufl'

ered from inci pi ent reconstruct ioni n 1 733 and 1 75 3 Ball iol escaped th is in 1 742, bu thassuffered more acu tel s i nce . Wyatt wasturnedloose at Magdalen

,B al i ol and Merton , and was

fol lowed by the Goth i c rev i val i sts . Exeter Chape lwasruthlessly demol i shed by S i r G . Scott becausei t was Jacobean

,and i n the same sp i ri t Ball iol

Chape l was destroyed by Mr. Butterfield.

Saxon WORK .

The wa l l at the east end of the choi r in the Ca thedra l . Possibly the westernmost port ion of the crypt atS t. Peter’s-in—the-East.

NORMAN .

The rema in ing tower in the Cast le, 1 07 1 .

The tower of St. M ichael at the north gate : part,1 074

-

part later, 1 1 50. Chancel arch in Holywel lChurch, 1 1 60. Door of Chapter House in Cathedra lC loister (damaged by

~ fire in S t. G iles’sChurch, base of tower, 1 1 38 . The nave of theCathedra l ( 1 140 C lerestory in transept,1 1 80. Crypt of S t. Peter’s-in-the-East, part of thechance l, south doorway, corbel table, 1 1 70 .

[Ifiley Church , with itsrecessed arches, z ig-z ag and

other mouldings, c. 1 1 60, should be visi ted by anystudent of Eng l ish Architecture.!

Ta wsrrrom r .

O rigina l north and south a islesof St. Mary Magdalen, c. 1 1 94. St. G iles’s(very la te,

ART TREASURES 1 07

EARLY Enonsu .

The we l l-chamber in the mound in the County Gaolprec incts. S t. Giler

’sChurch, south a isle, 1 260 .

Arcade in nave of S t. Peter’s-in-the-East, c. 1 260 .

The Ca thedral.—S pire .Chapter HouseLady Chapel (to the north of the choir) . Ex isting

fragmentsof S t. Frideswide’sShrine, 1 289 .

S t. Mary the Vi rg in Church—The tower, 1 2 80- 1 290 .

D ECORATED.

Merton.—Chapel, 1 2 77 . Ha l l, the orig ina l, 1 2 74.

Ironwork on door, 1 320 . Library, 1 376 (B ishop Rede) .8 1 . Mary

-le-Virgin.—The spi re comp leted, 1 3 1 0 .

Adam de Brome’sChapel, 1 320 .

Ca thedral—Lat in Chapel , 1 350 .

St . A lante’s.—South a isle, 1 336 .

S t. Mary Magda len’sChurch—O rig ina l parapet on

south front, 1 335 .St. Peter-in-the-E ast .—North a isle w indows, 1 350.

Panraumcuu n.

New College, 1 379—1 386 .

—Chapel, 1 386 Ha l l,1 386 Cloisters, 1 400 Bel l Tower, 1400 Quadrangle, third storey added, 1 674.

W erton.—Ante-Chape l, 1 330—1 4 1 4 .

B alliol.—O ld L ibra ry, 1 430 .

M erton—Entrance Gateway, 1 4 1 6 Tower com

pleted, 1 424—1 450 (Bishop K empe i)

Lincoln.—Tower Fron t Quadrangle, 1 43 1 Hall,

1 436 .

All Sa da—Col lege, 1437 Chapel , 1 442 .

D iv inity 480 sl ightly a ltered , 1 669

(S ir C . Wren) panel led buttresses, 1 450 .

1 08 OXFORD

Old S choolta—Bu i lt orig ina l ly, 1 439 .

Ca thedral—Vaulting of choi r, 1 480 etseq.

St. M ary the Virgin.—N ave

,1 490

- 1 503 (SirR. Bray) .The windowsin the north si de of Adam de Brome’sChapel, 1 5 1 0.

B rasenose.—Buildingsbegun 1 509 . Thi rdstorey added

to front quadrangle about a century later .St . Ma ry Magdalen Church

—Tower comp leted, 1 5 30 .

Magdalen, 1 47 5—1 48 1 . Founder’s QuadrangleC loisters

,1 473 Chape l, 1 480 Chape l Tower, 1 49 2

1 505 .

CorpusChristi , 1 5 1 3.—Ha ll fin ished, 1 5 1 6 Chape l,

1 5 1 7 .

Christ Church—Pa rt of the Grea t (Tom) QuadrangleHall, 1 5 2 8- 1 5 30 .

J a coaam .

yew: College.—1 62 1 - 1 626 ; Chapel, 1 62 1 .

St. 7 0hn’s.—Cook’sBu i ldings, 1 6 1 3 enlarged, 1 638 .

Merton.—Dormer windows i n Mob Quadrangle,

1 603- 1 62 5 Fel lows’ Quadrangle, 1 608- 1 6 1 0 .

Wadham,1 6 1 0—1 6 1 3 .

Bodley’sLihrary .

-East W ing, 1 6 1 0—1 6 1 3 (Holt) .Trinity .

—The Ha l l, 1 6 1 8—1 620 .

B otanical Gardens. -Entrance Gateway, 1 632 ( In igoJ ones) .S choolsQuadrangle, rebui lt 1 6 1 3- 1 6 1 8 ConvocationHouse, 1 634- 1 639 (Laud) .St. Mary

’sChurchfi—Porch, 1 637.Lincoln—The Chapel consecrated, 1 63 1 .

University—1 6344 67 5 F i rst Quadrangle, 1 634C hapel, 1 639—1 66 5 ; Hal l, 1 640- 1 6 57 .

Chapel rebui lt—South and west si desof quadrangle, 1 620 ; Hall, 1 637 ; Chape l, 1 640- 1 642 .

Christ CharchF —Vault ing over the sta i rcase to theHal l

, 1 640 (Smi th ) .

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1 1 0 OXFORD

Magdalen New Buildings—1 73 735 (Holdsworth).Worcester.

~—Chape l and Ha l l, 1 7 84 Front, 1 760

New Bui ldings, north side of quadrang le, 1 7 5 3- 1 773 .

Christ Church—Canterbury Gate, 1 778 (Wyatt)Canterbu ry Quadrangle, 1 775- 1 783 stai rcase to Halla ltered (Wya tt) ,

Orie1.—Library, 1 78 8 (Wyatt) .Lincoln.

—N ew Bu i ld ingsin the Grove,”1 759 .

Merton.—Hal l ruined, 1 800 (Wyatt) .

B alliol.—Broad S treet Bui ldingsat the west end, 1 769 ;restored 1 882 (Keene) .University.

—Refronted 1 800 (Dr. Grifii ths) .Hertfisrd.

—Portionsof the east front, 1 8 20 (Garbett) .B alliol.—Bu i ld ings opposi te S t . Mary Magdalen,

1 82 5 (Basevi ) ; build ingsopposi te theTaylor Inst i tution,“formerly cal led Casa r’sBu i ld ings, 1 8 5 5 (Salvin) .All S ouls.—Refronted 1 830 (D . Robertson) .S t.Mary H a ll. —N orthsi de ofquadrangle, 1 8 33- 1 848 .

University Press.—1 826—1 830 (D . Robertson) .University .

-N ew bui ldingsin High S treet (west),1 84 1 - 1 845 (Barry) .Taylor B uildings.—1 845

- 1 848 (C. R. Cockerel l ) .j ester College.

—South front restored, 1 8 5 3 (Buckler) .Merton.

—Chapel restored, 1 8 54 (Butterfield) .fBalliol.—Chape l (Lombard ic Goth ic) , 1 8 56- 1 85 7

( Butterfield) .University.

—Library, 1 860- 1 86 1 (S ir G. Scott) .7m ; Collegea

—Front restored, 1 8 5 6 (Buckler) .Magdalen.

—Chapel restored, 1 833 (Cottingham )E xeter.

—Front in the Turl, 1 834 (Underwood )~east part of front in Broad Street, 1 834 (Underwood) .Exeter.—West part of front i n Broad S tree t, 1 85 5- 57

L ibrary, 1 8 56 ; Chapel, 1 8 56—1 8 59 (S ir G . Scott) .M rcester.

—Chapel, decora ted 1 864—1 870 (Barges) .

ART TREASURES 1 1 1

Penthrole.—Hall

,1 848 (Haywa rd) .

Magda len College S chool, 1 8 5 1 (Buck le r) .New College.

- New bu i ldingsin Holywe l l S treet ,1 8 7 2

- 76 (S ir G. Scott) ; new bu i ld ings, 1 8 86 (Mr.

Basi l ChamPneys) .Universi ty—N ew L ibrary, 1 86 1 (Sir G . Scott) . 3

Merton.- N ew bui ld ingsin the Grove, 1 864 (Butter

fieldChrist Church (Veneti an Goth ic) . —Meadow Bu i ldings, 1 862- 1 866 (Sir T. D eane) .B alliol.—Col lege, sou th front in Broad S tr eet, 1 867

1 869 . Brackenbu ry Bu i ld ings(Waterhouse) .Merton.

—Ha l l restored , 1 8 7 2 (S ir G . Scott) .Kehle (Modern Gothic) .—Grea t Quadrangle, 1 870 ;

Chapel, 1 873- 1 8 76 Li brary and Hal l, 1 878 (Butter

field ) .B alliol.—New Hall, 1 875- 1 877 (Waterhouse) .A ll S ouk—The reredosin the Chapel, 1 872

- 1 876

(S ir G . Scott) .Christ Church. Belfry, sti l l unfin ished , 1 878

1 880 (Bodley) ; Tom Quadrangle restored, 1 876- 1 878(Bod ley. )University .

—Master’sLodg1ng, 1 879 (Bod ley) .Cathedra l—Chapter House restored

, 1 879 ; reredosin the Cathedra l choir, 1 88 1 (Bod ley) .Lincoln.

—New bu i ld ingsin the Grove, 1 8 8 1 - 1 88 2

(T. G. Jackson) .E xamination Schools. —1 877- 1 883 (T. G . Jackson) .Oriel—Chape l choi r extended

, 1 8 84 new eastwindow insert ed (T. G. Jackson) .Indian [stratum 1 8 82- 1 884 com.

pleted, 1 896 (B. Champneys) .B rasenosa—High S tree t fron t, 1 88 1 - 1 8 89 (T. G.

Jackson) New quadrangle P rinc ipal ’sLodg ing.

1 1 2 OXFORD .

Trinity—N ew bu i ld ings, President’sLodg ing, in front

quadrangle, 1 88 3- 1 8 87 (T. G . Jackson) .S t . 7 ohn

’s. —Continuation '

of new front to the north,1 900 (E . P . Warren) .

CotpusChristi College. N ew

bu i ldingsin Merton Street ; 'Beam

Ha l l , 1 8 85 (T. G . Jackson) .Hery

‘brd.—N ew Hal l ; K i tchen

and Bursary, 1 8 87 new bu i ldingsin N ew Col lege Street

, 1 9021 90 3 (T. G. Jac kson) .M erton—The sacristy restored

(T. G . Jackson) .Non Collegiate StudentsDeleg acy .

-To the east of the N ew Schools,

1 88 8 (T. G. Jackson) .B BCK INGTON 3 s us,L IN COLN comm a Ufl Z

'

f/t’f l ifj H all. ( H . W.

Moore ) .Lincoln College.

—N ew l ibra ry now in progress, 1 9051 906 (Read and Macdona ld ) .7 esusCollege.

—No rth front in Ship S treet, now in

progress, add itiona l rooms, l ibrary, science laboratories,and lecture theatre (England) .M erton—Extension to east, involving portionsofsi te

of S t. Alban’sHa l l, 1 90 5—1 906 (B . Champneys) .Corpus.—Presi dent’sL odg ing, rec asing th e earl ie rwork (T. Case) .

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