The Change of New China

Introduction

Text:

1.1. Basic necessaries

1.2. Employment and society care

2. The change of industry

3. The change of economy

4. The change of agriculture

5. The change of science and technology

Conclusion

Business and

Technology

Jianmei

Wei

Shuang

Su

IntroductionWhen people look back through history of China, 1978 is a

of importance year. Because China implemented the reform

and “opening up” policy in this year. This is the key

action and vital revolution which decide China’s fate. In

this policy, economical reform toward a market-oriented

economy and has been recognized as essentially successful

and consequently drive the develop of all industries.

From that time, enormous changes have taken place in

China. The economic and social development as well as

urban and rural living standards has been unprecedented

boom. This paper will survey these change and relevant

brief policy from a few aspects in 30 years after the

reform and opening up.

Text 1.1 Basis necessaries of lifeCloth: Clothes should be the directly change, which

people (especially for middle-aged and old people) can

see in the normal life. Before economic reform, the plan

system control the market. Workers was regulated to wear

the same clothes in one company and many companies have

similar color and style. At the same time, not only for

workers, people between the country and countryside

almost had two same style of cloths. The whole of China

were living in the era of such a monotony of clothing.

Thus, many foreigners at that period called Chinese as

“Blue ant”, which means everyone looked likes no

difference. However, with the developing of economic and

society, people realize the meaning of respecting and

showing the different character of human. Cloth directly

reflect individuals’ taste. Nowadays, pursuing special

and fashion cloths has become a major thing in the normal

life. As the result of this, color and style of cloths

has been largely diversified. Plus material and character

also vary to a large extent.

Food: In the history, New China did had the great famine.

Because of the big population, food had been a big issue

for Chinese in a long time. Food coupon was the product

of plan system. Only when people held the food coupon

could buy the food. However, even this, sometimes people

held the food coupon still couldn’t buy because there

was no enough food for everyone. Many people were under

nutrition in that period. But, now the material life have

been largely rich. People can find all they want in the

supermarkets and stalls and buy what they choose. People

eat not only for not hungry, but for fun and enjoy. What

is worth raising, toady “keep a balance diet, take

exercise and be a healthy life” has been public service

adverting in some TV program. Because the high-fat, high-

calorie and high-salt diet are such popular. Over energy

and a sedentary lifestyle has contribute to serious

health issue in whole society. Before economic reform,

potherb was used to satisfy one’s hunger, but now has

become the healthy and expensive food in the restaurants.

This significant change can reflect the huge economic

growth in recent 30 years. In addition, because people

treat food have more choice, the supplier use some

chemical material to make food have a better shape, good

color or better taste. Supervising safety of food also

become more and more important in China.

Living condition: In the past, even different regions

had different house character. Most of time, the house

was bungalow. The outside style was simple and usually

inside the room, there were only few necessary furniture.

At that time, the house belong to the part of the

welfare , the owner is government, once people have job,

the company will allocate the house. So , it was pretty

popular there were few families living in one overcrowd

place. Totality, the housing conditions and living

standard was bad. However now, the bungalows have become

the high building and large mansions. People can choose

the living pattern, the interior design looks much better

than before. Furthermore, the rich have more option,

house , flat, cottage and so no. This case result from

the technology advance and house policy change.

Technology is no double, people suppose the policy will

be the most important cause. In the past, as house as the

welfare, people were provided houses when they were

using. But from 1988, government implemented new living

policy: living house has turned into commodity. People

will own the house after they have afford the house. At

the beginning of this policy, people protested new

policy, but had to accept. After a few year, the

achievement show that: House become private property

encourage people putting more attention on the living

condition and enhancing the belong of family. Living

standard highly improve. This is a wise policy. Real

estate industry also contribute to push economic in a

large degree. However, in recent year, the price of house

grew up as the crazy speed, house still a big issue for

all the Chinese. A big amount of younger generation can’t

afford the new house by themselves. Some of them will

ask for help for patents. Hence, the high price house

have cause a series of society issue. Especially for the

people who fall in love and want to form a family, house

become a trail for two families. This also force a very

special nation condition.

Traffic : The traffic source was limit before 1978, the

major public transport was bicycle and bus. And since

routine of buses was also limit and the coach was crowed,

bicycle was the best choice. In that period, bicycle was

so popular that China was called “the kingdom of

bicycle”. In other words, the road construction lagged

behind and traffic was not convenient in the normal life.

After 1978, the government planned to build road

construction. In December 1984, the Shanghai-Jiading

expressway began to construct in Shanghai, and in October

31, 1988 was opened to traffic. This was China's first

highway opened, from this, the history of China's highway

construction had opened a new page. In addition to inter-

provincial highway, many provinces built the short

highway construction in the area, trying to form a

nationwide highway network. Hence, as all people can see

in the surrounding, the traffic include the railway,

freeway, airway has integrated pretty well. There were

some figures: up to 2009, total length of highways and

road density had grew three times more than 1978,

reaching 60,300 km highway from scratch and ranking

second in the world; The total highway bridges built

nearly four times more than 1978. Beside, Su Tong Bridge,

Hangzhou Bay Bridge, Tunnel were the construction with

high technology, leading the word advance level. At the

same time, the rural mileage reached to 3.13 million km.

In which, new rural asphalt (cement) road was 2,550,000

km, four times more than before the economic reform in

1978. These figures show the transport make leaps and

bounds. Inside the city, the transport facilities has

been integrated. Public transport are convenient. Beside,

every family has private transport. The number of private

car become 25 times than 1978. Now, Government has to

and has made some policies to control the cars in order

to solve the traffic jam and control the air pollution.

1.2 Employment The economic system change from the planning system into

market-oriented system. Accompanying this, employment

structure also changed totally different. Before the

reform, the job was a secure job. The workers just did

what they were distributed and always stayed the same.

The government would pay the salary and give the welfare

for workers. People under this system had no passion and

have no the aware of competition. After reform, the

individual company has the power to make salary policy

and hire the employees. In this case, company will have

option to choose the workers who are suitable and more

efficient for different job. For employees, having more

ability means earlier to find a job and has higher

payment. In this new system, company and workers have the

same goal to promote the productivity and interest. The

market become strong and bustling. On one hand, this

system has largely absorb talent workers and promote many

people have the job. On the other side, employment

opportunities also become a bigger problem. The press of

job is unmatched by any period in the China’s history.

The big population is the biggest reason which can’t

ignore. The research show: China should use the nature

resource, business resource and knowledge resource to

supply placement for 26% population of the whole world,

whereas American should supply less than 5% population in

the same condition. Secondly, China’s industry structure

is not mature and balance. Three big industry structure

can absorb different amount of workers. Owing to the

high-tech development and innovation, laboring saving

machines and mass-product let the number of workers in

first and second industry decrease. However, the third

industry still haven’t absorb big amount of workers

because of workers’ quality and region policy these

restrict reasons. Thirdly, also should be the very

controversy and urgent question. Companies need talent

workers and they did have lack of workers. Still, many

persons can’t find a job. Especially for college students

—high quality workers. This situation reflect one society

issue: China education is lack of job training and job

skill. The college students have the theoretical

knowledge but are short of practicing which connect their

own major. Job opportunity connect with every family and

control the stable of a country. China has made a lot of

policy to enhance the job ability of students and promote

job opportunity. Like other urgent issue, government need

time to solve problem, we believe all Chinese try

together and can adapt to the industry change.

1.3 Society care Society care is a symbol of the society development.

Before the reform and at the beginning of reform, the

society care was “cooperation insure” that was coordinate

with planning system. Salary was provided by the state,

so in the same company, people would have the same

society care. And if people allow the state-own company,

this company insurance include of medical treatment,

living out in the retirement. Even the issues of worker’s

next generation would be solved, because the new

generation would be replace when the old workers would

retire. As “cooperation insurance” could not adapt to the

change of new economic structure, the government tried

to change smoothly into “society insurance”. At the first

stage, which company could began to choose employees by

themselves, new employee would get the insurance

according to the contract, which company and workers both

agreed. Meanwhile, some old workers in the company would

keep the “ cooperation insurance”. As old generation

gradually retired, the new system would replace the old

system. At the second stage, government began to put into

effect “Social pooling and individual accounts ”, which

is still used by current society. Social pooling includes

two points: the company will provide some welfare for

employees and the employee need pay some money for

retirement welfare to the company. This part payment will

become bigger insurance and give back to employees after

they retire. Beside, people also can choose to buy the

insure for themselves outside the company. This measure

can cover all the people, the worker in state-own company

and individual enterprises. As for some people, which

have no company insurance and can’t afford to buy

individual insure, government will provide the extra

welfare to help them keep living. In fact, this new

insure system transform the welfare assignment from

nation to company and individuals. This welfare system

matches the market-orient system, which imposes

individuals to think independently about the normal life

and encourage to work to live a better life.

2.The changes of IndustryFour periods of China’s industrial development

process:

1. Industrial economy in the new democratic society

(1949/10-1952)

From the standpoint of productivity, this period is the

period of economic recovery. Renewing industrial and the

national economy is facing a variety of great

difficulties. During this period, the development of

recovering industrial production is fast, technology has

improved rapidly, industrial structure and regional

distribution changed significantly, the efficiency of

industrial economic markedly improved.

2. Industrial economy during the transition period rom

New Democracy to socialism social society (1953-1957)

This period is to establish an initial base period of

socialist industrialization. Industrial structure and

regional distribution had a majority of changes.

Industrial ownership structure had fundamental changes ,

industrial economic efficiency improved significantly,

industrial workers living improved markedly.

3. Implementation of the industrial economy planned

economy period (1957 to 1976)

As traditional industries but an economic weaknesses oil

industry, as well as access to the chemical industry and

the electronics industry's rapid development of new

industries, the nuclear industry as a high-tech industry

and aerospace industry to get a breakthrough development.

"Bombs and one satellite" is also successful during this

period.

4. The market-oriented reform industrial economic period.

Today, China is not only able to manufacture aircraft,

ships, automobiles, but also the manufacture of

artificial earth satellites and modern industrial

equipment. One system with a certain level of technology,

a relatively complete and independent industrial has

been established.

Along with the growth of modern industry and a mature

system of information technology, China, an agricultural

country in the state of "poverty and blankness" has

become an industrial giant.

. 

Thanks to unremitting efforts, China has established a

modern industrial system and some of homemade industrial

products have been among the world's top standard.

Moreover, "Made in China" is now famed the world over. To

ensure Chinese products are safe for consumers in China

and around the world, the central and local governments

are stepping up efforts in quality supervision and

inspection.

By the end of 2008, 210 kinds of home-made industrial

products have ranked first worldwide; home-made units

have taken up over 80 percent of total national installed

power generation; and over 90 percent of 10-million-ton-

level oil refinery equipment.

China First Automobile Works Group Corp. (FAW) was one of

the 156 major projects during the First Five-Year period.

China chose to give priority to the development of heavy

and national defense industry. A number of cities

featuring production and manufacturing of coal, steel and

iron, chemical and machinery products as well as textile

laid the foundations for the country's industrial

development.

3.The changes of EconomyIn 1949 China’s economy was suffering from the

debilitating effects of decades of warfare. Many mines

and factories had been damaged or destroyed. The chief

goal of the government for the 1949-1952 period was

simply to restore the economy to normal working order. By

1952 price stability had been established, commerce had

been restored.

In 1953-1957 period, it’s the First Five-Year Plan,

Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership

under Mao Zedong,Zhou Enlai, and other revolutionary

veterans was prepared to embark on an intensive program

of industrial growth and socialization. In terms of

economic growth the First Five-Year Plan was quite

successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the

Soviet-style development strategy.

In 1958-1965,this period is great leap forward,  In 1958

the Second Five-Year Plan (1958–1962), which was intended

to continue the policies of the first plan, was

abandoned.  In its place the leadership adopted an

approach that relied on spontaneous heroic efforts by the

entire population to produce a dramatic "great leap" in

production for all sectors of the economy at once. Faced

with economic collapse in the early 1960s, the government

sharply revised the immediate goals of the economy and

devised a new set of economic policies to replace those

of the Great Leap Forward.

In 1966-1976 period, The Cultural Revolution, unlike the

Great Leap Forward, was primarily a political upheaval

and did not produce major changes in official economic

policies or the basic economic model.

Beginning in 1978, the government decided to undertake a

program of gradual but fundamental reform of the economic

system. By 1987 the program had achieved remarkable

results in increasing supplies of food and other consumer

goods and had created a new climate of dynamism and

opportunity in the economy.

In1990-2000period, China's economy regained momentum in

the early 1990s.  Continuity in the political system but

bolder reform in the economic system were announced as

the hallmarks of the 10-year development plan for the

1990s. In 2000, China successed in its three-year effort

to make the majority of large state owned enterprises

(SOEs) profitable.

In2000-Present, Sustained and rapid economic growth, the

role of market mechanisms in economic life is enchanced,

with public ownership as the mainstay of various economic

sectors coexist being formed. China's economy has entered

a competitive era, gradually centralized production and

efficiency to competitive enterprises.

4.The changes of AgricultureOver the past 50 years. Especially, 30 years of after

reforming and opening up. China has made remarkable

achievements in agricultural development. Although

Chinese population increased by over 2.4-fold (from 540

million in 1949 to 1.3 billion in 2006), but the growth

rate of agricultural production exceeded population

growth, making the availability of food greatly improved. Since the establishment of New China, China's grain

production from over 100 million t in 1949 to exceeded

490 million t in 1998. Grain yield is nearly 400 million

t, with an average annual yield more than 800 million t;

Simultaneously, Per capita food energy intake rose from

7117kJ in early 1960s to 10 885kJ in late 1990s, the

total number of undernourished people in from 193 million

in 1990-1992 declined to 116 million in 1997-1999: The

rural poor from 250 million in 1978 fell to 21.48 million

in 2000 ,it created a magic that with world's arable

land accounts for 1/10 of the world to feed the 1/5 of

the population. In fact, from the mid-1980s, China has

become a net exporter of agricultural products, and to

the mid-1990s, China has become a net exporter of food.

Now I will introduce the two aspects of agricultural

research, these two aspects played a very important role

in promoting the development of agriculture.

The research of agricultural mechanization and

agricultural technology facilities:

Promoting the use of agricultural intelligence,

mechatronics, joint operations of other technical

achievements. Improve and expand the main crop

mechanization technology to solve a number of technical

problems on production. The rapidly development of

agricultural technology facilities has play a significant

role for the "basket" product supplied.

The research of Biotechnology and other high-tech:

It realized major breakthrough in hybrid rice, transgenic

cotton, wheat dwarf defeated, major livestock diseases

and other core technology. Creating a space breeding

technology system, produced a number of new varieties of

rice, wheat, cotton, green peppers, tomatoes and other

new lines. Especially, the research of hybrid rice has

made a significant contribution to increasing food

production. The use of nuclear transfer and transgenic

techniques to obtain new varieties of high quality

aquatic products.

Chinese government's policy guides the direction of the

development of China’s agriculture. The new police

approach proposed to accelerating the development of

modern agriculture as the focus, and effectively improve

agricultural production capacity, insist to accelerate

the formation of the sustainable development of the new

agricultural situation , the development of agriculture

and rural economical society has entered a new stage.

5.The Development of Science and TechnologyThe first project, "Development of science and technology

strategy.":

First, the establishment of research institutions.

Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1949, and gradually

established a scientific system. Second, make the

development plan of science and technology. Subsequently,

Developed and implemented a vision for the development of

Chinese science and technology and the "Ten-Year Plan".

the implement of two programs make Chinese science and

technology have a more comprehensive development, laid

the foundation for science and technology modernization.

The second stage is the "Cultural Revolution" period,

China's science and technology cause serious damage, but

made a breakthrough. 。 This phase has achieved

technological achievements: the first hydrogen bomb and a

missile exploded successfully,completed the Nanjing

Yangtze River Bridge, "The East is Red" was successfully

launched on the 1st, hybrid rice breeding and so on. The

third stage is the 1978 after "Cultural Revolution" ,

China's technology industry has entered a new period of

vigorous development. 1978 was a turning point in China's

socialist construction. This stage, China Technology

Development has experienced three periods: 1.1978 in

March, developed a National Science and Technology

Development Plan, affirmed the "Science and technology

are primary productive forces", China's science and

technology ushered in a new spring. 2.1985 years, the

government made a "decision on the science and technology

system." 3.1995, the party and the government "education"

strategy to further promote the integration of technology

and economy, science and technology promoted the

development of productive forces,and also to promote the

economic development of science and technology has

entered a new phase with each passing day.

The second project "from bombs and one satellite" to

manned spaceflight:

Firstly, the government made the development of "two

bombs one satellite" strategic decision, and secondly,

"two bombs and one satellite" program significant

results. China successfully exploded its first atomic

bomb; made missiles experiments successful with China

self-design, strengthen the defense forces; First

developed by China's rocket launch success and the launch

of the first artificial earth satellite, declaring that

China entered the space age first. Thirdly, after "bombs

and one satellite", China continued to climb to a higher

peak of science and in nuclear science and space

technology fruitful, has been among the world's advanced

level. Fourthly, Strategic decision-making of China's

manned space project and the "Shenzhou" Flying on the 5th

great achievements. China has become the world's third

country to master manned space technology and world's

space powers.

The third Project: "Yuan Longping and hybrid rice." The

rapid development of modern biotechnology belongs to

forefront of the development of modern science and

technology with great significance. Longping's hybrid

rice has a deep relationship with human lives, is on

behalf of high-tech development.

ConclusionAfter the foundation of New China, under the correct

leadership of the government, industry, economy, science

developed rapidly. China has gradually become the Eastern

powers, and occupies a pivotal position in the world. And

formally joined the World Trade Organization, to speed up

the construction of China's economic development, improve

the socialist market economy, and make it international.

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