CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

The use of electronic sensors have made it possible for

every athlete to compete with ease, knowing fully that the

room for biasness/partiality has been gradually/fully

eradicated in the history of taekwondo as a Sport, unlike

the old days, before the implementation of electronic

sensors, where athletes are awarded manually which gives a

lot of room for known/popular athletes to be awarded winners

if no clear winnings are noticed and coaches may not be able

to protest because there was no video recording to view

replays and heed to their protests.

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of

combat practices, which are practiced for a variety of

reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and

fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and

spiritual development.

Although the term martial art has become associated with

the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it was originally

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referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the

1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means "arts of

Mars", the Roman god of war. Some authors have argued that

fighting arts or fighting systems would be more appropriate

on the basis that many martial arts were never "martial" in

the sense of being used or created by professional warriors.

Taekwondo is one of the most systematic and scientific

Korean traditional martial arts, that teaches more than

physical fighting skills. It is a discipline that shows ways

of enhancing our spirit and life through training our body

and mind. Today, it has become a global sport that has

gained an international reputation, and stands among the

official games in the Olympics.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Taekwondo, a martial Art Sports and Olympic event, is

traditionally scored by judges. To award a point, judges

must determine not just if a blow was landed but if it had

sufficient impact. The games blazing speed makes this highly

subjective.

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Electronic scoring has been implemented to effectively

improve the scoring/awarding system of Taekwondo as a sport

to eradicate partiality amongst judges, referees and

officials, thereby giving room for every athlete to be

accountable of their success and as well as their failures.

1.3 Research questions

Corresponding to the objectives, the study is to

provide answers to the following research questions:

1. How does electronic sensor influence taekwondo sport?

2. In what way would technology development affect

taekwondo sport?

1.4 Research Hypothesis

Hypothesis of the study are:

Hypothesis I:

H0: There is no significant relationship between electronic

sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

Hypothesis II:

H0: There is no significant relationship between technology

development and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

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1.5 Objective of study

The goal of this study is:

- To show the effectiveness of the design and

implementation of electronic sensors in taekwondo as

a sport.

- To evaluate the contributions of the electronic

sensor in taekwondo.

- To make recommendations on how the electronic sensor

could be improve on in taekwondo.

1.6 Significance of study

The significance of this study is to show the

effectiveness of electronic sensor scoring system in Martial

Art case study of taekwondo (World Taekwondo Federation) WTF

as a Sport. At the end of this project Taekwondo athletes,

referees, officials, coaches and spectators should be able

to realize that the design and implementation of electronic

sensor scoring system has truly improved taekwondo as a

sport in the aspect of scoring points and awarding winners

in a taekwondo championship. Also with the use of electronic

sensor scoring system in taekwondo, fighting in

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championships/events got easier. It has reduced or

completely wipeout the room for partiality in taekwondo as a

sport. Points scored are seen immediately on the scoreboard

as they are gained, as the computer receives the signal from

the sensor, translates and displays it to human readable

form immediately

1.7 Scope of study

The scope of this project is to enlighten the general

public on how the use of electronic sensor scoring system

works in taekwondo as a sport.

1.8 Definition of terms

Electronic: Device or technology associated with or

employing low voltage current and solid state integrated

circuits or components, usually for transmission and/or

processing of analog or digital data.

Sensor: A sensor is a device that measures a physical

quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read

by an observer or by an instrument.

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Electronic Sensor: An electronic sensor is an electronic

device used to measure a physical quantity such as

temperature, pressure or loudness and convert it into an

electronic signal.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of taekwondo

Let's take a closer look at the meaning of the word

"Tae" "Kwon" "Do." It is composed of three parts as shown in

the English spelling, though it is one word in Korean. "Tae"

means "foot," "leg," or "to step on"; "Kwon" means "fist,"

or "fight"; and "Do" means the "way" or "discipline." If we

put these three parts together, we can see two important

concepts behind "Tae Kwon Do".

First, Taekwondo is the right way of using Tae and Kwon

'fists and feet,' or all the parts of the body that are

represented by fists and feet. Second, it is a way to

control or calm down fights and keep the peace. This concept

comes from the meaning of Tae Kwon 'to put fists under

control' [or 'to step on fists']. Thus Taekwondo means "the

right way of using all parts of the body to stop fights and

help to build a better and more peaceful world."

Taekwondo has been developing with the 5000-year long

history of Korea, being called by several different names in

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the course. In Korea, Taekwondo began as a defense martial

art called "Subak" or "Taekkyon," and developed as a way of

training body and mind in the ancient kingdom of Koguryo,

under the name of "Sunbae." In the Shilla period, it had

become the backbone of Hwarangdo that aimed at producing

leaders of the country.

Taekwondo today is similar to the martial arts in other

Oriental countries and shares some features with them,

because in the course of its evolution it has gained many

different styles that existed in the martial arts of the

countries surrounding Korea, like Japan and China.

But Taekwondo is very different from many such oriental

martial arts. First, physically it is very dynamic with

active movements that include a mirage of foot skills.

Second, the principle physical movements are in simpatico

with that of the mind and life as a whole. Third, it

possesses dynamic poses from another perspective.

Taekwondo can be characterized by unity: the unity of

body, mind, and life, and the unity of the pose ["poomsae"]

and confrontation, and cracking down. When you do Taekwondo,

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you should make your mind peaceful and synchronize your mind

with your movements, and extend this harmony to your life

and society. This is how in Taekwondo the principle of

physical movements, the principle of mind training, and the

principle of life become one and the same. On the other

hand, the right poomsae lead to the right confrontation,

which will eventually produce great destructive power.

How come we reach such a unity in Taekwondo? Taekwondo

is a way of life, much like having a job, raising a family,

fighting for a cause, or any one of numerous raison d'etre.

What makes Taekwondo different from these is that it is an

activity for survival in extremely antagonistic situations.

One must always overcome the enemy that is trying to cause

harm. But simply winning a fight is not enough to guarantee

one's safety, because the enemy may recuperate and attack

again. Moreover, there may be many other enemies than the

one that was just defeated. One cannot ever feel safe unless

one gains permanent peace. To attain this permanent or

lasting peace, one needs unity. This is what Taekwondo aim

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for. Otherwise Taekwondo would be no different from any

other street-fighting skills.

Taekwondo pursues harmonious growth and improvements of

life through its unique activities. This is why one could

say Taekwondo is a way of life. To ultimately enable

ourselves to lead more valuable lives, we would do well by

finding the guiding principles deeply hidden in Taekwondo.

The historical background of Taekwondo development will

be explained following the chronological order of 4

different ages; ancient times, middles ages, modern ages and

present times.

Upon liberation of Korea from the Japanese colonial

rule after World War II, the Korean people began recovering

the thought of self-reliance and the traditional folkloric

games resumed their popularity. Song Duk-Ki, afore-mentioned

master of Taekkyon, presented a demonstration of the martial

art before the first republic of Korea president Syngman

Rhee on the occasion of his birthday, clearly distinguishing

Taekwondo from the Japanese Karate which had been introduced

by the Japanese rulers.

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Martial art experts began opening Taekwondo gymnasiums

all over the country and after the end of Korean War (1950-

1953) Taekwondo was popularized among the dan-grade black-

belters within the country, also dispatching about 2,000

Taekwondo masters to more than 100 countries.

After all, following the nomination of Taekwondo as a

national martial art in 1971, the present Kukkiwon was

founded in 1972 to be used as the headquarters as well as

the site of various Taekwondo competitions. Then a year

later, in 1973 the World Taekwondo Federation was

established. In 1973, the biennial World Taekwondo

Championships was organized.

In 1984, Taekwondo was admitted to the Asian Games as

an official event. In 1975, Taekwondo was accepted as an

official sport by the U.S Amateur Athletic Union [AAU] and

also admitted to the General Association of International

Sports Federations [GAISF – later renamed SportAccord],

followed by the adoption of official sports event by the

International Council of Military Sports [CISM] in 1976 and

by International University Sports Federation [FISU] in 1986

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. The WTF became an IOC-recognized sports federation in

1980, making Taekwondo an Olympic sport. Then the adoption

of Taekwondo as an official event was followed by the World

Games in 1981, All Africa Games in 1983, and the Pan-

American Games in 1986.

Taekwondo participated in 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and

1992 Barcelona Olympic Games as a demonstration sport. On

September 4, 1994, the 103rd IOC Session in Paris voted to

include Taekwondo in 2000 Sydney Olympic Games as an

official sport. (As a result, in 2006, September 4 was

designated as Taekwondo Day by the WTF.)

Taekwondo made its debut as an official sport in the

2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Since then, Taekwondo's entry in

the Olympics has increased from 103 athletes to 128

athletes. And from the Beijing Olympics the number of bronze

medals increased from one to two. Taekwondo is confirmed

through the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Taekwondo is also included

in the Youth Olympic Games, beginning with the inaugural

edition in Singapore in 2010.

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The WTF introduced the 1st WTF World Para-Taekwondo

Championships in 2009, and has since then promoted inclusion

of para-taekwondo in the Paralympic Games. Taekwondo first

participated in the Deaflympics in 2009.

Taekwondo is an official sport of almost all

international multi-sport games as well as continental

games. With an ever-growing number of taekwondo

practitioners worldwide, the WTF now has 206 Member National

Associations located at all corners of the globe. And the

WTF has also made ceaseless effort to make taekwondo a sport

for all, irrespective gender, race, age, religion, culture

and with or without physical or mental disabilities in

cooperation with various international sports organizations.

2.2 Tenants of taekwondo

HUMILITY - having a humble estimate of oneself, not

being boastful and showing off. Always striving for

better.

PERSERVERANCE - the ability to keep on trying until you

master what you set out to do and never give up.

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ETIQUETTE - how to behave both inside and outside the

Dojang.

LOYALTY - being loyal and looking out for your club,

your Instructor, your peers, your friends and yourself.

INDOMNITABLE SPIRIT - to be able to keep going, no

matter how tough things get.

RESPECT - Learning to respect others, animals, and most

importantly yourself.

2.3 Code of conduct (for students & parents)

Treat your instructor and fellow students with respect

at all times.

Abide by the rules of your Instructor and Dojang.

Treat everyone the same regardless of gender, age,

ethnic origin, cultural background and religion.

Be considerable to others and work together as a club.

Remember that outside the Dojang you are representing

your club and instructor at all times.

Be on time for training sessions, meetings and

competitions.

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Always be humble and think of others before yourself.

In competition – win with humility, lose with dignity.

Thank your Instructor after the lesson for passing on

their knowledge.

Always let your Instructor know when you are not going

to be able to attend training for whatever reason.

Never ridicule anyone, even in jest.

Try and support your club by attending as many seminars

and competitions as possible.

2.4 System of competition

1. Pro TKD committee establishes system of competition with

approval of the operative Pro TKD Company. System of

competition can only be changed 12 months in advance.

2. Pro TKD League is imagined as a series of elimination

tournaments and one final tournament. Starting system of

competition is following:

On levels of Europe, North America, Central and South

America and Asia Pro TKD championships are being founded.

The winner acquires title of Continental Pro TKD champion

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and right of participation on Pro TKD championship of the

world.

3. If more than 8 fighters apply on Pro TKD championship of

one continent, one or more elimination tournaments will

be organized.

8 fighters will always compete on continental and world

championships.

4. If it is real to expect that one or more elimination

tournaments has competition so strong in on or both

categories, it can be decided that winner of eliminations

directly gets a spot among 8 best fighters at world

championship.

5. During first 3 years of Pro League Promoter of final

tournament has the right to send 1-3 wild cards to

fighters who didn’t pass through eliminations, and for

whom he believes that he will raise the level of

tournament and public’s interest with his quality or

popularity. 

6. 8 fighters from each category who have qualified on

regional or continental tournament or they received

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direct invitation from promoter of the final tournament

compete on final tournament.  

2.5 Concepts in taekwondo

Simple guide to the WTF taekwondo sparring rules

Here we shall discuss the important taekwondo sparring

rules - so you can understand the basics of a taekwondo

sparring match.

Your sparring gear needs to be WTF approved.

You should wear your groin, forearm and shin guards

underneath your taekwondo uniform.

Each taekwondo sparring competition has weight categories.

Weight categories vary depending on the tournament.

Official terminology in events/championships

Korean English

CHA RYOT ATTENTION

KYONG YAE BOW

JA YU MAT SO GI FREE SPARRING

JUN BI READY

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SHI JAK BEGIN

HE CHYO SEPARATE

GESOK CONTINUE

GU MAN END

JU UI WARNING

GAM JOM DEDUCTING POINTS

SIL KYOK DISQUALIFICATION

HONG RED

CHONG BLUE

ILHE JON 1ST ROUND

YI HE JON 2ST ROUND

AM HE JON 3ST ROUND

YON JANG JON EXTENSION

DUK JOM JON GOLD POINT BOUT

SUNG WINNER

Dress code & equipment

Dress code for Juries and Umpires Juries and Umpires

shall wear navy blue coat and trousers, white shirt and red

tie with golden mark Pro-TKD.

On the left side on the coat in the chest height is a golden

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mark of Pro-TKD umpire. Juries and point umpires are dressed

in black shoes.

The ring umpire referees in white shirt and black

slippers with thin sole (TKD shoes), and on his hands he is

wearing rubber gloves.

Dress code for contestants:

- Contestant shall wear white pants of dobok and a black

belt.

- 2 Top of dobok will be especially created for Pro

Taekwondo uniform in red and blue colour. ITF dobok without

sleeves will be base for this creation, with certain stile

alterations.

- Pro Taekwon-Do and the name of the fighter will be written

on the back.

During fight fighters must wear:

  -12 ounce gloves and foot protection approved by the Pro

TKD Committee & main promoter. Equipment is in blue and red

colour.

- groin cup, mouth piece and hand wraps. Fighters can wear

bandages on their hands and feet. Hands and feet can be

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wrapped in bandages only in presence of the umpire. With his

signature on bandages umpire guaranties that they are

properly wrapped without any additions which would create

unjustified advantage.

- Fighters are not obliged, but they can wear shin pads.

The ring

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The ring is minimum 7x7m and maximum 8x8m inside the ropes.

The ring is bounded with 4 level ropes, and corner poles are

protected with spongy material.

Ring floor is covered in tarpaulin.

Two opposite corners are marked with red and blue colour.

Scoring machine

Electronic scoring machine: is an especially designed

electronic machine for refereeing which shows points,

warnings and time for red and blue fighter. Corner umpires

hold electronic machines connected with the central e-21

system. When minimum 2 of 3 or 3 of 5 corner umpires press a

red or blue button on their keypad, the central e-scoring

machine writes point to the fighter whose button is pressed.

Insurance

The Organizational Committee must ensure that the

competition venue must have all the necessary public

liability insurance, fire certificates and Government

licenses required for such events. All Competitors must sign

their entry forms and have insurance coverage for their

participation in the Championship and signed contract with

the organizer.

Medical Assistance

Competitors injured during the competition shall

receive the treatment of the medical teams provided by

T.O.C. The doctor, after treating the injured competitor,

should recommend to the Ring Official the further

participation of that competitor. The doctor’s decision is

final.

Doping check

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In order to establish prestige and fairness of Pro –

TKD, all fighters are obligated to submit to a doping check

upon the promoter’s request in any occasion. Testing

positive for doping will result in penalties, including the

confiscation of a title, prize money, and full amount (100%)

of fight money. Additionally, a fighter will also be

penalized based on his own contract.

Competition venue

The Competition Venue must have the full facilities and

the Organizing Committee must provide the required

equipments. The Organizational Committee shall arrange

special seating for the VIPs.

Lighting must not be lower than 5 meters above the ground

for the competition.

Weight-Check

Weight-check shall start 48 hours before and closes an

hour before the Championship begins. It shall be conducted

by officials appointed by the Organizing Committee,

confirming the entry forms submitted by concerned parties.

Competitors must present their license and passports for

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weight check. International standard scales must be used for

weight check. Only competitors who pass their weight checks

are allowed to participate in sparring competition.

Competitors who failed in the weight check will not be

allowed to compete in the competition. Two weight categories

are being founded -80kg and +80kg. Tournament management and

two representatives from each participating country will

attend the draws. The draws are to be conducted publicly.

Tournament management and officials  

Tournament management consists of president of Pro-TKD

Committee, main umpire and main promoter, or people they

empower. In case of any conflict tournament management

decides with majority of voices. Appeal can be failed to

Pro-TKD Committee against such decisions. The officials are:

1 Jury President

1 Centre Referee

5 Corner Referees

1 Timekeeper

1 Recorder

Coaches and managers

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The manager and coach must be registered at the

organiser of the tournament and they have access to the

fighter in the ring, all by permit of the ring umpire.

During the competition, the coach must wear a tracksuit and

gymnastic shoes. During a sparring match, the coach will be

seated at least 1 meter away from the Ring. During the

matches the coach must not act in such a manner that would

disturb the competition.

Equipment check

The Centre Referee shall check to ensure that Pro-TKD

dobok and equipment’s, etc. are of the officially approved

types and that they are not defective. If any item is found

to be defective or sub-standard, it must be replaced and the

Competitor has a maximum two minutes to do so. If

replacement is not done within two minutes, that competitor

may be disqualified.

Courtesy

Competitors must at all-time bow to the Jury, Centre

Referee and also to each other with command of “Taekwon” at

the beginning and end of each performance or match.

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Mode of competition

The Pyramid system of Elimination will be used. In case

of tied score, the fight shall be prolonged for one (1)

round. If the score is tied after this extra round, the

fighters go for the “Golden point”.

Official terminology

- CHA RYOT                        ATTENTION

- KYONG YAE                     BOW

- JA YU MAT SO GI            FREE SPARRING

- JUN BI                                READY

- SHI JAK                             BEGIN

- HE CHYO                          SEPARATE

- GESOK                               CONTINUE

- GU MAN                             END

- JU UI                                   WARNING

- GAM JOM                          DEDUCTING POINTS

- SIL KYOK                          DISQUALIFICATION

- HONG                                 RED

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- CHONG                              BLUE

- ILHE JON                          1ST ROUND

- YI HE JON                         2ST ROUND

- AM HE JON                       3ST ROUND

- YON JANG JON               EXTENSION

- DUK JOM JON                 GOLD POINT BOUT

- SUNG                                 WINNER

Attacking tools

Hand parts – fore fist – only by direct punch and back fist.

Foot parts - ball of the foot, foot sword, back heel, instep

and sole.

Target Area

Face and neck area at the front and sides (excluding the

back).

Frontal area of trunk of the body from a line drawn from the

armpit vertically down to the waist on each side (excluding

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the back).

When the arm, from the elbow to the fingers, is in contact

with the body, then this is regarded as part of the body, by

which the opponent can therefore score points.

Scoring

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Criteria for point award

1 One (1) point will be awarded for:

Hand attack directed to mid or high section.

Foot attack directed to mid section.

Mid air hand attack directed to mid section (both feet off

the ground)

2 Two (2) points will be awarded for:

Foot attack directed to high section.

Mid air hand attack directed to the high section. (Both feet

off the ground)

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Flying foot attack directed to mid section

3 Three (3) points will be awarded for:

Flying kick directed to high section.

Flying 180° turning kick to mid section.

4 Four (4) points will be awarded for:

Flying 180° turning kick directed to high section

Flying 360° or more turning kick to mid section.

5 Five (5) points will be awarded for:

Flying 360° or more turning kick to high section.

* When flying 2 or 3 hand and foot attacks are counted as

points, those points shall be awarded for every technique

*At any foot attack to the head (2-5 points) it will be

considered as a point if a foot attack hits the glove or

forearm so strong that head is compressed, and force of the

attack is obviously transferred over the hand to the head.

Fouls

Warnings

For the following offences:

- Intentional holding or grabbing, usage of ring ropes as

help during performance of a technique,

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- Intentional attack on illegal target,

- Intentional pushing

- Pretending to be injured

- Intentionally avoiding sparring (First offence) – avoiding

attack more than 5 seconds

- Three or more consecutive punch without a valid follow up

technique

- Turning the back intentionally to avoid combat

- Unnecessary speaking during competition paying no

attention to the instructions of Centre Referee

One (1) point will be added to the opponent for every 3

warnings.

Deduction of Points for serious fouls (Yellow card)

For the following offences which carry a yellow card:

- Insulting an opponent in any way

- Biting-scratching-clawing

- Attacking a fallen opponent or an unready opponent when

the referee has already stopped the match

- Attacking with forehead, using forbidden techniques (e.g.

elbow, knee, any illegal hand technique except direct)

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- In case of point deduction Centre Referee will raise a

yellow card to indicate

one point deducted. Intentionally avoiding sparring after

receiving a warning for the same offence.

Disqualification (Red card)

For the following offences;

- Misconduct against umpires

- Ignoring the Centre Referee’s instructions

- Any competitor suspected of being under influence of

alcoholic beverage or drugs.

- The Centre Referee will raise a red card to indicate a

competitor disqualified.

Duration of bout

- 2 rounds of 2 minutes in eliminations and 3 rounds of 2

minutes in the finals.

- One-minute break shall be given between rounds.

- A contestant shall be declared knocked down if any portion

of the contestant's body other than the feet touch the floor

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which is a result from an attack, or if the contestant hangs

helplessly over the ropes.

- A contestant shall not be declared knocked down if he is

pushed, thrown, or accidentally slips to the floor. The

determination as to whether a contestant is pushed, thrown

or slips to the floor, rather than being knocked down, shall

be made by the referee.

Knock-out/ knock-down

- Whenever a contestant is knocked down, the referee shall

order the contestant’s opponent to retire to the farthest

corner of the ring, pointing to the corner and immediately

begin the count over the knocked down contestant. The

referee will audibly announce the passing of each one second

interval, indicating the passage with a downward motion of

the arm.

- Any time a contestant is knocked down, the referee shall

automatically begin a mandatory eight-count and then, if the

contestant appears able to continue, will allow the bout to

resume. The timekeeper, through effective signalling, shall

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give the referee the correct one-second intervals for the

count. The referee's count is the only official count.

- Should a contestant be knocked down three times in one

round from blows, the referee shall stop the contest and

declare the opponent to be the winner by technical knockout.

- Should a contestant who is down rise before the count of

ten is reached and then go down immediately without being

struck, the referee shall resume the count where it was left

off.

- If the contestant taking the count is still down when the

referee calls the count of ten, the referee shall wave both

arms to indicate that the contestant has been knocked out

and will signal that the contestant's opponent is the

winner.

- A round's ending before the referee reached the count of

ten will have no bearing on the count. The contestant must

still rise before the count of ten to avert a knockout.

- Should both contestants go down at the same time, the

referee shall continue to count as long as one of the

contestants is down. If both contestants remain down until

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the count of ten, the contest will be stopped and the

referee shall declare the bout to be a technical draw. But

if one contestant rises before the count of ten and the

other contestant remains down, the first contestant to rise

shall be declared the winner by knockout. Should both

contestants rise before the count of ten, the round will

continue.

- When the knock down is being counted, one point is given

to the fighter who performed the attack which caused the

knock down.

Injury

- When a competitor is injured during competition, the

Centre Referee must stop the match and call the Doctor.

After the injured competitor is treated, the Doctor must

recommend to the Centre Referee as to whether that

competitor could continue competing. The Doctor’s decision

is final.

Deciding the winner when the match cannot continue due to

injury

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- When it is decided that the opponent is at fault for

causing the injury, then the

injured competitor will be declared the winner.

- When it is decided that it is the fault of the injured

competitor that caused his or her own injury, then the

injured competitor’s opponent will be declared winner.

- If two Competitors injure themselves at the same time and

if both are found to

be unfit to continue, the winner is the Competitor who has

more scored points at the moment of stopping the match. If

the Competitors are even, the Jury President will decide the

winner after consultation with the Ring Council.

- Until the decision for injured competitor has been made,

the match cannot go

on to the next round.

- The competitor not accepting the doctor’s decision shall

be disqualified.

- If the winner of a fight is not in a state to compete in

the following round due to injury, fighter who he defeated

before will fight instead of him.

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Extra Rounds

If a fight ends with a tide score, the fight will be

prolonged to one more round lasting two minutes. If a fight

ends with a tide score even then, the fighters will fight

until the first point. The fighter who scores first will be

pronounced winner.

Umpire ruling after finished fight

After a fight is finished umpires must rule one of the

following:

victory by points

victory by knock out

victory by technical knock out

victory because of an opponent’s injury

victory because of an opponent’s disqualification

2.8 Sensors

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity

and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an

observer or by an instrument. An electronic sensor is an

electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such

37

as temperature, pressure or loudness and convert it into an

electronic signal.

Types of sensors

Electrical sensor

Electrical sensors examine the change in electrical or

magnetic signals based on an environmental input. Examples

of electrical sensors are metal detectors, RADAR systems and

even simple electrical meters such as voltmeters and

ohmmeters. Magnetometers are widely used in traffic

intersections to detect the presence of a vehicle

Optical Sensors

Optical sensors use principles of light to quantify object

characteristics. The most common optical sensor is the

electric eye, which uses a beam of light to detect the

presence of an object. Optical sensors also include sensing

light outside of the visible spectrum, such as infrared or

ultraviolet. Fiber-optic sensors use the properties of light

traveling through a glass fiber to measure a wide variety of

characteristics, such as temperature and strain. Photo

38

detectors and motion detectors act as switches to turn

lighting systems on and off.

Chemical sensors

Chemical sensors measure the presence and quantity of a

specific chemical in an environment. Some chemical sensors

include radon and carbon monoxide detectors, automobile

oxygen sensors and pH sensors. Some chemical sensors are

designed to detect a specific compound or ion for

specialized testing operations.

Temperature sensors

Temperature sensors simply report the temperature of a part

or environment. The most common type of temperature sensor

is the thermocouple, which relies on voltage changes based

on dissimilar metal junctions. Thermocouples are available

for a wide range of temperatures, from ambient environmental

temperatures through high temperature environments, such as

jet engines.

Mechanical sensors

Mechanical sensors measure the change in a mechanical

property of an object or system. The primary mechanical

39

sensor is the strain gauge, which forms the basis of several

different types of mechanical sensors. A strain gauge is a

variable resistor that measures the amount of deformation

that a part endures when it is affected by a force. Strain

gauges form the basis of load cells, humidity sensors and

pressure transducers. Another common mechanical sensor is

the potentiometer, which measures angular or linear

displacement.

Proximity sensor

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence

of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity

sensor often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic

field, or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for

instance), and looks for changes in the field or return

signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the

proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor

targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive

or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic

40

target; an inductive proximity sensor requires a metal

target.

2.9 Point scoring system

Manage the ring with a specialized scoring system that

directly corresponds with the e-hogu and e-headgear

technology or with the hand held scoring trigger system.

Software

- Easy to set up drivers and system

- Simple and partially customizable GUI

- Power threshold can be set so all weight classes can use

same system

- System requirements: Windows XP to most recent Windows

version and at least 2 USB ports

41

Receiver

- 1 per ring connects to PC to obtain information sent from

transmitters

- Frequency fortified to block interfering electronics at

venue Transmitters HOGU/HEAD

- Records and computes impact information and sends to

receiver

- Signal fortified to cut through disruptions

Joysticks

- Wireless triggers provide simpler set up of competition

- Judges can move more freely without wires

- Ergonomic design for comfort and ease of control

- 1 point button for punches, 2 point button for duit-chagi

and dollyo-chagi, 3 point button for head kicks

42

Product Specs

- Reversible red and blue sides

- WTF recognized and approved

- Same comfort as traditional non ehogu

- Scoring not affected by sweat or water

- Very resistant proximity and impact sensors

- Dual sensor system for heightened accuracy

- Sensors over the valid scoring areas

Details

- Impact Sensor-measures impact level according to power and

speed of strike

- Proximity sensor-recognizes contact with correct part of

body for scoring to avoid mistakes

43

- Transmitter-receives information from sensors and sends

information to the scoreboard

Product Specs

- Optional element for automatic 3-point scoring of head

strikes

- By adding E-Headgear, a ring can eliminate or reduce the

need for judging triggers

- Available in blue or red

- Same comfort as traditional non eheadgear

- Automatic scoring

Details

- Sensors embedded all around protective gear

44

- Transmitter connected to the e-headgear

- Power threshold set up independent from ehogu

45

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology adopted for this

project under the following sub-headings:

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Study Population

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques

3.4 Research Instrument

3.5 Validity Of Instrument

3.6 Reliability of Instrument

3.7 Administration of Research Instrument

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

3.1 Research Design

The study used the survey research design. The survey

design was used in the study because it was considered

appropriate for collecting data from a given population with

46

an intention to determine the opinion, attitudes and

perception of personnel considering the variables under

study.

3.2 Study Population

The population for this study comprises the instructors

and students of Prime Kick Taekwondo Academy & Dee Golden

Taekwondo Academy, Lagos State.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques

The study adopted the systematic sampling procedure.

For the purpose of this study, fifty instructors and

students were randomly selected. The study population

included employees of the academy. The sample for this study

included 50 randomly selected instructors and students.

3.4 Research Instrument

The researcher designed a questionnaire which was used

to collect information from fifty instructors and students.

47

The copies of questionnaire were divided into two sections,

(A and B).

Section A collected bio-data of respondents while

section B collected information on the effectiveness of

electronic sensor in martial arts (taekwondo). The section B

of the questionnaire was based on five point Likert Scale

i.e. Effective, Somehow Effective, Neutral, Somehow

Ineffective, Ineffective.

3.5 Validity of Instrument

The questionnaire forms were carefully structured and

studied in order to reframe a poorly worded item and remove

those with ambiguous terms whose relevance to the study will

be questionable. Also, to ensure the validity of the

instrument, a draft of the structured questionnaire was

presented to the supervisor for face and content validation.

All corrections observed were duly effected before

administering the instrument.

3.6 Administration of research instrument

48

Copies of the questionnaire were given to fifty

instructors and students in the academy by the researcher.

The items used were thoroughly explained to the respondents

and they were enlightened on how to respond to them. The

questionnaire was administered on randomly selected fifty

instructors and students. It was collected on the spot by

the researcher. This means that 100% of the questionnaire

were filled, collected and used for this study.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The research questions were assumed using percentages

after construction of contingency table for the items with

regard to the research questions. The hypotheses were all

tested at 0.05 level of significance using the mean

statistic. The mean was used to answer the research

questions.

The formula used is shown below: X = ∑fx

f where X = mean score, f = frequency of response, x = the

numeric value, Σ = summation

49

Decision rule: The mean value of 5.0 was used as the

decision rule, the mean value of 5.0 and above was accepted

and those with mean below were rejected. The mean value was

arrived at 5.0 by adding the score and dividing then by

number of occurrences. (Bisira, Taylor & Farinde, 1998).

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter focused on the results of the data

collected as well as discussion of findings. The aim of the

study was to assess Research and Development as an

instrument of organizational effectiveness.

4.1 Results and discussion of stated Research questions and

hypotheses

Research Question One: How does electronic sensor influence

taekwondo sport?

Table 4.1.1: Participants response on the relationship

between electronic sensor and its effectiveness in

taekwondo sport.

S/ ITEM E SE N SI I

50

N

1 Electronic sensor exist in

martial arts

- 80

53.3

%

40

26.7

%

30

20.0

%

-

2 Satisfaction with scores

from electronic sensors

5

3.3%

85

56.7

%

32

21.3

%

28

18.7

%

-

3 Instructors and Students

are involved in the

planning or management of

electronic sensor

43

28.7

%

60

40.0

%

47

31.3

%

- -

Result:

Table 4.1.1 reveals that 80% of the participant’s

responses agreed electronic sensor were somehow effective in

martial arts, 40% of the participant’s responses were

neutral about electronic sensor in martial arts, 30% of the

participant’s responses agreed electronic sensor were

somehow ineffective in martial arts.

51

Likewise, 28.7% of the participant’s responses agreed

that satisfaction with scores from electronic sensors were

effective, 40% of the participant’s responses agreed that

satisfaction with scores from electronic sensors were

effective were somehow effective, 31.3% of the participant’s

responses were neutral on satisfaction with scores from

electronic sensors.

In addition, 6.7% of the participant’s responses agreed

instructors and students involvement in the planning or

management of electronic sensor were effective, 68.7% of the

participant’s responses agreed instructors and students

involvement in the planning or management of electronic

sensor were somehow effective, 24.6% of the participant’s

responses were neutral on instructors and students

involvement in the planning or management of electronic

sensor.

The finding implies that electronic sensor influences

taekwondo sports because larger percentage of the

respondents agrees with the items.

52

Research Question Two: In what way would technology

development affect taekwondo sport?

S/

N

ITEMS E SE N SI I

1 Martial Arts (Taekwondo)

adapts quickly to changing

technologies

5

3.3%

90

60.0

%

32

21.4

%

23

15.3

%

-

2 Martial Arts provide

technology training to

enable instructors &

students

47

31.3

%

74

49.3

%

- 29

19.4

%

3 There is productivity/value

from technology

101

67.3

%

38

25.3

%

11

7.4%

- -

4 The degree of impact of

technological

campaigning/advocacy

activities

85

56.7

%

33

22.0

%

20

13.3

%

12

8.0%

-

Result:

53

Table 4.1.2 reveals that 3.3% of the participant’s

responses agreed on the quick adaptation of martial arts to

changing technologies were effective, 60.0% of the

participant’s responses agreed on the quick adaptation of

martial arts to changing technologies were somehow

effective, 21.4% of the participant’s responses were neutral

on the quick adaptation of martial arts to changing

technologies, 15.3% of the participant’s responses agreed on

the quick adaptation of martial arts to changing

technologies were somehow ineffective.

Likewise, 31.3% of the participant’s responses agreed

the provision of technology training to enable instructors

and students were effective, 49.3% of the participant’s

responses agreed the provision of technology training to

enable instructors and students were somehow effective,

19.4% of the participant’s responses agreed the provision of

technology training to enable instructors and students were

somehow ineffective.

Also, 67.3% of the participant’s responses agreed the

productivity/value from technology were effective, 25.3% of

54

the participant’s responses agreed the productivity/value

from technology were somehow effective, 7.4% of the

participant’s responses were neutral that there is

productivity/value from technology.

In the same spirit, 56.7% of the participant’s

responses agreed the degree of impact of technological

campaign/advocacy activities were effective, 22.0% of the

participant’s responses agreed the degree of impact of

technological campaign/advocacy activities were somehow

effective, 13.3% of the participant’s responses were neutral

on the degree of impact of technological campaign/advocacy

activities, 8.0% of the participant’s responses agreed the

degree of impact of technological campaign/advocacy

activities were somehow ineffective.

The indication of this finding is that technology

development affects taekwondo sports because larger

percentage of the respondents agreed with the effectiveness

of the items.

4.2 Testing of the stated hypotheses

55

The result are presented and discussed in relation to

the stated hypotheses.

Hypothesis I: There is no significant relationship between

electronic sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

Table 1: relationship between electronic sensor and its

effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

X 5 4 3 2 1

F 36 11 0 3 0 50

fx 144 33 0 3 0 180

X

3.6

The above table revealed that the calculated X value of 3.6

is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null

hypothesis that there is no relationship between electronic

sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport is rejected.

56

This implies that there is significant relationship between

electronic sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

Hypothesis II: There is no significant relationship between

technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo

sport.

Table 2: relationship between technology development and its

effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

X 5 4 3 2 1

F 24 22 0 4 50

fx 96 66 0 4 166

X

3.32

The above table revealed that the calculated X value of

3.32 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the

null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship

between technology development and its effectiveness in

taekwondo sport is rejected. As a result of this, there is a

significant relationship between relationship between

57

technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo

sport.

4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This section aims at discussing the result of the findings

of the research with one view of giving meaningful

interpretation to them. Consequently, each hypothesis is

discussed in relation to the data presented with a view of

accepting or rejecting such hypothesis.

Hypothesis One

This finding indicates that electronic sensor could be more

relevant in providing solutions to scoring problems in

taekwondo. This is probably because with the application of

technology, clearer perception of scoring could be seen with

a view to providing better and more permanent solutions to

the scoring problem. It could also make scoring procedure

faster than using the traditional means of scoring.

Hypothesis Two

Hypothesis II: There is no significant relationship between

technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo

sport.

58

The finding revealed that technology development enhances

quality of scoring in taekwondo sport. Quality of scoring

could be achieved through priority of attention to the kicks

to the mid-section, high section. As a result of this,

technological devices are endowed with skills of prompt

attention to desirable scoring of all kinds.

4.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study is the effectiveness of electronic sensor

scoring system in martial arts (taekwondo). The findings of

this study include the following:

1. There is significant relationship between electronic

sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.

2. There is a significant relationship between relationship

between technology development and its effectiveness in

taekwondo sport.

59

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The development of technology in our environment has no

doubt, contributed to so many developments in the society

and yet it is still prone to more upgrades as learning is

never limited, So also it is in taekwondo as a sport.

The use of electronic scoring system in taekwondo have

generally moved taekwondo to one the best martial art sports

because of the minimal risk of injuries to its athletes in

competitions

5.2 CONCLUSION

This project have been compiled and written to the best

of my knowledge with the current improvement of my time as

an athlete in taekwondo and is prone to more or many other

development, as taekwondo tries to minimize injuries to the

fullest in competitions/championships/events. Possible

improvements to taekwondo equipment in competitions:

60

- Head Guard needs to be improved. Although head

guards have not been fully designed and implemented,

which is the major equipment the federation is

working on currently.

- Taekwondo is also making a complete body protection

and sensor equipment, whereby everything worn in the

cause of any competition will be digitalized with

electronic sensors.

- Turning Kicks also needs to be looked into as the

manual recording

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Training of referees is essential, as most times more

technical issues are encountered of which a properly trained

referee should be able to handle properly. The head guard

should be designed in such a way that manual awarding of

point will no longer be needed. The Hogu (Body Protector)

should be designed to work on its own as well, so that

manual awarding of point will no longer be needed.

61

REFERENCES

Sik, Kang Won; Lee Kyong Myung (1999). A Modern History of

Taekwondo. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. ISBN 978-89-358-

0124-4.

Gillis, Alex (2008). A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do.

ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550228250.

Williams, Bob (23 June 2010). "Taekwondo set to join 2018

Commonwealth Games after 'category two'

classification". The Telegraph. Retrieved21 November 2010.

"World Taekwondo Federation". What Is Taekwondo. Retrieved 8,

February 2012. NY Times 2002/06/29

Choi, Hong Hi (1987). Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. International

Taekwon-Do Federation. ASIN B008UAO292.

Kim, Sang H. (2002). Martial Arts Instructors Desk Reference: A Complete

Guide to Martial Arts Administration. Turtle

Press. ASIN B001GIOGL4.

Choi, H. H. (1993): Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd

ed. (Vol. 1, p. 122). Mississauga: International

Taekwon-Do Federation.

62

Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the

Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-

0742567160.

Cummings, B. (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun. New York, NY: W.W.

Norton.

Park, S. W. (1993): About the author. In H. H.

Choi: Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1,

pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do

Federation

Glen R. Morris. "The History of Taekwondo".

 Cook, Doug (2006). The Formative Years of

Taekwondo. Traditional Taekwondo: Core Techniques, History and

Philosophy. Boston: YMAA Publication Center.

p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59439-066-1.

Choi Hong Hi (1999). "ITF Information interviews with

General Choi.". The Condensed Encyclopedia Fifth

Edition.

Brief History of Taekwondo. Long Beach Press-Telegram. 2005.

S. Benko, James. "Grand Master, Ph.D". The Tenants Of Tae Kwon

Do. ITA Institute. Retrieved 13 March 2013.

63

World Taekwondo Federation (2004). "Kyorugi rules". Rules.

www.wtf.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.

Retrieved 2007-08-11.

World Taekwondo Federation (2010): Competition rules &

interpretation (2 March 2010, p. 5). Retrieved on 31 May

2010.

Gomez, Brian (August 23, 2009). "New taekwondo scoring

system reduces controversy". The Gazette.

World Taekwondo Federation (Oct 7, 2010): Competition rules

& interpretation (7 October 2010, pp. 31–32). Retrieved

on 27 November 2010.

WTF World Taekwondo Federation Website

64

Appendix One

OGUN STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, IGBESA

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondents,

REQUEST FOR COMPLETION OF PROJECT QUESTIONNAIRE

I am a National Diploma students of the above named

institution.

I am undertaking a research on the impact of application and

communication technology in the administration of secondary

schools in Lagos State, Nigeria.

It is on this note that I request you to answer the attached

questionnaire. This exercise is solely for academic purpose.

I therefore guarantee that the information supplied will be

treated confidentially and used only for this study.

Thanks for your co-operation

QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC SENSOR

SCORING SYSTEM IN MARTIALS ARTS (TAEKWONDO)

SECTION A

65

Please tide () where appropriate.

1. Name of Academy:

___________________________________________

2. Sex: Male Female

3. Position: Grand Master Masters Students

4. Belt Level: White Yellow Blue Brown

Red Black

SECTION B

The instrument below is a Likert rating scale questionnaire.

It is designed in a four points rating scale, viz:

E (Effective) = 5, SE (Somehow Effective) = 4, N (Neutral) =

3, SI (Somehow Ineffective) = 2, I (Ineffective) = 1.

Please tick as you deem appropriate in the column below

S/

N

STATEMENT E SE N S

I

I

1 Electronic sensor exist in martial arts

2 Satisfaction with scores from electronic

sensors

66

3 Instructors and Students are involved in

the planning or management of electronic

sensor

4 Martial Arts (Taekwondo) adapts quickly

to changing technologies

5 Martial Arts provide technology training

to enable instructors & students

6 There is productivity/value from

technology

7 The degree of impact of technological

campaigning/advocacy activities

8 Technology is relevant for enhancing

authentic scoring9 Enhancing decision making in the scoring10 Improving skill acquisition

67