CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
The use of electronic sensors have made it possible for
every athlete to compete with ease, knowing fully that the
room for biasness/partiality has been gradually/fully
eradicated in the history of taekwondo as a Sport, unlike
the old days, before the implementation of electronic
sensors, where athletes are awarded manually which gives a
lot of room for known/popular athletes to be awarded winners
if no clear winnings are noticed and coaches may not be able
to protest because there was no video recording to view
replays and heed to their protests.
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of
combat practices, which are practiced for a variety of
reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and
fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and
spiritual development.
Although the term martial art has become associated with
the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it was originally
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referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the
1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means "arts of
Mars", the Roman god of war. Some authors have argued that
fighting arts or fighting systems would be more appropriate
on the basis that many martial arts were never "martial" in
the sense of being used or created by professional warriors.
Taekwondo is one of the most systematic and scientific
Korean traditional martial arts, that teaches more than
physical fighting skills. It is a discipline that shows ways
of enhancing our spirit and life through training our body
and mind. Today, it has become a global sport that has
gained an international reputation, and stands among the
official games in the Olympics.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Taekwondo, a martial Art Sports and Olympic event, is
traditionally scored by judges. To award a point, judges
must determine not just if a blow was landed but if it had
sufficient impact. The games blazing speed makes this highly
subjective.
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Electronic scoring has been implemented to effectively
improve the scoring/awarding system of Taekwondo as a sport
to eradicate partiality amongst judges, referees and
officials, thereby giving room for every athlete to be
accountable of their success and as well as their failures.
1.3 Research questions
Corresponding to the objectives, the study is to
provide answers to the following research questions:
1. How does electronic sensor influence taekwondo sport?
2. In what way would technology development affect
taekwondo sport?
1.4 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis of the study are:
Hypothesis I:
H0: There is no significant relationship between electronic
sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
Hypothesis II:
H0: There is no significant relationship between technology
development and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
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1.5 Objective of study
The goal of this study is:
- To show the effectiveness of the design and
implementation of electronic sensors in taekwondo as
a sport.
- To evaluate the contributions of the electronic
sensor in taekwondo.
- To make recommendations on how the electronic sensor
could be improve on in taekwondo.
1.6 Significance of study
The significance of this study is to show the
effectiveness of electronic sensor scoring system in Martial
Art case study of taekwondo (World Taekwondo Federation) WTF
as a Sport. At the end of this project Taekwondo athletes,
referees, officials, coaches and spectators should be able
to realize that the design and implementation of electronic
sensor scoring system has truly improved taekwondo as a
sport in the aspect of scoring points and awarding winners
in a taekwondo championship. Also with the use of electronic
sensor scoring system in taekwondo, fighting in
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championships/events got easier. It has reduced or
completely wipeout the room for partiality in taekwondo as a
sport. Points scored are seen immediately on the scoreboard
as they are gained, as the computer receives the signal from
the sensor, translates and displays it to human readable
form immediately
1.7 Scope of study
The scope of this project is to enlighten the general
public on how the use of electronic sensor scoring system
works in taekwondo as a sport.
1.8 Definition of terms
Electronic: Device or technology associated with or
employing low voltage current and solid state integrated
circuits or components, usually for transmission and/or
processing of analog or digital data.
Sensor: A sensor is a device that measures a physical
quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read
by an observer or by an instrument.
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Electronic Sensor: An electronic sensor is an electronic
device used to measure a physical quantity such as
temperature, pressure or loudness and convert it into an
electronic signal.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of taekwondo
Let's take a closer look at the meaning of the word
"Tae" "Kwon" "Do." It is composed of three parts as shown in
the English spelling, though it is one word in Korean. "Tae"
means "foot," "leg," or "to step on"; "Kwon" means "fist,"
or "fight"; and "Do" means the "way" or "discipline." If we
put these three parts together, we can see two important
concepts behind "Tae Kwon Do".
First, Taekwondo is the right way of using Tae and Kwon
'fists and feet,' or all the parts of the body that are
represented by fists and feet. Second, it is a way to
control or calm down fights and keep the peace. This concept
comes from the meaning of Tae Kwon 'to put fists under
control' [or 'to step on fists']. Thus Taekwondo means "the
right way of using all parts of the body to stop fights and
help to build a better and more peaceful world."
Taekwondo has been developing with the 5000-year long
history of Korea, being called by several different names in
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the course. In Korea, Taekwondo began as a defense martial
art called "Subak" or "Taekkyon," and developed as a way of
training body and mind in the ancient kingdom of Koguryo,
under the name of "Sunbae." In the Shilla period, it had
become the backbone of Hwarangdo that aimed at producing
leaders of the country.
Taekwondo today is similar to the martial arts in other
Oriental countries and shares some features with them,
because in the course of its evolution it has gained many
different styles that existed in the martial arts of the
countries surrounding Korea, like Japan and China.
But Taekwondo is very different from many such oriental
martial arts. First, physically it is very dynamic with
active movements that include a mirage of foot skills.
Second, the principle physical movements are in simpatico
with that of the mind and life as a whole. Third, it
possesses dynamic poses from another perspective.
Taekwondo can be characterized by unity: the unity of
body, mind, and life, and the unity of the pose ["poomsae"]
and confrontation, and cracking down. When you do Taekwondo,
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you should make your mind peaceful and synchronize your mind
with your movements, and extend this harmony to your life
and society. This is how in Taekwondo the principle of
physical movements, the principle of mind training, and the
principle of life become one and the same. On the other
hand, the right poomsae lead to the right confrontation,
which will eventually produce great destructive power.
How come we reach such a unity in Taekwondo? Taekwondo
is a way of life, much like having a job, raising a family,
fighting for a cause, or any one of numerous raison d'etre.
What makes Taekwondo different from these is that it is an
activity for survival in extremely antagonistic situations.
One must always overcome the enemy that is trying to cause
harm. But simply winning a fight is not enough to guarantee
one's safety, because the enemy may recuperate and attack
again. Moreover, there may be many other enemies than the
one that was just defeated. One cannot ever feel safe unless
one gains permanent peace. To attain this permanent or
lasting peace, one needs unity. This is what Taekwondo aim
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for. Otherwise Taekwondo would be no different from any
other street-fighting skills.
Taekwondo pursues harmonious growth and improvements of
life through its unique activities. This is why one could
say Taekwondo is a way of life. To ultimately enable
ourselves to lead more valuable lives, we would do well by
finding the guiding principles deeply hidden in Taekwondo.
The historical background of Taekwondo development will
be explained following the chronological order of 4
different ages; ancient times, middles ages, modern ages and
present times.
Upon liberation of Korea from the Japanese colonial
rule after World War II, the Korean people began recovering
the thought of self-reliance and the traditional folkloric
games resumed their popularity. Song Duk-Ki, afore-mentioned
master of Taekkyon, presented a demonstration of the martial
art before the first republic of Korea president Syngman
Rhee on the occasion of his birthday, clearly distinguishing
Taekwondo from the Japanese Karate which had been introduced
by the Japanese rulers.
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Martial art experts began opening Taekwondo gymnasiums
all over the country and after the end of Korean War (1950-
1953) Taekwondo was popularized among the dan-grade black-
belters within the country, also dispatching about 2,000
Taekwondo masters to more than 100 countries.
After all, following the nomination of Taekwondo as a
national martial art in 1971, the present Kukkiwon was
founded in 1972 to be used as the headquarters as well as
the site of various Taekwondo competitions. Then a year
later, in 1973 the World Taekwondo Federation was
established. In 1973, the biennial World Taekwondo
Championships was organized.
In 1984, Taekwondo was admitted to the Asian Games as
an official event. In 1975, Taekwondo was accepted as an
official sport by the U.S Amateur Athletic Union [AAU] and
also admitted to the General Association of International
Sports Federations [GAISF – later renamed SportAccord],
followed by the adoption of official sports event by the
International Council of Military Sports [CISM] in 1976 and
by International University Sports Federation [FISU] in 1986
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. The WTF became an IOC-recognized sports federation in
1980, making Taekwondo an Olympic sport. Then the adoption
of Taekwondo as an official event was followed by the World
Games in 1981, All Africa Games in 1983, and the Pan-
American Games in 1986.
Taekwondo participated in 1988 Seoul Olympic Games and
1992 Barcelona Olympic Games as a demonstration sport. On
September 4, 1994, the 103rd IOC Session in Paris voted to
include Taekwondo in 2000 Sydney Olympic Games as an
official sport. (As a result, in 2006, September 4 was
designated as Taekwondo Day by the WTF.)
Taekwondo made its debut as an official sport in the
2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Since then, Taekwondo's entry in
the Olympics has increased from 103 athletes to 128
athletes. And from the Beijing Olympics the number of bronze
medals increased from one to two. Taekwondo is confirmed
through the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Taekwondo is also included
in the Youth Olympic Games, beginning with the inaugural
edition in Singapore in 2010.
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The WTF introduced the 1st WTF World Para-Taekwondo
Championships in 2009, and has since then promoted inclusion
of para-taekwondo in the Paralympic Games. Taekwondo first
participated in the Deaflympics in 2009.
Taekwondo is an official sport of almost all
international multi-sport games as well as continental
games. With an ever-growing number of taekwondo
practitioners worldwide, the WTF now has 206 Member National
Associations located at all corners of the globe. And the
WTF has also made ceaseless effort to make taekwondo a sport
for all, irrespective gender, race, age, religion, culture
and with or without physical or mental disabilities in
cooperation with various international sports organizations.
2.2 Tenants of taekwondo
HUMILITY - having a humble estimate of oneself, not
being boastful and showing off. Always striving for
better.
PERSERVERANCE - the ability to keep on trying until you
master what you set out to do and never give up.
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ETIQUETTE - how to behave both inside and outside the
Dojang.
LOYALTY - being loyal and looking out for your club,
your Instructor, your peers, your friends and yourself.
INDOMNITABLE SPIRIT - to be able to keep going, no
matter how tough things get.
RESPECT - Learning to respect others, animals, and most
importantly yourself.
2.3 Code of conduct (for students & parents)
Treat your instructor and fellow students with respect
at all times.
Abide by the rules of your Instructor and Dojang.
Treat everyone the same regardless of gender, age,
ethnic origin, cultural background and religion.
Be considerable to others and work together as a club.
Remember that outside the Dojang you are representing
your club and instructor at all times.
Be on time for training sessions, meetings and
competitions.
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Always be humble and think of others before yourself.
In competition – win with humility, lose with dignity.
Thank your Instructor after the lesson for passing on
their knowledge.
Always let your Instructor know when you are not going
to be able to attend training for whatever reason.
Never ridicule anyone, even in jest.
Try and support your club by attending as many seminars
and competitions as possible.
2.4 System of competition
1. Pro TKD committee establishes system of competition with
approval of the operative Pro TKD Company. System of
competition can only be changed 12 months in advance.
2. Pro TKD League is imagined as a series of elimination
tournaments and one final tournament. Starting system of
competition is following:
On levels of Europe, North America, Central and South
America and Asia Pro TKD championships are being founded.
The winner acquires title of Continental Pro TKD champion
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and right of participation on Pro TKD championship of the
world.
3. If more than 8 fighters apply on Pro TKD championship of
one continent, one or more elimination tournaments will
be organized.
8 fighters will always compete on continental and world
championships.
4. If it is real to expect that one or more elimination
tournaments has competition so strong in on or both
categories, it can be decided that winner of eliminations
directly gets a spot among 8 best fighters at world
championship.
5. During first 3 years of Pro League Promoter of final
tournament has the right to send 1-3 wild cards to
fighters who didn’t pass through eliminations, and for
whom he believes that he will raise the level of
tournament and public’s interest with his quality or
popularity.
6. 8 fighters from each category who have qualified on
regional or continental tournament or they received
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direct invitation from promoter of the final tournament
compete on final tournament.
2.5 Concepts in taekwondo
Simple guide to the WTF taekwondo sparring rules
Here we shall discuss the important taekwondo sparring
rules - so you can understand the basics of a taekwondo
sparring match.
Your sparring gear needs to be WTF approved.
You should wear your groin, forearm and shin guards
underneath your taekwondo uniform.
Each taekwondo sparring competition has weight categories.
Weight categories vary depending on the tournament.
Official terminology in events/championships
Korean English
CHA RYOT ATTENTION
KYONG YAE BOW
JA YU MAT SO GI FREE SPARRING
JUN BI READY
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SHI JAK BEGIN
HE CHYO SEPARATE
GESOK CONTINUE
GU MAN END
JU UI WARNING
GAM JOM DEDUCTING POINTS
SIL KYOK DISQUALIFICATION
HONG RED
CHONG BLUE
ILHE JON 1ST ROUND
YI HE JON 2ST ROUND
AM HE JON 3ST ROUND
YON JANG JON EXTENSION
DUK JOM JON GOLD POINT BOUT
SUNG WINNER
Dress code & equipment
Dress code for Juries and Umpires Juries and Umpires
shall wear navy blue coat and trousers, white shirt and red
tie with golden mark Pro-TKD.
On the left side on the coat in the chest height is a golden
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mark of Pro-TKD umpire. Juries and point umpires are dressed
in black shoes.
The ring umpire referees in white shirt and black
slippers with thin sole (TKD shoes), and on his hands he is
wearing rubber gloves.
Dress code for contestants:
- Contestant shall wear white pants of dobok and a black
belt.
- 2 Top of dobok will be especially created for Pro
Taekwondo uniform in red and blue colour. ITF dobok without
sleeves will be base for this creation, with certain stile
alterations.
- Pro Taekwon-Do and the name of the fighter will be written
on the back.
During fight fighters must wear:
-12 ounce gloves and foot protection approved by the Pro
TKD Committee & main promoter. Equipment is in blue and red
colour.
- groin cup, mouth piece and hand wraps. Fighters can wear
bandages on their hands and feet. Hands and feet can be
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wrapped in bandages only in presence of the umpire. With his
signature on bandages umpire guaranties that they are
properly wrapped without any additions which would create
unjustified advantage.
- Fighters are not obliged, but they can wear shin pads.
The ring
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The ring is minimum 7x7m and maximum 8x8m inside the ropes.
The ring is bounded with 4 level ropes, and corner poles are
protected with spongy material.
Ring floor is covered in tarpaulin.
Two opposite corners are marked with red and blue colour.
Scoring machine
Electronic scoring machine: is an especially designed
electronic machine for refereeing which shows points,
warnings and time for red and blue fighter. Corner umpires
hold electronic machines connected with the central e-21
system. When minimum 2 of 3 or 3 of 5 corner umpires press a
red or blue button on their keypad, the central e-scoring
machine writes point to the fighter whose button is pressed.
Insurance
The Organizational Committee must ensure that the
competition venue must have all the necessary public
liability insurance, fire certificates and Government
licenses required for such events. All Competitors must sign
their entry forms and have insurance coverage for their
participation in the Championship and signed contract with
the organizer.
Medical Assistance
Competitors injured during the competition shall
receive the treatment of the medical teams provided by
T.O.C. The doctor, after treating the injured competitor,
should recommend to the Ring Official the further
participation of that competitor. The doctor’s decision is
final.
Doping check
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In order to establish prestige and fairness of Pro –
TKD, all fighters are obligated to submit to a doping check
upon the promoter’s request in any occasion. Testing
positive for doping will result in penalties, including the
confiscation of a title, prize money, and full amount (100%)
of fight money. Additionally, a fighter will also be
penalized based on his own contract.
Competition venue
The Competition Venue must have the full facilities and
the Organizing Committee must provide the required
equipments. The Organizational Committee shall arrange
special seating for the VIPs.
Lighting must not be lower than 5 meters above the ground
for the competition.
Weight-Check
Weight-check shall start 48 hours before and closes an
hour before the Championship begins. It shall be conducted
by officials appointed by the Organizing Committee,
confirming the entry forms submitted by concerned parties.
Competitors must present their license and passports for
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weight check. International standard scales must be used for
weight check. Only competitors who pass their weight checks
are allowed to participate in sparring competition.
Competitors who failed in the weight check will not be
allowed to compete in the competition. Two weight categories
are being founded -80kg and +80kg. Tournament management and
two representatives from each participating country will
attend the draws. The draws are to be conducted publicly.
Tournament management and officials
Tournament management consists of president of Pro-TKD
Committee, main umpire and main promoter, or people they
empower. In case of any conflict tournament management
decides with majority of voices. Appeal can be failed to
Pro-TKD Committee against such decisions. The officials are:
1 Jury President
1 Centre Referee
5 Corner Referees
1 Timekeeper
1 Recorder
Coaches and managers
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The manager and coach must be registered at the
organiser of the tournament and they have access to the
fighter in the ring, all by permit of the ring umpire.
During the competition, the coach must wear a tracksuit and
gymnastic shoes. During a sparring match, the coach will be
seated at least 1 meter away from the Ring. During the
matches the coach must not act in such a manner that would
disturb the competition.
Equipment check
The Centre Referee shall check to ensure that Pro-TKD
dobok and equipment’s, etc. are of the officially approved
types and that they are not defective. If any item is found
to be defective or sub-standard, it must be replaced and the
Competitor has a maximum two minutes to do so. If
replacement is not done within two minutes, that competitor
may be disqualified.
Courtesy
Competitors must at all-time bow to the Jury, Centre
Referee and also to each other with command of “Taekwon” at
the beginning and end of each performance or match.
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Mode of competition
The Pyramid system of Elimination will be used. In case
of tied score, the fight shall be prolonged for one (1)
round. If the score is tied after this extra round, the
fighters go for the “Golden point”.
Official terminology
- CHA RYOT ATTENTION
- KYONG YAE BOW
- JA YU MAT SO GI FREE SPARRING
- JUN BI READY
- SHI JAK BEGIN
- HE CHYO SEPARATE
- GESOK CONTINUE
- GU MAN END
- JU UI WARNING
- GAM JOM DEDUCTING POINTS
- SIL KYOK DISQUALIFICATION
- HONG RED
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- CHONG BLUE
- ILHE JON 1ST ROUND
- YI HE JON 2ST ROUND
- AM HE JON 3ST ROUND
- YON JANG JON EXTENSION
- DUK JOM JON GOLD POINT BOUT
- SUNG WINNER
Attacking tools
Hand parts – fore fist – only by direct punch and back fist.
Foot parts - ball of the foot, foot sword, back heel, instep
and sole.
Target Area
Face and neck area at the front and sides (excluding the
back).
Frontal area of trunk of the body from a line drawn from the
armpit vertically down to the waist on each side (excluding
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the back).
When the arm, from the elbow to the fingers, is in contact
with the body, then this is regarded as part of the body, by
which the opponent can therefore score points.
Scoring
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Criteria for point award
1 One (1) point will be awarded for:
Hand attack directed to mid or high section.
Foot attack directed to mid section.
Mid air hand attack directed to mid section (both feet off
the ground)
2 Two (2) points will be awarded for:
Foot attack directed to high section.
Mid air hand attack directed to the high section. (Both feet
off the ground)
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Flying foot attack directed to mid section
3 Three (3) points will be awarded for:
Flying kick directed to high section.
Flying 180° turning kick to mid section.
4 Four (4) points will be awarded for:
Flying 180° turning kick directed to high section
Flying 360° or more turning kick to mid section.
5 Five (5) points will be awarded for:
Flying 360° or more turning kick to high section.
* When flying 2 or 3 hand and foot attacks are counted as
points, those points shall be awarded for every technique
*At any foot attack to the head (2-5 points) it will be
considered as a point if a foot attack hits the glove or
forearm so strong that head is compressed, and force of the
attack is obviously transferred over the hand to the head.
Fouls
Warnings
For the following offences:
- Intentional holding or grabbing, usage of ring ropes as
help during performance of a technique,
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- Intentional attack on illegal target,
- Intentional pushing
- Pretending to be injured
- Intentionally avoiding sparring (First offence) – avoiding
attack more than 5 seconds
- Three or more consecutive punch without a valid follow up
technique
- Turning the back intentionally to avoid combat
- Unnecessary speaking during competition paying no
attention to the instructions of Centre Referee
One (1) point will be added to the opponent for every 3
warnings.
Deduction of Points for serious fouls (Yellow card)
For the following offences which carry a yellow card:
- Insulting an opponent in any way
- Biting-scratching-clawing
- Attacking a fallen opponent or an unready opponent when
the referee has already stopped the match
- Attacking with forehead, using forbidden techniques (e.g.
elbow, knee, any illegal hand technique except direct)
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- In case of point deduction Centre Referee will raise a
yellow card to indicate
one point deducted. Intentionally avoiding sparring after
receiving a warning for the same offence.
Disqualification (Red card)
For the following offences;
- Misconduct against umpires
- Ignoring the Centre Referee’s instructions
- Any competitor suspected of being under influence of
alcoholic beverage or drugs.
- The Centre Referee will raise a red card to indicate a
competitor disqualified.
Duration of bout
- 2 rounds of 2 minutes in eliminations and 3 rounds of 2
minutes in the finals.
- One-minute break shall be given between rounds.
- A contestant shall be declared knocked down if any portion
of the contestant's body other than the feet touch the floor
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which is a result from an attack, or if the contestant hangs
helplessly over the ropes.
- A contestant shall not be declared knocked down if he is
pushed, thrown, or accidentally slips to the floor. The
determination as to whether a contestant is pushed, thrown
or slips to the floor, rather than being knocked down, shall
be made by the referee.
Knock-out/ knock-down
- Whenever a contestant is knocked down, the referee shall
order the contestant’s opponent to retire to the farthest
corner of the ring, pointing to the corner and immediately
begin the count over the knocked down contestant. The
referee will audibly announce the passing of each one second
interval, indicating the passage with a downward motion of
the arm.
- Any time a contestant is knocked down, the referee shall
automatically begin a mandatory eight-count and then, if the
contestant appears able to continue, will allow the bout to
resume. The timekeeper, through effective signalling, shall
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give the referee the correct one-second intervals for the
count. The referee's count is the only official count.
- Should a contestant be knocked down three times in one
round from blows, the referee shall stop the contest and
declare the opponent to be the winner by technical knockout.
- Should a contestant who is down rise before the count of
ten is reached and then go down immediately without being
struck, the referee shall resume the count where it was left
off.
- If the contestant taking the count is still down when the
referee calls the count of ten, the referee shall wave both
arms to indicate that the contestant has been knocked out
and will signal that the contestant's opponent is the
winner.
- A round's ending before the referee reached the count of
ten will have no bearing on the count. The contestant must
still rise before the count of ten to avert a knockout.
- Should both contestants go down at the same time, the
referee shall continue to count as long as one of the
contestants is down. If both contestants remain down until
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the count of ten, the contest will be stopped and the
referee shall declare the bout to be a technical draw. But
if one contestant rises before the count of ten and the
other contestant remains down, the first contestant to rise
shall be declared the winner by knockout. Should both
contestants rise before the count of ten, the round will
continue.
- When the knock down is being counted, one point is given
to the fighter who performed the attack which caused the
knock down.
Injury
- When a competitor is injured during competition, the
Centre Referee must stop the match and call the Doctor.
After the injured competitor is treated, the Doctor must
recommend to the Centre Referee as to whether that
competitor could continue competing. The Doctor’s decision
is final.
Deciding the winner when the match cannot continue due to
injury
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- When it is decided that the opponent is at fault for
causing the injury, then the
injured competitor will be declared the winner.
- When it is decided that it is the fault of the injured
competitor that caused his or her own injury, then the
injured competitor’s opponent will be declared winner.
- If two Competitors injure themselves at the same time and
if both are found to
be unfit to continue, the winner is the Competitor who has
more scored points at the moment of stopping the match. If
the Competitors are even, the Jury President will decide the
winner after consultation with the Ring Council.
- Until the decision for injured competitor has been made,
the match cannot go
on to the next round.
- The competitor not accepting the doctor’s decision shall
be disqualified.
- If the winner of a fight is not in a state to compete in
the following round due to injury, fighter who he defeated
before will fight instead of him.
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Extra Rounds
If a fight ends with a tide score, the fight will be
prolonged to one more round lasting two minutes. If a fight
ends with a tide score even then, the fighters will fight
until the first point. The fighter who scores first will be
pronounced winner.
Umpire ruling after finished fight
After a fight is finished umpires must rule one of the
following:
victory by points
victory by knock out
victory by technical knock out
victory because of an opponent’s injury
victory because of an opponent’s disqualification
2.8 Sensors
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity
and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument. An electronic sensor is an
electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such
37
as temperature, pressure or loudness and convert it into an
electronic signal.
Types of sensors
Electrical sensor
Electrical sensors examine the change in electrical or
magnetic signals based on an environmental input. Examples
of electrical sensors are metal detectors, RADAR systems and
even simple electrical meters such as voltmeters and
ohmmeters. Magnetometers are widely used in traffic
intersections to detect the presence of a vehicle
Optical Sensors
Optical sensors use principles of light to quantify object
characteristics. The most common optical sensor is the
electric eye, which uses a beam of light to detect the
presence of an object. Optical sensors also include sensing
light outside of the visible spectrum, such as infrared or
ultraviolet. Fiber-optic sensors use the properties of light
traveling through a glass fiber to measure a wide variety of
characteristics, such as temperature and strain. Photo
38
detectors and motion detectors act as switches to turn
lighting systems on and off.
Chemical sensors
Chemical sensors measure the presence and quantity of a
specific chemical in an environment. Some chemical sensors
include radon and carbon monoxide detectors, automobile
oxygen sensors and pH sensors. Some chemical sensors are
designed to detect a specific compound or ion for
specialized testing operations.
Temperature sensors
Temperature sensors simply report the temperature of a part
or environment. The most common type of temperature sensor
is the thermocouple, which relies on voltage changes based
on dissimilar metal junctions. Thermocouples are available
for a wide range of temperatures, from ambient environmental
temperatures through high temperature environments, such as
jet engines.
Mechanical sensors
Mechanical sensors measure the change in a mechanical
property of an object or system. The primary mechanical
39
sensor is the strain gauge, which forms the basis of several
different types of mechanical sensors. A strain gauge is a
variable resistor that measures the amount of deformation
that a part endures when it is affected by a force. Strain
gauges form the basis of load cells, humidity sensors and
pressure transducers. Another common mechanical sensor is
the potentiometer, which measures angular or linear
displacement.
Proximity sensor
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence
of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity
sensor often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic
field, or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for
instance), and looks for changes in the field or return
signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the
proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor
targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive
or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic
40
target; an inductive proximity sensor requires a metal
target.
2.9 Point scoring system
Manage the ring with a specialized scoring system that
directly corresponds with the e-hogu and e-headgear
technology or with the hand held scoring trigger system.
Software
- Easy to set up drivers and system
- Simple and partially customizable GUI
- Power threshold can be set so all weight classes can use
same system
- System requirements: Windows XP to most recent Windows
version and at least 2 USB ports
41
Receiver
- 1 per ring connects to PC to obtain information sent from
transmitters
- Frequency fortified to block interfering electronics at
venue Transmitters HOGU/HEAD
- Records and computes impact information and sends to
receiver
- Signal fortified to cut through disruptions
Joysticks
- Wireless triggers provide simpler set up of competition
- Judges can move more freely without wires
- Ergonomic design for comfort and ease of control
- 1 point button for punches, 2 point button for duit-chagi
and dollyo-chagi, 3 point button for head kicks
42
Product Specs
- Reversible red and blue sides
- WTF recognized and approved
- Same comfort as traditional non ehogu
- Scoring not affected by sweat or water
- Very resistant proximity and impact sensors
- Dual sensor system for heightened accuracy
- Sensors over the valid scoring areas
Details
- Impact Sensor-measures impact level according to power and
speed of strike
- Proximity sensor-recognizes contact with correct part of
body for scoring to avoid mistakes
43
- Transmitter-receives information from sensors and sends
information to the scoreboard
Product Specs
- Optional element for automatic 3-point scoring of head
strikes
- By adding E-Headgear, a ring can eliminate or reduce the
need for judging triggers
- Available in blue or red
- Same comfort as traditional non eheadgear
- Automatic scoring
Details
- Sensors embedded all around protective gear
44
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology adopted for this
project under the following sub-headings:
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Population
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.4 Research Instrument
3.5 Validity Of Instrument
3.6 Reliability of Instrument
3.7 Administration of Research Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
3.1 Research Design
The study used the survey research design. The survey
design was used in the study because it was considered
appropriate for collecting data from a given population with
46
an intention to determine the opinion, attitudes and
perception of personnel considering the variables under
study.
3.2 Study Population
The population for this study comprises the instructors
and students of Prime Kick Taekwondo Academy & Dee Golden
Taekwondo Academy, Lagos State.
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
The study adopted the systematic sampling procedure.
For the purpose of this study, fifty instructors and
students were randomly selected. The study population
included employees of the academy. The sample for this study
included 50 randomly selected instructors and students.
3.4 Research Instrument
The researcher designed a questionnaire which was used
to collect information from fifty instructors and students.
47
The copies of questionnaire were divided into two sections,
(A and B).
Section A collected bio-data of respondents while
section B collected information on the effectiveness of
electronic sensor in martial arts (taekwondo). The section B
of the questionnaire was based on five point Likert Scale
i.e. Effective, Somehow Effective, Neutral, Somehow
Ineffective, Ineffective.
3.5 Validity of Instrument
The questionnaire forms were carefully structured and
studied in order to reframe a poorly worded item and remove
those with ambiguous terms whose relevance to the study will
be questionable. Also, to ensure the validity of the
instrument, a draft of the structured questionnaire was
presented to the supervisor for face and content validation.
All corrections observed were duly effected before
administering the instrument.
3.6 Administration of research instrument
48
Copies of the questionnaire were given to fifty
instructors and students in the academy by the researcher.
The items used were thoroughly explained to the respondents
and they were enlightened on how to respond to them. The
questionnaire was administered on randomly selected fifty
instructors and students. It was collected on the spot by
the researcher. This means that 100% of the questionnaire
were filled, collected and used for this study.
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
The research questions were assumed using percentages
after construction of contingency table for the items with
regard to the research questions. The hypotheses were all
tested at 0.05 level of significance using the mean
statistic. The mean was used to answer the research
questions.
The formula used is shown below: X = ∑fx
f where X = mean score, f = frequency of response, x = the
numeric value, Σ = summation
49
Decision rule: The mean value of 5.0 was used as the
decision rule, the mean value of 5.0 and above was accepted
and those with mean below were rejected. The mean value was
arrived at 5.0 by adding the score and dividing then by
number of occurrences. (Bisira, Taylor & Farinde, 1998).
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter focused on the results of the data
collected as well as discussion of findings. The aim of the
study was to assess Research and Development as an
instrument of organizational effectiveness.
4.1 Results and discussion of stated Research questions and
hypotheses
Research Question One: How does electronic sensor influence
taekwondo sport?
Table 4.1.1: Participants response on the relationship
between electronic sensor and its effectiveness in
taekwondo sport.
S/ ITEM E SE N SI I
50
N
1 Electronic sensor exist in
martial arts
- 80
53.3
%
40
26.7
%
30
20.0
%
-
2 Satisfaction with scores
from electronic sensors
5
3.3%
85
56.7
%
32
21.3
%
28
18.7
%
-
3 Instructors and Students
are involved in the
planning or management of
electronic sensor
43
28.7
%
60
40.0
%
47
31.3
%
- -
Result:
Table 4.1.1 reveals that 80% of the participant’s
responses agreed electronic sensor were somehow effective in
martial arts, 40% of the participant’s responses were
neutral about electronic sensor in martial arts, 30% of the
participant’s responses agreed electronic sensor were
somehow ineffective in martial arts.
51
Likewise, 28.7% of the participant’s responses agreed
that satisfaction with scores from electronic sensors were
effective, 40% of the participant’s responses agreed that
satisfaction with scores from electronic sensors were
effective were somehow effective, 31.3% of the participant’s
responses were neutral on satisfaction with scores from
electronic sensors.
In addition, 6.7% of the participant’s responses agreed
instructors and students involvement in the planning or
management of electronic sensor were effective, 68.7% of the
participant’s responses agreed instructors and students
involvement in the planning or management of electronic
sensor were somehow effective, 24.6% of the participant’s
responses were neutral on instructors and students
involvement in the planning or management of electronic
sensor.
The finding implies that electronic sensor influences
taekwondo sports because larger percentage of the
respondents agrees with the items.
52
Research Question Two: In what way would technology
development affect taekwondo sport?
S/
N
ITEMS E SE N SI I
1 Martial Arts (Taekwondo)
adapts quickly to changing
technologies
5
3.3%
90
60.0
%
32
21.4
%
23
15.3
%
-
2 Martial Arts provide
technology training to
enable instructors &
students
47
31.3
%
74
49.3
%
- 29
19.4
%
3 There is productivity/value
from technology
101
67.3
%
38
25.3
%
11
7.4%
- -
4 The degree of impact of
technological
campaigning/advocacy
activities
85
56.7
%
33
22.0
%
20
13.3
%
12
8.0%
-
Result:
53
Table 4.1.2 reveals that 3.3% of the participant’s
responses agreed on the quick adaptation of martial arts to
changing technologies were effective, 60.0% of the
participant’s responses agreed on the quick adaptation of
martial arts to changing technologies were somehow
effective, 21.4% of the participant’s responses were neutral
on the quick adaptation of martial arts to changing
technologies, 15.3% of the participant’s responses agreed on
the quick adaptation of martial arts to changing
technologies were somehow ineffective.
Likewise, 31.3% of the participant’s responses agreed
the provision of technology training to enable instructors
and students were effective, 49.3% of the participant’s
responses agreed the provision of technology training to
enable instructors and students were somehow effective,
19.4% of the participant’s responses agreed the provision of
technology training to enable instructors and students were
somehow ineffective.
Also, 67.3% of the participant’s responses agreed the
productivity/value from technology were effective, 25.3% of
54
the participant’s responses agreed the productivity/value
from technology were somehow effective, 7.4% of the
participant’s responses were neutral that there is
productivity/value from technology.
In the same spirit, 56.7% of the participant’s
responses agreed the degree of impact of technological
campaign/advocacy activities were effective, 22.0% of the
participant’s responses agreed the degree of impact of
technological campaign/advocacy activities were somehow
effective, 13.3% of the participant’s responses were neutral
on the degree of impact of technological campaign/advocacy
activities, 8.0% of the participant’s responses agreed the
degree of impact of technological campaign/advocacy
activities were somehow ineffective.
The indication of this finding is that technology
development affects taekwondo sports because larger
percentage of the respondents agreed with the effectiveness
of the items.
4.2 Testing of the stated hypotheses
55
The result are presented and discussed in relation to
the stated hypotheses.
Hypothesis I: There is no significant relationship between
electronic sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
Table 1: relationship between electronic sensor and its
effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
X 5 4 3 2 1
F 36 11 0 3 0 50
fx 144 33 0 3 0 180
X
3.6
The above table revealed that the calculated X value of 3.6
is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the null
hypothesis that there is no relationship between electronic
sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport is rejected.
56
This implies that there is significant relationship between
electronic sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
Hypothesis II: There is no significant relationship between
technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo
sport.
Table 2: relationship between technology development and its
effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
X 5 4 3 2 1
F 24 22 0 4 50
fx 96 66 0 4 166
X
3.32
The above table revealed that the calculated X value of
3.32 is less than the table value of 5.0, therefore, the
null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship
between technology development and its effectiveness in
taekwondo sport is rejected. As a result of this, there is a
significant relationship between relationship between
57
technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo
sport.
4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
This section aims at discussing the result of the findings
of the research with one view of giving meaningful
interpretation to them. Consequently, each hypothesis is
discussed in relation to the data presented with a view of
accepting or rejecting such hypothesis.
Hypothesis One
This finding indicates that electronic sensor could be more
relevant in providing solutions to scoring problems in
taekwondo. This is probably because with the application of
technology, clearer perception of scoring could be seen with
a view to providing better and more permanent solutions to
the scoring problem. It could also make scoring procedure
faster than using the traditional means of scoring.
Hypothesis Two
Hypothesis II: There is no significant relationship between
technology development and its effectiveness in taekwondo
sport.
58
The finding revealed that technology development enhances
quality of scoring in taekwondo sport. Quality of scoring
could be achieved through priority of attention to the kicks
to the mid-section, high section. As a result of this,
technological devices are endowed with skills of prompt
attention to desirable scoring of all kinds.
4.4 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study is the effectiveness of electronic sensor
scoring system in martial arts (taekwondo). The findings of
this study include the following:
1. There is significant relationship between electronic
sensor and its effectiveness in taekwondo sport.
2. There is a significant relationship between relationship
between technology development and its effectiveness in
taekwondo sport.
59
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The development of technology in our environment has no
doubt, contributed to so many developments in the society
and yet it is still prone to more upgrades as learning is
never limited, So also it is in taekwondo as a sport.
The use of electronic scoring system in taekwondo have
generally moved taekwondo to one the best martial art sports
because of the minimal risk of injuries to its athletes in
competitions
5.2 CONCLUSION
This project have been compiled and written to the best
of my knowledge with the current improvement of my time as
an athlete in taekwondo and is prone to more or many other
development, as taekwondo tries to minimize injuries to the
fullest in competitions/championships/events. Possible
improvements to taekwondo equipment in competitions:
60
- Head Guard needs to be improved. Although head
guards have not been fully designed and implemented,
which is the major equipment the federation is
working on currently.
- Taekwondo is also making a complete body protection
and sensor equipment, whereby everything worn in the
cause of any competition will be digitalized with
electronic sensors.
- Turning Kicks also needs to be looked into as the
manual recording
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Training of referees is essential, as most times more
technical issues are encountered of which a properly trained
referee should be able to handle properly. The head guard
should be designed in such a way that manual awarding of
point will no longer be needed. The Hogu (Body Protector)
should be designed to work on its own as well, so that
manual awarding of point will no longer be needed.
61
REFERENCES
Sik, Kang Won; Lee Kyong Myung (1999). A Modern History of
Taekwondo. Seoul: Pogyŏng Munhwasa. ISBN 978-89-358-
0124-4.
Gillis, Alex (2008). A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do.
ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550228250.
Williams, Bob (23 June 2010). "Taekwondo set to join 2018
Commonwealth Games after 'category two'
classification". The Telegraph. Retrieved21 November 2010.
"World Taekwondo Federation". What Is Taekwondo. Retrieved 8,
February 2012. NY Times 2002/06/29
Choi, Hong Hi (1987). Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. International
Taekwon-Do Federation. ASIN B008UAO292.
Kim, Sang H. (2002). Martial Arts Instructors Desk Reference: A Complete
Guide to Martial Arts Administration. Turtle
Press. ASIN B001GIOGL4.
Choi, H. H. (1993): Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd
ed. (Vol. 1, p. 122). Mississauga: International
Taekwon-Do Federation.
62
Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the
Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-
0742567160.
Cummings, B. (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun. New York, NY: W.W.
Norton.
Park, S. W. (1993): About the author. In H. H.
Choi: Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1,
pp. 241–274). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do
Federation
Glen R. Morris. "The History of Taekwondo".
Cook, Doug (2006). The Formative Years of
Taekwondo. Traditional Taekwondo: Core Techniques, History and
Philosophy. Boston: YMAA Publication Center.
p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59439-066-1.
Choi Hong Hi (1999). "ITF Information interviews with
General Choi.". The Condensed Encyclopedia Fifth
Edition.
Brief History of Taekwondo. Long Beach Press-Telegram. 2005.
S. Benko, James. "Grand Master, Ph.D". The Tenants Of Tae Kwon
Do. ITA Institute. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
63
World Taekwondo Federation (2004). "Kyorugi rules". Rules.
www.wtf.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02.
Retrieved 2007-08-11.
World Taekwondo Federation (2010): Competition rules &
interpretation (2 March 2010, p. 5). Retrieved on 31 May
2010.
Gomez, Brian (August 23, 2009). "New taekwondo scoring
system reduces controversy". The Gazette.
World Taekwondo Federation (Oct 7, 2010): Competition rules
& interpretation (7 October 2010, pp. 31–32). Retrieved
on 27 November 2010.
WTF World Taekwondo Federation Website
64
Appendix One
OGUN STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, IGBESA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondents,
REQUEST FOR COMPLETION OF PROJECT QUESTIONNAIRE
I am a National Diploma students of the above named
institution.
I am undertaking a research on the impact of application and
communication technology in the administration of secondary
schools in Lagos State, Nigeria.
It is on this note that I request you to answer the attached
questionnaire. This exercise is solely for academic purpose.
I therefore guarantee that the information supplied will be
treated confidentially and used only for this study.
Thanks for your co-operation
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC SENSOR
SCORING SYSTEM IN MARTIALS ARTS (TAEKWONDO)
SECTION A
65
Please tide () where appropriate.
1. Name of Academy:
___________________________________________
2. Sex: Male Female
3. Position: Grand Master Masters Students
4. Belt Level: White Yellow Blue Brown
Red Black
SECTION B
The instrument below is a Likert rating scale questionnaire.
It is designed in a four points rating scale, viz:
E (Effective) = 5, SE (Somehow Effective) = 4, N (Neutral) =
3, SI (Somehow Ineffective) = 2, I (Ineffective) = 1.
Please tick as you deem appropriate in the column below
S/
N
STATEMENT E SE N S
I
I
1 Electronic sensor exist in martial arts
2 Satisfaction with scores from electronic
sensors
66
3 Instructors and Students are involved in
the planning or management of electronic
sensor
4 Martial Arts (Taekwondo) adapts quickly
to changing technologies
5 Martial Arts provide technology training
to enable instructors & students
6 There is productivity/value from
technology
7 The degree of impact of technological
campaigning/advocacy activities
8 Technology is relevant for enhancing
authentic scoring9 Enhancing decision making in the scoring10 Improving skill acquisition
67
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