The International Sugar Journal 1969 Vol.71 No.841

"' International Sugar Journal

Complete sugar factories:

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and F6 has the men Men like 'Big Ben' Barke, who's been Works Manager at Derby since the beginning of 1966. That was just over 19 years after he'd joined oneof theFSpredecessor companies -George Fletcher Et Co. Ltd.-as a fitting apprentice in the mill shop. Now, with 20 yearsof FS experience behind him (he did his National Service with the RAF in 1958-60), Ben has been directly associated with every major Derby project since he became Assistant Works Manager in 1964. But not all his experience was in the works-he also knows first-hand the user side of sugar .machinery. In the early fifties, he went up the Zambezi to Marromeu (Portuguese East Africa), and spent 7 months helping to erect a new installation at the Sugar Factory there.

A year later, he had completed his fitting apprenticeship, and by 1955 he was selected to be a planning engineer. In 1963, 3 years after returning from National Service, he moved up to Senior Planning Eng- ineer. Subsequent promotion has come to Big Ben with impressive frequency: Mill Shop Foreman in the summer of 1964, Assistant Works Manager in the autumn, Works Manager less than 15 months later. As we said, FS has the experience, and FS has the men.

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International Sugar Journal

Contents

Editor and Manager:

D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C.

Assistant Editor:

M. G. COPE, M.I.L.

Agricultural Editor:

F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., I.S.O.

Panel of Referees

A. CARRUTHERS, Consultant and firmer

Corporation Ltd. Director of Research, British Sugar

F. M. CHAPMAN, Consultant and former Technical Adviser, Tare & Lyle Ltd.

K. DOUWES DEKKER, Comultant and former Director. Sugar Milling

Research Institute.

J. EISNER, Sugar Technology Consultant.

N. J. KING, O.B.E.

Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Statiom.

0. WIKLUND, Swedish Sugar Corporation.

Published by The I n ~ t i o n a l Sugar Joarnsl Ltd. 23a Easton Street, High Wywmbe,

Bucks, England. Teiephone: High Wycombe 29408

Cable: Sugaphiloa, High Wywmbe

Annual Shswiptlon: 50s Od or $8.00 post free

~ngl?Cepies: 63 Od or $1 polt free

1 Notes and Comments . . . . . . PAGE

.. 1

The Bagapan particle board . . . . By F. Langreney and E. Hugot

Saline soil reclamation in Iraq

Effect of burning and storage on cane deterioration

Part I. On cane quality

By Tawakol Y. Rizk and W. C. Normand

Critical survey of formulae for assessing cane milling capacity and cane milling efficiency. . By B. L. Mittal

Sugar cane agriculture . . . .

Sugar beet agriculture . . . . . .

Cane sugar manufacture . . . . . .

Beet sugar manufacture . . . . . .

New books . . . . . . . . . . . .

Laboratory methods and chemical reports . .

By-products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trade notices . . . . . . . .

US sugar supply quota 1969 . . . .

Ceylon sugar imports . . . .

Brevities . . . . . .

. . . Index to Advertisers.

I"

. . 19

. . 20

. . 22

24

. . 25

. . 27

. . 28

30

. . 31

. . 32

.. 31-32

. . xxii

- -

SOMMAIRES : ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN : SUMARIOS

Pameaux L bagasse Bagapan. F. LANGRENEY et E. HUGOT. p. 3-6 Dans cet article les auteurs dkrivent I'installation Bagapan L la Reunion et le p r o d 6 qu'on emploie pour la production de

panneaux L bagasse dans cette installation. Les auteurs doment aussi un rapport bref sur le contrale du procae, les rbultats obtenus, la main-d'oeuvre et les frais, et les idks actuelles pour expansion a I'avenir.

* * * La mise en culture de sol salin a I'Irak. p. 6-7

L'Amarah Cane Sugar Project se trouve sur aride terre inculte, saline; on dduit la teneur en sel par le lessivage avec eau d'irrigation en employant un systkme de drainage par tuyaux. Des engrais nkssaires sont aussi appliques au sol dans I'eau d'imgation. * * L'elfet de brdlage et de stockage sur la dbtffloration de la canne. l4re partie. La qualit6 de canne. T. Y. RIZK et W. C. NORMAND.

p. 7-8 On fait les comparaisons des volumes de jus, les teneurs en saccharose, les puretks et les teneurs en sucres rauisants entre

trois variktks de canne, brhMe et non-brfilk, et mise en stockage pour des temps differents avant I'analyse. Dans la canne brtilk, le volume de jus etait plus bas ap& une semaine et le teneur en saccharose dans le tiers supCrieur de la tige Ctait plus grande dans le cas de came non-brhlk, comrne aussi la teneur en sucres rkduisants. Les rhctions de parties differentes de la tige au brillage et au temps de stockage etaient tr&s varih. * * * Revue critique de formules pour le calcul de la capacit6 de moulins A came et de leur efficacit6. B. L. MITTAL. p. 9-15

L'auteur discute plusieurs formules qui mettent la capacite d'une batterie de moulins en rapport avec certains facteurs, y compris le nombre, les dimensions et la vitesse des cylindres, la preparation de la canne et la taux de fibre. II conclut que sa propre formule est la plus ratiomelle. I1 examine aussi des formules pour le calcul de la performance de moulins, et montre qu'aucune n'ilimine pas I'effet de la qualit& de la canne, i I'exception de sa propre formule, qui Mui t I'extraction a une base de 12,5% sucre et 12.5% fibre dans la canne. I1 cite des resultats obtenus par CHANDRESAKARAN avec autres en employant sa formule dans une etude de la performam de moulins.

Die Bagasse-hessspanplatte Bagapan. F. LANGRENEY und E. HUGOT. S. 3-6 In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben die Verfasser die Bagapan-Anlage in Reunion wie auch das Verfahren, das zur Erzeugung von

Pressspanplatten in dieser Anlage angewandt wird. Auch berichtet man uber die Verfahrenskontrolle, die erhaltenen Ergebnisse, die Arbeitskrafte und Kosten, und Gegenwartsideen betreffs zukiinftiger Ausdehnung.

: * * Urbarmacbung von salzigem Erde in Irak. S. 6 7

Das Amarah Cane Sugar Project findet sich auf trockenem, salzigem Oedland; die Salzgehalt wird durch das Auslaugen mittels Bew&sserungswassers unter Anwendung eines Rohrendranagesystems vermindert. Benotigte Dungmittel werden in Bewasserungs- wasser ins Erde eingetragen. * * * Eiiwirkung von Brennen und Lagerung auf Rohrversehlechterung. Teil 1. Rohrqualitit. T. Y. RIZK und W. C. NORMAND. S. 7-8

Die Verfasser vergleichen die Saftvolumen, die Saccharosegehalte, die Reinheitsquotienten und die Gehalte an reduzierenden Zuckern im Falle von drei Rohrsorten, gebramt und nicht gebrannt und fur verschiedene Zeiten vor der Analyse gelagert. Mit gebranntem Rohr waren nach einer Woche das Saftvolumen nieder und die Saccharosegehalt im oberen Drittel des Stengels hoher wahrend der ersten zwei Wochen. Der Reinheitsquotient war nieder als bei ungebranntem Rohr, wie auch die Gehalt an reduzierenden Zuckern. Die Reaktionen von verschiedenen Teilen des Stengels auf Brennen und Lagerungszeit waren betrkhtlich verschieden. * * Kriiiscbe Uebersicht 0ber FormeIn fOr die Berechnung der RohrmUhlen-Leistung und -LeistungsfBhigkeit. B. L. MITTAL. S. 9-15

Der Verfasser diskutiert einige Formeln, die Beziehung zwischen einigen Faktoren, 2.B. der Anzahl, den Massen, und der Geschwindigkeit der Walzen, der Rohrbereitung und der Fasergehalt, und der Leistung eines Verbundwalzwerks herstellen. Er folgert, seine eigene Formel sei die meistrational. Er besichtigt auch Formeln fur die Berechnung von Muhlleistungsfahigkeit, und zeigt, dass keine von ihnen die Wirkung der Rohrqualitat ausschliesst, mit Ausnahme von seiner eigener Formel, welche die Extraction auf eine Base von 12,5% Zucker und 12,5% Faser in Rohr reduziert. Er zitiert einige von CHANDRASEKARAN und Mitarbeitern in einer Studie von Muhlleistungsfahigkeit mittels seiner Formel erhaltenen Ergebnisse.

La tabla de particulas t i p Bagapan. F. LANGRENEY y E. HUGOT. Pdg. 3-6 El articulo presenta una descripci6n de la planta Bagapan en la isla de Reunion y del proceso que se emplea para la fabricaci6n

de tablas de particulas en esta planta. Hay tambien una cuenta breva del control del proceso, de 10s resultados obtenidos, del mano de obra y gastos, y de ideas actuales de crecimiento en el futuro.

* * * Reeuperacibn de terreno salino en Irak. Pdg. 6-7

El proyecto de azucar de &a de Amarah se situa en terreno baldio arid0 y salino, y se reduzca el contenido de sal por medio de perwlaci6n con agua de regadio, empleando una sivtema de desagiie inferior de tubos de arcilla cocida con juntas abiertas. Abonos oecesarios se aplican tambikn a1 terreno en el agua de regadio.

* * * El efecto de quemadura y almamaje sobre deterioraci6n de &. Parte I. Sobre calidad de cada. T. Y. WK y W. C. NORMAND.

Pdg. 7-8 Secornparanvolhnenes de jugo, contenidos de sacarosa, purezas y contenjdos de azhcares reductores para caiia de tres variedades,

quemada y no-quemada, que se ha almacenado varios tiempos antes de anhlls~s. Con caiia quemada, el volumen de jugo fuC menor despuCs de una semana, y el contenido de sacarosa en el tercio superior del tallo fue mas grande mientras las dos semanas primeras. La pureza fut menor que ella de &a no-quemada, como fub el contenido de azhcares reductores. Las reacciones quemadura y tiempo de almacenaje de diferentes partes del tallo variaban wnsiderablemente.

* * * Examen crltico de fbrmulas para asesar capacidad y eficiencia de molienda. B. L. MIITAL. . Pdg. 9-15

El autor discute algunas fbrmulas que relatan la capacidad de molienda de un tandem a factores que se conciernen, saber ntimero, dimensiones y velocidad de la mazas, y preparaci6n y contenido en fibra de la cafia. Concluv- --* su propia.fi)rj$?. r r J ~ mhs razonable. Examina tambiCn f6rmulas para asesar el cumplimlento de un tandem y demuestr; 2..:na el efecto de la calidad de la cafia except0 la suya, que reduzca la extraccibn a un base de 12,5% sacarosa y 12.5% 7"

.L: tesultados obtenido por CHANDRASEKARAN et al. en un estudio de cumplimiento de molienda en que usan .r . -.ator. X

THE

INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL

VOL. LXXI JANUARY 1969 No. 841

Notes & Comments

Cbinese sugar situation1. Official statistics in Mainland China are rarely

published and, when available, they are expressed as a percentage of past performance in base years. Estimates of sugar movement for that country are therefore often subject to wide margins of error which is probably the reason why many international organizations do not include sugar movement for China in their forecasts.

The International Sugar Council have calculated sugar movement for China during 1967 based upon import and export statistics received from other countries which trade with Chinaa. According to these figures, imports into China in 1967 amounted to 556,079 metric tons, raw value, while exports during the same period are put at 305,162 tons. Contrary to the pattern of recent years imports of Chinese sugar into Hong Kong during 1967 appear to have fallen considerably while the re-export figures for Hong Kong have been reduced to a mere few hundred tons. This virtually eliminates the possi- bility of double counting Chinese exports and the total shown by the ISC of 250,917 tons as net imports into China during 1967 is doubtless very close to the actual figure.

The situation in 1968 appears to indicate a general reduction in the tonnage both imported and exported by Mainland China. Most observers are agreed that the 1967168 crop in Cuba amounted to at least one million tons below the previous season's output and this is likely to have its effect upon deliveries from Cuba to China under the trade agreement between the two countries. The pattern of Chinese exports is more difficult to forecast. From private sources details have been secured of imports into some countries from China during the first few months of this year. These statistics are by no means a complete list of the recipients of Chinese sugar but nevertheless they help to form an idea of the general trend and indicate that, despite the reduction to be expected in deliveries frbm Cuba last year, the corresponding drop inexports from China means that the level ofnet import requirements for 1968 is expected to be a w u S W @ O tons.

World sugar balance. On the 21st November F. 0. Licht K.G. published

their fifth estimate of the world sugar balance for the 1967168 campaign year3. Many more figures are now definite, and production is 721,539 tons higher than the 4th estimate of September 1968, at 67,478,100 metric tons, raw value, some 2.48% higher than the 1966167 final figure. Owing to corrections to the figures for initial stocks and consumption, however, the final stock figure is only about 77,000 tons higher than estimated earlier. Thus the reduction in stocks during the year is only 442,000 tons against the reduction of 1,460,000 tons expected at the time of the first estimate a year ago.

Licht points out that this is largely due to the decline in Indian consumption from 3,001,000 tons to 2,428,000 tons following reduced production in that country. World consumption was 3.15% higher than in 1966167, a much lower rate of increase than normal, but, if the Indian figure is omitted, the rise for the rest of the world is 4.22% which is much nearer the usual rate.

+ + + Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd., 1968 Annual Report.

In the 1967 season, the C.S.R. mills in Australia made 502,000 tons of raw sugar, 19,000 tons less than in the record 1966 season. The entire reduction occurred in New South Wales. In Fiji, the mills made 291,000 tons, 13,000 tons less than the previous year's disappointingly low figure, and 59,000 tons less than the forecast at the beginning of the season. There was again a severe drought. The cane crops in Fiji have suffered severely from adverse weather for three seasons running. Estimates for 1968 are 131,000 tons in New South Wales (against 116,000 tons in 1967), 433,000 tons in Queensland (against 386,000 tons) and 324,000 tons in Fiji, to give a record total of 888,000 tons.

Research on the deterioration of "chopped" cane and processing difficulties which it causes has strength- ened convictions that in the interest of efficient factory

C. Czamikow Ltd., Sugar Review, 1968, (881), 161. I.S.C. Stat. Bull., 1968, 27, (7), 27. International Sugar Rpt., 1968, 100, (32), 1-4.

January THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1909

operations and high quality of raw sugar it is essential to reduce delays in the harvesting operations and between cutting and crushing. To this end, harvesting and cane transport schedules were even more closely controlled and this allowed the Queensland mills to accept small increases in the proportion of the crop harvested by "chopper" machines. At Victoria and Macknade mills about 85% of the crop is being chopper-harvested and at Victoria arrangements are in hand for a trial of extended harvesting hours for some cane.

In New South Wales, mechanical loading of hand- cut cane has been in use but, because the heavier crops often become sprawled, and because the cane fields, in the flood plains of the rivers, are frequently wet in the harvesting season, mechanical harvesting is more difficult than in Queensland. Initial trials have been made, however, and a pilot operation covering 40,000 tons of cane is planned at Condong for 1968.

The poor "performance" of the Fiji sugar industry in recent years, owing to the continued unprecedented drought, has been a handicap to Fiji in the recent International Sugar Agreement negotiations where actual export performance of each country has been considered a basic criterion in fixing of export quotas. The representatives of Fiji have consequently been doing everything possible to see that adequate regard is paid to the effects of the long drought on sugar production and hence export figures for the industry. This is especially important as about one in five of the population depends directly, and many more depend indirectly, upon the sugar industry for a livelihood, and it contributes over 70% of the country's export earnings. * * * Brnzil sugar statistics, 1967/6g1.

Although slightly below the very high level established in the crop year June 1966lMay 1967, Brazilian exports last season again exceeded one million tons. As must be expected in view of the provisions of the US Sugar Act, the United States was the major outlet for Brazilian sugar, receiving nearly 60% of all shipments. Exports to Morocco rose by more than one hundred thousand tons to 135,000 tons, while Tunisia and France each took more than 50,000 tons. There was less reliance in 1967168 on traditional South American markets and deliveries to Chile and Uruguay both fell away in comparison with the two previous seasons.

Another significant increase was recorded in domestic consumption which now exceeds 3,150,000 tons, or 35 kilos a head.

The authorized production was 4.3 million tons but in fact output reached only 4,173,000 tons. All sugar mills were given a minimum production quota of 200,000 bags (12,000 metric tons) but many of them do not have the capacity to attain this level. There- fore, as there are no arrangements for redistributing nhortfalls, the full authorized production level could not be reached.

Authorized production in 1968169 is about 4.3 million tons. Meanwhile, on the basis of the population growth alone, an increase in domestic consumption in the region of 100,000 tons may be expected, bringing total internal usage to around 3,250,000 tons. It would appear, therefore, that even if there are no production shortfalls this season a marked reduction will be apparent in the level of stocks held in excess of the necessary domestic reserve by the end of the current crop year.

* * * EEC sugar situation.

Countries of the European Common Market, including French overseas possessions, are expected to have a sugar surplus of a million metric tons this year, of which 600,000 tons are to be available for sale to other countries and the remainder are to be denatureda. Total production is estimated at 6,800,000 tons, a rise of 200,000 tons over 1967168.

It is reported that, in order to impose a greater limitation on production, the European Commission will probably shortly propose reductions in both guaranteed prices for the sugar year 1969170 and the tonnages to which these applys. It is understood that a uniform reduction of 5% will be proposed in respect of the basic production quotas for each. of the five producing countries of the EEC. Indicated production quotas for 1969170 compared with the relevant figures for 1968169 are as follows:

1969170 1968169 metric tons, white value

France, including DOM ...... 2,280,000 2,400,000 West Germany .............. 1,662,500 1,750,000 Italv ........................ 1.168.500 1.230.000 ~echerlands .................. '522;500 ' 5 5 0 ; ~ Belgium .................... 522,500 550,000 --

6,156,000 6,480,000 - -- It is also understood that reductions are to be

proposed in the price for beets, from $17 to $16 per ton, 16% sugar content basis, for roots up to 105% of estimated consumption and from $10 to $9 per ton for roots between 105% and 135% of estimated consumption.

* * * US sugar supply quota, 1969.

The US Dept. of Agriculture has proposed a total sugar supply quota of 10.6 million short tons, raw value, for 1969, the individual proposed quotas being tabulated elsewhere in this issue. Any requests for amendments were to be submitted to the Depart- ment by the 10th December.

No more than 750,000 tons is to be delivered during the first quarter of the year, while the total for January- June 1969 is 1,900,000 tons, to include sugar which has been delivered earlier and held under bond north of Hatteras in accordance with provisions made before the end of 19684.

I C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugur Review, 1968, (879), 154. a Public Ledger, 2nd November, 1968.

C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar P ~ v i c 1968, (491). 205. I.S.J., 1968, 70, 352, 3 L .

The Bagapan particle board By F. LANGRENEY and E. HUGOT

Paper presented to the 13th Congress I.S.S.C.T., 1968

INTRODUCTION Steam and electrical energy are supplied by the

T HE forests in RCunion are now restricted to the Sugar factory to the board factory, leaving about 6 to mountainous part of the island and produce only surplus bagasse Per hour for the latter. a minor part of the timber that this country

needs. Every year, 25,000 tons of timber and wall- The particle board factory board are imported from Europe, Africa and Indo- i he following description is to be referred to the China. Figs. 1-3. Bagasse from the last mill is brought to

On the other hand, the sugar factories have up-to- the boiler house by rake conveyors which supply the date boilers with a rather favourable steam balance boilers. After the last boiler, the excess bagasse falls and discharge into the sea during the whole grinding season large quantities of surplus bagasse.

The two prime conditions for the success of a wall-board factory were thus fulfilled and one of the island sugar companies asked a specialized firm to work out a study of the board market and of the possible profits of such an undertaking.

The conclusions were favourable and it was decided to build a 40 tons per day factory. Bagasse storage for the off-season being a more ticklish problem, this factory would first work only duriig the grinding season for two or three years, and, once all the other be,1..

technical and marketing problems were Fig. 1 satisfactorily solved, it would be equip- T* zluin;

ped for running the whole year round. This gave the advantages of a lower first investment and of a gradual increase of production. The idea was to sell on the local market, with some exports to Mauritius and Madagascar, and later to the EEC.

The latter object led to the choice of the board size, viz. 153 x 350 cm (5 ft x 114 ft), a size which was supposed to suit the demand of European furniture makers. The range of thick-

* nesses and specific weights was fixed from 4 to 40 mm amd from 400 to 800 kg1cu.m. Fig. 2

After consultation with various firms in several countries, the contract was undersigned with Verkor of Belgium, for general engineering and fibre preparation equipment, Siempelkamp of Krefeld, Germany, or the pressing equipment, and SFERE of Paris, for electrical equipment and automation.

La Mare sugar factory has a 100 t.c.h. capacity. The milling equipment includes 2 sets of knives, 1 shredder and 5 mills, which deliver around 29 tons of bagasse per hour, at 48% moisture. Evaporation is effected in a quintuple-effect of which the first vessel can supply viqfonr to all heaters and the major part ofJ+n$, - Fig. 3

3

January THE INTERNATION AL SUGAR JOURNAL 1969

to a scroll conveyor (1) which feeds the pre-dryer (3) with around 6 tonslhr bagasse of 48% moisture. This pre-dryer is a Biittner unit; the wet bagasse is given a spiral movement along its cylindrical body by means of a fan which sucks the flue gases from one of the boilers. The moisture is brought down to 20%. The flue gases are freed from dust by a very efficient fly-ash arrestor (2) on their way between boiler and fan. Any fly-ash entering the dryer would impair the appearance of the boards, giving them a dull greyish colour. The temperature of the gases should be in the range of 200-30O0C, depending upon the size of the pre-dryer. This temperature is controlled by a proper mixing of flue gases ccming from after the economizer (200°C), from before the economizer (300°C) or from between the two sections of the economizer (250°C), which is divided into two sets of finned tubes.

The semi-dried bagasse is extracted from the pre dryer by means of fans and cyclones. The same method is used for all subsequent transfers of fibre, pith and dust.

There is another way to feed the factory, intended mainly for use during the weeks following the grinding season: one bale-breaker (4) disintegrates the bales and supplies the pressed bagasse to the preparing machines. The moisture of the bales is not much different from that of the pre-dried green bagasse.

The preparation starts with two hammer mills (6), comminuting the bagasse chips. Two pneumatic separators with jigging sieves (7) separate the particles of suitable size for board production from the particles which are too coarse. The separator operates according to the system of specific weight and specific surface. The particles which are still too coarse are fed to refiner mills (9) for further disintegration and then recycled to the pneumatic separators.

They are then sent to a bin with a dosing device (8) which delivers a fixed amount to the oscillating screen (10) where fibre is separated from pith and dust. These latter components are sent to one of the boilers through a special device which ensures a safe feeding of the furnace. This is necessary since bagasse dust might become explosive when mixed in a certain proportion with air.

The separation is only partial, that is to say, some fibre is sent back to the boiler with the pith and dust, and some pith remains in the fibre portion. It is not considered harmful, provided that the proportion does not exceed a certain limit; it fills the gaps between the pieces of fibre and thus improves appearance and strength.

The fibre is dried to 11% moisture in the dryer (1 I), and again sifted through a vibrating screen (12). The fines are sent to the boiler and the fibres to the dosing device (13).

Urea-formaldehyde resin is received at the factory from Europe in a solid granulated state and dissolved in water in a tank (14) equipped with a mixer. The solution, called the "glue", is pumped to two storage

tanks (15); two small other tanks (16) close by are used for additives.

These products are mixed in tanks (17) in the desired proportions and sent by dosing pumps (18) to the nozzles of the gluing machine (19). This is a cylindrical mixer, with the spraying nozzles at the upper line.

The mixing is completed in mixer (20) where a stream of hot air reduces the moisture to about 12%. The glued fibre is heated in order to increase the viscosity and adhesivity of the glue and sent to the dosing and spreading machine (21) which spreads a pre-set amount into the moulding case (22).

This case, driven by chain, has a reversible motion at variable speed; its filling thus depends on the output of the spreading machine and on its speed which is set according to the thickness and specific weight of the board to be made.

The frame, which now contains a layer of glued bagasse, is conveyed, at a much higher speed, under the pre-press (23). This layer is pressed into a cake of length and width slightly greater than those of the final board, but of much greater thickness.

After this first cold pressing, the ram of the pre- press is lifted, the moulding frame slightly raised and sent back to the spreading machine. The cake has now sufficient cohesion to be pushed towards the loading device (24); it slides on the smooth table, the pusher acting only on its rear side. In order to check the specific weight, it may be weighed, on its way to the charging device, on an automatic scale (25).

The loading device is made of 6 trays which are automatically loaded, one after another, every loaded tray being lifted a few centimetres to give place to the next one.

When the six trays are loaded, the six cakes are introduced together into the press (26), made up of 7 plates heated at a temperature varying from 134 to 140°C, depending upon the thickness and specific weight of the boards. The heating is produced by forced circulation of superheated water from a Rosenblatt type of exchanger. The space between plates is fixed by steel liners, so called distance bars, installed on both sides of the hot plates. The thickness of the liners is 1 mm greater than that of the finished board. The cakes are kept from 7 to 16 minutes under pressure and heat, depending upon the required thickness. Then the press opens again and the boards are pushed together into the discharging device (27), which comes down a few centimetres for every tray: when the tray comes to the level of the receiving table (28), the boards are pushed out and piled up while the table is progressively lowered.

A lift-truck takes the pile to a storeroom where they are left for 2 to 4 days in order to cool down. When cool, the boards are picked up by a lift-truck and brought to another room where they pet th- final finish: the sides are trimmed by a compouna sawing machine (29) which gives the board its final length and width. Then the bottom face,is a d e d

THE BAGAPAN PARTICLE BOARD

Table I Physical properties of Bagapan bagasse boards from RCunion compared with boards produced from wood and annual plants

Bagapan Raw material: Surface layer

Baguse Jute-sticks Hemp-shives Core layer --

Number of layers.. .......... one one one one Density, kg1cu.m. .......... 610 600 609 585 Finished board thickness, mm 19 19 19 19 Resin content: Surface layer 8 8 8 8

Core layer . . Bending strength. ka/sa.cm. .. 220 153 175 182

Other boards Birch SprucelPine SprucelPine

Flax-shives -- - --- Spruce/ Pine Oak mixed mixed

one one three three three one 599 529 653 65 1 602 652 19 19 20 20 17.9 18.1 8 8 about 12 about 12 about 12 about 10

about 9 about 8 about 9 about 10 191 187 208 169 205 193

~wdin'g after 2 hr, % ...... 6.1 11.2 8 3.3 6.4 12.1 6.8 9.8 9.9 3.7 (Size of test piece 25 x 25 mm)

Screw holding strength. kg.. .. 80 57 - - 100 - 63.1 133 77.3 85.5 (Dia. of screw 4 mm,

-

depth of screw 20 mm) 61 44 - - 90 - 58.5 98 47.6 62.6

on a 3-drum sanding machine (30), the board is Control o f factory and results - " - turned upside down turning device (31) and the A laboratory situated in the press room is equipped other face sanded on the second sanding machine for all kinds of checks and tests of quality. (32). The boards are laid on a pallet placed on lift (33), picked up by the lift-truck and piled up, waiting for This laboratory checks the following properties:- AP~; . ,P , .T~ bagasse moisture at entry to gluing machine, bagasse U"'.'L J .

moisture at entrv to forming machine. filliniuni-

HEAT SUPPLIED I RAW BAGASSE

U kg of nl rnmtcnol 0 % moistwe - *cl b s i r I3 kgdry wnar content A % r dry ~r

Fig. 4

Fig. 4 gives the balance of material, calories supplied and recoverable calories, based on hourly pro- ; dqc!jon.. .

Yower c~sumpt ion is on average 450 kW, including only the requirements of the board factory, i.e.

~ i q s q s p o w e r for the boiler, its pumps and fans.

formity and deviation curve, G te r swelling of &shed board, water absorptivity, dry content of the glue, viscosity of the glue, density of the glue, pH of the glue, pH of the board, bending strength, tensile strength, and screw holding strength (on face and side).

The results obtained, regarding quality, are quite satisfactory as shown in Table I, giving the properties of Bagapan boards, compared with European wood or flax boards. These figures are from the first boards made; they have been appreciably improved with the second (1967) season, the bending strength for instance being often more than 50% greater than that of European wood particle boards.

Labour and cost During the grinding season, the factory staff in-

cludes: 1 factory manager, 1 electrical engineer, 1 mechanical engineer (these three sharing the day, each one on 8-hour shift), 3 skilled workmen, and 31 unskilled labourers.

During the off-season the same 3 .managers and engineers are employed, with 2 skilled workmen and 4 unskilled labourers (on average).

The costs, % total costs, are as follows: Bagasse ........................ 3% Resin and additives .............. 27% Labour ........................ 30% Power .......................... 9% Maintenance ...................... 7% Depreciation ...................... 24%

The proportion of resin % weight of finished boards is about 8%.

Extension problems The investment for such a board factory is high

and its effect on the cost of the board is heavy when the production is limited to the three or four months of the grinding season, i.e. around 3000 tons.

5

January THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1969 . - - - - . . -- - -

It is therefore necessary to extend the operation to the off-season. This means storing bagasse during the grinding season.

This bagasse will have a dual origin: (a) extra surplus from La Mare factory, the production 'of which is being increased and (b) excess bagasse from the neighbouring factories.

In order to increase fuel saving at La Mare, it is intended to replace one of the three back-pressure turbo-generators of the power house by a condensing turbo-generator. The sugar factory formerly had a large excess of high pressure steam; with the steam and power consumption of the Bagapan factory, there are frequent periods when there is an excess of ex- haust steam. The condensing turbine will bring a big saving during the off-season, and also save some steam during the crop. In addition, the factory will use only vapour for all heating of juice and at the pan station. It is hoped by these means to get from 3 to 4 tons more excess bagasse.

It should be stated that fuel oil in Riunion is very expensive (4 US cents per kg) as is electrical energy (5 US cents per kwh); with such prices the condensing turbine is essential for the off-season. With it, the pith and dust from the Bagapan factory will supply the greater part of its energy requirements. For this reason, the bagasse to be stored for the off-season will not be depithed during the grinding season.

The storage method is not yet fixed. Several schemes have been studied, but found to present drawbacks. For instance, briquetting under high pressure spoiled the fibres and gave inferior boards.

At present, studies are being made of bulk storage of loose bagasse after drying to about 15% moisture in order to eliminate any chance of fermentation. This solution involves large store houses, but bagasse handling is much simpler; there is no need for pressing or briquetting machines nor bale or briquette-breakers, and labour is reduced.

Acknowledgments

We thank the technologists of the Bagapan plant and of the manufacturers, mainly Verkor and Siem- pelkamp, for the information and drawings supplied.

Summary

This paper gives a description of the Bagapan plant, in Riunion, and of the process which is used for the manufacture of particle boards in this plant. There is also a short account of the control of the process, of the results obtained, of labour and costs, and the present ideas for future expansion.

Saline soil reclamation in Iraq

T HE Amarah Project is the &st cane sugar plantation in Iraq. Its field and factories will provide jobs for the people of that country, and

its production will alleviate the need for Iraq to purchase much of its sugar requirements from abroad.

The contract to build a 30,000 acre sugar cane plantation, including a factory and refinery, between Hawaiian Agronomics Company (International) and the Government of Iraq is now in its fourth year. By early 1969 the factory should be completed and cane, already planted and thriving, will enter the mill for production of refined sugar.

The Project is located near the village of Mujar A1 Kabir in the Liwa of Amarah, some 100 miles north- west of the port of Basrah. Irrigation water comes from the Muiar El Kabir River. a branch of the Tigris.

At the start of the Project, the land was completely unimproved, desert-like saline waste, but since, there have been constructed a power station, irrigation and drinking water systems, sewer systems and facilities to rid the soil of salt.

Salt in the soil is a major problem in most arid agricultural areas. In Amarah, leaching the land to remove this salt was one of the fist requirements after the fields were cleared and levelled. This leaching

Installing walk-ways and pump SUDDOI~S at one irrination pump station-

-

process involved an engineered system of drainage canals and laying tile drains under the fields. The fields were then flooded with irrigation water equivalent, in some cases, to about twenty years of rainfall, and salt was removed at a rate of about two tons per acre per month. Without leaching, the cac: would either be stunted or not grow at all.

In 1967 alone, a total of 95,160 linear metera of tile drains, two metres deep, was installed*

6

SALINE SOIL RECLAMATION IN IRAQ

outlets into the open collector canals. Collector phorus and potassium-necessary to good plant canal excavation that year totalled 14,040 linear growth. Mineral deficiencies are corrected by metres, all leading into settling areas well away from fertilizers supplied to the cane at proper intervals for the fields to be planted. optimum growth and performance.

Salinity analyses, to determine areas to be leached and the success of such leaching, are made by exam- ining the electrical conductivity of a water extract from the soil. Conductivity tests and salt analyses of water discharged from the main and tile drains are made regularly. One area indicated a salt content of 5500 parts per million of water before leaching.

The Amarah Cane Sugar Project is under the direction of H. CEDRIC WEIGHT, who participated in the development and operation of a similar cane sugar project in Iran. Both projects are government- financed and controlled and are on about the same latitude about 100 miles apart. The Iraq project is benefiting from many of the experiences in Iran- soil salinitv countermeasures. local weed control. the

As well as removal of salt, nutrients must be put best cane varieties for specifictypes of soil and climate, into the soil. Tests were made to determine the training local personnel, and coping with linguistic levels present of various nutrients-nitrogen, phos- and social differences-to name only a few.

Effect of burning and storage on cane deterioration Part 1. On cane quality

By TAWAKOL Y. RIZK* and W. C. NORMAND (Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Baton Rouge. Louisiana, 70803 U.S.A.)

Introduction

T HE maintenance of a balance between sucrose and reducing (i.e. "invert") sugars is obviously a function of living plants. It should follow then

that burning of cane in preparation for mechanical harvesting would have some effect on this balance. The amount of time elapsing between cutting and grinding should also have some influence since, as in burning, the life processes of the plant are affected.

The hydrolysis, or inversion, of sucrose in the plant is generally believed to be ultimately attributable to the action of the enzyme invertase. A study of the effects of burning and storage upon the action of this enzyme and the resulting change in cane quality is the primary subject of this report. The published literature concerning the effects of burning and storage on cane quality per se presents a confusing picture, however, owing to varying experimental conditions. The first part of the present report will therefore present data concerning the effects on quality of the experimental conditions chosen for the enzyme studies. Subsequent parts will present data concerning the actual enzyme studies.

Materials and methods

was divided into 3 equal segments and ground separ- ately using a 3-roller mill which exerted 12,000 p.s.i. pressure.

Sucrose %juice and purity were determined by the dry lead method l. Reducing and total sugars were determined by direct colorimetry of ferricyanide =. The data were analysed as a (3 x 2 x 3 x5) factorial arrangement with complete randomization of all treatment combinations.

Table I. Mean values for varieties x treatments interaction, over all parts of cane stalk and periods of storage

Treatments- Varief- Treatments Variables CP 42-10 CP 36-105 CP 48-103 M c --

Bumed- Juice volume . . 283.2 236.8 246.8 255.6 Sucrose ........ 105 14.1 15.9 13.5 Puritv ........ 70.0 73.3 78.5 73.9 - - . . .. . ~ e d i c i n ~ sugar 96.4 90.9 80.6 893 Total sugar . . . . 319.4 357.7 360.0 345.7

Unburned- Juice volume. . . . 286.0 Sucrose ........ 10.6 Purity ........ 753 Reducing sugar 92.2 Total sugar . . . . 301.5

The fist ratoons of the varieties CP 36-105, Variables Juice Reducing Total

CP 48-103 and CP 42-10 were used in the study. L.S.D. at 5% volume Sucrose Purity sugar sugar One lot of 75 stalks of each variety was cut, topped Treatments . . . . 6.5 N.S. 1.0 0.8 1.9 and burned on November 18,1966, while a similar lot V?$~~~,"tm~t&"NS. 0,4 3.2 was left unburned, but hand-stripped and topped. -

lots were then outdoors a few inches *Present address: Ain-Shams University, Faculty ofAgdculm, t4e grouqd, covered by a thin layer of leaves and tops, Shubra-Cairo, Egypt, U.A.R. for a peiiod of 3 weeks. MEADE: "Cane Sugar Handbook", 9th ed. (Wiley, New York),

1964, pp. 433-551. At 1, 39 8, 15 and 2l days harvest, two 8 TANIMOTO and BURR: Hawaiian Planters' Record, 1964, 57, Nt(-",amples wzre taken from each lot. Each stalk (2), 151-158.

7


Results and discussions

The results are summarized by the data in Tables I-IV. The values shown are means and are expressed for juice volume in millilitres per pound of cane, for sucrose as sucrose %juice, for purity as % purity, and for reducing and total sugars in milligrams per milli- litre of juice.

Table 11. Mean values for heatments x days of storage interaction, over all parts of the stalk and varieties

Treatments Days of storage - Variables 1 3 - 8 1 5 2

Juicevolume.. 259.3 257.3 264.0 261.1 236.3 Sucrose . . . . . . 13.2 13.4 13.4 14.1 13.5 Purity . . . . . . 78.4 78.4 75.2 76.7 63.9

interaction between treatments (burned and unburned) and period of storage was highly significant for all variables considered (juice volume, sucrose, purity, reducing sugar and total sugar).

The volume of juice extracted from burned cane was significantly lower than the volume from unburned cane after the first week of storage (Table 11). Significant differences in volume of juice were also shown for varieties (Table I) as well as for the different parts of the stalk among all the varieties (Table 111).

Data concerning the effects of the factors studied on sucrose content are shown in Tables Land 11. For the first two weeks of storage a higher sucrose content was characteristic of burned cane when entire stalks of all varieties were considered. The

Unburned- Juicevolume.. 2524 261.5 262.7 277.6 262.7 Sucrose .. . . . . 13.3 13.3 13.1 13.1 13.6 Purity . . . . . . 80.6 78.2 78.4 77.2 77.5

Periods of storage means Juice volume. . 255.9 259.4 263.4 269.4 249.5 Sucrose . . . . . . 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.6 13.5 Purity . . . . . . 79.5 78.3 77.6 76.2 70.7 Reducing sugar 727 66.9 138.0 76.6 104.1 Total sugar ,-: 340.5 338.7 342.1 355.3 337.0

L.S.D. at 5% Juice Reducing Total volume Sucrose Purity suxar sugar

Periods of storage 0.2 N.S. 1.6 1.3 2.9 Treatments x periods

interaction . . 144 0.46 2.2 - -

Table III. Mean values for varieties x parts of the stalk interaction, over heatments and periods of storage

Variety Variables Parts of Juice Reducinn Total rhe stalk volume Sucrose Purity sugar sugar

CP 42-10 Bottom 268.6 13.3 82.3 8 4 4 345.1 Middle 301.3 11.2 75.3 96.2 330.2 Top 283.9 7.1 60.5 102.3 256.0 Mean 2846 72.7 10.5 94.3 310.1

CP 36105 Bottom 241.5 15.2 79.3 89.0 363.2 Middle 252.3 146 76.8 95.1 357.9 Too 241.2 11.5 67.0 110.8 349.9

CP 48-103 Bottom 237.6 17.5 85.1 77.0 368.8 Middle 251.3 17.0 84.6 81.2 3661 Top 257.8 13.2 75.2 88.9 346.9 Mean-.. 2 4 8 . 9 - 1 5 . 9 . --SJ.8 - _ 82.4 360.6

L.S.D. at 5% Varieties . . . . . . 7.5 0.3 1.0 2.3 1.2 Varieties x parts

interaction . . 13.6 0.4 1.8 4.0 2.2

Table IV. Mean values for treatments x parts of the stalk interaction, over varieties and periods of storage

Partsof --- Variables - Treatments the stalk Sucrose Reducing sugar Total sugar -- Burned Bottom 15.5 81.0 360.6

Middle 142 89.6 351.6 TOP 10.9- 9 7 2 325.0

unburned Bottom 15.1 86.0 357.7 Middle 144 92.1 351.2 TOP 10.3 1041 310.2

L.S.D. at 5% 0.42 2.5 5.6

The results indicated that burned and unburned canes did not behave similarly during storage. The

difference was significant at 15 days and then disap- peared. There was a difference in the response of the varieties to burning and storage. Highly significant interactions appeared between parts of the stalk and either treatments (burned or not burned) or varieties. In particular, the data of Table IV show that sucrose increased in the top third of the stalk but was un- affected in the remaining portion when cane was burned.

As would perhaps be expected, burned cane was significantly lower in purity than unburned cane in all varieties as an average of all storage periods (Table I). Differences among varieties, parts of the stalk, storage periods and treatments were highly significant, but the lowered purity of burned cane only became significant after two weeks of storage. Conversely, the initial drop in purity was faster in unburned cane, but after two weeks the purity of burned was lower than that of unburned cane.

Neither varieties nor parts of stalks responded similarly, with regard to reducing and total sugar concentrations, to burning (Tables I and IV). Re- ducing sugar content of all parts of the stalk as an average of all varieties was significantly lower in burned cane, but total sugar was higher and its concentration decreased from the bottom to the top of both burned and unburned canes. Reducing sugar, conversely, decreased from the top to the bottom. Some fluctuations in reducing sugar concentrations with storage period are evident from Table 11, and these may be related to changes in weather conditions during storage.

While some of the data presented seem merely to confirm generally-known facts, they are presented in order to establish certain effects of the conditions of the present work on cane quality. Perhaps the most significant point of these quality studies is that although the entire stalks of all three varieties taken together behaved similarly, and perhaps predictably, different portions of the stalks of the different varieties varied considerably in their response to burning and periods of storage. An attempt will be'made in subsequent parts of this report to base an explanation of these differences on variation of i~vertase activitv of the harvested plzilt.

8

CANE DIFFUSERS IN ACTION. ..

DDS-CANE DIFFUSERS in sugar mills throughout the world have all improved extraction to more than 97 % with a corresponding increase in sugar yield. They -are supplied through licensees and representatives on all continents.

DDS-CANE DIFFUSERS operate at diffusion periods of less than 30 minutes a t temperatures below 70° C and are made of stainless steel to make the undcsir- able lime addition unnecessary. Capacities range from 30 to 400 tons per hour.

Als DE DANSKE SUKKERFABRIKKER r - i ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r r - C O ' P E N H A ~ E N K - DENMARK

k g a r manu%c&re, since 1P"' - daily productlon 4.600 tons of whlte sugar S b p l l e ~ of more than 100 'Iffuserr for sugar extraction all ULDI the world

continuity of orders

PROVES

Philippines 1926 :[--L.-\ --- -.--a-

- - - , Don Pedro ORIGINAL FACTORY SUPPLIED to handle 1200 tons cane per day

I EXTENDED TO INCREASE CAPACITY to 5000 tons cane per day

* Passi [Iloilo] Sugar Central Inc * 19 68 PANAY-PHILIPPINES-Order for a complete modern Raw Sugar Factory

to handle 4000 metric tons cane'perday. This contract also entails the supervision of the development of new areas for growing sugar cane and certain, road and other agricultural works

.I Nc.? COSMOS HOUSE, BROMLEY COMMON The Mi rrlees Watson Co L ~ Q B,,,, B, -;,, SUGAR FACTORY ENGINEERS Cabla Add-: l'PqlRWAT, PROMLEY,

Critical survey of formulae for assessing cane milling capacity and cane milling efficiency

By B. L. MlTTAL (C. W. Murray Award-Winning paper, 1968*)

Formulae for cane milling capacity and cane milling have been proposed by many authors from time to time. The purpose of this paper is the critical examination of the more important of them and assessment of their practical utility.

The cane milling capacity of a mill tandem is influenced by a number of factors, the more prominent of them being as follows:-

(1) Rollers: (a) their number, (b) their dimensions, i.e. length and diameter, (c) their peripheral speed, (d) relative settings, (e) type of grooving on them, and Cf) material of their shells.

(2) Trash plate settings. (3) State of cane preparation before milling. (4) Fibre content of the cane. (5) Hydraulic load on the rollers. (6) Angle of feed to the mills. (7) Conditions of imbibition.

The milling capacity of a mill train increases with the increase in number, dimensions and peripheral speed of the rollers. The coarser the surface of the rollers, the better is the grip, increasing the milling capacity. The type and pitch of the grooves on the rollers is as important in this respect. The grooves have many functions. In addition to their object of improving the extraction and drainage, the V-grooves increase the effective area of the rollers and chevrons improve the grip, thus increasing the milling capacity. Obviously, the crushing capacity of a mill with grooved rollers is much greater than if the rollers were plain. The rollers in a mill and different mills in a tandem are set for a definite rate of cane crushing to give a predetermined extraction efficiency. The milling capacity of a tandem can be increased sufficiently at the cost of efficiency if the mills are set wide and, on the other hand, small mill settings give higher juice extraction with reduced rate of crushing.

The effect of the trash plate settings is similar to that of the mills. Lower trash plate settings result in higher rates of cane crushing with comparatively less power consumption, but juice extraction is poorer. The trash plate has therefore to be set, keeping the power available in prime movers and the rate of cane crushing desired in view, so that highest extraction under the existing conditions is obtained.

in shearing the cane. This will naturally affect the crushing capacity as well as juice extraction. The cane is prepared by using one or two sets of knives. A cane shredder is sometimes added.

It is the fibre content of the cane which determines the rate at which cane can be ground. Evidently, with less fibre more cane can be passed through the same mill openings under the same hydraulic loading of the bagasse. Herce the cane crushing capacity of a mill tandem increases with decreasing fibre content while maintaining the same milling efficiency.

The top rollers of the mills are subjected to hydraulic pressure, and the specific pressure on the rollers determines the lift. The lift increases with the decreasing pressure, thereby making it possible to pass on increasing volume of bagasse or cane through the mills, but at the same tine the expression of jujce diminishes. Hence, to obtain a predetermined efficiency of jmce extraction, the lift has to be limited by applying a certain hydraulic load.

The angle of feed to the mills is also important m fixing the capacity, since the grip of the jaws of the mills is optimum at a certain angle only. To a lesser extent, the conditions of imbibition also have their effect on the mill capacity. Excessive or hot water imbibition decreases the grip to some extent. Pressure rollers, if provided, push the cane or the bagasse into the jaws of the mills and therefore improve the capacity of the mills.

We have discussed important factors which directly affect the cane crushing capacity of the mills. There are a host of minor factors which have their own impact on it. Any formula for calculating the capacity of amill tandem should incorporate in itself the correct influence of all the above factors. Unfortunately it has not been possible as yet to determine the effect of many of these factors exactly and hence any formula is an approximate one. The formulae selected for review are given below:- (1) MITTAL'S formula1

This assumes: (i) capacity varies as surface of rollers = kDL; (ii) capacity varies as peripheral speed of rollers = k,Dn, and (iii) capacity varies as l/(fibre % cane) = k,(llf), i.e. capacity C = kk,k, DLDn(1lf). Wnt~ng K, for k k, k, as a single empirically selected constant, C = K,nLDalf.

Another constant, K, can be introduced in the above equation so that the influence of varying number of

Extraction of juice from cane in the mills is obtained primarily by pressing between the rollers. ~f the cane * Reprints will be available on request from Fletcher & Stewart is not well prepared before feeding it into the mills, a Ltd., Bucklersbu~ House, 83 Cannon St., lendon, E.C.4,

England. good deal of the pwwr supplied to them is wasted 1 MITTAL: Unpublished work.

Jmuary THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1969

compressions, cane preparatory devices and pressure rollers is taken into consideration.

This constant K = a,a,a, where a, = 2.3 for the first seven compressions in the tandem, increasing thereafter by 0.2 for every additional compression, a, = 1.00 for a single set of knives, 1.10 for 2 sets of knives, 1.15 for 1 set of knives and a shredder, and 1.20 for 2 sets of knives and a shredder, and a, = 1.02 if pressure rollers are provided and otherwise = 1.00.

K, can be written as 3.1K, giving the above formula as: C = 3.1 KnLD81f:

It is obvious that the actual cane crushing capacity may differ to some extent from the values obtained from this formula depending upon factors discussed earlier but not considered in the formula for lack of knowledge about their specific influence. The constant 3.1 absorbs the influence of all the normal conditions of milling.

(2) WISHART'S formulaa C = 3 . 2 5 L D a 2 / r j

where N = number of rollers including a shredder as equivalent to 3 rollers and a set of knives as one roller.

(3) DEERR'S formulaa C = 0.45NaLaDalf

where Na = number of mills including crusher as one mill.

(5) PARR'S formula6 C = O.4LD22/3

where N = number of rollers, knives being reckoned as one roller and a shredder as two rollers.

(6) TROMP'S formula' (for maximum capacities) C = 3~6cLD3N,IB

where c is the cane preparation plant coefficient; for a shredder c = 1.25 and for a set of knives c = 1.1.

where, with 1 set of knives c -. average 1.15, 2 sets of knives c = average 1.2, Searby type shredder c = 1.10, Maxwell shredder c = 1.05, 1 set of knives and a Searby shredder c = 1.20, 2 sets of knives and a Searby shredder c = 1.26, 1 set of knives and a Max- well shredder c = 1.18, and with 2 sets of knives and a Maxwell shredder c = 1.23.

Besides the above, many authors have suggested capacity formulae in the form of C = K D L N, giving different values to the constant K. According to NAYAR and PILLAY" = 0.244, while ARNOLD gives K = 0.314 and according to the Cuban equation K = 0.294.

The symbols used in common in the above formulae have the significance as follows:- C = cane milling capacity, in tons cane per hour, t.c.h. L =length of rollers, in ft.

D = diameter of rollers, in ft. N, = number of compressions in the tandem. f = fibre % cane. n = number of revolutions of the rollers per minute. B = bagasse % cane.

D ~ s c u s s ~ o ~ The above formulae will now be examined for the

suitability for determination of capacities of milling plants under varying conditions. We shall see

(a) how many factors affecting the capacity have been taken into consideration and in what manner,

(b) whether a formula is good for general use under varying conditions,

(c) whether the values of capacities obtained are close to the actual figures of cane crushing.

Roller surface: All the above formulae have the product of length L and diameter D in the numerator suggesting that capacity is directly proportional to the surface of the rollers.

Fibre: The figure of fibre % cane appears in the denominator in most of the formulae. Some of the authors, e.g. NAYER & PILLAY and ARNOLD, seem to have taken a constant value of fibre and absorbed its influence in the numerical constant K. This, in fact, varies not only from factory to factory but even in the same factory from time to time. TROMP has introduced bagasse instread of fibre. As a matter of fact, bagasse handled by each mill in a tandem varies in weight while fibre remains the same. It is the fibre (i.e. insoluble matter in cane) which determines the loading of the mills and not the bagasse which contains a lot of liquid and can be compressed to varying degrees depending on the load applied on the rollers. Also, bagasse weight decreases with the extraction of juice in a particular mill. Hence fibre is the right basis on which capacity of a mill depends and is inversely proportional to it.

Peripheral speed: The peripheral speed of the rollers determines the surface described by the rollers in a given time. The cane or bagasse passing through the mills will be directly proportional to the surface speed. For a given length of the rollers, the surface speed is a function of the diameter D and the number of revolutions of the rollers per minute, n. Since the diameter has already appeared once earlier under "roller surface", the term D in most of the formulae is given as D x D or D'. This seems more logical. The term n is seen in two of the formulae only, namely those of MITTAL and HUGOT. Other authors seem to

' I.S.J., 1920, 22, 625. ' "Cane Sugar" (Norman Rodger, London) 1921, p. 219. ' "Modern Milling of Sugar Cane" (Norman Rodger, London) 1932, p. 299.

I.S.J., 1935, 37, 355-356. ' "Machinery and Equipment of the Cane Sugar Factory" (Norman Rodger, London) 1935, p. 1C5. ' "Hand Book of Cane Sugar Engheerlng" (Elsevier, Amster- dam) 1960, p. 154.

Indian Sugar, 1942, 5, 289-291.

18

ASSESSING CANE MILLING CAPACITY CRITICAL SURVEY OF FORMULAE FOR

have taken a constant value for this. TROMP gives the maximum permissible peripheral speed asp = 18 D, where p = peripheral speed, in feet per minute.

The reason for not including the term n in their formulae by many authors may be that the formulae were derived for local use where the revolutions per minute of the rollers did not vary appreciably.

Number ofrollers: The infiuence of the number of rollers has been well recognized in all the above formulae, but there is a difference of opinion about the manner in which this influence is exerted. HUGOT, PARR and WISHART consider it to be proportional to the square root of the number of rollers; or C varies as dm. NAYER & PILLAR, etc, take the capacity to be directly proportional to the number of rollers; or C varies as N. According to DEERR, C varies as N, where N, is the number of mills. TROMP and MAXWELL suggest that the capacity has a direct relationship with the number of compressions provided by the rollers; or C varies as N,. The author in his equation (1) has suggested that the influence of each compression in excess of a minimum number of compressions (taken to be 7) increases in arithmetic progression; or C varies as (aN, + b). The author's values for the constants a and b are 0.2 and 0.9 respectively.

The juice expression, i.e. the milling, is a function of compressions rather than the number of rollers

or the mills. Every additional compression provides facility for further extraction of juice, but at the same time it can also be used to increase the milling capacity if overall extraction efficiency of the tandem is to be maintained as before. On the other hand, the settings of the mills can be so manipulated that advantage may be obtained partially in both capacity as well as efficiency. Since the capacity formulae are derived to give a certain milling efficiency, any additional compression may be uscd as a deiice f& increasing the cavacitv alone. Hence each additional compresGon shiuld kxert a similar effect on the milling capacity.

The minimum number of compressions in a tandem as stated earlier, has been specified as seven since, below this number, it has been found that the extraction efficiency at which the capacities are determined cannot be maintained, thereby rendering the capacity formulae inoperative. Hence capacity cannot be said to be proportional to any number of compressions, but it is so only after a minimum number, i.e. seven, in this case.

Graphs are drawn in Fig.1 between the number of compressions (7 and above) and their influence on the milling capacity according to the concepts of dB, N, N2 and (aN, + b). It can be seen from this figure that the Z/N, N and N2 curves are zig-zag while the (aN, + b) graph is a straight line. The influence of an increasing number of compressions does not seem to be, as discussed above, in a zig-zag manner. Hence the author's concept of its being proportional to the number of compressions in excess of a minimum number appears to be correct.

Cane preparation: All the capacity formulae are provided with a coefficient for cane preparation in one way or the other. The fact that capacity increases with better cane preparation has been universally accepted.

The manner in which the cane preparation exerts its influence on capacity is a matter of opinion based upon ,individual conviction and experience, and cannot be decided one way or the other.

MITTAL'S formula also recognises the influence of the presence of the pressure rollers on milling capacity.

Empirical constant: There is invariably an empirically determined numerical constant in each formula. The value of the constant varies according to the experience of the authors and the general milling conditions prevailing in the locality of the origin of the formula. The value of this constant may change from time to time in accordance with the change in the general milling conditions.

It can now be seen that the MITTAL and the HUGOT formulae make allowance for most of the variables and as such both appear to be suitable for universal use. But MITTAL'S formula seems more rational in its approach with regard to the influence of an increasing number of compressions and also in that it allows for the influence of the pressure rollers on capacity. Other formulae discussed above are of little pra~tioal importance.


Table I. Actual data of a few mill tandems in India

Rollers Preparatory plant Tandem Actual Reduced

No. No. Length Dia. r.p.m. Set of Press Fibre capacity Extract- N L D n Shredder knives rolls % cane t.c.h. ion

1 I8 4.0 2.09 4.8 - 2 - 14.0 63 93.90 2 17 4.5 2.25 4.0 - 2 - 16.0 56 9329 3 18 5.0 2.67 6.0 - 2 yes 16.0 145 93.54 4 12 5.5 2.76 2.5 I 2 16.0 60 93.52 5 18 65 3.22 3.8 - 2 16.5 165 93.08

Table 11. Theoretical capacity of mill tandems of Table I

dctual Theoretical capacity in t.c.h. according to Tandem capacity -

No. t.c.h. M I ~ A L HUGOT PARR TROMP DEERR MAXWELL WISHART NAYER&PILLAY

Theoretical vs. actual capacity

Data for a few mill tandems in India are presented in Table I. The capacity of the above tandems as calculated from the formulae discussed above is given in Table 11.

It is clear from the above Tables that milling capacities indicated by the author's formula are very close to the actual values. HUGOT'S values are also nearer, but the rest of the capacity figures are low and erratic and serve no purpose.

FORMULAE FOR ASSESSING CANE MILLING EFFICIENCY The International Society of Sugar Cane Technolo-

gists recommends the following figures for judging the milling results0: extraction, absolute juice in bagasse % fibre, undiluted juice in bagasse % fibre, milling loss and reduced extraction. Recently two more f o r r n ~ l a e ~ ~ , ~ ~ have been suggested. One of them has been claimed to be an improvement on DEERR'S reduced extraction formulalz and the other is based on a new concept and has been termed "whole reduced extraction".

The formulae are expressed as:- (1) Mill extraction:

a01 in mixed iuice Y cane x 100 " ," ool % cane

Absolute juice in bagasse % fibre: Brix % bagasse x 10,000

Brix % absolute juice x fibre % bagasse

Undiluted juice in bagasse % fibre: Brix % bagasse x 10,000

Brix % primary juice x fibre % bagasse Milling loss:

pol in bagasse % cane x 100 fibre % cane

Reduced extraction (DEERR)': em,,.6 = 100 -v/7

The value of v is calculated from the following equation:

(100-sucrose or pol extraction) x (100-fibre % cane) v = - fibre % cane

(6) Reduced extraction (MITTALP:

(7) Whole reduced extractionll: en = 100 (1 - Pbclf)

where PC = pol % cane, Pb, = pol in bagasse % cane, f = fibre % cane, e = mill extraction, em,,., = reduced extraction (DEERR), e' = reduced extraction (MITTAL), en = whole reduced extraction.

The basic requirement of a good formula for the determination of milling efficiency is that the results obtained from the formula are independent of the influence of the quality of cane milled and that they are correctly determinable.

We shall now examine the above formulae for their utility for indicating the milling efficiency.

( 1 ) Mill extraction: This value simply expresses the percentage of sugar (i.e, sucrose or pol) extracted from that in cane. The cane quality varies considerably in respect to its sucrose and fibre content, the two factors which have a great bearing on % extraction.

It is everybody's experience that pol % bagasse is independent of initial pol and fibre % cane. It largely depends upon the mill performance including the efficiency of the imbibition process. Hence for a given value of Pbc in equation (8) the juice extraction e will vary according to the value of PC, i.e, the pol % cane which has nothing to do with the milling efficiency. Similarly, in a case where pol % cane and pol

"System of Cane Sugar Factory Control of the ISSCT". Ed. F. W. Zerban. 1942, p. 64.

MITTAL: Proc. 26th Conv. Sugar Tech.. Ass~c . gndia, 1358, (ii), 137-139.

l1 idem: Proc. 11th Cmgr. ISSCT, lX2, 1046-1051. la I.S.J., 1933, 35, 214.

CRITICAL SURVEY OF FORMULAE FOR ASSESSING CANE MILLING CAPACITY

% bagasse remain constant, the extraction values will vary with bagasse % cane which has a direct relationship with fibre % cane and is beyond the control of the mill engineer. Hence mill extraction values cannot be taken for judging the mill efficiency.

(2) Absolute juice in bagasse %fibre and (3) Undiluted juice in bagasse % jbre: Values of

these two terms cannot be correctly determined because the figure "Brix % bagasse" multiplied by 10,000 occurs in the numerator of the expressions for both of them. It has not been possible as yet to determine the value of Brix % bagasse accurately. This is calculated from the following relationship: Brix % bagasse = (pol % bagasse x 100) / (purity of last mill juice), which assumes that the purity of residual juice in bagasse is the same as that of the last mill juice. This assumption is not justified. Even the purity of the last expressed juice cannot be taken as equal to that of the juice in bagasse. The difference in purity of the two juices should be considerable as a drop in the purity of juices from mill to mill of the same tandem is observed. A little error in the value of Brix % bagasse on this account is magnified 10,000 times and it will appreciably influence the values of absolute juice in bagasse % fibre and undiluted juice in bagasse % fibre. Hence these values cannot be relied upon for the determination of milling efficiency.

(4) Milling Loss: The milling loss can also be expressed as (pol % bagasse x 100)/(fibre % bagasse). The term Brix % bagasse appears indirectly in these calculations (in the calculations of fibre % bagasse) but in this case the net influence of error in its value (due to the difference in purity of the last mill juice and the juice in bagasse) on the final value of milling loss is negligible, being of the order of 0.02 over a wide practical range.

The milling loss is independent of both the fibre and pol % cane. It can therefore be accepted as a good figure for assessing milling efficiency.

(5) Reduced Extraction (DEERR): The influence of the fibre % cane on the mill extraction is, as seen earlier, significant. DEERR derived this formula to reduce the mill extraction figure to what could be expected if fibre were 12.5% cane. The value of v, the absolute juice in bagasse % fibre, in the formula is calculated, as stated earlier, from the following equation: v = (100 - e) x (100 - f),$ Now, by the ISSCT definition, 100 - e = sucrose or pol in bagasse

% sucrose or pol in cane and 100 - f = absolute juice % cane. The ISSCT definition of absolute juice is given as "all the dissolved solids in the cane plus the total water of the cane; cane minus fibre." This definition does not state that all the dissolved solids in the cane are uniformly dispersed in the water. It is a fact that the dissolved solids including sucrose are not dispersed uniformly as made evident from differences in Brix and purity of the juice obtained from different mills of a tandem in dry milling. The presence of "Brix-free cane water" has been well recognized. Cane even at optimum maturity shows differences of juice quality from one internode to another. These facts are enough to show that the solids are not uniformly dispersed in the water of the cane. Hence, extraction which is calculated on the basis of sucrose or pol is not the same as the absolute juice extraction. It is therefore wrong to presume that the expression (100 - e ) x (100 -f) is the value of the lost absolute juice or the absolute juice in bagasse % cane.

DEERR'S formula for reduced extraction also fails in its main purpose to reduce the extraction values to a common basis of 12.5% fibre in cane. In other words, the influence of variations in fibre % cane is not completely eliminated. This will be clear from Example 1.

Example 1

Suppose pol % cane, pol % bagasse and fibre % bagasse (m), all being independent of fibre % cane, remain constant, their values being 13.0, 2.5, and 48.0 respectively. Then the reduced extraction for different values of fibre % cane is determined. The results are given in Table 111.

It can be seen from the data in this Table that the values of reduced extraction go on increasing with the increase in the values of fibre % cane or in other words, the influence of fibre content of cane has not been completely eliminated.

(6) Reduced Extraction (MITTAL) : The term Pb, and PC in this formula can be accurately determined, while f is inferentially calculated. In calculating fibre % cane, the term Brix % bagasse is used. The impact of the error in its value on the final reduced extraction values is, as described earlier under the "milling loss", negligible and does not exceed 0.02 within almost all practical limits.

TableIJl. Reduced extraction by Deerr's formula for dierent values of fibre % cane wben pol % cane,pol %bagasse and fibre % bag%%w are constant

Fibre Bagasse Pol in bagasse Pol Reduced Sample % cane % cane Pol % % cane cane 100-e 100-f v extraction

No. f l00fim bagasse Pb, PO 100-v/7

January THE INTERNATION AL SUGAR JOURNAL 1969

Table IV Reduced extraction by Mittal's formula for different values of fibre % cane when pol % cane, pol % bagasse and fibre %

bagasse remain constant at 13.0, 2.5 and 48.0 respectiveiy Sample Fibre % 100 Pbc Reduced extraction NO. cane (f) PC 100(1-12.5 ~Pbc/f.Pc' 1 11.0 4.41 94.99 2 12.0 481 9499 3 12.5 5.01 94.99 4 13.0 5.2 1 94.99 5 14.0 5.61 94.99 6 15.0 6.01 94.99 7 16.0 641 94.99 8 17.0 6.8 1 94.99

To check whether this new formula eliminates the influence of varying fibre values, reduced extractions in case of example 1 are recalculated, and the results given in Table IV.

It is seen from these results that reduced extraction remains the same for all values of fibre % cane. The reduced extraction for 12.5 % fibre in cane turns out to be identical from both the formulae. The claim that MITTAL'S formula is a definite improvement on the conventional D E E R R ' S ~ O ~ ~ U ~ ~ is therefore justified.

(7) Whole Reduced Extraction: A good formula for milling efficiency should eliminate or reduce to a common basis the influence of cane quality. Fibre and sucrose (or pol) content of cane are the two most prominent factors of its quality. The influence of fibre has been completely reduced to a common basis as explained above under the "reduced extract- tion (MITTAL)" but the influence of varying sucrose content of cane on the mill extraction still remains. This will be clear from the following example:

Example 2 Two factories reported the following data:

Factory A Factory B ........ pol % cane 14.62 10.89 ...... fibre % cane 11.27 12.06

bagasse % cane . . 24.15 26.24 pol % bagasse ...... 3.00 2.30

The mill extraction and reduced extractions are calculated from the above data and are given below:

Factory A Factory B Mil extraction ............ 95.05 94.46 Reduced extraction @err) . . 94.43 9423 Reduced extraction (Mittal) . . 94.51 94.26

The above results indicate that Factory A is more efficient than Factory B. But is the milling performance of Factory A actually better than that of Factory B, in spite of the fact that the latter could create milling conditions so that its pol % bagasse was as low as 2.3, against 3.0 of Factory A? Since pol % bagasse is independent of initial sucrose content of cane, and directly depends upon the prevailing conditions of milling, Factory B has done definitely better with its mills. The only fault of this factory seems that it milled poorer cane. If pol % cane in Factory B were also 14.62, its mill extraction and the reduced extractions (DEERR and MITTAL) would have been 95.87, 95.70 and 95.72 respectively. This clearly shows that variations of sucrose or pol % cane do

influence the values of mill extraction and reduced extraction. It is therefore most necessary to reduce the extraction values to a common basis of pol % cane in addition to their reduction to a common basis of fibre % cane. The author's reduced extraction formula, viz. equation (13), is used to derive the equation (14) for the "whole reduced extraction", in which extraction is further reduced to 12.5% sucrose or pol on cane (derivation of the formula is not given here). The value of 12.5% pol on cane as the basis to which the extraction is reduced, has been selected for the sake of convenience. The values of whole reduced extraction (WRE) in the foregoing example 2 are: Factory A = 93.57 and Factory B = 95.00, indicating very clearly that Factory B is very efficient as compared with Factory A.

The equation for the whole reduced extraction contains the expression (Pb, x 100)lf which is the value of sucrose or pol in bagasse % fibre; this is the same as milling loss. It has been seen earlier that milling loss is independent of the influence of fibre or sucrose content of cane, hence the figures of the whole reduced extraction are also free from their influence.

From the above discussions, the following conclusions can be drawn:-

(1) Mill extraction is the extraction of sucrose or pol % sucrose or pol in cane under the existing conditions of milling and quality of cane, i.e. actual values of fibre and sugar % cane.

(2) DEERR'S reduced extraction figure gives the extraction which is expected under the existing conditions of milling and sugar % cane if fibre % cane is about 12.5.

(3) MIT~AL'S reduced extraction figure gives the extraction which is exvected under the existine conditions of milling andsugar % cane if fibre % cane is exactly 12.5.

(4) MITTAL'S whole reduced extraction gives the extraction which is expected under the existing conditions of milling if sugar % cane and fibre % cane are both exactly equal to 12.5.

Thus the formula for whole reduced extraction meets the requirements of a good formula for measuring the cane milling efficiency of a mill tandem.

CHANDRASEKARAN et ~1.12 examined the practical utility of the whole reduced extraction formula. Figures of extraction, reduced extractions and whole reduced extraction for all the 12 runs of their factory during the crop 1965-66 were calculated and the data are presented in Table V and Fig. 2. From these data we find that :-

(i) pol % bagasse is independent of both the pol % cane as well as fibre % cane;

(ii) mill efficiency remained almost uniform for all rates of cane crushing between 1350 and ,lcnO tons cane per 24 hours, but it was low at the ldwer rates of

- lSProc. 35th Conv. ~ u g h r Tech. ~ s s o c . Indic, 1967, (I), 203-206.

CRITICAL SURVEY OF FORMULAE FOR ASSESSING CANE MILLING CAPACITY

Run

Table V.

Crush rate Fibre tons % cane

Milling data during various runs of a sugar mill in India.

Pol % Pol % e ecnm.s e' cane bagasse (DEERR) (MITTAL) 10.70 3.64 90.75 90.49 90.43 10.86 2.98 93.15 92.45 92.58 11.31 3.01 93.23 92.67 9271 11.47 3.04 93.12 92.74 92.77 11.61 3.03 92.73 92.87 92.89 11.68 3.06 93.25 92.79 92.82 1 1.47 3.05 92.45 92.72 92.65 11.20 92.52 92.53 92.5 1 10.72 3'04 3.02 91.40 92.37 92.27 10.27 3.07 90.4 1 91.88 91.65 9.70 3.05 90.38 9 1.47 91.35 9.51 3.05 90.17 91.21 90.23

en ( WRE) ( M ~ A L )

Table VI. Determination of performance of individual mills

Pol extraction % up to ana $4, Extraction by including the mill indrvidual mill

Mill Pol Moisture::, Fibre ::, bagasse bagasse bagasse Conventional WRE Conventional WRE

Crusher .......... 8.2 58 31.98 66.93 74.37 66.93 74.93 First ............ 7.3 55 35.55 75.27 79.50 8.32 5.13 Second .......... 5.4 58 34.91 82.52 84.48 7.27 4.98 Third .......... 3.8 52 39.98 89.27 91.36 6.75 6.88

so-l 1 3 5 7 9 11

RUN

Fig. 2

upalllug as indicated by the values of the whole reduaed\ extraction. This was so because the mills were set to cfush 1400-1500 tons cane per 24 hours and, at lower rates, the same settings were expected to be, comparatively large, thereby affecting the milling. efficiency which should normally remain

uniform for a given set of milling conditions and given rate of cane crushing;

(iii) the values of extraction and reduced extractions suggest an irregular mill performance which cannot be explained since milling conditions remained unchanged throughout the season.

CHANDRASEKARAN et a1.l also made a study to determine the utility of the WRE formula for finding the performance of individual mills in a tandem. The results are given in Table VI. The inferences drawn from this study may be summarized as:-

(i) All mills functioned well according to the conventional figures.

(ii) Performance of the first and second mills is erratic and working of the third mill is better. A similar conclusion was drawn from the Brix curves obtained on the same day.

Brevities Mexican sugar factory finance1.-The Mexican Government

is to acquire the Financiera Nacional Azucarera S.A., whiie the National Union of Sugar Producers (UNPASA) is to be left as an instrument of credit to assume exclusively the functions of receipt and sale of sugar produced, similarly to the National Society of Alcohol Producers. The Financiera Nacional Azuc- arera S.A. will control the factories which have been operating with finance by the various development and credit banks; it is to introduce a rationalization programme for cane cultivation, factory equipment capacities, automation, etc., in order to improve the operational economy of the factories.

* * * USSR beet campaign 1968/691.-In the present ~mpa ign ,

305 sugar factories are in operation, with a total daly sl~clng capacity of 580,400 tons of beets.

J. CH. RAMIREZ: Agrarista, 1968, 6, (147), 6. Vakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (9), 1.

15

Tassel control progress with "Reglone" in the Mexican sugar industry. R. P. HUMBERT, M. LIMA and J. GOVEA. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-The favourable results of trials with this new chemical in Mexico in controlling tasselling or flowering in cane are discussed, the recommended rate being 0.25 to 1.1 litreslha in 15 to 70 litres water/ ha. Yield increases up to 20 tons/ha were reported on one estate.

* * * Sugar cane tissue as a source of phytotoxins. R. E. COLEMAN. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-Studies were carried out in Hawaii on sugar cane roots and other cane tissue to discover whether toxic substances were present and whether these could contribute to yield decline. Earlier work is reviewed. Investigations showed toxic substances to be present in sugar cane tissue although specific phytotoxins were not definitely identified or character- ized, further work being needed. Fresh stalk tissue and roots contained both neutral and inhibitory compounds. It was considered difficult to conclude what rBle these phytotoxins play in the yield decline complex.

* * * The basis of a fertilizer advisory service. J. L. DU TOIT. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968. The efficient fertilizer advisory service, based on soil and leaf analyses, that serves the South African sugar cane industry is described, having now been in existence 12 years. Basic principles on which the service is based are given. Samples are taken by the grower for despatch to the Experiment Station. Advice is issued by an advisory chemist.

Effect of soil salinity on sugar cane cnltivation at Haft Tappeh, Iran. B. MEHRAD. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-It is pointed out that sugar cane cultivation is rapidly expanding in sub- tropical arid and semi-arid zones, such as Iran. These lack rainfall and the excessive evaporation leads to soil salinity, the most important limiting factor for cane or other agricultural production. A study of soil salinity as it affects the cane variety N:Co 310 in Iran is reported. Soil salinity was correlated with growth, sheath moisture, juice quality and yield. Reduction in sheathmoisture content owing to salinity was found to be significant and juice quality was adversely affected. Yield reduction by salinity was noteworthy.

The influence of cold weather on the cultivation and harvest of sugar cane at Haft Tappeh, Iran. K. A. SUND. Paper presented to th? 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-The Haft Tappeh cane plantation is on the Khuzestan plain in Iran (30-32"N) where summers are excessively hot and frosts can be expected every winter at cane harvesting time. Two severe freezing spells have been experienced during the last four years. Matters discussed include the effect of cold weather on recoverable sugar and efforts made to minimize the effects of cold winters.

A comparison between hand and machime cutting of sugar cane variety outfield experiments in Louisiana. H. P. FANGW. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-Labour shortage was the compelling factor in the switch from hand harvesting to mechanical harvesting in dealing with experimental fields or plots. A study of the two harvesting methods is reported. It was found that the coefficients of varia- bility differed little for the two methods of harvest and that little precision will be lost in changing from hand to machine harvesting in the future.

An evaluation of substituted uracil compounds for the South African sugar industry. P. K. MOBERLY. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-As 85% of sugar cane in South Africa is grown without irrigation, soil moisture cannot be controlled and this accounts for the variable results obtained with most cane herbicides, the most widely used of which is 2,4-D. The advantages of the long-term effect of uracils and the disadvantages of their toxicity to cane at the hieher concentrations are discussed. Among uracils "Hyvar X and "Sinbar" were rated the most effective although toxic to some varieties of cane under som: conditions. They controlled the two troublesome sedge weeds Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass) and C. esculentus.

* * * Studies on the poor ratooning of cane in Taiwan. Y. J. HSIA and C. Ou-YANG. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-Poor ratooning in Taiwan, which has become progressively worse in recent years, is believed to be mainly due to attack by an underground insect-Mogannia hebes. Nynyhs attach themselves to the roots and suck the julce. Only when the nymph population reaches a certain level is ratooning affected. It is suggested that some toxin may be injected by the nymphs into the root

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SUGAR CANE AGRICULTURE

and that this becomes transferred to the bud. When the toxin reaches a certain level bud growth is inhibited, The problem is being studied further with a view to effective control measures.

Rotation of Pangola grass and sugar cane on a Jamaican estate. T. CHINLOY and B. M. HOGG. Paperpresented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-Results are given of field experiments on land where sugar cane has been giving poor yields owing to an unknown cause. Marked improvements in cane growth resulted from rotation with Pangola grass (Digitaria procumbens). The root systems of the cane progressively improved with increasing duration of the grass growth. It is suggested that the main contributing factor to enhanced yield was a reduction of harmful root organisms.

* * * Fertilization of sugar cane. W. N. L. DAVIES and A. J. VLITOS. Paper presented at the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-This paper deals with certain aspects of the fertilization of cane on a world basis and is divided into three sections. The first describes the influence of fertilization practices on yields of sugar cane and sugar, drawing on selected data from various parts of the world. In the second section, the relationship between fertilization and sustained productivity in successive plantings and/or in ratoons is discussed. The third section surveys the potential for continued improvements in yields through modifications of existing fertilizer practices. Many of the data are from Trinidad where the authors have worked.

* * * A study of flowering behaviour of sugar cane in diierent geographical conditions. P. JUANG. Paperpresented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-Data collected between 1961 and 1964 regarding flowering times of certain cane varieties grown in different localities in Taiwan and Vietnam are presented and discussed.

Other papers presented to the Field Practice or Agronomy Section of the 13th Congress of the ISSCT, 1968, were: IsoUtiUtion and purification of amylase from sugar cane laves. A. G. ALEXANDER and J. LEBR~N.

In vitro effects of silicon on hydrolytic and oxidative enzymeb of sugar cane. A. G. ALEXANDER.

Phosphate in the latosolic soils and latosols of Mauritius and its availability to plants. 1. Relationships between phosphate retention and soil constituents. 2. Rela- tionships between soil available phosphate and phosphate uptake by plants grown in pots. Y. W. Y.

'CHEONG and D. H. PARISH.

The seasoning and ripening of sugar cane at Xicotencatl, Tamps., Mexico. M. L. GUTI~RREZ and A .M. GARZA.

* * * Breeding behaviour of certain agronomic characters in progenies of some sugar cane crosses at the Sugar Cane Research Station, Anakapalle. M. LAKSHMIKANTHAM, K. K. PRASADA RAO and J. PAPA RAO.

On the rationale of the time of nitrogen fertilization for sugar cane. S. C. SRIVASTAVA.

The numbering of leaves and internodes for sugar cane nutrition studies. H. F. CLEMENTS and A. GHOTB.

Aspects of climate on sugar cane. A. M. GARZA.

Variations in analysis of sugar cane leaves by different chemical laboratories. G. SAMUELS.

Weed control studies in Hawaii and Iran. K. A. S ~ D .

Physiology of flowering in sugar cane. R. E. COLEMAN. * * *

Evaluation of bunch planting of sugar cane seedlings in Mississippi. 0. H. COLEMAN.

Effects of an early freeze on Louisiana sugar cane. J. E. IRVINE.

I * *

The use of chemical herbicides in Louisiana sugar cane for weed and grass control. E. R. STAMPER.

BHC (benzene hexachloride) formulations. G. WILSON.

The effect of different water regimes on the growth of two sugar cane varieties. J. C. MONGELARD.

* * * Changes in fibre and sucrose in C.P. 44-101, 1946- 1966. L. G. DAVIDSON.

* * * Studies on nine consecutive sugar cane ratoons and various methods of maintaining soil fertility in Taiwan. K. H. TANG and F. W. Ho.

Studies on the prevention of flowering in sugar cane. I. Effect of suppression of flowering by defoliation on the yield and juice quality of cane. R. R. PANIE, T. RAJA RAO and K. K. SRIVASTAVA.

Studies on the germination of sugar cane. IV. On the effect of cutting cane into portions on the germination of its buds. R. R. PANJE, P. S. MATHUR and M. P. MOTWALE.


Photoperiodic induction of flowering in sugar cane. S. LEE, T. H. HU and T. T. Hu.

The comparative efficiency of new chemicals used as herbicides in Louisiana sugar cane. E. R. STAMPER.

Regional evaluations of new chemical herbicides in mixture with sodium salt of 2,4-D for weed control in sugar cane in Taiwan. S. Y. PENC and W. B. SZE.

SiUcon, calcium and manganese contents of cane sheaths collected on ten great soil groups of Mauritius. P. HALAIS.

* * * Studies on the effects of hog manure composts on sugar cane yields and on physico-chemical properties of the soil. T. P. YEH.

* * * Comparative study of a soil testing method for determining available phosphorus of Taiwan sugar cane soils. T. C. JUANG and S. L. FANG.

The economical evaluation of sugar cane varieties. J. BRYKCZYNSKI. * * * Preliminary results of net assimilation rate studies in sugar cane. C. R. MCDAVID and Y. SINGH.

* * * The effect of different pan ratios for coutrolliug irrigation of sugar cane in Taiwan. H. CHANG, J. S. WANG and F. W. Ho.

The diierence of consumptive use of water between interplanted cane and single planted cane. H. CHANG, F. W. Ho and J. S. WANC.

Clay mineralogical studies of Taiwan sugar cane soils. T. C. JUANG and T. S. HSIEH.

Relationship of medium and low atmospheric temperatures with the juice quality of standing crops of sugar canes. R. R. PANJE, B. SINGH and S. K. SAXENA.

Increasing yields by disease and pest control. C. G. HUGHES.

* * * Crop sequence. C. S. LOH.

Impact of weed control on sugar cane production. W. C. SHAW.

* * * The potential of the sugar cane plant to produce sucrose. A. G. ALEXANDER.

Proposed criteria and a system of nomenclature for the grouping of the soils of the Shan-Hua Sugar Mill into soil management groups. C. C. WANG and C. C. YANG.

* * * Effect of hog manure composts on microbial activities of sugar cane soils. T. P. YEH.

Report of special committee on variety yield decline. * * *

Mechanical infield loading in South Africa. G. S. BARTLETT. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-In South Africa, with the hilly terrain of the cane belt, the bulk of the cane crop is still hand cut and stacked (by hand) in bundles to be dealt with by self-loading cane trailers. The writer explains how much of the cutter's time could be saved by stacking the cane mechanically. Trials showed this could increase the cutter's output by 82%. Various different types of mechanical loader are described, some locally designed and manufactured to suit the small grower. It is considered that the use of such machines will greatly increase in the next few years.

* * * Developments in cane transport at Victoria Mill, Queensland. M. W. CHAPMAN. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-The changes that have taken place in the narrow-gauge railway system for transporting cane since it was started last century are described. These include the use of heavier rail (40- 60 Ib per yard), pressed concrete sleepers in place of wood, crushed metal ballast in place of river gravel, diesel locomotives in place of steam, and radio. The advent of chopper harvesters called for new truck design. Altogether the railway extends for 114 miles.

* * * The use of high capacity sprinklers for the irrigation of sugar cane by the Kohala Sugar Company (Hawaii). E. M. NORUM. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-It is explained how the relatively recent developments in portable irrigation pipe (aluminium) and in high capacity sprinklers have revolutionized overhead irrigation. The newer systems, coupled with water economies, attracted the Kohala Sugar Co. to a project of converting surface irrigated fields to overhead irrigation. This paper describes in some detail the design, operation and results of the project.

* * * Basic studies on mechanical detrashing of bulk sugar cane. B. J. COCHRAN and J. E. CLAYTON. Paper presented to the 13th Congr. ISSCT, 1968.-The problem of trash removal in all its aspects is discussed as is the reason why burning in the field is satisfactory in some countries and not in others. Various experimental methods devised for removing trash from chopper harvested cane are described. Figures are given showing the serious effect of trash in the cane mill.

Thinning experiments and some practical implications, 1952-66. L. HANBURY. British Sugar Beet Rev., 1967, 36, 78-80.-Field experiments on the mechanical thinning of sugar beet have now been conducted in Britain for 16 years. These are reviewed and discussed from the point of view of labour economy and yield.

* * * Sugar beet: boron deficiency. ANON. Leaflet, Borax Consolidated Ltd., 1968, 4 pp.-Boron deficiency symptoms in sugar beet are described and illustrated in colour, the two main symptoms being a characteristic transverse cracking on the upper surface of the midrib and a characteristic blackening or rotting of the root. Simple methods of correcting the malady are explained, notably the use of boronated fertilizers, i.e. normal compound N-P-K fertilizers to which boron has been added in appropriate quantities. Where boronated fertilizers are not available boron may be applied to the soil in the form of borax, at the rate of 20 Iblacre, about two weeks before planting. Where boron deficiency symptoms have already developed, boron spray applications are available e.g. "Solubor", at 10 lblacre).

* * + Production and identification of trisomic types of Beta vulgaris. P. J . KALTSIKES and L. E. EVANS. Canadian J. Genetics and Cytology, 1967, 9, 691-699.-A large number of known genes of sugar beet have been assigned to one of three linkage groups which includes most of the genes controlling plant colour, the gene for annual habit and one for resistance to curly top. A second group carries the gene for monogerm and late bolting habit. A third bears the gene for genetic male sterility. The fact that only 3 linkage groups have been identified in sugar beet led to the present study aimed at producing a trisomic series in an inbred sugar beet line. The report deals with the production and identification of three distinct primary trisomes.

Herbicides in sugar beet production. W. E. BRAY. Agriculture, 1968, 75, (2), 71-75.-In Britain only 10% of the sugar beet acreage was treated with chemical weedkillers in 1961. By 1967 this proportion had risen to about 70%. The herbicides now in use are arranged in a table according to their action and they are discussed individually. Questions of safety and cost are considered. It is. thought that some improvements in existing sugar beet herbicides are Lecessary before weed control is entirely satisfactory.

Translocation of l4C sucrose in sugar beet during darkness. D. R. GEIGER and J. W. BATEY. Plant Physiology, 1967, 42, 1743-1749.-The experiments were carried out with sugar beet plants growing in controlled environment cabinets. The plants had been pruned to a simple source-path-sink system consisting of a mature source leaf and a small sink leaf attached to the beet and root system. Attention was centred on adjustments which occur during the conversion from light-period to dark-period translocation. Following darkening of the source leaf translocation rapidly declined. After about 150 minutes of darkness the beet root becomes a source of translocate to the sink leaf.

* * * Sugar beet cultivation and its problems. I. S. KRIST- IANSSON. K. Skogs-o. Lantbr. Akad. Tidskr., 1967, 106, ( 3 4 , 116-129; through Field Crop Abs., 1968, 21, (I), 46.-Trends in sugar beet cultivation in Sweden during the last 130 years are reviewed. Information is given on root and sugar yields, the rationalization of spring cultivations and mechanized harvesting.

* * * Comparative investigations on emergence of various types of sugar beet seed in the laboratory and in the field under simulated practical farming conditions. H. SCHNEIDER. Albrecht-Thaer-Arch,, 1967, 11, (4), 347-360; through Field Crop Abs., 1968, 21, (I), 46. Field and laboratory tests in East Germany are reported, data being given on the effects of cluster size, pericarp abrasion, sowing density and depth of sowing on number of emergence sites, total number of seedlings and percentages of single and multiple emergence in the field as compared with results from parallel laboratory investigations. Similar trends were noted in field and laboratory, but the latter were more readily reproducible and more informative.

Y Y Y m " rn

The problem of optimal weight of stecklings for the production of sugar beet seed. I. To~oruc. Agron. Glasn., 1965, (9-lo), 557-572; through Field Crop Abs., 1968, 21, (I), 46.-Experiments in Yugoslavia are reported in which stecklings or beet seedlings varying from 100 to 1000 g were tested or observed in regard to subsequent performance. Stecklings of 100 to 200 g gave seed yields lower than the average, whereas the 900-1000 g stecklings gave higher seed yields. The heavier stecklings developed earlier, grew more vigorously and were more resistant to lodging than the lighter stecklings.

Inversion in white sugar manufacture. D. P. KULKARNI, M. K. PATIL and K. C. VORA. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 217-228.-Sucrose inversion at various stages of white sugar manufacture in a double sulphitation factory was laboratory- investigated. When 288 mg or more of superphosphate per litre was added to raw juice, inversion occurred on heating. Considerable influence on inversion was exerted by the time during which clear juice, with or without superphosphate added, was heated. In the case of sulphited syrup of below pH 5.1, melt and A, B and C-molasses, inversion was observed when the samples were heated at 70°C for 3-4 hr.

Exhaustibility of molasses with respect to vacuum in (the) pan and preparation of the low-grade massecuite in (the) crystallizer. B. L. MIITAL. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 229-236.-Com- parison of strikes boiled under a vacuum of 23 in Hg and 27in Hg, respectively, showed that the latter gave soft, round crystals as a result of dissolution at the bottom of the pan, where the hydrostatic pressure allows the temperature to rise above the saturation point. An optimum temperature difference between cooling water and massecuite of 40°F was found in investigations of crystallizer performance, while a massecuite temperature of 45°C proved to be the lowest practical value.

* * * Utility of boosters in the sugar industry. S. K. CHATTO- PADHYAY. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 237-241.-The advantages of steam ejector boosters for equipment operating under vacuum are discussed in the light of experience at the author's sugar factory.

* * * Estimating imbibition efficiency in (the) sugar cane milling process. S. L. SAXENA, P. N. R. RAO and B. M. TIWARI. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 275-278.-A formula is presented for calculation of the so-called "dilution ratio" which

is expressed as BPJ - RRJ 100, where BPJ and BPJ -0.15 BPJ BRJ are Brix of primary juice and of residual juice in final bagasse, respectively. It is assumed that the Brix of the primary juice is identical to that of the juice in the cane. Values calculated from the formula are shown to be fairly consistent in estimating imbibition efficiency, while figures calculated from MITTAL'S formula' are erratic. Values of added water

lost in bagasse % added water had no constant relationship with lost juice % fibre even when the crushing and imbibition % fibre values were reasonably constant.

* * * The working of (the) first DDS cane diffuser in India at Belapur. S. L. SAXENA and S. K. D. AGARWAL. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 291-318.-Full details are given of the DDS diffuser performance at Belapur where two mills were used for primary extraction and another two for bagasse dewatering. Maximum obtainable extraction was 97.3% at a draught of 100% (average extraction 95% at 95% draught). Average bagasse pol content was 2.5-3.0. The pH in the diffuser ranged from 4.6 to 5.2, and inversion losses were considerable. [Working conditions required a temperature within the unit of 70°C instead of the 80-85°C recommended by the designers.]

Reduction of scaling of evaporators by the use of magnesia. A. P. CHINNASWAMY. Indian Sugar, 1967, 17, 603-610.-Tests, in which magnesium oxide was added to lime in proportions up to 40% and made up into a 10°Bx slurry which was added to hot (60°C) mixed juice at 0.1% on cane, showed that the MgO reduced evaporator scaling considerably and increased the period between evaporator cleaning from 18 to 31 days. While higher doses of magnesium oxide would, it is suggested, possibly increase the scale reducing effect even more, more than 40% MgO did affect settling of the juice, the colour ofwhich was heightened even at 30% MgO.

Assessment of milling efficiency; rBle of ruptured cells and juice absorption. S. L. SAXENA And S. K. D. AGARWAL. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (i), 17-43.-The effects of mill settings on milling efficiency were studied at a number of Indian sugar factories. The results, expressed in terms of pol extraction, juice reabsorption by bagasse, and percentage of juice cells ruptured, are given in graph form and in tables. These show the effects of such factors as maceration (compound imbibition was used in all the factories) and compare the results obtained by variation of mill settings. The bagasse fibre content was found to be higher .han values found in other countries and given by BMA, bagasse moisture in India tending to be 49-51% -- - - -

' I.S.J., 1958, 60, 328-329, 357-363.

CANE SUGAR MANUFACTURE

compared with 4547% elsewhere. Correlation between final pol in bagasse and pol leachable from bagasse per min showed promise.

* * * Dilution ratio and added water. S. C. GUPTA, G. R. ATHAVALE, S. L. SAXENA, P. N. RAO and B. M. TIWARI. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (i), 44-47.-See SAXENA et at.: I.S.J., 1969, 71, 20.

* * * Dilution ratio and milling efficiency. S. C. GUPTA, G. R. ATHAVALE, S. L. SAXENA, P. N. RAO and B. M. TIWARI. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (i), 48-50.-A linear relationship was established between mill extraction and the dilution ratio (see preceding abstract) in the range X=62-79. The expression takes the form Yr=124.34 - lsllX, where Yr = lost juice % fibre and X = dilution ratio. Hence, mill extraction increases with increase in the dilution ratio.

* * * Introduction of (the) diffuser in (the) sugar industry in India. K. H. PAREKH and D. J. MEHTA. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (Iitdia), 1967, (I), (ii), 1-8.-The history of cane diffusion is surveyed and the main problems involved are discussed. The various types of diffuser available are described and details given of the controls of a DDS diffuser at Belapur sugar factory, where it is used in conjunction with a Duncan Stewart 18-roller mill tandem. During a so-called "smooth working period" it gave an extraction of 95.05% at 13.13% fibre in cane and 23.97% maceration1.

* * * A case of spontaneous combustion of molasses. G. K. LIMAYE and R. B. TAGARE. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 23-32.-Spon- taneous combustion of a mixture of raw and white sugar molasses stored at the authors' sugar factory ocurred in two successive years in the same open pit, while molasses in two other pits remained unchanged. After overflowing and giving off pungent gases, the molasses hardened to a black caramel which was dicult to remove. In the second year, the molasses had a blackish instead of a normal reddish colour, and its temperature was about 60°C compared with 35-38" for normal molasses in an adjacent pit, while its sugar content was 25-28% compared to a normal 4547%. During both years the mixed juice non-sugar content was higher than usual. Details are given of the clarification process used, and suggestions as to possible causes of the reaction are invited. Two possible causes suggested are (i) a possible reaction between lime in the pit floor and walls and molasses reducing sugar, and (ii) reaction between amino acids and reducing sugar in the molasses.

t * * *

A concept add design of (a) continuous juice sulphiter. B. B. PAUL. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. A~soc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 33-50.-See I.S.J., 1968, 7.0, 372.

Vapour bleeding in our sugar factory. N. S. BHATE and R. D. JOSHI. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 5164.-Vapour bleeding is discussed in the light of experience at the authors' sugar factory, where the vapour from the 1st effect of a quintuple-effect evaporator is used for the pan station, the vapour from the 3rd effect is used to heat juice from 160°F to 185-190°F and the 4th effect vapour is used to heat raw juice from 75°F to 160°F. Steam usage in 1965166 was 5142% on cane compared with 63% in 1961162 when only a quadruple-effect evaporator was being used and no vapour was bled off. No significant increase in inversion losses was observed despite the high juice temperature of 110°C in the 1st effect. Heat balances are calculated for the system described using a quintiple-effect evaporator and for a quadruple-effect evaporator system in which Ist, 3rd and 4th effect vapours are bled for juice heating and 3rd effect vapours also for the pan station. Heat balances are also given for 15 different systems of evaporation and vapour bleeding.

* * * Lime saccharate in juice clari5cation. B. H. HOSHING and N. G. PATEL. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 191-194.-Addition of calcium saccharate to juice was found to give a brighter, less coloured clear juice, but also gave a lower settling rate and higher mud volume than did milk-of-lime having the same CaO content.

* * * Reduction of sugar loss in molasses. Treatment of low-grade massecuite: reheating in (a) centrifugal pug mill. S. C. GUPTA, M. SINGH and N. C. JAIN. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (l), (ii), 195-200.-Tests in which massecuite cooled to 45-42°C from 6462°C was reheated to 51-52.5"C in a pug mill with hot water of about 59°C showed that it was possible to raise the massecuite temperature by 10°C without any appreciable sugar dissolution and molasses purity increase. The reheated massecuite purged well, giving an 85 purity fore-cured sugar of good quality.

* * * A note on boiling of molasses in pits. B. B. PAWAR. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 189-190.-A case of spontaneous "combustion" of raw sugar molasses stored in an open pit is reported. The molasses, of 34.87 purity, had reducing sugar and ash contents of 17.87% and 17.67%, respectively. Analysis of an air-dried sample of the charred molasses revealed 14.30% ash content, 4.62% K,O and 1.44% nitrogen. Temperature of the molasses in the initial stages of the reaction (frothing) varied from 68°C to 72°C. Suggestions as to causes include reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids with liberation of CO, and between lime and reducing sugars, respectively.

See also SAXBNA & AOARWAL: I.S.J., 1969.71, UX

Changes in the non-sucrose substances content in sugar beet. G. C. LUCCI and G. MANTOVANI. Ind. Sacc. Ital., 1967, 60, 283-294.-Paper chromatography was used to investigate changes in raffinose and kestose in normal and frozen beet on storage, while thin-layer chromatography on "fossil flour" was used to examine changes in dextran, levan and saponins. The chromatograms are illustrated and the results discussed. Levan was found to increase markedly in beet stored at ambient temperature for some time. Dextran was formed at low temperatures. Reducing sugars remained within acceptab!e limits for normal beets, but with frozen beet stored at ambient temperature they rose considerably. Freezing of beet favoured formation of raffinose precursors and thus raffinose formation, and also increased the kestose content in the juice. Saponins were scarcely changed.

Sugar centrifugal b&g arrangement. H. HULLEN. Zucker, 1968,21,90-92.-While a universal coupling between the overhead centrifugal drive and the basket in conventional sugar centrifugals prevents an increase in the deflection from the vertical caused by imbalance, particularly during charging and discharging, an auxiliary bearing mounted below the basket will minimize deflection and hence reduce the risk of damage as well as the costs of repairing the linkages. The auxiliary bearing can be easily engaged or disengaged through gearing, so that it does not operate during high-speed operation but only during charging and discharging. However, difficulties preclude its use with automatic centrifugals. A diagram shows the arrangement with the auxiliary bearing.

* * * Effect of massecuite mixing in vacuum pans on the sugar crystallization rate. L. G. BELOSTOTSKII. Sakhar. Prom., 1967, 41, (1 2), 17-19.-Comparative tests with a laboratory vacuum pan showed that use of a stirrer at 240 r.p.m. shortened the active strike period (93 min compared with 113 min without a stirrer), increased massecuite Brix (94.loBx compared with 92.2"Bx) and crystal content (66.0% compared with 56.7%), and also raised intermediate molasses Brix (82.7"Bx compared with 82.0°Bx) and reduced its purity (79.6 compared with 80.2). Massecuite purity was raised by only 0.1 unit to 90.6. The initial syrup purity was 91.3 in bothcases. The mean crystallization rate was 2470 mg/sq.m./min with a stirrer, compared with 1900 mg/sq.m./min without.

The beet cleaning efficiency of unloader-pilers. N. K. LUNIN. Sakhar. Prom., 1967, 41, (12), 48-50.-The beet cleaning efficiencies of various Soviet beet pilers are compared on the basis of data from two sugar factories during 1964 and 1965.

* * * Great Western's "Tri-County" plant in Kansas. ANON. Sugar y Azzicar, 1968, 63, (2), 31-32.-Information is given on equipment to be installed in the new Great Western Sugar Co. beet factory1 under construction near Goodland, Kansas, USA. It will have a beet slicing capacity of 3400 tonslday and will draw the beets mainly from three counties. The factory will be equipped with a Silver-DDS diffuser.

* * * New beet sugar factory in Maine, USA. ANON. Sugar y Azticar, 1968, 63, (2), 33-35.-Details are given of processes and equipment used in the Maine Sugar Industries Inc. beet factory at Easton, Maine. The factory has a daily beet slicing capacity of 4000 tons and is equipped with machinery supplied by Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt. Provision is made for refining of 700 tons of cane raws daily in the off-season.

Progress at Holly Sugar Corporation. ANON. Sugar y Azzicar, 1968, 63, (2), 4041.-A brief mention is made of modifications to the Merrill E. Shoup factory at Hereford, Texas, which in its fourth year of operation averaged a daily slice of more than 6400 tons of beet. With the installation of an extra evaporator vessel, the factory now operates two quintuple-effect evaporators. Reference is also made to plans for a new Holly Sugar Corporation beet factory near Harwood, North Dakota, which is expected to start operations in 1970.

A new type of beet washer installed at Warcoing sugar factory (Belgium). P. CRAHAY and G. MOUMAL. Sucr. Belge, 1968, 87, 311-317.-Details are given of a new beet feeding installation at Warcoing sugar factory. Located between the factory and the beet yard, it comprises a beet wheel which raises the beet from the normal ground flume to an overhead flume, a rotary stone catcher placed approximately midway along the flume, a trash separator and a drum washer. After the washer, the roots pass across a second stone catcher and through another trash separator before

See I.S.J., 1967, 69, 31, 64.

22

BEET SUGAR

being fed by belt conveyor to the slicer. The station is preceded by two conventional trash separators of the rake type. The washer is a sloping rotary drum in which a single or double helix carries the beet up against a flow of water fed under pressure. It is 1.9 metres in diameter and 8.7 metres long and has a nominal throughput of 70 tonslhr. At high dirt contents (up to 50% soil plus some stones) water consumption is 36 cu.m./hr. Water pressure is about 10 kg/sq.cm. After 3 campaigns maintenance costs have proved very low and no wear has been observed, while washing efficiency has been high (no residual dirt contents are quoted).

New Morton beet diffuser in the Spreckels factory at Chandler, Arizona. ANON. Sugar y Azlicar, 1968, 63, (2), 46.-Details are given of a Morton diffuser of 4250 tons/day capacity installed at the Chandler beet factory of Spreckels Sugar Co. At a cossette retention time of 45 min and a iuice retention time of 35 min. a sugar loss in pulp of 0.18% is obtainable at a draft of 116% or less.

Examination of the performance of an industrial evaporator at high juice levels. N. Yu. TOBILEVICH. I. I: SAGAN', M ~ N : CHEPURNYI and B. P. SIITEFAN: Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (I), 11-14.-Tests with evaporator 2nd effects, in one of which the juice level was optimum at 3 5 4 % of the length of the boiling tube, while in the other the level was raised to 90%, showed that the higher level permitted a 700-900% increase in circulation rate compared with the lower level, which in turn increased the "economizer" section of the boiling tube by 400-600% and hence reduced scaling by 30-35%. By extrapolation it is shown that the heat transfer coefficient was higher after 70 days at the higher level than at the lower level, so that the period between evaporator cleanings could be increased to 72 days compared with 58 days using the lower level. With natural circulation evaporators, higher juice levels will give higher circulation rates only if the downtake diameter is increased, the circulation depending more on heat flow than at lower juice levels. At low heat surface loading, the effect of higher juice levels is diminished.

Effect of juice level on increase in its colour content during evaporation. M. L. VAISMAN, V. N. GOROKH and Yu. N. YAMPOL'SKII. Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, ( I ) , 15-18.-Tests with experimental evaporator vessels operating as lst, 2nd and 3rd effects of a quadruple-effect evaporator with replaceable tubes of four different lengths showed that the optimum juice level at which colour increase was minimal increased with juice concentration. In the case of 1st and 2n4vessels the effect of overall tube length on the optimum level was less marked than with 3rd vessels. For 1st vessels the optimum level was about 30%, for 2nd vesse!~ it was 40% and for 3rd effects

--

30-50% of tube length. The optimum level for juice colour was also optimum for heat transfer.

* * * metics of increase in massecuite crystal content during sugar crystallization in cooled crystallizers. V. G. TREGUB and V. D. POPOV. Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (I), 22-26.-Formulae are presented for calculating kinetic factors in massecuite cooling. These are used to process experimental data obtained by various authors, the results being expressed as curves of crystal content vs. time. Particular attention is focussed on the value of 0, a time constant which is dependent on the heat exchange processes in crystallization. A trial-and-error method using some of the formulae is shown to give values of 0 in satisfactory agreement with experimental values obtained by various authors.

* * * Method of calculating increase in sugar yield from the reduction in molasses purity and improvement in syrup quality. K. I. MUSOLIN. Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (I), 29-32.-Sugar yield % beet by weight (Z) can be calculated from

P m 1 -- z= Ps

1 - 0.01 p, (Sb - L P ~ )

where P, and Ps are, respectively, molasses and syrup purities, Sb is beet cossette sugar content (O/, by weight), and 4, is sugar loss during production (A on weight of cossettes). A nomogram is presented for ease of calculation of Z and other formulae are given for calculation of the increase in sugar yield when molasses purity is reduced and syrup purity increased, respectively. Data are tabulated showing the increases with unit change in molasses purity between 57 and 62, with 0.5 unit change in syrup purity between 90.5 and 93.0, and with 0.5% change in cossette sucrose content between 143% and 17.0%.

* * * Automation and control of S-17 sloping scroll diffusers. L. N. KANEVSKAYA. Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (I), 33-37.-Details are given of the automatic controls for the S-17 Soviet-built beet diffuser which regulate inter alia the cossette:water ratio, cossette feed, temperature of the juice-cossette mixture and the juice level in the lower part of the trough.

* * * Operation and repair of DDS diffusers. A. I. NAKON- ECHNYI. Sakhar. Prom., 1968, 42, (I), 38-42.-Ex- perience at a Soviet sugar factory in repairs to a DDS diffuser is described in detail as guidance to other factories in which DDS diffusers have been or are to be installed. It is pointed out that unsatis- factory operation at some factories of the DDS diffuser is a result of lack of knowledge on the diffuser, and a short list of causes of breakdowns and poor performance is given.

Nakambala. ANON. 12 pp; 8: x 1 I in. (The Zambia Sugar Company Ltd., P.O. Box 489, Lusaka, Zambia.) 1968.

On the 17th May President KAUNDA of Zambia pressed a button which started machinery operating at Nakambala sugar factory, thereby officially opening this project which is the biggest industrial venture in the country since independence. To mark the occasion, the Zambia Sugar Co. Ltd. have produced this commemorative booklet which gives an illustrated account of the development of the sugar industry in Zambia, development of the Nakambala Estate, brief outlines of the manufacture and refining of raw sugar, a history of the Company and a description of its refinery at Ndola.

The Estate comprises some 17,700 acres of land between Mazabuka and the Kafue river, from which water is drawn for the irrigation which is essential for cane growing in the area. It was bought in 1964 and has been developed to industrial-scale cane production in less than four years. For the first crop, 5000 acres under cultivation will be sufficient to produce about 200,000 tons of cane, while a further 7000 tons will be available from 350 acres planted by private farmers in the district.

This cane will be crushed in the raw sugar factory which has been supplied mainly by A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. and which was built at a capital cost of over £3,000,000. Initial designed throughput is 90 tons of cane per hour, which is to be raised to 180 t.c.h., when it is expected that output will reach 60,000 tons of raw sugar. The initial crop of some 22,500 tons will be transported in bulk to Ndola for refining and will help to relieve Zambia of the need to import raw sugar to meet the demand for white sugar which has been growing at the rate of 20% per annum.

* * *

Tekhnologicheskie kachestva sakharnoi svekly vechno- logical properties of the sugar beet). M. 2. KHELEMSKII. 283 pp.; 54 x 8% in. (Izd. "Pish- chevaya Promyshlennost", Moscow, USSR.) 1967. Price: 1.01 roubles.

This publication is divided into two sections, the first of which examines fundamental problems and questions of a theoretical nature, including definition of the term "beet technological quality", the effect of chemical composition and physical condition of

a root on its technological quality, criteria for evalu- ating the processing properties, and techniques and apparatus for determining these. The second section covers the effects of various factors on beet quality, e.g. variety, soil and fertilization, agrotechnology, growth conditions, climate and other geographical factors, and time and methods of harvesting. Natur- ally, the book is based to a large extent on experience in the USSR, but many references are given to work in other countries. Unfortunately, while a good author index is given as well as a bibliography for each chapter, the book lacks a subject index. Never- theless, the work will serve a useful purpose amongst present sugar literature, since it deals with a highly important theme.

* * * World suear statistics. 28 DD.; 7 x 10 in. (B. W.

~ $ r & Co., 120 W& st., New ~ o r k , ' N.Y., 10005 USA.) 1968. Price: $2.00; 16s 9d.

A graph showing sugar production, consumption, exports, imports and stocks is given for each of ten areas of the world, covering the period 1954-1966. The areas are: North America, the Caribbean, Central America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Near East, Far East, Oceania and Africa. Graphs are also given showing, respectively, world sugar production 1900-1965 and world sugar production and consumption 1950-1966 and projected to 1975. A logarithmic scale is used for the graphs since, because of the wide range covered by the data, slight differences would not be clearly visible on an arithmetic scale and because the compilers "are more interested in the relation between curves than their actual magnitude". Two tables are also presented; one shows the average annual rate of increase or decrease in sugar consumption, exports, imports, stocks, population and per caput consumption during 1954-1966 in each area and including the world totals, while the other gives the same data for world sugar, excluding population and per caput consumption. While the graphs provide a very interesting picture, notes accompanying each graph are very difficult to read because of the small print used. On the other hand, for anyone interested in world sugar trends this is a useful source of information, although some of the views expressed and conclusions drawn may be debatable. The compilers deserve every support in their cgll for prompt supply o f accurate data to the International Sugar Council or F. 0. Licht K.G. on a monthly basis to permit true assessment of Ine supply and demand position.

24

Kinetics of sucrose decomposition. S. E. KHABJN and I. P. PALASH. Sakhar. Prom., 1967, 41, (12), 15-17. The kinetics of sucrose decomposition were studied by maintaining an aqueous sucrose solution at 90°C and measuring the sucrose content and pH after given intervals of time up to 70 hr. The extent of decomposition (y =relative quantity of sucrose decom- posed) found by this means agreed closely with values

b (ea - 1) calculated from the formula y = --

1 + bea ' where

b = - K1 (a = initial concentration of sucrose and K, a&

and K, are rate constants for two simultaneous reactions, respectively, based on an autocatalytic reaction A + B + C, where B reacts with A to form an intermediate compound which quickly decomposes to give the final reaction product), e =base of natural logarithms, and a = angle formed between the horizontal axis and a tangent to the curve of y = j(t), where t =temperature ("C). The H+ ions accumulating in the solution during the reaction act as autocatalyst in acid medium, as indicated by a gradual fall in pH. * * * Melanoldin precursors. V. PREY and G. PETERSHOFER. Zeitsch. Zuckerind., 1968, 93, 63-66.-Spectral analysis (ultra-violet and infra-red) indicated that condensation of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds with dipep- tides gives products having bands typical for pyrazines which are probably present in beet juices. Con- densation of methylglyoxal with diglycine gave 1-carboxymethyl-3-methyl- 1 ,6 -d ihydropyrwm0, while condensation of benzyl with diglycine gave 2,3-diphenyl-6-hydroxypyrazine.

Constituents of cane molasses. II. Separation and identification of the phenolic compounds. T. HASHI- ZUME, T. YAMAGAMI and Y. SASAKI. Agric. Biol. Chem., 1967, 31, 324329; through S.I.A., 1967, 29, Abs. 1016.-The following 8 phenolic compounds, together with benzoic acid, were identified by gas chromatography of an alkali-soluble fraction from Taiwan molasses, using both polar and non-polar stationary phases: anisole, phenetole, phenol, m- cresol, salicylic acid, resorcinol, vanillic acid and syringiorasid. p-Coumaric acid and vanillin were identified OJI the non-polar phase, and 4 or 5 unidenti- fied components were also present. The characteristic flavour of cane molasses is believed to reside mainly in the neutral fraction.

Polarographic determination of inorganic non-sugars in sugars. I. Determination of heavy metals. II. Deter- mination of alkaline earth metals and alkali metals. N. IWASA. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1967, 19, 1-8, 9-17. I. Heavy metals in raw sugar and final molasses were determined polarographically after ashing of the samples and division of the ash into three fractions: (i) Cu, Pb, Bi and Cd; (ii) Fe and Al; and (iii) Ni, Co, Zn and Mn. The procedures used for each group are described. Recovery from a prepared standard solution was in the range 96100%, except for manganese (93%). The contents in an Australian raw sugar sample expressed as oxide (p.p.m.) were as follows: Cu 3.8, Pb 1.4, Fe 220, A1 130, Ni 0.77, Co 0.47, Zn 0.65 and Mn 2.1. In a Japanese final molasses sample the following contents were found: Cu 28, Pb 8.2, Fe 150, Al 420, Ni 7.1, Co 4.2, Zn 8.6 and Mn 28. Bismuth and cadmium were not present in sufficient amounts to be determined quantitatively, although both were detected in the raw sugar and molasses. 11. Details are given of the polarographic methods used to determine Ca, Mg, K and Na in (i) raw, (ii) soft brown, and (iii) soft white superior sugar as well as (iv) final molasses. The contents were found as follows: Ca--(i) 0.069% (as oxide), (ii) 0.0572%, (iii) 0.01040/,, and (iv) 0.88%; Mg-(i) 0.034%, (ii) 0.0075%, (iii) 0.0008%, and (iv) 0.39%; K-(i) 0.169%, (ii) 0.0946%, (iii) 0.0153%, and (iv) 2.81%; Na-(i) 0.033%, (ii) 0.0019%, (iii) 0.0034%, and (iv) 0.66%. The raw sugar was of Taiwan origin, while the other samples were of Japanese origin.

Filtration-impeding materials in raw sugars of various origins. III. The relationship between factory ffltratlon data and Nicholson-Horsley test filtration figures. T. KAGA, K. SUZUKI and T. YAMANE. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1967, 19, 83-85. Despite the findings of KAGA et a/.' who established good agreement between refinery filtrability data and values obtained by Nicholson-Horsley test filtration, R. P. JENNINGS has found that discrepancies occur in the cases of affined sugars having a very low starch content and sugars having high insolubles contents. The authors of the present paper have found, on the other hand, that results obtained for two Thailand raw sugars of 60 and 80 p.p.m. starch content lie along the straight line, while Cuban raw sugars, of

January THE INTERNATIONAL -- - - - -

relatively low starch content and high insolubles content, gave quite low test filtrability values, although carbonatation slurries prepared from affined Cuban raws gave rather good test filtrability values.

* * * Filtration-impdig materials in taw sugars of d o u s origins. IV. The effect of insoluble matter in atbed sugars on their filtrability. T. YAMANE, K. SUZUKI and T. KAGA. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Refineries' Tech., 1967, 19, 86-90.-In tests to determine to what extent filtration-impeding materials could be removed by centrifuging, it was found that most of the wax and nearly half of the SiO, could be removed, but most of the gum and starch, being water-soluble, could not be separated. (See also I.S.J., 1966, 68, 259-261.)

* * *

SUGAR JOURNAL 1969

and of the molasses during and after boiling down are tabulated as are analyses of the carbonate ash from the molasses.

* * * Statistical analysis of sugar factory data. D. P. Km- KARNI and R. K. KULKARNI. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 107-145.-From statistical analysis of sugar factory data published in annual reports it has been found that pol % bagasse and 1st expressed juice Brix and purity are two factors having influence on milling efficiency. Equations have been developed for predicting certain important factors such as pol % cane, imbibition % cane, etc. Other data such as molasses losses and steam consumption were also analysed and their dependence on various factors established.

* * * Standardition of PMippine sugar cane Raw sugar molasses-theoretical and actual. M. G.

Other pwoses' ANON' Sugar JOSHI, R. T. PATIL and V. R. VARDE. Proc. 22nd 1967, 439 713-718'-The 'Ontents of the Standard Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), Administrative Order No. 11 of 1967 are reproduced. (ii), 175-184.-The expected final molasses yield on These to cane molasses defined as cane can be calculated from the following expression, molasses having a minimum Brix of 83.5" at 27.5"C which takes account of the non-sugars content in and a gravity purity in the range 32-45, the impurities

B - C content not exceeding 5% by weight. Methods of bagged raw sugar (c): - N.S.F.M. x 100, where B =

analysis are incorporated together with an invert sunar table derived with the Evnon & Lane method. clear iuice non-sugar content and N.S.F.M. = h a 1

On the quality of raw sugar produced in Maharashtra. A. P. GUPTA and I. S. JWA. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 9-22.-Raw sugar analyses are given for raw sugar produced at each of 19 sugar factories in Maharashtra during the 5 years up to and including 1966167. The average overall figures for each year tend to show general improvement, the 1966167 analysis (pol of 98.77, safety factor of 0.185, and reducing sugars, ash and colour contents of 0.412%, 0.403% and 1 lost, respectively) comparing favourably with that for 1962163, the fist year of raw sugar production (pol of 97.10, safety factor of 0.18, and reducing sugars, ash and moisture contents of 0.93%, 0.64% and 0.51%, respectively). * * * Exhaustibility of molasses. Studies on the r6le of various constituents. S. L. PHANSALKAR and H. S. SRIVASTAVA. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 91-106.-Molasses was diluted to 70°Bx and 1000 g mixed with 300 g of E-30 grade sugar. After 6 hours' boiling to 103'Bx the resultant massecuite was cooled in a crystallizer for about 20 hours and finally spun in a centrifugal. The separated molasses was then analysed. Graphs show the increase in molasses purity with reduction in the g1ucose:ash ratio and phosphate content and with increase in the contents of organic acids, nitrogen, gums and waxes, unfermentable reducing sugars and (Na + K + Ca). In all cases the relationships are linear. Analyses of the original molasses

molasses non-sugG content. Calculated values compared favourably with true molasses yields. For calculation of raw sugar recovery the following formula gave values in close agreement with those given by the National Sugar Institute method: clear juice pol - (molasses pol x yield) + non-sugars content in bagged raw sugar - unknown losses.

Modified Gupta-Phansalkar formula for the purity of molasses. S. C. GUPTA, S. L. PHANSALKAR and H. S. SRIVASTAVA. Proc. 22nd Conv. Deccan Sugar Tech. Assoc. (India), 1967, (I), (ii), 185-188.-The formula suggested previously for calculation of final molasses purity1 has been found to include a factor, calculation of which involves knowledge of the final molasses purity. The formula has therefore been modified, and now takes the form T,, = 30.00 - 11 g/a +

W 65 -,where the three numerical values are empirical m

values given to three constants, g/a is the g1ucose:ash ratio, and w/ns is the moisture:non-sugars ratio. True and calculated molasses purities are compared and show a fluctuating difference. Graphs illustrate the dependence of molasses purity on g/a and wins.

Interaction of sucrose, glucose and fructose with potassium hydroxide at varions temperatures. E. 4. LYGIN and S. Z. IVANOV. Gaz. Cukr., 1900, 16, 28-30.-See I.S.J., 1968, 70, 24.

Continuous alcoholic fermentation of sugar factory molasses. Examples of industrial installations. B. REWZ. Ind. Alirn. Agric., 1967,84, 1253-1257.-The advantages and requisites of continuous fermentation of molasses are presented and information given on two continuous fermentation plants: Sucrerie-Dist- illerie d'Etrepagny, which produces 250 hl of alcohol per hr from 66-75 purity beet molasses, and Distillerie de Lagoa (in the Azores) which produces 120 hl of alcohol per hr from beet molasses.

* * * Quality of (beet pulp) silage. V. SMATL~K and R. ZELEZNP. Listy Cukr., 1967, 83, 268-274.-Results of tests conducted in 19641966 in Czechoslovakia on beet pulp are examined in detail. The beet pulp was stored on its own or in mixtures with beet tops and/or lucerne or maize straw. Treatment with lactic, acetic or butyric acids had a limited effect on improving the quality of the fodder. Beet pulp from Hodonin sugar factory gave higher quality silage than did pulp from other factories.

* * * Food yeasts. R. HULPIALJ. Sucr. Belge, 1968, 88, 253-263.-The origin and definition of yeast, particularly food yeast, are discussed and types of yeast and starting materials surveyed. The nutritive value of food yeast is discussed and a typical analysis of dry yeast is given. The place of yeast in the human diet and as animal fodder is also covered. After a survey of yeast manufacturing processes, the production of yeasts from hydrocarbons is discussed and pilot plant tests mentioned, including some in the UK and USA.

* * * Scaling: a problem in (the) alcohol distillation industry in India. B. B. PAUL. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 91-96.-Causes of scaling and sludge formation in distillation columns used for alcohol production from molasses are discussed. Measures to prevent it include: 2-3 months' storage of the molasses to reduce the extraneous matter concentration and settle out calcium salts; increasing the temperature of the feed wash in the analyser column to reduce calcium solubility; adding spent lees from the stripping column to feed wash to reduce the alcohol content of the fermented wash; using spray water t~ cool the fermented wash; increasing the sutpb,,lc acid dosage to increase calcium salts pre- cipitation in the fermentation tank; suitable pre- treatment of molasses; and suitable designing of the analyser C U l I m 3 .

Yeast growth in clarified and unclarified waste molasses in ethanol fermentation. J. P. SHUKLA and K. A. PRABHU. Proc. 35th Con5 Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 97-104.-Fermentation tests with Saccharo- myces cerevisiae cultured on clarified and unclarified sulphitation and carbonatation molasses showed that fermentation, as expressed by fermentation coefficient S, was better in sulphitation molasses (both clarified and unclarified) than in carbonatation molasses, while growth (expressed by r = g of yeast grown per hr per g of yeast present) was better in the carbonatation molasses. Values of S were lower in clarified than in unclariiied sulphitation molasses, but were not greatly different in the case of carbonatation molasses. Values of r were somewhat higher in the clarified molasses. The determinations were made at the start and finish of fermentation, indicating the gradual fall in S from values corresponding to aerobic conditions to those obtained under anamobic conditions.

* * * Potash recovery from distillery spent wash (by a) fluidize- tion technique. S. C. GUPTA and J. P. SHUKLA. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 279-283. In a proposed method, spent wash is evaporated to 25-35"Bx and fed into the top of a reactor, in which the initial temperature is 1300°F. An upward counter- current of air causes crude potash to be deposited in pellet form in the combustion zone, and this can be bagged without further processing. Advantages of the process are listed and costs calculated.

* * * Preliminary investigations on production of food yeast from low chain hydrocarbons. J. B. SHUKLA and A. AROJ. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 285-289.-Tests showed that a yeast culture was acclimated to methanol by fractional and eventually total substitution of the 2% sugar used in the substrate as the carbon source.

* * * Dehydration of4 baker's active yeast from waste molasses. B. D. KAPOOR. Proc. 35th Conv. Sugar Tech. Assoc. India, 1967, (I), 319-324.-Tests showed that yeast cream can be dried to 8-10% moisture content for use .in baking. It was found that the wet yeast should be maintained by refrigeration at 0-4OC before drying, which should not take the temperature above 40°C. The yeast should be washed repeatedly with cold water at 0-4°C to remove adhering substrate and minimize the hygroscopicity of the product. Film, spray and pellet dryers are recommended.

27

~~ ~

UNITED KINGDOM bottom of the chambers and this does not interfere clarifier. A. Of Bundaberg, with separation into the lighter aerated scum and the

Queensland, Australia. 1,107,096. 16th June 1965; dear lower liquor phase. The of the 20th March 1968. chambers encourages concentration of the scum

as it rises and reduces the flow of the clear liquor The cylindrical tank 10 contains a coaxial tube 11, which therefore does not entrain solid particles as it

rotatably mounted in bearings 12, 13 and driven by passes into the annular withdrawal tubes 25A 25B a motor 14. Tube 11 opens into a reaction chamber 2 5 ~ and 2 5 ~ , which are provided with valve; 15 into which is fed the liquid to be treated together netting them with vertical draw-offtubes 26 terminat- with flotation air bubbles through inlet 16. The tank ing at the overflow box 27. ~h~ rising scum is partly is divided into four chambers 17A, 17B, 17C and 17D washed to remove its sugar content by means of by fixed baffles 18B, 18C* lgD? and feed water introduced through perforated pipes 33, 33A; rings 19A, 19B, 1% 19D feed each &mber from since water is lighter than the liquor, there is little tube l1 with which Feed rings 19B3 19' tendency to dilute thelatter when only small quantities and 19D are attached to and pass through cylindrical of water are used. A sampling tube 32 is provided for baffle plates 20B, 20C, 20D which are of increasing each compartment so that the condition of the mixture diameters and form a scum channel concentric with in each chamber can be examined. the tank and tube 11. Chambers 17A, 17B, 17C and 17D have upper scum outlets 22A, 22B, 22C and 22D, * * * the last delivering scum into the channel formed by Beet harvesters. K. C. SHOTBOLT and R. A. SHOTBOLT, wall 23, where it is carried by skimmer arms 29 over of Ramsey, Hunts., England. 1,110,972-4. 1st lip 30 to outlet 31. February 1965; 24th April 1968.

UNITED STATES L-Glutamic acid production. T. GOTO, S. NISHIO, H. K ~ J I M A , S. HAYAKAWA and H. ARAKI, assrs. ASAHI KASEI KOGYO K.K., of Osaka, Japan. 3,355,359. 12th July 1965; 28th November 1967.-L-Glutamic acid is prepared by inoculating a fermentation medium containing carbohydrate (beet molasses, cane molasses), a nitrogen source (urea, ammonia, an ammonium salt, peptone, meat extract, corn steep liquor, gluten, casein or protein hydrolysates) and inorganic salts (K, Mg, Mn or Fe salts, phosphates) with Coryne- bacterium melassecola, and fermenting in the presence of a surface-active agent (polyoxyethylene mono- stearate or monopalmitate or lauryl or myristyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, alkyl bet- aine type amphoteric surface-active agent, lauryl alcohol sulphate ester, benzalconium chloride, lauryl amine acetate, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium lauryl sulphate, stearyl acid, polyoxyethylene palmityl amine or "Nonion S-6") and/or an antibiotic (penicillin, streptomycin) under submerged aerobic conditions [at 28-35'C (33-35°C) and pH 6-9 (7.0-8.5, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2) for about 36 hrj. The surface-active agent and antibiotic may be omitted and the mediurl;

The feed is delivered through pipes 19A, 19B, maintained with a biotin coptent more than or leas 19C, 19D to points intermediate between the top and than optimal for the growth ' b ~ the bacteria. The

... .- ~- - - _- - Copies of Speciiicatioas of United Kingdom Patents can be obtained on applicatico to The Patent Office, Sale Branch

Bldck C, Station Square House, St. Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent (price 4s 6d each); United States patent specifications a; obtainable from: The Commissioner of Patents. Washington. D.C. 20231 ~.~.x.'bnce 50 cents each).

28

PATENTS

progress of fermentation is followed by measurement juice flow through valve 17, and a constant flow of of the optical density and,when complete, the glutamic thick juice may be obtained. When variation in steam acid is recovered by bringing to the iso-electric point, consumption arises in pan 5, however, this causes a by the ion exchange method or by converting to a variation in the density of thick juice leaving effect 4. metal salt. An increase, for example, is sensed by controller 13 * Y * which increases the flow of steam through valve 14 to

evaporator 6. This results in an incipient increase in arrangement for a density which is detected by controller 11, and this F. DAMBRINE, of Lille, Nard, France, assr. Sot. ope,, the valve 12 to give a higher flow of juice. Thus LILLE-CA~L. 3,356,124, 12th October 1965; the flow of juice from evaporator 6 is increased and 5th December 1967. this compensates the higher density of the juice from

Juice enters the evaporator by way ef valve 17 and effect 4, giving a thick juice mixture of the required passes successively through effects 1-4, being con- constant density. centrated under successively lowered pressures and + * * temperatures. A minor portion of the juice flow is directed to valve 12 and thence to an auxiliary Fertilizer comprising a salt of a sugar phosphate ester. evaporator 6 where it is concentrated in a single stage. I. S. OGLE and B. M. SMYTHE, assrs. THE COLONIAL Part of the steam generated in each effect is withdrawn SUGAR REFINING CO. LTD., of Sydney, N.S.W., through vents 20-23 while the remainder may be Australia. 3,356,482. 5th October 1966; 5th Decem- used for heating auxiliary plant, e.g. the vacuum ber 1967.-The organic fertilizer comprises a mixture pan 5 heated by vapour from effect 2, and for heating of Ca, K and NH, salts of sugar (sucrose) phosphate the subsequent effect. Steam flow to the calandria 9 esters and provides a balanced content of N, P and K. of the first effect is governed by a valve 10 which is Alternatively it is a mixture of inorganic water- controlled by the automatic device 8 which is respon- soluble salts having fertilizer values with water-soluble sive to the juice flow through meter 7 and the steam (Ca) salts of sucrose phosphate (complexed with a pressure so as to maintain a proper relationship nutritionally-valuable trace metal) and a non-caking between steam and juice. diluent.

* * * 20 21 2 2 23 f Free-flowing fondant-

I type brown sugar. M. I D. MILLER, M. COHEN I and C. P. GRAHAM, I assrs. AMERICAN SUG- I AR COMPANY, of New I York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1 3,365,331. 6th July 1 1964; 23rd January 1 1968.-A sugar syrup

containing >15% by weight of non-sucrose solids (invert, corn syrup, potato syrup, dextrose, maltose, lac- tose, blackstrap molasses, melassigenic compounds) is concen-

CRYSTALLIZER trated at a temperature of 120-130°C to about

CONTROL LINE ------ 91-97% solids by STEAM LINE - - - LlOUlD LINE-

weight, the concentrated syrup subjected to

The higher-density juice from the evaporator 6 impact beating within a crystallizing zone during passes through a concentration-sensing controller 11 which it is subjected to a forced gas (air) flow sufficient and is mixed with the thick juice from effect 4 before to prevent increase in the temperature of the syrup passing through the concentration-sensing controller (9-20 c.f.m. per lb of sugar per min). The gas flow 13. The latter is connected with the motor of a valve also carries off any water vapour produced and in a ' ~ 4 which controls flow to evaporator 6 of vapour retention time within the zone of 10-60 sec produces from the pan-5 whi..i,is maintained constant by a granular sugar product comprising aggregates of controller 15 which governs vent valve 15'. A similar fondant-size sucrose crystals having a size of 3-50 controller 16 maintains a constant<-!apour pressure in microns and less than 2.5% moisture. This product effect 4 from which vapour can be disctirged to the may then be cooled and dried further to steam side of evaporator 6. The controller 18 governs moisture.

29

Polishing filter. Stella-Meta Filters Ltd., Laverstoke ~ ~ ~ F * ~ ~ ~ T ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ u L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~o~~fJ,tk~~ Mill, Whitchurch, Hants., England. ~okvo . Jaoan. , . .

The Type 123 industrial tube filter, for use as a A manual of operating instructions is available from the polishing or trap filter, is a horizontal tubular pressure manufacturers of the CM-IDB electrolytic conductivity meter vessel containing a number of perforated filter tubes as used at Pingtung sugar factory in ~a iwan .

of 3 in dia. x 36 in long held in a plate. Flat sheets 1 . 1

of filter paper rolled into cylindrical shape and inserted $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T $ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L ; r d ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ I I T f i E gjt/: through the open end of each tube act as filtering Warley, WOICS., England.

media. The plate holding the tubes seals the filtrate from the untreated liquid. The liquid is fed in through the plate and passes from inside to outside the tubes, leaving at the other end of the filter chamber. The filter is designed for a normal working pressure of 70 p.s.i.g. Sizes range from 2.4 to 88.8 sq.ft. filter surface.

* * * Magnesium oxide. Basic Chemicals, 845 Hanna

Building, Cleveland, Ohio, 441 15 U.S.A. Basic Chemicals have developed a new 90% purity

grade of magnesium oxide for cane juice neutralization and clarification. Named "Magox Sugar Grade", it replaces the dearer, slightly higher purity MgO sold under the name "Magox HG Grade", although the latter is still available. "Magox Sugar Grade" has about 1.8 times the neutralizing power of high quality hydrated lime and maintains high evaporation rates while inhibiting scale formation. * * *

PUBLICATION RECEIVED THE PRINCIPLES OF THE DDS MILLING-DIFFUSION. A.S De Danske Sukkerfabr~kker. Langcbrogade 5. Copenhagen

Denmark. This new booklet describes the DDS cane diffuser, its

theoretical background, and five years' operational results. Extraction is effected at natural cane pH in less than 30 minutes at temperatures below 70°C. Factory experiments comparing conventional milling with the DDS milling-diffusion system are reported.

This is the title of a brochure describing the principal properties and advantages of stainless steel, particularly the heat transfer characteristics. Details are given of the size ranges for helically and for longitudinally welded tube and typical cleaning procedures for stainless steel are described.

* * * BAGASSE UTILIZATION. J. F. Werz jr. KG, 7141 Ober- stenfeld bei Stuttgart, Germany.

"Information '67" is the title of a brochure which contains information on bagasse and its utilization and particularly the "Werzalit" process of bagasse treatment for manufacture of boarding and moulded products.

* * I

CANE SUGAR MACHINERY. Taiwan Machinery Manu- facturing Corp., Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

A 20-page booklet gives details of the wide range of cane machinery manufactured from the company's own designs or made under licence.

* * * Cme harvesters and loaders.--Cane harvesters and loaders

manufactured by Toft Bros., of Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia, are now being sold exclusively by the International Harvester Co. of Australia. A new self-propelled chopper harvester, the Toft CH200, has a newly designed topper which allows the cane tops to be thrown to left or right, and an adjustment with a height range of 2-14ft for billet lengths.

* * * BMA to redesign US beet;sugar:faetory.-BMA has received

an order from New York Sugar Industries Inc. for the complete re-designing of a beet sugar factory erecte8 in 1964 but which until now has not given satisfactory performance results. Amongst new equipment to be installed is a high- velocity BMA-Zsigmond evaporation system. The factory will also be equipped for the refining of 700 tons of raw sugar per day during the inter-campaign period.

* * * UK filter fabric company.-Porritts & Spencer Ltd. has

merged with Scapa Group Ltd. to form a new company. P. & S. Textiles Ltd., which will manufacture filter fabrics of all kinds as well as a range of miscellaneous industrial textiles.

* * * Philippines sugar factory order.-Soc. Fives Lille-Cail has

received an order for the supply of a complete cane sugar factory with a daily capacity cf 3000 t.c.d. expandible to 6000 t.c.d. to be provided on a turn-key basis. The factory is to produce export raw sugar and will be located OC the shore of the Bay of Tolong in Eastern Negros. The contract, worth about 100 million francs, includes construction of an overhead conveyor about 2 km long to link the factory to a bulk storage and despatch centre for molasses and sugar products.

US sugar supply quota 1969

Proposed quotas (short tons, raw value)

Doinestic Beet ........................ 3,120,333 Mainland Cane ...................... 1,134,667 Hawaii .............................. 1,200,000 Puerto Rico .......................... 1,140,000 Virgin Islands ........................ 15,000 Philippines .......................... 1,126,020 Argentina ............................ 54,636 Australia ............................ 189,745 Bahamas ............................ 10,000 Bolivia .............................. 5,287 Brazil .............................. 444,138 British Honduras .................... 11,630 British West Indies .................... 159,639 Colombia ............................ 46,999 Costa Rica .......................... 52,286 Dominican Republic .................. 444.1 38 Ecuador ............................ 64,624 Fiji .................... .. ......... 41,638 French West Indies .................. 50,218 Guatemala .......................... 44,062 Haiti ............................... 24,674 Honduias ............................ 5,287 India ................................ 75,898 Ireland .............................. 5,35 1 Malagasy .......................... 8,960 Mauritius ............................ 17,394 Mexico ............................ 454,126 Nicaragua .......................... 52,286 Panama ............................ 32,899 Peru ................................ 354,253 Salvador ............................ 32,312 SouthAfrica .......................... 55,869 Swaziland .......................... 6,852 Taiwan ............................ 79,060 Thailand ............................ 17,394 Venezuela .......................... 22,325

IO,aoo,000

Container bins for cane transport1.-At Mossman Mill an aperimental system of transport is being used for cane, which is brought to the mill in large bins measuring 20 ft long by 8 ft wide by 6 ft deep and holding between 9 and 10 tons of cane. The bins ;)re carried on a trailer beside the chopper-harvester which fills it; the loaded bin is then carried to a stand of the same height as the. trailer and moved hydraulically onto this, while an empty bin is loaded onto the trailer in its place. A road tnnsport semi-trailer is loaded with two bins and carries them to the mill where they are end-tipped to deliver the cane to the carrier. Alternatively, bundles of whole-stalk cane are loaded into the bin by a field crane and th: loaded bin taken to the mill and left on stands: at intervals a tip truck draws the full bin onto itself hydraulically and, after passing over the weigh- bridge, tips the cane onto the carrier.

* * * USSR beet produetion.-A total of 79.2 million metric tons

of W t s was harvested in the USSR for the 1968169 crop, compared with a planned figure of 69 million tonsx. This figure compares with 86,800,000 tons in 1967, since there has been a 167 ,Wha reduction in the 1968 beet area compared with 1967, although this has been mainly in those regions un- favourable for beet cultivation. On the other hand, the planting density was raised by an average of 3000 plantslha.

* * * UK sugar surcharge.-In view of the rise in the world price

of raw sugac on the London Market following the reaching of an International Sugar Agreements, the UK Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food reduced the Sugar Board surcharge from 4d per lb (37s 4d per cwt) to 34d per Ib (32s 8d per cwt) from the 30th October and to 3d per Ib (28s Od per . +' from the ?:'*h .November.

Production costs for sugar.-In a letter to The Times of 4th December 1968, Mr. F. G. STURROCK, Director, Farm Econ- omics Branch, University of Cambridge, referred to a le~der on 28th November which "may give the impression that sugar from sugar beet is always more expensive to produce than from sugar cane. This is no longer true. As a member of the Sugar Industry Enquiry Commission in Jamaica, the present writer (Mr. STURROCK) was able to compare costs in Jamaica and England. Very briefly, the conclusions are these. In 1954 cane cost £23 and beet £42 a ton of sugar to grow and deliver to the factory. With mechanization and higher yields in England thq,gap has closed and, by 1965, both cost approximately f36.

* * * Jamaican sugar factory closures.-It has been reported' that

another Jamaican sugar factory is to be closed down soon, namely the Serge Island Factory near Morant Bay, operated by Seaforth Sugar and Rums Ltd. of St. Thomas. Serge Island, which manufactured 11,500 tons of sugar in 1967, would be the third factory to shut down recently; the others were Barnett Factory in Montego Bay and Caymanas Factory near Spanish Town. The Jamaican and Serge Island cane farmers' associ- ations are reported6 to be making arrangements, possibly with the aid of borrowed US capital, for continuing operation of the factory and to be asking for Government intervention in view of the importance of the factory's operation to the local population.

* * * Argentina m p limitation6.-The Argentine Government has

fixed a maximum limit of 800,000 tons for production of sugar in 1969. This quantity is unchanged from that established for the current year. The price which will be paid to growers for cane this year has been fixed at 2100 pesos per ton, basis 12% sugar content.

* * * India cane sugar factory7.-The cooperative sugar factory

set up at Kesoraipatan in Bundi District, at a cost of Rs. 21,800,000, will start production in February 1969. It is reported that the mill will have a crushing capacity of 1250 metric tonslday.

* * * Polish sugar factorys.-A new sugar factory is to be built

in the Bialystok region of East Poland in 1969. It will be located at Lapy, in the centre of a district in which have been harvested recently crops of 28 tons of beets per hectare. The factory is to be one of the largest in Poland.

* * * Sugar symposium.-It is proposed to hold a three-day

symposium at Queen Elizabeth College, University of London, in September 1969 on sucrose--chemical, biological and nutritional aspects. Those who wish to be kept informed of the detailed arrangements should write to one of the following: Professor LESLIE HOUGH, Chemistry Department; Professor JACK EDELMAN, Biology Department, or Professor JOHN Y~DKIN, Nutrition Department, Queen Elizabeth College, Campden Hill Road, London W.8, England.

Australian Sugar J., 1968, 60, 319-323. a Pravdo. 5th December 1968. 'See I.s.J., 1968, 70, 321.

The Express, 12th August 1968; through The Cane Farmer (Trinidad), 168.9, 204.

Daily Gleaner; through The Cane Farmer (Trinidad), 1968. 9, 205-6.

a C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar Review, 1968, (893), 217. Indian Sugar, 1968, 18,235.

6 F. 0. Licht, International Sufar Rpt., 1968, 100, (28), 7.

C. W. Murray Award, 1968.-On the 23rd October, at a ceremony in th: London Office of Fletcher and Stewart Ltd., Mr. S. P. BAHL, Commercial Attach6 in the office of the High Commissioner for India in London, accepted a silver sugar shaker on behalf of Mr. B. L. MITTAL, winner of the C. W. Murray Award for 1968'. The shaker is to serve as a permanent token of the Award, in addition to the monetary prize gained by Mr. MITTAL. The photograph shows Mr. BAHL (second from left) with three judges (1 to r ) : Mr. W. 9. BOAST, Mr. R. R. FOLLET-SMITH and Mr. C. R. D. SHANNON.

The EEC and the International Sugar Agreement.-It is reported by Reuter that the Dutch Lower House has called on the Government of Holland to urge in the EEC Ministerial Council for the earliest possible Common Market participation in the International Sugar Agreement'. The resolution- passed almost unanimously-said that non-participation of the Community in the sugar agreement was disappointing. The fact that the Common Market desired an export quota of 1,200,000 tons (while the former UNCTAD Secretary-General Dr. RAUL PREBISCH, favoured 300,000 tons) is in conflict with a responsible developtnent policy, the resolution said.

* * * Cuban harvest start5.-The 1969 Cuban cane harvest started

on the 4th November, the earliest ever. Six mills in Oriente Province were in operation by the 23rd November and Cuban urban workers were being mobilized to help with cane cutting.

* * * US sugar quotas, 19684.-0n the 27th November the US

Dept. of Agriculture announced deficits totalling 6913 short tons, raw value, against several countries' 1968 quotas (Bolivia 258 tons, French West Indies 226 tons, Haiti 6058 tons and Panama 371 tons). This quantity was reallocated among eligible Western Hemisphere suppliers, as follows: Argentina 168 tons, Brazil 1365 tons, British Honduras 35 tons, British West Indies 480 tons, Colombia 144 tons, Costa Rica 161 tons, Dominican Republic 1557 tons, Ec'lador 199 tons, Guatemala 136 tons, Honduras 16 tons, Mexico 1395 tons, Peru 1088 tons, Salvador 100 tons and Venezuela 69 tons.

* * * Turkey su:aT beet crop re3triction6.-In 1968 the beet crop

exceeded 4 million tons and it is expected that sugar production will be about 709,003 tons. As domastic consumption is hardly more than 400,000 tons, theTurkish Government has announced its intention of provisionally reducing the beet area and growing other crops.

.,-.. Czechoslovakia . . . . 19,305 0 10,179 Indonesia . . . . . . . . 0 0 10,490 Poland . .. .. . .. . . . . 10,160 61.582 49,510 Rumania . . . . . . . . . . 0 20,906 0 SouthAfrica . . . . . . . . 10,160 0 0 Taiwan .. . . . . . . . . 10,160 61,420 0 Thailand . . . . . . . . 0 0 9,812 UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1,198 USSR ............ 87,685 35,662 49,458 Yugoslavia ........ 29,465 0 0

- - Total, tel quel . . . . 228,914 240,048 162,928 Total, raw value . . 248,820 260,923 176,890

- --- --

Cane sugar refining research.-The 1968 Technical Session of the Cane Sugar Refining Research Project Inc. was held during the 30th September-1st October 1968 in San Francisco, Calif., USA. It was attended by 100 sugar chemists, including representatives of Australia, Canada, the UK and USA. Papers included "Regeneration of adsorbents-'Synthad' and bone char" by G. W. MULLER, "Refining cane sugar syrups by ion exchange resins" by R. KUNIN, "Pittsburgh type 'Cane- CAL' in moving beds at Emiliano Zapata" by F. M. WILLIAMS, "The porosity of activated carbon and its relation to cane sugar refining" by J. T. TRUEMPER, "Review of sugar oriented ion exchange processes" by J. F. ZIEVERS and C. J. NOVOTNY, "Laboratory evaluation of ion exchange resins for sugar processing" by R. M o ~ o z and J. P. SULLIVAN, "Quick starch method of analysis on raw sugars" by D. F. CHARLES, "Separa- tion of colorants" by L. FARBER, E. J. MCDONALD and F. G. CARPENTER, "Methods for separating sugar colorants" by N. H. SMITH, "Isolation and properties of sugar colorants'' by K. J. PARKER and J. C. WILLIAMS. and "Suear dust exvlosion variables" by R. E. EDWARDS. A symposi;m on raw sugar quality standards was moderated by E. J. CULP, with panellists J. A. HARRISON, P. PETRE and W. R. Tuso~ . A volume of Proceedings of the Session will be published in due course; requests for further information should be addressed to Dr. F. G. CARPENTER, P.O. BOX 19687, New Orleans, La., 70119 11SA .. * * *

East German power plant for Cuba7.-East Germany is to supply power plant including four turbo-sets of 12 megawatts total capacity, eight steam generators producing a total of 360 tons of steam per day, a water treatment plant, electrical equipment and ancillary unlts to Central Urbano Noris (formerly San GermBn) in Cuba, as part of the expansion plans to increase its capacity to 16,100 t.c.d., the largest in Cuba. East Germany is supplying a total of 42 turbo-sets, producing 94 MW, and 33 boilers generating a total of 2100 tons of steam per hour for reconstfuction of the Cuban sugar industry * *

New sugar factory for SpainS.-A new sugar factory is to go into operation shortly at Gualdacin, near Jerez de la Frontera. It will slice 4000 tons of beet per day, producing 600 tons of sugar and 250 tons of pu!p d?ly.

7 . " Jamaica sugar crop, 196SB.-The final production of 1963

crop sugar amounted to 455,783 tons, some 464 tons less than was produced in the 1967 crop. The average cane:sucrose ratio for the crop was 9.84 tons per ton.

~~

I See I.S.J., 1968, 70, 383; 1969, 71, 9-16. The Times, 6th December 1968. Public Ledger, 23rd November 1968. C. Czarnikow Ltd.. Suanr Review. 1963. (894). '220.

"genre ~rance-~rr&e, f2th 0ctobdr 1968.' '

Z.S.C. Stat. Bull., 1968, 27, (8/9), 25. ' Die Lebntsrnitrelind.. 1968, 15, 362. Zeitsch. Zurkerin(1.. 1968, 93. 564. Barclays Overseas Reb'iew, Novemarr 1068, 63.

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f Two simultaneousbut separate actions ensure efficient partlcle sieving. A circular movement travels in a clockwised~rectionso thatthe material passesoverthe sieve apertures and a vertical movement clears the apertures.

The MARK II has an adjustable time switch which can be set between 0-60 minutes.

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PAGE

AEI Turbine-Generators Ltd. .. . . . . . . . . n Associated Perforators & Weavers Lid. . . . . . . xxiii

Eellingham & Stanley Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi

PAGE

Kenite Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1!! Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII Brasil-A~careiro - . . . . . . . . . . Thomas Broadbent & sonsS ~ t d : . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ r i ~ sales corporation ~ ~ d . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . ix A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . ikide Front Cover

AIS De danske Sukkerfabrikker . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Extraction De Smet S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xn

Ferguson Perforating &Wire Co. Inc. . . . . . . . . Fisons International Division Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . Soc. Fives Lille-Cail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Fletcher & Stewart Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Phoenix Precision Instrument Co. . . . . . . . . . . xxv Protos Engineering Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . IV

Servo-Balans N.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi A. & W. Smith & ~o. ' i td. . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX, South African Sugar Journal . . . . . . . . XXI Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd. .. ~utsihk ~ k k Cover Sugar News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Thorn-Bendix Ltd. . . . . . . xi!! S. A. Towlidi Ghand ~hirvin & 'Ghkcha* . . . . . . XXII

. . . . . . . . . . . . Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co. . . . . . . . . ,iii I Western States Machine Co. ii, iii

Hodag Chemical Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . x . . . . . . . . . . Zeitschrift fur die Zuckerindustrie xxii

FOR BUYERS' GUIDE SEE THIS ISSUE pp. uvii-xliv

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UGAR Factory of Shirvan & Ghoochan, located in S Shirvan-Khorasan, Iran, is in need of an Engineer Chemist capable in sugar technology. Applicants should send their applications with their record of services to the following address: S.A. Towlidi Ghand Shirvan & Ghoochan, Ave. Sepahbodi Zahedi No. 102, Tehran, Iran.

BOUND VOLUMES of the I.S.J. for 1968, will be available shortly. Those for 1967, 1966 and certain previous years are available immediately. Costs are :

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For the last 90 years the ZEITSCHRIFT ~ i i ~ DIE ZUCKERINDUSTRIE (formerly Die Deutsche Zuckerindustrie) has been the authoritative German periodical for sugar technology and sugar economics. Each issue contains several original scientific and practical articles written by expert authors. At the end of each article is given a detailed summary in English and French. In addition, reports on the technical progress of sugar throughout the world and statistical data of world sugar economy are regularly published.

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ASSISTANT MANAGER SUGAR SALES DIVISION

Due t o continued expansion, the Company, which is one o f the world's leading manufacturers o f sugar centrifugals, wishes t o augment its sales team so that personal contact wi th the many sugar producing areas can be increased.

The new post of Assistant Manager, Sugar Sales Division, is therefore t o be created, and we are seeking an engineer who already has a sound first-hand knowledge o f the sugar industry and its equipment, and some experience o f management. The appointment wil l be filled by a man who already has commercial experience and is accus- tomed t o negotiating contracts wi th senior engineers and management in the industry.

It is expected that the successful applicant is un- likely t o be less than 27 years old, but for a man o f real ability who enjoys some world-wide travelling and likes the industry we serve, there wil l be good prospects.

Starting salary wil l depend on the successful applicant's experience and proven ability, but will also be commensurate wi th the importance we attach t o the calibre o f man we need for him t o have the potential for later promotion.

The Company has a Life Assurance and Pension Scheme, and would be willing toassist wi th removal expenses.

Please write, wi th full details of education, quali- fications and experience to:-

The Secretary,

T H O M A S BROADBENTg& SONS, LIMITED Central Ironworks,

Huddersfield, England.

NO CLOGGING NO DELAYS with apw filter linings! APW perforated l in ings have been special ly designed t o meet t h e needs of modern sugar p roduc t ion g iv ing close, accurate a n d q u i c k f i l trat ion.

+ Available in brass, heavy-gauge copper, nickel and stainless steel.

+ Conical slots or holes prevent clogging, reduce production stoppage time.

::: All durably constructed to withstand heavy strain and guarantee a consistent product.

::: Additional supporting or backing sheets available for exceptionally heavy-duty work in sheet or woven wire.

Send now for our illustrated catalogue describing APW products for the sugar industry.

aPw ASSOCIATED PERFORATORS AND WEAVERS LIMITED Head Office and Perforating Division Woolwich Road, London, S.E.7. Telephone: 01-858 6401

I

xxiv

THRO' THE MILL-ON PENNINE CHAIN

Carrying buckets Pennlne make two chains suitable for bucket elevator service. The popular and widely used No. 88 Ewart-type detach- able choin for normal service is easily assembled and uncoupled because of its hook construction. This choin must be run with the sprocket against the closed side of the hook. A stranger choin also recommended for this work is Pennine combination Chain- a combination of malleable iron centre- links and high-carbon steel side-bars. Both these chains require K1 or K2 links spaced at intervals for elevator bucket attachment.

Sugar production runs smoother on

Pennine chain Telephone Leeds: 638755

I *The Spier Photmluli u n b L r r i b e d in BUCKER, 15 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / P H O E N I X SPHERE PHOTOMElER September 1965, Nuntbcr 18. MODEL BSPlOO I

P H O E N I X P R E C I S I O N I N S T R U M E N T C O * A Subsidiary of c 1 1 [ fl INSTRUMENTS CORP. 0

380345 N. FlFlH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19140 PHONE: 215.228.7417 CABLE: "PPICO''

and FERGUSON epetkdigea i* p u d e t b ~ . Whether you require a fine or a coarse screen, Ferguson has the perforated metal and wire cloth best suited for the job. Whatever your filtering needs may be, FERGUSON can supply you with Centrifugal Screens and Backing Wires up to 42" wide without seams and Stainless Mud Filter Screens from stock.

134-1 49 Ernest Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02905 U.S.A.

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOG U/

R.23 Pan Refractometer The pan refractometer is designed for direct installation on the evaporator pan, and gives continuous indication o f the sugar strength. The instrument is robust and requires no skill i n operation. The calibration is directly i n terms o f sugar percent and reads t o 1% over the range o f 0-90% o r 10-95% according t o requirements. Readings may be corrected t o 20°C o r any other temperature by off-setting the scale a predetermined amount. Standard flange material is gunmetal, stainless steel can be supplied t o special order.

For further details of the instrument, write to Dept.1.

1

SOLE DISTRIBUTORS IN U.K. OF SCHOTT INTERFERENCE FILTERS

1.S.J. BINDING CASES

~ i x d in an lnrtant Price: 25s. Od. or U.S. $9.50

Practical and Durable per annual binding (plus postage)

Blnd your loore Issuer of the I.S.1. month by month as received. In thlr cue thay will open fiat to any page. Maroon coven, gold Ietterlng "international Sugar journal" and the year if darlrd.

P l u u r t e b In your order whether the year 11 +o be included.

THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL, LTD. 23a, Easton Street, High Vvycombe, Bucks., England. I

-- I

Certain of the classifications have sub-headings for individual types of equipmen~. Specralra makers appear under these sub-headings, while inclusion of manufacturers under the general headings in'plicz that they supply all or most of the

lypen of equipment described by the suh-headings. -

AcalmnhtoYs, Hydraulic. Edwards Engineering Corp. Soc. Fives LilleCail. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd.

Anti-foam agents. Hodag Chemical Corporation. Sch~ll& Seilacher Chemische Fabrik.

Beet flume equipment. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Dreibholz & Floering Ltd.

Beet mechanical discharging and storage equipment. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Silver Engineering Works Inc.

Asbestos products. Cape Insulation Ltd. General Refractories Ltd.

Accumulators, Steam. see Steam Accumulators.

Activated carbon. Atlas Chemical Industlies Inc. Atlas Chemical Industries SA. Atlas Chemical Industries, Canada,

Ltd. Atlas Chemical Interamerica Inc. Farnell Carbons. Honeywill-Atlas Ltd. Lurgi Gesellschaft fur Warme- und

Chemotechnik m.b:H. Norit Sales Corporatlon Ltd. Pittsburgh Activated Carbon

Company.

Automatic beet laboratories. Instrumentenfabriek Venema.

Beet pulp presses. BMA Braunschweigische Maachin-

enbauanstalt. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G. AB. Landsverk. Etablissements F. Moret. Rose, Downs & Thompson Ltd. Stord Bartz Industri A/S.

Automatic saccbarimeters and wlari- meters. Schmidt $ Haensch. Thorn Bendix Ltd. Carl Zeiss.

Automatic tare moms. Instrumentenfabriek Venema. Beet sampling equipment.

Cocksedge br Co. Ltd. Air dateha.

Farrel Corporation. Bag, see Sack. Beet seed. A/S De Danske Sukkerfabrikker.

Air eomprtawrs. Peter Brotherhood Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Cotton Bros. (Longron) Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Krupp Stahlexport G.m.h.H. Nash International Company. Worthington Corporat~on.

Bagasse analysis apparatus. A. H. Korthof N.V. Beet seed rubbing macbiies.

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd.

Baeasse baling oresses. Beet slicers. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Dreibholz & Floering Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cad. H. Putsch & Comp.

- - Aoniron. Shirtliff Bros. Ltd. Thibodaux Boiler Works Ioc.

Air compresDors, Od-free. Peter Brotherhood Ltd. Bagasse depitbiig equipment.

Gmendler Crusher & Pul~eriim Company.

Beet tail utilization plant. H. Putsch & Comp.

Air mditioaing equipment. A.B. Snnska Fliktfabriken. Bagasse furnaces.

Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. Honiron. S.E.U.M.

&a tare house equipmeat. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Dreibholz & Floering Ltd. Ingeniorsfirman Nils Weibull AB.

Air coolers. E. Green & Son Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. A.B. Svenska Fliktfabriken. Bagasse preparation equipment for

particle board manulacme. Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co. Silver Engineering Works Ltd.

Beet nssbiag plant. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Silvpr Engineering Works Inc.

Air 81tm. Norit Sales Corooration Ltd. -~ - -

~imon-~arron ~ d . A.B. Svenska Fliktfabriken. Bagasse presses.

Silver Engineering Works Inc. Beet water-jet unloading equipment.

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Dreibholz & Floering Ltd.

Air heaters. Fluostatic Ltd. E. Green & Son Ltd. A.B. Svenska Fliktfabriken. Yarrow Br Co. Ltd.

Bagasse utilization plant for manufacture of cellulose, paper pulp, particle board, etc. Cellulose Develooment Corooration Belting, Conveyor & elevator.

see Conveyor belting. Ltd. Simon Handling Engineers Ltd.

Air-operated portable stitchers. Thamec Packaging Equipment Co. Beel dimmers, Continuom.

.Babcock Atlantique. E'IA Braunschweigischc Maschin-

Blending machines. Arenco-Alite Ltd.

Boiler water treatment. Dorr-Oliver Inc. Eimco (Great Britain) Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Alcohol plant. t

A.P.V. Co. Ltd. BMA Bra7mschweigiseht MI+

enbauanstalt. JohnJDore & Co. Ltd. Sir. Fives Lille-Cail. T. Giudi & Son-Ltd. S.P.E.I. Chim.

enbauanstalt. A. F. Cra:g & Co. Ltd. A/S De Danske Sukkerfabrikker. Ex!raction DL Smet S.A. So.. Fivm LiUe-Cail. Flr-tcher and Stew-ct Ltci. Siiver Enei- .. Vorks Inc. Boilers, Shell.

Marshall, Sons & Co. Ltd.

Boilers, Water tobe. Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) t td. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Escher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives Liile-Cail. Foster W eeler John Brown Boilers

Ltd. Marshall, Sons & Co. Ltd. Murray Iron Works Company. S.E.U.M. Simon-Carves Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) Yarrow & Co. Ltd.

Bwe Char. British Charcoals & Macdonalds Ltd. see also Char.

Brushes. Flexotube (Liverpool) Ltd. The Kleen-e-ze Bmsh CO. Ltd.

Blllk handling. see Conveyors and Elevaton, erc.

Bdk storage hoppers. Babcock Atlantique. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Fletcher & Stewart Ltd. T. Giusti & Son Ltd. Spencer (Melksham) Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. Welding Technical Service8 Ltd.

Bulk sugar containers, Tramportable. Robert Hudson (Raletrux) Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd.

Bmker discharge equi eat. Buhler Brothers ~ t r Henry Simon Ltd. The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales)

Ltd.

Burners, Sulphur. see Sulphur furnaces, Continuous.

Calciners, Fluidized bed. Fluostatic Ltd

Caw ear tippers. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Honiron. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd.

Cane cars and Ma. Honiron. Robert Hudson (Raletm) Ltd. Kingston lndustr~al Works Ltd. Kmpp Stahlexport G.m.b.H. Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V. The Thomson Machinery Co. Inc.

cane carts. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V. The Thomson Machinery Co. Inc.

Cane conveyor drives. Edwards Engineering Corp.

h e dtivatiw egmtpmeat. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd. The Thomson Machinery Co. hc.

Caw diffmem, Continuous. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Buckau Wolf New India E n h e e r i n ~ - -

Works Ltd. A/S De Danske Sukkerfabrikker. Extraction De Smet S.A. Soc. Fives L~lle-Cad. Silver Engineering Works Inc.

h e grapples. Honiron. Joseph Westwood & Co. Ltd.

Cane hanestus. Honiron. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd. The Thomson Machinery Co. Inc.

Cane loaders. Honiron. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd. The Thomson Machinery Co. Inc.

Cane malurity testers. A. H. Korthof N.V.

Cane planters. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd.

Cmne preparation equipment for diffusion.

Gruendler C ~ s h e r & Pulverizer Co. Silver Engineering Works Inc. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Cane shredders. see Shredders.

Cane trash shredders, Gmendler Crusher & Pulveriza Co.

Caw washing tables. Honiron. The Thomson Machinery Co. Inc.

Carbon, Deeoloriziig. Atlas Chemical Industnes Inc. Atlas Chemical Industries S.A. At!yJChemical Industries, Canada, LEO.

Atlas Chemical Interamerica Inc. C.E.C.A. FmeU Carbons. Honeywi!l-Atlas Ltd. Lurgi Gesellschaft fur WBrme- und

Chemotechnik m.h.H. Nor11 Saks Corporation Ltd. Pittsburgh Activated Carbon

Company. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

CO. Ltd. , Carbon deeolorizing equipment.

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Nor~t Sales Corporation Ltd.

Carbon decolorizing systems. Norit Sales Corporation Ltd.

Carbon reactivation. Norit Sales Corporation Ltd.

cubonatation eqaipmeat. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweinische M& - -

enbauanstalt. Buckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Divis~on. Soc. F~ves Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. - -

Neyrpic. H. Putsch & Comp. Salzgltter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Sm~th & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspwr (V.M.F.)

Castings. Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. E. Green & Son Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Castings, Non-ferrous. Blundell & Crompton Ltd.

Cement, Sugar resistant. Lafarge Aluminous Cement Co. Ltd.

Centrifugal backings. Ferguson Perforating 8 Wire Co. Fontaine & Co. G.m.b.H. Krieg & Zivy Industries. Charles Mundt & Sons. The Westein States Machine Ca.

Centrif~@ clarifiers. Alfa-laval AB. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division.

Centrifugal motors. The Western States Machine Co.

Centrifugal screens. Balco Filtertechnik G.m.b.H. BMA Braunschweigische Maxhin-

enbauanstalt. Cotton Bros. (Longton) Ltd. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Ferguson Perforating & Wic C4. Fontaine & Co. C3.m.b.H. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G. Krieg & Zivy Industnes. Charles Mundt & Sons. Silver Engineering Works Inc. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. The Western States Machine Co.

Cmhi(ugals and accessories. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. Buckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Escher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives LilleCail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutchoffnungshiitte gterkrade A.G. Heh, Lehmann & Co. A.G. Honiron. AB. hndsverk. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. The Weaern Stat- Machine Co.

a&&igls, coatinnm. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. Buckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. ?,Don-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Escher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Silver Engineering Works Inc. Western States Machine Co.

Catrifugals-Fully automatic bat& type.

BMA Braunschweigische Maschin- enbauanstalt.

Thomas Broadbent & Sons Lid. Escher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cad. AD. Landsverk. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. The Western States Machine Co.

CeatrifugalsSemi-automatic batch- type.


Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. Buckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. Escher Wyss Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. The Western States Machine Co.

Chain cane slings. Wheway-Watson Ltd.

Chains. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Renold Limited. Wheway-Watson Ltd.

Chu revivifying plants. Stein Atkinson Stordy Ltd.

A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. BMA Brauuschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. John Dore & Co. Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. T. Giusti & Son Ltd. Simon-Carves Chemical Engineering

Ltd. S.P.E.I. Chim. Welding Technical Services Ltd,

Cbemieals. Fabcon Inc. IIodag Chemical Corporation. Schill & Seilacher Chemische Fabrik. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd.

ClariBers. Alfa-Laval AB. BMA Braunschweieische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. The Eimco Corporation. Eimco (Great Britain) Ltd. Eimco Industriale S.p.A. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Honiron. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. H. Putsch & Como. Salzgitter ~ a s c h i ~ n A.G. Simonacco Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Clarifiers, Tray-type. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. The Eimco Corporation.

Collapsible containers for transporting sugar.

The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd.

Calorimeters. Phoenix Precision Instrument Co. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Condensers, Water jet ejector. Silver Engineering Works Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.1.

Condensing plant, Barometric. Honiron. Silver Engineering Works Ltd.

Continuous belt weighing machines. Adequate Weighers Ltd. Ashworth Ross & Co. Ltd.

Control switchgear-limit switches, centrifugal switches, emergency hip gear, etc.

Honeywell Controls Ltd.

Conveyor belt rotary brushes. The Kleen-e-ze Brush Co. L t d

Conveyor belting. Scandura Ltd.

Conveyor belting, Wire. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd.

Conveyor chains. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Renold Limited. Henry Simon Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Wheway-Watson Ltd.

Conveyor idler rollers and pulleys. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. New Conveyor Co. Ltd.

xxix

Conveyon and elevators. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. Cockscdge & Co. Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. The Eimco Corporation. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works L t d Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Spencer (Melksham) Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) Ingeniorsfirman Nils Weibull AB.

Apron conveyors. FEtablissements F. Moret.

New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Belt and bucket elevators.

Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. Simon-Barron Ltd.

Belt conveyors. Aldersicv Engineers Ltd. Crone $ Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. New Conveyor Co. Ltd.

Bucket elevalors. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. Simon-Barron Ltd.

Chain and bucket elevators. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Simon-Barron Ltd.

C h i n conveyors. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd.

Feeder conveyors. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. see also Sugar throwers and

trimmers. Grasshopper conveyors.

Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd.

Pneumatic conveyors. Buhler Brothers Ltd.

G.m.b.H. Collectron (Sales) Ltd. New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd.

Scraper convevors. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. New Conveyor Co. Ltd.

Screw conveyors. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. New Conveyor Co. Ltd. Simon-Barron Ltd. The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales)

Ltd. Vibratory convej,ors.

Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. Simon-Barron Ltd. The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales)

Ltd.

Canvevors and elevators. Mobile. ~ l d e r s l e ~ Engineers ~ t d . Buhler Brothers Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Mavor & Coulson Ltd. Salzeitter Maschinen A.G. ~ i m & Handling Engineers Ltd.

Coolers, Fluidized bed. Fluostatic Ltd.

Coolers. Sugar. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Buell Ltd. Fletcher and Stewan Ltd. Manlove Alliott & Co. Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Standard Steel Corporation. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Coolers, Water. Film Cooling Towers (1925) Ltd. Metal Propellers Ltd.

Cranes. Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. Butters Cranes Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. John M. Henderson & Co. Ltd. Robert Hudson (Raletrux) Ltd. 0 . & K. Export- und Handelsgesell-

schaft m.b.H. Priestman Bros. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Wheway-Watson Ltd.

Crvstallization aids. ~ a b c o n Inc. Hodag Chemical Corporation.

Crystallizers. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. A. F. Craie & Co. Ltd. ~orr -o l ive ; Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Standard Steel Corporation. Stork-Werkspoor (\'.M.F.).

Cnbe-making machimew. Goka N.V. Machine Works. Standard Steel Cornoration.

Cnbe sugar moulding, ranging and packeting plant.

Fr. Hesser Miischinenfabrik A.G. Standard Steel Corporation.

Cube wrappiig machines. Fr. Hesser Marchinenfabrik A.G. SAPAL.

Deaerators. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. Parkson Industrial Equipment Co.

Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd.

Decolorizing plants. Atlas Chemical Industries Inc. Atlas Chemical Industries S.A. Atlas Chemical Industries, Canada,

Ltd. Atlas Chemical Interamerica Inc. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Honcywill-Atlas Ltd. IMACTI. Norit Sales Corporation Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Pittsburgh Activated Carbon

Company. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Decolorizing resins. Diamond Shamrock Chemical C o ,

Resinous Products Division. IMACTI. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G. Rohm and Haas Company.

Deliming plants. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Division. IMACTI. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Demineralization plants. BMA Braunrchweigische Maschin-

enhauanstalt. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar ?Division.

The E~mco Corporation. IMACTI. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Diatomaceous earth, see Filter-aid$.

Diesel alternator sets. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Distillery plant, see Alcohol pla.,:

Drives. see also Cane conveyor drives,

Flexible drives, Knives, Milling-- Drives and Shredder drives.

Dryers. BMA Draunschweiaische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. - Buell Ltd. E~cher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. Manlove Alliott & Co. Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. S.E.U.M. Richard Simon & Sons Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. S.P.E.I. Chim. Spencer (Melksham) Ltd. Standard Steel Corporation. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). A.B. Svenska Flaktfabriken.

Dryers, Fluidized bed. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fluostatic Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering . .,

LIU.

AB. Svenska Flaktfabriken.

Dust control equipment. Buell Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Collectron (Sales) Ltd. Dust Control Equipment Ltd. E. Green & Son Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd. Phoenix Precision Iustrument Co. Henry Simon Ltd. Standard Steel Corporation. A.B. Svenska Flaktfabriken. Thermix Industries Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd.

Dust sleeves and bags. John R. Carmichael Ltd. Cotto11 Bras. (Longton) Ltd. Samuel Hill .Ltd. S.A. Lainikre de Sclessin. P. & S. Tcxtiles Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd.

Economizers. E. Green & Son Ltd.

Effluent screens. F. W. Brackett & Co. Ltd.

Lfflllent treatment. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Eimco (Great Britain) Ltd. Film Cooling Towers (1925) Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. Jones & Attwood Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Simon-Hartley Ltd.

Electric motors. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Soc. Fives I. :I!--Cail. The Harland Engineering Co. Ltd.

Electric power generatow. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. General Electric Company of U.S.A. Krupp Stahlexport G.m.b.H. Murray Iron Works Company. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Electric surface heaters. Isopad Ltd.

Electronic equipment. Honeywell Controls Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. Thorn Bendix Ltd.

Engineering design asd co~~tracting services. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Silver Engineering Works Lld.

Engines, Diesel. Gwrge Cohen Machinery Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M:F.) Worthington Corporat~on.

Engines, Steam. Gwrge Cohen Machinery Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and St~wart Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

E o ~ e n t separators. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd Newell Dunford Engineering Lld. St. Mary Iron Works Inc.

Evaporator additives. Fabcon Inc. Hodag Chemical Corporation.

Evaporators and condensing plant. Alfa-Laval AB. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. A/S. De Danske Sukkerfabrikker. Escher Wyss Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkradc A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd Parkson Industrial Equipment Co.

Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzeitter Maschinen A.G. S.E.G.M. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. S.P.E.I. Chim. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Evaporator tube cleaners. see Tube cleaners.

Fans, Induced and forced draft. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.I-3. AB. Svenska Flaktfabriken.

Fertilizers. Fisons Ltd., International Division.

Filing machines. Arenco-Alite Ltd.

Filters. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. 1. V. Pressure Controllers Ltd. Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co.

Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd. S.P.E.I. Chim.

Autornaticall,~ coiitroll~dfilters. F . W. Brackctt & Co. Ltd. Chernap A.G. Schumacher'sche Fabrik. Siemens A.G., Wernerwerk fur

Messtechnik. Sparkler Manufacturing Company. Stella-Meta Filters Ltd.

Bag pressure Jilters. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd.

Cniidl~, .hlter~. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. H. Putsch & Comp. Schumacher'sche Fabrik. Stella-M-ta Filters Ltd.

Diatornite fibers. Cheniap A.G. Enzinger Division, Tlie Duriron Co.

Inc. The Mirrlccs \Valson Co. Ltd. Schurnacher'sche Fabrik. Sparkler Manufacturing Company. Stella-Meta Filters Ltd.

Filter presses. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Manlovc Alliott & Co. Ltd.

Filter rhickeners. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. H. IJ~~tscll & Comp. Schumacher'sche Fabrik.

Gravity and pressure filters. The Mirrlces Watson Co. Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd.

lron removalfilters. Brimag Ltd. Electromagnets Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Rapid Magnetic Ltd.

Leaf filters: Dorr-Ol~ver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Enzinger Division, The Duriron Co.

Inc. Ferguson Perforating & Wire Co. The Mirrlccs Watson Co. Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co: Ltd. Sparkler Manufactur~ng Company. Stella-hleta Filters Ltd. Stork-Wcrkspoor (V.M.F.).

Plate and fiame filters. Manlove Alliott & Co. Ltd. Stork-Wcrkspoor (V.M.F.).

Pressure filrers. BMA Bri~unschweigische Maschin-

enbauattstalt. Chemap A.G. Gcorgc Colien Machinery Ltd. Dorr-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Enzinger Di~ision, The Duriron Co.

Inc. R. Lord & Sons Ltd. The-Mirrlces Watson Co. Ltd. he' Permutit Co. Ltd. Schumachcr'sche Fabrik. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Sparkler Manufacturing Conpany. Stella-Meta Filters Ltd.

Rotary vacuum filters. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Division. The Ein~co Corporation. Eirnco (Great Britain) Ltd. Eimco Industriale S.p.A. H. Putsch & Comp.

Filter aids. C.E.C.A. Dicalite/GREFCO Inc. Kenite Corporation. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Filter cloths. Associated Perforators & Weavers

Ltd. John R. Carmichael Ltd. Cotton Bros. (Longton) Ltd. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Samuel Hill Ltd. S.A. Lainikre de Sclessin. Nordiska Maskinfilt AB. P. & S. Tcxtilcs Ltd. Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co.

Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd.

Filter leaves. Dorr-Oliver Inc.. Cane Suear -

Division. Enzinger Division, Tlie Duriron Co.

Inc. Ferguson Perforating & Wire Co. Charles Mundt & Sons. Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co.

Ltd. Sparkler Manufacturing Company.

Filter papers. J. Rarchatn Green Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Filter pulp. J. Barcham Green Ltd.

Filter screens. Associated Perforators & Weavers Ltd.

F. W. Brackett & Co. Ltd. Cotton Bra$. (Longlon) Ltd. Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. Ferguson Perforating & Wire Co. Fontaine & Co. G.m.b.H. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Haver & Boecker. Krieg & Zivy Industries. Charles Mundt & Sons. J. & F. Pool Ltd. Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co.

I ta

~ e z Simon Ltd.

171anges, Non-Ferrouc. Biundell & Crompton Ltd

Flexible drives. Flexible Drives (Gilmans) Ltd. Flexotube (L~verpool) Ltd.

Flexible shaft couplings. David Brown Gear Industries Ltd. Tlie Falk Corporation. Moss Gear Co. Ltd. Renold Limited. Henry Simon Ltd.

Flexible shafting. Flexible Drives (Gilmans) Ltd. Flexotube (Llverpool) Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd.

Pbwmeters. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Alfa-Laval AB. Honeywell Controls Ltd. Negretti & Zambra Ltd. The Sugar Manufactwen' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Gas purifying equipment. Mascbinenfabrik H. Eberhardt. Lodge-Cottrell Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Gear couplings. David Brown Gear Industries Ltd. The Falk Corporation.3 Moss Gear Co. Ltd. Henry Simon Ltd.

Gearing, see Reduction gears.

Gearmotors. David Brown Gear Industries Ltd. The Falk Corporation.

Grabs, Cane, Beet and Raw sugar. Honiron. Joseph ,Westwood & CO. Ltd

Granulators, see Dryers.

Harvesters, see Beet harvestas and Cane harvesters

Heat exchangers, Air-cooled. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. J. & L. Engineering Company Inc.

eat-exchangers, Lamella-type. Alfa-Lava1 AB. A.P.V. Co. Ltd.

Heat exchangers, Plate type. Alfa-Laval AB. A.P.V. Co. Ltd.

Heat exchangers, Spiral-type. Alfa-Laval AB.

Heat exchangers, Tubular. Alfa-Laval AB. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Blundell & Crompton Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. John Dore & Co. Ltd. Enzinner Div~s~on, The Duriron Co.

1nc- Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Foster Wheeler John Brown Boilers

Ltd. T. Giusti & Son Ltd. E. Green & Son Ltd. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. R. Lord & Sons Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzeitter Maschinen A.G. s.E.~~.M. Silver Engineering Works Inc. S.P.E.I. Chim. Welding Technical S e ~ m Ltd. Worthington Corporat~on.

Heat sealers. The Thames Packaging Equipment

Co.

Heating mantles and tapes, Electric. lsopad Ltd.

Herbicides. Fisons Ltd., International Division.

Hydraulic controls for valves, etc. Edwards Engineering Corp. The Lunkenheimer Conlpany.

Inseeticides. Fisons Ltd.. International Division.

Insect control equipment. Henry Simon Ltd.

Instruments. Process control. Anacon inc. Betlingham & Stanley Ltd. Chemap A.G. Honeywell Controls Ltd. Phoenix Precision Instrument Co, Scientific Furnishings Ltd. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. G. H. Zeal Ltd.

Insulation, Thermal (beat and cold). Cape Insulation Ltd. General Refractories Ltd. Lafarge:Aluminous Cement Co. Ltd.

Ion exchange plants. IMACTI. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Ion exchanee resins. ~ i a m o n d Shamrock Chemical Co.,

Resinous Products Division. IMACTI. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichlinn & Co. K.G. Rohm and H ~ G Company.

Inigation equipment. Farrow & Sons Ltd. Worthington Corporation. Wright Rain Ltd. Wright Rain Africa (Pvt.) Ltd.

Jointings, see Packings and gaskets.

Juice beaters. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. Soc. Fives LilleCail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. S.E.U.M. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Juice seala. Ashworth Ross & Co. Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. N.V. Servo-Balans.

see also Weighing Machines

Juice strainers and screens. Buckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. The Deister Concentrator Co. Inc. Dorr-Oliver Inc.. Cane Sugar

Division. Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. Farrel c&ioLation. '

Ferguson Perforating & Wire Co. Soc. Fives LilleCail. Fontaine & Co. G.m.b.H. N. Greening (Warnngton) Ltd. Gutehoffnungshutte Sterkrade A.G. Haver & Boecker. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Russell Constructions Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Juice and syrup mixers. Anacon Inc. BMA Braunschweigische Maschh-

enbauanstalt. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshutte Sterkrade A.G. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Knives, Beet. Dreibholz & Floering Ltd. H. Putsch & C o m ~ .

Knives, Milling. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweiaische Maschin-


Works Ltd. A. F. Craig & +. Ltd Farrel Corooratlon. Soc. Fives ~ i l l e - ~ a i ~ Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Knives, Milling-Drives. Farrel Corporation. General Electric Company of U.S.A. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

b r a t o r y appornk and egpipmd. Chemap A.G. Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Phoenix Precision Instrument Co. The Sugar ManuE?cturers' Supply Co. Ltd.

sac plro Laboratory Instruments, etc.

Laboratorg inshammts. Anacon Inc. Honeywell Controls Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. Phoenix Precision Instrument Co. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. G. H. Zeal Ltd. Carl Zeiss. see also Automatic saccharimeters

and polarimeters, Laboratory apparatus and equipment, Re- fractometers, Saccharimeters and polarimeters, etc.

Laboratory reagents. A. H. Korthof N.V. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Lens cleaning tissnes. J. Barcham Green Ltd.

Level indicators and controllers. Haver & Boecker. Honeywell Controls Ltd. Negretti & Zambra Ltd.

Lime slakig equipment. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Dorr-Oliver Inc.. Cane Sugar -

Division. Maschinenfabrik H. Eberhardt. The Eimco Corporation. Fluostatic Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Limestone pulverizers for agricultural stone. Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.

Liming eqmpment. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Wolf

A.G. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Don-Oliker Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Maschinenfabrik H. Eberhardt. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. H. Putsch & Comp. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.) The Sugar Manufacturers ' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Loading machinery. Buhler Brothers Ltd. The Eimco Corporation. 0. & K. Export- und Handelsgesell-

schaft m.b.H.

Locomotives, Diesel. General Electric Company of U.S.A. :.-5crt Hudson (Raletmx) Ltd. Krupp .-' .'.'.-port G.m.b.H. 0. & K. Export- und Handelsgasell-

schaft m.b.H. Pletterij Spooriizer N.V.

Magnetic lifting equipment. Brimag Ltd. Electromagnets Ltd. Industrial Magnets Ltd. Rapid Magnetic Ltd.

Ma@c separators. Brimag Ltd. Electromagnets Ltd. Industrial Magnets Ltd. Rapid Magnetic Ltd.

~Messecuite heat treating equipment. Babcock Atlantique. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Silver Engineering Works Ltd. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). U.C.M.A.S. The Western States Machine Co.

Metal dettxtors. Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd.

MU1 hydraulics. Edwards Engineering Corp. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. A. & M'. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Mill mUs. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Bi~ckau Wolf New India Engineering

Works Ltd. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. Farrel Corporation. Soc. Fives LilleCail. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschien A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Wetkspoor (V.M.F.).

MUI roll movement indicators and recorders.

Edwards Engineering Corp.

W i n g plant. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin- A.G.

Buckau Wolf New India Engineering Works Ltd.

A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. Farrel Corporation. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte S~erkrade A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Milling plant--complete electrical equipment.

General Electric Company of U.S.A.

Mixing machines. Arenco-Alite Ltd.

Moisture expellers. Richard Simon & Sons Ltd.

Molasses addition plants for beet pulp. Amandus Kahl Nachf.

Molasses tanks. Babcock Atlantique. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. H o ~ o n . Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. Krupp Stahlexport G.m.b.H. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Packetiog machinery. Brecknell Dolman & R o w Ltd. Fr. ~ e s s i r Maschinenfabrik A.G. SIG Swiss Industrial Company.

Packeting machinery for individual sachets.

SIG Swiss Industrial Company.

Palletizers. Carl Drohmann G.m.b.H.

Pan boiling aids. Fabcon Inc. Hodag Chemical Corporation.

Pans, Vacuum. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Babcock Atlantique. Blundell & Crompton Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maxhin-


Works Ltd. A. F. ~ r a i g & Co. Ltd. A/S De Danske Sukkerfabrikker. John Dore & Co. Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. T. Giusti & Son Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. S.E.U.M. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Parcelling machina. Carl Drohmann G.m.b.H. Fr. Hesser Mascenfabrik A.G. SIG Swiss Industr~al Company.

Pelleting presses for bagasse and pith. Amandus Kahl Nachf. Simon-Barron Ltd.

Pelleting presses for dried pulp. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Amandus Kahl Nachf. Simon-Barron Ltd. Richard Sizer Ltd.

Perforated metals. Associated Perforators & Weavers

Ltd. Ferguson Perforating & Wire CO. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Krieg & Zivy Industries. Charles Mundt & Sons. J. & F. Pool Ltd.

Pipe fittings. see Tube fittings

PIP, Non-ferrous. Blrm~ngham Battery Tube Company. Yorkshire Imperial Metals Ltd.

Pipework installation. Blundell & Crompton Ltd.

Polythene bag sealers. The Thames Packaging Equipnmnt

Co.

Power actuators. The Lunkenheimer Company.

Powr plants. Associated Electrical Industries

(Turbine Generator Divn.) Ltd. General Electric Company of U.S.A. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Power transmission equipment. David Brown Gear Industries Ltd. Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. The Falk Corporation. Farrel Corporation. Moss Gear Co. Ltd. Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Renold Limited. Henry Simon Ltd.

Preliming equipment. A / S De danske Sokkerfabrikker Don-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division.

Rescmre gauges. The British Rototherm Co. Ltd. Honeywell Controls Ltd. Negretti & Zambra Ltd. G. H. Zeal Ltd.

Pressure vessels. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Babcock Atlantique. Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. W. P. Butterfield (Engineers) Ltd. John Dore & Co. Ltd. T. Giusti & Son Ltd. R. Lord & Sons Ltd. St. Maw Iron Works Inc. S.E.U.M. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). Thibodaux Boiler Works Inc. Welding Technical Scrvices Ltd.

Printing machinery-Rotary multi- colour tor sugar cartons and bags, etc.

Fr. Hesser Maschinenfabrik A.G.

Prows computers. General Electric Company of U.S.A.

Palley blocks. Wheway-Watson Ltd.

Pulp screens. Associated Perforators & Weavers

Ltd.

Pulverizers, Sugar. Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co. Henry Simon Ltd. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd.

Pumps. Don-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gutchoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. The Harland Engineering Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). l%e Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd.

Boiler feed pumps. Worthington Corporation.

Centrifugal pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Peter Brotherhood Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Schabaver. Simonacco Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Worthington Corporation.

Corrosron-proof pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Mono Pumps Ltd. Simonacco Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Worthington Corporation.

Dosing pumps. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. The Permutit Co. Ltd.

Filtrate pumps. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. The Eimco Corporation. Mono Pumps Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret, Simonacco Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd.

Irrigation pctmps. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Farrow & Sons Ltd. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Worthington Corporation. Wright Rain Ltd. Wright Rain Africa (Pvt.) Ltd.

Massecrtite pumps. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. Soc. Fives-Lille-Cail. A. & W. Smith h Co. Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd.

Membrane pumps. The Eimco Corporation. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd.

Molasses pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweieische Maschin- - - --- -


Works Ltd. Amandus Kahl Nachf. Mono Pumos Ltd. ~tablissements F. Moret. Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Worthington Corporation.

Positive-action pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Mono Pumps Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Worthington Corporation.

Process pumps. Enzinger Division, The Duriron Co.

Inc.

Rotary pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. Thc Eimco Corporation. Mono Pumps Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Stothert & Pitt Ltd. Worthington Corporation.

Self-priming pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. llle Eimco Corporation. Flexible Drives (Gilmam) Ltd. Mono Pumps Ltd. Stothert & Pitt Ltd.

Sump pumps. The Albany Engineering Co. Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-

enbauanstalt. The Eimco Corporation. Mono Pumps Ltd. Etablissements F. Moret. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Simonacco Ltd.

Vacuum pumps. see Vacuum pumps.

Railway, see Locomotives and Track.

Reduction and cornposting equipment for trash and cane waste. Gruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Co.

Reduction gears. David Brown Gear Industries Ltd. The Falk Corporation. Farrel Corporation. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Lufkin Foundry & Machine Co. Moss Gear Co. Ltd. Murray Iron Works Company. Renold Limited. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Henry Simon Ltd. A. &. W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Refiners equipment. BMA Braunschweinische Maechib -

enbauanstalt. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. DOT-Oliver Inc.. Cane Sumr

Division. Soc. Fives LiUe-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. . Qtehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Honiron. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Norit Sales Corporation Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stein Atkinson Stordy Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Anacon Inc. Bellingham & Stanley Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. Phoenix Precision Instrument Co. Schmidt t Haensch. Scientific Furnishings Ltd. Thorn Bendix Ltd. Carl Zeiss.

Refractory bricks. General Refractories Ltd. Lafarge Aluminous Cement Co. Ltd.

Refractory cement. General Refractories Ltd.

Road transport pneumatic bulk vehicles. W. P. Butterfield (Engineers) Ltd.

Roller ebain. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Renold Limited.

Rubber belt m e carriers. Farrel Corporation.

Sarrharieters and polarimeters. Bellingham & Stanley Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. Schmidt + Haensch. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. Thorn Bendix Ltd. Carl Zeiss.

Sack closing machines. Cad Drohmann G.m.b.H. Thomas C. Keay Ltd. Reed Medway Sacks Ltd. The Thames Packaging Equipment

Co.

Sack counting equipment. The Thames Packaging Equipmen1

Co.

Sack 6 l l i machines. Brecknell, Dolmao & Rogers Ud Carl Drohmann G.m.h.H. Haver & Boecker. Reed Medway Sacks I.td. Richard Simon & Sons Ltd. lngeniorsfirmal~ Nils Weibull AD.

Sack openers. Thames Packaging Equipment Co.

Sack printing machines. Thomas C. Keay Ltd.

Sampling equipment. The Thames Packaging Equipmen1 a*. .. Ingeruorsfi~man Nils Weibull AB.

Scale removal and prevention. Fabcon Inc. Flexible Drives (Gilmans) Ltd . Flexotube (Liverpool) Ltd. Hodag Chemical Corporation. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. see also Tube cleaners. '*

Screeas, Ctntrifugnl, see Centrifugal screens.

Screens, Filter, see Filter screens.

Scxem, Rotary. F. W. Brackett' & Co. Ltd. Jones & Attwood Ltd.

!3creem, Vibrating. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. The Deister Concentrator Co. lnc. Electromagnets Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd.

dGruendler Crusher & Pulverizer Company.1

Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. Haver & Boecker. Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G. Russell Constructions Ltd. Spencer (Mclksham) Ltd. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales)

Ltd. see also Juice strainers and screens.

Screens, Wire. Associated Perforators & Weavers

Ltd.

Second-hand plant and machinery. George Cohen Machinery Ltd.

Sedimentation accelerator. Hcdag Chemical Corporation.

Sewing threads, Heavy grade. Thames Packaging Equipment Co.

Ship loading installations. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Fletcher and Stewarr Ltd. Spencer (Mclktham) Ltd.

Shredders. BMA Braunschweigische Masdin-

cnbauanstalt. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Gruendler C ~ s h e r & Pulverizer Co. Gutehoffnungshutte Sterkrade A.G. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Silver Engineering Works Inc. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Shredder drives. Farrel Corporation. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Silos. Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. John Laing & Son Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. lngeniorsfirman Nils Weibull AB.

Skip hoists. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd.

Slats for slat conveyors. William Bain & Co. Ltd. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd.

Spectropolarimeten. kllingham & Stanley Ltd. Thorn Bendix Ltd.

Spray nodes. The Lunkenheimer Company.

Spraying and dusting machinery. Cooper Pegler & Co. Ltd.

Sprockets. Ewart Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd. Renold Limited.

Stesm accnmulators. Bahcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. R. Lord & Sons Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Steam--storage equipment. see Steam accumulators

Steam superheaters. Foster Wheeler John Brown Boilers

Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Steam traps. von Arn~m'sche Werke G.m.b.H..

\Verk Schneider & Helmeckc.

Steam turbines for mill drives, etc. Peter Brotherhood Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. General Electric Company of U.S.A. Gutehoffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G. A.G. Kiihnle, Kopp & Kausch. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Murray Iron Works Company. A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M,F.). Worthington Corporat~on.

Steam turbo-alternator sets. Associated Electrical Industries

(Turbine Generator Divn.) Ltd. Peter Brotherhood Ltd. Georee Cohen Machinerv Ltd. &. k e s Lille-Cail. General Electric Company of U.S.A. A.G. Kiihnle. KODD & Kausch. Murray Iron works Company. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). Worthington Corporation.

Steel framed buildimgs. William Bain & Co. Ltd. Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V.

Stokers-Bagasse burning spreader type.

Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Woll A.G.

Storsee vessels. Stainless steel.

. - - . . . . W. P. Buttefield (~igineerz T. G~usti & Son Ltd. St. Maw Iron Works Inc. S.E.U.M. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). Welding Technical Services Ltd.

Shainers. F. W. Brackett & Co. Ltd.

Sugar factory (beet) molasses-bee process.


Sugar factory design and erection (Cane and Beet).


Buckau Wolf New India Enginwring Works Ltd.

A. F. Craig ,& Co, Ltd. Soc. Fives L111eCad. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Honirou. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. St. Mary Iron Works Inc. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. & W .Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.)

Sugar machinery, General. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin-


Works Ltd. A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd. Don-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Tractors, Wheeled. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd.

Corrosion-resistant valves. Enzinger Division, The Duriron Co.

Inc. Tractors, Wheeled, Extra-high

clearance. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd.

Diaphragm valves. Negretti & Zambra Ltd. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd.

Trailers. . Honiron. Robert Hudson (Raletrux) Ltd. Lufkin Foundry & Machine Co. Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V.

Division. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Diverter valves.

The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. Gutehoffnungshiittc Sterkradc AG. Honiron. Kingston Industrial Works Ltd The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Salzgitter Maschinen A.G. Silver Engineering Works Inc. A. &. W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Relief valves. Blundell & Crornpton Ltd. Hattersley (Ormskirk) Ltd. 1.V. Pressure Controllers Ltd.

Tramformas. George Cohen Machinery Ltd.

Tube cleaners, Rotary (Electric and air).

Flex~ble Drives (Gilmans) Ltd. Flexotube (Liverpool) Ltd. see also Scale removal and pre-

vention. Tube fittings.

A.P.V. Co. Ltd. (stainleu steel). Blakey's Boot Protectors Ltd.

(malleable iron). Henry Simon Ltd. T.I. Stainless Tubes Ltd. (stainless

Rotary valves. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. Sugar silos.

Aldersley Engineers Ltd. Buhler Brothers Ltd. AIS De Danske Sukkerfabrikker. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail.

Stainless steel valves. I.V. Pressure Controllers Ltd. Saunders Valve Co Ltd.

Henry Simon Ltd. The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. lngeniorsfirman Nils Weibull AB.

Steam reducing valves. I. V. Pressure Controllers Ltd.

Sugar tabletting machiery . Goka N.V. Machine Works. Standard Steel Corporation

Vibrating feeders. Haver & Boecker. Simon Handling Engineers Ltd. The Triton Engineering Co.

(Sales) Ltd.

steel). Welding Technical Services Ltd. Yorkshire Imperial Metals Ltd.

(mpper, brim and gunmetal). Sugar throwers and trimmers. Buhler Brothers Ltd. Cocksedge & Co. Ltd. Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Spencer (Melksham) Ltd.

Tubes, Bimetal. Birmingham Battery Tube Company. T.I. Stainless Tubes Ltd. Yorkshire Imperial Metals Ltd.

Vibrators. The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales)

Ltd. lobes for boilers, evaporators, jltice

beaters, vacuum pans, etc. Birmingham Battery Tube Company. Soc. Fives Lille-Cail. Kamani Tubes Private Ltd. T.I. Stainless Tubes Ltd. Welding Technical Services Ltd. Yorkshire Imperial Metals Ltd.

Sulphur furnaces, Continuous. Maschinenfabrik H. Eberhardt. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.).

Water cooling towers. Film Cooling Towers (1925) Ltd. Foster Wheeler John Brown Boilers

Temperature recorders and controUers. The British Rototherm Co. Ltd. Chemap A.G. Honeywell Controls Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. Negretti & Zambra Ltd. The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply

Co. Ltd. G. H. Zeal Ltd.

Test sieves, B.S. and A.S.T.M. Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Haver & Boecker. A. H. Korthof N.V.

Ltd. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. Metal Propellers Ltd. Pletterij Spoor~jzer N.V. AB. SvenskaFlaktfabriken. Vacuum conveying systems for sugar.

The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd. Water screens.

Associated Perforators & Weavers Ltd.

F. W. Brackett & Co. Ltd.

Vacuum pans, see Pans.

Vacuum pumps. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Cotton Bros. (Longton) Ltd. Soc. Fives LilleCail. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd. Nash International Company.

,Water treatment. Head Wrightson Process Engineering

Ltd. The Permutit Co. Ltd. Robert Reichling & Co. K.G.

Test sieve shakers. Endecotts (Tat Sieves),Ltd. Haver & Boecker.

Ihrmometers. The British Rototherm Co. Ltd. Honeywell Controls Ltd. A. H. Korthof N.V. Negretti & Zambra Ltd. G. H. Zeal Ltd.

Neyrpic. A. &. W. Smith & Co. Ltd. Spencer (Melksham) Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). Worthington Corporat~on.

Weedkillers, see Herbicides.

Weighing machines. Adequate Weighers Ltd. Ashworth Ross & Co. Ltd. George Cohen Machinery Ltd. Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Haver & Boecker. Fr. Hesser Maschinenfabrik A.G. Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd N.V. Servo-Balans.

:Richard Simo I & Sons Ltd. Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.). n e Sugar Ma~llfac!;u~rs' Supply

Co. Ltd. see also Juice scales. .

Vacuum pumps, Oil-free. Nash International Company.

Valves. Thickeners, Tray-type. Don-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar

Division. The Eimco Corporation.

A.P.V. Co. Ltd. von Arnim'sche Werke G.m.b.H.,

Werk Schneider & Helmske. Chemap A.G. Honeywell Controls Ltd. The Lunkenheimer Company.

Track md track accessories. Robert Hudson (Raletrux) Ltd. Krupp Stahlexport G.m.b.H. Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V. Ball valves.

I. V. Pressure Controllers Ltd. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd. Serck Jamesbury Ltd. The Worcester Valve Co. Lra.

Bufferfly valves, Resilient seated. I.V. Pressure Controllers Ltd. Saunders Valve Co. Ltd.

Tractors. John Fowler & Co. (Leeds) Ltd. Wue brushes, Rotary and manual.

Flexible Drives (Gilmans) Ltd. Flexotube (Liverpool) Ltd. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Tha Kleen-e-zc Brush Co. Ltd.

Tractors, Crawler. The Emco Corporation. John Fowler & Co. (Leeds) Ltd. Massey-Ferguson (Export) Ltd.

me w. Associated Perforators & Weavers

Ltd. Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. Ferguson Perforating & Wire

Company. Fontaine & Co. G.m.b.H. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. Haver & Boecker. Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co.

Ltd.

Wi gauze strainers. Wrapping machina. Associated Perforators & Weavers Fr. Hesser Maschinenfabrik A.G.

Ltd. SAPAL. Wire tying sack tool. SIG Swiss Industrial Company.

Thames Packagiog Equipment Co. Woven wire. Yeast plants.

Endecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd. A.P.V. Co. Ltd. N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd. BMA Braunschweigische Maschin- Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co. enbauanstalt.

Ltd. John Dore & Co. Ltd.

BUYERS' GUIDE- -ADDRESS LIST

Adequate Weighers Ltd., Bridge Road, Sutton, Surrey, England. Tel.: 01-642 666618. Cable: Adegrate, London.

The Albany Engine:ring Co. Ltd., Church Road, Lydnty, Glos. .England. Tcl.: Lydn:y 22751227612277. Cable: Bolthead, Lydney.

Aldersley Engineers Ltd., Albion Road, West Bromwich, Staffs., England. Tel.: 021-553 3091. Cable: Ubique, West Bromwich.

Alfa-Laval AB.. Tumba, wede en. Tel.: 0753131 100. Cable: Alfalaval, Tumba.

Telex: 10260, 10261.

Anacon Inc., 62 Union St., Ashland, Mass., 01721 U.S.A. Tel.: 617 881-3000.

The A.P.V. Co. Ltd., Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex, England. Tel.: Crawley 27777. Cable: Anaclastic, Crawley, Telex.

Telex: 87237.

Arenco-Alite Ltd., Pixmore Avenue, Letchworth, Herts., England. Tel.: Letchworth 3965-9. Cable: Aral, Letchworth.

Telex: 82368.

von Acnim'sche Werke G.m.b.H., Werk Schneider & Helmecke, 605 OfFenbach/Main, Germany. Tel.: ,8320~4. Cable: Kondenstopf, iOffenbachmain.

Telex: 4152899 shof.

Asbworth Ross & Co. Ltd., Scout Hill, Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: 0924-2-5642 Cable: Duros, Dewsbury.

Associated Electrical Industries (Turbine Generator Divn.) Ltd., Trafford Park, Manchester 17, England. Tel.: 061-TRA 2431. Cable: Assocelect, Manchester, Telex.

Telex: 66314.

Assnciated Perforators & Weavers Ltd., Perforating Division, Woolwich Road, London S.E.7., England. Tel.: 01-858 6401.

Telex: 896648.

Atlas Chemical Industries Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, 19899 U.S.A. TeL: (302) OL8-9311. Cable: Atchern, Wilmington.

TWX: 762-2355.

Atlas Chemical Industries S.A., 15 Rue Blanche, Brussels 5, Belgium.

Atlas Chemical Industries, Canada! Ltd., P.O. Box 1085, Brantford, Ontario, Canada.

A t h Chemical Interamerica Inc., 420 South Dixie Highway, Coral Gables, Florida, 33133 U.S.A.

Babcock Atlantique, 48 Rue la Bobtie, Paris 8e (75), France. Tel.: 359-89-501225-21-50. Cable: Babcock, Paris.

Telex: 29 027.

Babcock & Wilcox (Operations) Ltd., Babcock House, 209 Euston Road, London N.W.I., England. Tel.: 01-387 4321. Cable: Babcock, London N.W.1.

Telex: 23256,23257.

W i a m Bain & Co. Ltd., 80 Ebury St., Westmiaster, London S.W.I., England, Tel.: Sloane 2219. Cable: Locnrin, London.

Balco-Filtertechuik G.m.b.H., Elektro-Chemische Fabrik, 33 Braunschweig, Am Alten Bahnhof 5, Germany. Tel.: 26518. Cable: Balm, Braunschweig.

Telex: 0952509.

BeAlingham & Stanley Ltd., 61 Markfield Rd., London;N.15., England. Tel.: 01-808 2675. Cable: Polyfract, London, N.15.

Telex: 23784.

Birmingham Battery Tube Company, Selly Oak, Birmingham 29, England. Tel.: 021-472 115 1. Cable: Batmetco, Birmingham, Telex.

Telex: 338285.

Blakey's Boot Protectors Ltd., see Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd.

Blundell & Crompton Ltd., West India Dock Road, London, E.14, England. Tel.: 01-987 6001/3838. Cable: Blundell, London, E.14.

BMA Braunscbweigische Maschhenbauanstalt, (33) Braunschweig, Bahnhofstrasse 5, Germany. Tel.: Braunschweig 201 11 and 23691.

Cable: Bema, Braunschweig. Telex: Bema Bsgw. 0952840.

F. W. Brackett & Co. Ltd., Hythe, Colchester, Essex, England. Tel.: Colchester 73958. Cable: Brackett, Colchester.

Breeknell, Dolman & Rogers Ltd., Pennywell Road, Bristol BS5 OTL, England. Tel.: Bristol 558222. Cable: Bremaners. Bristol.

Telex: 44871 Answer Back Code Bremanners Bstl.

Brimag Ltd., 8 0 ~ Stratford Rd., Shirley. Solihull, Waxwickshire, England. Tel.: 021-744 4504.

British Charcoals & Macdonalds Ltd., 21 Dellingburn St., Greenock, Scotland. Tel.: 20273. Cable: Brimac, Greenock.

The British Rototherm Co. Ltd., Merton Abbey, London S.W.19, England. Tel.: 01-542 7661. Cable: Rototherm, London S.W.19.

Telex: 262355.

Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd., Central Ironworks, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: Huddersfield 221 11. Cable: Broadbent, Huddersfield.

Telex.: 51515.

Peter Brotherhood Ltd., Peterborough, ~orthants., England. Tel.: 71321. Cable: Brotherhood, Peterborough.

Telex: 32154 Brotherhd Phoro.

David Brown Gear Industries Ltd., Park Gear Works, Huddersfield, Yorks., England. Tel.: Huddersfield 22180. Cable: Gearing, Huddersfield.

Telex: 51562 and 51563.

Buckau Wolf New India Engineering Works Ltd., see Protos Engineering Co. Private Ltd.

Buell Ltd., George Street Parade, Birmifigham 3, England. Tel.: 021-236 5391. Cable: Buellon,,Birmingham,

Telex: 338458.

Bubler Brothers Ltd., Engineering Works, 9240 Uzwil. Switzerland. Tel.: (073) 5 01 11. Cable: Buhler, Uzwil.

Telex: 7 75 41.

W. P. Butterfield (Engineers) Ltd., P.O. Box 38, Shipley, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: Shipley 52244. Cahk: Tanks, Shipley.

Telex: 51583.

Butters Cranes Ltd., The Crane Works, Station Approach, Long Lane, Hillingdon,

Middlesex, England. Tel.: ~xbridge.372fi.

Telex: 24301.

Cape lmolation Ltd., 114 Park Street, London, W.1, England. TeL: 01-499 6022. Cable: Incorrupt, London, Telex.

Telex: 23759.

John R. Carmichael Ltd., Kenmore Works, Broad Lane, Liverpool 11, England. Tel.: 051-226 133617. Cable: Filco, Liverpool.

C.E.C.A., 24 Rue Murillo, Paris Re, France. Tcl.: Carnot 82-00. Cable: Ceca, Paris.

Cellulose Development Corporation Ltd., Villiers House, 41-47 Strand, London W.C.2, England. Tel.: 01-839 5805. Cable: Celdecor, London, Telex.

Telex: 28444.

Chemdp A.G., Alte Landstrasse 415, 8708 MBnnedorf ZH, Switzerland. Tel.: (051) 73 91 01. Cable: Servochemie, Mlnnedorf.

Telex: 75 508.

Cocksedge & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 41, Grey Friars Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. England. Tel.: Ipswich 56161. Cable: Cocksedge, Ipswicb.

George Cohen Machinery Ltd., 600 Wood Lane, London W.12, England. Tel.: 01-743 2070. Cable: Omniplant, Lonion W.12.

Telex: 2128819.

Collectron (Sales) Ltd., 175 Leckhampton Rd., Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. Tel.: OCH2-56355. Cable: Colextract, Cheltenham.

Cooper, Pegler & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 9-98, Burgess Hill, Sussex, England. Tel.: Burgess Hill 2525. Cable: Stomata, Burgess Hill.

Cotton Bros (Longton) Ltd., Crown Works, Portland Rd., Longton, Stoke-on-Trent,

Staffs.. England. Tel.: 0782-33021. Cable: Cotbro, Stokeon-Trent.

A. F. Craig & Co. Ltd., Caledonia Engineer~ng Works, Paisley, Scotland. Tel.: Paisley 2191. Cable: Craig, Paisley.

Telex: 778051.

Crone & Taylor (Engineering) Ltd., Sutton Oak, St. Helens, Lancs, England. Tel.: St. Helens 20021-6. Cable: Crontaylor, St. Helens.

Telex: 627110 Chamwm Liverpool.

A/S De Danske Sukkerfabrikker, (The Danish Sugar Corporation), Laagebrogade 5, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Tel.: ASTA 6130. Cable: Sukkerfabrikker, Copeahagen.

Telex: 5530 Sukker KH.

The Deb r .-enhator Co. In ., 901-935 Glasgow Avenue, Fort Gayne, Ind:, 46801 U.S.A. Tel.: 742-7213. Cable: Rets~ed, Fort Wayne.

Diamond Shamrock Chemical Comoany. Reshops Products - - . . Difision, P.O. Box 829, 1901 Spring Street, Redwood City, Calif., 94064 U.S.A. Tc!.: (415) 369-00il. Cable: Dam-West, Redwood City, Catif,

DiditelGREFCO Inc., 630 Shatto Place, Los Angeles, California 90005. U.S.A. TeI.: (213) DUnkirk 1-5081. Cable: Dical~te, Losa.

Telex: 67-4224.

John Dore & Co. Ltd., 51-55 Fowler Road, Hainault, Essex, England. Tel.: 01-500 4144. Cable: Cuivre, Ilford.

Dom-Oliver Inc., Cane Sugar Division, Stamford, Conn., 06904 U.S.A. Tel.: (203) 348-5871.

Telex: 965912.

Dreibholz & Floering Ltd., Dereham, Norfolk, England. Tel.: Dereham 3145. Cable: Slicing, Dereham.

Telex: 97357.

Carl Drohmann G.m.h.H., Rcmscheider Str. 3-5, Postfach 360, 7 Stuttgart-Bad Canstatt.

Germany. Tel.: 54 I1 06. Cable: Drohmaru~packer, Stuttgart-Bad Canstatt.

Telex: 072 2886.

Dost Control Equipment Ltd., Thurmaston, Leicester LE4 8HP, England. Tel.: Syston 3333. Cable: Dust, Leiaster.

Telex: 34500.

Masdknfahrik H. Eberhardt, 3340 Wolfenbiittel, Frankfurterstr. 14/17, P.O. Box 266,

Germany. Tel.: 22002 and 3263. Cable: Eberhardt, Wolfenbiittel.

Telex: 09 52620 ebhdtd.

Edwards Engheermg Corp., 1170 Constance Street, New Orleans, La., 70130 U.S.A. Tel.: 524-0175. Cable: Joedco, New Orleans.

Telex: 058-342

The Eiieo Corporation, P.O. Box 300, Salt Lake City 10, Utah, U.S.A., Tel.: (801)328-8831. Cable: Eimw, Salt Lake City.

Telex: 2066-038546.

Eimco (Great Britain) Ltd., Filter Process Division, Station Rd. ,St. Neots, Hunts. ,England. Tel.: St. Neots 3461. Cable: Eimfilt, St. Neots.

Telex: 3211 1.

Eimco Industriale S.p.A.,' Strada Cerca, Tribiano (Milano). Italy. Tel.: 9064. 234151617. Cable: Eimwit, Milano.

Electromagnets Ltd., Boxmag Works. Bond Street. Hocklev. Birmingham 19. . .

gland. '

Tel.: 021-236 9071. Cable: Boxmag, Birmingham. Telex: Chamcom, Birmingham 338024, Electromag.

Eodecotts (Test Sieves) Ltd., Lombard Road, Londo$i S.W.19, England. Tel.: Liberty 81211213. Cable: Endtesiv, London S.W.19.

Enzinger Division, The Durirnn Co. Inc.. . . . . - - .. . .. P.O. Box 71, 9542 Hardpan Rd., Angola, N.Y., 14006 U.S.A. Tel.: (71 6) 549-2500. Cable: 091 301.

Telex: 091 301.

Eseher Wyss Ltd., Case PostaleGare Centrale, 8023 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel.: 444451. Cable: Eschenvyss, Zurich.

Telex: 53906/7/8.

Ewsrt Chainbelt Co. Ltd., Colombo Street, Derby, England. Tel.: Derby 45451. Cable: Chainbelt, Derby.

Telex: 37575.

Extraction De Smet S.A., 265 Ave. Prince Baudouin, Edegem-Antwerp, Belgium. Tel.: (03) 49.42.40. Cable: Extraxsmet, Antwerp.

Telex: 3 1824.

Fabcon Inc., 314 Public Square Building, Cleveland, Ohio, 44113 U.S.A. Tel.: (216) 621-2344.

The Falk Corporation, P.O. Box 492, Milwauket, Wis., 53201 U.S.A. Tel.: 342-3 131. Cable: Falk, Milwaukee.

Telex: 026-722.

F d l Carboos, Division of Forcstal Industries (U.K.) Ltd., The Adelphi, John Adam St.? London W.C.2, End~lld. Tel.: (01)-930-6777. Cable: Scofar, London W.C.2.

Telex: 22817122818.

Farrel Corporation, Ansonia, Conn., U.S.A. Tel.: 734-3331. Cable: Famlmafh, Amnia.

Farrow & Sons Ltd., Welland Road, Off London Road, Spalding, Lincs., England. Tel.: Spalding 3764. Cable: Farrow, Spalding.

Ferguson Perforating & Wi Co., 130-140 Ernest Street, Providence, R.I., U.S.A. Tel.: Williams 1-8876. C~ble: Ferguron, Providence.

Vim Cooling Towers (1923) Ltd., Chancery House, Parkshot, Richmond, Surrey, England. Tel.: 01-940 649419. Cable: Aloof, Richmond, Surrey.

Fisons Ltd., International Division,' 9 Grosvenor St., London W.l, England. Tel.: 01-493 1611. Cable: Fions, London.

Telex: 263184 Fisons London.

Soci6t.5 Fives LiUe-Cail, 7 Rue Montalivet, 75 Paris 8e, France. Tel.: 265.22.01. Cable: Fivcail, Paris.

Telex: Fivcail 65328.

Fletcher and Stewart Ltd. Masson Works, Litchurch Lane. Derby, England. Tel.: Derby 40261. Cable: Arnarilla, Derbj, Telex.

Telex: 37514.

Flexible Drives (Gilmam) Ltd., Skatoskalo Works, Millen Road, Warwick, England. Tel.: Warwick 426931415. Cable: Skatoskalo, Warwick.

Telex: 31451.

Flexotube (Liverpool) Ltd., 25 Hope Street, Liverpool 1, Lancs., England. Tel.: 051-ROY 3345. Cable: Flexotube, Liverpool.

Fluostatic Ltd., Borough Green, Kent, England. Tel.: Borough Green 2806. Cable: Fluostatic, Sevenoaks.

Telex: 95251.

Fontaine & Co. G.m.h.H.. 51 Aachen, Griiner Weg 31, German . TeL: 31340. Cahe: Fontainm, Aachen.

Foster Wheeler John Brown Boilers Ltd., 3 Ixworth Place, London S.W.3, England. Tel.: 01-589 6363. Cable: Rewoostream, London.

Telex: 23945.

John Fowler & Co. (Leedd Ltd., Leathley Road, Leeds 10, Yorkshire, England. TeL: Leeds 30731.

Telex: 55461.

Gmeral El&c Company of U.S.A., 159 Madiion Ave., New York, N.Y., 10016 U.S.A. Tel.: PLI-1311. Cable: Ingeco, New York.

Telex: 62845 Western Union.

General Refractories Ltd., Genefax House,Tapton Park Rd., Sheffield, S10 3FJ, England. Tel.: Sheffield (STD 0742) 306577. Cable: Genefax, Sheffield.

Telex: 54128.

T. Ginsti & Son Ltd., 202-224 York Way, Kings Cross, London N.7, England. Tel.: 01-607 5021-5. Cable: Giustison, London N.7.

Goka N.V. Machine Works, Postbus 3530, Koeatraat 2a, Amsterdam C, Holland. Tel.: 22225516. Cable: Kagodam, Amsterdam.

Telex: 141 73.

E. Green & Son Ltd., Calder Vale Road, Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: Wakefield 71 171. Cable: Economiser, Wakefield.

Telex: 55452.

J. Barcham Green Ltd., Hayle Mill, Tovil, Maidstone, Kent, England. Tel.: 0622l52040156852. Cable: Green, Tovil. Maidstone.

N. Greening (Warrington) Ltd., Britannia Works, Warrington, Lancs., England. Tel.: Warrington 32401. Cable: Greenings, Warrington, Telex.

Telex: 62195.

Groeodler Crusher & Pulverizer Co., 2915 North Market Street, St. Louis, Mo., 63106 U.S.A. Tel.: Jefferson 1-1 220. Cable: Grupulco, St. Lotus.

Guteboffnungshiitte Sterkrade A.G., Werk Dusseldorf, 4 Dusseldorf-Grafenberg, Germany. Tel.: Diisseldorf 66 61 21. Cahle: Hoffnungshiitte, Diisseldorf.

Telex: 0858 6710.

The Harland Engineering Co. Ltd., Harland House, 20 Park Street, London WIY 4BD, England. Tel.: 01-499 122113. Cable: Rheometric, London, Telex.

Telex: 22881.

Haver--& Boecker, 4740 OeldeIWestfalen, Postfach 163, Germany. Tel.: (02522) 301. Cable: Haboe, Oelde.

Telex: 8921571.

Head Wrightson Process Engineering Ltd., Teesdale House, 16/26 Baltic Street, London E.C.1, England Tel.: 01-253 1299.

Telex 28879.

Hein, Lehmann & Co. A.G.. P.O. Box 4109. Fichfenstr. 75, 4000 Diisseldorf, Germany. Tel.: 780201. Cable: Eisenbau. Dusseldorf.

Telex: 8582740.

John M. Henderson & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 26, King's Works, Aberdeen, AB9 8BU Scotland. Tel.: 24262. Cable: Cranes, Aberdeen.

Telex: 73109.

Pr. Hesser Maschinenfahrik A.G. 7 Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Nauheimerstr. 99, Germany. Tel.: Stuttgart 566 141. Cable: Hesser, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.

Telex: 072-2362. C

Samuel Hill Ltd., Balderstone Mill, Oldham Rd., Rochdale, anc cash ire, England. Tel.: Rochdale 4674819. Cable: Filtering, Rochdale.

Hod'g Chemical Corporation, 7247 North Central Park Avenue, Skokie, Ill., 60076 U.S.A. Tel.: Orchard 5-3950. Cable: Hodag, Skokieill.

Honeywell Controls-Ltd., Great West Rd., Brentford, Middlesex, England. Tel.: 01-568 9191. Cable: Honeywell,~Hounslow, Telex.

Telex: ..22765.

Honeywill-Atlas Ltd., Mill Lane, Carshalton, Surrey, England. Tel.: Franklin 2261121314.

Honiron. ~ivision' of Ward Foods Inc., 475 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y., 10017 U.S.A.

Cable: Honiron, New York.

Robert Hudson (Raletrux) Ltd., Raletrux Works, P.O. Box 4, Morley, Leeds, England. Tel.: Motley 4931. Cable: Raletrux, Leeds.

~ e l a f55133 Leeds.

IMACTI lndustrieele Maatschaonii ~ct iv i t N.V.. Postbus 240c, Amsterdam, ~ d i a i d . Tel.: 60153, 60821. Cable: Activit, Amsterdam.

Telex: 11 652 Ion exchange.

Jndustrid Magnets Ltd., Station Road, Acocks Green, Birmingham 27, England. Tel.: 021-706 0706. Cable: Indmag, Birmingham.

ingeniors6rman Nils Weibull A.B., see Weihull.

Iostrumentenfabriek Venema, Smimoffstraat 3, Groningen, Holland. Tel.: 05900/23538. Cable: Venapp, Groningen.

Isopad-Ltd., Barnet By-Pass, Boreham Wood, Herh., England.,! Tel.: 01-953 2817. Cable: Isopad, Borehamwood.

Telex: 261761.

I. V. Pressure Controllers Ltd., North Feltham Trading Estate, Spur Rd., Feltham, Middlesex, England. Tel.: 01-890 6371. Cable: Iveepress, Telex, Hounslow.

Telex: 262003 Iveepressure Fel.

Jones & Attwood Ltd., Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England. Tel.: Stourbridge 5106/7/8/9. Cable. Heat, Stourbridge.

Telex: 338120.

Amandus Kahl Nachf., Hamburg 26, Eiffestrasse 432, Germany. Tel.: 041 1172214245. Cable: Kahladus, Hamburg.

Telex: 0212775.

Kamani Tubes Private Ltd., Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg., Kurla, Bombay 70 (A.S.), India. Tel.: 555561. Cable: Kamatubes, Kurla North.

Telex: 011-574 Kaman~s By.

Tbomas C. Keay Ltd., P.O. Box 30, Baltic Street, Dundee, Scotland. Tel.: Dundee 85216. Cable: Keay, Dundee.

Telex: Chamwm, Dundee 76243 TCK.

Kenite Corporation, Overhiil Building, Scarsdale, N.Y., U.S.A: Tel.: 914-723-81 10. Cable: D~ato.nitescarsdaleny.

Kingston Industrial Works Ltd., 138 Spanish Town Road, P.O. Box 72, Kingston 11, Jamaica,

Wat Indies. , Kingston. Tel.: 36121. ,Cable: Industrial

Kleen-e-ze Bush Co. Ltd., Hanham, Bristol, England. Tel.: Bristol 673027. Cable: Kleen-e-ze, Bristol.

A. H. Korthof N.V., 48 Herengracht, P.O. Box 46, Amsterdam-C., Holland. TIL: 0201230734. Cable: Sugarlab, Am~tsrdm.

Krieg & Zivy Industries, 17 rue Louis-Lejeune, 92 Montrouge, France. Tel.: 253-40-00. Cable: Zedka, Montrougc.

Krupp Stahlexport G.m.b.H., Department Krupp-Dolberg, 4 Diisseldorf, Grabbeplatz 2,

Germany. Tel.: 91187791. Cable: Kruppstahl, Diisseldorf.

Telex: Diisseldorf 0858 2251152 ksd-d

AktiengeseUsebaft KUbnle, Kopp & Kaosrb. 6710 FrankenthalIPfalz, Germany. Tel.: (06233b4021. Cable: Maschinenkessel. FrankenthalIPfalz.

Telex: 04 65221.

Lafarge Alumioous Cement Co. Ltd., Lafarge House, 207 Sloane St., London S.W.1, England. Tel.: 01-235 4300. Cable: Cimenfondu, London S.W.1.

Telex: 262387 Lafarge Ldn.

John Laing & Son Ltd., Page Street, London N.W.7, England. Tel.: 01-959 3636. Cable: Totcartnoc, London N.W.7.

S.A. Laiikre de Sclessin, Sclessin-lez-Libge, Belgium. Tel.: (04) 52.21.50. Cable: Laiinih, Sclcyin.

AB. Landsverk. Landskrona, Sweden. Tel.: 77000. Cable: Landsverk, Landskrona.

Telex: 72285.

Lodge-Cottrell Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

R. Lord & Sons Ltd., Barnbrook Boiler Works, Bury, Lancs, England. Tel.: 061-764 4862. Cable: Lords, Bury.

Lufkin Foundry & Machine Co.. P.O. Box 849, Lufkin, Texas, 75901 U.S.A. Tel.: NE4-4421. Cable: Luffo. Lufkin.

Telex: 713-632-3103.

The Lunkenbeimer Company, Beekmao St, at Waverly Ave, Cincionati, Ohio, 4529 U.S.A. Tel.: 5 13-921-3400. Cable: Lunken, Cmumt.1.

Lurgi Gesellsehaft f i i Wiifme- und Chemoteebnik m.b.H., 6 Frankfurt (Main), Lurg~haus, Germany. Tel.: 55071. Cable: Lurgiwaerme, Frankfurt.

Manlove, AUiott & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 81, Bloomsgrove Works, Nottingham, NG7 3HQ,

England. Tel.: 75127. Cable: Manloves, Nottingham.

Telex: Chamcom Nottm No. 37605.

Marsball, Sons & Co. Ltd., Britanni;! Works, Gainsborough, Lincs., England. Tel.: Galnsborough 2301.

Telex: 56134.

Massev-Ferenson lExwrtl Ltd.. ~oveniry, England. ' . Tel.: Coventry 65211. Cable: Masferg, Coventry.

Telex: Masferg, Coventry, 31-657.

Mavor & Coulson Ltd., 47 Broad St., Bridgeton, Glasgow S.E., Scotland. Tel.: Bridgeton 1800. Cable: Prodigious, Phone, Glasgow.

Telex: 778109.

Metal Propellers Ltd., 71 Purley Way, Croydon, Sumy, England. Tel.: 01-684 3611.

Telex: 23635.

The Mirrlees Watson Co. Ltd., Cosmos House, I Bromley Common, Bromley, Kent, England. Tel.: 01-464-3681. Cable: Mirwat, Bromley, Kent.

Telex: 2-2404.

Mono Pumps Ltd., Mono House, Sekforde Street, Clerkenwell Green, London

E.C.1, England. Tel.: 01-253 8911. Cable: Monopumps, London E.C.I.

Telex: 24453.

Etablissements F. Moret, 33 Ave. Faidherbe, St. Quentin 02, France. Tel.: 62-50-93.

Moss Gear Co. Ltd., Industrial Gear Division, Corporation Street, Accrington, Lancs., England. Tel.: Accrington 32223. Cable: Mosgear, Accrington.

Charles ~Mundt & Sons, 53 Fairmont Avenue, Jersey City, N.J., U.S.A. Tel.: Area Code 201-333-6200. Cable: Mundt, New Jersey.

Telex: JCY 774.

Murrav Iron Works Comnanv. ~urlingron, Iowa, u.s.A.' - '

Tel.: Area Code 319.754-6541. Cable: Murrayiron, Burlington. Telex: 46-8148.

Nasb International Comnanv. Norwalk Conn., 06856- u.Y.A. Tel.: (203) 866-3351. Cable: Hytor, Norwalk, Conn.

Telex: 96-5971.

Negretti & Zamhra Ltd., Stocklake, Aylesbury, Bucks., England. Tel.: Aylesbury 5931. Cable: Negretti, Aylesbury, Telex.

Telex: 83285.

New Conveyor Co. Ltd., Brook St., Smethwick, Warley, Worcs., England. Tel.: 021-558 2100. Cable: Newconti, Warley.

Telex: 338063.

Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd., 143 Maple Road, Surbiron, Surrey, England. Tel.: 01-546 7799. Cable: Lindaresco, Telex, London.

Telex: 2241 3.

Neyrpic, Rue GCntral Mangin, 38 Grenoble, France. Tel.: (76) 96.48.30. Cable: Neypric. Grenoble.

Nordiska Maskimfilt AB., S-301 03 Halmsrad 1, Sweden. lei.: 11 8700. Cable: Nordiskdt, HalmPtad.

Telex: 3558.

Norit Sales Corporation Ltd., see N.V. Norit Verkdopcentrale.

N.V. Norit Verkoopcmbale, 2de Weteringplantsoen 15, P.O. Box 1720, Amsterdam C,

Holland. Tel.: Amsterdam 239911. Cable: Noritcarbo, Amsterdam.

Telex: 12317.

0. & K. Export- und HandelsgeseUschaft m.b.H., 4600 Dortmund-Uorstteld., karl-I-unkesliasse 24, Germany. Tel.: (0231)6811. Cable: Railways, Donmoad-Dorstfeld

Telex: 08 22222.

Parkson Industrial Equipment Co. Ltd., Burnham Road, Dartford, Kent, England. Tel.: Dartford 24414. Cable: Parkson, Dartford.

Patrick Murray (Pty.) Ltd., see Murray

Pennine Chainbelt Co. Ltd., Modder Place, Amley, Leeds 12, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: Leeds 63-8755. Cable: Pennine, Leeds.

The Permntit Co. Ltd., Pemberton House, 632-652 London Rd., Isleworth, Middx.,

England. Tel.: (01)-560-5199. Cable: Permutit, Hounslow.

Telex: 24440.

Phoenix Precision Instrument Co., 3805 N. Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 19140 U.S.A. Tel.: 215-228-741 7. Cable: Ppico, Philadelphia.

Pittsburgh Activated Carbon Company. P.O. Box 1346, Calgon Center, Pittsburgh, Pa., 15230 U.S.A. Tcl.: (412) 923-2345. Cable: Pitcarb, Pittsburgh.

Telex: 086739.

Pletterij Spoorijzer N.V., Postbus 10, Delft, Holland. Tel.: 25931. Cable: Pesed, Delft.

Telex: 3 103 1.

J. & F. Pool Ltd.. Hayle, Cornwall, England. Tel.: Hayle 3213. Cable: Perforator, Hayle.

Telex: 45286 A.B. Poolperf Hayle.

P. & S. Textiles Ltd., Broadway Mills, Haslingden, Lancs., BB4 4EJ, England. re/.: Rossendale 3421. Cable: Neotex, Telex, Haslingden.

Telex: 63127 Neotex Hasden.

Protos Engineering Co. Private Ltd., 173 Jamshedji Tata Rd., Churchgate, P.O. Box No. 1642,

Bombay, India. Tel.: 296047. Cable: Protodyn, Bombay.

Telex: 506. H. Putsch & Comn.. Postfach 4221, ~Fankfurter Str. 5-25, 58 Hagen, Germany. Tel.: Hagen 31031. Cable: Putsch, Hagen.

Telex; 823795.

Rapid Magnetic Ltd., Lombard St., Birmingham 12, England. Tel.: 021-772 1137. Cable: Magnetism, Birmingham.

Reed Rledway Sacks Ltd., Larkfield, near Maidstone, Kent, England. Tel.: Maidstone 7-7777. Cable: Satchelsac. [,arkfield.

Telex: 96148.

Robert Reichling & Co. K.G., Kalner Strasse 397-403a, Postfach 2380, D4150 Krefeld,

Germany. Tel.: 3.32.17. Cable: Reichling, Krefeld.

Telex: 0853 757. Renold Limited, Renold House, Wythenshawe, Manchester, England. Tel.: 061-MER 5221. Cable: Driving, Manchester.

Telex: 669052. Rohm and Haas Company, Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105 U.S.A. Tel.: 592-3000.

Rose, Downs & Thompson Ltd., Cannon Street, Hull, England. Tel.: 29864. Cable: Rosedowns, Hull.

Telex: 52226. Russell Constructions Ltd., Russell House, Adam Street, London W.C.2, England. Tel.: 01-836 005519. Cable: Russelcon, London W.C.2.

St. Mary Iron Works Inc., P.O. Box 581, Franklin, La., 70538 U.S.A. Tel.: 318-828-5390. Cable: SMIW, Franklin.

Salzgitter Maschinen A.G., - Postfach 23, 3327 Salzgitter-Bad, Federal Republic qf Germany. Tel.: (053 41) 3921. Cable: Samag, Salzgilter-Bad.

Telex: 095445 smg d.

Sankey Green Wire Weaving Co. Ltd., Thelwall, Warrington, Lancs., England. Tel.: 0925 61211. Cable: Sai~co, Warrington. ,

SAPAL SociW Anonyme des Plieuses Automatiqua. 36 Avenue du Tir Fbddral, 1024 Ecublens prks Lausanne,

Switmrland. Tel.: (021) 34 44 61. Cable: Autoplieuse, Lausanne.

Telex: 24 541.

Saunders Valve Co. Ltd., Grange Rd., Cwmbran, Monmouthshire, England. Tel.: Cwmbran 2044. Cable: Saunval, Newportmon.

Telex: 49241.

Scandura Ltd., P.O. Box 19, Cleckheaton, Yorkshire, England. Tel.: Cleckheaton 571 1. Cable: Scandura, Cleckheaton.

Telex: 51 106.

Schill & Seilacher Chemische Fabrik, 2 Hamburg 74, Moorfleetstr. 28, Germany. Tel.: 73 16 66. Cable: Struktol, Hamburg.

Telex: 0212932.

Schmidt + Haensch, Berlin 62. Naumannstrasse 33, Germany. Tel.: 71 06 31. Cable: Polarisation, Berlin.

Schumacher'sche Fabrik. BietigheimtWiirttemberg, Germany. Tel.: 7721. Cable: Schumafilt, Bietigheim.

Telex: 724217.

Scientific Furnishings Ltd., London Road South, Poynton, Stockport, Cheshire, SKI2 IW,

England. Tel.: Poynton 2215/6/7/8. Cable: Design, Poynton.

Serck-Jamesbury Ltd., Gloucester Trading Estate, Hucclecote, Gloucester, England. Tel.: 0452-67321. Cable: Jayessel, Gloucester.

Telex: 43298.

N.V. Servo-Balans, Wegastraat 40, Den Haag, Holland. Tel.: (070)-835503. Cable: Servobalans, Den Haag.

S.E.U.M., 62 Corbehem. France. Tel.: (20) 88-7040. Cable: SEUM, Corbehem.

Shirtliff Bros. Ltd., Icknield Way, Letchworth, Herts., England. Tel.: 2161. Cable: Shirtliff, Letchworth.

SIG Swiss Industrial Company, CH-8212 Neuhausen Rhine Falls, Switzerland. Tel.: (053) 8 15 55. Cable: Sig. Neuhau~enamrheinfall.

Telex: 7 61 56.

Silver Engineering Works Inc., 3309 Blake St., Denver, Colo.: 80205 U.S:A. Tel.: 303-623-021 1. Cable: S~lver, Denvercolo.

Telex: 045-567 Silverengr Dvr.

Henry Simon Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Richard Simon & Sons Ltd., Phoenix Works, Basford, Nottingham, England. Tel.: 7421 1-9. Cable: Balance, Nottinghvm.

Simon Engineering Ltd., P.O. Box 31, Stockport, England. Tel.: 061428 3621. C le Simon, Stockport, Telex.

Telex: 620;l.

~imon-~arrotf~td., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Simon-Canes Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Simon-Carves Chemical Engineering,Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

xliii

Simon Handling Engineers Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Simon-Hartley Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Simonacco Ltd., see Simon Engineering Ltd.

Richard Sizer Ltd., Cuber Works, Hull, Englaad. Tel.: Hull 23155. Cable: Sizer, Hull, Telex.

Telex: 52236.

A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd., Cosmos House, 1 Bromley Common, Bromley, Kent, England. Tel.: 01-464 3681. Cable: Sugrengine, Bromley, Kent.

Telex: 2-2404.

Sparkler Manufacturing Company, 101 Cartwright Rd., Conroe, Texas, 77301 U.S.A. Te1.:7713) 7564471 Cable: Spa tltco, C onroe.

2.

TWX: 910-880-4183.

S.P.E.I. Chim., 106 Rue $Amsterdam, Paris 9e, France. Tel.: 744-73-79. Cable: Rectifpast, Paris.

Telex: 23012 Spechim.

Spencer (Melksham) Ltd., (A member of the English Electric Elliott-Automation Group). elks sham, Wilts., ~ggland. Tel.: Melksham 348 1. Cable: Spencer, Melksham.

Telex: 44392.

Standard Steel Corporation, 5013 Soulh Boyle Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90058

U.S.A. Tel.: (21 3)-585-1234. Cable: Stansteel, Los Angeles.

Telex: 674737.

Stein Atkinson Stordy Ltd., Westminster House, Kew Rd., Richmond, Surrey, England. Tel.: 01-940 4861. Cable: Metasteina, Richmond.

Telex: 262324.

Stela-Meta Filters Ltd., Laverstoke Mill, Whitchurch, Hants., England. Tel.: Whitchurch 360. Cable: Stellameta, Whitchurch, Hants.

Telex: 85145.

Stord Bartz Industri A/%, P.O. Box 777, Bergen, Norway. Tel.: Bergen 10030. Cable: System, Bergen.

Telex: System 2051.

Stork-Werkspoor (V.M.F.), P.O. Box 147, Hengelo (O.), Holland. Tel.: Hengelo 54321. Cable: Stowesugar, Hengelo.

Telex: 3 1324.

Stothert & Pitt Ltd., Lower Bristol Road, Bath, BA2 3DJ, England. Tel.: Bath 63401/63041. Cable: Stothert, Bath.

Telex: 441 77.

The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd., 196-204 Bermondsey Street, London, S.E.1, England. Tel.: 01-407 5422. Cable: Sumasuco, London, S.E.I.

A.B. Svenska Fldktfabriken, P.O. Box 20 040, S-104 60 Stockholm 20, Sweden. Tel.: Stockholm 23 83 20 Cahle: Flaktfabr~ken, Stockholm.

Telex: 10430 flakt sthlm s.

The Tbames Packaging Equipment Co. 28 City Road, London, E.C.1, England. Tel.: 01-606 738718. Cable: Pakitup, London.

Thermix Industries Ltd., see Newell Dunford Engineering Ltd.

Thibodaux Boiler Works Inc.. P.O. Box 32, Thibodaux, La., 70301 U.S.A. TeI.: (Area Code 501)-446-1363.

Cable: Thibworlts, Thibodaux.

me lllomson M.* co. *:, P.O. Box 71, Th~bodaux, Lotuslana, U.S.A. Tel.: (504)447-3773. Cable: Thomson, Thibodaux.

Worn Bendix Ltd., High Church Street, New Basford, Nottingham, England. Tel.: Nottingham 75115. Cab!e: Bendelec. Nottingham.

Telex: 37142.

T. I. Stainless Tubes Ltd., Broadwell Road, Oldbury, Warley, Worcestershire, England. Tel,: 021-552 1585.

Telex: 33387.

The Tills Engineering Co. Ltd., 5 Arbour Lane, K~rkby Industrial

L33 7XF, England. Tel.: 051-546 2378.

Estate. Kirkby, Liverpool,

The Triton Engineering Co. (Sales) Ltd., Kingsnorth Industrial Estate, Wotton Road, Ashford, Kent,

England, Tel.: Ashford (Kent) 25133. Cable: Triton, Ashford, Kent.

IngmilimBnoan Weibull AB., Box 65, Malmli 1, Sweden. Tel.: MalmU 73495. Cable: Nilswei, MalmO.

Welding Techoifsl hvices Ltd., Pershore Road South, Kings Norton, Birmingham 30. England. Tel.: 021458 5541-4. Cable: Weltexa, Birmingham.

The WeaternHStatea Machine Company, Hamilton, Ohio, U.S.A. Tel.: 513-8944758. Cable: Weamam, Hamilton, Ohio.

Joseph Westnood & Co. Ltd., Napier Yard, West Ferry Rd., Millwall, London, E.14, England. Tel.: 01-987 1043. Cable: Westwood, London E.14.

Wheway-Watson Ltd., Industrial Estate, Bellshill, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Tel.: Bellshill 2437. Cable: Pa

The Worcester Valve Co. Ltd., Burrell Rd., Haywards Heath, Sussex, England. Tel.: Haywards Heath 51581.

W d i t o n Corporation, Harrison, New Jersey, U.S.A. Tel.: 201-HU4123j.. -9f1k: "Ycthington, Harrison.

Wrigbt Rain 1,td.. ~ingwood,-~a";s: BH 241PA. England. Tel.: Ringwood 2251. Cable: Wrightrain, Ringwood, Telex.

Telex: 41 206.

Wright Rain Africa (Pvt.) Ltd., 35 Birmingham Road, Box 3237, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Tel.: Salisbury 25810. Cable: Wrightrain, Salisbury.

Yarrow & Co. Ltd., Scotstoun, Glasgow W.4, Scotland. Tel.: 041-959 1207. Cable: Yarrow, Glasgow.

Telex: 77357 Yarrow Glasgow.

Yorkshire Imperial Metals Ltd., P.O. Box 166, Leeds LSI IRD, Yorkshirc, England. Tel.: OLE2 (Leeds) 7-2222. Cable: Yorkimp, L.eeds.

Telex: 55-31 1 .

G. H. Zeal Ltd., Lombard Rd., Merton, London S.W.19., England. Tel.: 01-512 228316. Cable: Zealdom, London S.W.19.

Carl Zeiss, Western Germany. Tel.: Oberkochen (07364) 201. Cable: Zeisswerk, Oberkochen.

Telex: 7-13 213.

SUGAR BOOK DEPARTMENT

Most books reviewed in this journal may be obtained through our Sugar Book Depart- ment. Where no inclusive price is quoted in our review, 4s. 6d. should be added to cover the cost of packing and postage.

Check your personal library against * the list of bask books given below :

I INTRODUCTION T O SUGAR CANE TECHN0LOGY:)enkins (1966)

ICUMSA METHODS OF SUGAR ANALYSIS: de Whalley (1964)

............... I

BEET SUGAR ECONOMICS 1 Qttrell (1952)

SUCRERIE DE BETTERAVES : Dubourg ............... (1952)

PRINCIPLES OF SUGAR TECHNOLOGY p o l . I) : Honlg (1953) (Vol. 11) : Honlf (1959) (Vol. Ill): Honlg (1963)

I LICHT'S INTERNATIONAL SUGAR ECONOMIC YEAR- BOOK & DIRECTORY ........................ (1968)

HANDBOOK OF CANE SUGAR ENGINEERING. Hugot. translated by Jenkins (1960)

LABORATORY M A N U A L FOR QUEENSLAND SUGAR ...... MILLS (4th ed.) Bureau of Sugar Experlrnent Statlons (1961)

SUGAR CANE DISEASES OF T H E WORLD (Vol. I) : Martin, Abbott and Hughes .............................. (1962) (Vol. 11) : Hughes, Abbott and Wlsrner ............... (1964)

......... CANE SUGAR HANDBOOK (9th ad.): Meade (1963)

THE SUGAR CANE : Barnes ........................ (1964) GENETICS A N D BREEDING OF SUGAR CANE: Stevenson (1965)

MANUALOFCANEGROWING:KIng,MungorneryandHughes (1965)

THE MECHANICS OF CRUSHING SUGAR CANE: Murry ond Holt (1967)

THE GROWING OF SUGAR CANE: Hurnbert ......... (1968)

MANUFACTURE A N D REFINING OF RAW CANE SUGAR: Baikow (1 967)

I BASIC CALCULATIONS FORTHE CANE SUGAR FACTORY: Eisner (195P;

The abaw prlcn Indude p a g o and paclrlnl. ,

* rarmr a n ntrldy mh In advanca. Our Bankecrn ale : Barclays Bank Ltd., 3 Great Tower Sirwt, London. E.C.J.

POST PAID 139s. 6d.

518. Od.

748. 6d*

37r. Od.

194s. id. 144s. 6d.

235s. Od.

99s. 6d.

74s. 6d.

109s. 6d.

SL GAR BOOK DEP4PTE =lu- ! ernational Sugar Journal, Ltd. 23a' East- n ', 'Vycombe, Bucks., England

AUTOMATIC LIMING CONTROL

KEY TO SCHEMATIC DRAWING hYOU7

A-Hydrated Lime Hopper

B--Screw Conveyor

C-Sieve*bottom Receiver Hopper.

D-Heavy MilksCLime Tank with Stirrer.

K-"Correct" Milk-of-Lime Tank, with Stirrer.

L-Centrifugal Pump for "Correct" Milk-oCLime to Process.

M-Mixer Unit.* (U.K. Patent 891,713; other patenu pending).

E-Hand Operated Valve on Water Line. N-Flow-through Electrode System for pH Control.

F-Centrifugal Pump for Heavy Milksf-Lime to Density P-pH Transmitter. Meter & Controls.

LRecorder/Controller for pH Control of Liming. &Density Meter, Continuous and Automatic.

T-Automatic Valve for Controlled Addition of "Correct" H-Recorder/Controller for Continuous Density Control. Milk-of-Lime to Mixer unit.

Mtand-pipe for ensuring that Meter is always full. 8ee I.S.J.. 1068. M). PIS

The Sugar Manufacturers' Supply Co. Ltd: 196-204 BERMONDSEY STREET, LONDON, S.E.1, t LAND

Tc -pi.onc HOP 5422 i ' " I -- - - -- - - - - -

Plinted by Jowr ILo~nu~s L Sous. Salford, Uaucherter; and published by the Pro notors Tau IvTsevmroxaL SUGAR Jo NAP Mb..bt 23s ~ s a t o n r s t ~ t , High Wycombe. Bnclis. Entered at the Nev Pork P'wt O@ce & Secoud.Dlass ~ a t g

PRIBTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

The International Sugar Journal 1969 Vol.71 No.841

Documents

Transcript of The International Sugar Journal 1969 Vol.71 No.841