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D E P A R T M E N T O F M I N E S

No s . M AI T IN Busaau t st sat R. G . McGow an .Ou vry M imsra s.

Muses BRANCHHus s ite l lu uu . Pu ll . D rascroa.

M ineral Springs o f Canada.

Two PARTS

PART I].

T he Chemical Charact er of some

Canadian M inera l Springs.

R . T. Elwort hy , B.Sc.

ot'

t AWAG uvssuueut Pu i 'tmc Bureau

1918 No . 472

LET TER Ol"TRANSM

PhD

Dir or M i nes Branch.Departmen t of M i nes ,

Ot tawa .

1 beg to submi t the resul ts of an i nvest igat ion o f the chemica l charac terof some Canadian mi ner l l spri ngs. const i tut i ng Par t I I of t he repor t on“M ineral Spri ngs o f C ada

". P ar t l en t i tled “

T he Radioac t ivi ty o f

some Canad ian M i nera r ings”. is now i n t he press.

These two reports con tai n the complete resul ts o f t he work thatthus far been under taken .

(Signed) R . T . Elwort hy .

Ot tawa ,October 4. 19l 7.

1 6 6 1 1 0

CONTENTS.

Defin i tions in connexion wi th mineral wa ters .

What ismeant by mineralDist in ct io n between spring and well water"Dist inct ion between mineral and sanitary ana lysisThe const ituents of a minera l wa te

'

rStat ement of t he reenl t e or a wa ter analysis.

Stat ement to ionic formsuperior to sta tement o f hypot hei im l combinat io n .

React ing vaiues

Gleas'

l llcat ion of t he ws t ers.

Chase Pa lmer's classificat ionHaywood

'a classificat io n

Col lect ion ol mmplea. end t he me t hods of analysis.

Prooedure in tbe field

F ie ld obeerva t io ns and

Description of Spr ings.and t abu la ted analyses .

AlbertaRela t ion of chemical cons ti tuen t s to geologic fon nat tons .

T heeapeu t ics ol mlnen l ws t ersEconomic value of t he spr ings.

Statist icsDevelopment of Canadia n M inera l Water s .

Canadia n M ineral Spr ing Peeon sT able of Springs, arranged according to class

lLLUS’

l'

RAT IONS.

Photographs.

I. Carlsbad Spr ings, Ontl l . Su lphur and Sa l ine springs;Caledon ia Springs, Prescot t an.OntI l l Gas spring : Caledon ia Springs. Prescot t on .Ont

lV . La Providence spring , St . Hyecint he.Que. .

V. St . Leon (Lupie n) spring.QueVl . Spring at Bert hie r, Que .

Vl l . M id dle spr ing and Cave.Banii . AlbertaVIII. Cave spring.Banfl, AlbertalX . Basin spring.Bent} , AlbertaX. Government swimndng bat h.Banfi , Alberta"

F ig . l . SInet ch map ol Carlsbad Springs.0nt2. Shetch map of Banfl. Albena

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flow , temperature and reac tion , at the t ime. Sani ta ryanalyses of t he wa te rs have not been made. as the inves tiga tion has beenconducted sole ly as a mi neral analysis survey . T he dis tinc tion be twee na"sani tary and a

“mineral" analysis. is explai ned in a subsequen t par t oft he repor t.

SOME DEF IN IT IONS IN REG ARD T O M INERALWATERS.

WHAT IS MEANT BY M INERAL WAT ERS.

In it s original sign ificat ion t he term mi nera l water was res tr ic tedto those na tura l spring waters which were supposed to possess med ici nal

propert ies. ei ther by reason of cer tai n salts or mi neral const i tuen ts

which they con tai ned i n so lution , or on accoun t of gases .w i th whichthey were sa turated . Ye t some spri ngs, hav i ng considerable economicimpor tance. yie ld wa ters of lower mi nera l con ten t than water suppl iesof many c i t ies, and, in fac t , owe the ir value to the i r g reat puri ty . T he

term mi nera l wa ter has a wider i n terpre tat ion to-day , and is commonlyaccepted as includi ng almost all waters which are bot t led and so ld as

dr in king waters. even though they have a low mi neral con ten t . T he

In terna t iona l Food Congress, he ld i n Par is i n 1909, adopted as a

defini t ion : “A mi neral water is a natural water proposed for consumpt ionon accoun t of its spec ial therapeu tic or hygienic proper t ies.

"This defini t ion

has been adopted by t he Uni ted States Bureau of Chemistry , i n t he variousreports they have publ ished on American M ineral Waters, and is also usedi n the U5 . M i neral Resources Reports , deal ing w i thmi nera l water statist ics.

Si nce it’ is a w e ll es tabl ished fac t tha t almost all fresh water spri ngsare radioac t ive , such watersmight easi ly be classed as mi neral wa ters undert he old defini t ion that mi neral waters possess some proper ty of therapeut icimpor t: ze . Fresh water springs. however , se ldom con tai n any permanen tradioac tive proper ties , and the defini tion wou ld be no longer sat isfac torya ft er t he water had been bo tt led for a l i t t le t ime, when the radium emanat ionw ou ld have almos t comple te ly died away .

Seve ral other poi n ts of i n terest i n regard to t he defini t ion _of mi neral

waters and of natural waters were also discussed by the In ternat ionalFood Cong ress already men t ioned. A brief summary of them is g iven in a

bu l let i n' publ ished by - t he U . S. Depar tmen t of Agr icul ture . They refer ,chiefly , to regu lat ions fixing t he names of mineral waters ; p.

" ven t ingcon fusion be tw een na tural and ar tificial wa ters;and deal i ng wi th t f na tu ralsa l ts obta i ned from t he spri ngs by evaporat ion .

DIST INC T ION BET WEEN SPR ING AND WELL WAT ER .

A spring is usual ly defined as a water rising na tural ly to t he ear th'

s

surface , w i th“

su ffi cien t volume to cause a disti nc t curren t and overflow .

A boring i n t he ground. somet imes only a few fee t i n depth . some timeshundreds of fee t , which taps t he underground water c i rculation , const i tu tesa we l l . An ar tes ian well is one i n which t he wa ter flows natural ly to t hesurface. and is therefore an ar tificial spring . Often a spring and a we l l .si tuated in c lose prox imi ty , may y ie ld waters of simi lar composi tion . Ye t

l l) . S. Dept. of Act " Bur. of Chen . BuL ISO. Amer ican M ineral Waters. The New Eng land States.

9. 9. I9! I .

i t is an undoubted fact that a water adver t ised asa spri ng wa ter has grea ter

populari ty than i f it s source is known to be a we l l ;andmany wate rs obtai nedfromwel ls are for th is reason , so ld as spring wa ters. I t is unl ikely , however.that any difference w i l l exist be tween the therapeut ic proper t ies pos sessedby two simi lar waters , one issuing from a spri ng and t he other from a wel l ,

prov ided that bo th sources are satisfac tory from a sani ta ry standpo in t .

THE DIST INC T ION BETWEEN A M INERAL AND A SANIT ARY ANALYSIS.

I t was s ta ted i n the i n troduc tory tha t all the analyses have beenca rried ou t as mi nera l analyses . In a sani tary analysis a t ten tion is paidto the fi tness of the wa ter for domest ic use . De te rminat ions of thoseconst i tuen ts which w ould i ndicate pol lu tion by sewage are par ticularlymade. and a bac t eriological examination is of especial ..nportance. Acare ful investiga t ion of t he source of t he wa ter, and of t he possibi l i ty of

pol lu ti on must he made. Such an examinat ion is abso lu te ly necessarybe fore a mi neral wat er is put on t he marke t. and i t should be car iod out

at frequen t i n t e rvals afterwards . Insuffi cien t atten tion has been pa id tothis poi n t.

To make a mineral analysis of a water. is to de termi ne the propo rt i onsof the various mineral consti tuen ts the wa ter holds in solu tion . A mineralanalysis is impor tan t , from bo th t he therapeutic and from the geologics tandpoin t. There fore, a comple te study ‘ of a mi neral water. comprisesthree main l ines of workz

( l ) , T he measuremen ts of phys ical proper t ie“, such as temperature.

depth . flow . co lour , turbidi ty . specific grav i ty . radioac t ivi ty . and elec tr icconduc t ivi ty

comple te mineral analysis; i nc ludi ng quan ti tative detu minat ions of the cons ti tuen ts tabula ted in the nex t pages, and the calcula tionof the resul ts to show the geologic an teceden ts of t he water : and

A bacteri ologiml exami nation , and sani tary survey . i ndica tingthe po tabi l i ty of the water . .

Wi th the ex ception of the bacteriolog ical exami na tion , t he invesn’

ga

t ion of Canad ian mineral springs has been complet e. A lmost eve ry determi na tion , just enumera ted , has bee n carried ou t .

THE OONST IT UENT S OF A M INERAL WAT ER.

I t is commonly agreed to-day that t he source of all spri ngs. wi th fewexceptions, is water which falls on the ear th's surface as rai n or snow .

Such water— which con tains smal l quan tifies“

of ammonia, ni tric ac id, and

especia l ly of ca rbon diox ide— has a very considerable solven t ac tion on thesubs tances composi ng t he so i l and rocks th rough wh ich i t percola tes, and

whenthe water even tually flow s at t he su rface as a spring or is pumped fromawell.it wi l l hold i n so lut ion a far large r quan t i ty o fmineral const i tuen ts than

‘Gmnler . An Comm. mm.. IO“, 1 - 546.

when i t fel l as rai n . The nat u re and amou n t o f t he vario us co nst i t uen ts wil ldepend on t he natu re o f t he geological lorma t ions the water has t rav ersed .

’

l l its pat h has lain ove r primary rocks such as gran i t es and gneisses . t he

chiel co ns ti tuen ts wi l l be sod ium and pot assium carbonates. and bicar

bonates : bu t if sed imen ta ry forma tio ns h ave been t rave rsed . calc ium and

magnesium sal ts wi l l. be predomi nan t . Much sod iumch lo ride o r commo nsa l t i n a water wi l l innicate that i t s c i rcula t io n has been in t he ne ighbourhoodo i mari ne depos i ts contai n i ng bed s o i sal t . The h isto ry of t he undergroundco u rse of a wat er, howeve r. i s ve ry complex . since many chemica l react io nsmay take place betw een the co nst i tuen ts of t he water and those o f rocksove r wh ich i t flows. Several o f t he spri ngs inQuebec and On tario werethe subjec t of study by D r . Ste rry Hu n t .’many years ago.and t he probableo rigi n of the cons ti tuen ts and the changes i n compos i t ion that the wate rsundergo were considered . Compariso n between the analyses made bySter ry Hunt and those tabulated i n t he repo r t show that l i t t le changehas taken place dur i ng t he last th i rty years , and t ha t the co ns t i tuen ts . i nt he wate rs , owe thei r presence to t he same processes

'

as desc ribed by him.

l For Informat ion on undernoqnd wate r circ ula tion . t he reader is re ferred toKins. F u nkl ln Hiram. Pr inc iples and cond itions of t he movements of gro und water U. Geol. Saw .

l 9t h Ann. Rep" Pt . II. pp. 6 1 - 384 : lsos.

m . it .“t extbook ol Geology." s o.ed it ion . vol. pp. dos- s

Mal ". “end .

"but Emu Ssutern lns ct lea moyens do let déw nvrir. chapter! I . h and 3 . Pl 'h . l9l 1 .

Von Heimhslt . Hans Hofer . Grundv asser und Quellen. Brsunsrhwe lg.m z.

Also many of the papers on wa ter supply. publ ished by t he Un ited Stat es Ceoloaln l Survey.

’ St el'l 'y Hunt . Chen-ria l and Geolosicsl Est-vs. chapters 4. s. an ! 6 . tsrs.

6

T he iollowing subs tances. ei t he r chemica l e lements or ind ivid ua ls.or associat ions of elemen ts cal led radiclt w . have been so ugh t for i n t he

wa te rs. and in mos t cases the pro po rt io ns in wh ich they are presen t havebeen de termined .

h

Element or radic le. Symbo l. Valence.

wan n a radic les .Bimrbonic acid

Conside red as prese n t i n t he co l lo idal s ta te

Al umina ,

Ferric o xide

C ases i n so lu t i on.

Carbon diox ideHydrogen sulph ide .

O t he r e lemen ts undoubted ly occu r i n mi n u te amo un t , and co u ld bede te c ted i f su ffi c ien t ly l arge quant i t ies o f water we re pu t th ro ugh t he

requ is i te proced u re t o tes t for the presence o f such elemen ts . Frese n ius‘

ment io ns t he fo l lowing substances -as possible const i tuen ts of mi neral waters.besides those j ust enumerated : ceasium, rubid ium, zi nc. n ickel , cobal t .

P reset-t ins .

"Quant lust ier C hemical Ana lysis sl . l l , p 221 . ot h E i l l t lnn , t ons.

lead . co pp er. t hal l ium. t i tan ium.ano seve ral comple x o rgan ic ac ids . A rse n icis occasio na ll y prese n t i n waters. e ven i n med ici na l dose s : as for examplei n La Bo urbo nic spring i n t he s ou t h o f France , i n wh ich i t occu rs t o t he

exten t o f seven parts per mi l l io n part s o i water .o r.m in t he water o t’

G ive ns

Lake i n Calilornia. wh ich co n tai ns 83 -8 part s per mi l l ia n .‘

F l uorine is presen t i n mos t mineral waters. t ho ugh i t is se ldom es t i

mated . G au t ier ant l C lausmzm' de tected i t i n amo u n ts up to 6 parui permil l ion i n a numbc ' French spri ngs .

‘St outt . C . H. and Ea ton . F. M A New Analysis 01 t he Water oi Owen h ke . Cal ifornia. Jour . Am.

Chem. S t . L I“.

f oo-um and Ch asm . Comm. Rg nd Isa tsu ; up on. Abs. ii. so. tom

fiT A'

l'

liM I‘INT OF T I II’. RESULTS O F A ('

l I |

ION IC FORM SU PER IO R TO IIYPOT IIE'

I'

ICA I. COMBINAT IONS .

ln carryi ng ou t a chemica l a nalysis o f a mi ne ra l wate r. t he quant i t ieso f the vario us e lements o r g ro ups of e leme nt s. such as sod i um. calc ium.

o r i ro n . t he carlmnzi tc , t he su l phate . o r t he n it ra te rad icle . a rc io und by

ac t ual expe rimen t . T he t o t al a t uo un t o f mi ne ra l mat te r in so lu t io n is al sod irec t ly de termi ned . bu t be yo nd t hese data . o rd inary chemical man i

pola t ions do no t give any knowledge regard i ng t he exac t amo u n t o f sa l t s.such as sod ium chlo ride . mag nesium. su l phate. o r calc ium bicarlmna te.t ha t are assume d t o be prew n t i n so iu t io n in t he water . in fac t . r egardedfrom t he standpo i n t o f t he mod e rn theo ry o f so lu t io n . i t is probable tha t t hesubs ta nces do no t ex ist i n t he fo rm o i Compo unds in t he mi ter. bu t areent i re ly d issoc i ated i nto e lect r ically charged pa rt icles o r io ns. Th us.a pi nch o f co mmo n sa l t (sod ium chlo ride ) i n a gal lo n o f wate r.immed iate ly d issoc iates i n to sod ium io n : wh ich is s odium me tal bound upwi t h a po si ti ve charge o f elec t ric i t y and ch lo rine ion . t hat is chlo ri ne ca rryinga negat ive charge . b ot h en t i re l y diiTcrcnt . however. t o t he eleme n ts sod iumand chlori ne as we know them i n t he free state

“

; t he first . be i ng a si lver- l ikeme tal which read ily decomposes wate r. t he seco nd . a gree n ish -ye l low gas.

wi th a choki ng. d isagreeable ndou t .

In a wa ter supposed t o co n tai n six or seven compounds such as sod iumand po tassium chlo rides . magnesium and sod i um su l phates a nd ca lci umand magnes ium bicarbo nates. each substa nce wi l l be di: .cd. at anyrate to some ex ten t. and se ve n d iffe ren t ions can b e est imate i t t here is no

way of tel l i ng wha t is t he exact d is t ribu t io n o f the io ns . Th ~uly rat io na lway is to repo rt t he amo un t o f each ion prese n t : a atomen . vhich is t heresult o i act ua l ex perimen ts . and canno t be d ispu ted . T h us the wate rcon s id ered above wi l l co n tai n t he bas ic io ns sod ium. po tassium.magnes ium.

and calci um. and the nega t ive- io ns ch lo r i ne and bicarbonic acid .

Aga i n . t he t herape u t ic_

t‘

0 per 'ics o i a mi neral water are due ch ieflyto t he i nd iv id ual propert ies o f t he im ' for example l i th i um wi ll have t he

same effect whe ther i t i s adminis tereo as a so l u t io n o i l i th ium ch lo ride .

l i th ium su l phate. o r l i t h i um carbo nate. F o r th is reaso n i t is mo re sat isfacto ry to know t he io n ic composi t io n o f a water .

Wi t h a view t o enabl i ng t hose who are no t accustomed t o t h is fo rm o i

repre se n ta t io n to obtai n some idea o i t he compo si t io n o f a wate r from t he

analysis. hypo the tical combi na t io ns have been calcu l ated . Ru les fo r suchcalcu lat io ns a re based o n t he "

espcct i‘

vc sol ubil i t ies o f t he componen tsal ts . Ove r fo rty set s o i such ru les ex ist : accoun t i ng fo r t hec o niusio u t ha thas o ften ex is ted betwee n ana lyses o i one spr i ng by d i fferen t analys ts.Usi ng d i ff e re n t ru les. T he fo llow i t adopted by t he Bu reau o f Chemis t ry

a t

o f t he US . D epartmen t o f Agricul t ure .have. been used th rougho u t . Sod ium

IO

sta temen ts o f t he compounds assumed t o be presen t , o f ten only g iven in

gra ins per gallo n .

REACT ING VALUES.

T he sta t emen t of t he analy t ical resul ts. as t he quan t i ty of ions orradicles presen t . i n parts pe r mi l l ion , does not adeq ua te ly express all t he

in forma t ion tha t can be obtai ned Trom t he analysis o f a water. Such

resul ts only show t he physical w e ight of t he var ious const i tuen ts. and

thus g ive no i nd ica tion of the i r chemica l value. Therefore. t he proport ionalreact ion

'

capaci t ies or react i ng values of the radicles are tabu lated w i th theionic resu l ts. Such reac tion capac i t ies or reac t ing values are ca lculated bydividing t he we igh t o i each radic le found by analy sis. by it s equ ivalen tcombin ing we igh t. E ight parts o i oxygen uni te w i th 23 par ts o f sod ium.

39 parts of po tass ium. 20 parts of calc ium. and 1 2 - 16 parts of magnesium.

These are t he eq uivalen t combi n ing weights of t he abo veinen t ioned e lemen ts. and t he reac ting va lues are obtai ned by div id ing the quant i ty ofeach radic le or e lemen t presen t i n t he water by it s combin ing we ight .T he reciprocals o f t he equivalen t combi ning weigh ts aremore often employed .

as suggested by Herman Stabler ,l and are termed by him react ing coe ffi

cien t s . T he reac ti ng coe ffic ien t of a radicle may , there fore , be defined ast he rat io of t he reac t ion capaci ty o i l par t of tha t rad ic le to t he reac t ioncapac i ty of e igh t .parts of oxygen .

A l is t of t he react i ng coe ffi cien ts of t he various e lemen ts or radiclescommonly es t imated i n the mineral analysis of a wa ter is g iven on page6 . Th is form o f expr ession is convenien t i n severa l ways :2 i t allords ascheme o f c lassificat ion wh ich w i l l be explai ned later, and al lows t he po tencyo f t he wa ter as a geolog ic agen t to he s tudied as we l l as g ivi ng in forma t ionof it s past h istory ; i t se rves , moreover , as a check on t he accuracy of t heana lysis , si nce t he sums of t he ac idic and o f t he basic radicles must necesa

sarilv be equa l . a t leas t w i th i n t he range of experimenta l error , w i th t he

exce pt ion of one or two cases , such as wa ters i n w h ich fre e. s trong acids

are presen t .

ul-~r . l l u n nan. T he mine ra l ana lw ia of watt-t fo r Industr ia l "Mu r al “! lou l it n lm pu- i a t lo n lay t he

eng inee r. l i ng . N t ‘w i Vu l M l . n. .l fih . l uox.

N M fi lmnw t o n t he industr ia l appl icat ion o f Wi th -v ana lyses; in S. l ive l Sun W-r t l-l Sum-I; Paper

No . ms. em .

I'm a l'

l u n l -l-l l v d isc us-io n o f th is "un i t : o l l i t t l ' t prana t ion o i w a l l-r anuh ‘w fl w e'

t‘

l u-m Isi lnw r .-n t it l t l l i i t en ui v tmio n o l “hm-r Ana lyse r. l

'

. 5 .t 7u d. Ilul. N H

Ru n -w . ( i. P‘ l l l ' l l l l Ir-r '. T he Int erpu-tatmn u l Wutu Analfl n-s h ) t he F a un -ma ( «m inn Vo l,

l l . ”I. .( o N”. W”.

Cumming , t“

. Art t -ulunWi-lls ol Montre al. Sow . (“

an D ept . o f M ines.Memo ir 72, pp. 36 -44."1 5.

T HE OF T HE WATERS.

A lmos t every boo k or bul let i n on minera l spr ings advocates i t s own

me thod o f classifica t ion : demons t ra t ing t he di f ficu l ty of findi ng a sa t isfac tory classifica t ion for subjects o f such complex charac ter as na tural

waters . I t is not proposed to discuss t he v arious me thods here , al though

a l ist of t he chief a t tempts is included i n t he appendix . T wo me thods

have been adopted in t his repor t : one suggested by Chase Palmer based on

t he react ing value of t he const i tuents of t he water , and most usefu l from a

ge olog ical standpoin t ; and t he other a scheme proposed by j . K . Hay

w ood .

‘

T he first me thod is of t he mos t value , see i ng tha t i t g ives ev idenceof the nature of the stra ta through which t he wa ter has passed . and o f the

so lven t of t he wa ter on t he rocks composing ‘hc strata . i t show s the na tureand amoun t of t he predominan t const i tuen ts also . T he second me thod

more readi ly indicat es t he ac tual e lemen ts presen t , and g ives i n formationconcern ing t he therapeu t ic value o f t he water .

CHASE PALMER '

S CLASSIF ICAT ION.

T he radicles are div ided . according to the ir chemical nature . i n toce rtai n g roups . Thus , sod ium, potass ium. and l i thium— cal led t he a lka l iesor prima ry bases— are associa ted . They occur t oge ther i n na ture ; aremutual ly i n terchangeable i n mi nerals ;have t he simi lar chemical characters;and are members of t he same chemica l fami ly . A l l these me tals decomposewater. and form simi lar sal ts w i th acids . Simi larly calc ium. stron t ium,

and magnesium— t he al kal ine ear ths or secondary base s— are compara t ive lys imi lar in thei r chemica l behav iour and are geolog ical ly assoc ia ted . Hydro

gen and t he me ta ls form a thi rd class of posi t ive bases . T he ac id radiclesfal l i n to two g roups : s t rong acid radicles. such as hydrochloric or muria t ic

sulphuric (SO. and weak acid radicles (cg . bicarbonic ac idHCOJ) ;ca rbonic and metaboric ac ids.

According to the re lat ive va lues of the several groups just referred to ,

all na tura l waters fa l l in to one of t he fol low ing classes —7~

C lass 1 . Value of strong acids (c .g . 50 4, C I) . l ess than value of al ka l ies

(e .g . Na , K) .

2. VaIUe of s t rong acids equa l to value of alkal ies.

3 . Value of s trong acids grea ter than value of alkal ies bu t less thanalkal ies plus a l kal i ne ear ths .

4 . Va lue of s trong acids equal to value of alkal ies pIUs al kal ineear ths.

5. Value of s trong acids exceeds value of al kal ies plus al kal ineearths .

Haywood. J. K.. and Smith . 8 . H. . M inera l Waters o i t he United States . US. Dept . Aura Bur. C hem.

Rul. 91 . PD. 3 - H . 1 907. Also. Amer ica n M ineral Watt -u : T he New Eng land States. D ept . Agr . .Bur .

C hem. Bul. 1 30. up. lG—20. ton .

12

Classes 2 and 4 se ldom occur. and are i ncluded chiefl y for t he sake o fcomple teness.

These mai n classes can'

be agai n subdiv ided by considering t he natu reof t he sal ts formed by balancing up t he various groups. T he bases and

strong acids combi ne to form sal ts wh ich , d issolved i n water, g ive i t t he

property of sal i ni ty . Pr imary sal i ni ty is t he salini t y caused by t he solut ionof strong ac id sal ts of t he alkal ies , such as sodium and po tassium chloridesor sulphates;seconda ry sal i n i ty , by the solu t ion of strong acid sal ts of t he

al ka l ine ear ths chiefly calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates;and tert iary sal ini ty . by t he solu t ion o f strong acid sal ts of hydrogen

strong acids) , or of me tals such as i ron and a lumi nium chlor ides orsulphates . Solut ions of weak acid sal ts. such as sodium carbonate, possess

t he proper ty of al kal i n i ty . e.g . , they turn red l i tmus, blue : or methy lorange . ye l low : to men t ion two of t he chief indicators which are used i n

de termi ning t he reac tion o f a solut ion .

Pr imary allu anit y , is caused by t he solu tion of weak acid sal ts o f t he

a lkal ies. ch iefly sod iumand potassium carbonatesor bicarb onates secondarya l kal in i ty . by t he solu t ion of weak ac id sal ts of t he al kal ine earths such as

calcium bicarbcmat e ;and tert ia ry a lka l in i ty , by t he so lut ion of weak acidsa l ts of t he misce l laneous g roup of posi t ive radicles such as hydroge n and

t he me tals .

T he fol low ing tabl e e xpre sses t hese s tatemen ts tno re graph ical l y ?

lh srs . Actos.

Strong ac ids. Weak acids .

( t ag . ('

I,S t u, NO.) te.g . C03 , HCO.)

A lka l ies (cg . Na, K.Primary a lka l ini ty .

Alka l ine earths (mg . ( is , .\lg . SecondaryMeta ls te .g . l l. T ert iary

When a water needs much soap t o produce a lather , i t is said to be‘

hard'

. I t may be e i ther temporar ily hard. when t he hardness can be

dissipated by bo i l i ng ; or i t may be permanen tly hard— a proper ty notremoved by bo i l ing , only by chemica l t rea tmen t .

Temporary hardness is due to the property of secondary al ka l i n i ty ,

e .g .. calcium or magnesium bicarb onate presen t i n wa ter ;whi le permanen thardness resul ts from t he property of secondary sal i ni ty , e .g . , calcium ormagnesium sulpha te i n solut ion .

To obtai n t he amoun ts of these various proper t ies from the analy t icalresul ts , the reac t ing values are considered , calcula ted on a percen tagebasis. T he sum of t he reac t ing values of t he members of each g roup g ivest he value for t he alkal ies, al kal i ne ear ths , strong ac ids , and w eak ac ids,respect ively .

1 3

T hen the value for the_

st rong gro up is balanced against t he figu re for

t he primary bases or alkal ies, t he sum o f t hem givi ng pr ima i y sal i n i ty : any

excess of t he value o l st rong acids remain i ng ove'

r t he value o f t he al kal ies isbalanced aga i nst t he a lkal ine earth group. the sum giving the sec o ndary

sal i n i ty; and any excess then remain ing agai ns t t he me tals o r hydrogen .

g iving ter t ia ry sal i n i ty— rarely found i n any ot her bu t mi ne wate rs .

A fte r t he st ro ng acids have been bal anced . the weak ac ids are wo rked

out again st t he basic rad icles i n the same ma nne r. On t he o the r hand . t he

val ue for the a lkal i group may be greater t han that o f the s tro ng acids.Twice t he va l ue o f the st ro ng acid gro up gives prima ry sal in it y , and the

exces s al kal i value is combined w i th weak ac ids t o prod uce a pr imaryal ka l i n i ty . The balance o f t he weak acid val ue wi ll almo s t always b e

found to be equal to the value o f t he al kal i ne earth g ro up , giv i ng kecondaryalkal i n i ty .

T he follmn'

ng example i l l u st rates the proced ur‘ z

Lithia Spring . Carlsbad Springs. No . 20.

trace

784 0

T o tal

G roupo42 -03 - 42 - 16

Weak acnds 78444 -09 4S~67

Al kaline eart hs. 1 82 2 4 6 0 0-05 4 -33

14

salinit y,atro acids o equa l amo unt ol alka lin .

4 46 0 42 46 84 -32

Primary alkalinitRemai er o

f alkali val ue 4 equal amo unt oi weak acids.(45 -67— 42 46 ) 3 -51 4 3 -51

Seconda alkalinitym inder o f wank acid val ue 4 equal amount of alka line eart hs.

(784 - 3 6 1 ) + 33 0 8 -66

These sta teme n ts give the fo l lowing i n format ion : sod ium sal ts of st ro ngacids fo rm 84 per cen t o f the t o tal sol ids ;sodium carbonate or bicarbo nateconst i tu te 7 per cen t ;while ca lcium and magnesium bica rbo nates make upt he remai nder. These quan t i t ies agree fairly wel l wi th the hypo the ticalcombinatio ns.

HAYWOOD 'S CLASSIF ICAT ION.

T he second.

fo rm o f class ificat ion suggr s ted by Haywood possessesmore value from a therapeu t ic s tandpoi n t , i n t ha t i t read ily i nd ica tes t hech ief const i tuen ts of t he water.

Fou r mai n classes : al kal i ne , al kal i ne- sal i ne. sal i ne. and ac id waters ,are each d ivided i n to several sub-c l asses. These sub-c lasses are againqual ified by the names o f t he med ici nal ly impo rtan t rad icles . The classificat ion i s as fo l lows

I . Al kal ine

Sulphatedl l . Alkaline-saline Muriated

N itrated

"l . Saline

IV. Acid

Thermal waters are defi ned as those wh ich issue fromthe gro und a t atemperatu re of 70

°F a nd h igher. Of such wate rs tho se from 70

°t o

90°F . , are conside red warm or tepid , while those wi th a tempe ratu re above

90°F ., a re termed ho t spr i ngs.Al kal i ne waters are those which turn methyl -o range , yel low ,

and redl i tmus , blue ,

and there fo re have a n al kal i ne react io n . The al kal i n i ty i susua l ly due t o t he prese nce o f sod ium carbo nate or bicarbo nate.

Al ka l i ne- sal i ne waters are those wh ich co n tai n bo th s t ro ng ac id radicles

(su l phu ric, hydroch lor ic or n i t ric io ns) . and carbo n ic o r bica rbonic ac id

ions. or more rare ly bo ric or sil icic acid ions : bo t h st ro ng and weak acids

15

bei ng pre se n t as predomi nat ing co nst i t uen ts. - Thus. such waters havebo t h alka l i ne and sa l i ne propert ies . and con tai n sal ts of carbon ic on;bicar

bonic acid . together wi th sal ts o f t he strong acids. Primary alka l i n i tyi s usual l y p' esen t i n sma l l amo un t. wh ile i n alkal i ne wate rs i t is co nsiderably greater— rangi ng from 40 t o 100 pe r cen t . Many o f t he spr i ngs. t hesubjec t o f th is repo r t . belo ng to t he alkal i ne- sal ine class of waters . Sal inewaters are tho se wh ich have an al kal ine or ne u t ral react ion . and co n tai nsu l phu ric , muriat ic. o r n i t ric ac id ions i n predomi na t ing q uan t i t ies.

Ac id waters have an acid react io n . and co ntai n su lphu ric or“mu riat ic

acid . They are seldom me t wi th . except i n t he neighbo urhood o f i ro npyri tes deposi ts. where they con tai n i ron su lphate ; or i n regio ns wherevo lcan ic agencies are ac t ive . No springs be lo nging t o th is class are i ncludedi n th is repo r t. t ho ugh several exis t i n Canada :l for example a t Tuscaro ra .near Bran t fo rd . and a t Ch ippewa. i n the N iagara pen i nsu la .

Haywood'

s classificat io n enables one t o name any mi nera l wate r wi thgreat accuracy. I f an y basic or acid ic elemen t is promi nen t . t h is fac t isi nd ica ted by prefix ing t he name o f t he base or acid to t he reg u lar c lassname— as sod ic. ca lcic , etc. ; carbo nated al kal i ne. su l pha ted al kal i nesal i ne. e tc . I f any basic or ac id ion is promi nen t therapeu t icall y , bu t no tchemical ly , t h is fac t may be indica ted by affi xi ng t he name o f t he basic

or acid ion t o the regu lar name— as carbo na ted. alkal ine, (a rse n ic. bromic.iod ic.

The fo l low i ng sta temen ts in re fere nce t o the gases o ften presen t inmi neral waters define the te rms

Non - gaseous water con tai ns no gas .

Carbondioxa ted carbo n d iox ide.

Su l phu re t ted hyd rogen sulph ide .

Azo t i sed n i t rogen“

.

Carbu re t ted me thane .

Oxy genated oxygen .

A few examples of t he appl ica t ion of th is classificat ion t o waters i nt he repo rt wi l l i l l us trate it s use . The Sanitaris M i nera l Wate r (page 28)is a sod ic.magnesic.calcic.mu riated a lka l i ne- sal i ne water.

“M agi" Ca ledon ia. Ca ledon ia Sal i ne Spr i ng. (page 45) is a sod ic.

mu ria ted al kal i ne-sal i ne carbondioxa t cd water. Viauv ille M ineral Wateris a sod ic.mur i ated su lphated sal i ne (bromic. su l phu ret ted ) wate r.

l St erry Hunt. Geo logy of Canada. 9. 543 . 1863.

16

ON T HE CoLLECT lON OF SAM PLES , AND METHO D S

OF ANALYS IS.

PROCEDURE IN THE F IELD .

i t has been al ready sta ted tha t the exami nat ion o f t he springs forrad ioact ive propert ies fo rmed one o f t he mai n feat ures o f t he i nvest igat io n .

a nd on t ha t acco u n t ce nt res were se lec ted with i n easy access o f t he princ ipalgroups o f spri ngs . towh ich wa ter samples were qu ickly t aken afte r co l lect io nt o ensure the radioact ive exami na t io n bei ng made wit h as l i t t le delay .as

possible . A t t he same t ime. as samples fo r t he rad io act ive test s we reobta ined . water fo r chemical analysis was also co l lected . T o co n tai n t hesamples. new fi ve- gal lo n glass demijo hns were employed . T w o bo t t leswere usual l y fil led : one for t he rad io ac t iv i ty de termi na t io ns. and t he o t herfor chemical tests . The greater n umbe r o f t he spri ngs we re flowing springs.hence a sample was easi l y taken a t o nce. e i ther from t he ove rflow . or fromt he act u a l poo l .or wel l i t se l f. Mos t spri ngs were e nclosed i n eart henwarepipes o r wooden casi ngs , and proved readilv accessible. So u rces tha trequ i red pumping were alway s pumped fo r ten or

-

fi fteen mi nu tes previo usly

t o t he co l lec t ion o f a water , i n o rder th at a perfect ly fresh sample migh t be

obtai ned .

T he bo t t les We re r insed ou t t h ree t imes wi th t he w ater t o be exami ned .

and t hen fi l led up almo st t o t he co rk ;t he space le ft dep end i ng on t he tempera t ure o f t he ai r. and q uant i ty o f gas evo l ved from t he water . A new cor

was i nse rted . and .t he bo t t le sealed . A bac terio log ical exami na t io n wa

no t i ncluded . and . t here fo re . no spec ial l y co l lec ted and ice- packed samplewere req u i red . al though obs e rvat io n Was made o f t he san i tary co ndi t io

of the su rrou ndi ngs .

F IELD OBSERVAT IONS AND MEASUREMENTS.

Several obse rva t io ns and tes ts we re carried o u t at t he spring. The tem

perat ure o f t he wate r was measu red by means o f standard ized t herIn t he case o f wel l s o r deep poo ls. a 'max imum andwas used t o obtai n t he temperat u re at t he So urce ofwas approx imatel y ascertained by loweri ng weigh tedIn t he frequen t i ns tances where t he overflow ran o ff by acalcu l ated by rio t i ng t he t ime requ i red to fi ll a co n tai ne r of known vol

The taste , odou r. and appearance o f t he water were reco rded . T he

round ings o f t he spring were observed.and part icu la rs o f i t s h isto ry au t i l izat ion obta i ned . as far as possible.

T he q uan t i t y o f carbo n d io x ide gas i n t he water was de termi nedei ther o f two

'

methods

(i) . As descri bed i n Bulle t in 91 .US : D cpt .o f Agr . ,Bu reau o f Chemi stT he M i ne ra l Wate rs o f t he Un i ted Sta te s. pp. 18- 19.

18

THE M ETHODS 0 17 ANALYS IS.

I t is no t i n tended t o give a de ta iled descrip t io n o f t he me t hods ofa nalysis t hat have been employed . They are . fo r the mos t part . t hosedescribed i n Depa rtmen t o f Agricu l t u re , Bureau o f Chemist ry.Bu l le t in91 : and i n t he St anda r dMethods o f Water Analysis. publ ished by t heAmer ican Publ ic Heal t h Assoc iat io n (2nd. ed i t io n . I n t he few caseswhere mod ificat ions o f t hese me thods have be en used. fu l ler de t ai ls w il lbe o u t l i ned .

U sual ly. a demuohn o f water was a t h and for anal ysis (co n tain ingab ou t 4 } Imperial gal lo ns o r 20 l i t res) . Sufli cien t amo un ts o f water wereuse

'

d in t he exami na t io n fo r each cons t i tuen t t o ensure i ts detect ion , i f

prt‘M ‘n t . t o the exte n t o f o ne part i n ten mi l l io n .

Su l ph ur ic ac id . bicarb onic ac id . ca rbo n ic acid . chlo r ine, i ro n . a l umi n

ium. calcium.magnesium, sod ium, po tassium. and ammo n ium. were de termi ned by t he standard me t hods describ ed in t he publ icat ions referred t o .

N i t r ic ac id was usual ly est imated by the red uc t io n me t hod wi thal umi n i um fo i l i n al kal i ne so lu t io n as descr ibed on page 25 o f t he StandardMe t hod s o f Water Anal ysis. The a naph t hylami ne su l phan ilic ac id co lo ri

met r ic me t hod was employed for t he est imat io n of ni t ro us acid (page 22.

T he de tect io n o f bo ric acid was carried out as descr i bed on page 27

o f Bu l le t i n 91 . No q ua n t i ta t ive measu remen ts o f t h is radic le were made.

F or bromi ne and iod i ne t he co lorimet ric me t hod developed by J . K . Haywood (pages Bu l let i n was u sed w i t h excel le n t resu l t s . Con

siderable experimen tal wo rk wasdo ne on a n ox id a t io n me thod fo r'

bromi neand iod i ne.

_

Iodine was l iberated from a neu t ra l so lu t io n o f iod ides andbromides by t he

,act io n o f po tassium bicarbo nate; t he bromide bei ng

decomposed when su l ph u ric ac id was added to t he mix ture ;sod ium ch lo ridewas no t aff ec ted . T he iod ine and t he bromine were abso rbed i n pc zsium

iodide so lu t io ns. afterwards t i t rated wi t h st andard sod ium t hiosiffiinate .

The me thod proved fai rl y sat isfactory. a nd checked wi t h t he resu l t s

obtai ned by the co lo r ime t r ic method when t r ied on the Caled on ia group o f

wate rs . But i t is no t as se nsi t ive as t he colo rime t r ic l ad . and therefo re

no t as co nven ien t for the smal l amoun t s o f bromi ne and iod i ne usual lyprese n t i n mos t mi neral waters.

M anganese was fo u nd i n most samples by usi ng t he colo rimet ric

method desc ribed by Hi l lebrand .

‘ i n wh ich t he manganese is ox id ized t o

permangan ic acid by ammo n ium pe rsu l pha te i n t he presence of silver

n i t ra te and n i t ric ac id .

St ro n t ium. when presen t , was separated from calcium, usi ng t he

ethe r- alcoho l me t hod recent ly adopted as the standard method2 by t he

Assoc i a t io n o f Offic i al Agricu l tu ral Chemi s ts.

l Hillebmnd.W. F . . T he Analysis of Sil icate and Carbonate Ro ch ; U. S. Geo]. Surv.. Bul. 422. 10m.

9. 1 1 7.

' Skinaer. w . T he Separation and D eterminat ion of Cal c ium and St ront lnni. l ow . Assoc. 0t7m.

M . Chem" Vol. l l . 19l 6. p.

19

Barium was se ldom de tec ted . even spect rosco p ica ll y . Whe n it wasprese n t i n suflicien t amo u n t i t was se parated from st ro nt ium a nd calcium

by t he ammo n ium bich romate met hod .

L i t h i um was es t ima t edb y t he we l l known amyl alcoho l me t hod o f

G ooch .

‘ In a few i nst ance s; l i t h ium was de termi ned us ing o ne o r o t he r o ft he spec t ro scopic me tho ds o u t l ined i n a bu l le t i n2 o n t he spec t ro smpie

de te rmi nat io n o f l i t h ium by W. W. Ski n ner and'

W. l ) . Co l l i ns .A c-nlo rime t ric me t hod rece n t l y propos ed by Winlder' was fo u nd t o be

the l i l y - t eo n-ve u len t for t he es t ima t io n o f pho spho r ic ac id . One c .c . o f u

1070 fe rr ic chlo ride so l u t io n . a nd 2 n o o f a alum so lu t io n are addedt o l t o 5 l i t res o f t he wate

‘

r t o he tested . and t he who le bo i led fo r a n ho u r .

Any pho spho ric ac id is carried down_

i n t he i ro n hydrox ide precipi ta te.

wh ich is fil tered o ff and disso lvtx l i n n i t ric acid . T he so lu t io n is e vapo ra tedto dryness. the residue d isso lved i n water wit h a d rop o f n i t ric acid added .

fi l te red . and ammo ni ummo l y bdate so lu t io n po u red i n . On stand i ng. anyphospho ric acid wil l be prec ipi tat ed as ammo n ium phospho -mo lybdate ; t h isis fi l tered off. dissolved in ammo n ia. ino ro ammo n ium mo lybdate so lu t io nadded . and t he yel low co lo u r o f t he

“so lu t io n compared wi t h a po tassiumchromate so l u t io n co rr espo nd i ng to a defin i te co nce n t ra t io n o f phospho ro uspen tox ide.

No tests. save i n a few i ns ta nces. were carried out for t he prese nce o farse n ic.copper. lead . fluo r i ne . o r selen ium. Spect ro scopic tes ts were madeon al l residues and prec ipi tates. checki ng t he prese nce o f the severalelemen ts. wh ich give flame spec t ra , and affo rd ing some i nd icat io n o f t he

completeness o f the separat io ns.M any of t he spri ngs. espec iall y those risi ng i n t he v ici n i ty o f peat

bogs (such as the groups o f spr i ngs at Caledon ia and Carl sbad) . co n tai no rgan ic compo u nds. wh ich is t he cause o f t he yel low co lou r o f t he waters .

On the co n t i nen t o f Eu rope such organ ic substances are o ften de termi ned .

bu t i n America l i t t le at tent io n has been paid to t hem. They are presen ti n sma ll amo u n t. possess a complex composi t io n. and have no impo t t ance

from a therapeu t ic standpo i n t . T here fo re.no a t tempt was made t o es t ima tethem o r de te rmi ne t hei r na tu re . i n teres t i ng as such wo rk wo u ld he .

The resu l t s of t he rad ioact i ve de te rmi na t io ns are righ t ly i ncluded int he s ta temen t o f analyses . D e ta i l s o f t he me thods ado pted fo r t hesede termi na t io ns are given i n fu l l i n Part I‘ o f th is repo rt .

T he to tal so l id mat te r i n so l u t ion was obta ined by evapo ra t i ng 100 c .c

o f t he water i n a plat inum dish ._and drying a t 100°C . t o a Co nstan t we igh t .

T he d ish was then gen tly ign i ted. and the residue on ign it io n dete rmi ned .

Su l ph u ric acid was added.and the solu t io n evapo rated . and final ly heated

T readwidl. Analyt ica l Chemist ry, Vo l. l l . 4 t h ed it ion. IOlS, p. 53 .

”Skinner . W. W and Colllm. W. D De terminat ion o l L ithium, l l . 5 . D ept . A im . Bur. Chem . Bul.153 . I

'

M?‘Wi 'nkler. L . W Z . anuew , C hem..Vo l. 22. p. WIS. Abstract in Je na . Soc C hem. Ir-d .. p. 343 . 1 01 5.‘ fi i t t erly . L . and E lwon hy . R. T M inera l Springs o f Canada. Par t I . Rad loact lv it y of Some Ca nadian

H im-fa ! Sevlnn M ines Bu nch , Bel. t o. pp. 2s . u - t a. m 7.

20

t o a d u l l red heat . u n t i l al l t he i t me s We re co nve rted t o su l phates . A l i t t leammo n ium carbo na te was added t o enm re the comple te Co n ve rsio n o f acidalkal i sulpha tes t o no rma l uulpha t es . T he dishes We re coo led and weighedand re ignited

i

t ill co nsta n t we igh t was obtai ned . T he residue mus t beheated t o a su llieten t temperat u re t o co n ve r t t he i ro n sulphate pre se n t tofe rric o xiule .

ACCURACY OF T HE ANALYSES.

T he de te rmi n at io n ins t desc ribe d affo rds a check on t he accu racy o f thevario us es t inmt io ns. as the We igh t o f the base s as su l phates presen t in ami l l io n parts o f wate r sho u ld agree with t he calcu lated val ue o f the basesas su l phates stated i n part s per: mi l l io n . An agreeme n t to with in 0 570can commo n ly be obtai ned . Usi ng a la rge r vo lume o f wate r t han too c .c. .

and t aking great precau t io ns d u ri ng evapo ra t io n and ign it io n . no do ubta greate r degree ( .i accu racy migh t be at ta i ned . T he fo l lowing examplei s a n i l l ust rat io n o f t he usf . o f t h is proc ed ure i n checking t he accu racy o f

a n a nalysis .\Vate r from Sal i ne Spri ng , Caled o n ia Springs. O n tario bo t t led as

Magi"water :

Bases. sulphates.

937! - 6

Fo und by

D iff erence

There. is yet ano t he r check on t he accu racy o f an analysis . i t has

al ready been sta te d t h at a mi neral water may be co nsidered as a balancedchemical system. a so lu t io n o f several compo unds d issoc iated i n to t he i rco nst i tuen t io ns. w h ich are i n a state o f equ i l ibrium wi t h each o t he r.ne i t her ac id ic or basic io ns bei ng in excess . The o nly except io ns occu r in the

case o f some mi ne waters and spri ngs arisi ng from pyri tes depo si t s. w h ichhave bee n fo und t o co n tai n free ac id . A water may have an al kal inereact io n , bu t i t w il l be due to the presence o f hydro lysed alkal i carbo nate .

Never theless , the eq u ivalen t amo un ts o f al kal i and o f carbo n ic acid rad ic lew i l l b e pr "sen t . T he re fo re. i n such a state o f equ i l ibr ium, t he sum

'

o i t he

ac id ic io ns reducu l 1 1 ) t he i r propo rt io nal chemical val ue s m u s t b eeq ual to

Par ts per mi l l ion .

analysis page Calculated as

i S-O Sil ica 15 -01 -2 I ron oxide . Fegou l -70 -2! A110. 04

“0 Calc ium sulphate CaSO. 139-42 -9 St ront ium 6 -0

143 -0 Magnesium MgSO . 706 42 -4 L it h ium Li’SO ‘ l s 8784 Po tass ium 16 50 . 175 -9

2691 -4 Sod ium M1 150 . 8308

4 -89 Ammonium vo lat ile

the sum o f the basicio ns simi la rl y rt Pract ical ly , no analyses w i l lshow perfect eq u ivale nce , bu t t he re - ho uld be comparat ive l y l i t t le d isagreeme nt . t he ac t ual amo un t depe nd i ng la rge ly o n t he co nce n t ra t io n o f

the wa te r . Fo r a wate r co ntai n i ng abo u t L imi t par t s pe r mi l l io n mi ne ra lmat te r i n so lu t io n t he summa t io n s o f bas ic a nd o f the acidic io ns sho u ld

no t d iff er by mo re t han 2 o r .l ‘ ( ircu lc r discrepancy i nd ica tes a fau l tyde te rmi nat io n . o r some e rro r i n calc u lat io n . It is necessary that t he

summat io ns be lmlaneed fo r t he pq ses o f calcu lat io n o f t he vario usclass ifica t io ns and hy |m the t ical combi na t io ns. and fo u r co u rses are pos

ti ible .

l

t i ) T he e rro r may be propo r t io nate l y shared by all t he co nst i tuen ts .

( i i ) I t may be assumed t o lie i n t he de te rmi na t io n o f one has and one

ac id ic rad icle , and div ided eq ual l y be twee n t hem.

( i i i) I t may dep end on t he de te rmi na t io n o f one radic le . such as bicarlmna teor sod ium.

( iv) No a l tera t io n need be made , i n wh ich case one pro perty o f t he watercanno t be deduced .

in t he fo l lowi ng anal yses any d iscrepancy has usual ly bee n at t r ibu ted

to i naccurac ies i n t he de termi na t io n o f t he bicarbo nate rad icle. especial lyi n waters i n wh ich i t oc curs i n co nsiderable quant i ty .

These two check'

s o n t he accu racy o f t he various de terminat io ns are o f

co u rse no t ent i re ly i ndependen t o f each o t he r. as an e rro r i n t he est imat iono f one of t he b ases— magnesium, fo r example , wi ll aff ect bo th calcu la t io ns .

i f the sum o f t he base s calcu lated as su l phates agre es wi th t he value fo u ndby exper imen t , and yet t he sum o f react i ng val ues o f the basic io ns d i ffe rsfrom t he sum o f t he react ing values o f t he ac id ic io ns;i t i s probable t ha t anerro r exis ts i n t he amo u n t o f one o f t he ac id ic io ns. ( )n the o t her hand .

agreeme n t be tw een t he bas es as'

su l pha tes . calcu la ted and found , an equilibrium be tween ac id ic and basic. io ns. fo rms a sat isfacto ry Ve rifi cat io n o f t heaccu racy o f analy t ical processe s .

Compari so n be tween the sum o f“

t he. co nst i tuent s fo und by ana lysisand t he amo u n t o f so l id ma t te r. drie da t 100

60 . a lf o rds no check w hateve r.

Bicarbo nates give o ff carbo n d io x ide . ammo n ium chlo ride and calc iumcarbo nates decompose each o t her . and o t he r sal ts become basic. A l l t hesecauses tend t o make t he to ta l so l ids fo und by e xperimen t lower tha n t heum o f t he se ve ral ly de termi ned co ns t i tuen t-s .

' For t he complete treatment o f thi s suh icct see G . Sherbourne .

'T ll e interpretat ion of WaterAnalyses by t he Geo log ist . E n nomic Ca naa n Yu l NH . 9. um.

22

D ESC R II' I’

IUN O F SPR ING S AND TABULATED ANALYSES .

In t he fol lowing pages t he analyse s o f fi ft y spring wate r: are tabulated .

preced ed by brie f desc ript io ns o f the spring su rro undings and o f t he characte r o f the waters .

In preceding‘

pnge s. t he mo re rece n t me thod s o f expressio n o f wateranalyse s have bee n d iscu ssed . and some explanat io n given o f t he der ivat io no f t he vario us proper t ies o f t he waters . I t has bee n show n t hat t he pro

pert ica o f react io n co nc ise ly st a te t he . harac ter and princ ipa l co nst i tuent so f in wate r. Prima ry“ sa l i n i ty i nd icates t he prese nce o f a lkal i sal t s o f

s t rong acids , e.g .. sod ium chlo ride o r sod ium su l ph ate ; seco ndary sal in i t y ,

al ka l i ne eart h sal ts o f st rong acids , e .g . , calc ium and magnesi um chlo ride!

or su l phates . S imil arly, primary a lkal i n i ty and seco ndary alkal in i tydeno te al kal i sal t s o r alkal i ne earth sal ts o f weak ac ids respect ive l y: cgsod ium carbo nate or bicarbonate or calc ium or magnesium bica rbo na tes.

The amoun ts of t he co nst i tuen ts as ions o r rad icles are gi ven i n partsper mi l l ion , also i n percen tages o f t he tota l i no rgan ic mat ter i n so lu t io n .

Previous analyses , when they exis t , are presented for compariso n; T he

react i ng value o f t he co nst i tuen ts, wo rked ou t t o a pe rce n tage basis , occupiesthe fo urt h co lumn at the foo t of which the co ncen trat ion value is placed .

Th is numbe r is t he sum o f act ual react ing values o f the const i tuen ts o f t hewa ter and from i t t he percen t age reacti ng values may easily be calculatedt o the i r t rue val ues .

A fte r the s ta temen t'

o i the quantity o f t he to tal so l ids and gases inso l u t io n i n t he waters t he hypo the t ical combi nat io ns wo rked o ut from the

resu l t s o f analysis by means o f t he rn'

s given on page 20, are appended i n

parts per mi l l io n , and as percen tages o f t he to t al inorgan icma t ter in so lu t ion .

T empera tures are s tated on bo t h Ccn t igradc and Fah renhe i t degrees .

Radioac t iv i ty , due to emanat ion i n t he water or i n t he gases evo lvedfrom some springs , is expressed in te rms o f a un i t .‘ which i s 1 x 10 curie

per lit re , or t hat amo u n t o f rad ium emanat io n i n eq u i l ibr iumwith l x l o~ "

gram rad ium me tal . D isso lved rad i um is expressed i n te rms o f a un i tequal t o l x I f ) gram rad ium pe r l i t re

I n t he tabu la ted analyses dashes signi fv that the co nst i tuent h asbeen loo ked fo r . b t t t i s no t prcst n t v a t least t i t su tlicien t quant i ty t o be

de tected . A blank space i nd ica tes - t hat t he substance is absen t o r th at no

test fo r i t has been ca rried o u t .

EAST E RN Osu mo

BORT I lWICK'

M INERAL SPR I NG . NEAR OT TAWA , ONT .

(ft )

T his spri ng , ris i ng i n'

low ly i ng marshy gro u nd b e twee n two paral le l

ridges hal f a mil apart . i s si t uated in t he sou t h hal f o f lo t 20.concession IV ,

z lh rt p. I“.

23

Ot t awa Fro n t . G loucentcr t ownuhip. Carle ton co u nt y. and in abo u t seve nmi les away lrom Ot tawa . T he water is co llec ted in a bricke d we ll oi

gal lo ns capac i t y. wh ich whe n pumped dry. re lilla i n abo u t twe lveho u rs .

Acco rd ing to Ste rry l lun t ' t he spri ng risen from t he lowe r S i l u r ianl imes to ne and proba bly o btai ns it s large propo rt io n o f sod ium ch lo ridelrom roc k sal t imbed ded i n t he l imesto ne lo vma t lon . Mr . Will iam Bo rt hwick o f Ot tawa is t he ow ner o f the spri ng . Some wa ter

'

in sh ipped and so ldi n t he neighbourho ml.

The H i ring was v isi ted o n t wo occasio ns , whe n tests were made and

samples co l lected . and u lur t he r sample wau we n t i n fo r analynis.

T he fo l lowing part icula rs Were obtained upo n examinat io n . T he

analysis shows t he spri ng to be sod ic. magncnic. mu r ia ted sal i ne water .The hypo t he t ica l combinat io ns show that « id ium ch lo r ide may b e con

sidered to fo rm 87 per ce n t o f t he so l ids i n w lut ion , while magnesiumbicarbo nate fo rms 9 per cent .

BORTHWICK M INE RA L SPR I NG .

Laborat ory No.

Sample co l lected .

Flow .

Tas te .

Reac t io nSpecific grav ity at 1 S°CRadioac tivi ty

Propert ies o f react ion in per

fi e ry Hun t . Grabs) d Canada. ”36 . D. 337.

Junc . lQl 7

[0 0 5°C (SO

Smal lSal t and pleasan tAlka l i ne

L 007

Emanat io n . 140 un i tsD i sso lved rad ium .8 -4

Emanat ion i n gas ev‘

o lved .

cen t .Primary sa l i n i tySecondary sal i n i ty .

Prima ry alkal i n i tySeco ndary alkal in i t y . 8 - 58

24

Ana lysis.

React ingConst it uents

l 'a t ts per million. Per cent .

Sulphuric acidD ica rbo nic ac id (HCO.Carbon ic ac id (C lh ) .

(NOa)N i tro us acid (Nun) .

P0 4) l l l l

45 -63

Al uminium

Stro nt ium

Ammonium I I I I I - l l l

l oo-00

T o ta l sol ids in so l u t io n. resid Concentradried at

c.c. per l i tre. Parts per million.

Carbon D ioxide C01 . 1 1 -3 22-2'

Hydrogen Sulph ide

Ant-Irv in by J . Baker Edwards. Montreal . ISKS.

26

The fol lowing resu l t s were obta i ned as a resu l t of analysis

DOM INION SPR I NG .

Laboratory No . 1 3.

Samples col lected .

TemperatureFlow

React io nSpec ific gravi ty at 1S°C .

Radioact iv i ty

Propert ies of react io n i n

. J u l y , 1914 .

1O°C . (SO-0

°F )

Smal lSl igh t ly sal t

1 -0065

Emanat ion 22 un i tsD isso l ved rad ium 0 -8

Emana tion in gas evo lvedcen t .Pr ima ry sal i n i tySeco ndary sa l i n i tyPrimary alkal i n i tySecondary a lkal in i ty 14 -4

27

Analysis.

Cons t it uent l .‘

Per cent .

I I I I I I I I I

14 ‘ 26

49 26

47 -20 133 '0

' 5 41 - 15

-93

solids in so l ut ion, residue'

\t 1 10°

Carbon D io x ide C01 .

Hydrogen SulphideHzS

' l y D r . Sterrr Hunt. Gentogy d Cen ih .p.MO. l l 6-1.

28

HY POT HET ICAL COMB]NAT IONS.

No. 13.

Const it uent s

Per cent .

Sodium nitrite (N3 X0 2 )Sod i um ni trateAmmonium chloride (NH.CU.

Po tassium iod ide (K I ) .Po tassi um bromide ( KHr ) .Lith ium chloridePo tassium chloride (KC I)Sod ium chloride (NaC Il . .Magnesium chlorideCalc ium chlo rideSod ium sulpha te mama .

Magnesium sulphate (MgSO .)Calcium sulpha teSo d ium b icarbona te (NaHCO, l

Magnesiumbica rbonat e lMg !”( 0 1mCalc ium bicarbonate (Ca l l -K1 )flStront ium b icarbonate - l .

Ferrous bicarbonate l F e tHC t h h l .Calc ium phosphateFerr ic ox ideAlumina (Ah-1 h )Sil ica l l l l l l l

l l ll l lh l

D IAMOND PAR K SPR ING , ARNPR IOR , SAN IT AR IS WAT ER .

( 14 )

Th is spring l ies a t t he loo t o f a h il l abo u t 50 yards from t he M at lawaska

r iver on lo t 26 . concessio n X II, Pakenham townsh ip , Lanark co un ty ,

On tario .

I t r ises i n a-

cemen tet l and covered wel l , a nd flows a t a rate o f abou t250 gal lo ns per ho u r i n to t he r iver , nearby . T he wa ter has a pleasan tsal i ne t as te. and is carbo nated

'

and so ld as “San i taris

”mi neral water by the

Sani t aris M i neral Co . . o f Arn prio r and Ot t awa . This is one o f t he

mos t rad ioact ive springs o f t hose examined i n eastern Canada. but on

acco un t o f t he smal l co n ten t 0 1 d isso lved rad ium the water , when bo t t led .

wi ll soo n lose i ts ac t iv i t y .

T he water is no t as st ro ngly mineral ized as tha t from t he Bo rt hwickor from t he D omi n io n Spring , al though 80 per cen t o f t he to t al i no rgan icmat ter i n so l u t ion is sod iumchlo r ide. Calc iumahdmagnesiumbicarbo nates

may be co nsidered to be t he o ther predomi nan t const i tuen ts .Comparison o f t he tw o analyse s, one i n 191 1 and the o ther in 1916.

shows tha t no change in composi t io n has taken place i n t he_last fiv e y ears .

The water may be classified as a sod ic. mu ria te al kal i ne- sal ine (bromi t )water .

29

The fol lowing par t icu lars we re obta ined as a resu l t o f ana lysis

D IAMOND PARK SPR I NG .

Labora t ory No. 14.

Sample co l lec ted j u l y . 191 -1 .

Temperatu re . 9°C . (48

°F )

F low . 5 gallo ns per mi n u te.

Tas te Sl igh t ly sal tReac t ion A l kal i ne

Specific grav i ty a t 1 S°C .

Radioact iv i t y Emanat io n 226 u n i t sD isso l ved rad ium 1 7

Emanat io n in gas 'o lved .

Propert ies o f react ion in per cen t .

Primary sal in i tySeco ndary sa l i n i ty .

Prima ry alkal in i ty . 0 -0-1

Seconda ry al kal in i t y . . 13 - 70

Ana lysis.

Const it uents

Parts per mil lion . Per cen t . Per cent .

81 -50

To tal so l ids in so l u t ion. residue

G ases Carbon D iox ide C0| c.c. per l i tre . Part s per mill io n.

Hydrogen Sulphidems‘ Amly lh by Prol R. F. Rum .McG il l Un iversi ty. 191 1 .

30

HYPOTHET ICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No . 14.

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sod ium nit riteSod ium nitrateAmmonium chloridePo tan ium iodidePotau ium bromideLit hium chloridePo tassi um chlorideSod iumchlorideMagnesium chlorideCa lc iumchlorideSod ium sulpha teMagnesium sulpha teCalcium sulpha teSodi um bicarbona teMagnesi um b ica rbonateCa lcium bicarbona teSt r 1 111 111 111 biw rbonateFerr o us bica rbonateCa lc ium phosphateFerric oxid eAluminaSil ica

100 -00

RUSSELL Ll 'l'Hl A SPR ING .

(17)

Several springs are fou nd i n t he neighbou rhood o f Bo u rge t. Clarencetownsh ip, Russe l l coun ty , On t . The Russel l L i th i a M i neral Water Co .

own two o f t hese on lo t 20. concess io n I I : Bo t h were dri l led and are 200yards apart . Water from one bo rin g i s pumped by means o f a windmi l lint o tan ks from which i t is drawn t o be bo t t led as Russe l l L i t h ia Watert he o t her flows natu ral ly a t the ra te of 1 5 gal lons pe rmi n u te from a s tandpipe . This water ispleasan t ly sal i ne to the tas te. and co n tains a considerable quan t i ty of mineral mat ter in so lut ion , havi ng specific gravi ty o f

1 -0065 a t 1S°C . M uch gas bubbles up wi th the wate r. and a lso issues frompools i n t he swamp around t he spr i n g. Analys is showed the gas to be

ch iefly methane or ma rsh gas" and tha t i t was rad ioact i ve , possess ing an

act iv i ty of 540 un i ts .

T wo o t her spri ngs of similar character were i nspected on t he [armo f A . Mar tel , abou t two mi les from t he Russel l L i th ia Spring. Bo th werebo red we l ls.wi th a

-na tura l flow . One was 96 fee t deep wh ile t he o t her wasdr i l led to a depth of 136 fee t . The water from each had a pleasa nt l y

sal ine t as te .

3 1

The fo l lowing analysis shows that sod ium ch loride fo rms 82 per cen t

o f the to tal i no rgan ic mat ter in so l u t ion wh i le magnesium bicarbo nateamoun ts to almos t 10 per cen t . Three per cen t of sod ium carbo nate givesthe water an a lkal i ne react io n , accou n t ing [or a prima ry alkal i n i ty o f 2 -48

per cen t . The quan t i ty o f po tassium is compa ra t ive ly h igh . fo rmi n g

almos t 3 per cen t of the alkal ies .The wa termay be classified as a sod ic.mu riated , .u kal ines aline (carbo n

dioxated) water.RUSSELL L ITHI A WAT ER.

Laboratory No. 17.

Sample co l lec ted june , 1917.

Temperatu re . 10 -0°C .

Flow .

Taste .

React io nSpecific gravi ty a t 1S°C .

Rad ioac t ivi ty

Propert ies of react ion i n

Pleasant ly sa l i neAl kal ine1 -005

Emanat ion 109 u n i tsD isso lved rad ium 2 - 5

Emanat io n i n gas. evo lved .

cen t .Prima ry sal i n i ty

Secondary sal i n i tyPrimary al kal i n i ty 2-48

Secondary al kal in i ty . 9-68

Analysis.

Const it uents }

Parts per mill io n. Per cent . Per cent .

l l ~ n l v l

traceHeavy trace

-4

I ' l l

T o tal” -7 100-00

T o t al so lids i n so l ut ion, rusiduedried at 1 10°C

Parts per mill ion.

Cases Carbon D ioxide C0 , 74 -8Hydrogen Sulph idems .

‘By A. a. Pyne. i s i nto . was.

35

The So da spring has a prima ry a lkal i n i ty o f 40 per n o t . t ha t is s od ium

bicarbo nate fo rms a large prop ort io n o f t he mi neral mat te r prese n t (48 pe rcen t ) and a primary sal i n i ty o f 50 pe r w ri t . (Sod iu t t t chlo ride 44 pc t cen t

o f to ta l so l ids i n so lu t io n ) . T he Su lphur water has to pe r ce n t pr imary

alka l in i ty , and 78 per ce n t prima ry sa l i n i t y : t he L i t h ia spri ng 7 per ce n tand 84 per cen t respec t ive l y .Whllt . t he MagicWater has no primary al kal in i tybu t 74 per cen t primary sal i n i ty. and 25 pe r ce n t seco ndary sali n i t y . T he

explana t io n o f th is diflcrcnoe i n pro pe rt ies is t o be fo u nd i n the fac t t hat t lt -r

Wate rs a re mix tu res o f waters from d i fferen t st rata . t he mus t co nce n t ra tn l

and sa l i ne water ris ing from t he greatest dep th , and mix i ng wi t h lessconcent rated and alkal i ne waters a t o t her le ve ls i n varyi ng propo r t i o ns .Thus t he Magic wate r come s fr

'

om a wel l 240 fee t dee p ;t he Lit hia'

wa tc r is a

mi x ture o f t h is wate r and a less co ncent ra ted so lu t io n . comi ng from a ve i n60 fee t deep. T he Su lph ur and Soda co ntai n s t i l l la rge r pro po rt io ns o f t he

less co ncen t rated water. hav ing sod ium bicarbo nate as it s princ ipal con

st it uen t . The wa ters rise from t he Trento n l imesto ne : t he same fo rmat io nfrom wh ich t he

'

Caled onia springs issue ;and Sterry Hu n t'

s explanat io n o f

the d i ff e re n t propert ies o f those waters. ly i ng so c lo se toge t he r. ho ldssimilarl y fo r the Carl sbad waters .

I t is o f i n terest t o no te that the wate r from t he greatest depth co n ta in s

the larges t amou n t o f rad ium. It is t o be expec ted that t he soda wo u ld be

t he mos t tempo rari ly rad ioact ive bu t there is no ev idence o f th is. G as

is evo lved from the springs i n co nsiderable quant i ty . especia l ly from t heSoda and Li th ia Springs. Analysis o f a sample gave the fo l lowi ng resu l t s :

Radioac t ivi ty. 230 un i ts .

Co nst i tuen tsMetha ne (CP L) 91 -7 per cen t .Carbo n d io x ide (C0 3 ) 0 6 per cen t .Oxygen (0 1 ) 0 8 per cen t .N i t rogen (M ) 6 -9 pe r cen t .

"

T he fo l lowi ng resu l ts were obtai ned on analysis o f the waters

MAG IC SPR I NG .

Labora tory No . 16.

Sample collected . J une . 19178- 5

°C (47

F low . .

Taste .

React io nSpec ific gravi t y at 1S°CRadioact ivi ty .

Ve ry sal t and bi t ter .Al kal i ne.

. l ~o15.

Emanat ionD i sso lved rad iumEmanat io n in gas evo lved .

Proper t ies o f react io n i n per cen t .Pr imary sa l i n i ty .

Secondary sal i n i ty .

Pr ima ry a lka l i n i ty .

Seco ndary al kal in i ty .

Analysis.

Comt it ucnt s :

Per cent .

SulphBicarbonic

'

ac id

t race

-80 60 -72

Ammoniumi i i i i

o i 100 -00

T otal solid. in sol ut io n. residuedried“ 715 -04

Gat es Carbon D ioxide Cos .

Hydrogen Sulphide

By C . l loflmann. Ann. Rom. Geo l. Sut v tau - 7s. p. J IO.

HYPOTHET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.

No . I6 .

Const it uent

Sodi um nitrite (NaNOa)Sod ium ni trate (NaNO fiAmmon ium chloride (NH.C l)Pot assium iodide (KgnPotassium bromide (K

_

r) .Lithium chionde, (L IC I )Pot ass iumchloride KC I) .

Sod ium chlorideMagnesium chloride (MgC Ig) .Ca lc ium chloride CaC l.)Sodium sulpha te Na.SO.)Magnesi um sulpha teCalc ium su lpha teSodium bicarbonate NaHCOa)Magnesiumbiw honat fi

HCQmCa lci um bim bona te (Ca (St ront iumFerro us bicarbona te (Fe(HCCalciumphosphateFerric on de (Paol ) .Al umina (Also-l

Mangano us

37

"1 1 C!

12 -24

so l ut ion.

Per cent .

177 -3

-8

Analysis shows t h is to be a st ro ngly mi neral ized sodic mu ria ted sa l i ne

(bromic) water. I t was one o f t he mos t co ncen tra ted waters examined .

The chief co nst i tuen ts may be co nsidered to be sod ium ch lo r ide (73 percen t of the to ta l mi neral mat te r i n so lu t io n ) , magnes ium ch lor ide (7 percen t ) . and calcium chlo ride ( I6 per cen t ) .

The water appears to be less concen t ra ted than i t was i n 1875 , wihen asample was anal ysed by D r . C . Holi mann o f t he G eo logical Su rvey.

SULPHUR SPR ING.

Labora tory No. 15.

Sample

Tempe ratu re .

Flow .

Taste .

React ion .

Spec ific grav it y at IS°CRadioact iv i ty . 90 u n i ts.

. .j unc . 1917.

.8

2 gal lo ns per mi n u te.

Sl igh t i nd icat io n o f hydrogen sulph ide .

Al kal i ne .

. l -002

limnnu t inn

D isso l vedEmanat io n in gas e vo l ved .

Propert ies of reaction i n per cen t .Pr ima ry sal i n i ty 78-48

SecondaryPrima ry al kal i n i tySeco ndary al kal i n i ty .

Ana lysis.

Const i t uents

Parts per mi ll ion .

Sulph uric acidD ica rbonic acidCarbonic acid (CO.)Nit ric acid (N0 0.N i tro us acid (Nut ) .Phosphoric acid (P00 .

MetaborlcChlorine -0 39 ~ l lBromine (Br ) .

Iodine (l ) .Oxygen to form

Stront ium

To tal so lid s in so lut io n.m iddried at [10°C

Gases Carbon D ioxide CO..

Hydrogen Sulphide H:S.

0 Analyds by C. Hadmsnn. Ann. Rep. Gaol . Sunn. 1814- 75. p. 3 1

40

Specific gravi ty at 15°C . 1 -0026.

Radioac t ivi ty Emanat io n .

D isso l ved rad iumEmanat io n i n gas evol ved .

Propert ies o f reac t ion i n per cen t .

Pr imary sal i n i ty 84 - 32

Secondary sal i n i tyPr imary al ka l i n i ty .

Seco nda ry a lkal i n i ty .

Ana lysis.

Const it uen ts

Part s per millio n. Per cen t .

Sulphuric acid (50 0 .

D icarbonic acid (HCO,

§C0nlNO.)

N it ro us ac id . (N05)(P0 0)(Box)(C l ) .

$Er ) ni ) .

Aluminium

St ront ium

Ammonium

100 -00 100 -00

Total so lids in so l u t io n. residuedried at 1 10

°C .

Cases .

’ Carbon D iox ide CO.Hydrogen Sulph ide

HYPOTHET ICAL COM B]NATIONS.

No . fl .

Const it uent

For cent .

l z c 70

The Li thia water can be classified as a sod ic.muria ted alkal i ne-sali newat er. L i th ium is p rese n t in small amou n t. bu t i n no greate r quan ti t ythan i n the o ther wa ters. The ch ief sal ts in solut ion may be assumed to besod ium chloride (77 per cen t) . sod iumbicarbonat e (9~S per cen t) . calci umandmagnesi um bicarbona tes (each abo u t 5 per cen t) .

SODA SPR ING .

Laborat ory No. 19.

Sample co l lec tedTemperatu reFlowTaste .

Spec ific gravi ty at 1S°C .

Radioactiv i ty

J une. 1917.

8 - 0°C .

2 gallo ns per mi n u te.

Sl igh tly al ka l i ne.Alkal i ne.

1 -0008.

Emanat ionD isso lved rad ium

Emanat ion in gas evo l ved .

42

Proper ties of react ion i n per cen t .

Pr imary sal i n i ty 2 .56 -46

Seco ndary sal i n i tyPrima ry al kal i n i tySeco ndary a lkal i n i ty

Ana lysis.

Const i tuent

Parts per mill io n.

Chlorine

Iodine

100 -00 100 -00

Total solid s in sol ution. resid uedried at 1 10

‘ C

Gm : Carbon D ioxide C0,Hydrogen Sulphide HgS

43

HYPOT HET ICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No. I’.

Const it uent .h

Pe r cen t .

Sodiumnit riteSod iumni trate .

AmmoniumchlorldePo tassium iod idePotassiumbromideLithiumchloridePotassium chlorideSodium chlorideMagnesi um chlorideCalc ium chlorideSodiumsulphateMagnesium sulphateCalc ium sulpha teSod iumbica rbonate NuI-ICO.)Magnesi um bica rbonateCalci umb icarbona teSt ront ium bicarbona teFerro us biw bonate

Calciumphospha teFerric o xideAlumina

10 4 0

Water from t he Soda spr i ng is the least mi nera l ized o f al l the Carlsbadwaters. and probably is the a lkal i ne wa ter wh ich i n the o ther springsmi ngles wi th a mo re concen tra ted sal ine water. in varying propo r tio ns.

I ts primary al ka l i n i ty is h igh— ove r 40 per cent. ano ther way of stat ingthat sod ium bicarbonate is a predominan t const i t uen t (48 per cen t of theso l ids i n so l u tion) .

The water is not_ quite as pleasan t to d rink as the Su l phu r

'

or t he Li thia

water. on accoun t of i ts sl igh tly a lka l i ne tast e .

Analys is shows i t to be a sod ic. bicarbonated, muriat ed water of thealkal i ne- sal i ne t ype.

VIC TOR IA SULPHUR SPR ING ; CARLET ON COUNT Y. ONT .

(22)

This is a d isused spr i n g at the side of G reen'

s creek , two miles fromOt tawa, near t he Mon treal Road . I t is si tuated on the bank o f the creek ,r is ing in an

‘

old wooden wel l. and flows a t a rate of 250 gal lons per hour.

A considerable quant it y of hydrogen sul ph ide is co nt ai ned i n the gas givenofi from the water, and by the ac t ion of t he air i t is decomposed fo rmi ng a

sulphur deposi t around the spring. The ch ie f const i tuen t oi the gas isme thane. The rad ioac t iv i ty o f t he gas was Io u nd to be 800 u n i ts .

Water from t he spri ng“

was once i n great demand and a san i tariumbu i l t near had a considerable‘

reputat ion. bu t i t is now in'

ruins and the springis in a neg lected co nd i t io n and disused .

No complete anal ysis has been made bu t the fo llowing part icularswere asce rtained

Sample co l lec ted J uly 1914.

Temperatu re. 9 - 2°C .

Flow . 4 gallons per mi nu te.

Tas te. st ro ng su l phu r.Specific gravi ty a t 1S°C .. 1 0 04.

Rad ioact iv it y. Emana tion‘

1 12 u n i ts .

D issol ved rad ium, t race .

Emanat ion i n gas evolved . 800 u n its .Hydrogen su l ph ide i n water. 8-8 c.c . per l i t re.

PLANT AG ENET MINER AL SPR ING . PR ESCOT T COUNT Y. ONT .

This is an old spring men t ioned by S te rry Hu n t i n G eo logy o f Canada .p. 541 . 1886 . He sta ted th a t i t rises from t he lower Si lur i an fo rmat io n .

I t is st rongly sal i ne and po ssesse s a specific grav i ty o i 1 -0085. approx imate lyeq u ivalen t t o a sod ium ch lo ride co n ten t o f parts per mi l l io n .

I t r ises i n a wooden cased wel l close to Plan tagene t sta t ion , bu t waterfrom i t is se ldom used to -day. and no analysis has. as ye t , bee n made of th is

water. Rad ioac tive measu rements show a tempo ra ry rad ioact iv i ty o f

104 un i ts per

CALEDON IA SPR ING S. PRESCOTT COUNT Y. ONT .

(25.26.and 27)

The wate rs at Caledo n ia Spr i ngs fo rm one of the best known groupof springs i n Canada . They were known to the se t t lers i n t he Ot tawa Val ley

as early as 1806 and wel l pat ron ized by them. The residen ts o f Mo n t realand Ot tawa a lso visit ed t hem and had a conside rably mo re arduous jou rneythan thei r descendan ts to-d ay . who now reach t he springs i n an hou r and ahalf from Mo n treal or Ot t awa. t rave l l i n g i n a comfo rtable. we l l -equ ippedt rain . I n those days. v isi to rs from Mo n t real h ad t o take the t ra in t o

Lach i ne. t hence by steamer th ro ugh Lake -St . Lou is and Lake o f T wo

Moun ta i ns, to Car i l lo n ; aga i n by t rai n to G re nvi l le. where a boat wastaken t o I 'orignal . From t h is place the t en -mi le jo u rney to t he springscomple ted by stage . Acco u n ts s ti l l ex is t o f the various even ts o f tho sedays, ho rse races. walki ng con tes ts . mi raculous cu res, and ho te l fi res, andm'any in teres t ing sto r ies are to ld . I n recen t years , the Canad i an Pac ific

fol lowing particu lars we re obta i ned upo n analysi s

SALINE SPR ING .

Laboratory No. 26.

Sample co l lec ted Oc tobe r. 1915.

Temperatu re .8-5‘C .

F low .2 gal lo ns per mi n u te .

Taste Pleasant ly sa l i ne .

Reac tion Al kal i ne.

Specific grav i ty a t 1S°C

Radioact iv i ty Emanat io n 70 un i ts.D isso lved rad ium 3 -6

Ema nat ion i n gas evo lved .

Prdr- t -r ries o f react io n in per cen t .

Prima ry sa l i n i ty 88-60

Secondary sa l i n i ty .

Pr ima ry a lka l in i ty .

Seco ndary alka l i n i t y .

47

Manly-ll .

Comt huenu r

l 'u l u [In mi l l io n . l'n cent . l 'u- r rent .

I l 4 0Sun -33

( rar e

t ruce

m a

St ront iumN J 0 127~ 2|

-08

T otal solid. in so lut io n , m iduedried at l lo'c

Carbon D io xide COLHydrogen Sulphide HaS

‘ 9? M i n Hutu“u ccmUM tYU 1903 .

HYPOTHETICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No. 25.

PreviousConst it uent

'

Per cent.

Sodi um nitrite traceSod iumn i trateAmmonium chloridePot assium iod idePo tassi um bromideLithium chlor idePo tass ium chlorideSod ium chlorideMagnes ium chlorideCalcium chlorideSodium sulphateMagnes ium sulphateCalcium sulphateSod ium b ica rbona teMagnes ium b ica rbonateCalc ium bicarbonateSt ront i um bicarbonateFerro us b icarbonateCalcium phosphateFerric ox ideAluminaSilica

- 1 5 [00 00

T HE SULPHUR SPRING .

(26)

The Su l phu r Spring water d i ffers sl igh t ly from t he Sa l i ne water. i nho ld ing a large amoun t of h ydrogen su l ph ide gas i n so l u t ion . and in con

t ain ing o n ly 4 per cen t o f sod ium bicarbo na te , giving i t a h igher prima ry

al ka l i n i ty . l t also co n tai ns a smal ler amou n t o f mi ne ral ma t ter i n sol ut ion—6 23 1 parts per mi l l io n , as compared wi th 81 18 par ts per mi l l ion .

T he analysi s shows i t to be a sod ic.muriated, carbonated , alkaline- sal inewater (su l phu re t ted ) . l t owes i ts t hereapeut ic proper ties , i n par t , t o thepresence o f hydrogen sulph ide. and is used la rgely i n the t reatmen t o f

rheumat ism.

Analysis gave the fo l lowi ng part icu l a rs

SULPHUR SPR ING .

Labora t ory No .

‘26.

Sample col lec ted . .Oc tober. 1915.

Temperature 8~3°C . (46 -9

°F

2 to 3 gallons per mi nu te.

49

Taste . Sl igh tly sal ine. wi t h i nd icat ionhydrogen su l ph ide.

Reac t ion A l ka l i neSpecific gr avi ty a t 1S

°C 1 0059

Radioact ivit y Emanat io n . . 73 un i ts.D isso l ved radium. 5 -6

Emanatio n i n gas evo lved .

Propert ies of react ion i n per cen t .

Prima ry sal in i ty 86 -04


Pr imary a lkal in i ty . 3 - 24

Seco ndary alka l i n i ty . . 10 - 72

Const i tuent s :

Parts per million. Per cen t. Per cent .

2 836 -34

53 -95

Aluminium

124 - 12St ront ium

1080 54 -98

-21 100 00

T otal so l ids in so l u t io n, residuedried at 1 10°C .

Gases Carbon D io xideHydrogen Sulphidems .

0 to Pro! a. r . Rut tl n.momUniverl lt v. 1903.

50

HYPOTHET ICAL coMamArions.No. 26.

Const i t uent

Per cen t.

Sodiumnitri teSodi um ni trateAmmonium chloridePo tassium iodide

L ithiumchloride

Sodium chloride -3Magnesium chlorideCalci um chloride

Magnesi umbia rbonatCalci umbiu rbonateSt ront ium bla rbons

‘

te

Ferro us bicarbonate

Alumina

THE GAS SPR I NG .

(27)

T he Gas Spr i ng is also a sod ic. mur iated. alkal i ne-sal i ne water. andclosely resembles the Sal i ne water in composi tion . t hough the flow is sl igh tlyless. G as is evolved from the water, wh ich rises i n a circu la r gl asgp ppedcemen t wel l. and was found to possess a rad ioactivi ty of 306 u n ics.

Analysis by Pro f. Ru t ta n gave :

Meth ane, CH.

E thane, C g“.

Carbon monox ide, COCarbo n d iox ide, CO.N it rogen , Na.

The relat ively h igh percen tage of car bo n monoxidemay accou n t for theal leged n igh t -mare- giving propert ies o f the water. The therapeut ic useof the water is due mos t ly t o the presence of carbon ic acid and the bica r

bonat es, maki ng i t of va l ue i n gast ric cond i tions.

51

The lollowing dat a were obta i ned upon analys is :

THE GAS SPR ING .

Laborat ory No. 27.

Sample co l lected

FlowTaste

React ionSpec ific gr avi ty at 1S°C .

Rad ioac tivi ty un i ts.

c c c c c c c

Propert ies of reaction i n

Oc tober. 1915.

7-9°C . (46

2—3 gallons per mi nu te .

.Sl igh tl y sal i ne.

.A l kal i ne.

1 -0063

Emana t io n 90

D isso lved rad ium 8

Emanat ion i n gas evolved 306per cen t .

Primary sali n i t ySecondary sal i ni tyPrimary alka l in i ty 0 - 24

Secondary alkal in i ty .

Const it uents

Sulphuric ac id (500 .

D icarbonic acid (HCO.Carbonic acid (C0.)Nitric acid (NO.)N it ro us acid

A l uminium

Stront i um

Ammonium

Total solids in sol ut io n. ra id

Gases : Carbon D io xide COa.

Hydrogen Sulphide

52

Parts per million.

137 -0

-79

4682 7

t race

57-74

1 20 77

-02

Per cent .

52 - 16

100 -00

Per cent .

2794 2

54

THE DUNCAN SPR ING .

Laborat ory No. 28.

Sample co l lec t ed . .Oc tober. 1915.

Temperature 9°C . (48

Flow 3 gal lo ns per min u te.

Tas te St ro ngly sa l i ne and bi t ter .

Reactio n A l kal i ne.

Specific gr avit y at 1S°C 1 -0073

Radioac t ivi ty Emanat ion .

D isso l ved rad iumEmanat ion i n gas evo lved

Propert ies of reac tio n i n per cen t .Primary sal i n i ty .

Seco ndary salin i tyPrimary al kal in i ty . 3 - 34

Seco ndary alkal i n i ty . 8-60

Analysis.

Const it uents :

Part e per million.

"

fIIZIII 1 2 -00

trace

l s s s s s s s s 43 ‘96

"

. filfil lfi.

.81

T o t al so l ids in so l ut io n, residuedried at

c.c. per li tre. Parts per mil l io n.

G ases Carbon D iox ide CO.. 96 -0 48 -7Hydrogen Sulphide Hts

BY Prui R F . Rut t au. HcC ill L'nh'e uit y . 1903 .

55

HYPOT HET ICAL COMBINAT lONS.

Cons t ituent

Per cent.

Sod ium nitriteSod ium nit rateAmmonium chloridePotassium iodidePot ass ium bromideLith ium chloridePotass ium chlo rideSodium chloride

_

Magnesiumchlo rideCalcium chlor ideSod ium sulphateMagnesium sulphateCa lc ium sulpha teSodium

‘

bicn rbonateMagnes ium bicarbona teCa lc ium bia rbona t eSt ront ium bicarbonateFerro us bicarbonateCa lci umphosphateFerric oxid e

Alumina

Mangano us bicarbonate

10 .009 -86

THE ART ES I AN SULPHUR SPR ING .

(29)

T he Artes ian sulphur water is obta i ned from-

an ar tesian well , on t heo ther side of the track from t he ho tel . The wel l is dri l led 168 fee t , the firs t68 fee t bei ng th ro ugh clay. The water i s less mi neraliz ed than the o t hers .contains much mo re hydrogen su l ph ide gas and has h igh prima ry al kal i n i ty.

(1 1 per cen t ) .I t can be c lass ified as a sod ic. mur i ated , bicarbonated. a lka l i ne-sal i ne

(su l phu re t ted ) Water. T he water is pumped ac ross to t he ho tel . wherei t is large ly used for su l ph ur baths.

T he fo l lowi ng analysis. t he fi rst t hat has ever been made o f t he wate r .

gave these part icu la rs

THE ART ESIAN SULPHUR SPR I NG .

Laborat ory No. 29.

Sample co l lec ted . .Oc tober. 1915.

Temperatu re 9 ~4°C . (48

Smal l .

56

Tas te Sl igh t ly sal i ne and hyd rogen sulph ide.Reac tio n Al ka l i ne .

Specific gravi ty a t 1S°C 1 -0024

Rad ioact ivi tyD isso l ved rad i umEma nat ion i n gas evo lve d

Propert ies o f reac t ion i n per cen t .Prima ry. sa l i n i ty 79 9-1

Seco ndary sal i n i tyPrimary al kal i n i tySeco ndary al ka l i n i ty

Analysis.

Cons t it uents

Parts per mill ion.

37 -90

Iodine

Al uminium

Stront ium

(NI-h) .

-90 100 -00

T otal so l ids in so l u t io n. res iduedried at 1 10°C . 105 -43

G ases Carbon D io xide .COg .

Hydrogen Sulphide

5 7

HYPOT HET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.No. 20.

Parts per inorganicConst it uent mill ion. mat ter in

so l ut ion.

Per cent .

Sodium nitri teSodiumnit rateAmmonium chloridePotassium iodidePot assium bromideL ithiumchloridePotassium chlorideSod ium chlorideMagnesium chlorideCalc iumchlorideSod ium sulpha te 145 3 2Magnesium sulpha teCa lci um sulpha teSod ium bicarbona teMagnesiumbicarbona teCalcium bicarbona teStront ium bica rbona teFerro us bicarbonatecalci umphosphateFerric exudeAluminaSi lic aManganous bicarbona te

G URD'S SALINE WAT ERS. CALEDON IA SPR INGS.

(33 -34)

Charles C urd and Co . of Mont real , own t wo artes ian we l ls. si tuatedsome 250 yards from the mai n gro up of the chief Caledo n ia springs.

T he two we l ls— 20 fee t apart . are bo t h 68 fee t deep. sunk th ro ughday to the rock. Barrel loads of the less sal i ne water are taken t o Mo n trealeach

'

week . The mo re sal i ne water con tai ns almost t w ice as much mi neralmat te r i n so lu t ion as t he less sal i ne. and is nearly as co ncen tra ted as t he

D uncan w a ter ; but i t difiers from i t i n h aving sulph ur ic ac id i n no t iceablequan t i t y . and con tai n ing less bicarbonic acid . I t can be classi fied as a

sod ic.muri ated , su l phated sal i ne wate r, and wo uld no do ubt have considerable va lue as a purgat ive water. Magnesium sulphate - t o the ex ten t o f2 - 5 per cen t and 4 2 per ce n t magnesium bicarbonate a re presen t in thewater, wh ile the princi pal co nst i tuen t is sod ium chlor ide

58

T he [allowing resul t s were obta ined upon analysis :

C URD'

S SAL INE .

Laboratory No . 33.

Sample col lec ted Oc tober. 1915.

B~B°C .

Smal l .Tas te . St rongly sa l i ne.

Reac t io n . .Al ka l i ne.Spec ifi c grav it y a t 1S°C l ~oo7i

Rad ioac t iv i ty Emana t ionD i sso lved rad ium”

Emanat ion'

in gas evolved.

Propert ies o i react io n i n per cent .Primary sal i n i ty .

Seco ndary sal i n i tyPrima ry al ka l i n i tySeco ndary a lkal i n i ty

Analysis.

Const it uents

Parts per mi llion. Per cent .

1 00 -00

(‘

ooet -n t ra t lo tiT o tal so l ids in so l u t io n. residue value.

dried at 1 10°C . 330 -58

Part s pe r mi llio n.Gases Carbon D io xide CO.. 39-5

Hydrogen Sulph ide HaS

59

l i ‘O‘

l‘

Il l-ZT ICM . COMBINAT IONS.

No . 33 .

Const it uent

Sod ium ni triteSod ium n itrateAmmon iumchloridePo tassi um iod id e

_

Po tassium bromideLith iumchloridePotassi um chlorideSod iumchlo rideMagnetoum chloride

gséc

iiumc

hplraide

umao t e

Magnesium sulphate 246 -62Calc ium sulphateSodium biw bonateMagnesi um bicarbonate( Zalcium b ica rbona teStro n t ium bicarbona teFerrous him rbona t eCalci um phosphateFerric oxide

Manganous bicarbona te

C u rd'

s less sal i ne water ,. resembles the'

Sal i ne and Su l phu r Caledon iawaters. though i t con tai ns sl igh t ly less mineral mat te r in .solution .

i t may be co ns idered as a sod ic .muria ted . al kal i ne-sa l i ne water. T he

pri nc ipal consti tuen ts are sod ium chlor ide (77- 8 per cen t ) . and sod ium and

the alka l i ne earth bicarbo nat cs.

Analys is gave the fo l lowing resu l ts

G URD’

S LESS SAL I NE .

Laboratory No. 34.

SampleTemperatu re

Speci fic gravi ty at 1S°C

Radioac t ivi t y .

s s s s s s s s

O c tobe r. 1915 .

(46°F )

Smal l .

Sal i ne .

Al kal ine .

. l ~oo39

Emanat ion

D isso lved rad iumEmanat ion i n gas evo lved .

60

Propert ies at react io n in per cen t .Prima ry sa l i n i ty . 86 -62

Seco ndary

Primary alkal i n i t y .

Secondary alka l i n i t y .

Const it uents :

Par ts per million. Per cent . Per cent .

Sulphur ic ac id (50 0Bia rbonic acid (“COOCarbonic ac id ( f or)N it ric ac id (NOs)Ni tro us ac id (NO 0

PO.)BO.)

Chlor ine C I)

IodineOxygen to formAll » .

Sil icaI ronAl uminium

Stront ium

3 , 384 6 4 1000 0

Total so lids in so l ut io n. residdried i t HO°C

Parts per mil lion.Gases Carbon D io xide co..

Hydrogen Sulph ide

62

Taste . Fresh .

Reac t io n . A l ka l i ne.

Sp ec ific grav i ty at 1S°C . . . 1 -0 002

Radioac t ivi ty l imana t ion .

D isso lved

Emanat io n in gas evo lved .

Propert ies o f react io n i n p er cen t .

Primary sal i n i ty .

Seco ndary sal i n i tyPr ima ry a lka l i n i t ySeco ndary a lkal i n i t y

Analysis.

Const it uents

Tarts per million . Per cent .

Iodine 21

PotassiumI

l l) -olii

Ammonium

l 20 -4K l00 -0

T o t a l so li ds in so lu t io n. residdried at l l l :

°C .

c .c . pe r l itri . . Parts pe r million.

C ases Curlmn D io xideHydrogen Sulph ide ms .

0 ll y m t. r . A. Starkey. Mccm'

Un ivers ity. Montrea l.

63

HYPOTHET ICM . COMBI NAT IONS.No. 30.

Cons t it uent

Calcium carbona teMa nesiumcarbonaturn carbonate

Sod i umaulpba t eSod i um nit rateSodiumchlorid e

l 26 4 8 to o-o

The water is a very l igh tly mineralizw l , caleic. bicarbona ted. al ka l ine

wat er.

West ern : QUEBEC .

G UARANT EED PURE M ILK CD'

S. WELL. MONT R EAL .

(35 )

This wel l was one o f t he dee p we l ls i nc luded i n the i nvest igat ion o f

t he rad ioact iv i ty o f waters i n t he ne ighbo urhood o f Mo n treal . T he waterflows nat u ral ly [mm a wel l wh ich was ilrilled t o a depth o f 1 51 fee t . t houghby pumping , 60 ga l lo ns per mi nu te can be obtai ned .

Analysis sho tvs t h is to b e a crt lcic. sod ic. su l phated . a l kal i ne- sa l i n ewate r. Calcium bica rbo nate fo rms 45 per cen t o f t he to t al so l id mat te ri n so lu t ion . and Calc ium sulphate. 27 pe r cen t . while l l per cen t of sodiumchlo r ide is also presen t .

I t belongs t o a gro up o f we l l s wh ich are al l h igh i n calc ium a nd si tuatedin t he same ne ighbo urhoo d.

The fo l lowi ng part iculars we re obtai ned upo n analysis

G UARANT EED PURE M I LK CD'

S. WELL.

Labora tory No. 35.

Sample co l lec tedTemperatu re .

Flow .

Taste .

React ionSpec ific grav i t y at 1S°CRad ioac t ivi t y . 176 un i ts.

.Augus t , 1014.

l l ) - 5°C . (SO-0

° F .)60 gal lo ns per mi n u te.

Fresh .

Al kal i ne .

t enor)

limana t ion

D isso l ved rad iumlimzma t ion i n gas evo lved .

64

Prope rt ies of reaction in per cen t .Prima ry sa l i n it ySeco nda ry sa l i n i tyPr ima ry al kal i n i tySecondary alkal i n i ty 42 76

Const it uenta

T ot al .

T o tal l o lid l in nolut io n , residue

Gases : Carbon D io x ide COg .

Hydrogen Sulphide H's .

By J . T . Dona ld . Mon t rt nl . 1900 .

Parts per mill ion.

420 -82

162 -7

423 -0

26 6 6

19 -26

100 -00 100-00

“4 8

Part. per mill ion.

53 -2

6S

HY POTHET ICAL COMBl NAT lONS.

Com ment analysis.

Sodi um n itri teSodium ni trateAmmonium chloride (NH¢C I)Potau ium iodidePo tassium bromide (KBr ) .

Li thium chloride (L iC l )Po tassium ch lor ide (KC I) .

Sod iumchloride (NaCl )Magnesi um chloride (MRC lz l uCalc iumch loride (Cat flnSod i um sulphateMagnesium sulpha teCalc ium sulphateSodi um bicarbonateMagnesium bicarbonateCalcium b icarbonate 195 -7( l 45 52

St ro n t i um b ica rbo nateFerro us bica rbo na teC alc ium phosphateFerric o x ideAlumina

l l h ll t’

l

l l lll t l ll l

LAUR ENT IAN SPR ING “WAT ER. MONT R EAL.

(36 )

This water-

is consumed very considerably i n Mont real a‘

nd vic i n i ty .

T he wel l , owned by Messrs . Ro be r t Wh i te and Company. 2% Cra ig St r ee t ,Mo n t real , is 457 fee t dee p . Wa te r was st ruck at 250 fee t , and again a t

450 feq‘

t

'and t he combi ned capaci t y is gallo ns p er ho ur , when pumped

by an ni'

l i f t pump wi th a ir a t a pressu re o f 100 pou nds per sq uare inch .

T he water probably ri se s from t he T ren to n l imesto ne ._

thoug h a wel l nearby o n t he same prope rt y seems t o ob tain its wa te r from a shale bed wh ich

occu rs in ters t ra t ified wi t h t he Tre n to n l imes to ne . T he rad io ac t iv i t y is

low , some. emanation be i ng lost on acco u n t o f the met hod o f pumping .

T he a ir blows t he gas o u t ( if t he water .

Analysis shows t he wa ter t o be a sodic. muria ted . su l pha ted. carbondioxated water o f t he alkal i ne- sal ine ty pe . The hy po the t ical comb i n at io nsindica te that t he chie f sal t s compo s ing t he inorg mic ma t t er in so lu t io n are ,

sod ium su lphate 32 per cen t , sod i um chlor ide 1 7 per cen t . and sod ium

bica rbo na te 20 per cen t .

1915.

React io nSpecific gravi ty a t 1S°C

react io n in

S econdary alkal i n i ty

Aug us t . 191 4. a nd12

°C . (S4

°

E )70 gallo ns per mi n ute.

F resh .

Emanatio n i n gas evo lved .

cen t .

Pr imary sal ini ty

67

Carbo nic ac id

l l i -l

-7 wo o

t io‘

n value.

Total so l ids in so lu t io n resid iw

.dried 3 1 1510"C . 32 -47

BY J T . Donald. Montreal. 1915.

68

HYPOTHET ICAL CoMBl NAT lONS.

No. 36.

Const it uent

Sodium ni tri te (NaNon)Sodium n i trateAmmoniumchloride (NH.C 1)Potassi um iodide (Kl )Potassium bmmtdeL ithium chloridePotassi um chloride KCI)Sodi um ch lo ride NaCl ) . 188-6Magnesium chloride MgC l.)Calciumchloride Cec ial .

Sodi um sulpha te NagSO.

Magnesi um sulphate M350 .)Calci um sulphate (CaSO t ) .

Sod iu'

mcarbonateMagnesium bimrbomte

Ca lmum bicarbona teSt ron t iumbimrbonat e (SdHCOi li ) .Ferrous bicarbonate (F e(HCOt ) tCa lcium t e

Feme 0

ip

Al uminaSi lica (Slot ) .

-7

SALINE WILL. l l ) BEAUD RY ST R EET . MONT RE AL .

(37)

This we ll is the propert y o f Messrs . Charles G u rd and Co . Wauer wass t ruck at a depth of 3 18 feet , and rose to wi th i n

'

50 fee t o f the sur face. andwhen pumped flows at a rate of 8 ga l lo ns per mi nu te.

Analysis shows the water to be a sod ic. cal cic.su lphat ed , bicarbonated .

a lka l i ne -sal i ne wate r.Sod ium sulphate fo rms 28 per ce n t of the to tal so l ids presen t . the o the r

ch ie f co nst i tuen ts are calci um and magnesium bicarbonates , and sod iumchlo ride . l t bears a resemblance to t he Lau ren t ian Spr i ngWater (No .

SAL INE WELL.

Laboratory No . 37.

Sample co llected Augu s t . 1914 .

Temperature 1O 6°C . (SO-9

°ir

Flow . Pumped .

Taste . Fresh .

Reac t io n . Al kal i ne .

Spec ific grav it y a t 1S°C l -0015.

70

HYPOTHET ICAL COMBI NAT IO NS.

No. 37.

Const ituent

Sod ium ni t riteSod ium n itrat eAmmonium ch

'lo ridePo tass ium iod idePo tassi um bromideL ith i um chlo ridePot ass ium chlorideM um chloride\1 nes ium ch loride

Sod ium sulphate 28 17Magnesium sulpha teCalc‘ ium sulpha teSod ium b icarbona teMagnes ium b icarbona teCalc ium b ica rbonateSt ro nt ium bicarbonateFerro us bicarbonateCalc ium phosphateFerric o x ideAlumina

100 -00

WAT SON FOST ER CO'S. WELL. M AISONNEUVE. MONT R EAL .

(43 )

This is ano the r o f t he dee p wells o f Mo n t real. exami ned especial ly for

i ts rad ioact ivi ty . I t is dri l led to a dept h o f 750 feet , and is pumped i n to a

la rge sto rage tan k. No est ima te o f t he flow was obtainable .

The water is moderate ly mineraliacdmnd can be classified as a sod ic.bicarbonated , al kal i ne water . Sodium bicarbo nate and sod ium Carbonatefo rm 64 per cen t of t he t o tal so l ids.wh ile sod ium s u lpha te, and sod ium ch lo

ride co nst i tu te t he majo r po r t io n o f t he remain i ng const i tuen ts.

WATSON FOST ER CO'

S. WELL.

Laborat ory No. 43.

Sample .August . 10 14 .

Temperature 1 3 0°C . (50

°F )

Flow .

Taste .

Reac t io n .

Spec ific gravi ty at 1S°C

71

W N W"

Properties of react ion in per

Const it uent s :

(SO.)HCOs

Carbonic acid C0.)N itric acid (NO.N it ro us acid NO.

P0 4)(801 )(Cl ) . N J '0

(Br)(l ) ' s 0

0 0

To tal so l ids in sol ut ion. resid uedried at 1 10

° C

Cu es: Carbon D io xidel

CO.Hydrogen Su p

'

ide

0 . 0 D l 0 i o l

o o o o o o

100 00

Parts pct miIBin n

18-0

Emana tionDissolved radiumEmana tion in gas evolved .

cen t .Prima ry sal i n i tySeco ndary salin i tyPrima ry al kal i n i tySeco ndary al kal i n i ty

72


Sodi umnitrite

Ammonium chloridePeta- ium iodide

Lit hi umchloride

229 - 10

91 -88

St ront ium biw bona teFerrous bicarbona te

Al umina

MOUNT BRUNO FLORAL COMPANY ‘S WELL. ST . BRUNO .OUR.

(46)

Th is wel l is si tuated a t St .‘Bruno. Chambly co unty. Que and is the

property of t he Moun t Bru no Flo ral Company. i t was d rilled by WallaceBell of Mon t real .who gives t he log of the wel l as fol lows : 23 fee t to bedrock. t hen 384 fee t i n ha rd rock probably Hudso n River or U t ica Shale.

The wat er was found to be unsu i table for wat er i ng pu rposes on accoun tof its s trong a lka l in i ty .

i t is modera tely mi neral ized. sod ic. mu ria ted . water o f t he al kal i nesal ine t ype. and possesscs a prima ry al kal i n i ty of approxima tel y 25 per cent .Sod ium ch loride con s ti tu t es almos t 59 per cen t o f the to ta l ino rgan ic mat teri n so l u tion . Bicarbo na tes of sod ium. calci um, and magnesi um are also

presen t .T he fo l lowi ng data were obtai ned upo n analysis :

MOUNT BRUNO F LORAL COMPANY '

S WELL.

Laborat ory No. 46.Sample collec ted . .August ,Temperatu re 10 -0

°C . (50

° F.)

73

“0' s .

Sl ightly fla t .Reac tion Al kal i ne

Specific gravi ty at 1S°C l 002

Radioact ivi ty

Propert ies o i react ion

Const it uents

Parts pe r mi llion.

3“9 3

Chlorine

i od ine

32 -42

20 -05

~54

Ammonium

100 0 0

Total so lids in so lu t ion, fet iddrhd at l lo‘c .

Gn u : Ca rbon D io xide CO.Hydrogen Sulphide H'S .

0 Dy 1 . Don n . Mootsu l. I' l l .

c.c. per l itre .

7- 6

100 un i ts

lw -OO

D isso lved radiumEmanat ion in gas evol ved .

cen t .

Pr ima ry salin i tySeconda ry sal in i tyPrima ry a lkalini tySeco ndary al ka lin it y .

maocorv em ot ion 18 ! 0 1A"

(ANSI and 150 I t sr o ut ! No 2)

I.25 L4

A P P L IE D IMAG E in c1 653 [oat Morn St ree tRoc hester. No Your “0609( 7 16 ) 607 - 0300 - Phono(MG) 280 5909 Fu

USA

74


Const it uent

Sodiumnit riteSodium n i trateAmmoniumchloridePo tassi um iodid e .

Potass ium bromideLithium chlor idePotassium chlorideSodi um chlorideMagnesi um chlorideCalci um chlorideSodi um sulphateMagnesium sulpha teCalc

i

um sulpha teSod ium carbona teSodi um bicarbonateMag nes i um bicarbonateCalci um bica rbonateStront i umbicarbonateFerro us bica rbona teCa lcium,phospha teFerric oxideAl umina

MONTREAL JOCKEY CLUBWELL. BLUEBONNET S.

(80)

Th is water was i nves t igat ed i n co n nexion wi t h the rad ioac tivi ty examination . The well is 203 feet deep, and yields water a t t he rate of

gallo ns a day. T he dril ling penetrates the rock for a few fee t.

Anal ysis shows thewater to be a l i gh tly mineralized sod ic bicarbonated

alkaline wat er. Bicarbonates“

and carbo nat es of the al kalies and alkalineeart hs form over 70 pe r cen t o f the to tal so l ids.

The fo l lowi ng parti cu lars were obtained :

MONT REAL JOCKEY CLUBWELL.

Labora t ory N6. so.

Sample col lec ted August , 1914.

8- 3°C . (47

° F.)

76


No.80.

Cons t it uent z

Sodiumnitri teSodi um nit rat cAmmoniumchloride

L ithiumchloridePotassiumchlorideSodium chlorideMagnesiumchlorideCa lci um chlorideSodium su lpha te 70 -00 16 - 19

Magnesi um sulpha teCalcium sulphate

Sodium bicarbonateMagnesiumbicarhonatCalcium bicarbonateStront ium bicarbona teFerrous bicarbona teCalcium phosphateFerric oxideAl umina

18 -38

VlAUVlLLE M INERAL WAT ER . M AISONNEUVE. MONT R EAL .

(0 )

The V iauvi lle mineral water is obtai ned from a deep boring.dri l led inthe hope of st riki ng natu ral gas. Good water was met wi th at 450 fee t.wh ich rose to wi th i n 10 fee t of the surface . A t 1 190 fee t , a st ro ng flow of

saline wa te r con tain ing much h yd rogen sulphide was encou nt ered . D rilli ng was co nt inued however t o 1370 feet . Trento n l imestone was the on lyfo rmat io n tr ave rsed .

The water has a st rong sal'

t ast e. toge ther wit h the disagreeableodou r and flavou r of hyd rogen sulph ide gas. wh ich i t con ta ins i n considerable quan ti t y . T he well is owned by M r . D an ie l Be rgevin. and the wateris bo t t led u nder the name o f “Rad ium" wat er. The rad ioac tivi t y is lowand no rad ium sal ts i n so lu tion cou ld be det ected. there fore. the bo tt ledwa te r after a few days wil l possess no radioac tivi ty what ever. Theseresu l ts confirm those of D r . M c i n tosh of McG ill Unive rs i ty. who foundabou t as much rad ium emanati on presen t as is fo und i n St . Lawre nceRiver water.

T he fo l low i ng resul ts we re obtained upon anal ys is

77

VlAUVlLLE M INERAL WAT ER

Laboratory No. 42.

October , 1914.

12 ‘ 5°C .

Specific gravi ty a t 1S°C .

Radioact ivi t y 1 1 -2 un i ts

Propert ies of react ion i n

u u u u u u u u

Const it uents .h

Per cen t .

Sulphuric acid 23 -21

Bimrbonic acid

Ni tric acidN itro us ac id

T o ta l sol ids in so l u t io n. resid uedried at 1 10°C

Part s per mill io n.

Gases : Carbon D io x ide CO. 36 4Hydrogen Sulphide HS .

St ro ng sulphu r .Alka l i ne.

1 -0063 .

Ema nat ionD isso lv

'

ed rad iumEmanat io n in gas evo lved .

per cen t .Primary sal i n i tySecondary sal i n i tyPr ima ry alkal i n i tySeco ndary al kal i n i ty

Ana lysis.

78

HYPOT HET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.No. 0 .

Const it uent analys is .

Sod ium n i tri te (NaNQ )Sodi um n i trateAmmonium chloridePo tass ium iodidePotassi um bromideL ithi um ch lor id ePotassium chlor ideSodi um chlorideMagnes ium chlorideCalci umchlo rideSodium sulpha te 0 34 -32Magnesium sulpha teCa lci um sulphateSodiumbim bonateMagnes ium bicarbonatCalci um bimrbonateSt ron t ium bicarbonateFerrous bicarbona teCalcium phosphateFerricmadeAl umi naSi lica

The analysis shows t hat the water is a sod ic. mur iated . su lpha ted

(bromic. su l ph u re t ted ) water of the sali ne type.

The ch ief consti tuen t s may be co nsidered to be sodium chlo r ide (56per cen t o f to tal so l ids) , and sodium su lphate (34 per cen t ) . Hydrogensu lph ide occu rs i n no ta ble amo un t , a nd i t is probable that t races o f al kal isu l ph ides are presen t . D r . G . H . Bari!l o f Laval Un ive rsit y , Mon trea l ,has poin ted ou t . the resemblance be tween the Viauv il le wa t er and

.the

U riage water. a celebrated French medici nal spring. The fol lowing tableenab les compariso n of the ch ief consti tuen ts o f the two springs t o be made

Uria ge. Via uvi lle.

Pan s per mi llio n.

Calci umsulSodium su l be .

Sodium bicarbona teT ot al mineral ma t ter in so lu t ion

l Bari . G . H L‘

Eau M de Vlauvilh . L'

U nloa“(din k do Canada. Vol . 43 . No. 1 .n 367. 1916

Const i t uent s

Chlorine

Oxy gen for

Alumihium

Stro nt ium

T o ta l sol ids in so l ut ion, residuedried at 1 10°C .

Gases : Car bon D io xide CO:Hydrogen Sulphide i

analysis.

Parts permi ll ion.

21 -62

I4 ,29S

44 -62

100 -00 100 -00

Parts pa mi ll io n.

3 - 3

Si

in HET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.

Part s per inorganicConst it uent million. mat ter in

so l ut io n.

Per cen t .

Sodiumnit rite

Ammoniumchloride

Lit hi umch loridePo tassi um chlorideSodiumchlorideMagnesi um chlor ideCalcium chloride

Magnesi um biu rbonatcCalci umbicarbonatsSt ront ium bicarbona te

532“W eum cap i s

Ferric oxideSil ica

SPR ING lN EAST HOUSE .

Laborat ory No . 45.

Simple co l lec ted .Augus t , 1914 .

‘

remperat ure 1 1 -5°

C . (48°F

Tas te Sal ine .

React io n .

Spec ific gravi ty a t 1S°C 1 -0108

Rad ioact iv i ty Emanat ionD isso lved rad ium.

Emanatio n i n gas evolved

Propert ies of react ion i n per cen t .Primary sal i n i ty

Secondary sal i n i tyPrimary alkal i n i t y

Secondary alkal in i ty

Const it uent sp

T ota l so l ids in sol u t io n, residdried at 1 10

°C

Carbon D ioxide CO1 .

Hydrogen Sulphide His.

0 By M ilt on Her-y . Mon treal . l oos.

328

c.c. per l itre.

IO 2

Per cent

Psrt s psr mll lior

Sodiumch lor ide

m u

VARENNES SPR ING .VARBNNI S.

(40)

Two springs occur abo u t one mi le nor th o f t he vi llage of Varennes.Varennes towmhip. Verchcres cou n ty. Que. They are at the .foo t of asl igh t slope abou t 500 yards from the rig h t bank o f t he St . Lawrence. i n towh ich the ove rflow runs. They were examined in 1863 by Ste rry Hunt .who cons id ered that the wate r, rose from t he U t ica or Hudso n Rive r fo rmat io n . a suppos i t ion t he recen t ana lysis confi rms .

They are t he prope rt y of Messrs . Charles C urd and Co . of Mon t realbu t water is seldom bo t t led . and the. spri ngs have fal len into d isuse . Thespri ng i nvest igated rises i n a we l l made by an earthenware pipe. 30 i nchesd iameter. and 10 or 12 fee t deep . A co nsiderable evo lu t io n o f gas. ch ie fly

methane. occu rs . The rad ioact ivi ty o f a sample o f the gas was fo und to be810 un i ts per l i tre . The rad ioac tivi ty of the wat er is h igh . compare ! wi t hmost o f t he resul t s obtained , bu t t he d issolved rad ium con ten t is low . andthe water wou ld soo n lose i ts rad ii .

‘ ivi ty when bo t t led .

The wat er may be classified as stro ngly mi neralized . sod ic.magnesic.mu riated al kal ine-sal ine wate r. Sod ium chloride const i tu tes 84 pe r cen tof t he mi nera l mat ter i n so lu t io n . and magnesium bica rbo na te 10 per cent .

The wa ter should be valuable from a t herapeu t ic standpoi n t . I t bea rs

some resemblance to t he springs at Kissingen i n Bavaria .

The resul ts of the ana lysi s are as fo l lows :

VARENNES SPR ING .

Laborat ory No. 48.

Sample collec ted :

86°C . (47

Flow . Co nsiderable.Taste Sal i ne. s

Reac t ion,

Alkal i ne.

Speci fic gravi ty at 1S°C

85

Radioac tivi ty .

Prope t ies oi reac tion i n

Const ituents-

r

Parts per mi ll ion. Per cent .

64 4 S

St rontium

43 -68

.01 100 —00

T otal solids in sol u t ion. residuedrid st 384 09

c.c. per lit re. Part s per mi l lion.

Disso lved rad iumEmanation in gas evolved

per cen t .

Pr imary sal i n i tySecondary salin i ty“rimary alkal i n i tySeconda ry al kali n i ty .

86

HYPOTHET ICAL CoMBINAT lONS.

Const i tuent

Sod ium nitri teSodium nitra teAmmonium chlor idePo tassium iodidePotass ium bromideLithium chloridePo tassiumchloride

iodium chlori

‘fle

'

deagnesi um c on

Calcium chlorideSod ium sulphateMagnesium sulphateCalci um sulpha teSodiumbicarbonateMagnes ium bicarbonateCa lcium bic arbona teSt ront ium bicarbonateFerro us bicarbo na teCalc iumphosphateFerric oxideAlumina

Mangano us bica rbonate

R ICHEL IEU SPR I NG .G RAND OO’I’

EAU.CHAMBLY BAS I N , QUE.

Th is spri ng is si tuated on a pl ateau. i n area abo u t tw o acres . Belowthe spring t he ground is ma rsh y , and slopes grad ual ly t o t he Richel ieuri ve r. The wa ter r ises i n a cemen t pi t abou t fi ftee n fee t m depth . wh ichpenet ra tes the clay overlying t he Hudso n Rive r: fo rmat io n . T he wel l hasa capaci ty of 3 000 ga llons , and i f pumped d ry. takes two days t o refil l .

T he spri ng was the property o f Mr . G eo rge Tetreau o f Mon t rea l .'

l t wasthe subjec t o f examinat ion by D r . Sterry Hun t on t h ree occas io ns. in 1851 .1852. and 1864 . when sligh t changes of concen t rat ion were obse rved .

Pro f. G . H. Bari l .of Lava l Un iversi ty.Mon treal. carried ou t an exh austiveanalysis i n 1913 . and his resul ts , compa red wi th those obtai ned recen t ly.

show simi l ar sl igh t varia t io ns.

T he wa t er is a modera tely mi nera l ized . sodic.mu ria ted , bicarbonated

water o f t he al kal i ne-sal i ne t ype . The ch ief consti tuen ts may be co nsidered to be sod ium bica rbonat e (58per cen t ) , and sod ium ch lo ride (33 per cen t ) .

Pro f . Baril s t ates that t he water is of val ue i n the t reatmen t of ur i naryd iseases and o f the d igest ive o rgans— sod iumch loride st imulating the secret ion of the glands. I t is also prescribed for d iseases o f t he bi l i a ry or renall i t h ias is. ch ro n ic rheuma t ism. gou t . and obes i ty.

88

HYPOT HE‘

I‘

ICAL COMBlNA’

l‘

IONS.

No. 49.

Sodium nitriteSod ium n i trateAmmonium ch loridePo tassi um iodidePo tassium bromideL i thiumchloridePotass ium chlorideSod ium chloride 33 - 10

Magnesi um chlorideCalcium chlorideSodium sulpha teMagnesi um sulpha teCalcium sulpha teSod ium bica rbonateMagnesium bitmrbonateCalcium b ica rbonateStront ium bica rbonateFerrous bica rbonateCa lci umphospha teFerric on deAlumina

RADNOR com es spams .mu mpuun COUNT Y. 01m.

(52)

Water from th is spr i ng i s bo t t led by the RadnorWat erCc . , of Mon treal .as Rad nor

"mi nera l wat er. I t rises from a dri l l i ng 12 fee t in the rock.

wh ich was pu t down to i ncrease the flow of t he o rig i nal source. and i t issuesu nder considerable pressure wi th a st eady flow of 1500 gallons per hour.

I t was one of the mos t t emporarily r adioact ive waters found , possessing345 un i ts o f act ivi ty. bu t t he d isso l ved rad i um co n ten t is smal l and on t h atacco un t t he bo t tl ed water wi l l no t rema i n charged wi t h rad ium emanat io nfor mo re than a few days . T he water has a pleasa n t , sl igh t ly sal i ne taste.and is a very sat isfactory mi neral wat er for bot tl i ng pu rposes. I t is amoderately mineral ized , sod ic.mu riated. sal i ne water; sod ium and magnes ium chlo rides are the ch ief sal ts i n so l u t ion toge ther wi t h calc ium bica rbo nate. I t wou ld be useful therapeu t ical ly i n t he t reatmen t of diso rderso f the d igest ive system and o ther d iseases for wh ich modera tel y sal i newa ters are beneficial .

89

RAD NOR FORC ES SPR I NG .

Labora t ory No. 52.

Sample co l lected

Tempera ture .

Flow .

Taste .

React ionSpec ific gravi ty at 1S

°C .

Rad ioac tivi ty

Propert ies o f react io n i n

t

Parts per mill ion. Per cent .

46 0 1

T otal so lids in so l u t ion,residue dried at 1 10

°C .

c.c . per l i tre Parts per million.

G ases : Carbon D io xide C0, 3 -2 6 - 3

Hydrogen Sulphide'

HzS

By I . T . Dona“.Menta l]. 1894.

September. 1914 .

90°C . (48

°F )

20 gal lo ns per min .

Pleasant ly sa l ine.

A l kal ine.

Emanat ionD isso lved rad iumEma nat ion in gas evo l ved .

per cen t .Prima ry sal in i tySeco ndary sal i n i tyPrimary al kal i n i tySecondary alkal i n it y

90“

HYPOTHET ICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No. 82.

PreviousConst it uent

Sod iumnitri te (NaNO.)Sodium nit rate (NaNOfiAmmoniumchloride (NHo“)Potassium iod idePotassium bromideL i th iumchloridePotassi umchloride (KC I)Sodi umchlorid e (NaCl)Magnesium chlor ide (MgC lt )Calc ium chloride

l‘S'ixiium sulpha

't e

m-

l Eaasoz)sgnesi um su p te

Calcium sulpha te (Ca s) .Sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO.) 169JMagnesi um bicarbonate (Mg iHCQ ),Calc iumbicarl ona t e 3 182 5 16 -85St ron t ium bicarbonat e (Srfl'lCOal i )Ferro us b ica rbona teCa lciumphospha te (Ca: Pods)Ferric oxide

217

Alumina(5 103)

‘43

ST . LEON SPR ING . ST . LEON. MASK INONG E COUNTY. OUR .

(53 )

Th is spri ng was o nce the si te o f a flo ur ish ing san i to rium. wh ich isnow i n ru i ns. Water from i t was bo t t led by t heSt . Leo n M i neralWater Coof To ron to , bu t no th i ng has been do ne dur i ng the last few years . Thespri ng rises i n a wooden cased wel l , abo u t eigh t feet sq uare , 20 fee t fromt he bank of t he Riv iere-du -Loup , i n to wh ich the overflow o f 100 gal lonsa n ho ur empt ies.

The geologic fo rma tio n of the ne ighbourhood is t he Hudso n River .

G as is evol ved from the spr i ng i n considerable quan t i t it i t s ch ie f con

st it uen t be ing me thane . T he rad ioac t ivi ty of a sample was no t fo und ash igh as usual for gases o f simi la r o rigi n .

Analysi s shows the water t o be a s t ro nglymi neral ized . sod ic .mu riated .

sal i ne (carbu ret ted ) wa ter.

‘By J. 1 ‘ Donald. Mon tra i. 1894.

92

comma-

fl oss.No. 53.

Const it uent analysis.

Sodium nitr iteSodiumnitrateAmmoniumchloridePo tassium iodidePorsss ium bromideLithiumchlor idePot ass iumchlorideSod ium chlorideMagnesium chlorideCalc iumchlorideSod ium sulphateMagnesium sulpha teCa lcium sulphateSodium bicarbonateMagnesium bicarbonatCalciumbicarbonateSt ront ium bicarbona teFerrous bica rbona teCalciumphosphatFerric oxideAluminaSilicaManganese oxide (MNOq) .

POT I‘ON spams . POT TON TOWNSH IP. BROME“

so . one.

(54 )

Th is su l ph u r spr i ng flows from a c revice i n the mou n tain side. close toPo tt on Springs s ta tio n , on the Canad ian Pacific railway branch l i ne be tweenEastman and Nor th Troy, no t far from Sherbrooke , and wi thin a fewm ilesof Lake Memphremagog .

A san i to ri um has been bu i l t by M r . J . A . Wrigh t , near the spring.and numero us visitors take the cu re . The wat er -is l igh tl y mi neral ized , andconta i ns only a sma l l amou n t of hyd rogen sulph ide i n spi te of i t s taste .very li t t le of t h is gas bei ng suflicient t o give a water the pecul iar rot tenegg flavou r.

Ana lysis shows i t t o be a calcic. sod ic bicarbonated water of the alkal i n

type . The hypo thet ical combinat ions i nd icate that calcium. mag nesium

and sod ium bicarboriates, toge t her form“

78 per cen t of the total so l ids i n

so lu tion .

93

POT TON SPR ING .

Laboratory No. 54.

Sample col lect ed . .September. 1914.

1O0 0°C . (50

°F )

. 1 gal lo n pe r min u te.

Tas te . Sl igh t taste of hydroge n su lph ide.

Reac tio n . A lkal i ne .

Specific gravi ty a t 1S°C 1 -0002.

Rad ioac tiv i ty . Emanat io n . .280 u n i ts.D isso lved radium.

Emanat ion i n gas evo lved .

Propert ies of reac t io n i n per cen t .Primary . 19- 30

Seco ndary sal i n i ty .

Primary alkal i n i t y .

Secondary a lkal i n i t y .

Analysis.

Const it uent :

Sulphuric acidBicarbon ic acid 6 1 - 30Carbonic ac idN itric acidN i tro us ac idPhosphoric acidMetaboric acid Bo! )ChlorineBromineiodine

(Si0, )(F e )

Al umin ium

23 -53

100 5

Stront ium

s - s - a e e s o s e c e

Total so lids in solution, residdried at 1 10

°C

Gases : Carbon D io x ide C0.Hydrogen Sulphide

94

HYPOTHETICAL COMBINAT IONS.

No. 50.

Comt it uen t analyuis.

Per cent .

M ium nit t ilé " l ' l - l l " l

Sodium ni l rat eAmmonium chloridel ’otausium iodide .

Pot aunium bromid eLithium chlor idel‘ot au ium chlori deSod ium chlor id e

Magnenium chlorideCalc ium ChlorideSod ium sulphateMagnesium sulphateCalc ium sulphateSod ium bica rbonateMagnesium b icarbonateCalcium b icarbo nateSt ront iumbicarbo nateFerro us bicarbonateCalc ium phosphateFerr ic o x id eAlumina

-65 100 -00

PHILUDOR SPR ING . ST . HYAC INT HE. ST . fiYAC INT HE 00 0 UK.

(55 )

Seve ral spr i ngs occ u r i n t he ne ighbou rhood o f St . Hyac i n t he. Philudor

spri ng rises . no t far from a c reek at t he foo t o f a steep slope o n the farm of

Napo leo n So l is. i n t he pari sh o f St . Hyac i n t he le Co n fesseu r . i t i ssuesfrom a bo ring 28 fee t deep. and flows at a rate o f 35 gal lo ns an hou r. i n to awooden t rough . There is anot he r spr i ng o f sl igh tl y g reater How abo u t 50yards away. bu t i t is u n used . T he water from t he fo rme r spri ng is bo t t ledby t he St . Hyaci n the M i neral Water Company. u nder t he name

‘

Philudor’

mi neral water.Analysis shows t he water to be a modera te l y mi neral ized sod ic ,mu ria ted

hicarbonat ed , alkal i ne- sal i ne water . Sod ium ch lo ride fo rms 65 per cen t

o f t he to tal so l ids i n so lu t io n , magnesium and calc ium bicarbo nates 1 2 per

cent , and sod ium bicarbonate 18 per cen t .

96

HYPOT HET ICAI. COMBINAT IONS.No . 58.

Cons t it uent sna lysls.

Sod ium n itriteSod i um nit ra' sAmmonium chloridePo tassium iod idePotassi um bromid eL ithiumchloridePo tassium chlorideSod ium chloride 65 4 2Magnesium chlorideCalc ium chlorideSod ium sulphate 28782Magnesium sulphateCalc ium sulphateSodium bicarbonateMagneaium bicarbona teCalcium bicarbonateSt ron t iu n bicarbonateFerro us i ia rbona t eCalci um hosphateF err ic e deAluminaS i l icaManganous bica rbona te C0 01 )

SPR ING AT LA PROVID ENCE. 8T . HYAC INT HE.

(56 )

The spring, on t he farm of the Sis te rs of La Metai rie. at the vi l lage of

La Providence. is s i tuated a t t he foo t of a slope . I t is enclosed in a woodencas ing. and the water is 10 fee t deep . Occasional bubbles of gas. ch ie fly

methane. r ise t o t he surface .

Th is water is considerably mo re alkal i ne and less mi nera lized than thePhiludor water , though they bo t h issue from the Hudso n Rive r forma tion .

I t can be similarly classified . however. as a sod ic.muriated , bicarbonated.al kal i ne-sa l ine (ca rbu ret ted ) water. Sod ium bicarbonate may be con

sidered to consti tu te 59 per cen t of the to ta l i no rgan ic mat t er i n soluo'

on.

SPR ING AT LA PROVID ENCE.

Lab ora tory No. 56.

Sample col lec ted September 1914.

Temperatu re 9-4°C . (49 F.)

Flow Small .

Tast e Saline.

08

HYPOT IIET ICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No . 56.

Const it uent

PM coo l .

Sod ium t t i l r it t '

Sod ium unrateAmmoni um chloridePo tassium lodn lt :

l 'o tastuum brom ide t raceL ithi um Phlo l’ l t lt

.

‘

Po tass ium Chlo rideSod ium chlor ideMagnes ium chloride(

‘

alc ium chlor ideS od ium sulphateMagnesium sulphatet

'

a lcium sulphateSod ium bicarbo nateMagnesium bicarbonate(

‘

ult zium bicarbonateSt ront ium bica rbo nateFerrous bicarbo natet

'

ulcium phosphateii i -ri le o xideAluminaSiiikfl n I n

- 50

ST . LEON SPR ING . (LUP IEN ) . MASKINONG E COUNT Y. QUE.

(57)

T h is spr iug is o n t he fzt rmo f M r . B. Lupir o . and wate r f ro t u i t is bo t t ledby M r . J . C . Ro usseau . o f T h ree Rive rs , as

"St . IA'OII mineral wate r. I t

i s t ) n( ‘ miit furt he r up t he R iv it‘-ri - t l u - l .o u p t han t he o rigi nal St . Loo n spri ng

(No . and l ike i t rises from t he Hudso n Rive r fo rmat io n . Then : are twospri ng s. 1 5 fee t apart . and c lo se t o t he rive r bunk ; t he flow from ouch issumll . Wate r is pumped from t he deepe r spri ng i n to barre l s for sh ippi ng .

( ism i s evo lved from i io th waters ii nd a sample co l lec ted i n Septembe r10 14. posse ssed 1 48 un it s o f r ad io ac t i vi ty. T he W i l l t ' l‘ is a st ro ngly

mino rnlim-rl . sod ic . mu r i ated . alkal i ne -sal i ni ( l iromur, curburc t u‘d ) wat t-r .

Sod ium and po tassium chlo rides co ns t it u te 77 pe r cen t o f t he to tal so l ids ,t he remai nde r i s (‘ t i l l lpt i zl t 't l o f calc ium and magnesium l i it zurlxmn tcs .

Aunlvsis guvc the fol lowing part ic u lars

100

HYPOT HET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.

No. 57.

Cons t it uent analysis.

Sod ium nitriteSod ium nitrateAmmon ium chloridePotassi um iod id ePo tass ium bromideL i thiumchloridePotassi umchlorideSod iumchlorideMagnesium chlor ideCalc ium ch'orideSodium sulpha teMagnesium sulphateCaJcium aulpha t eSodi um bica rbonateMagnesium bicarbonateCalc ium bicarbonateStront ium biin rbonateFerrous biw bona teCalciumphosphateFer ric o xideAluminaSilica

AET NA SPRING . ST . SEVERE. 8T . S

EVUEERB TOWNSHI P, ST . MATJR ICE OO ..

(58)

The water ri ses i n a cemen t wel l , 4 fee t d iame ter , and 24 fee t deep. onalta farm of Mr. A . Lacerte. close to t he Riviere-du-Loup. T he wa ter isve ry sal ine to the t as te and has bu t a smal l flow . i t is bo t tled under thename o f “D iv ina” mi neral water by M r . J . T . Lemyre o f Three Rivers .

Sod ium and po tass ium chloridesmay be considered to fo rm 83 per cen to f t he to tal so lid mat ter pa -

'

t s per mi l l ion) , a concen trat io n approxima t ely equ ivalen t t o fo u r heaped

'

teaspoonfu ls o f commo n sa l t i n a gal lonof water.

Anal ysis shows the wa re r to be a st ro ngly mi neral ized sod ic.mu riated ,sal i ne (bromic and iod ic) wat f r . T he co ncen t rat io n o f the water appears tohave i ncreased to some ex ten t since the anal ysis by Prof . F. Fafard o f LavalUn ivers i ty in 1887.

The fo l lowing resu l ts we re obtai ned ?

101

AET NA SPRI NG .

Labora t ory No.

Sample co llected . September , 1914.

Temperature 8-0°C .

F low . Smal l .Taste Very sal i ne.

Reac tio nSpecific gravi ty at 1S°C .

Radioact ivi ty

Properties o f reac tio n in

l o~76

Const i tuents :

Parts per mi ll ion. Per cent . Per cent .

-6T otal so l ids in sol ut ion res iduedried at

Parts pt million.Gases : Carbon D ioxide C03 .

Hydrogen Sulphide H.S .

BY F. Fafu 'd. Laval Unlvefl it y. 1887.

l -0132.

Emanat ionD isso lved rad iumEmanat ion in gas evolved .

per cen t ,Pr ima ry sa l i n i tySecondary sal i n i tyPrima ry a lka l i n i tySeco ndary a lkal in i ty

Analysis.

102

HYPOTHET ICAL COMBl NA’

l’

lONS.

No. 38.

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sodium n i tri teSod ium ni trateAmmonium chloridePo tass ium iod ideSod ium iodidePo tassium bromideLith i um chlor idePotassium chloride (KC l )Sod ien. chloride (NaC I)Magnesium chloride (MgC l,)Calc ium chloride (CaCk) .

Sod iumbromide (NaBr ) .Magnesium sulphate (MgSo i )Calc ium sulphateSodium bica rbonate (NaHCO fi.

Magnesium bica rbonate 1 1 6 0Calc ium bicarbonateStront i um bica rbonate (Sr lHCOflahFerro us bicarbonateSod ium phospha te (NaatPOuFerr ic oxideAlumina (anonSi lica tSiO.)Manganous bicarbonate . (Mn t l-ICOah) .

1 , 788-0

ST . G ENEVIEVE D E BAT ISCAN.QUE .

(59)

Several st ro ngl y sal i ne spri ngs are known i n t he vic in ity of St . Ge nevieve , bu t o n ly one was exami ned . i t is s i tuated on the righ t bank o f t he

Bat iscan river. jus t abo ve the bridge lead i ng across t o t he vil lage of S t . G enev ieve . i t is t he property o f D . Ve i l le t and Co and i s bo t tled under t hename o f St ar mi neral water . Sal t is also obta i ned by evapo ra t io n o f t hewater. 8 gal lons y ie ld i ng 1 po und o f sal t .

M uch gas is give n ofi from t he water. and is co l lec ted i n a‘

t ank overt he well. from which i t i s led i n to t he bo t t l i ng ho use t o ru n a gas engine .

Anal ysis showed t he gas to be ch ie fly me th ane .

Th is spri ng was exami ned by Ste rry Hun t be fore 1863 . with ve ry sim

ilar resu l t s t o t hose obtained in 1915 , He drew at tent ion to t he h igh percen tage o f iodine (0 -063 per ce n t o f the so l id mat ter i n so lu t io n ) . A somewha t lower resu l t i s shown in th is analvsis per cen t ) . T he waterissues from t he Lowe r Si lu rian l imes to ne forma tio n .

Analysis shows i t t o be a st rongly mi neral ized . sod ic , mu r iated . sa l i newa ter.

104

Const ituents

Part s per million. Per cent . Per cent .

Sulphuric ac id 2-95Bica rbonic ac idCarbonic ac id (C0 9N i tric acid (Na )Nit ro us ac id ( Not )Pboa ho r ic ucit l (P0 0 .

Me ta r ic ac id (807)C hlorine (C l) 48 20

BromineIod ine

Pom- ium-0

Am. ..nium

Total sol ids in sol ut io n, residdried at “0°C

c.c. per lit re. Part per millio n.Ga el : Carbon Diox ide C0.

Hydrogen Sulphidems .

‘By C . P. Coq uet te. St . Hyeclnthe. Que.

105

HYPOT IIET ICAL COM‘i INAT lONS.

No. M .

Const it ueat

Per cent .

Sodium nit riteSodiumn itrateAmmonium chloridePo tassi um iod idePotassi um bromideLith ium chlor id ePot assiumchloridsSod iumch lorid eMa iumchlor lde 1 1 453Ba umchlorid eSodium sulphateMagnes ium sulphateCalc ium sulphateSodium bicarbonateMagnesi um bicarbonatCalcium bica rbonateStro nt ium bicarbonateStron t iumchlorid e 36 -79Ferro us bicarbonate 54 ~64Sod iumphospha teFerric oxideAlumina

Manganous bicarbonate

24 .946 -6

SPR ING A'

I'

BERTH IER . au t umn co .. ous.

(62)

The sp ring exami ned at Berth ie r r ises i n t he midd le of t he BayonneRiver at F emierv ille. A wooden tub su rrounds i t , and t here is a considerable evo lu t io n of gas wi t h the water . The st range s i tuat ion o f t he spr i ng isthe resu l t of a landsl ide i n 1914, whe n the course. of the “r iver was changed .

In w i n ter and spring the sou rce is cove red by the depth-

o i r iver wa ter , bu twhen v is i ted i n the summer o f 1914 the re was a stro ng flow from the spri ng.and the .wa ter appeared en t ire ly free from admix ture wi t h the surrou nding river wa ter .

Ste rry Hun t supposed i t to ascend (rem t he Lower S il u rian l imes to nes.

i t is moderate ly mi ne ral ized . sod ic . muria ted , alkal i ne sal i ne (bromic.carbu re t ted ) water , havi ng a prima ry alkal in i ty o f 5 - 7 per cen t . T he ch ie f

const i tuen ts may be considered to be sod ium chlo ride-

sod ium bicarbo nate ,

and magnesium bicarbo nate. T he amo un t o f bromi ne in t he water iscompara t ively h igh , sod ium bromide fo rmi ng 0 - 58per cen t o f the to tal so l idmat ter.

Anal y sis gave the fo l lowing part icu lars

IO!)

SPR ING AT BERTHIER.

Laborat ory No. 62.

Sample col lec ted .

Temperat ure .

F low .

Taste ,

React io n .

Speci fi c grav i ty at 15°C .

Rad ioact iv i ty

Propert ies o l react io n i n perPrima ry sal i n i t y . 8! -82

Seco nda ry sal i n i tyPrima ry al kal i n i t y

Sem ndar) a lkal in i ty .

T o t al

Const ituen ts »

Per cent .

IOU-Oi )

.T o tal so l ids in so l ut ion. residue.dried at 1 10

°C .

Cases Ca rbon D iox ide CO, .Hydrogen Sulphide

September. 1914.

8 -0°C . (47

°F )

Co nsiderable .

Pleasant ly sal ine .

A l kal i ne .

l 'ON S.

limana t ion

D isso l ved rad iumI-Imanat ion i n gas cw lved.

107

COMBI NAT IONS.

No . 63.

(T

on-i ituent

Pe r cen t . I

Sod ium ni l rit eS ud ium '

n it ra teAmmo n ium ch lo ridePu l il vl ni l l l l l io d ideI‘o t au ium bromideSod ium bromideL ith ium chlo rid ePo tassium chlor ideSo dium c lt lo r it

t;- 1

Magnesium ch rid eCalcium c h lor ideSodium sulphateMagnes ium sulpha teCalc ium sulphateSod ium bicarbo nateMagnesium bicarbo nateCalc ium bicarbona teSt ro nt ium bicarbonateFerro us bicarbo nateCalc ium phospha teFerr ic o x ideAluminaSil icaMangano us bicarbona te

d uos -23 i too 00

SPR ING AT MASKINONG E. MASK INONG E CO QUE .

(63 )

This spri ng was d iscovered by M r . I.T . Lemyre o f Three Rivers i n1912. I t ri ses i n a smal l poo l a t t he loo t o i t he s tee ply slo ping ban k of the

Rive r Maski nonge , about 10 yards from t he water'

s edge . T he water hada pleasa n t sal i ne taste , resembl i ng t he Magi Caledon ia water . o r t he Radno rwa ter , when exami ned i n S eptember 1914 .

Analysis shows it t o be mode rately mi neral ized . sod ic.mu riated. alkaline -sal i ne water, ve ry simi l ar i n composi t io n to t he Be rth ier water .

Sod ium chlor ide fo rms 71 per cen t o f the t o tal i no rgan ic mat te r i n so l ut io n .magnesiumbicarbo nate 12 per ce n t . and sod iumbicarbonate 6 per cen t .

The fo llow i ng resu l t s were obtained upo n analysis :

108

SPR ING AT MASKINONG E.

Laborat ory No. 63.

Sample co l lec tedTemperat ure

F low .

Taste .

React io nSpec ific gravi ty at 1S°CRadio act iv i ty

Prope rt ies of react io n i n

Const it uents

Parts per mill io n . Per cen t . Per cent .

Total 100-00 100 -00

ConcentraT otal so l ids in sol u t ion. residue t ion value.

dried at 1 10°C . 196 -20

c.c. per li tre . Parts per million.

Gases Carbon D iox ide C0..

Hydrogen Sulphidems 0-6

S eptembe r. 1914 .

SO°C .

Smal l .Pleasan tly sal i ne .

A l kal i ne.

1 -004-1 .

Emanat io n 79

D isso l ved rad ium.0 - 5

Emanat io n in gas evo lved . 250

per cent .Prima ry sa l i n i ty.

Secondary sa l i n i ty .

Primary alkal i n i tySeco ndary alkalini .y .

Analysis.

1 10

Rad ioact iv i ty 28 u n its

Propert ies of reac t io n

Analysis.

Const ituents

Parts permi llion. Per cent . Per cent .

-28 100 -00

T o ta l so l ids in so l ut ion. rcsidudried at

G ases : Carbon D iox ide CO,Hydrogen Sulph ide

Emanat ionD isso lved rad iumEmanat io n i n gas evo l ved .

Cen t .Primary sal i n i tySeco nda ry sal i n i tyPrimary alkal i n i tySeco ndary alkal in i ty .

l l l

HYPOTHET ICAI. COMBINAT IONS.

No 64.

Const i t uent

Pe r cent .

Sodium nit riteSod ium ni trateAmmoni um c h loridePo tassium iodide (KI ) .Po tassium bromide (KBr )L i th ium c h lo ridePo tassium chloride (KC l l . .

Sod iumchloride (Nat’

l j u

Magnes ium chloride (MgClz l .Calc ium chloride (Cat t-JSod ium sulpha te (Nag-SO.)Magnes ium sulphate (Mgb

'

U fl .

Calc ium ‘phate (GuSt h ) . 163 -74

Sod ium m ca rbonate (NaHt‘

Oflu

Magnesium b icarbonate (Mg tHC (Calc ium bicarbonateStront ium bicarbonate lSr lHCOpli ) .Ferrous bica rbona teCalc ium phosphateFerric o x ide (F e30 1 )Alumina (Al'lot )Sil ica (Si0 2 ) - . n l l I l l

Mangano us'

b icarbonate (Mn t l

5 263 1 26

‘R ING IN BOWM AN T OWNSHIP. LABELLE CO OUE .

No . 152— I9I5.

This spri ng. the property o f M r . Eugene Lanour , has no t been v isi tedby oflicers o f t he D epartmen t . and co nsequen t ly no rad ioact ive dete rmin at ions have bee n carried ou t . T he fo l lowing analysis was made o f a sampleco

l lected i n Augus t . 191 5.

T he water is amoderatel y mi neral ized , sodic. ca lcic , mur ia ted sal ineWi l l i -r :

SPR I NG IN BOWMAN T OWNSHI P.

Sample co l lec ted Aug u st , 191 5.

Tempe ratu re .

F low . Smal l .Taste . Sl igh t l y sal ine .

React io n A lkal ineSpec ific grav i ty at 1S°C . 1 -0035.

1 1 2

Rad ioact iv i ty

Propert ies o f reac t io n

Ana lysis.

Const it uent

Parts per million.

Sulphur ic acid (soi lBicai-bonic acid (HCOQCarbonic acid (C00Nitric ac idN i trous acid (N0 3 )Phosphoric ac id (P0 0Metaboric ac id (80 1 )Chlorine -0 43 -06

Bromine (Br )[M ine - I l l l " ' l

Oxygen for F e,0. ALOa.

(SiOz)(F e ) .(Al)

396 -5 17 -50

(M g) ! n n n n n n n n I 1 13 ' 7

(Li )(K) 24 - 30

(Na) l l - ' I l " l i

(NH.)

To tal so l ids in so l u tio n. residue

c.c. per litre.

Gases : Carbon D ioxide CO, .

Hydrogen Sulphide HgS

. Emanat ion .

D isso lved rad ium.

Emanat ion i n gas evo lved .

pe r cen t .Primazy sal in i tySeco ndary sal i n i tyPr ima ry alkal i n i ty .

Seco ndary al kal i n i ty .

1 14

Sal t is gat hered from tw o o f the spri ngs by the Hudso n's Bay C

and by the Roman Cat ho l ic M ission . The fo l lowing descript io n ‘

o f t he me t hod o f Co l lect io n .

In each o f t he springs t he water rises among an accumulat ion of o ulders near t hebase o f an escarpment and flows theme into shallow c ircular b asins after which t he watert rick les away t hrough barren sal t -encrusted cla

f' fl ats t o t he river. On evaporat io n. sal t

in prec ipitated from t he brine l.

" t he basins ant is gathered at these po in ts. T he .baains

are usually abo u t 15 or 30 fee t in d iameter and are in many cases surro unded by a na t uraldike o f clay o r gravel l t o 3 fee t h igh. T he bo t toms o l t he be ams are floo red w ith a deposito f sal t o i vary ing thickness . In o t her cases h illocks of sal t 12 or 15 lee t in diameter andup t o 2 feet in he ight are iormed at t he springs.

T he two o ther spri ngs are much lc'

ss mi nera l ized , and d i ffe r en t i n

character . That from Su lphu r Po i n t may be c lassified as a moderate lymi neral ized calcic su l phated sal i ne (su l phu re t ted ) water, and somewha tresembles t he .Banfl Springs , tho ugh t he percen tage o f sod ium chlo ride ish igher th an i n those wate rs. Sulphit les are probably also presen t . bu t no

q uan t i tat ive dete rmi nat io n o f t hem Was carried ou t . T he wate r from Ver~

mi l io n Chu tes is a st ro ngl y mi neral ized , sod ic., mu riated , sal i ne (su lph ure t ted ) wate r .

l i UD SON'

S BAY SPR INGS.

Si tua ted at the forks of Salt River.

Sample col lec ted Augus t 21 , 1916.

Temperat ure 4 4°C .

Flow . 1 1A gallo ns a mi nu te fromeach o f eigh t springs.

Taste . St rong ly‘

saline and bi t te r.

Spec i fic grav i ty at 1S°C .

Rad ioact iv i ty

Propert ies o f react io n i n

l Geol . Surv.. Can . Sum. Rep. 1916. p. “I .

1 -204 .

Emana t ion .

D isso lved radium.

Emana l ion in gas evol ved .

cent .Prim ary sal i n i tySecondary sa l i n i tyPrimary alka l i n i tySecondary alka l i n i ty

1 15

Analysis.

Const it uent : analys is.

Part s per mi l l ion. Per Cent Pet cent .

100 -0

1 16

nvroi 'nmlcm. comam n oxs.

No . 345 -0.

Co nst it uent

Sod ium nitrite (NaSod ium nitrateAmmonium ch lorid e (NH.C l )Potass ium iod id ePot au ium bromideL ith ium ch lor ide (Lic l)Po tau ium ch loride (KCI)Sod ium chloride (NaC l ) 258.000Magnesi um ch loride (MgC l.Calcium chloride (C3 Clg ) .Sod ium aulpha t e (Na,SO.

Magnes ium su lphate (M2500Ca lcium su lphateSod ium bicarbonateMagneaium bicarbonate (Mn COflgCalcium bicarbonateStront ium bicarbonateFerrous bicarbonateCalcium phosphateFerric on deA lumina (A lto!

IIYPU TIIET ICAL COMBINAT IONS.

No. 2484 .

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sod ium nitriteSod ium nitrateAmmonium ch loridePotassium iod idePotassium brom ideL it h ium ch loridePotassium ch lorideSod ium ch lorideMagnesium ch lorideCa lc ium ch lorideSod ium su lphateMagnesium su lphateCa l i- ium su lphateSod ium

{bicarbonateMagnesi um bica rbonateCa lcium bicarbonateStront i um bicarbonateFerrous bicarbonateCa lcium phosphate I I I I IFerric ox ideA l um ina”"ira

262, 300

l l ‘l

SNAKE MOUNTAIN SPR INGS.

About mil l : m l of Mission Sp inln .

Sample col lec ted . .Augus t 20. m o.

Temperat ure . 44°C . (40

°F )

4 to 5 gal lons per mi n u te .

Tas te S tron g ly sa l i ne and l l l l l l ' f .

Reac t ion Ne u t ra l .Spec ific gravi ty at . l -202.

Radioac t ivi ty . l-itnann t io n .

Dissol ved rad ium.

li nui na t io n i n gas evolved .

Proper t ies o f reac'

t ion i n per cen t .

I’rima‘

ry sa l i n i ty .


l‘rimzi ry a lka l i n i tySecondary a lka l i n i ty .

Ana lys i s .

inorgan icConst it uents "mi ter in

so l ut ion.I

l ’u tts pe r mi l l io n . lI

’e r ru n .

3 . l l ll l

262.0 00

HYI‘O‘

I‘

t l l—IT ICAL COMB INAT IONS.

No . 30 -3 .

Sod ium nitrateAmmonium ch lo r idePotassium iod id e

Sod ium ch lo ride

122

HYPOT llET l CAL CoMBlNAT IONS.

No. use .

Const it uentsolut ion.

Per cent .

Sod ium nitriteSod ium nitrateAmmonium chloridePotassium iod idePo tassium brom ideL it h ium ch loridePotassium ch loride traceSod ium ch lorideMagnesium ch lorideCa lcium chlorid eSod ium sulphateMagnes ium suiphaCa lcium su lphate i , z20 ~

Sod ium bicarbonatMagnesium bicar bonateCa lcium bicarbonateStront ium biczi rbonat e '

Ferro us bica rbonateCalcium phosphaFerric oxideA lum ina

123

VERM IL ION C l l UT ES SPR ING.

Froma bore hole 268[mat Vermil io n Chutes on Peace River.

Sample col lec ted .Ju ly 1 3 . 1016 .

Tempera tu re (42° F . )

F low . 42 ga l lons a min u te .

Sa l i ne and s t rongly oi'

hy

drogen su lph ide .

Reac tionSpecific gravi ty a t 1S°C

Rad ioac t iv i ty

Proper t ies of react ion in

o o o o o

Ana lysi s.

Const it uents

l‘nr t s per m i l l ion . Per cent.

I l l l l l 8 340

Total . 100 -0

Total sol ids in sol ut ion,resid

dried at "0°C

c.c. per l itre. Parts p er mi l l ion.

Gases : Carbo n Dioxide CO} .

Hydrogen Sulph id e HzS .

. l 4"l .

Emana t ion .

D issol ved rad ium .

Emana t ion i n gas e volved .

t‘

t-

n t .

Primary sa l i n i tySecondary sa l i n i ty .

Primary a lka l i n i tySecondary a lka l i n i ty

1 24

HYPOTHETICAL COMB INATIONS.NO.“5 ‘s

Const it uent analysis.

Per w i l t .

Sod ium nitrite NaNOs)Sod ium ni trateAmmonium chloride

sfigcc l)

Pot assi um bromide (Kah’

fi f fIIIIIZII’

L it h ium ch loride (Lic l )Potass ium ch loride (KC ll uSodi um chloride

$NaCl )

Magnes ium ch loride MgC lg)Calci um ch loride (CaCmSod ium su lphate (NazSO i )Magnesium sulpha teCalcium sulphate

2Sod ium bica rbonate NaHCQ )um bicarbonatebicarbona te (Ca lHCOaM

Stront ium bicarbonate (Sr (HCOr) i )Ferrous bicarbonateCalcium phosphateFerric oxide (Pero t )Alumina (Alzog)

SULPHUR SPR ING . JASPE R PARK. ALBERTA.

(140)

The fol lowi ng anal ysis is a sample of wa ter co llect ed from a new ly discovered spring i n F idd le Creek Canyon .Jasper Park , A lberta .

On l y a trace of hydrogen su lph ide was de tec ted i n the wa te r. owing tothe fac t tha t three mon ths had e lapsed si nce the col lec tion of the sample .

i t resembles some o f the Banfl wa ters in being a ca lc ic , sulpha ted .sal ine (su lphure t ted ) water .

126

HYPOTHET ICAL COMB INATIONS.

No . I“.

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sod i um nitriteSod ium nitrateAmmon ium ch loridePotassium iod idePotassium brom ideL ith ium ch loridePotassium ch lorideSod ium ch lorideMagnesium chlorideCa lcium ch lorideSod ium su lphateMagnes ium su lphateCalcium sulphateSod ium b ic arbonateMagnesium bicarbo nateCa lcium bicarbonateStront ium bicarbonateFerrous bica rbonateCa lc ium phospha teFerric ox ideA lum ina

614 ~3 100 -0

T HE HOT SULPHUR SPR INGS AT BANFF , ALBERTA .

Seven hot springs in the ne ighbourhood of Band i n the RockyMou n t a i nsNa t ional Park. form the th ird group of springs i nves t igated . They werevis i ted i n Novemb er and December

. 1916 , when m any tes t s we re ca rriedou t— e spec ia l ly in connex ion wi th o ther rad ioac t i ve proper t ies. As thefamous Harr ison Ho t Springs and Halcyon Ho t Springs i n Br i t ish Col umb iahav e no t ye t been examined . the Banfi Springs are the on ly thermal wa terstha t have been i nves t iga ted in Canada . The orig i n of hot springs is thesubjec t of much d iscussion among geologi sts , even a t the presen t day , andnumerous theories have been proposed to accou n t for the phenomena of ho tsprings and geyse rs . In the case of the Band Springs. the explanat ion maymos t reaso nably -be sough t i n the h igh tem pera tu re of the ear th

’

s crus t i ntha t ne ighbourhood d ue to the t remendous s tresses and s trai ns tha t havebee n se t up during t he forma t ion of the mou n ta ins .

‘ Wa ter i n i ts underground ci rcu la t ion . over hea ted rock- masses. wi l l become hea ted , and issueas ho t spri ngs.

Carna l]. C . T he Geolot y of the Canad ia n Nat iona l Parks. Domin ion Parka Branch.b. IS. IO“.

1 28

The radioac tive de termina t ions show the Ban ff Spri ngs to be the mos tac t i ve of any ye t examined in Canada.

'al though the resu l ts obta ined are no t

as h igh as many of the mos t impor tan t European spr i ngs.I nd iv id ual descr i pt ions of the spr i ngs fol low . There is a grea t s imi lar

i ty be twee n the wa ters from the var ious sources.as migh t be expec ted . Theymay a l l be class ified as modera tel y m i nera l ized . calc ic. su lpha ted . sa l ine

(su lphure t ted ) waters. Save i n the Basi n Spr i ng wa ter. cal c ium su lpha teforms abo u t 60 per cen t. magnesium su lpha te 18 per cen t , and ca lc iumb icarbona te abou t 15 per cen t of the toral so l id ma t ter in sol u t ion . Thewaters somewha t resemble those of the famous Ba th Ho t Spri ngs in E ngland .

and wou ld. there fore . be of simi lar therapeu t ic va lue . Some notes on thetherapeu t ic proper t ies of su lph u r spri ngs are inc luded after the ana lyses ,and a br ie f accoun t of the way i n wh ich the Bath wa ters ar e emploved i nthe t rea tmen t of d isease .

T HE UP PER HOT SPR ING .

The Upper Ho t Spring ri ses on the nor theas t s ide of Su lphu r inouu tain '

a t an al t i tude of fee t above sea - leve l . and ab ou t 500 fee t above thevalley o f the Bow river . I t is therefore; the mos t e leva ted of any of thespri ngs. and was called the Upper Hot Spring t o d ist i ngu ish i t from thoselower down the mountain . This spr i ng was the firs t to be used by in v a l ids ,who ba thed in a hole dug i n the ground close to the so urce of the wa ter . I nthe early days . many a disca rded cru tch was to be found in the v ic i n i ty.bearing e loq uen t tes t imony

“of the heal i ng powers of the ho t su lph ur Wa ters.The spri ng is reached to-day , by a wel l - made road wi nd ing up the pine

Covered slopes of Su lph ur moun tai n— a pleasan t three m i le Wa lk or dr i vefrom the town . St ar t i ng from Ban ff avenue . _ onc crosses the Bow bridge.turns to t he lef t a long Spray aven ue— the road to the Ban ff Spr i ngs Ho te lt i l l a road branch i ng o il to the righ t is reached . Th is roa d . ca l led M ou n ta i navenue. i s fol lowed . wind i ng u p the mou n tai n wi th man y a curv e and t urn .passing the Club House of the A lpi ne Club of Ca nada , abou t a m i le fromthe fork of the road . un t i l the Ho t Spring is reached . Rus t ic pav i l ions a longthe roadside afford bo th shade and res t . There is al so a pony tra i l th roughthe wood . wh ich can be fol lowed . The road ends a t the Upper Ho t SpringsBath Hou se , bu t a brid le pa th con t i n ues for ano ther tw o m i les t o at . bser

vatory on the summ i t of Su lphu r moun ta i n . fee t above sea- leve l .I n t h is bu i lding se l f- reg is tering instrumen ts record the tempera ture .

barometri c pressure , and o ther da ta wh ich prove of gr ea t me teorolog icalva lue. The instrumen ts have to be a t te nded to every week, and one canwe l l imag i ne tha t the tri p from the town in the dep th of win ter can hard lybe enjoyable . The summi t of Su lphur mou n ta in i s a favouri te spo t for a l ln igh t excursions to w i tness the su n

'

s rising, an experience we l l wor th t he

exer t ion of the c l imb. .

‘Snt t erly and E lworthy. M iam i sodas or Q uads, a . L— T be Radioact ivity at Some Cut-dunSut ton , M ines Ba rt h .Bul. IO. 9. $ 9. 1917.

130

Const it uent.

hm : per m i l l ion. Per cent . Pet cent .

I 100 ‘00

To t al so l ids in so lut io n . resid ue3 1 -34

G ases Carbon D iox ide CO..

Hydrogen Sulphide H,S

By D r. A . McG ill. Ot ta wa.“96.

1 3 1

HYPOTHETICAL COMBI NAT IONS.

No. a .

Const ituent

l’er cent .

Sod ium nit ri teSod ium nit rateAmm nium ChiOt ide I l l l l l l l r

Po tassi um iodid ePo tassium bromideLith ium chlo ridePo tassi um chlorideSod ium chlorideMagnesium chlorideCalc iumchlorideSodium l ulphnt eMagnesi um sulphateCalc ium sulpha teSod ium bicarbonateMagnesium bicarbona teCalc iumb icarbonateSt ront i um bicarbonateFerro us b icarbonateCalc ium phosphateFerr ic o x ideAluminaSil ica

T HE KIDNEY SPR ING .

(66 )

The K id ney Spring rises abo u t 200 yards below the Upper Ho t Spri ng ,on ly a sho rt d istance from t he road up t he moun ta in side . T he channe l ,wh i te wi th preci pi ta ted l ime and su l ph ur. can be see n on the r igh t bank o f

t he road j ust be fo re t he Upper Ho t Spring is reached . In Co ld weathe r,i ts si tuat io n is especial ly made ev iden t by the cloud of steamwh

‘

ich ascends.and by the t rees i n t he vicin i ty— wh i te wi t h rime .

No use is made o f t he wate r wh ich issues from several sma l l basi nsonly a foo t or two i n d iameter . T he flow is compara t ivel y smal l , approximately. abo u t a t hoinsand gal lo ns. per hou r . T he temperatu re is sl igh t ly

lower than that oi’

the Upper Ho t Springs ;bu t analysis proves t he wa terto be almos t iden tical i n composi t ion a nd propert ies .

132

THE KIDNEY SPP ING .

Laboratory No. 66.

Sample co llec ted . D ecember, 1916 .

Temperatu re 39O°C .

20 gallons per minu te.

Taste . Flat wi t h evidence of hyd rogen l ul

phide .

React ionSpecific grav ity at l S

‘C .

Rad ioact iv i ty

Proper t ies o f re act io n i n

s s s s s s

16 78

Const it uent.

Part . per mi llion.

(50 0.(HCOi

Carbonic acid (CO1 )N itric acidN itrous acid (Noah .

(P0 0

Aluminium(Mn )

21 -67

30 0 8

Gn u : Carbon D iox ide CO) .Hydrogen Sulphide H5 .

1 -002

Emanat ionD i sso lved rad iumE rn

'

anat ioni n gas evo lved .

ce n t .Prima ry sa l i n i tySeco ndary sa l i n i ty .

Pr ima ry al kal i n i tySeco ndary al kal i n i ty .

I .“

The water issue from two so u rce s : one. i n a cave. ri s i ng in a poo l . t hesurface o f wh ich is constan t ly agi ta ted “by risi ng bubMes of gas ; t he o ther ,even more vo lumi no u s. from under a l arge roc lt at the mo u t h o f t he cave .

T he s t reams jo i n . t umbl i ng i n a. s teep descen t . t ill t hey ru n a mo re le isu re lyco u rtte over t he te rrace and less steep nlopen

‘

o l t he lower mo u n tai n t o t he

r i ve r . Varie t ies oi algae. vege table growths. t hat espec ial ly abo und in t hewate rs o f ho t su lphu r springs. co a t t he sides o f t he chan nel s. and ado rn t herocks wi th vari ocoloured fi lame nts . Pe rhaps no ne o i the spr i ngs at Ba n i.ca n compe te wi t h the go rgeo us co lo u ri ngs oi t he famo us pa in t po t s oi t he

Yel low sto ne Nat io nal Park .

'

T he st reams. are usually too rapid t o al lowo i

'

much growth . The iollow 4 obse rvat ions by W. l l . Weed .‘ wri t i ng o f

t he algae abo und i ng i n t he Ye llowsto ne Park . apply to t he Band spri ngs .

T he gener t ! au to !me oi co lo urs'ts we ll i llustrated by t he occurrence of such growth

in OVcrflow stre t to'

n nt h a constant vo l ume . such as t he o u t lt t o i t he “hi t it Sand_ia spr ing

in Ye llo wut onc Park } . A: t he water from this spr ing Bow s along i ts channe l it in rapidlych illed by contact w i th t he ai r and by evap orat ion. and in soon coo l eno ugh t o permi t t heg row th of t he more rud imentary forms wh ich l ive at t he hi heat temperat ure . T hent t ppear first in shr ine o f del icate white ft l: t ntent s wh ich gradually change to pale ileuh pinkiart her downstream. As t he water beco mes coo ler th is pink beco me» dee per. and a br ightorange, and c lose ly adherent iuu ”growth rarely fi lamento us appears at t he border oi l hl ‘st ream. and finally replace s t he rat me nt io ned forms. T his merges into yellow

'

iuh rev i t

wh ich shades Into a r ich emera ld farther do wn, t his be ing t he commo n co lo ur o i res hwater algac. In t he qu ie t waters o f t he o l lu l by th is nt rr t tm t he algae present a difierentdevelo ment . iortning leathery shee ts 0 t go u h

ge lat ino us material w i th comllo id'

and What'shape fornis risin

gto t he suriace. and o ften it l ing upa large part o f t he poo l . Shee ts o f

brown o r green. it y or leat hery. also l ine t he bat -t ins o f warm.springs whose temperat uredoe s no t exceed l -l

3i but tn springs hav ing a higher temperat ure t he only Vt : cta t io tt

present formn it go ldenyello w fun upon t he bo t tom and tt it les of t hey

.how T hirdgrowth i s rare ly no t iced i n s t ngn where t he water exceeds [60 °

except a t t he edge o i t he

If t he basin is funnc nhnped w ith during or ne ute r shaped expansion. a l c grow“in coo lt r and shallower water o f t ht ma rgin;forming concentric rings o f ye low uh

mm; and o rangt . shad in int_o salmo n red and crimson. and th is t o brown at t he border o f

t he aptpr ing. Aro und“audit springs t he row th t t t he marg in o ften forms a raised r im o i

spongy, st t fi icily, some t imes almost rub r - Iike i n co nsistency, and red or brown in co lo ur.

T HE M ID D LE SPR I NG .

Labora tory No . 67.

Sample co l lec ted .

Tempe rature .

F low .

Tas te .

React ionSpecific grav i ty a t 1S°C .

Rad ioact iv i ty .

‘Weed .W. H . Forma t ion d T n vert ine and Sil ic on. Slnter by t he Vege ta t ion of Hot Springs! U.

Geol. Shrv . . Nin th Ann. Rep “ Dc . 657 1899.

Decembe r. 1916 .

33 - 5°C . (92

°F )

50 gal lons per mi nu te.

Sl igh t taste of hydrogen su lph ide .

Neu tral .

Emana tion 294 uni ts

D i sso lved radium.

Emanat ion i n gas e volved . 1910

I'| u p. \'

l l .

Al l-Id le spring . Ilanl'

f. A l be rt a.

1 36

HYPO’

I‘

HET lCAL COMB INATIONS.No . 67.

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sod ium nitriteSod ium nitrateAmmonium ch loridePotassium iod idePotassium bromideL it h ium ch loridePotassium ch lorideSod ium ch lorideMagnes ium chlorideCa lci um ch lorideSod ium su lphateMagnesi um su lphateCalcium su lphateSod ium bicarbonateMagnesi um bicarbonateCa lcium bicarbonateStront ium bicarbonateFerrous bicarbonateCa lcium phosphateFerric oxi deA lum inaSilica

THE CAVE AND BAS IN SPR INGS.

(60 and 69)

The Cave and Basi n Spr i ngs, wi th in easy access of the town , areundoubted ly the bes t known and most popu lar of al l the hot spri ngs a tBan fi . They l ie. not far apar t. on the lower slope of .Sulphur moun ta in ,overlooking the Bow va l ley and Vermi l ion lake . Crossi ng the Bowbridge the road from Bani? turns to the righ t and ascends the gen tle slopefor a m i le u n t i l a t the crown of the h i l l i t emerges from the shady a ven ue ofpine and fi r, a l lowing fu l l view of the splend id new swimming ba th and theva l ley beyond . Leavi ng the swim m i ng poo l for fur ther at ten t ion the fi rs tobjec t of in terest is the Ca ve . D iscovered in the fal l of 1880 .by surveyo rs enagaged i n loca t i ng the t rack of the Canad ian Pac ific R ai lway. i thas never si nce fa i led to at t rac t a t ten t ion and i n terest. T he Cave i s nearlyc ircu lar i n shape . abou t 40 fee t d iame ter. and 20 fee t h igh . A poo l of bubbl i ng . see th i ng water , four to five fee t deep, forms the grea ter par t of thefloor. and is rough ly i n the shape of a horseshoe. abou t 30 fee t across a ti t s wides t d iame ter. E n t rance to th e cave is obt ai ned through the so u theas t helvedcre of the new ba th house . by means of a we l l - l i t tu n ne l. 30lee t long ;a t the end of the pas age a fl igh t of a few steps l' ads to the pla t

137

form a t the side of the poo l . A hole i n the roof of t he cave . through wh ichthe earl y explorers gai ned en trance . a ffords a dim i l lum in a t ion as we l l asan ou t le t for the s team and gases risi ng from the pool . I t i s sa id tha t thewa l ls of the cave were orig i nal ly covered wi th s talac t i tes of severa l fee t inleng th , the icicle- l i ke crys tals formed by the dr ip o f wa ter deposi t ingcalcium carbona te. bu t these have long since bee n can

'

ied away . A tpresen t. the wal ls are Coa ted wi th a crysta l l i ne depos i t . ch iefly com posed ofcalcium su lpha te or gypsum formed by the cons ta n t e vapora t ion of wa tercon ta i n i ng calcium su lpha te in sofu t ion on the sides and roof of the cave .

The wal ls are irregu lar i n shape . and wi th the obscu re l igh t i ng , cons t itu te a wonderfu l field for the imagi na t ion to picture a lmost anv fancy . anar t the la te M r. G alat ly— the popu lar old Sco tch gu ide to the Ca vepossessed to the u tmos t . H is lec tures on the Cave had become al most asfamous as the Cave i tse l f.

The floor of the poo l i s covered wi th black sa nd. consis ting of quar tz .

l imes tone. and hornblende. and the various sources of the wa ter. sw i rl ingand bubbl ing up

“

t hrough the qu icksa nd , can eas i ly be made“

out . G as

bubbles, ri sing th roughou t the poo l. agi ta te the wa ters eve ry few seconds.The tempera tu re of the wa te r of the poo l is lower than tha t of the

o ther ho t spr ings. being SS°P whi le tha t of the Basin

_i s abou t A

co ns iderable influx of colder wa ter drips down a t the back of the Cavepoo l. coo l i ng i t and lowering i ts con ten t of d i ssolved matter .

The flow from the poo l is ve ry grea t . be ing almos t 300 gallons perminu te . The wat er runs o ff from the poo l down the tunnel. con t inual lyrenewi ng the wate r of the swimming ba th jus t ou t s ide .

The fol lowing par t icu lars Were obta ined as a resu l t of examina t ionof t he wat er of the Cave Spring .

THE CAVE SPR ING.

Laborat ory No. 68.

Sample col lected . J anuary . 1917.

Tem pera tu re 29- 5°C .

Flow 250 gal lons pe r m i nu te .

Tas te . . F la t. wi th trace“

of hydrogen su lph ide.Reac tionSpecific grav i ty a t 1S°CRad ioac t iv i ty

o o o o o o o o

Propert ies of reac t ion in

E m anat ion 470 u ni tsD issolved radium 8-5

Emana t ion in gas evolved . 3340

cen t .Pr imary sal in i tySecondary sal in i tyPr imary a lka l i n i tySeco ndary alka l in i ty

138

Const it uents :

Parts per mi l l io n. Per cent.

Aluminium

Stront ium

loo-00

Total sol ids in sol ut ion. residuedr ied at 1 10°C .

Carbon Dio x ide CO..

Hydrogen Sulph ide H.S .

N O

The wa ter of the Bas in Spring was found to con ta in a larger propor t ion

oi consti tuen ts than the o ther springs. and approx ima tes. close ly. to thewa ter of the King

'

s Spring. Bath. in i ts composi t ion .

The fol low ing par t icula rs we re obta ined on examinat ion

T HE BAS IN SPR ING .

Laboratory No. 69.

Sample collec tedTempera ture

Reac t ionSpecific gr avi ty at 1S

°C .

Rad ioac t ivi ty

Proper t ies of reac t ion in

n n n n n n n n

January. 1016 .

(94°F )

150 gallons per minu te .

F la t , wi th evidence of hydrogen su l

phide .

l 0 026

E mana t ion 232 un i tsD i sso lved rad ium

“

3 -5

Emanat ion in gas evolved .2370

cen t .Primary sal in i tySecondary sal i n i tyPrimary alka l i n i ty

Secondary alkal in i ty

141

Ana ly sis.

Const it uent i r

Per cent . Per rent .

I II

‘ I 443

100 -00 100-00

Tota l sol id. in so l ut ion. residuedried at HO°C

Cam Carbon Dio xide C0..

Hydrogen Su lphide H.S .

HZ

HYP OT IIET ICAL COMBINAT lU NS.

M .“D

t'onat it uent

Per cent .

S od ium n itriteS od ium n itrateAmmonium ch loridel 'u t au iu l t t iod idePoms- i um bromideL it h ium ch lo ridel 'o t :n~siu t n t

' il lu i ic lt ‘

S odium t‘ ll lt n it lt '

Mngm's iu l t t ch loridet'

a lc iut n ch loride.

‘it vt l l t t t t t su lpha teMagnesium su lphate(

‘

alc iuni nu lpha t e

Sod ium Ii it .

‘

t rbo nat e

Magueuium bicarbonate("

a lclu t t t bicarbo nn t t

Stront ium bicarb onateF e rromi bicarbonatet

’

o lc ium phosphateFerric o x ideA lum inaSi lica

100 -00

c ases evocveo FROM "rue nu ns POOL.

A considerable quant i t y of gas bubbles up in the Bas i n : t he amoun t.i t is sa id . is dependen t to some ex ten t on the barome tric pre ssure .

The gas was fou nd to be rad ioact ive. tha t i s con ta in i ng rad ium emana t ion . The value for i t s rad ioact iv i ty ob ta i ned was un i ts. Ana lysisof t he gas showed i t to be mai n ly com posed of n i trogen . abo u t wh i lethe remai n ing cons t i tuen t s wer e carbon d iox ide. me thane . oxygen . anda : race of hydrOg -n . ( in accoun t of t he large percen tage of n i trogen andi ts rad ioac t i ve character . i t scented of i n teres t to e xam ine i t for the prese nceof the rare gases of the a tmosphere . espe c i al ly for he l ium . which be ing oneof the prod ucts o f rad ioac t i ve decompos i t ion , is almos t certai n to be prese n t .

As a resu l t o f tes ts i t was proved tha t abou t 1 of the n i troge n wasargon . the firs t of the rar e gases of the u l l l l t 'Npht ‘fl t— ‘ ln wh ich i t occurs tot he ex ten t of 0 -93 volumes per hu ndred u f .t ir— to be d isco ver edby Sir W i l l iam Ramsav a nd Lord Rayle igh in 1894 . A t rac e of he l i um wasalso det ected i n the gas.

T he comple te ana lysis of the gases l rom t he Bas i n . t he Ca ve. and t heM idd le Springs . is g i ven be low. toge ther wi th an analys is of the gas from t heK ing

'

sWe l l . Ba th . par t icu lars of wh ich have a lready been sta ted

I

King“: wot. Bat h.( h

97 ' 79 08 -24Argon and hel ium

A s tudy o f the composi t ion of thes e gases leads to the conclus ion tha ttheir origi n is the d isso lved air of the rai n and snow wa ter wh ich supp l iesthe spr i ngs. The oxygen of th is d issol ved air , duri ng the undergroundpassage of t he wa ter. is Used up i n chem ical processes such as the ox ida t ionof iron pyri tes and of organ ic m a t ter wi th wh ich i t comes i n con tac t . N i tro

gen being chemical ly i nac t ive passe s on unafiec ted . and thus becomesre la t ively mo re conce n t rated i n the gases which final ly emerge . Thegrea ter argon n i t rogen rat io of the gas compared to the proport ion i n wh ichthey exis t i n the a tmosphere is owing to the grea ter so lub i l i ty of argon inwa ter . A ir d issolved i n rai n wa ter con ta ins a grea ter percen tage of argonthan the free a i r. Argon . l i ke n i trogen . is i ner t . and passes through i tssubterranean journey wi thou t change .

THE CAVE AND BASIN SWIMM ING BATH.

In 1914. a magnificen t swimm i ng poo l Was comple ted by t he Rocky

Moun tains Na t iona l Park au thor i t ies . T he ba th is 35 fee t wide by 1 50fee t long. and is the larges t of i ts kind i n Canada . The dep th increasesgradua l ly from 3 to 8 fee t . The pool i tse l f has no r oo f. and the longerside. o verlooki ng the v al ley , is formed by mass i ve pla te - glass windows ,a l lowing full view of the snow - capped mou n tains be yond . Two terraces

run the full lengt h of the opposi te side . u nd er wh ich are the num erousd ressi ng room s. equ ipped wi th the la tes t sanitarv arrangemen ts . At theeas t end of the poo l . a sun room affords a pleasan t res t i ng place after theexer t ions of t he ba th . The old ba th house of the Basi n pool enclos es theoppos i te end o f the ba th .

T he w a ter o f t he ba th . a t a tempera ture of 00°F . and of vary i ng h ue ,

froma m i lky sapph i re blue to a deep emera ld green. consta n t ly renewed bythe ove rflows from the ( fa ve and the Basi n Springs is mos t i nvi t i ng .

“

T he

ba th is said to be one of the. fines t i n America . and it is cer tai n tha t noswim m i ng pool cou ld have more pic turesque surround ings.

WARM SPR ING ON AUTOMO B ILE ROAD.

(70)

T u o other spr i ngs ex ist. wi th i n a shor t d istance of Banfl'

. wh ich have a lso

been exam i ned . One of these. a su lphur spring. rises close t o t he shore of

1 44

Vermil ion lake on t he side of the automobi le road . th ree mi les out of Banfl.

l t s flow is not la rge , and i ts tempera tu re as wel l as i ts composit on are

lowered by t he i nflux o f co lder surface water . I t rises i n a sma l l poo l. andspreads ou t i n to a wide marsh . se ldom freez ing ove r even i n the coldestweather .

“

On th is acco un t i t proves a n at tract ive watering place foran imals. D ur i n g the win ter mon ths mo un ta i n sheep may constan tly be

seen i n i t s v ici n i ty .

Part icu lars of t he exami na tion made upon i t are as fo l lows:

WARM SPR I NG ON AUTOMOB ILE ROAD .

Laborat ory No. 70.

Spec i fic gr av i ty at 1S°C .

Radio ac t iv i t y

Propert ies o f react ion in

D ecember , 1916.

l9 -4°C .

50 gal lons per mi nu te .

Fl a t wi th sl igh t i ndicat ion of hydrogenulphide .

Al k al i ne .

1 0 0 15

Emana tio n .

D i sso lved rad iumEmana tion i n gas evo lved .

cent .

Prima ry sal i n i tySeco nda ry sal i n i tyPrima ry alka l i n i tySeco ndary al kal in it y

146

M'-P0

'

T -HET ICAL COMBI NAT IO NS.

No . 70.

Const it uent

Per cen t .

S odium nit -

f it tSod ium n i t rate.

A t nmo'

nium c h lo ridePo tass ium iod idePo tass ium l i ru t nideL it h ium ch loridePo tass ium c h lo rideSod i um chlo rideMagnes ium ch lorideCalc ium ch lo rideS odium sulphareMagnesium sulpha teCalc ium su lpha teSod ium lbit ‘ ft f l'm lm l"

Magnesiumnhiczrrho na t e

Calc ium b icarbo nate 203 - 79 42 ~SZSt ronl ium bicarbo nateFerrous biq i rho na t cl'

n lc ium pil Os'

phd t eF t ‘ r f il ' o xideA luminaS il ica

479

I t i s read i ly see n IN t he an alysis . t lia t th is wa te r. resembles . t o someex ten t . t he o t he r wa te rs in comp osi t io n : bu t i t is le ss co ncent ra ted . and

co n ta ins u re la t ive l y grea te r amo u n t o f calc i um bica rbo na te . accoun t i n gfo r the- h ighe r seconda ry alkal i n i ty .

‘

l‘

lw r i l t l'i l tn t f l i'vvi't v is compa-rai t iVe lv h i gh , bu t s uch su rface‘vu tc rs

o ften n ‘

nn t u in rchnl ivelv 1:1 c amo un ts o f umaw ion .

ALP IN E C LUBSPR ING .

This sprin g . ris<rs a l um-r fi f t y yards up t he mo u n ta in side zi t . t he back

o f l iw c l ub ho u se o f t he Alp i ne (‘

luh o f Canada . o n M o u n tai n ave n ue .

T he is piped down to t he il t t t l‘bk ‘

. hu t t -lw rape, W i t : d isco n nec ted mt he w i n te r t ime when t he spri n t; W i-t h ex aminv rl .

T he flow w as t l u -n u lmur 150 gallo ns p er ho u r T he re. w as no tasteo f su l ph ide gas. and t he tempe ra t u re u i

‘

l-iv' “a l l ‘fl '

w as tha t o f ano rt linur i ' Co ld spring. T he spring i s [IN -t iJiLi-l iv o t

'

sta lknv'

or surface or ig i n ,and l ike many spri ngs o i t ha t na t u re . [y fl s

’

vSSuS a t‘mnpa ra i ively h igh

t empo rurv radio ac t ivi ty , bu t no t rue r o f diss c-d rad i um.

T lu pa rt icu lars a re as fo llow s :

147

ALPINE CLUBSPR I NG .

Laboratory No . 71 .

Temperature .

Taste .

Reac t io nSpec i fic grav i t y a t 1S

°C .

Radio act iv i ty

Propert ies o f reac t io n i n

Su iphurie ac id (50 0 .

Mica rbon ic acid (H‘f

OJL

T o tal so l ids in so l ut ion , residuedried at “(1°C

Cases : Carbon D ioxide F 0"Hydrogen Sulph idems .

D ecembe r. 1916 .

7°C . (44

°

F )20-30 gallo ns per mi nu te .

F resh .

Al kal i ne .

i f 00 1

Efim bved

Emm i -M in n i n gas evol ved .

re n t .P r imary sal i n it y

"firima ry alkal i n it yM ondary alkal in i t y

l’rey iou,

Parts pnr mi il ion.

l

I

Tot a lino rgan ic I

so lut ion.

— . i

14 -81

I l l ) 00 ,

475 un i t i

fi r m ing

Po t C t 'm

100 - l l

t io n va lue .

1 3 '07

148


No . 71 .

Const it uent

Per cent .

Sodi um n it r i teSod ium n itrateAmmonium ch loridePotassium iod idePo tass ium bromideLithium chloridePo tassium chlorideSodium chlor ideMagnesium ch lorideCalc ium chlorid eSod ium sulpha teMagnes ium sulpha teCalc ium sulphateSod ium bica rbonateMagnesium bica rbona tCalcium bimrbona t e 286 -20 56 -52St ront ium bim bnnateFerro us bicarbonateCa lciumphosphateFerric oxi deAluminaSilica

506 -39

THE RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN THE BANF ’

F AND THE BAT ITHOT SPR ING S.

T he most in te res ti ng compari so n is t o be made be tween the wa ters atBan fi

’

, Canada , and t he ho t spr i n gs a t Bath . England— the famo us spathat dates i t s fou ndat io n from the Roman occupat io n o f Bri tain .

Especial ly d uri ng the eigh teen th ce n tu ry , Ba th flou rished . when it wast he most fash io nable reso r t o f soc ie ty i n England .and t he cen t re o f a t t raet ion for al l t he famo us people o f the period .

In rece n t yea rs t he spr i ngs have bee n the subjec t o f exami nat io n byseveral promi nen t sc ient ists. especial ly by the la te Sir Wi l l iam Ramsay .

w ho d i rec ted a t ten ti o n t o thei r rad io act ive prop ert ies. and t o'

the i r value

on t hat accoun t .

T hey were shown to be t he r ichest i n rad ium and rad ium ema nat io no f any spring i n G rea t Bri t ain . and no expense has be en spared i n develo pingt he spri ngs t o t he fu lles t e x tent that t hey migh t succe ssfu l ly compete witht he. co nt inen tal spas.

T here are t h ree springs a t Bath .

‘

al l o f simi l a r compos i t io n . T he

tempera ture o f the ho t te s t i s 120°F . . sl igh t ly h ighe r t han that o f t he U pper

Ho t Spring a t Ban ff . Each spri ng is enclosed by bath ho use s and pumprooms ; bu i ld i ngs dat ing from t he e igh tee n th cen tu ry ; a grea t con trast t o

i $ 0

al imen ta ry cana l . and i n t he dil u t io n o i the secre tio ns oi t he l iver andkidneys.

In t he drink_cu re wi t h a su lphur spri ng water. it seems to be o f no

impor t ance whe t her sulphu r is co nta i ned i n th e io rm o i free hyd rogensu lph ide or oi su l phide s . ( In t he Ban ff waters i t occurs as h yd rogensu l ph ide) . In bo t h cases , su l phu r is absorbed from the stomach andi n tes t i ne s . I n t he use o f wat er fo r ba ths. it is assumed that hydrogensu l ph ide en ters in to t he body th ro ugh t h e skin . i n t he blood iro n su l ph idew ill be [armed thro ugh t he t ro n o f th e blood. an dconsequen tly a no rma lre lo rma t ion o i blood globu les wil l be qu ieho ned and assimu lat io n s t imu la ted .

A t t he same t ime. a st ro ng i nfluence takes place upo n the l i\ er. t he bi lesec re t io n b e i ng great ly increased .

l t l u obable t hat mi ne ral nu t riment can be given to t he system byt he o 'be r us ual cons t i t u e n ts o l su lphu r waters. such as calci um sal ts andsi lic : From 100 t o l .000 c .c . . (up t o two pin ts) o f

“ wate r is t he usualamo u n t drunk da ily a t co n t inen tal spas. taken co ld or war

'

m, some t imeswi th ho t mi l k . Baths are tak en at a tempera tu re o f 90

°F . to OS

°P a nd of

difieren t du rat ion ; be twee n 10 and 40 mi nu tes . Pro lo nged ba ths fort h re e ho u rs. as are me al .a t some healt h reso rts i n Swi tze rland . are no t

give n i n G e rmany . ai t hough i t is sa id they have an an t imicrobic efiec t .

and so pro longu l s u lph u r baths have had a high repu tat io n for ages as avaluable remed y for wo unds .

THE THER APEUT IC USE OF THE HOT SPR ING S AT BATH.

A t te n t ion has al ready bee n drawn“ t o t he simi lar i t y o f the Bath and t heBand waters. and . the refo re , t he obse rvat io ns t hat have been made on t heValu e and u se of the Bat h ho t spri ng wate rs appl y equal ly to Ban fi . T he

followi ng ex t ract is from a repo rt on the spri ngs. publ ished by“The Lancet

— the chief Bri t ish med ical jo urnal

The thermal waters o f Bath exert a dist inc t so lvent ac t io n on ur ic acid. In our

exper iments, ior example, i t was shown t hat Bath water d isso lved five t imes t heamo unt of uric ac id that dist illed water would similarly take up a t blo od heat. i e. justunder 100° F . S ince t he wat i f a are drunk ho t and used ho t [or Wi thin , purposes. th isfact may haw an impo rtan t re lat ion t o t he therapeut ics o f Bath waters i n t he treatment o lchronic go u ty eflect ions and rheumat ism.

I t h as been po i n ted ou t by D r . Lu fi ‘ t hat . owing to t he u ndoubtedfac t that sod ium salts are d i rect ly de t rimental t o t he removal o f go u tydepo si ts. t hosespri ngs sho u ld be avo ided wh ich owe t he i r act iv i ty t o t hose

sal ts when t he removal o f .t he depo si t s is t he mai n o bjec t t o b e at tai ned .

T he springs wh ich co ntai n no sod ium sal ts o r t ract -s o n ly are the o nes

su i table fo r such case s .

li ath Wat t -rs have a compara t ivel y low sod i um co nten t . a nd i n the

Ban ft wate rs , sod ium is y e t less in amo u n t . T he i n ference is simple .

l Gout . lu Pathology and T rea tmen t.

151

Bat h waterm are u t ilized i n a l l manne r o f ba ths and douches : deepba ths. ho lding 800 to 900 gal lons of water : rec l i n ing ba t hs ;various for ms o f

Con tinen tal do uches;and vapou r ba t hs;besides large swimmi ng ba t hs .ln t he G rand Pump Room. remi niscen t o f t he h isto ric days o f the

eigh tee n th cen tury. dri nki ng water is se rved fromamany sprayed fo u n tai n ,

suppl ied di rec t from the K i ng'

s spring . D u ring the summe r seaso n . wate ris se rved fr om the Co lo nnade fo un tain . i n t he I nst i t u t io n garde ns .

T he Rad ium l nhala t o rium co ntains appara t us by which t he rad ioa c t iveWater, atomized by steam. a i r. o r eve n by the na tu ral radimtc t iy e gasesthemse lves. can be inhaled . O ther fo rms enable n asa l sprays and do uches .ear a nd eye do uches t o b e s imi lar ly g iven .

A l l_

t hese w ays o f usi ng the ho t su l phu r waters can b eeq ual ly we ll

adopted a t Ba n ff when t he demand arise s.I n a yo ung co un t ry l ike Canada . no leisured c lass y e t ex ists. from

wh ich t he c l ien te le o f a spa is nat ural l y drawn ; a nd fu t ure deve lo pme n tsa t Banfi wil l cater mo re t o the to urist t han t o the i nval id . The re are

grea t poss ibil i t ies for Baa as a heal t h reso rt . howeve r. espec ial ly when no r

mal cond i t io ns obtain .

Wi t h su i table faci l i t ies fo r comfo r tab le and rapid t rave l l i ng. many

weal thy to urists and seekers after heal t h may be a t t rac ted from t he a ll iedco unt ries o f Eu rope t o Banf

'

f. when they seek fo r s u bs t i tu tes fo r the spas o fG ermany and Aust ria . T he fu t u re o f llan tl is fraugh t wi t h g rea t po ssibili t ies .

THE RELAT ION 0 15 T HE F l l EM ICAI. -ZN'

FS T 0

( l l FORMAT IONS.

The co nst i t uen ts o f a mi ne ral wate r depe nd o n t he nat u re o f t he

rocks ove r wh ich i t has passed in i t S '

underg round passage . and t here fo re ,

some simi lar i t y wo u ld be an t ic ipa ted be twee n t he sulmanees presen t i nthe water a nd t he const i tuent s o f t he ro cks . Bu t t he re ac t io ns that takeplace whe n water from one fo rmat io n pene t rate> roc l

'

. i f di ffe ren t composi t io n . are complex. and can o n ly be s t udied i n i nd iv idual c ases.

F. W. Clarke' sta tes .

I t is exa 'eding ly difficult t o genera l ize on re lat io ns betwee n t he c omp osit ion o f a wa terand its geo log ic history. React ions “hit 'll take place dee p w it h in t he earth mono t i -n- ilv

be traced. espec ially as a water may undergo various mod i ficat ions befo re.

it reaches t hesurface . A spring may be a blend from dill erent sourcesr—eit lter a diret

'

t mixt ur e o r a

so l ut ion from wh ich ingred ien ts have be en remuw d— and it is o nly in spec i fic cases thatan interpretat io n o f t he phenomena can be found.

S everal broad general izat io ns. however. tuay be s ta ted . “El len-i fro n tsed imen tary fo rmat io ns are usual ly mo re Co nce n t rated . and co ntai n agreater n umbe r o f co nst i tuent s , t han wate rs i ssu i ng from igneo us fo rmat io ns .

l F . \V. Clarke . D ist: of Geochemll t ry . Bul . “OI . l hd ed it ion . l ’. S. ( ic ol. Suvvn ”I f . p. 200 .

1 52

Pr imary and seco nda ry sa lin i t y are t he pri ncipal propert ies p mumsedby wate rs from l imesto ne s t ra ta. t hat is. u nlium, calc ium and magnesiumsal t. of. t he st ro ng acids. hydrochlo l ic and su l ph u ric. predomi n ate : while

i n waters from arg illacco un st rat a . bicarbo nates o f t he alkal ien a nd t heal ka l i ear ths— resu lt i ng i n t he propert ies prima ry and seco ndary al ka l in i t yare fo und i n greate r quan t i ty .

Mo s t o f the wate rs t reated i n t h is repo rt are si t uated i n t he great

palavozoic plai n . fo rmi ng t he basin o f t he St . Lawrence and t he Lo n e r

O t t awa Val ley . They especial ly occ ur i n the mo re dis t r ibuted easternreg io n . Fewe r spri ngs ex is t i n t he less disturbed western area ; t ho se a tSt . (

‘

a tharinem Presto n . and Hal lowe l l bei ng t he chie f .

D r . Ste rry Hun t exhaust ive l y st ud ied the o rigi n o f many o f the easte rnwaters. as ou t l i ned i n the. chapte r o n mi neral spri ngs in

“The G eo logy o f

Canada ,"1863 ; and as developed mo re extensive ly i n a se r ies o f essays,

en t i t led Chemica l and G eo logica l Essays . (Sc ie n t ific Publ ish i ng Company ,

New Yo rk. Co nsidera t io n o f t he rec ent analyses amply co nfirms h isstatemen ts and opin io ns.

T he chief fo rma t io ns o f the Upper Cambrian and theOrdo v ic ia n unde rlyi ng t he St . La wrence plai n are the fo l lowing. i n descending o rder

l .o rrai ne or Hudso n Rive r : sl igh t ly bit umi no us sandy shl t lt 'x andth i n ly bed ded l imesto nes .

U t ica shale : th i n ly lami nated . black and brown ish shalt-n .

Tren ton gro up : dark grey l imesto nes . with some argillaceo us material .

(‘

hazy l imesto ne : gre y . semi -c rystal l i ne l imesto ne. wit h in terst ra t ified .

shaly lay ers .

Beekmantown or Calc i ferous sand roc k : grey ish . semi -crystal l i ne do lo

mi te“

. gene ral ly arenace o us. a nd some t imes argil laceo us .

Po t sdam: la rge ly even ly st rat i fied . fi ne grai ned quar t zme sandsto ne .

Extended desc ri pt io ns o f t hese fo rmat io ns are g iven in T he G eo logyo f Canada" 1863 . chapte rs 3 . 4. S. 6 . 7. 9. 10. a nd 13 . and i n o t he r repo rt s'

issued by t he Ge o logical Su rvey, si nce t ha t date .

D r . Sterry Hun t shows that t he no rmal react ion o f surface water i n

arg iliacc o us s t ra ta'

w ill beco nduc ive t o t he reten t ion of pri nci pa l ly alkal ia nd a lka l i -e arth carbonates i n t he wate r. wh ile t he so urce o f t he ne u t ra lsal ts wh ich co nsis t o f al kal ine and alkal i ne-e art h chlo rides is t he l imes toneand o ther s t ra ta from t he Po t sdam t o the Tre n to n . He supposes .t ha t mos to f t he mmeral spr i ngs are combinat io ns o f t he two classes o f water. andpropo ses a c lassi fica t io n’ based o n th i s assumpt io n . wh ich is q u i te sa t isfactory from a geochemical s tandpo i n t . Spri ngs are o ften found rising in

El la. IL W Report on a port ion of t he Provina of Quebec . co ll ie in t he sout h“ sheet at t heBol ero T ownsh ips. OcoL Surv. Cam. Vol . VI I. 1896 . no. “4 0 . 70- 75 . 55-06.

El la. R. W.. Report on t he ( it-o le“ at a port ion cl Emu-m Ontar io . Ann. Rep . Vol. XIV. Port J . ION .

Adam . F. D .. and Le Ro y .0 . E . T he Arteriun and ot her deep well on the Island oi Montreal. Part 0 .

Ann. R e

a . Vol. XIV . 1004 . pp. l9—22.

Sterry Hunt. Chemic al and Geolog iml Eml yn. p. I t o.

ma ocon m m (“Al f

(ANSI and 5 0 YES! CNAI T No. 2)

I.2S l.4

AP P L IE D lMAG E In :t GSJ [tu t Main Sh ootROCM l lel . N" York 14609 USA( 716 ) 482 0500 Phone

(7 16 ) 206 5909 f or

154

Al though i t is conjec tu red that t he Tren ton fo rmat ion was pu t downunder long-con t i nued and ocean ic cond i t ions, i t co n tai ns a considerableamoun t o f argil laceous material , i n many cases even fo rmi ng - th in layers.

These st ra ta wou ld be less permeable t o water t han l imesto ne , and thuswo u ld react re lat ively lo nger wi th the ci rcu l a t ing water than the l imes tone. The re fo re such a cause migh t be pu t fo rward to accoun t for t hefrequen t add i t ion of al kal ine cons t i tuen ts t o an o the rw ise sal ine water.

Rel at io ns be tw ee n rad io act iv i ty and geo logic format io n have beensough t fo r . but as t i waters pri ncipal ly issue from two sed imen ta ry formatio ns , t he .U tica shale or Tren to n l imestone , bo th o f wh ich have a verysmal l and s imi la r rad ium co n ten t —Pro fesso r A . S. E ve1 o f McG ill Un i

versi ty found 0 92 units'

radium per gram o f rock for the Tren to n l imestone in t he ne ighbo urhood o f Mo n t real— l i t t le rad ioact iv i ty wou ld beexpected . i t has been shown’ that t he mos t radioact ive waters rise frompr ima ry fo rmat io ns .

T HE T HERA PEUT IC VALUE OF M INERAL - SPR INGS.

From t he earl iest t imes mi neral spri ngs have bee n known for t he i rcu rat ive propert ies. G reek and Roman l i terature con tai nsmany referencesto the value and use o f such springs , and at no t ime i n h is to ry have mi ner alwaters been held in such h igh repu te as they were i n t he days o f the RomanEmpi re . Remai ns o f magn ificen t baths bu i l t by t he Roman invaders arefou nd t o-day at man y o f t he principal mi neral spri ng reso rt s

'

in Eu rope ,and are eloq uen t proo f o f t hei r habi tual use o f such wa ters as remed ialagen ts .

Almos t every mi neral spri ng o f no te is t he subjec t of i n numerablelegends and t ales , te l l ing o f i ts di scovery by wanderi ng h un ters or Indians ,and rela t i ng t he mi racu lo us resto rat io n to heal t h o f al l i nval ids carr ied to

the sou rce t o be cu red by i ts heal i ng waters .T he benefic ial efiect s o f mi neral wa ters , however , have been much

o verrated i n t he pa'

s t . though nowadays there is , perhaps , a tendency to

min imize t he i r therapeu t icval ue; a re ac t io n in th is sc ie n t ific age against

t he atmosphere o f quackery so o ften su rrou nd i ng m'

i neral spri ng reso rts .The mi neral const i tuen ts of spring waters are o ften accred i ted wi th t he

so le responsibilit y ,w hen the benefic ia l effec ts con t ribu t i ng t o speedy res tora t ion

.

t o heal th have been due t o o ther po ten t i n fluences . Change of ai r ,of scene ry , o f cl imate , of habi ts, o f diet , and especial ly st imu l a ted au tosuggest io n , play a no t i nconsiderable par t in

.

the wo rk o f recovery ;po ten ti nfluences tha t have received too l i t t le a t ten t ion i n the past .

One o f t he ch ie f curat ive agenc ies o f mi neral waters - is , u ndo ubted ly ,the -water i t se l f . A greatly increased amoun t o f water is imbibed by t he

patien t a t a spr ing reso r t ;an ac t ion i tsel f a ttended by good resu l ts . I t is a

Hive . A. 8. Ph il. Mag . Aug" p. 23 1 . l oo7.

156

treatmen t of scro fu l a , gout ,.chronic rheuma t ismand dyspepsia . T he mos tno table fo re ign wa te rs are those at K iss ingen , Hombu rg. Nauhe im, Wiesbaden and Baden Baden i n Germany , Bourbon

'

ne les Bains. Roya t and LaBourbou le i n F rance , and Saratoga Springs i n t he U n i ted Sta tes.

Many springs o f t h is class occur in'

Canada. the ch ief o f which are t heSani t aris, Carlsbad L i th ia , Russe l l L i th ia , Caledo n ia Salineh bo t t led asM ag i— Caledon ia water. Caledo n ia Su l phu r and G as. Richel ieu , Philudora t St . Hyacin the, Maski nonge , Varen nes and Lauren t ian waters.

M any mu ria ted , st ro ngly sal i ne waters occu r in Canada : such watersi ncrease the appet i te and have a general s t imu la t i ng effect on the o rgansof the d igest ion . Some , con tai n ing pri ncipal l y the sulphate rad icle or .

magnesium. have a cathart ic effect , and are much used as pu rgat ives.The Caledon ia D uncan water is a good example o f th is type o f wate r. -Themos t widely known Eu ropean waters of t h is character a re Aesculap, Apon ta ,and Hunyadi Janos .

No chal ybeate spr i ngs are i ncluded in - t he repo rt , thougn such springsoccu r i n Canada. at Tuscarora . These waters find thei r pri ncipal appl ica t ion i n anaemi a , and general debil i t y.

Su lphu r waters , such as the wel l known Banfi Spri ngs. a re found i nconsiderable frequency . T he ch ief therapeu t ic agen t is

.

assumed to be t hehydrogen sulph ide gas, t he

'

substance responsible for t he unpleasan t “bad

egg” smel l a nd flavo ur . Such sulph u r waters .are taken in ternally or are

appl ied ex ternal ly by bath ing in t he heated water. T he ch ief ai lmen ts forwhich su l ph ur waters are s tated to be e fficacious are : d iseases o f the ski n ,go u t , ch ro n ic rheumat ism, and s

‘

yph i l is , for t he t reatmen t o f s t i ff jo i n ts ,and gunshot wounds. besides i n cases o f chro n ic po ison ing -by mercu ry or

lead . T he Ban ff waters , Po t ton . V iauv ille, Caledon ia Su l phur. and Carlsbad Sul phu r, are waters o f th is natu re .

Fur ther de tai ls on t he med ici nal value of su l phu r waters wil l be fou ndon pages (149 desc ribi ng t he Bah ff spri ngs .

T he subjec t of t he therapeu t ic value o f spri ngs. on accoun t o f t hei rrad ioac t ive propert ies. i s t reated i n Part I of th is repo rt , pages 50-5 1 .

T HE ECONOM IC VALUE OF CANAD IAN M INERAL WATERS.

ST AT IST ICS.

The val ue1 o f mi neral water sh ipped from mi neral spri ngs i n bo t t lesor ba rre ls d uri ng 1916. amoun ted t o as compared wi thi n 1915 : i n 1 914 ; i n 1913 ;and i n 1912. Thesefigu res do no t i nclude t he value o f the mi neral wa ters used at spr i ng reso rt sfor drinki ng or

'

bat hing pu rposes , nor , o f cou rse , the money spen t by v isi to rsto such reso rts , primari ly a t trac ted there

'

by the prox imi ty o f the spri ngs.

1 John McLehh , Annual Report on t he M ineral Product ion of Canadadurina 1916; Canada M ine.Branch .D ept . of M ines.

1-57

The val ue o f pu re spri ng waters , so ld i n the bo t t led fo rm i n considerablequan t i ty. is also no t i ncluded i n the above re tu rns .

T he impo rts o f mi neral and aerated waters du ri ng t he calendar year1916 were valued a t $ 130,933 ;d ur i ng 1915 , du ri ng 1914.d uring 1913 , or i du ri ng 1912 a t T he expo rts o f

mi ne ral water du ring 1916 we re valued a t as compared withi n i n 1914 zand i n 1913 .

Fur ther sta t is tics o f t he prod uctio n , impo rts, and expo rts , are giveni n the an n ual repo rts on themi neral prod uct io n o f Canada , publ ished by theM i nes Branch , D epartmen t o f M i nes .

T he fo llowing is a l is t o f t he pri ncipal prod ucers o f mineral water.Those marked wi th an aster isk , were idle duri ng 1916 . Brands o f wate rdeno ted by a dagger have been analysed i n the co urse o f th is Wo rk .

160

T HE D EVELOPMENTl

OF CANAD IAN M I NERAL WAT ERS.

In comparat ively new ly se t t led coun tr ies , such as t he U n i ted St a tesand Canada . mi neral springs a re co ns ide red much less wo rthy o f at ten t io nthan they are i n linrop e

. Many spri ngs wh ich a re allowed t o ru n t o wastei n Canada Wo u ld be o f co nsiderable value i n G ermany . France , o r I t aly .

They fo rm a smal l bu t no t i nco nside rable frac t io n o f t henatu ral wealt h o f

a coun t ry , and t he t ime is oppo rt une t o draw at tent io n to r‘ossibilit ies o f

developmen t mi neral springs .

M i nera l springs may be developed i n two direct io ns : water from the

spri ngs may be bo t t led and so ld as table o r ape rien t water , acco rd i ng t o it s

composi t io n . o r san i to ria may be es tabl ished near the springs to enablepat ien ts to dri n k the waters at t he so u rce . The waters may somet imes beused for baths , especial ly i n t he case o f sulphur wate rs . U nfo rtunatel y ,there are no st at is t ics to show the re lat ive value o f t he two me thods . In

Europe i t is probable that greater financ i al re turns a t e. obtai ned from t he

developmen t o f mi neral spri ngs as heal th reso rts o r spas . Ye t some o f t heEuropean bo t t l i ng plan ts h ave a very large t rade . In 1912 fo r example ,t he Apo l l i nar is Company i n G e rmany had an o u tpu t o f t h ir ty- seven mi l l ionbo t t les o f water .

M i neral waters , bo t h table and aperien t waters. have bee n .impo rtedi n to Canada i n i ncreasi ngly large amou n ts , especial ly from Eu rope . and aglance at the sta t is t ics shows that eve n now the value o f t he impo rted wate rsis greater t han tha t o f t he domes t ic waters consumed . In t h is repo r t . i t i sshown that a t tempts have been made to find Canad ian waters o f eqq

value , wh ich can replace t he impo rted waters .

A l is t has a l ready been given o f the ch ief prod ucers o f bo t t led mi neralwaters i n Canada , and reference has been made t o such o f those waters ashav e bee n analysed in t he co u rse of th is i nvest igat io n , and which are on t he

market . The ch ief o f these are Bo r thwick , Sanitaris. Russell L i th ia ,Caledon ia , M agi , Adanac and D u ncan ,

'

Lau re nt ian , C u rd'

s Caledon iawater, V iauv ille , Richel ieu . Radno r;St . Leon , St . Severe , and St . G enev ieve .

These are ch iefly used as table waters , especial ly after they have bee n

carbo nated . They are mo re sal i ne t han most o f t he popu lar Eu ropeantable wa ters. ch ief among wh ich are Vichy , Apo l l i naris , Perr ier, St . G almie r ,Tau nus and Sel tzer Waters . Such waters are al kal i ne , and h ighly chargedw i t h carbo n d iox ide .

O f t hese , V ichy and Apo l linan s are impo rted i n the larges t quan t i t y .

T he ch ief co nst i tuen t of the Vichy waters is sod ium bicarbonate, and t hequan t i ty o f so l ids i n so l u t io n is smalI

.

—‘

o nly abo u t 400 parts per mi l l ion .

No ne.

o f t he waters i ncluded i n th is repo rt have a simi la r composi t ion .

T he t h ree pri ncipal spri ngs at V ichy are t he G rand“

G ri l le , Hopi ta l ,and Celes t ins , al l under t he co n t ro l of t he French G overnmen t . They

yield thermal waters wh ich con tain‘

much free c arbo n d iox ide. bu t l i t t le

mineral mat ter i n so lu t ion . Spri ngs o f simi l ar c omposi t ion , u nless theywere also the t hermal , migh t fail t o at t ract a t ten t ion i n Canada . I t is no t

improbable. howeve r. t hat s imi lar wa ters ex is t .

161

Analyses 0! [mp éd Tab le Waters.

Apollinar isd

SodiumsulphateSod iumphospha te .

Po tassium b ica rbonate"Sodium bicar lw no teMagnes ium bicar bona teCalc ium bicarbona teSt ront ium b icarbona te.

Ferrous bicarbonate .

Sil ica .

4 1 1 -0

Parts per Reac t ing Parts per'

React ingConst it uent se million. values mill io n. values

per ce nt . per cen t .

141 -0 1 1 -09

l l l l l l l l W ' 7 33 -33

41 1 -0 -0 100 -00

Concentratio n value 10 16 105 -08

16 6 0 20 -80'

‘Analyses in partsper mill ion calculated from those giyen in M ineral and AeratedWaters ,

by C . A. M ite ell , expressed in grains per pint , p. 16 .

"bid : re ference to analysis by Kyll p. 29.

T he principa. impo rted American table waters areWh i te Rock , Enflalo

i t hia . and Po land . Analyses o f these are given i n Bu l le t in No . 91 , on

the M i nera l Waters o f the U n ited Sta tes,” issued by the US . D ept .

Ag ricu l ture , Bu reau o f Chemist ry , 1907.

Several o f t he Canad ian waters a lready exami ned . have a somewhatsimi l a r compos i t io n t o t he we l l known impo rted Apo l l i nari s water, thoughabso l u te iden ti ty can

“

scarce ly be expected co nsider i ng the numero usco nst i t ue n ts o f ami nera l water and the complex cond i t io ns o f i t s fo rmat ion .

162

.

Wh i le the i ncipal const i t uen t of Apo l l inaris water may be conside red to besod iumbica rbo nate . o t he r sa l ts. such as sod ium chlo ride , sod ium sulpha te.calc ium and magnesium,

bicarbo nates. also fo rm part o f ( hi 1 nera lma t ter i n so lu t ion. Several Canad ian waters. such as La . .o .

Bl uebo nne t s (No . Riche l ieu Mou n t Bruno (No . 46 )G urd

'

s We ll.Beaudry St . , Mo nt rea l. (No . Philudo r (No . 55) and LoProv idence (No . 56) migh t replace Apo l l i n aris. tho ugh almos t al l o f t hesewate rs co n tai n r Li t ively mo re sod ium ch lo ride and less sod ium bicarbo nate.

Many mi ne ra l waters find the i r chie f m i ne as aperie n ts : espec ial l ywhen sulphates o f sod ium or magnesium fo rm a co nsiderable pro po rt io n o f

t he sal ine co nst i tuen ts. T he best know n Eu ro pean waters o f t h is characterare Apen ta.Hunyad i J anos. and Aeseulap. t he so u rces o f wh ich are al l s i tuated in Hungary . These have been impo rted i n large quan t i t ies , and havehad a considerable sale . Pl u to concen tra ted wa ter— t he so u rce 0 !wh ichis a t Fre nch Lick. I nd iana— is a lso popular. O the r “impo rted Ame ricanaper ien t waters are Red Raven. and Mo un ' C lemens. A ll t hese wate rs

are conce n t ra ted . and co n ta in large quan ti t ies of magne. ium and sod iumsulphates . No si n "at Canad ian waters have as ye t bee n exami ned .

Viauville w ater. Mon treal . somewhat resembles them. t ho ugh i t is muchless co ncen t rated , and co n tai ns a larger propor t io n of sod ium ch lo ride.

Co ncen tr ated Ca ledon ia D unca n wa ter is. however. successfully replac i ngthe foreign wat ers to some exeen t .

164

Re fere nc e has a l ready bee n made to t he simi la ri ty o f some o f t he .

st ro ngly sal ine wate rs . such as t he Abenakis waters . S t . G en evieve . St .

Sever e. Vare nnes . a nd St . Leo n . to t he s t ro ngly sa l i ne Eu ro pea n wate rs ,

part icu l arly tho se at l iomburg . K issi ngen. and h auhcim.

When mo re o i the pri ncipa l Canad ian mi ne ral spri ngs have bee nexami ned—fl smciaily t hose i n the N iagara peni nsula . and i n Bri t ish Co l umbia— it is proba ble t hat Canad ian waters wi ll he inund eq ua l i n eve ry respec tt o any o f the famousEu ropea n waters above re ferred to .

CANAD IAN M I NERAL SPR ING Resor t s.

No t mo re than a do zen mi neral spr i ng re so rt s i n Canada a re ope n a t

the pr esen t t ime. Seve ral h ave bee n tempo rari ly closed on accoun t o i t hefal l i ng o ii in

'

business due t o war co nd it io ns . Man y o f the fo l low i ng spri ngsa t wh ich san i tori a h ave bee n establ ished a re i ncluded amo ngst t hosedesc ribed i n t h is repor t h and i t is hoped t hat

'

t he remai nder wi ll event uall ybe the subject o i a simi l a r exami na t io n .

Passing iromeast t o west , Abenaki s Spri ngs.Que .. on t he St . Franco i sriver. i n Yamaska co un ty. is one o f t he few hea l t h reso rts i n Quebec . A

descript ion o f the spri ngs has al ready been given . They yield sal i ne watersand somewhat resemble t hose o f K i ss ingen or Nauheim Spas i n Ge rmany .

A san i to rium is - also es tabl ished a t Po t ton Spri ngs i n Brome co un ty. Que .

Po t ton su l phu r spri ng is a cal'

c ic. alka l i ne (sulphu re t ted ) water.Caledon ia Spri ngs is t he si te oi an ho tel and san i to rium. under the

managemen t o i t he Canadian Pac ific Railway . .T he ho te l is s i tua ted close

to t h ree o f t he spr i ngs— t he Caledo n ia Sa l i ne.Sulphur. and G as“

spr i ngs .A san i to rium is establ ished a t Carlsbad Spri ngs. near O t tawa . Furt her

pa rt icu la rs are given i n t he desc ript io n of the spri ngs. wh ich range iromal kal i ne to st ro ngl y saline. .w it h i n te rme diate mix tu res o i the two types o f

wate rs .

St . Cat het ines. near N iagara Fal ls. is one o f the oldes t o f Canadian

mi neral water reso r ts . One spri ng is repo rted t o have been i n use si nce

Several san i toria enable visi to rs to ut i l ize the waters wi t h t he

greatest benefi t . The springs y ield strongly sa l i ne. bromic. and iod icwaters. and resemble the celebrated wa ters of Kreuznach i n Pruss ia . No

wo rk has ye t bee n do ne by t he M i nes Branch on these waters , nor on t he

Presto n mi neral spr i ngs. wh ich a re a group o f sulphu r waters si tuated i n

Waterloo co un ty. Ontario .

A sa n i tor ium is also s i t uated i n Winn ipeg : t he Wi n n ipeg M i neralSprings San i tor ium. u nder t he di rec tion oi D r . A . D .

“ Carscal len . No

exami na t io n o f these springs has ye t been made .

Themos t famous o f al l Canad ian springs is undo ubted ly the group o f

hot su l phu r spri ngs at Banii .A lber ta . fu l l detai l s of wh ich have aiready bee ngiven. and at ten t io n has been drawn t o the grea t poss ibi l i t ies o f Banfl

'

as a hea l th reso r t .combin i ng as i t doesmagnificen t scenery.brac ing cl imate.

l 6 5

and Valuable . rad ioac t ive ho t sulphur springs . A sanitoriunt has b ee nest abl ished i n Ban i! io r many years. and a modern hydropat h ie establ ishme n t has M o re recent ly bee n M i l t . be sides t he provisio n made at SandSpringsHo te r many o i the smcial Euro p

e an b'

t t hs u t td nm Al t ho ugha t pre se n t Ban tu owes i t s popu la ri t y almo s t en t i re l y as to urist cent re .t he re are great ptm ibilit ies i n i t s deve lo pment as a heal t h reso r t .

Harris on Ho t Su l phur Springs i n i rit ish C o lombian - famed in the

west fo r t he i r cura t ive pro pert ies. and visi ted by inval ids trom manyplace. o u t he Pac ific (

”

ru st— hav e no t as ye t . bee n exami ned . no r t he no tedHalc yo n Ho t Spri ngs o n Arrow Lake . Bf . Ho tels are si t uated at bo t h o t

t hese spri ngs . I t is desi rable th .t complete i nvest igat io n sho u ld be mat'

o i t he se wate rs as s oo n as oppo r t u n i t y oc curs .( lrea t deve lo pment and improVemt -n ts , however. wil l be necessa

lte io re t hes e mi neral spring res ort s can compare wit h Europe an o r eve nAmer ican spas. such as Saratog a Springs. t he G len Spri ngs. N .Y . . and theArkansas Ho t Spri i . When one co nsiders t he co nd it io ns wh ich have .

up t o t he prese n t . pre railed i n Canada. i t is hard ly to be expected t hat i n soyo ung at co unt ry much at tent io n wo u ld have bee n g i ven t o t he dcw lopmen to i i t s mi nera l water re so u rces. Neve r t he less. the w ate rs compare iavmi rably wi t h simi la r European waters. and when the demand ar ise s. suchart ific ial at t ract io ns as we l l equippet ho tels , sa tiit oria and baths w il l soo nbe es tabl ished .

166

Table of Spring.Arranged According to Class.

Alkal i ne

BicarbonatedWatso n Fos te rWel l , Mo n treal . No . 43

Bluebo n net s We l l. No . 50

Celes tine Spri ngs.Vichy. FranceCelt ic

Adanac.Bo u rge t No . 30

G uarantw d M i l k Co'

sWel l .Mon

treal .Po t to n Sulph ur Spring

A l kal i ne-Sal i neM uriatedSod ic .

Berth ier. Que No . 62

Cmedonia. Art esian'

Sulphur No . 29

D uncan No . 28

G as No . 27

Sal i ne No . 25

Su l phu r No . 26

.G urd

’

s less sal i ne No .

Carlsbad L i t h ia No . 20

Soda NO . 19

Su l ph ur No . 15

Laure n t ian Spring. Mo n trea l , No . 36

Maski no nge. Que .. No . 63

Mo un t St . Bru no , Que.. No . 46

Richel ieu . Chambly , Que .. No . 49

Russe l l L i t h ia , Bourge t , Ont , NO . 1 7

Sanitaris. NO . 14

St . Hyaci n t he.‘

Que Philudor No . 55

Que .. La Providence , No . 56 .

St . Leon , (Lupien ) , Que., No . 57

St . Severe , Que.. No . 58

Varennes, Que No . 48

Sod ic and calcicG urd

’

s wel l.Beaud ry St . , Mon t real . No . 37

Sa l ineSulphatedCalc ic.

Banfl , A l pine C l ub Sprin g. No . 71

Au tomobile Rd . Spri ng , No . 70

Cave Spri ng. NO . 68

PAG E

168

BIBLIOG RAPHY OF M ETHODS OF CLASSI FICAT ION OFM INERALWATERS .

FRENCH AND ENGL ISH CLASSIF ICAT IONS.

Based on the predominating consti tuen ts of the waters.

I ngram and Royle.

“Na tural M i neral Waters : the i r properties and uses.

1 2th ed i tion , Lo ndon , 191 1 .

M i tchel l C . Ainswort h ,“M i neral and Aera ted Wa ters , Van Nos trand ,

1913 .

D ict ionnai re des Eaux M i nérales , Paris, 1860.

M ayer, Hen ri ,“Les Moyens de découvoir les Eaux so u terrai nes ct de les

u t ilizer," Par i s, 1912.

G ERMAN CLASSIF ICAT IONS.

Fou rteen or fifteen classes depending on thepredominatingconsti tuents.

Hans Ho fer von Heimhal t G ru ndwasser u nd Quel len , Braunsweig , 1912.

D eutsches Baderbuch , 191 2.

I sh izu “T heM i neral Spr i ngs of Japan .

Tokyo Imperial Hygien ic Labo rato ry. 1914.

AMER ICAN CLASSIF ICAT IONS.

Wa l to n . The M i neral Springs of the U n i ted Sta tes and Canada , p. 34

1892.

Anderso n , M i nera l Springs and Heal th Reso r ts of Cal i fo rn ia, pp. 21 - 38,

1892.

Crook , T. K . M i neral Waters o f the U n i ted Stat es and thei r Therapeuti cUses.

" p. 30. 1890.

Schwei tz er . “G eo logical Su rvey of M issou ri , vol. I I I ;Report on M i neral

Waters. pp . 23 -25, 1892.

Peale , A. C . ,

“A Syst em of Physio logic Therapeu ti cs, ed ited by S. S.

Cohen , p. 302, vol . 9.

HaYWOOd. J . K.

“M i neral Wat ers o f the U n i ted Sta tes, U. 5 . D ept . AgrBur. of Chem., Bul . 91 , p. 9, 1907.

Ski n ner, W. W.

“Ame rican M ineral Wate rs : The New England States.

U . 5 . Dept . Agn ,Bur. of Chem. , Bul . 1 39, 191 1 .

169

IND EX.

Abenald e

nd san itary .

GHudson Bay spri ngs, Sal t r iverimported apenent

minu s! waters.ion ic le i-moi . .

M iddle spring, Banfl. .

M ission springs, Sal t r iverMont real Jocke C lub welMount Bruno loral CoPhiludor springPo t ton a ri ngRadnor orges springR ichelieu spring.

R ussel l lit hia water.

St . GenevieveSt .

(LupienSaline spring, Caledonia

170

Ans lysls: S i ne well , 1 12 BesudryI

StSanitarisSnake Mountain sprinstatement o f results 0 chemical"Sulphur Point spr ing.

Sulph ur spring, Caledonia

Upper hot springamll

m

;VarennesVermilion hu tes springVia uvi lle mineral water .

Victoria sulphur spring.

Watson, Foster Co.

’s well, Montreal .

Arsenic in mineral waters .

Art esian sulphur spring , Caledonia

lut ure ol nhot sulphur springsrare gases of atmosphere absentsprings : mos t famous in Canada .

sulphur springs . val uewarm s

nr tng on automobile road

Baril. D r. G .-ana lysit made of Riche lieu s riresemblanc

ebetween Via uvi le

pel gag, Banff uBath hot spnpringu, Eng land. .

Bel l, Wal lace: wel l at St . Bruno dri lledr

lz

'

n, Daniel : owner Via uville mineBert hier : mineral spr ing at . .

Bl uebonnets : Montreal Jockey Club welBon hwlckmineral spring

Wm.—

_

own_

er mineral springBowman t p.

— spri :~g inBoyd, T homas : owner Carlsbad spr ing

M ineralWater CoCamsell, Char les : samples co l lected

'

in

Canadia n Aerated CoCarlsbad SpringsCave and baain s

Chambly Basin , e.— R ichel ie u spu

'nChemica l element s in mineral waters .

tests”Cleric. F.W.

—i'ela t ion 0 1 chein iml const i tuen ts togeologic format io ns“

Cole, L. H —saline springs in Albert a”

D iamond Park spring, Amprior .

D ivina mineral waterDominion spring, PakenhamD uncan spring, Caledonia Springs .

EEconomic value ol Canadian mmeml wa ters "

E ve, Prof. A. S.-radium in T ren ton lime "

F alard, Prof. F — /E_

tna spring waterFerland Alf red : spring at St . Beno it

172

Montreal Jocke C l ubwell, Bl uebonnets.

Mount Bruno ral Co.

'

s well, St . Bruno .

mc compo unds in some

Palmer, Chase : method of classificat ionPhiludor spring, St .

Plan tagene t mineral springPat t on spring, Pat t on t p .

Preston mineral springs .

Radlcles : present in min eral waters.Radioact ive t est l . .

“Radi um” water”Radnor Fo rges l pn ng, -Que. ,

mineral water.Water Co .

React ing values“Richelieu s ring, Chanibly B Que .

Ro usseau , . .C — St . Leon mineral water"

R ussell Lit liia M ineral Water Co“

l i thiaLa

y i

ngRut tan, Pr F .fi nalysis D uncanspring, Caledonia Springs. .

gas sprin g, Caledoniainvest iga t ion Caledonia Spring s waters

St . Benoi t s ngSt ‘ Bruno z ount Bruno F loral Co .

’s we llSt . Ca ther ines mineral spriaSt . Franco is nu Lac : AbenaEs springsSt . Genevieve de Batisca nSt . Hyac in the M in eral Water L O .

Philudor s rin gSt . Leon M ineral Water

spnng(Lupieri)

St . Severe : E tna spr ing .

Sal ine spring. Caledonia Spr ings.s s s s

f eumont

‘

realSuit : gathered from sal ine spr ings in

made fromminera l spring at Si Genevieve.Samples, co llect -2 .1 oi .

Sani tar i mineral wa ' - r .

M in eralWater CoSisters of La Me ta i rie : spr ing on farm of .Snake Mountain

wingsSo l is, Napo leon . hi ludor springon faSpring water as dis tin gu ished from well waterStar mineral waterSulph ur Po int spring , Aiberta

spr ing, Ca ledonia Spri riJasper Park, Algae)

T et rmu , Geo rge : owner Richelieu sprT herapeu t ic value of mineral sprin gs .

T herapeu tics of sulphur spring waters .

Upper hot coring.

Vermil ion Chum

Waltz/ilk: w inz-ral waterVic toria Sulphur opti ng, Carleton

Wat-on Fost er Co 's. we ll.Maloonneuve.

Wal t W. E .— Abenakio upf ingu.

weed’

.w . H. of Yellowstone pmWh i te, Robert and Co.

—o wncn Laun nt ian opt ing.

Wi l l ia mso n . D r. James mn lysls of Caledonia Sprung; wat eu .

Winm’

M ineral Springs Sani tori um.

Wright‘

sA.— 1 u i ton um at Po tton

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