THE BADAGA - Nelikolu Charitable Trust

THE BADAGA Language 1

A practical key to

THE BADAGALanguage

R.K.Haldorai

Nelikolu Publishing HouseKekkatty Village, Ellanhalli Post

The Nilgiris - 6432432011

2 THE BADAGA Language

A Practical key to the Badaga Language

Dr.R.K.Haldorai

Nelikolu Publishing HouseKekkatty Village, Ellanhalli Post

The Nilgiris - 643 243

First Edition: May 2011

Price : Rs.80/-

Type setting : J.Thilagavathy

Printing : Thamizh NilamChennai - 600035Ph.9444440449.


Nelikolu Charitable Trust

R.Sivakumar, M.A.,B.L.,

Advocate

High Court, Madras.

We would like to claim that the Badaga community was un-chartedterritory till Nelikolu charitable trust’s publications put it on the recordingmap. The publications aim to serve both the indigenous population as wellas the outside scholars and general public. Of course it is an ardent task andwe carried out with diligent effort. The appreciation that we got from generalpublic and scholars encouraged us to do more and more such work. Thestandard of the publications are scholarly in nature and earned even theTamil Nadu Government’s best author award for two years (2006 and 2008).The charitable trust was founded eight years ago to promote Badaga cultureand language and also bring together Badaga speaking population in vari-ous places. Besides publications we organize cultural programmes and con-duct seminars and language classes. We believe that language is the pre-server of culture and that one’s mother tongue is precious. Hence we con-duct language classes at various places to infuse the idea to the students.To our surprise students learn the newly introduced Badaga letters within ashort time and normal ease.

The trust plans to record all the matters connected with Badaga com-munity and make them available in printed form. It also plans to take them tothe younger generation. We travelled even to the remote Badaga villages,studied people’s lives and understood their psyche. It not only enriched usbut also humbled us a lot. We have always been liberal in nature. So wenever felt disappointed with the adverse phase of our endevour. The infor-mation that we got from the village elders made us to look back to the pastwith pride.

Badagas never think of selling grains nor did they traditionally sellmilk. Butter milk was given away for free to poor members of the community.They considered selling milk was like selling their own prestige. They up-


hold the human values. Do your duty constantly and help by the way ofkind and service to the needy, even to stranger was the motto of the peopleof those times. There is therefore , no wonder that they attained to the highdegree of social life. The informations like these kindled us to go furtherdeeper in that subject.

Even while pursuing out our economic growth we need to do a lot topreserve the rich treasures of our culture and civilization. Life style withoutaltering the traditional values is the utmost important. Nelikolu Trust isformed with the main objective of revival, development and identification ofBadaga values. Continuous process of providing design input to make theproducts having more utilitarian value and suitable for contemporary lifestyle. In a major initiative to the access of the Badaga speaking people wedecided to translate rare works in Tamil, English etc. into Badaga language.Under this project first we resolved to take the famous Tirukkural of Tamillanguage.

The writing skill of Dr. R.K. Haldorai fascinated me when I noticed itsay about twenty years ago. His scholarship in Dravidian languages andallied subject is praise worthy. I waited more than a decade to utilize hisservice. When Kunde Bikkatty late H. Nanjundan came forward to publishhis writings, to make everything systematic I advocated to form the Nelikolucharitable Trust with roping up Kekkatty R. Dharuman and Bikkol B. Babuji.Now the trust is credited with eleven standard publications in Tamil andEnglish and it is looking forward to bring more such things. I hope that thesepublications will stimulate further detailed study in this area and will beuseful for applicational work for the development of Badaga language andculture. We remember with gratitude the cooperation of informents and thehelp rendered by others.It is natural that all of us have a sentimental attach-ment for the place we were born. But after peeping the glorious period of ourforefathers I would like to tell that I wish to be born here again because Ihave more work left to do.


Introduction

Badaga, the native language of Nilgiri hills, is an unwritten language.This language is here since many centuries without any record of its own.Tamil is used as the language of official transaction in Nilgiris for the last fewdecades. It is said, language is mirror of mind. So it is necessary to learn aparticular language to know the given society whole. But unlike the devel-oped (cultivated) the unlettered languages pose a great difficulty, that islack of script. The Badaga language has no alphabet of its own. Themultilingular Nilgiri hills fascinated many eminent linguists. At a first sightBadagas resemblence to Kananda might have left it in lurch as the otherlanguages like Toda, Kota caught many linguistic scholars, foreigners too.Even the famous comparative linguist Robert Caldwell in his enumeration ofDravidian languages gives position to Badaga under Kannada and declaresas, it is undoubtly an ancient Kannada dialect.

Because of this Badaga attracted no scholars for indepth study. In thisconnection it is worth to mention the reputed Dravidian linguistM.B.Emeneau’s assertion about his less acquintance of Badaga language.The following his letter to Rev.Philip K. Mulley of Coonoor reveals this

Dear Rev.Mulley

Many thanks for your letter of May 2nd and its many usefulnotes on Badaga linguistics. When I again get to study this, I shallno doubt be able to make good use of your knowledge. Meanwhile,other rather urgent matters are keeping me busy - to my regret. Iwish I knew more about Badaga and its varieties than I was able tolearn from Desing sixty years ago. The Toda language, and to alesser extent Kota, keep me busy in my old age.

With all best wishes and many thanks.

I am, Yours sincerelysd.

June,2-1996 M.B.EmeneauHowever modern scholars studied Badaga language throughly during lasttwo decades and declared its position as an independent language.


We feel very happy to note that the modern linguistic scholars havebeen doing sizeable work in describing various social and dialect of lan-guage using modern linguistic techniques.

In this small piece of work, some grammatical features of Badagahave been taken to describe. But it is not given seperately, an attempt hasbeen taken to enunciate the language’s grammatical points by presentingwords and sentences with meaning. Anyhow my attempt is only a fraction ofwhat remains to be done.

The Badaga language is written in Tamil and Roman letters andfollowed by meaning in English. Tamil letters’ inadequency in representingthe Badaga phonemes is overcome by giving a small round mark prior to fewletters and Roman letters by giving some diacritical marks.

R.K.Haldorai


Kª0jhLe kh¤J

eh¡F 0bg£l0bjh kh¤jh0Lt 0g0l0F kh¤J0f vS¤J

ïšby. je0f vª0J 0gbu bjh0bl V0J ïšyh0bj üU

fz¡fh0bj 0gU[hª0j < kh¤J ïšÈ m0l0bj. xÌ 0gU[hª0j

jÄS kh¤J mYty0f 0bfy[0fh0» ïšÈ m0l0bj. kh¤J ke[

njhÇ[&t fªeh0o vª0J nA0»ahu. m0J vª0j xª0J k¡ft g¤â

mut0J vª0jby mt¡fu kh¤j mut0J f£lha. Mby xŸs§0bf

0bjh0£0o0j kh¤J kh¡bf ïšyh0bj je0f vª0J 0gbu

ïšyh0bj kh¤J0bfht mut0J0f fÞl. 0g0l0F0f ïªe0bf£l

vS¤J ïšby. eh¡F 0bg£lbeh m0Lt 0ngbu kh¤J0bfh xy0f

msîe MuhŒ¢áahsu ï0f¤â0âbt. 0bjh0jt, nfh¤j

kh¤J0bfht MuhŒ¢á kh0Lt0J0f 0ngbu 0nj[ vª0jî

MuhŒ¢áahsU 0gª0â0¤0jU.

0g0l0F kh¤J fªe0l kh¡bf m0l0bj vª0J nA0Ft0J

vª0j ï0Je MuhŒ¢á kh0Lt0J0f m¤jt M0bfh 0g¥ãby.

uhg®£L fhšLbtš v«0g 0âuhÉ0l kh¤J0bfht MuhŒ¢á

kh0o0jt¡f [ª0nj0f ïšyh0bj 0g0l0F kh¤J fªe0l0j bfbs

kh¤J vª0J nA0»0jhbu. v«.0ã.vkbeh v«0g ïªbehª0J

MuhŒ¢áahsU eh 0g0l0F g¤â Msth0» MuhŒ¢á kh0Lby.

Mby m¤bj kh0o0jby xŸË¤jh0» m£lu vª0J, mut¤J

0gU[0f Kª0bj eh 0g0l0F g¤â mu0j0J vª0j ïªü 0jhÞâ

mu0â0¤0â0¥0g0J vª0J FªüU kšÈ mt¡f0f 0gbu0j

fhÆ0j0bjh nA0»0jhbu. Ve Mbyí 0g0l0F kh¤j Msth0»

MuhŒ¢á kh0Lt0J0f MuhŒ¢áahsU Kª0J0f 0g¥ãby.

v¤bjnah nAh0j ï¥g¤J 0gU[ fhy0bjh < fhy0j

MuhŒ¢áahsU 0g0l0F kh¤j xŸs§0bf MuhŒ¢á kh0o ï0J

xª0J jÃah0j kh¤J vª0J nA0»0jhbu. < fhy0j MuhŒ¢á

e0blbkhbunah < kh¤Je [K0jha, bfbs kh¤J v«0bgbt

MuhŒ¢á kh0o0jhbu v«0g0J xª0J [&0¤0â.


< Fªj 0bgh¡Fbeh xÌ 0g0l0F kh¤Je ïy¡fz És¡»

m0l0bj. Mby mbta jÃah ïšÈ bfh0Lby. kh¤J m0Je m®¤j

v«0gbta bfh£L m0Je nfh0l ïy¡fzt És¡Ftbe§0bf

ïšÈ 0gu0â0¤0âbah. Ve vª0jbyí ïšÈ 0gu0J m0Lt0J

xÌjh. ïªü 0gbua ng¡fh0j0J m¥gu m0l0bj.

ïšÈ 0g0lF kh¤j jÄS vS¤J, nuhkª vS¤J M0»abt

vª0j 0gbu0J m®¤jt ï§0»ç[&beh bfh£l0l0bj. 0g0l0F

vS¤J 0bfht jÄS vª0j 0gbut0J0f vª0J xÌ vS¤J0f

Kª0jh0L xª0J ‘0’ M¡»a0l0bj. m0J kh¡bf ï§0»ç[&

vS¤J xÌ0f nkbyÑba òŸË, nfh0L M¡» 0g0l0F vS¤J

0bfh 0gbu0J m0l0bj.


0g0l0F vS¤J

Badaga Alphabet

In the Badaga alphabet there are 10 vowels and 22 consonants.

Vowels

Short : m(a), ï(i), c(u), v(e), x(o)

Long : M(A), <(I), C(U), V(E), X (O)

Consonants

Fifteen Classified Consonants

Gutteral Class ; ¡(k), 0¡(g), §(B)

Palatal Class : ¢(c), {(j), Š(N)

Cerebral Class: £(T), 0£(D), ©(M)

Dental Class : ¤(t), 0¤(d), ª(n)

Labial Class: ¥(p), 0¥(b), «(m)

Seven unclassified Consonants

Œ(y), ®(r), š(l), ›(v), Ÿ(L), Þ(s), à(h)

B,N,M,T,D,L are unlike the English equivalent hence to distinguisha dot or a dash has been given


Content

1. Nouns 13

2. Pronouns 16

3. Adjectives 16

4. Verbs 17

5. Defective verbs 18

6. Adverbs 19

7. Prepositions 19

8. Affixes 20

9. Numerals 21

10. nAh0F hOgu; 0gh bA 22

11. Declension of Nouns and Pronouns ending in m a 24

12. Declension of Nouns and Pronouns ending in cu 25

13. eh nA; Ú nI 28

14. všyh ellA 30

15. ïU iru 32

16. mšy alla 34

17. 0ng¡F bEkku 36

18. 0ng0l bEDa 37

19. bj0bf tege or bj0» tegi 38

20. fŒ kay 39

21. e§0f naBga; v§0f eBga 41

22. kÂ maMi 42

23. 0jhu dAra 43

24. Ve Ena; V E 44

25. V¡f Ekka 44

26. v¤bj ette 45

27. ï¤bj itte, m¤bj atte 46

28. V[& Esu 46


29. <[0f Isaga; M[0f Asaga 47

30. M0f Aga; <0f Iga; V0Ft Eguva 49

31. ïª0J indu; mª0J andu; vª0J endu 50

32. neh0L nODu 51

33. bfhu¢R koraccu 53

34. mt ava; ït iva 55

35. jh tA; jhbe tAne 56

36. 0ò0L buDu 57

37. f©Q kaMMu 59

38. 0ng bE 60

39. kh0L mADu 61

40. ngh0J pOdu 62

41. bfh0L koDu 63

42. ny lE; C U, Èô liU 64

43. vª0j enda 65

44. nf kE 66

45. ÃšY nillu 67

46. nkby mEle 68

47. FË kuLi 69

48. všY ellu 70

49. 0òŒ buy 71

50. jh tA; x¤J0gh ottubA 73

51. ïšÈ illi; mšÈ alli, všÈ elli 74

52. m¥g appa; m›bt avve 74

53. kh¤â mAtti 77

54. ï¤bj itte; m¤bj atte; v¤bj ette 79

55. 0öu dUra 80

56. bAh¤J hottu; < bAh¤J I hottu 81

57. b#e jena 82

58. ïU iru 83

59. A0fY hagalu 84


60. 0ãÌY bisilu 86

61. bf0L keDu 87

62. ï0L iDu 88

63. njhU tOru 89

64. âªE tinnu 90

65. T kU 92

66. »É kivi 93

67. fhY kAlu 94

68. gh0l pADa 95

69. M0L ADu 96

70. nf0F kEgu 97

71. xŸËa oLLiya 99

72. bAh[ hosa 100

73. 0bjh0£0l doDDa; Fªe kunna 101

74. xÌ osi 102

75. ïªE innu 104

76. ïª0bj inde 105

77. bAhuh[& horAsu 107

78. 0bf£l geTTa 109

79. xª0J ondu 110

80. Reading -1 111

Reading - 2 119

Reading - 3 124

Reading - 4 128

Reading - 5 131

Reading - 6 135

Reading - 7 142


1. Nouns

Names in Badaga are of three genders :-

1. Masculine are the names of men, boys and male deities

2. Feminine are the names of women, girls and goddesses

3. Neuter are the names of little children, sometimes of animalsand of all lifeless beings and abstracts.

fŒ kay - hand

fhY kAlu - foot

0ng bE - mouth

f©Q kaMMu - eye

»É kivi - ear

m¥g appa - father

m›bt avve - mother

m©z aMMa - elder brother

j«k tamma - younger brother

m¡f akka - elder sister

m«bk amme - younger sister

T[& kUsu - child

bA©0lU heMDaru - wife

kh¤J mAttu - word, business

0bfšr gelca - work, business

kbe mane - house

0ghÆY bAyilu - verandah

A£o haTTi - village


f¤â katti - knife

bfh0bl koDe - umbrella

m¡» akki - rice (uncooked)

T kU - cooked rice

Ï£L hiTTu - food, flour

ÚU nIru - water

»¢R kiccu - fire

v¤J ettu - bullock, ox

F0jbu kudare -horse

0g©0o baMDi - carriage

A] hU - flower

b#e jena - a day

ïU iru - night

A0fY hagalu - day time

0ãÌY bisilu - sunshine

kÂ maMi - bell, hour

fÞl kasTa -pain, difficulty

cU¥ã uruppi - rupee


Rational Nouns

0f©0L T[& gaMDu kUsu - male child

bA©Q T[& heMMu kUsu - female child

from these two usages it is evident that the word ‘kUsu’ is usedas a commom word for the male and female child. But in other places‘kUsu’ is child, which always denotes male.

Nouns derived from quality i.e. qualitaive nouns.

fÇa kariya - dark man

0bgŸs beLLa - white man

Nouns derived from numerals

x0¥0g obba - one man or one woman

vu0lh eraDA - two people

Nouns derived from the name of a village.

Eª0Jtk nunduvama - citizen (man) of Nunduva village

Nouns deived from possession

0fî0l gavuDa chief of the village

Nouns

Rational class Non- rational class

Masculine Feminine Epicene Neuter Neuter

sg. sg. pl. sg. pl.


2.Pronouns

eh nA - I

Ú nI - thou

ïk ima - he (if near)

mk ama - he (if far)

ït iva - she(if near)

mt ava - she (if far)

ï0J idu - this

m0J adu - that

jh tA - self

0jhu dAra - who?

Ve Ena - what?

3. Adjectives

< I - this, these

M A - that, those

V0J Edu - which?, what?

<[0f Isaga - this much, as many as these

M[0fAsaga - that much, as many as those

V[0f Esaga - how much? how many?

ï¤bj itte - such as this ... these

m¤bj atte - such as that .... those

v¤bj e tte - what kind?

všyh ellA - all


m¥gu appara - much, many

0njhÌ d Osi - little, few

xŸËa oLLiya - good

bAh[ hosa - new

Aha hAya - old

0bjh0£0l doDDa - great, big

Fªe kunna - small, little

4.Verbs

ïU iru - be

0gh bA - come

jh tA - bring, give

M0F Agu - become, happen

nAh0F hOgu - go

X0J Odu - read

M¡F Akku - throw, place

njhU tOru - appear, seen

neh0L nODu- look

kh0L mADu - do, make

M0L ADu -play

fhQ kAMu - see, appear

nA0F hEgu - say, tell

nf, nfŒ kE, kEy - hear, ask

všY ellu - rise, get up

0óŒ bUy - fall


bfh0L koDu - give

bf0L koDu - become bad, rot

0ò0L buDu - leave, give up

ï0L iDu - put

vªE ennu - say

âªE tinnu - eat

ÃšY nillu - stand, wait

K¢R muccu - shut

<[& Isu - take, buy

FË kuLi - sit, sit down

xu0F oragu- lie down, sleep

nf0F kEgu - send

bfhu[& korasu - call

0gbu bare - write

bj0bf tege - pull

5. Defective Verbs

ngh0J pOdu - to be enough; to suffice

0ng¡F bEkku - is wanted, are wanted

ng0l bEDa - is not wanted, are not wanted

ïšby ille - is not there, is not, not

mšy alla - is not so, not

m0l0bj aDade - is

Mbu Are - I cannot


6.Adverbs

ïªE innu - yet, still more

0öu dUra - far

ïšÈ illi - here

mšÈ alli - there

všÈ elli - where?

ïª0J indu - to-day, now

mª0J andu - that day, then

vª0J endu - when

kh¤ju mAttara - only

<0f Iga - now

M0f Aga - then

V0Ft Eguva - when?

ï¤bj itte - like this, thus, so

m¤bj atte - like that thus so

v¤bj ette - how?

V¡f Ekka - why?

M A - yes

[Ç sari - right, well, good

7.Prepositions

In Badaga prepositions are placed after nouns and verbs. Hencethey are postpositions. Most of them are used as adverbs also.

Kª0jh0L mundADu - before, infront

Ïª0jh0L hindADu - behind, after

nkny mEle - on, after


x0jh0f odAga - on, above

Ñba kIye - below

X0bf Oge - in, within

xuh[& orAsu - out

g¡f pakka - near

0bf£l geTTa - till

8. Affixes

V E - even

M A - interrogative affix

C U - also, too, even (copulation affix)

ny lE - (affix of condition)

vª0j enda - than (affix of comparison)

Masculine suffix

0f©0l gaMDa - gaMDu+a

ke[ manasa - manas +a

uhk rAma - rAm +a

Possessive suffix

0bgŸs beLLa - beLL(e) +a white man

FŸs kULLa - kULL(e) + a shortfellow, one who hasshort stature

eŠ# naNja - naNju + a poisoned fellow, Siva,

as having swallowed poisionEmphatic

eh nA + with the emphatic affix V E - ehne nAnEsignifies - myself


Ú nI + with the emphatic affix V E - nInE theyself

jh tA + with the emphatic affix V E - tAnE himself

9. Numerals

The basic numerals in Badaga are sixteen in number. They are

fhY kAlu - a quarter

mbu are - half

xª0J ondu - one

vu0L eraDu- two

_U mUru - three

eh¡F nAkku - four

mŒ0J aydu - five

MU Aru - six

ïŒí iyyu - seven

ïœG iKKu

v£L eTTu - eight

x«0g¤J ombattu - nine

A¤J hattu - ten

üU nUru - hundred

[hÉu sAvira - thousand

y¢r lacca - lakh

nfh0o kODi - crore

All other numeral expressions are formed by multiplica-tion and summation. These simple numerals belong to the in-animate nouns. Except the fraction the remainings are usednominals and attributes to a following noun head.

}


10. nAh0FnAh0FnAh0FnAh0FnAh0F hOgu - to go

0gh bA - to come

ïšÈ 0gh illi bA - come here

gªebe bannane - I come

0jhu 0gª0jhu dAra bandAra - who is coming? whowill come?

eh 0gªbe nA banne - l am coming, I shall come

xª0J T[& 0gªe ondu kUsu banna - a boy iscoming, will come

m›bt 0gª0âa avve bandiya - mother is coming

xª0J ne 0gª0ju ondu n E bandara - a dog is coming, willcome

V0Ft nAh0jhÇ Eguva hOdAri - when are you going?

ne0f nAhÃnah nEga hOniyO - we shall go tomorrow

v§0f nAh¥g0âšby eBga hOppadille - we are not going, weshall not go

past verbal part. 0gª0J bandu - being come

nAh0» hOgi - having gone

past relative participle 0gª0j - (he) who is come (that) whichis come

past verbal noun. 0gª0j0J bandadu - 1. the having come

2. the thing come

nAh0j0J - hOdadu 1. the (or having) gone

2. the thing gone


Past Tense

singular plural

0gª0bj bande - I came 0gª0âbah bandiyo - we came

0gª0bj bande - you came 0gª0â bandi - you came

0gª0j banda - he, she came 0gª0jU bandaru - they came

nAh0bj hOde - I went nAh0âbah hOdiyo - we went

nAh0bj hOde - you went nAh0â hOdi - you (plural) went

V0Ft 0gª0jh Eguva bandA - when did he come?

beªbe 0gª0J nAh0j nenne bandu hOda - he came yes-terday and went away again

0gª0j0J xŸË¤J bandadu oLLittu - it is well that he came (iscome)

nAh0» 0gh hOgi bA - go and come back

nAh0» 0gªbe hOgi banne - I am going (and coming back)

nAh¥g0âšby hOppadille - I am not going , I shall not go

Ú V¡f nAh¥g0âšby nI Ekka hOppadille - why are you notgoing?

eh Ve0f nAh¥g0J nA Enaga hOppadu - why should I go?

mk 0gª0j nkby nAhbe ama banda mEle hOne - I shallgo after his arrival.

M0fÈ, Ú nAh¥g0J Agali, nI hOppadu - let it be, you must go

V ehª0â E nAndi - what did you say?

0gh vª0bj bA ende - I told you to come.

Vü v«0ãby E nU embile - I did not say anything

v¤nj«0g0J ettEmbadu - how should I say


ï¤nj«0g0J ittEmbadu - you should say thus

mk Ve vª0j ama Ena enda - what did he say?

0ï0J0f Vehª0jbu iduga EnAndare - what do you say to it? orwhat is this called?

nAh0jhu vª0jU hOdAra endaru - they are going I am told

0gª0jU vª0jU bandaru endaru - they are come, I am toldyou came

mk ama - he, that man; ïk ima - he, this man

11. Declension Of Nouns and Pronouns ending in ‘a’

singular plural

1. nominative - mk ama - he mt¡f avakka - they

2. accusative mke amana - him mt¡ft avakkava - them

3. instrumental mkbeª0j mt¡fhª0j avakkAnda

amanenda - by him by them - from them4. dative mk0f amaga - to him mt¡f0f avakkaga - to them

5. ablative mke amana - desyindamt¡fu avakkara

deseyinda - for them, on this account

6. genitive mke amana - his mt¡fu avakkara - their

7. locative mkneh0bf amanOga - in him

mt¡fnuh0bf avakkarOge- in them, on them

each case consists of the crude from (here ama), a connect-ing sound (here ‘n’ in the singular, and ‘ka’ in the plural) and thetermination.


všÈa elliya = of what place

mk 0jhu ama dAra? - who is he?

mke bA[U Ve amana hesar u Ena? - what is his name?

mk všÈak ama elliyama? -he of what place

ïk f0leh0lk ima kaDanADama - he (this) is a KaDanADu man

mk eŠ#eh0lk ama naNja nADama - he (that) is a NanjanAD man

<0f0 gª0jk 0jhu Iga bandama dAra - who are the person just come?

mt¡f 0bjh0£0lt¡f avakka doDDavakka - they are big men, richmen.

mt¡fu bfhu¢R avakkara koraccu - call them

mt¡f0f ÚU bfh0L avakka ga nIru koDu - give them somewater

M T[&0f A] bfh0L A kUsuga hU koDu - give that boysome flowers.

12. kh¤J 12. kh¤J 12. kh¤J 12. kh¤J 12. kh¤J mAttu - word, saying, matter

Declension of nouns ending in a moveable ‘u’

1. nominative - kh¤J mAttu - the word or a word

2. accusative - kh¤j mAtta - the word

3. instrumental - kh¤öª0j mAttUnda - by or from the word

4. dative - kh¤J0f mAttuga - to the word

5. genitive - kh¤Je mAttuna - of the word

6. locative - kh¤Jneh0bf mAttunOge - in or on the word

mk Ve nA0»0j ama Ena hEgida? - what did he say?


< kh¤J nA0f 0ng0l I mAttu hEga bEDa - do not say this?

< kh¤J xŸËa kh¤jšy I mAttu oLLiya mAttalla - these areimproper words.

Ú kh¤J nf¥g0âšby nI mAttu kEppadille - you are disobe-dient

< kh¤J0f Ve nA0Fbt I mAttuga Ena hEguve ? - whatcan I say to this?.... this matter?

Ve kh¤jh0oahÇ Ena mAt t ADiyAri? - what are you talkingabout?

ï0J 0bjh0£0l kh¤jšy idu doDDa mAttalla - it is not agreat matter

< kh¤Jbeh Vü ïšby I mAtuno EnU ille - there isnothing in this matter.

kh¤J bfh£L 0ò£bl mAttu koTTubuTTe - I gave my word;I promised

mke kh¤öª0jj eh 0gª0bj amana mAttUndata nA bande- I came relying on his promise.

m0J adu - that ï0J idu - this - pronouns

M A - that < I - this, these : adjectives

1. nom. m0J adu - that, it

mbt ave - those (things), they

2. acc. m0Je aduna - that, it

mbta aveya - those (things), them

3. instr. m0öª0j adUnda - by, from that

mbta mbtª0j avenda - by, from those (things)


4. dat. m0J0f aduga - to that,

mbt0f avega -to those (things)

5. gen. m0Je aduna - of that

mbta ave ya - of those (things)

6. loc. m0Jneh0bj adunOge - in that,

mbtnah0bf aveyOga - in those (things)

Adjectives, relative participles, and gentive cases of nouns andpronouns get, the force of nouns or pronouns by having thesyllable ‘du’ (instead of m0J adu) added to them and are themcapable of being declined like m0J adu; for instance :-0bjh0£0l doDDa - great, 0bjh0£0l0J doDDadu - a greatone, a big thing; nAh0j hOda - which is gone, nAh0j0J

hOdadu - that which is gone; vªe enna - my, vªe0J ennadu- mine, e§0f naBga - our, e§0f0J naBgadu - ours, etc

m0nje adEna ? - what is that?

m0J xª0J kbe adu ondu mane - that is a house

M kbe 0jhu0J A mane dAradu - whose house is that

m0J vªe0J a du ennadu - it is mine

<. kbe Ma¤J I mane Ayattu - this house is old

m0J bAh[¤J adu hosattu - that is new

m0Je bfh£lhu aduna koTTAra - they give that; or that is to be sold

m0J0f Ve bfh£lbu aduga Ena koTTare? - what will yougive for it?

< ne0bfh 0jhu0J I nEgo dAradu? - whose dogs are these?

ïbt e§0fbt i ve naBgave - they are ours


13. eh nA, ehü nAnU - I , Ú nI - you

singular plural

1. nom. eh nA - I e§0f - naBga - we

2. acc. vªe enna - mee§0ft - naBgava - us

3. instr. vªehª0j ennAnda - by or from me

e§0fhª0j - naBgAnda - by or from us.

4. dat. ve0f enaga - to me e§0f0f - naBgaga - to us

5. gen. vªe enna - my e§0f - naBga - our

6. loc. vªneh0bf ennOge - in or on me.

e§0nfh0bf - naBgOge - in our on us.

with the emhatic affix E - nAnE, signifies myself; ninE, thyself;tAnE, himself

Ú ïU eh nAhbe nI iru nA hOne - you stay, I shall go

< 0bfy[t ehne neh0obe I gelasave nAnE nOdine - Ishall see to this business (work) myself

ï0J vªe 0bfy[ idu enna gelasa - this is my work(business)

vªe neh0o enna nODi - look at me

vªbeª0j M¥gâšby ennenda Appadille ? - I cannot do it

vªj nf¤jhu enna kEttAra - they will ask me; it will be askedof me

ve0f xª0J cU¥ã jh enaga ondu uruppi tA - give me onerupee.

vªneh0bf Vü ïšby ennOge EnU ille - I have nothingwith me


ï0J 0ju0J? ï0J vªe0J idu dAradu? idu ennadu - whoseis this? It is mine

ehne kh0o0bj nAnE mADide - I made it myself

eh ï0¤0jbe Ú nAh0F nA iddane nI hOgu ? - you go and Ishall stay

< 0bfy[t Úne kh0o0bj I gelasa va nInE mADide - it isyou who has done this

Ú 0gª0jÇnah mk 0gªenth nI bandariyO, ama bannavO?- will you come, or he?

ï0J Ãªe kh¤J idu ninna mAttu? - this is your concern(speech)

ï0J Ãªe0jh? idu ninnadA? - is this yours?

Ãªe 0ò0nlh0âšby ninna buDOdille - I shall not leave you

Ãªehª0j Muth? ninnAnda AravA? - can you do it?

e§0fhª0j M¥g0âšby naBgAnda Appadille - we cannotdo it; it is impossible for us.

Ãªneh0bf bf£l0njE njhnuh0âšby ninnOge keTTadEnutOrodille - I cannot see any wrong in you

Ãªehª0j (0bjn[ª0j) 0gª0bj ninnAnda (desEnda) bandeI came on your account .


14. všyh všyh všyh všyh všyh ell A - all, everything, irregular -Declesion

1. nom. všyh ellA - everything, all

2. acc. všyht ellAva - all

3. instr. všyhª0j ellAnda - from, by or with all

4. dat. všyh0f ellAga - to all

5. gen. všyht ellAva - of all

6. loc. všyhneh0bf ellAnOge - in all

when standing before the noun which it qualifies, ellA, is notdeclined.

všyh nAh¤J ellA hOttu - eveything is gone; all gone.

všyh nAh0jU ellA hOdaru - everyone went; is gone

Ú bfhuÌ0jt¡f všyh 0gª0â0jhbu nI korasi davakka ellAbandidAre - all those whom you called are come.

všyh0F Ïª0bj eh 0gª0bj ellAgu hinde nA bande -

I came last of all.

všyh M0j nkny nAh0bj ellA Ada mEle hOde - I wentaway when all was over.

všyh Ãªe0J ellA ninnadu - all is yours

vªe 0bjšyh Ãªe0J enna dellA ninnadu - all that is mine isyours

ïk všyhª0j 0bjh0£0lk ima ellAnda doDDama - he is theeldest of all

ï0J všyhneh0bf xŸËa0J idu ellAnOge oLLiyadu - this isthe nice (best) of all

mt¡bfšyht bfhu¢R avakkellAva koraccu - call them all.


M0F Agu - to become, to be done, to be finished, to happen.

M0bj Ade - I became

M0bj Ade - thou became

M0j Ada - he became

M0j Ada - she became

M¤J Attu - it became

M0njh AdO - we became

M0â Adi - you became

M0jU Adaru - they became

M¤J Attu - it is done; it is finished.

Mu Ara -it may happen; it will do

M¥g0âšby Appadille - it is not done; it is impossible

xŸËak M0j oLLiyama Ada - he become a good man (boy)

Aha¤J M¤J hAyattu Attu - it is grown old

<í kÂ M¤J Iyu maMi Attu - it is seven o’clock

ïU M¤J iru Attu - the night has set in, it is night

0bjh0£0l0jhu doDDadAra - it will become greater; it is grow-ing

0jhÞâ M¥ãby dAsti Appile - it is not much; they are notmany

ïU M0j nkby iru Ada mEle - after night fall.


15. ïU ïU ïU ïU ïU iru - to be

všÈ ï0¤0bj elli idde - where are you? where do you live?

< kbenah ï0¤0bj I maneyo idde - I live in this house; I amin this house.

ïUneh všÈ ï0¤0â irunO elli iddi - where have you beenduring the night

kbenah ï0¤0bj maneyo idde - I was at home

mk A£o0f nAh0j ama haTTiga hOda - he had gone tovillage.

Ú všÈ ï0¤0bj nI elli idde - where are you? where do youlive?

mk ï0¤0jÃah? ama iddaniyA? - is he here? - at home?

mk ïšby ama ille - he is not here.

V[& b#e ï0¤0jbu? Esu jena iddare? - how long will you

stay?

xª0nj b#e ï0¤0jbe ondE jena iddane - I shall stay only

one day.

všÈ m0l0bj elli aDade - where is it?

ïšÈ m0l0bj illi aDade - it is here

< bfh0bl všÈ m£l¤J I koDe elli aTTattu? - where was

this umbrella?

kbenah m0Lby maneyO aDule - it was not in the house

všyhî 0guÈ ellAvu barali - let them all come

m£l v§0bf nA0F aTTa eBge hEgu - tell the exact truth

ïšÈ ïu 0ng0l? illi ira bEDA - you must not remain here.


negative mood ïšby - ille – not, no, is not here/ there

verbal participle ïšyh0bj - illAde – not being

relative participle ïšyh0j - illAda – (that) which is not,

(they) who are not.

verbal noun ïšy0j0J - illAdadu – the not being, that which

is not

singular plural

ïšby - ille - I am not ïšby - ille - we are not

ïšby - ille - thou are not ïšby - ille - you are not

ïšby - ille - he is not ïšby - ille - they are not

ïšby - ille - she is not ïšby - ille - they are not

ïšby - ille - it is not ïšby - ille - they are not

instead of ïšby ille, mšy alla can be used in the same

meaning. But in some places the meaning is changed.

ïšby ille – no (is or are not there), mšy alla – no (is or

are not)

ve0f 0bfy[ ïšby - enaga gelasa ille - I have no work

0jhu 0gª0jU - dAra bandaru? - who is come?

0jh% ïšby – dArU ille - no one

Vü ïšby, VÃšby - EnU ille, Enille - nothing at all,

nothing


Ú â«0gâšby - nI timbadille - you do not eat

mt â«ãšby - ava timbille - she has not dined (eaten)

mt âªeh0u – ava tinnAra - she will (probably) not eat

ïšyh0j kh¤J M0l0ng0l - illAda mAttu ADabEDa -don’t tell lies…. stories

ïªü 0g¥ãny - innU bappile - he is not yet come

ve0f Ï£L ïšby ÚU ïšby Vü ïšby - enaga hiTTuille nIru ille EnU ille - I have neither rice nor water, nor

anything

ïšbyna ïšby - illeyE ille - not at all

16. mšymšymšymšymšy alla – it is not so, it is not, not

present tense mšy - alla - not, is not (I, thou, he etc)

verbal participle mšyh0bj - allAde - besides

relative participle mšyh0j - allAda - who or which is unfit,

….. is not so

verbal noun mšyh0j0J - allAdadu - that which is unfit….

improper.

m0jšy ï0J – adalla idu - not that but this

ï0J vªe0jšy - idu ennadalla - this is not mine

ï0J xŸËa0jšy - idu oLLiyadalla - this is not good; this is

not a good one


ï0J xŸËa kbe mšy - idu oLLiya mane alla - this is not a

good (nice) house.

Ú xŸËak mšy - nI oLLiyama alla - you are not good

0gª0jk mk mšy - bandama ama alla? - he is not man

who came

ï0J mšyh0j 0bfy[ - idu allAda gelasa - this is an

improper work

mšyth? M¡fšyth - allavA? AkkallavA? - is it not? is it

not so?

ï0jšy0bj m0jšy0bj – idallade, …adallade - besides

this, ….. that

ïke mšy mke bfhu¢R - imana alla amana koraccu -call that man (boy) not this

The lengthened sound M at the end of mšyh allA, gives

to this word the force of a query; is it not so?

mšyth allavA, is mšy ‘alla’ with the interrogative particle

M ‘A’ and the consonant › ‘v’ inserted for euphony’ sake.


17. 0ng¡F0ng¡F0ng¡F0ng¡F0ng¡F bEkku – it is wanted, must

eh0f ÚU 0ng¡F – nAgu nIru bEkku - I want some water

0ng¡fhby jªbe – bEkkAle tanne - if you wish (wanted)

I shall give you some

ïªü 0ng¡F – innU bEkku - I want some more

V[0f 0ng¡F – Esaga bEkku - how much do you want?

V0Ft 0ng¡F – Eguva bEkku? - when are you want?

Ï£L 0ng¡F – hiTTu bEkku? - do you want food

(porridge)?

0ng¡fh0j0bjšyh jh – bEkkAdadellA tA - give everything

necessary

0ng¡fh[0f v¤J – bEkkAsaga ettu - take as much as is

wanted

0ng¡fh[0f m0l0bj – bEkkAsaga aDade - there is

plenty

0ng¡F bEkku is probably derived from the root 0ng0L bEDu

to ask, beg,desire – bEDa seems to be a form of the

negative mood of the same root.

The conditional particle by le – is affixed to the bEkku. The

verbal noun form is 0ng¡fh0j0J bEkkAdadu.


18. 0ng0l 0ng0l 0ng0l 0ng0l 0ng0l bEDa – it is not wanted

ï0J ve0f 0ng0l – idu enaga bEDa - I don’t want this

mk ve0f 0ng0l – ama enaga bEDa - I do not want him

Vü 0ng0l – EnU bEDa - I do not want anything

mk 0ng0lhª0jby ve0f jh – ama bEDAndale enaga tA -if he does not want it, give it to me

0ng0lh0njhby Ve kh0Lbt – bEDAdOle Ena mADuve? -if you (he, etc.) do not want it, what can I do?

Ú 0gu0ng0l mk 0guÈ – nI bara bEDa ama barali - you

need not come, let him come

<0f xu0f 0ng0l – Iga oraga bEDa - do not got to bed now

0öu nAh0f 0ng0l – dUra hOga bEDa - don’t go far

ïk Ú0f Veh¥g0J – ima nIga EnAppadu? - how are you

related to him?

Vü M0f T0lh0J – EnU Aga kUDAdu - nothing to be

happened

mt¡f e§0f k¡f – avakka naBga makka - they are our

children


19. 0bj0bf0bj0bf0bj0bf0bj0bf0bj0bf tege, or 0bj0» 0bj0» 0bj0» 0bj0» 0bj0» tegi - to pull, to remove

present verbal participle – bj0f¤ö©0L - tegattUMDu -

pulling.

present (and future) relative participle bj0f¥g – tegappa

- who (he)pulls. (that) which pulls

verbal noun bj0f¥g0J – tegappadu - the pulling

present tense bj0f¤jbe – tegattane - pull (I)

imperative singular bj0» – tegi - pull (thou)

imperative plural bj0»É – tegivi - pull (you)

past verbal participle bj0f¤J – tegattu - having pulled

past relative participle bj0f¤j – tegatta - (he) who pulled

(that) which pulled

past tense bj0f¤bj – tegatte - I pulled

3rd person neuter - bj0f¤j¤J – tegattattu - that pulled

Negative Mood

verbal participle - bj0»ah0bj – tegiyAde - not pulling

relative participle - bj0»ah0j – tegiyAda - (he) who or

(that) which does not pull

verbal noun - bj0»ah0j0J – tegiyAdadu - that not having

pulled

m0Je 0bj0bf – aduna tege - pull that away


ï0Je 0bj0bfa 0ng0l – iduna tegeya bEDa - don’t pull

this

bfh0bla bj0f¤ö©0L 0gh – koDeya tegattUMDu bA - pull

the umbrella

m¡» <è©0L 0gh – akki IsIMDu bA - bring (buy) rice.

M f¤âa V¡f v¤â0bj – A kattiya Ekka ettide? - why did

you take that knife?

eh v¤Jby, mk v¤â0j – nA ettule, ama ettida - I did not

take it, he took it.

eh V¡f v¤njh0J – nA Ekka ettOdu? - why should I take it?

ï0J0f V[0f jª0jbu – iduga Esaga tandare? - what is

the price of this? how much you will give for this?

Ú j¥gh[0f ehv¤âbe – nI tappAsAga nA ettine - I shall

take as much as you give.

m0o ju0jU v«0g – aDi taradaru emba - the door has been

opened, it is said

20. fŒ fŒ fŒ fŒ fŒ kay - hand

singular plural

1. nom. fŒ kay - the hand. fŒ0nfh kay go - the hands

2. acc. fŒa kaya - the hand fŒ0nfht kaygOva - the hands

3. instr. fŒÆª0j kay yinda - by, from or with the hand

fŒ0nfhª0j kay gOnda - by, from with the hands


4. dat. fŒ0f kay ga - to the hand

fŒ0nfh0f kay gOga - to the hands

5. gen. fŒa kayya - of the hand

6. loc. fŒnah kayyo - in the hand

fŒ0nfht kay gOva - of the hands.

Ãe0f V[& fŒ – ninaga Esu kay? - how many hands have

you?

ve0f vu0L fŒ enaga eraDu kay - I have two hands

Ãªe fŒa njhU[& ninna kayya tOrusu - show me your

hand (hands)

vªe fŒpª0j M¥gâšby enna kayyInda Appadille - Icannot do it

vªe fŒnah0bf ï0¤0jbe enna kayyOge iddane - he is

under my (authority) custody

< kh¤J Ãªe fŒnah m0l0bj I mAttu ninna kayyOaDade - this matter is in your hands

mke fŒÆª0j M0f (fŒahyh0f) amana kayyinda Aga(kayyAlAga) - he cannot do it, good – for – nothing fellow.

ï0Jbeh fŒ M¡f 0ng0l iduno kay Akka bEDa - don’t

interfere in it

V¡f mšÈ fŒ M¡»0bj Ekka alli kay Akkde? - why did

you thrust your hand into it? why did you interfere?


21. e§0f e§0f e§0f e§0f e§0f naBga – we v§0f v§0f v§0f v§0f v§0f eBga - us

v§0f ïšyh0njhby Ve kh0oahÇ? - eBga illAdOle EnamADiyAri? - what will you do without us?

v§0f kbe0f 0ghÇ - eBga manega bAri - come to your

house.

< kbe v§0f0J? - I mane eBgadu - this house is ours

e§0ft¡f ïªE 0g¥ãby - naBgavakka innu bappile -our people are not yet come.

v§0ft V¡f bfhu¢Rby - eBgava Ekka korAccule? -why did not you call us?

v§0ft nf¤J neh0l 0ng0l - eBgava kEttu nODa bEDa?- do not ask(it) us.

v§0f0f nf¥g0âšby - eBgaga kEppadille - we cannot

hear it.

v§0f0f 0fe M0»0ò£l - eBgaga gana AgibuTta - we

have enough (of it) tired

v§0f[hbu m0lh¡F - eBgasAre aDAkku - probably it

is with us

v§0f[hbu ïuh¡F - eBgasAre IrAkku - you may stay

with us.

The suffix M¡F Akku to verb gives the sense of ‘it is

possible’. It may generally be rendered by the auxiliary can

or may, but it is used with all persons, genders.


22. kÂ . kÂ . kÂ . kÂ . kÂ maMi – bell, hour

0bgšY CŒ - bellu Uy - ring the bell

V[& kÂ? - Esu maMi? - what 0’clock (is it)

_U kÂ M¤J - mUru maMi Attu - it is past three 0’clock

V[& kÂ0f nAh¥g0J? - Esu maMiga hOppadu? - at

what 0’clock am I to go

eh¡F kÂ0f nkby - nAkku maMiga mEla - after four

0’clock

ïªü xª0J kÂ M¥ãby – innU ondu maMi Appile - it isnot yet one 0’clock

mŒ0J kÂ Mby nA0F - aydu maMi Ale hEgu - when it is

five 0’clock let me know

MU kÂ M¤J v«0g - Aru maVi Attu emba - it is six

0’clock, I am told

Vu0^ª0j _UkÂ 0bf£l - eraDUnda mUru maMi geTTa -from two to three 0’clock

mªbeu0L kÂ0nfh0bf 0gh - anneraDu maMigOge bA -come within twelve 0’clock


23. 0jhu0jhu0jhu0jhu0jhu dAra – who

ïk 0jhu? - ima dAra? - who is he?

ït¡f 0jhu? - ivakka dAra? - who are they (these

persons)?

mšÈ ï0¥0g0J 0jhu? - alli ibbadu dAra? - who is

there?

0jhu nAh¥g0J ? - dAra hOppadu? - who wll go?

0jh% ïšby - dArU ille? - no one

0jhuhÈ nAh0juh? - dArAli hOdarA? - any one has

gone?

0gª0jt¡f 0jhu - bandavakka dAra? - who are the

persons arrived?

0jhut neh0o0bj - dArava nODide? - whom did you

see?

< kh¤j 0jhuhª0j nf¤bj? - I mAtta dArAnda kEtte? -from whom did you hear this matter?

0jhu0T nA0f 0ng0l - dAragU hEga bEDa - do not tell

(mention it) to any one

0jhu fŒnah m£L¤J? - dAra kayyo aTTuttu? - who

was in possession of this?


24. Ve, VVe, VVe, VVe, VVe, V Ena, E – what

m0J Ve - adu Ena? - what is that?

Ve nf0»0bj - Ena kEgide? - what did you send?

VE ïšby, Vü nf0Fby - EnU ille, EnU kEgule -nothing , I did not send anything

Ve jª0jÈí eh <n[h0âšby - Ena tandaliyu nA IsOdille?- what ever you give I shall not take it?

Veh¤J ? - EnAttu? - what has happened? what is the

matter?

Veh¤njh? Venth? - EnAttO? EnavO? - I do not know

what has happened? what?

m0J Vehª0jby - adu EnAndale? - that is to say

mk V0»0j0J Vehª0jby - ama Egidadu EnAndale -what he says is….

VehÈí kh0L - EnAliu mADu? - do something; do

what ever you like.

25. V¡f V¡f V¡f V¡f V¡f Ekka, – why

V¡f 0gª0bj - Ekka bande? - why you came?

V¡F ïšby - Ekku ille - for nothing

V¡f bfh0Lby? - Ekka koDule? - why did you not give

it (them)


ï0bjšy Ve0f - idella Enaga? - why all this?

V¡f vu0lh? _uh, ng¡F - Ekka eraDA? mUrA, bEkku -why two persons? three are needed

v§0f0f 0ng0l V¡fhª0jy - eBgaga bEDa, EkkAndale -we do not want it for … etc

V¡f 0ng¡F vª0jby - Ekka bEkku endale? - do you

ask for…. why?

26. v¤bj v¤bj v¤bj v¤bj v¤bj ette- how

ï0J v¤bj - idu ette? - how is this?

v¤bj 0gª0bj - ette bande? - how did you come?

v§0f 0gª0j0J v¤bj vª0jby - eBga bandadu ette endale -we came how (in manner)

v¤bj 0gu0bj? - ette barade? - how did you write?

v¤bj 0gut0J? - ette baravadu? - how to write?

m0J v¤bj Mu? - adu ette Ara? - how can that be

v¤ânah bfh0nlh0J - ettiyO koDOdu - any how (you)

must give it.

v¤âahÈí kh0nlh0J? - ettiyAliyu mADOdu - it must

be done by all means

m0Je v¤bj kh0nlh0J - aduna ette mADOdu? - how is

it to be done?..... made?

v¤bj ï0¤0bj? - ette idde? - how are you?


27. ï¤bj ï¤bj ï¤bj ï¤bj ï¤bj itte - thus, so like this.

m¤bj atte – thus, so, like that

ï¤bj 0gbua 0ng0l - itte bareya bEDa - do not write

like this

ï¤bj kh0l 0ngl - itte mADe bEDa - do not do like

this

m¤bj neh0nlh0J [Çmšy - atte nODODu sari alla -seeing like that is not good

VE m¤bj ïšby - Enu atte ille - nothing is alike

that, it is not like that

m¤bj Mby 0ò£L 0ò0o - atte Ale buTTubuDi - if it isso…. leave it

v¤bjí kh0nlhbe§0bf ïšby - etteyu mADOneBgeille - it is not possible in any way

m¥g v¤bjnah m¤bjjh kh¤âE - appa etteyO attetAmAttinu - the son is like his father

28. V[& V[& V[& V[& V[& Esu – how much how many

V[0fh nAh0jU - EsgA hOdaru? - how many person

have gone?

Ãe0f k¡f V[h? - ninaga makka EsA - how many

children have you?


Ãe0f ï0¥0g M[0f - ninaga ibba Asaga? - as many

as you have

V[& kÂ? - Esu maMi? - what is the time

M[0f #hk M¥ãby - Asaga jAma Appile - it is not

(so) very late

V[0f bfhu¢ábyí 0g¥g0âšby - Esaga koraccileyubappadille - he won’t come though how has often been

called.

V[0f nA0»byí nf¥gâšiy - Esaga hEgileyukEppadille - what ever I tell him, he won’t listen (obey)

29. <[0f <[0f <[0f <[0f <[0f Isaga – this much,

M[0f M[0f M[0f M[0f M[0f Asaga - that much (more)

<[0f kh0oby ngh0J - Isaga mADile pOdu - (you)

do like this is enough

M[0f 0ng¡F vª0jby všÈ m0l0bj - Asaga bEkkuendale elli aDade? - you ask like that (more) where is it to

give?

<[0f mtbu M¡F - Isaga avare Akku - put this much

bean

M[0f x¤J 0gu 0ng0l - Asaga ottu bara bEDa - do

not bring that much (more)

M[0f âªe 0ng0l - Asaga tinna bEDa - do not eat

that much (more)


<[& #hk Muth? - Isu jAma AravA? - it takes this

much of time.

M[& #hk Ve kh0o0bj - Asu jAma Ena mADide? -what did you do during that hour …. why late?

mkehª0j M¥g M[0f kh0o0j - amanAnda Appa AsagamADida - he has done as much as he could do

vªe fÞl <[0f mšy - enna kasta Isaga alla - my

trouble is not a little one.

<[0f¤jh - IsagattA - that is all

ïªü <[0f X0J - Innu Isaga Odu - read a little

more.

M0j M[0f nf0F - Ada Asaga kEgu - send as

much as is finished…. as such as you can

Ã§0f M[0fhî 0gu0ng0l - niBga AsagAvu bara bEDa- do not come all of you

eh nA0»0j M[0f 0guÈ - nA hEgida Asaga barali -let only so many come as I said

<[0fh vª0j Muth? - IsagA enda AravA ? - can it be

done by so many people only?

M0fh¡F - AgAkku - it may be done


30. M0fM0fM0fM0fM0f Aga – then, <0f <0f <0f <0f <0f - now,

V0Ft V0Ft V0Ft V0Ft V0Ft Eguva - when

V0Ft v0¤0bj - Eguva edde? - when did you get up?

M0fbt v0¤0J 0ò£bl - Agave eddu buTTe? - I got up

sometime ago

<0f v0¤0jbe - Iga eddane - I shall get up now

V0Ft A£o0f nAh0jhÇ - Eguva hATTiga hOdAri? -when are you going to village?

V0FthÈí nAh¥g0J¤jh - EguvAliyu hOppaduttA - Igo now and then

V0T kbenah ïu 0ng0l - EgU maneyo ira bEDa - do

not stay always at home

M0f M0f v§0f kbe0f 0gh - Aga Aga eBga manega bA -come to my house now and then.

mt¡f 0gª0j nkby bfh0oÉ - avakka banda mElekoDivi - give it after they come

M0f mk c£Lby - Aga ama uTTule - he was not born

then (during that period)

<0f ïk Fªe T[& - Iga ima kunna kUsa ? - now he is

small boy

V0Ft Az jª0jbu - Eguva haMa tandare? - when you

will give money?

V0FthÈí ï¤jt0Je neh0o0âah? - EguvAliyuittavaduna nODidiyA? - did you see anything like this?


31. ïª0J ïª0J ïª0J ïª0J ïª0J indu - to day ,

mª0Jmª0Jmª0Jmª0Jmª0J andu - then (that day), vª0Jvª0Jvª0Jvª0Jvª0J endu - when

vª0J kbe0f 0gª0bj - endu manega bande - when (what

day) did you come home?

ïª0J 0gª0bj - indu bande - I came to day

_% b#e0f Kª0jh0L - mUru jenaga mundADu - three

days ago

mke ke0f vª0ö nAh¥ãby - amana manega endUhOppile - I have never been to his house.

ï¤jt 0bfy[ vª0ö kh0Lby - ittava gelasa endUmADule - I shall never do such a thing as this

V0Fthbyí ï¤jt0Je neh0o0âah - EguvAleyuittavaduna nODidiyA? - did you ever see anything like this?

vª0ö neh0Lby - endU nODule - I never saw it

mª0öª0j m0Je neh0Lby - andUnda aduna nODule - Ihave not seen it since that day.

ïk Fªe0öª0j xšyh0jk - ima kunna dUnda ollAdama- he has been wicked from his childhood.

ïª0öª0j A¤J b#e 0bf£l - indUnda hattu jena geTTa- for ten days from today

vª0ö - endU - with a subsequent negation signifies

never.


32. neh0L neh0L neh0L neh0L neh0L nODu - to look, to see

neh0L - nODu - imperative

neh0o©0L - nODiMDu - continuous

neh0nlh - nODO - future tense

neh0o0j - nODida - past tense

neh0nlh0J - nODOdu - verbal noun

singular plural

neh0obe - nODine - I shall see neh0L0bth - nODuvo -we shall see

neh0L - nODu - thou will see neh0oÉ - nODivi - you

will see

neh0oe - nODina - he will see neh0oahu - nODiyAra -they will see

neh0oa - nODiya - she will see

neh0ou - nODira - it will see

The second future asserts with certainty where as the first

future asserts somewhat doubtfully.

< Fªebta 0jhu neh0oahu

I kunnaveya dAra nODiyAra - who looks after these boys?

0jh% neh0nlh0âšby

dArU nODOdille - no one looks (after them)


neh0nlh0J0f M ïšby

nODO duga A ille - no one looks (after them)

< 0bfy[t vªe m¥g neh0oe

I gelasava enna appa nODina - my father will do this job

ïªü Ì£o #hk neh0nlh

innu siTTi jAma nODO - we shall wait for some time

neh0o X0J nODi Odu - you should read carefully

Fªüu 0jhu neh0o0â

kunnUra dAra nODidi - who has seen the Coonoor

v§0f neh0o0âbah

eBga nODidiyo - we saw it; we have seen it

m¥gu M neh0o0jU

appara A nODidaru - many people have seen it

mke f©0lby bfhu¢R

amana kaMDale koraccu - if you see him call him

mke f©0lne

amana kaMDanE - I have seen him (probably)

fhzh0njhby Ve kh0nlh0J

kAMAdOle Ena mADOdu - what shall I do if I should not see him

neh0nlh0jh nODOdA - shall I see?

neh0nlh 0gh nODO bA - come let us see


Ú mšÈ Vet neh0o0bj

nI alli Enava nODide - what did you see there?

vªe neh0l 0gh enna nODa bA - come to see me

Ãªe neh0nlh0J0f 0gª0bj

ninna nODOduga bande - I came to see you

< F0jbu Ve neh0ou

I kudare Ena nODira - what is this horse seeing?

m0J nea neh0ou

Adu nEya nODira - it sees a dog

33. bfhu¢Rbfhu¢Rbfhu¢Rbfhu¢Rbfhu¢R koraccu – to call

Ï£L0f bfhu¢R

hiTTuga koraccu - invite (people) to dinner

všyht bfhu¢á0bj

ellAva koraccide - I have invited all of them

Ãªe m¡fe bfhu¢R

ninna akkana koraccu - call your elder sister

m›t bfhu¢ábe

avva koraccine - I shall call her

Ãªe m¥g ïšby, bfhu¢R

ninna appa ille, koraccu - your father is not here, call him


mke V¡f bfhu¢nrh0J

amana Ekka koraccOdu - why shall I call him?

bfhu¢rh0bj ï0¥0g0J xŸËa¤J

koraccAde ibbadu oLLiyattu - it is better not to call him

mt¡fu bfhu¢Ó©0L nAh0F

avakkara koraccIMDu hOgu - take those persons away;

accompany them

j§0f Fªebta bfhu¢Ó©0L 0gª0juh

taBga kunnaveya koraccIMDu bandarA - have they brought

their children along with them?

je0f k¡f ïšby vª0jU

tanaga makka ille endaru - they say he has no child

j§0f V0Ft 0gª0â

taBga Eguva bandi - when did you arrive?

j§0f0f Ve x¤J 0g0¥0g0J

taBgaga Ena ottu bappadu - what shall I bring you?

mke f©Q njhnuh0âšby

amana kaMMu tOrOdille - he cannot see; he is blind

m¤bj jh njhÇu

atte tA tOrira - so it seems, so it appears

mke f©0oah


amana kaMdiyA - did you see him? have you seen him?

f©0l v§0bf M¤J

kaMDa eBge Attu - it is as if I had seen him

0jet f©0oah

danava kaMDiyA - have you seen the cow?

fh«0ãby kAmbile - no, I have not seen

m0J fhzh0bj MÆ0ò£l

adu kAMAde AyibuTTa - it is no where to be seen; it has

disappeared

f©0lby ve0f nA0F

kaMdale enaga hEgu - if you see it tell me

fhzhbu kAMAre - it will probably not be found; it will

probably not been seen

f©0lt¡f kbe0f nAh0f0ng0l

kaMDavakka manega hOgabEDa -do not go everyone’s

house indiscriminately

34. mt mt mt mt mt ava - she (remote), ït ït ït ït ït iva – she(proximate)

ït 0jhu bA©0lU

Iva dAra heMDaru - whose wife is she?

ït vªe m©ze bA©0lU

iva enna aMMana heMDaru - she is my brother’s wife


ï›t m¡f xŸËa bA«kh¤â

ivva akka oLLiya hemmAtti -her elder sister is a good

woman

mt0f Fªe Fªebt ï0¤0jbt

avaga kunna kunnave iddave - she has got little children

m›t f©0oah avva kaMDiyA - have you seen her?

ït vªe m«bk

iva enna amme - this is my younger sister

mt Ãªe m›btah

ava ninna avveyA - is she your mother?

< Fªe bA©Q vªe bA©Q

I kunna heMMu enna heMMu - this little girl is my daughter

35. jh jh jh jh jh tA, jhbejhbejhbejhbejhbe tAne - himself, herself, itself

všyht jhbe V¡f kh0o0j

ellAva tAne Ekka mADida - why did he do everything

himself.

mk jhbe kh0o0be vª0j

ama tAne mADine enda - he said he would do it himself

Fªe T[&0f bfh0lh0bj jhbe âª0j

kunna kUsuga koDAde tAne tinda - he (she) ate himself

(herself) without giving to little child.


je0f 0ng¡F vª0j

tanaga bEkku enda - she (he) said she (he) wanted it

jªe k¡ft T£o©0L 0gª0jth

tanna makkava kUTTiMDu bandavA - has she brought her

children along with her?

je0f k¡f ïšby vª0jhu

tanaga makka ille endAra - they say he (she) has no children

j§0f V0Ft 0gª0â

taBga Eguva bandi - when did you arrive?

je0f Ve 0ng¡F

tanaga Ena bEkku - what shall I bring for him?

jªj T[& M0fbt 0gª0j

tanna kUsu Agave banda - his son is already come.

36. 0ò0L0ò0L0ò0L0ò0L0ò0L bu Du - to leave , for sake

< kbea 0ò0L I maneya buDu - leave this house.

0ò0lh0njhby Ãªe bAhuh[& f0lÌbe

buDAdOle ninna horAsu kaDasine - if you don’t leave it I

shall send you out

vªe fŒ 0ò0l 0ng0l

enna kay buDa bEDa - do not leave me (for sake)


Ãªe 0ònlh0âšby

ninna buDOdille - l shall not forsake you

< 0bfy[t 0ò£L bfh£bl

I gelasava buTTu koTTe - l have given up this business

všyht bf0lÌ0ò£bl

ellAva keDasibuTTe - you have spoilt (ruinned) everything

m0Je všÈ ï£bl

aduna elli iTTe - where do you left (put) it.

všyh âª0J 0ò£lU

ellA tindu buTTaru - it is all eaten, all have eaten

»¢R0f M¡» 0ò0L

kiccuga Akki buDu - to throw into fire.

V[0f fÞl g£L 0ò£lU

Esaga kasTa paTTu buTTaru - what a deal of trouble they

took?


37. f©Qf©Qf©Qf©Qf©Q kaMMu - eye

mke f©Q0f Ve M¤J

amana kaMMuga Ena Attu - what is the matter with his

eyes?

vu0L f©Q njhnuh0J ïšby

eraDu kaMMu tOrOdu ille - he is blind on both eyes.

ïšby xª0J f©Q njhÇu

ille, ondu kaMMu tOrira - no, he can see with one eye.

Ãe0f f©Q ïšbyah

ninaga kaMMu illeya - have you no eyes? are you blind?

fÞlhª0j f©Q bf£l

kasTAnda kaMMu keTTa - he has lost his sight by troubles

m0Je neh0o f©z ÚU M¡»0j

aduna nODi kaMMa nIru Akkida - seeing it he shed tears.

m¥gu f©ÙU M¡»0j

appara kaMMIru Akkida - she shed more tears

Ãªe f©Q0f Ve njhÇ¤J

ninna kaMMuga Ena tOrittu - what did you perceive?

vªe f©Q0f xª0J A] njhÇ¤J

enna kaMMuga ondu hU tOrittu - I perceived a flower

m0Je f©Q M¡»0bjah

aduna kaMMu AkkideyA - have you an eye upon that


38. 0ng0ng0ng0ng0ng bE - mouth

m0Je neh0o 0nghnah b#hšY n#hÇu

aduna nODi, bEyO jollu jOrira - one’s mouth waters at that

sight of it.

m0Je 0ng0f M¡» 0ò£l

aduna bEga Akki buTTa - he devoured it.

M[0f 0ng M0l 0ng0l

Asaga bE ADa bEDa - do not bawl; do not talk so much

0ng K¢R bE muccu

- hold your tongue, close your mouth

0ng 0ò£L kh¤J M0L

bE buTTu mAttu ADu - talk aloud

ïªE ve0f 0ng 0g¥ãby

innu enaga bE bappile - I cannot yet speak

vªe 0ng0f 0g¥g0J ïšby

enna bEga bappadu ille - I cannot pronounce or recite it.

0ng kh¤J bE mAttu - a verbal message; mere words


39. kh0Lkh0Lkh0Lkh0Lkh0L mADu - to do, to make

Ú kh0o0j 0bfy[ Ve

nI mADida gelasa Ena - what is the work you have done.

mt Vü kh0Lby

ava EnU mADule - she has not done anything

Ï£L kh0lh0bj kbe0f nAh0j

hiTTu mADAde manega hOda - she went home without doing

food.

mt Vü kh0nlhbe§0bf ïšby

ava EnU mADOneBge ille - she is not likely to do anything

ït 0bfy[ kh0nlh0âšby

iva gelasa mADOdille - she is not fond of work, she is not

a working person

xŸs§0bf kh0obu oLLaBge mADire - you are quit right

#hk kh0O©0L 0gª0j

jAma mADIMDu banda - he came late


40. ngh0J ngh0J ngh0J ngh0J ngh0J pOdu - to be enough

< ÚU v¢r I nIru ecca

- this water is not enough (sufficient)

v¢rh0njhby ïªü x¤J 0gªbe

eccAdOle innU ottu banne - if not sufficient, I shall bring

more

0ng¡fh[0f x¤J 0gh

bEkkAsaga ottu bA - bring enough of it

V[0f jª0bjbyí Ãe0f v¢rh

Esaga tandaleyu ninaga eccA - though I bring so much, it is

not enough

<[0f Mby 0ngh0J Isaga Ale pOdu - this much will do

A¤J M 0ngh0J hattu A pOdu - ten people are enough

v¢r ecca - not enough

ï¥g¤J M v¢rh?

ippattu A eccA? - twenty people will not be sufficient

<0f 0ngh0J Iga pOdu - now it is enough

0ngh0J v«0g

pOdu emba - it is enough he says.


41. bfh0Lbfh0Lbfh0Lbfh0Lbfh0L ko Du - to give

mk0f xªJ 0g©0o kh0o bfh£bl

amaga ondu baMDi mADi koTTe - I made a carriage for him

Az bfh£lth haMa koTTavA - has he given money?

všÈ vª0j bfh£le

elli enda koTTana - where from should he pay it?

mk bfh0lhu ama koDAra - he won’t pay

bfh0lh0njhby eh bfh£lbe

koDAdOle nA koTTane - if he should not pay I shall (make

him) pay

mke m¥g bfh0oÌ0j

amana appa koDisida - his father made him pay

üU cU¥ã bfh£L nf0»0bj

nUru uruppi koTTu kEgide - I sent a hundred rupees

< v¤J ve0f m¥gu fÞl bfh£lu

I ettu enaga appara kaSTa koTTara - this bullock gives me a

good deal of trouble.

ehü bfh£bl nAnU koTTe - I too gave

xª0J gŒ[h bfh0lhu

ondu paysA koDAra - he gives no paise


42. by by by by by le – if, C C C C C U – too, also, even,

Èô Èô Èô Èô Èô liy U - though

mke nf0»by nAhe

Amana kEgile hOna - if you send him, he will go

xª0J cU¥ã bfh£lby nAh0jhu v«0g

ondu uruppi koTTale, hOdAra emba - they will go for a rupee,

I hear

vu0L bfh£lÈô nAh¥g0âšby

eraDu koTTaliyU hOppadille - they would not go even for two

_U Mby nAh0jhu

mUru Ale hOdAra - they might go for three

Mbyô ïª0J nAh¥gbe§0bf ïšby

AleyU indu hOppaneBge ille - but today they cannot go

nAhbe vª0jbyí nAh¥g0âšby

hOne endaleyu hOppadille – they will not go though they

promise it

mk Mby nAhe ama Ale hOna - as to him, he will go

nAh¥gt¡f 0jhu0jhu vª0jby

hOppavakka dAra dAra endale - the following persons are

going

ehü ïkü nAnU imanU - myself and this man


0ng¡fhby vªe m¥gü nAhe

bEkkAle enna appanU hOna - if necessary my father will

go too.

43. vª0j vª0j vª0j vª0j vª0j enda –than (the comparative andsuperlative degrees)

mk vªehª0j 0bjh0£0lk

ama ennA nda doDDama - he is taller (older, richer) than me

ïk všyhª0j Fªek

ima ellAnda kunnama - he is smaller (younger) than all

mke vª0j bf£lt¡f 0jh% ïšby

amana enda keTTavakka dArU ille - there is none worse

than he

Mby všyh vª0j bf£lk

Ale ellA enda keTTama - but he is worst of all

e§0f vª0j Kª0bj 0gª0j

naBga enda munde banda - he has arrived before us

v§0f0J vª0j Ã§0f0J xŸËa0J

eBgadu enda niBgadu oLLiyadu - yours is better than ours.

Ú vªe vª0j jhÞâ bfh£bl

nI enna enda dAsti koTTe - you paid more than me

üU vª0j jhÞâ bfh£bl


nUru enda dAsti koTTe - I paid more than a hundred

ï0Je vª0j jhÞâ bfh£L ï0¥0g0J

iduna enda dAsti koTTu ibbadu - you might have given

even more than that.

44. nf nf nf nf nf kE – to hear, to ask

0bgšY [0¤0j nf¤âah

bellu sadda kEttiyA - did you hear the sound of the bell?

eh nf¥ãby nA kEppile - I did not hear it

Ãªe »É nf¥g0J ïšbyah

ninna kivi kEppadu illeyA - are you deaf?

»É nf¤ju kivi kEttara - I am not deaf, I can hear

mt¡f 0bgšY [0¤0j nf¤juh

avakka bellu sadda kEttarA - did they here the bell?

nAh0» nf¤J neh0L hOgi kEttu nODu - go and ask

nf¤ö©0l 0gh kEttUMDu bA - go and ask

Ú nA0»0j v§0bf nf¤jbe

nI hEgida eBge kEttane - I shall obey your orders.

všÈ nf¤jhÇ

elli kEttAri - you obey do you? i.e. you never obey

Ú kh¤J nf¥gk mšy

nI mAttu kEppama alla - you are not obedient


45. ÃšY ÃšY ÃšY ÃšY ÃšY nillu – to stand, to wait

v0¤0J ÃšY eddu nillu - stand up

eh 0g¥gbe 0bf£l ÃšÈ

nA bappane geTTa nilli - wait till I come

Ì£o #hk Ã0¤0J 0gªbe

siTTi jAma niddu banne - I will come after (just) waiting

ïšÈ V¡f Ã0¤0ö©0L ï0¤0â

illi Ekka niddUMDu iddi - why are you standing here?

v§0ft ïšÈ ÃšÈÌ0jU

eBgava illi nillisidaru - they made us stand here; we have

been placed here.

0bfy[ Ã0¤0J 0ò£l

gelasa niddu buTTa - work has been ceased; work has

been stopped

m0Je ÃšÈÌ0j0J 0jhu

aduna nillisidadu dAra - who stopped it?

m0Je ÃšÈÌ 0ò£lU

adun a nillisi buTTaru - it has been entirely stopped?

V¡f ÃšÈÌ 0jhbu

Ekka nillisi dAre - why has it been stopped?


V¡f vª0jby ÚU m¥gu Ã0¤0ö©0L m0l0bj

Ekka endale nIru appara niddUMDu aDade - because there

is plenty of water standing there

Ã0¥0gJ0f K0oÉby nAhbe

nibbaduga muDivile hOne - I cannot wait, I go

46. nkbynkbynkbynkbynkby mEle - on, after, above, up

Ã§0f kbe V0J nky0jh Ña0jh

niBga mane Edu, mE ladA kIyadA - which is your house the

upper one or the lower one?

nkby nAhÇah mEle hOriyA - are you going up

<0fjh nkby vª0j 0gª0bj

I gatA mEle enda bande - I am just coming from above.

vªe m©z nkby ï0¤0jbe

enna aMMa mEle iddane - my brother is above, my brother is

up there

mk 0gª0j nkby nAhbe

ama banda mEle hOne - after his arrival I shall go

mJ0f nkby nAh0fh¡F Mu

aduga mEle hOgAkku Ara - after that it is possible to go


eh¡F b#e0f nkby 0gªe kh¡bf

nAkku jenaga mEle banna mAkke - he will probably come

after four (some) days.

F0jbu nkby 0gª0jhu

kudare mEle bandAra - they will probably come on horse

back.

ïªe nkby 0gu

inna mEle bara - he will not come here after, or infuture he

will not.

47. FËFËFËFËFË ku Li - to sit down

ïšÈ 0gª0J FË

illi bandu kuLi - come here and sit.

V¡f mšÈ FË0ö©0L ï0¤0bj

Ekka alli kuLidUMDu idde - why are you sitting there?

eh všÈ Fst0J

nA elli kuLavadu - where shall I sit? where I am to sit?

Ñba FËa 0ng0l nkby FË

kIye kuLiya bEDa , mEle kuLi - do not sit on the ground

(below), sit up here

všÈ Fs0jbyí xª0Jjh

elli kULadaleyu ondutA - it does not matter where we sit


Ú nA0»0j v0blnah FË0jbe

nI hEgida eDeyO kuLidane - I shall sit down where you tell

me to sit

ïUbeh FË0ö©0L Ve kh0o0bj

iruno kuLidUMDu Ena mADide - what were you doing

sitting up all night?

eh FË0ö©0L ï0¥0ãby

nA kuLidUMDu ibbile - I was not sitting up

eh ïUbeh Fstk mšy

nA iruno kuLavama alla - I am not one who sits up at right

ï0J FËt kbe idu kuLiva mane - this is sitting room

48. všY všY všY všY všY ellu - to raise, to get up

všY všY ellu ellu - rise, get up

všy všÈ ella elli - let evey one rise

v0¤0J Ve kh0nlh0J

eddu Ena mADOdu - what are we to do after getting up

v0¤0j nkby ÚU v¤â 0g¥g0J

edda mEle nIru etti bappadu - after getting up you will

have to fetch water.

ïªE 0jhU v0¥0ãby

innu dAru ebbile - no one has risen yet


0jhU v0¥0g0âšby

dAru ebba dille - no one is getting up

MU kÂ0f v0¤0jhu

Aru maMiga eddAra - they get up at six O’clock

všyh v0¤0J 0ò£lU

ellA eddu buTTaru - they have all risen

v0¤0J m¥gu #hk M¤J

eddu appara jAma Attu - they got up long before

eh x0¥0g všyhbu

nA obba ellAre - as for me I cannot rise

49. 0òŒ0òŒ0òŒ0òŒ0òŒ buy - to fall

< cU¥ãa všÈ f©0bl

I uruppiya elli kaMDe - where did you find this rupee?

vªe kbebah 0ò0¤0J£L m£l¤J

enna maneyo budduTTu aTTattu - it was lying in my house.

kbe0f 0gª0j x0lbe f©Q0f 0ò0¤0j¤J

manega banda oDane kaMMuga buddattu - it cought my eye

as soon as I came home

m«bk 0ò0¤0âa neh0L

amme buddiya, nODu - look, your sister will fall


m›t 0ò0¥0g0J0f 0ò0nlh0J ïšby

avva bubbaduga buDOdu ille - I shall not let her fall

0òŒah0j v§0bf neh0obe

buyyAda eBge nODine - I shall take care to keep her from

falling

Ãªe m©z bf£lke fŒ0f 0ò0¤0j

ninna aMMa keTTamana kayga budda - your brother has

fallen into the hands of bad man

ïUbeh mke x0j0f 0ò0¤0jU

iruno amana odaga buddaru - they fell on him at night

< kh¤J Ãªe »É0f 0ò0¤0jjh

I mAttu ninna kiviga buddatA - had you heard of this

matter

vªe »É0f 0ò0¥0ãby

enna kiviga bubbile - I had not heard of it


50. jh jh jh jh jh tA, x¤J0ghx¤J0ghx¤J0ghx¤J0ghx¤J0gh ottu bA - to bring

ÚU jh

nIru tA - fetch me some water

V[0f j¥g0J

Esaga tappadu - how much shall I bring?

xª0J xÌ jh ondu osi tA - bring a little

vªe j«k jªee

enna tamma tannana - my brother will bring

mk V0Ft jªee

ama Eguva tannana - when will he bring it

mk juh j¥g0âšby

ama tarA, tappadille - he will not bring any (it)

mk juh 0njhby eh jªbe

ama tarA dOle nA tanne - if he will not bring any, I will

M f¤âa x¤J 0gª0J njhU[&

A kattiya ottu bandu tOrusu - show me that knife?

bAh¤J 0gª0bj neh0L

hottu bande nODu - look here, I have brought it

m0Je ïšÈ jh

aduna illi tA - hand it to me


51. ïšÈ ïšÈ ïšÈ ïšÈ ïšÈ illi – here, mšÈ mšÈ mšÈ mšÈ mšÈ alli - there,

všÈ všÈ všÈ všÈ všÈ elli - where

inst. ïšÈª0j mšÈª0j všÈª0j

illinda allinda ellinda

dat. ïšÈ0f mšÈ0f všÈ0f

illiga alliga elliga

gen.. ïšÈa mšÈa všÈa

illiya alliya elliya

Ãªe m©z všÈ ï0¤0jbe

ninna aMMa elli iddane - where is your brother?

ïšÈ ïšby mšÈ ï0¤0jbe

illi ille alli iddane - he is not here, he is there

všÈ0f nAh0j

elliga hOda - where has he gone?

všÈ0fnth nAh0»0jbe

elligavO hO gidane - I do not know where he has gone else

ïšÈ ïšby, všÈô ïšby

illi ille, elliyU ille - he is neither here nor anywhere

všbyšÈ neh0oí Ì¡Fby

ellelli nODiyu sikkule - I cannot find him anywhere


všÈ vª0j 0gª0â

elli enda bandi - where are you come from?

mšÈ vª0j 0gª0bj

alli enda bande - I have come from that place

Ú všÈak nI elliyama - where are you from?

eh ïšÈak nA illiyama - I belong to this place

ïšÈat¡f mšÈ0f nAh¥gbe§0bf ïšby

illiyavakka alliga hOppaneBge ille - the people of this place

cannot go there.

mšÈat¡f ïšÈ0f 0g¥gbe§0bf ïšby

alliyavakka alliga bappaneBge ille - the people of that place

cannot come here.

mšÈ vª0j ïšÈ0f V[& 0öu

alli enda illiga Esu dUra - how far is it from that place tothis?

Ú ï0¥0g0J všÈ

nI ibbadu elli - where do you live?

Ú ï0¥0g v0blnah eh ï0¤0jbe

nI ibba eDeyO nA iddane - I shall live where you live.

eh nAh¥gbe Kª0bj Ú 0guhbu

nA hO ppane munde nI barAre - you cannot come before I go


F0jbu všÈ ï0¤0j¤J

kudare elli iddattu - where has the horse been?

Ú nA0»0j v0blnah0bfba ï¤J

nI hEgida eDeyOgeye ittu - it has been at the place

which you mentioned

ï¤jt F0jbu0bfh všÈ ï0¤0jbu

ittava kudaregO elli iddare - where are horses like this

to be had?

mšyšÈ ï0¤0jbu

allalli iddara - they are found here and there

52. m¥g m¥g m¥g m¥g m¥g appa - father, m›bt m›bt m›bt m›bt m›bt avve - mother

V¡f m¥g < kbebah 0jhU ïšby

Ekka a ppa I maneyo dAru ille - why father no one is in this

house?

Ve eŠ#¥g Ã§0f 0gª0âuh

Ena naNjappa niBga bandirA - what Mr. Nanjappa are you

come?

Ãªe m›bt m¥g et¡f všÈ

ninna avve appa navakka elli - where are your parents?

vªe m¥g A£o0f nAh0j

enna appa haTTiga hOda - my father has gone to village


eh 0gª0bj vª0J m›bt0f nA0F

nA bande endu avvega hEgu - tell your mother that I have

come

Ãªe m›bta bfhu¢R

ninna avveya koraccu - call your mother

mth 0gh eŠ#¥g 0gª0â0jbe

avA bA naNjappa, bandidane - come here mother Mr.

Nanjappa has come

0gh eŠ#¥g X0bf 0gh

bA naNjappa, Oge bA - come Mr. Nanjappa, please come in

eŠ#¥g0f xÌ ÚU x¤J 0gªJ bfh0L

naNjappaga osi nIru ottu bandu koDu - bring some water

to Nanjappa

53. kh¤â kh¤â kh¤â kh¤â kh¤â mAtti –son, k¡f k¡f k¡f k¡f k¡f makka - children

ït¡f 0jhu k¡f

ivakka dAra makka - whose are these children?

ït vªj bA©Q

iva enna heMMu - this is my daughter

mt¡f vu0lh vªe m©z k¡f

avakka eraDA enna aMMa makka - those two are my

brother’s children


mk vªe m¡fe kh¤â

ama enna akkana mAtti - he is my sisters’s son (nephew)

< T[& 0ngbu

I kUsu bEre - this child belongs to some one else.

Ãªe k¡fneh Fªek Vk

ninna makkanO kunnama Ema - which is the youngest of

your children?

Ãªe kh¤â0f < Azt bfh0L

ninna mAttiga I haMava koDu - give this rupee to your son

ve0f kh¤â ïšby, xª0J bA©Q ï0¤0jbt

enaga mAtti ille, ondu heMMu iddave - I have no son, I have

only a daughter

m¤bj Mby bA©Q0f bfh0L

atte Ale heMMuga koDu - then give it to your daughter

m›btí kh¤âí 0gª0â0jhbu

avveyu mAttiyu bandidAre - mother and son have come


54. ï¤bj itte –such(as this), m¤bj atte - such

(as that), v¤bj ette - what kind

Ãªe kbe v¤jt0J

ninna mane ettavadu - what sort of a house is yours?

vªe kbe m¥gu Fªe0J

enna mane appara kunnadu - my house is very small

ï¤jt Fªe kbea eh všÈô neh0Lby

ittava kunna maneya nA elliyU nODule - I never saw such a

small house as this

Ã§0f kh¡bf ï0¥0gt¡f0f ï¤jt Fªe kbe Ve0f

niBga mAkke ibbavakkaga ittava kunna mane Enaga - why

should a person like you have such a smll house?

ï0J v¤jt xŸËa v«bk

idu ettava oLLiya emme - what a fine buffalo is this

ï¤jt0J0f V[& cU¥ã Mu

ittavaduga Esu urappi Ara - what is the price of such a one

ve0F ï¤jt0J xª0J 0ng¡F

enagu ittavadu ondu bEkku - I too should like to have one

like this

Ú <Ì0j v«bk m¥gu xŸËa0J

nI I sida emme appara oLLiyadu - the buffalo you have

bought is very fine.


v¤jt xŸËa 0bfy[ ï0J

ettava oLLiya gelasa idu - what a good work this is

m¤jt 0bfy[ kh0l 0ng0l

attava gelasa mADa bEDa - do not do like that work

55. 0öu 0öu 0öu 0öu 0öu dUra - far

0ghÇ M[& 0öubeh V¡f ï0¤0â

bAri Asu dUrano Ekka iddi - come near, why are you

standing for away?

všÈª0j 0gª0â

ellinda bandi - where have you come from?

v§0f 0öuhª0j 0gªânah

eBga dUrAnda bandiyO - we have come from a great

distance.

e§0f A£o m¥gu 0öu

naBga haTTi appara dUra - our village is very far.

x¤bj0bf M[0f 0öu

ottege Asaga dUra - as for as Ooty

x¤bj0bf0f ïšÈª0j V[& 0öu

ottegega illinda Esu dUra - how for is it from here to Ooty?

x¤bj0bf m¥gu 0öu

ottege appara dUra - Ooty is very far (for away)


Ãªe k¡f V[& 0öu nAh0jU

ninna makka Esu dUra hOdaru - how far away your children

have gone

M, m¥gu 0öubeh ï0¤0jhbu

A, appara dUrano iddAre - yes they are for away.

56. bAh¤J hottu - time, < bAh¤J I hottu -this time

< bAh¤J 0jh% 0g¥ãby

I hottu dArU bappile - no one is come this time.

m¥gu bAh¤J eh â«0ãby

appara hottu nA timbile - I did not take meal many

times.

bAh¤J M0» 0ò£l kefe 0gh

hottu Agi buTTa manakana bA - it is late, come quickly

< bAh¤J Ve Ï£L

I hottu Ena hiTtu - what (kind) food for this time

vu0L bAh¤J Ï£L kh0nlh0J

eraDu hottu hiTTu mADOdu - two times we have to

prepare food.

xª0J bAh¤J âªe 0ng0l

ondu hottu tinna bEDa - do not take meal at one time


<0f 0ó bAh¤J

Iga bU hottu - now it is setting sun

_U bAh¤J 0g¥g0J

mUru hottu bappadu - should come for three times (of a

day)

57. b#e b#e b#e b#e b#e jena - day

V b#e 0gª0bj

E jena bande - what day did you arrive?

Ïª0J 0gª0bj

indu bande - I have come today

vu0L b#e M0j nkby eh nAhbe

eraDu jena Ada mEle nA hOne - I will go after two days.

ïªE eh¡F b#e ï0¤0J nAh0F

innu nAkku jena iddu hOgu - stay a few days more

< m¡» V[& b#e 0gª0ju

I akki Esu jena bandara - how many days will this rice last.

v£L b#e0f Mu

eTtu jenaga Ara - it will last for (eight days) a week

< 0g©0o V[& b#e0njh kh0lh¡F

I baMDi Esu jenadO mADAkku - with in how many days

can you make this cart.


A¤J b#e 0nfh0bf kh0o bfh£lbe

hattu jena gOge mADi koTTane - I shall finish it within a ten

days.

b#eh0F ï0nj nA0»bu

jenAgu idE hEgire - you say the same every day

e§0f Ve eh¡F b#e0jt¡f

naBga Ena? nAkku jenadavakka - what are we? we are very

short lived.

58. ïU ïU ïU ïU ïU iru - night, wait

ïU M¤J

iru Attu - it has grown dark; it is night

ïU eh 0gªbe

iru nA banne - wait, I will come

ïU #hkbeh všÈ0f nAhbu

iru jAmanO elliga hOre - where are you going in this night

hours?

ïª0J ïUbeh vªe j«k 0gªe

indu irunO enna tamma banna - to night my brother is

coming

ïU 0bfy[0f nAh0f 0ng0l

iru gelasaga hOga bEDa - do not go night duty


b#eh0F ïU #hk0bjh v§0f kbe0f mk 0gªe

jenAgu iru jAmado eBga manega ama banna - he comesto my house every night

ïUbeh xu0»0ò0L

iruno oragibuDu - you sleep at night

59. A0fY A0fY A0fY A0fY A0fY hagalu - day, day - time

ïUbeh 0gu0ng0l A0fY 0gh

iruno barabEDa hagalu bA - come in the day-time, not at

night

ïU nAh0» A0fY M¤J

iru hOgi hagalu Attu - night has gone and day has come

A0fY všy Ve kh0o0bj

hagalu ella Ena mADide - what have you been doing all

day?

A0fYbeh xu0f 0ng0l

hagaluno oraga bEDa - do not sleep at day time

ïU A0fY všy 0gu0ö©0L ï0¤0jbe

iru hagalu ella baradUMDu iddane - he is writing day and

night

A0fYbeh 0bfy[ kh0o ïUbeh xu0F


hagaluno gelasa mADi iruno oragu - work in the day time

and sleep at night.

V[& A0fY 0bfy[ kh0o0bj

Esu hagalu gelasa mAdide - how many days you have

worked.

A¤J A0fY

hattu hagalu - ten days

A0fY0f ïšÈ 0gh

hagaluga illi bA - come here at midday

_U b#e A0fY ïU xu0Fby

mUru jena hagalu iru oragule - I have not been in bed for

three days and nights.

A0fY A[&0f Ve

hagaku hasuga Ena - what (kind) food at midday?

A0fY A[&0f 0bjh£o

hagalu hasuga doTTi - bread is for midday meal


60. 0ãÌY bisilu - sunshine heat of the sun

ïª0J V[0f 0ãÌY neh0L

indu Esaga bisilu nODu - see, how hot it is to –day

M, ïª0J m¥gu 0ãÌY jh

A, indu appara bisilu tA - yes, it is very hot

<0f 0ãÌY b#e

I ga bisilu jena - now it is the hot season

ïª0Je M[0f 0ãÌy eh vª0ö neh0Lby

induna Asaga bisila nA endU nODule - I have never seen

so hot a day as this

0ãÌY fha 0ng0l

bisulu kAya bEDa - do not expose yourself to the sun

0ãÌYbeh nAh0f 0ng0l

bisiluno hOga bEDa - do not go in hot sun

< 0g£bla 0ãÌY0f M¡F

I baTTeya bisiluga Akku - dry this clothes in the sun light

< xz0fy 0ãÌY0f mU¤J

I oMagala bisiluga aruttu - spread, put this grain in the sun


61. bf0L bf0L bf0L bf0L bf0L keDu - to become bad, to becomerotten

< T všyh bf£L£L m0l0bj

I kU ella keTTuTTu aDade - this rice has all become stale

m0Je âª0jy 0ng bf£lu

aduna tindale bE keTTara - if you eat it, you will lose your

appetite

m0J v¤bj bf£luh

adu ette keTTarA - how can it become stale

ï0Je V¡f bf0oÌ0â

i dunna Ekka keDisidi - why have you spoiled this?

bf0lh0j v§0bf neh0nlh0J

keDAda eBge nODOdu - see that it be not spoiled

m¥gu b#e m£L bf£l¤J

appara jena aTtu keTTattu - it has become stale by standing

for a long time.

< ÚU m¥gu bf£l0J

I nIrU appara keTTadu - this water is also vey bad

ÚU bf£lby CU bf0nlh0jh

nIru keTTale, Uru keDOdA - if the water become bad, why

should the village become so too?


< A£oat¡f bf£L nAh0»0jhbu

I haTTiyavakka keTTu hOgidAre - the people of this village

have degenerated

bf£l 0bfy[ kh0l 0ng0l

keTTa gelasa mADa bEDa - do not do bad works

< 0ngh0f 0bgŸshbk bf£L 0ò£l

I bOga beLLAme keTTu buTTa - the crop is failure in this

season

62. ï0L iDu - to put, to place, throw

< Ï£l bj0f¤J ï0L

I hiTTa tegattu iDu - take this rice (meal) away

fšY ï0l 0ng0l

kallu iDa bEDa- do not throw stone.

m0Je všÈ ï0nlh0J

aduna elli iDOdu - where shall I put it?

všÈahbyí ï£L 0ò0L

elliyAleyu iTTu buDu - put it down somewhere else

m0Je 0öu ï0L

aduna dUra iDu - throw it away


63. njhU. njhU. njhU. njhU. njhU tOru - to appear, the seen;

njhU¢RnjhU¢RnjhU¢RnjhU¢RnjhU¢R tOruccu to show

< kh¤J Ãe0f v¤bj njhÇu

I mAttu ninaga ette tOrira - what do you think of this matter?

Ãe0f njhÇ0j v§0bf nA0F

ninaga tOrida eBge hEgu -tell me what you think of it; or tell

me how it appears to you.

Ãe0f njhÇ0j v§0bf ve0f njhnuh0J ïšby

ninaga tOrida eBge enaga tOrOdu ille - my opinion differs

from yours, or I do not see it as you do

ï0J Az kh¡bf njhÇu ïšby

idu haMa mAkke tOrira ille - does not this look like a rupee

ïk0f Ã§0f kbea njhU¢R

imaga niBga maneya tOruccu - show him your house.

kbe njhÇÌbe 0ghÇ

mane tOrisine bAri - come along, I will show you my house

kbe njhÇÌe v«0g nAh0»

mane tOrisine emba hOgi - go, he says he will show you his

house.

< 0bfy[ ve0f njhÇ¢R

I gelasa enaga tOriccu - show (teach) me how to do this job


Ãe0f njhÇ0j v§0bf kh0L

ninaga tOrida eBge mADu - do as you think best.

64. âªE âªE âªE âªE âªE tinnu - to eat; Ï£LÏ£LÏ£LÏ£LÏ£L hi TTu - meal

Ï£L M¤jh hiTTu AttA -is dinner is over?

ïªE M¥ãby innu Appile - not yet

âª0J 0gª0bj tindu bande - I have dined

âª0J m¥gu #hk M¤J

tindu appara jAma Attu - I dined long before

<0f Ï£L0f nAhbe

Iga hiTTuga hOne - I am now going to take my meal

T âª0jÇah

kU tindariyA - do you eat rice?

âªebe tinnane -yes (I will eat)

m¤bj Mby âª0J 0gh

atte Ale tindu bA - then go to dinner

âªE âªeh0njhby 0bfy[ kh0lhbu

tinnu, tinnAdOle gelasa mADAre - eat, you cannot work

unless you eat

âªehbu tinnAre -I cannot eat

_U b#e vª0j xª0J â«0ãby


mUru jena enda ondu timbile - I have not eaten anything for

three days.

xª0J âªeh0bj m¤bj m0l0J0ò£bl

ondu tinnAde atte aDadubuTTe - I lay down without eating

anything

âª0j0J âª0j v§0bf nAhu

tindadu tinda eBge hOra - what I eat goes off undigested

bAh£bl J«0g âª0J 0ò£bl

hoTTe tumba tindu buTTe - I have eaten belly full

âª0j nkby 0gh

tinda mEle bA - come after dinner

< A&t V¡f âª0jbu

I hUva Ekka tindare - why are you eating this flower?

ï0Je âªe T0lh0J

iduna tinna kUDAdu - this cannot be eaten

všyht âª0J 0ò£o

ellAva tindu buTTi - you have eaten it all

âªeh0bj ï0¤0â0¥0g0J

tinnAde iddibbadu - you should not have eaten it

ï0J â«0g bghUS mšy

idu timba poruLu alla - this is not an eatable thing.


65. T T T T T kU - cooked rice

ïšÈ m¡» m0l0bj T 0ng[&

illi akki aDade kU bEsu - here is rice cook it

T ïªü M¥ãbyah

kU innU AppileyA - is the rice not yet ready?

T M¤J 0ghÇ

kU Attu bAri - the rice is ready, come (to dinner)

< m¡» [Ç ïšby

I akki sari illiye - this rice is not nice

< Tneh Ve m0l0bj

I kUnO Ena aDade - what is that in this rice?

M Tt Ve kh0o0â

A kUva Ena mADidi - what you have done that rice?

< T ve0f vu0nfh0J ïšby

I kU enaga eragOdu ille - I cannot eat this rice?

< Tt M Fªebt0f C£L

I kUva A kunnavega UTtu - give the rice to those children toeat.

ve0f Ï£L M¡nfhk Úba

Enga hiTTu AkkOma nIye - you are my supporter (foster)

Ã§0f Ï£l eh âª0bj

niBga hiTTa nA tinde - I have eaten your food


Ï£L bfh0L

hiTTu koDu - to serve food

66. »É »É »É »É »É kivi - ear

Ãe0f V[& »É

ninaga Esu kivi - how many ears have you?

ve0f vu0L »É

enaga eraDu kivi - I have two ears

m¤bj Mby V¡f nf¥gâšby

atte Ale Ekka kEppadille - then why are you not listening

»É bfh£L nf (¤J neh0L)

kivi koTTu kE (ttu nODu) - listen attentively

»Éa K¢r 0ng0l

kiviya mucca bEDa - do not shut your ears

< kh¤j mke »É0f M¡»0j

I mAtta amana kiviga Akkida - he mentioned this matter to

him

»É nf¤ju

kivi kEttara - ear is hearing, can hear

vªe xª0J »É nf¥g0âšby

enna ondu kivi kEppadille - I am deaf on one ear


< »Ébah VE nf¥g0âšby

I kiviyo Enu kEppadille - I cannot hear anything on this ear.

»É fšY 0ng¡F

kivi - kallu bEkku - I need ear -stud

mt xª0J »É0o

ava ondu kiviDi - she is (one) deaf

67. fhY fhY fhY fhY fhY kAlu - leg

e§0f0f vu0L fhY m0l0bj

naBgaga eraDu kAlu aDade - we have two legs

ne0f eh¡f fhY

nEga nAkku kAlu - a dog has four legs.

K§0fhY vu0L Ï§0fhY vu0L

muBgAlu eraDu, hiBgAlu eraDu - two fore and two hind legs

ïk0f fhY ïšby neh0L

imaga kAlu ille, nODu - look this man is lame

Ãªe fhY0f Ve M¤J

ninna kAlu ga Ena Attu - what is the matter with your legs

Fªe0öª0j vªe fŒfhY nAh¤J

kunnadUnda enna kaykAlu hOttU - my hands and feet

have been cripled from my childhood


fhY0f »¢R 0ò¤0J ï¤bj M¤J

kAluga kiccu buddu itte Attu - it was caused by fire falling on

my legs

fhY0f 0ò0¤0jbe Ve Mbyí bfh0L

kAluga buddane, En a Aleyu koDu - I implore you on my

kness to give me something

Ãªe kh¤â0f fhY 0gª0jjh

ninna mAttiga kAlu bandatA - can your son already walk?

0gª0juth

bandaravA - yes, he can

68. 0gh0l 0gh0l 0gh0l 0gh0l 0gh0l pADa - lesson

V[& gh0l Ú mu0bj

Esu pADa nI arade - how many lessons do you know

_U gh0l mu0bj

mUru pADa arade - I know three lessons

xª0J vª0j _U 0bf£l

ondu enda mUru geTTa - from the first to the third lesson

_uht0J gh0l0f nkby X0Jby

mUrAvadu pADaga mEle Odule - I have not read beyond

the third lesson


ke¥gh0l kh0o0âah

manappADa mADidiyA - did you learn them by heart?

xÌ gh0lt kh0o0bj

osi pA Dava mADide - I learnt some

vu0L _U ke¥gh0l 0gª0ju

eraDu mUru manappADa bandara - I know two or three by

heart

M gh0lt X0njh0J0f V[& b#e M¤J

A pADava OdOdugu Esu jena Attu - how many days did it

take you to learn that lesson

xª0bjhª0J gh0l0f xª0bjhª0J b#e

ondondu pADaga ondondu jena - one day for each lesson

vu0lht0J gh0l0f vu0L b#e

eraDAvadu pADaga eraDu jena - for the second lesson two

days.

69. M0L M0L M0L M0L M0L ADu - to play; M£lM£lM£lM£lM£l AttaAttaAttaAttaAtta - play; game;

kh¤jh0Lkh¤jh0Lkh¤jh0Lkh¤jh0Lkh¤jh0L mAttADu - to speak, talk

< Fªebt Ve M0O©0L ï0¤0jbu

I kunnave Ena ADIndu iddare - what are these boys

playing?


mt¡fu kh¤jh0oÌ nf¤J neh0L

avakkara mAttADisi kEttu nODu - speak to them and ask

them

mt¡f kh¤jh0nlh0J ïšby

avakka mAttADOdu ille - they won’t speak

M0l 0gh vª0jhu

ADa bA endAra - they tell me to come to play

M0nlh0J0f bfhu¢áahu

ADOduga koracciyAra - they call me to play

< M£l e§0f0f 0g¥g0J ïšby

I ATta naBgaga bappadu ille - we don’t know this game

mt¡fu M£lt bf0l[ 0ng0l

avakkara ATTava kaDasa bEDa - don’t spoil their game

m¤bj M0l 0ng0o Atte ADa bEDi - do not play like that

všyh 0ghÇ M0Lbth

ellA bAri ADuvo - come all, we shall play

70. nf0F nf0F nf0F nf0F nf0F kEgu - to send

m«bka nf0nfh0J0f 0gª0bj

ammeya kEgOduga bande - I have accompanied my

sister hither


V0Ft âÇ0» nf0»ahÇ

Eguva tirigi kEgiyAri - when will you send her back

vu0L thu0f Ïª0jh0L nf0»Ãbah

eraDu vAraga hindADu kEginiyo - we shall send her after

a fortnight

m¤bj Mby eh nf0»be

atte Ale nA kEgine - then I shall send her

ve0f F0jbu nf0»0jhbu

enaga kudare kEgidAre - they have sent me a horse.

m0Je âÇ0» nf0nfh0J

aduna tirigi kEgOdu - it should be returned

nf0F vª0J 0gu0â0jhbu

kEgu endu baradidAre - they have written me to send it

V0Ft nf0nfh0J

E guva kEgOdu - when shall I send it?

<0f nf0»by Xu

Iga kEgile Ora - you may send it now

v£L b#e0f Ïª0bj nf0»0ò£bl

eTTu jenaga hinde kEgibuTTe - I sent it after a week.


71. xŸËa xŸËa xŸËa xŸËa xŸËa oLLiya - good

v¤jt xŸËa T[&

ettava oLLiya kUsu - what a nice boy

M m¥gu xŸËak

A, appara oLLiyama - yes, he is very nice

mke m©z M[0f xŸËak mšy

amana aMMa Asaga oLLiyama alla - his brother is not so nice

M, m©ze vª0j j«kbe xŸËak

A, aMM ana enda tammane oLLiyama - yes, he is better than

his brother

mke kh¤J v¤bj xŸËa0J

amana mAttu ette oLLiyadu - how well he talks

xŸË¤J < kh¤J m0lÈ

oLLittu I mAttu aDali - well, let this pass

V0Ft 0gª0bj

E guva bande - when did you arrive?

eh 0g¥gbe xŸËa f¤jby

nA bappane oLLiya kattale - it was quite dark when I came

0gª0j0J xŸË¤J M¤J

bandadu oLLittu Attu - it is well that you have come


72. bAh[ bAh[ bAh[ bAh[ bAh[ hosa- new; AhaAhaAhaAhaAha hAya - old

bAh[k hosama - a new man

Ahak hAyama - an old man

všyh bAh[ mt¡fu

ellA hosa avakkara? - are they all new?

xÌa Ahat¡f

osiya hAyavakka - some are old

ïk bAh[k

ima hosama - this is a new man (new comer)

mkE bAh[¤J M0» 0gª0j

amanu hosattu Agi banda - he also came as new comer

mke kbe bAh[¤jh

amana mane hosattA - is his house new

Kª0bj bAh[¤jh0» m£l¤J

munde hosattAgi aTTattu - formerly it was new

<0f Aha¤J M0»0ò£l

Iga hAyattu AgibuTTa - now it has become old


73. bjh0£0lbjh0£0lbjh0£0lbjh0£0lbjh0£0l do DDa- great, tall, big;

FªeFªeFªeFªeFªe kunna – small, little, young

Vg£o 0bjh0£0lk MÆ0bj

EpaTTi doDDama Ayide - how tall you have grown

Kª0bj m¥gu Fªeke ï0¤0bj

munde appara kunnamana idde - formerly you were

very small

0bjh0£0l bA©Q Ãªe m¡fth?

doDDa heMMu ninna akkavA? - is this tall girl your sister

ï0J vªe m¡f, m0J Fªe m›bt

idu enna akka, adu kunna avve - this is my sister, and that

is my aunt

Ãªe m¡f V[0f 0bjh0£0lt

ninna akka Esaga doDDava - how tall (aged) your sister

Fªe m›bt vª0j 0bjh0£0lt

kunna avve enda doDDava - she is taller than your aunt

ïk Fªe m¥geh

ima kunnn appanA - is this your junior uncle (father

younger brother)

ïk ïªE Fªek kh¡bf ï0¤0jbe

ima innu kunnama mAkke iddane - he seems still young


mk0f 0bjh0£0l kbe m0l0bj

amaga doDDa mane aDade - he possesses a large

house

74. xÌ osi - little, 0jhÞâ0jhÞâ0jhÞâ0jhÞâ0jhÞâ dAsti –much,

very, many; bA¢R bA¢R bA¢R bA¢R bA¢R heccu - much, more

ïªE 0jhÞâ 0ng¡F

innu dAsti bEkku - I want more

xª0J xÌ ÚU jh

ondu osi nIru tA - fetch me a little water

xÌ x¤J 0gªbj

osi ottu bande - I have brought some

ïªE xÌ jh

innu osi tA - bring a little more

m¥gu (0jhÞâ) 0ng0l xÌ jh

appara (dAsti) bEDa osi tA - I do not want much, bring a

little

Fªebt0f xÌxÌ bfh0L

kunnavega osi osi koDu - give a little to each of these

boys.

Ãe0f m¥gu Fªebt

ninaga appara kunnave - you have many children


m¥gu Fªebt ï0¤0jhbu

appara kunnave iddAre - there are many boys

Kª0bj xÌ M ï0¤0jU

munde osi A iddaru - formerly there were only a few

0gu 0gu bA¢R M0jU

bara bara heccu Adaru - gradually the number has

increased.

< 0je0f V[& cU¥ã bfh£bl

I danaga Esu uruppi koTTe - how much did you give for

this cow?

0jhÞâ (m¥gu) bfh£bl

dAsti (appara) koTte - I paid more

üU0f bA¢R bfh£bl

nUruga heccu koTTe - I gave more than a hundred rupees.

m¥gu M¤J

appara Attu - it is very much

M[0f bfh0lh0bj ï0¤0ât0J

Asaga koDAde iddivadu - you should not have given so

much

eh Mby mŒt¤J bfh£o0jbe

nA Ale ayvattu koTTidane - as for me, I should have given

fifty


bA¢R bfh0nlhâšby

heccu koDOdille - I should not give more.

xÌ M ïªE bA¢R0f nf¤jU

osi A innu heccuga kEttaru - some people were asking

more.

m0J jh bA¢R bfh0nlh0J M¤J

Adu tA heccu koDOdu Attu - therefore I was obliged togive more.

75. ïªEïªEïªEïªEïªE innu - yet , still

Ãªe m©z ïªE 0g¥ãbyah

ninna aMMa innu bappileyA - has your brother not yet

arrived?

ïªE 0g¥ãby

innu bappile - no yet

m¤bj Mby eh nAhbe

atte Ale nA hOne - then I will go

nAh0f 0ng0l ïªE Ì£o #hk ïU

hOga bEDa innu siTTi jAma iru - do not go, remain a little

longer

ïU M¤J ïªE 0g¥ãby

iru Attu innu bappile - it is dark, he has not yet come


ïªE 0gª0J 0ò£le

innu bandu buTtana - he may still come

ïªE V[& b#eneh nAhe

innu Esu jenanO hOna - with in how many days will he

depart?

ïªE v£L b#e M0j nkny

innu eTtu jena Ada mEle - after a week

Ãe0f ïªbeh0¥0g m©z ï0¤0jbe jhbe

ninaga innobba aMMa iddane tAne - you have yet another

brother, have you not?

ïªE vu0lh ï0¤jhbu

innu eradA iddAre - I have two more

76. Ïª0bj hinde Ïª0jh0L hindADu - back

behind , formerly, Kª0bj munde, Kª0jhL

mundADu - infront, infuture

ï0J0f Ïª0jh0L ï¤bj kh0l 0ng0l

iduga hindADu itte mADa bEDa - infuture (here after)

never do so again

Ïª0J Kª0bj neh0o 0bfy[ kh0L

hindu munde nOdi gelasa mADu - do your work carefully

with circumspection


Kª0jet¡f Ïª0jh0L0f 0guÈ

mundanavakka hindADuga barali - let those infront go the

rear.

vªe Kª0jhL Ú nAh0F

enna mundADu nI hOgu - go on before me

eh Ïª0jhL 0gªbe

nA hindADu banne - I will come behind

< 0bfy[t eh Ïª0jhL kh0obe

I gelasava nA hindADu mADine - I shall do this work

after wards.

Ú Ïª0j 0ng0l

nI hinda bEDa - do not go behind

Ú ïšÈ Kª0jhL vª0j ï0¤0âah

nI illi mundADu enda iddiya - have you been in this place

before?

ïšby m0âeŒ0J b#e0F Kª0bj 0gª0bj

ille, adinaydu jenagu munde bande - no, I came a fortnight

ago

m0J0f Kª0jh0L všÈ ï0¤0bj

aduga mundADu elli idde - where did you live before youcame here?

Kª0jh0L x¤nj0bfnah ï0¤0bj


mundADu oTTEgeyO idde - formerly I lived in Ooty

m0J0f Kª0jh0L FªüUneh

aduga mundADu kunnUrunO - and before that at

Coonoor

ï0J0f Ïª0jh0L Ve kh0obu

iduga hindADu Ena mADire - what are you going to do

in future?

nAh0j kh¤j nA0»Ãnah

hOda mAtta hEginiyO - we have told you the past

Mby ïªe nkye0j 0jhu mu0jhbu

Ale inna mElanada dAra aradAre - but who knows the

future

vªe Kª0jh0L ï¤jt kh¤J M0l0ng0l

enna mundADu ittava mAttu ADa bEDa - do not talk like

this in my presence

ïªe nkby ï¤bj kh0nlh0J ïšby

inna mEle itte mAdoDu ille - in future I shall never do so

77.bAhuh[&bAhuh[&bAhuh[&bAhuh[&bAhuh[& hor Asu – out, outside;

X0bfX0bfX0bfX0bfX0bf Oge – in,within, inside

Ãªe kh¤â X0fh[& ï0¤0jÃah

ninna mAtti OgAsu iddaniyA - is your son inside?


kbe X0fh[& ïšby

mane OgAsu ille - he is not at home

bAhuh[& nAh0»0jbe

horAsu hOgidane - he has gone out

xÌ #hk0f X0fh[& 0gªe

osi jAmaga OgAsu banna - he may come within a shorttime

Ãªe fŒnah0bf Az m0l0bjah

ninna kayyOge haMa aDadeya - have any money (with

your hand)

vªe X0bf 0Õ¥ãby

enna Oge bIppile - I have no money

bAhuh[&0f mk xŸËak

horAsuga ama oLLiyama - he is fine for outsiders.

bAhuh[&e kh¤J e§0f0f 0fe

horAsuna mAttu naBgaga gana - outside speech is

not needed for us.

mk X0bf xª0J bAhuh[& xª0J

ama Oge ondu horAsu ondu - he is a hypocrite

ïkneh0bf j¥ò ïšby

imanOge tappu ille - the mistake is not his.


78. 0bf£l0bf£l0bf£l0bf£l0bf£l geTTa - till, as far as

všÈ 0bf£l Ú 0gª0jbu

elli geTTa nI bandare - how for will you come?

Ã§0f kbe 0bf£l 0gªebe

niBga mane geTTa bannane - I come up to your house

x¤nj0bf 0bf£l

ottEge geTTa - as far as Ooty, up to Ooty

ïªe 0bf£l x¤nj0bfa neh0Lby

inna geTTa ottEgeya nODule - I have never seen Ooty upto

this day

eh ïªe0bf£l A£oa 0ò£L nAh¥ãby

nA innageTTa haTTiya buTTu hOppile - I never left my village

till now

m¤bj Mby mšÈ 0bf£l 0gh

atte Ale alli geTTa bA - then come as far as that

eh 0g¥gbe 0bf£l nAh0f 0ng0l

nA bappane geTTa hOga bEDa - do not go before I come

Ú 0g¥gbe 0bf£l Ã0¤0ö©0L ï0¤0jbe

nI bappana geTTa niddUMDu iddane - I shall stay till you

come


79. xª0Jxª0Jxª0Jxª0Jxª0J ondu, x0¥0gx0¥0gx0¥0gx0¥0gx0¥0g obba - one; vu0Lvu0Lvu0Lvu0Lvu0L

eraDu, vu0lhvu0lhvu0lhvu0lhvu0lh eraDA -two

vu0lht bfhu¢R

eraDAva koraccu - call two persons

x0¥0gjh ï0¤0jbe

obbatA iddane - only one is available

ïªE x0¥0g všÈ

innu obba elli - where is the other one (person)?

Ãe0f V[& Fªebt

ninaga Esu kunnave - how many children for you?

vu0L eraDu - two

xª0J 0f©0L xª0J bA©Q

ondu gaMDu, ondu heMMu - one is boy, and other is girl

vu0lhî gŸË0f nAh0jhu

eraDAvu paLLiga hOdAra - both are going to school

x0¥0bgh0¥0g0F Az bfh0nlh0J

obbobbagu haMa koDOdu - I have to give them money

xª0bjhª0J cU¥ã v¢r

ondondu uruppi ecca - each one rupee is not sufficient

kbe0f x0¥0g nAh¥g0J

manega obba hOppadu - one from each house has to go


80

Here I try to give some details of the Badaga language

on some conversational reading and its nature (rule,

grammar) by end of each dialogue.

Reading I

0g m©z bA aMMa - come brother (elder)

X0bf 0gh Vu FË Oge bA Era kULi - come in, be seated

xŸs§0bf ï0¤0âah

oLLaBge iddiyA - are you well? (how are you)

[&0¤0â všyh Ve suddi ellA Ena - what are news

všyh xŸË¤J ellA oLLittu - all (the news) are good

vªe bA[U eŠ#

enna hesaru naNja - my name is Nanja

Ãªe bA[U Ve

ninna hesaru Ena - what is your name?

vªe bA[U 0ngh#

enna hesaru bOja - my name is Bhoja

vªe Ãªe bA[U Ve

enna ninna hesaru Ena

mke bA[U Ve

amana hesaru Ena - what is his name?


mke bA[U 0bgŸs

amana hesaru beLLa - his name is Bella

ï›t bA[U?

ivva hesaru? - this person’s (female) name?

ï›t bA[U Ä¢á

ivva hesaru micci - this person’s name is Michi

mke ï›t bA[U Ve

amana ivva hesaru Ena

ï0J Ve idu Ena - what is this?

ï0J kbe idu mane - this is house

m0J Ve adu Ena - what is that?

m0J bkhu adu mora - that is a tree

ï0J idu m0J adu kbe mane bkhu mora


m0J 0je adu dana - that is a cow


m0J f¤bj adu katte - that is an ass


m0J ne adu nE - that is a dog

m0Je bA[U F£o

aduna hesaru kuTTi - its name is Kutti


0je f¤bj ne m0Je

dana katte nE aduna

V0J fšY Edu kallu - which is stone?

m0J fšY adu kallu - that is stone?

V0J ne Edu nE - which is dog?

ï0J ne idu nE - this is dog

V0J 0bgh¡F Edu bokku - which is book?

m0J 0bgh¡F adu bokku - that is book?

V0J nkb# Edu mEje - which is desk?

ï0J nkb# idu mEje - this is desk

V0J fšY nkb#

Edu kallu meje

eh 0jhu nA dAra - who am I?

eh 0fî0l nA gavuDa - I am the chief (of a village)

Ú 0gh¤âahU nI bAttiyAru - you are a teacher

[Ç sari - right

mk 0jhu ama dAra - who is he?

mk fhÇ ama kAri - he is KAri

M0fÈ Agali - let it be, yes

ïk 0jhu ima dAra - who is he (this)?

ïk kh0j ima mAda - he is Madha


j¥ò ïk kh0j mšy

tappu, ima mAda alla - wrong he is not Madha

mšy alla - this is not

Ú 0jhu nI dAra - who are you?

eh n#h0» nA jOgi - I am Joghi

mk ïk 0jhu eh Ú

ama ima dAra nA nI

0gh¤âahU [Ç M0fÈ mšy j¥ò

bAttiyAru sari Agali alla tappu

ï0J 0jhu 0bgh¡F

idu dAra bokku - whose book is this?

m0J mke 0bgh¡F

adu amana bokku - that is his book

vªe 0bgh¡f mšy

enna bokku alla - not mine

ï0J Ãªe ngeh

idu ninna pEnA - this is your pen

vªe ngeh mšy

enna pEnA alla - not mine


< T[& 0jhu

I kUsu dAra - who is this boy?

M bA©Q 0jhu

A heMMu dAra - who is that girl?

ï0J 0g0l0fU A£o

idu baDagaru haTti - this is Badaga village

e§0f A£o mšy

naBga haTTi alla - not our village

0jhu kbe e§0f

dAra nane naBga

New material

A.

eh nA - I

Ú nI - you

mk ama - he

ïk ima - this person

0jhu dAra - who

m0J adu - it

ï0J idu - this

V0J Edu – which one

Ve Ena - what


B.

e§0f naBga - our

Ãªe ninna - your

mke amana - his

ïke imana - this person’s

0jhu dAra - whose

m0Je aduna - its

ï0Je iduna - of this

Observe that part A. contains some pronouns and part B.

their possessive forms.

C.

[Ç sari - right

j¥ò tappu - wrong

M0fÈ Agali - yes

mšy alla - no (not)

0bgh¡F bokku - book

ngeh pEnA - pen

bA[U hesaru - name

fšY kallu - stone

0je dana - cow

kbe mane - house

ne nE - dog

f¤bj katte - ass


M A and < I which are demonstrative (adjectival)

particles are used respectively to indicate remote and

proximate subject. There are two sets of words which are

used for the same purpose.

M kbe < kbe

A mane - that house I mane - this house

m0J ï0J

adu - that idu - this

mk ïk

ama - that person ima - this person

mt ït

ava - that person (female) iva - this person (female)

mt¡f ït¡f

avakka - they (those persons) ivakka - they (these persons)

M¡f0bl <¡f0bl

A kkade - that side IkkaDe - this side

mšÈ ïšÈ

alli - there illi - here

M0f <0f

Aga - then Iga - now

M bAh¤J < bA¤J

A hottu - that time I hottu - this time


M[0f < [0f

Asaga - that much Isaga – this much

Observe the sentences analysed below no auxiliary verbs

corresponding to the English is, am and are, are used here.

All the sentences in the first lesson are such sentences

only. They are called equative sentences.

Badaga English

mk 0ngh#

ama - bOja he (is) Bhoja

eh 0jhu

nA - dAra who (am) I?

Ú 0gh¤âahU

nI - bAttiyAru you are (a) teacher

English subject often proceeded by articles where as a

Badaga subject does not require it.

m0J ne

adu - nE that is (a) dog

Ú 0gh¤âahU

nI bAttiyAru you are (a) teacher

m0J f¤bj

adu - katte that is (an) ass


When loan words ending with consonants are used

normally the consonants takes a vowel ‘u’ at the end.

book - 0bgh¡F bokku

bill - 0ãšY billu

table - nl0òY tebulu

car - fhU kAru

bus - 0gÞ[& - bassu

belt - 0bgšL beTu

fan - ngE pEnu

seat - è£L sITTu

Reading 2

Composition

ï0J V CU

idu E Uru - which village is this?

eŠ#eh0L

naNja nADu - Najanad

m0J V nuh0L

adu E rODu - which road is that?

ï¤jyhU nuh0L

ittal Aru rODu - (that is ) Ithalar road


m0J 0jhu kbe

adu dAra mane - whose house is that?

vªe kbe

enna mane - my house

ï0J bAh[ fªeh0o

idu hosa kannADi - this is a new mirror

m0J Ve

adu Ena - what is that?

m0J Aha 0ghÌÂ¡bf

Adu hAya bAsiMikke - that is an old comb

mk xŸËa ke[

ama oLLiya manasa - he is a good man

ï0J 0bjh0£0l bg£o

idu doDDa peTTi - this is a big box

m0J bf£l g0l

adu keTTa paDa - that is a bad picture

< A£o 0bjh0£0l0J

I haTTi doDDadu - this hamlet is big

e§0f kbe Fªe0J

naBga mane kunnadu - our (family) house is small

M bg£o 0jhu0J

A peTTi dAradu - whose box is that?


m0J uhke0J

Adu rAmanadu - that is Rama’s

Ãªe K©0L bAh[¤J

ninna muMDu hosattu - your dhoti is new one

Mby Fªe0J

Ale kunnadu - but it is small

< n[U Aha¤J

I sEru hAyattu - this chair is old

Mby bgÆ©L bAh[¤J

Ale peyiMTu hosattu - but the paint is new

mke kbe Fªe0J

amana mane kunnadu - his house is small

Mby ke[& 0bjh0£0l0J

Ale manasu doDDadu - but his heart ( mind) is big

M fªeh0o mke0J

A kannADi amamadu - that mirror is his

Mby M 0ghÌÂ¡bf vªe0J

Ale A bAsiMikke ennadu - but that comb is mine

0bgh¡F vª0jby Ve

bokku endale Ena - what does a book mean?


nkb# vª0jby Ve

mEje endale Ena - what does a mEje mean?

m0J Fªe nkb#

adu kunna mEje - that is small table

M nkb# Fªe0J

A mEje kunnadu - that is small table

ÚU vª0jby Ve

nIru endale Ena - what does nIru mean

ÚU vª0jby th£l®

nIru endale vATTar - nIru means water

m0J xŸËa ÚU

adu oLLiya nIru - that is good water

M ÚU xŸËa0J

A nIru oLLiyadu - that water is good

uhK v«0g0J 0jhu

rAmu embadu dAra - who is called Ramu?

uhK v«0g0J mk

rAmu embadu ama- Ramu is he

è¤bj v«0g0J 0jhu

sItte embadu dAra - who is (called) Site?

T[& vª0jby Ve mÇ0âah


kUsu endale Ena aridiyA - do you know what does ‘kUsu’ mean?

ïšby mÇahbu

ille ariyAre - no, I do not know

T[& vª0jby 0ghŒ

kUsu endale bAy - ‘kusu’ means a boy

m0J e§0f ne

adu naBga nE - that is our dog

M ne e§0f0J

A nE naB gadu - that dog is ours.

New material

V E – which 0bjh0£0l doDDa - big

V0J Edu – which one 0bjh£0lJ doDDadu – big one

Fªe kunna – small Aha hAya – old

Fªe0J kunnadu – small one Aha¤J hAyattu – old one

0ghÌÂ¡bf bAsiMikke – comb bAh[ hosa – new

bg£o peTTi – box bAh[¤J hosattu – new one

K©0L muMdu – dhoti CU Uru – village

ke[& manasu– heart, mind fªeh0o kannADi – mirror

Mby Ale – but vª0jby endale – means

ke[ manasa – man ÚU nIru – water


Fªe kunna, 0bjh0£0l dODDa etc. are adjectives. Fªe0J

kunnadu, 0bjh0£0l0J doDDadu are adjectives turned into

predicates by taking ‘du’ (a suffix derived from the

demonstrative pronouns ‘adu’) at the end. These are

adjectival predicates. Similarly m0J adu is added to the

possessive forms of pronouns like e§0f naBga, Ã§0f niBga

and mke amana etc.

Reading - 3

Composition

uhK ïª0J nj0â Ve

rAmu indu tEdi Ena - Ramu, what is the data to-day?

A0â ehU

hadinAru - sixteenth

ïJ Ve â§0Ft

idu Ena tiBguva - which month is this?

ï0J V¥uš â§0Ft

idu E pral tiBguva - this is April

0nfhghš ïª0J Ve b#e

gOpal indu Ena jena - Gopal, what day is to-day?

ïª0J n[hthu

indu sOvAra - today is Monday


f©z beªbe Ve b#e

kaMMa nenne Ena jena - Kanna what day was yesterday?

beªbe M0âthu

nenne AdivAra - yesterday was Sunday

Ve beªbe M0âthuth

Ena nenne AdivAra vA - what was yesterday Sunday?

ïšby ille - no

m¤bj vª0jby Ve b#e

atte endale Ena jena - then which day?

[Ã sani - Saturday

0bgŸs kubz nj0â V[&

beLLa maraMe tEdi Esu - Bella what was the date day beforeyesterday

A0âeŒ0J hadinaydu - fifteen

Ve A0âeŒ0jh Ena hadinaydA - what fifteenth?

M A - yes

ïšby j¥ò A0âeh¡F

ille tappu hadinAkku - no wrong, fourteen

<f kÂ V[&

Iga maMi Esu - what is the time now?


MU fhY Aru kAlu - six and a quarter

m¤bjª0jby V[&

attendale Esu - how much does it mean?

MU kÂ AâeŒ0J ÃÄ[

Aru maMi handinaydu nimisa - six hours and fifteen

minitues

New materials

kubz maraMe - day before yesterday

nj0â tEdi - date

beªbe nenne - yesterday

thu vAra - week

ïª0J indu - to day

ÃÄ[ nimiSa - minute

ne0f nEga - tomorrow

V[& Esu - how much, how many

m¤bjª0jby attendale - if so (then)M0âthu AdivAra - Sun day

A0âehU hadinAru - sixteenn[hthu sOvAra - Monday

A0â eŒ0J hadinaydu - fifteen

rÃ sani - Saturday

â§0Ft tiBguva - month

fhY kAlu - one fourth

<0f Iga - now


Grammar

Numbers up to hundred can be formed by the following

method using numbers given below

ï¥g¤J ippattu + xª0J ondu - ï¥g¤bjhª0J ippattondu

_t¤J mUvattu + vu0L eraDu - _t¤bju0L mUvatteraDu

eyt¤J nalavattu + MU Aru - nalavattAru

v«0g¤J embattu + v£L eTTu - embatteTTu

when fhY, kAlu, mbu are and K¡fhY mukkAlu areadded to the numbers, the final vowel of the number – wordis lengthened

MU fhY M%fhY

Aru + kAlu - ArUkAlu

mŒ0J mbu mŒ0ömbu, mŒ0ötbu

aydu + are - aydUare, aydUvare

A¤J K¡fhY A¤ö K¡fhY

hattu + mukkAlu - hattUmukkAlu

ordinal numbers are formed by adding Mt0J Avaduto the cardinals.

xª0J Mt0J xª0jht0J

ondu + Avadu - ondAvadu - first

Vu0L Mt0J Vu0lht0J

eraDu + Avadu - eraDAvadu - second


Dative case suffixes 0f ‘ga’ is added to cardinal numbers inplace of English preposition

A¤J 0f

hattu +ga - hattuga (at ten)

v£LfhY 0f - v£^fhY0f

eTTu kAlu + ga - eTTUkAluga (at eight fifteen)

Reading - 4

Composition

Conversation between a father and his children.

Fa: fkyh < 0bgh¡f neh0L

kamala I bokka nODu - Kamala look at this book

Ka: V 0bgh¡F m¥g

E bokku appa - which book daddy?

Fa: M uhkhaz

A rAmAyana - that Ramayana

Ka: m¥g ve0f bkh0jY jh

appa enaga modalu tA - daddy, give it to me first

Fa: Ú bAhy0f nAh0F

nI hola ga hOgu - you go to field (for work)

ne0f uhkhaz X0Jbt

nEga rAmAyaMa oduve - read Ramayana tomorrow


Ka: ïšby m¥g eh0f uhkhaz

vª0jby m¥gu ïÞl

ille appa nAga rAmAyaMa endale appara iSTa

- no daddy I like Ramayana very much

Fa: m¤âba M0fÈ uh# všÈ

attiye Agali rAja elli - alright where is Raja?

Ka: X0fkbebah ï0¤0jbe

Ogamaneyo iddane - he is in the (inner) room

Fa: Ãªj m›bt všÈ

ninna avve elli - where is your mother?

Ka: Ï«0guneh ï0¤0jbt

himbaranO iddave

- she is at back side of our house.

Fa: uh#h

rAjA - Raja

Ra: V¡f m¥g

Ekka appa - (what) yes daddy

Fa: ne0f A0¥0g A©Q A& <Ì 0gh

nEga habba, haMMu hU Isi bA

- tomorrow is (a) festival bring fruits and flower

Ra: [Ç nAhbe

sari, hOne - alright, I will go


New material

m¥g appa – father neh0L nODu - see

m›bt avve - mother jh tA - give

X0fkbe Ogamane - inner room Ú nI - you

Ï«0gu himbara - back side of house nAh0F hOgu - go

A0¥0g habba - festival ï0¤0jbe iddane - he is

A©Q haMMu - fruit <Ì 0gh Isi bA - bring

A& hU - flower ne0f nEga – tomorrow

mk ama (he), and mt ava (she) are third person singular

pronouns.

A vowel ending word or a name, when it is used to address

a person or call a person from distance gets its last vowels

lengthened.

fkyh kamalA – KamalA

uh#] rAjU - RajU

ftÇ gavari - GavarI

verbal roots (basic form of verbs) are used as imperative

verb for second person singular subjects without any suffix.

These are used in familiar address.

neh0L nODu - you see

nAhF hOgu - you go

kh0L mADu - you do

nA0F hEgu - you tell

ïÞl ‘iSTa’ is liked and ng¡F ‘bEkku’ is wanted are model

verbs. Unlike other they are used irrespective of the person,


gender and number of the subject. No tense or personal

suffixes are attached to them. When modal verbs are used

the subject of the sentence will have dative suffix at the end.

I. person sg. eh0f Az 0ng¡F

nAga haMa bEkkau - I want money to

II. person sg. mk0f nu0oa 0ng¡F

amaga rEDiya bEkku - he wants(a) radio

mt0f Ï£L ïÞl

avaga hiTTu isTa - she likes meal (food)

III. person sg. Ãe0f fhU ïÞl

ninaga kAru isTa - you like a car

Reading - 5

Composition

khÌ m0J 0jhu neh0L

mAsi adu dAra nODu - Masi, see who is that

Xfh[& 0bfhu¢R Ì£o fh¥ã 0Õ

OgAsu koraccu siTTi kAppi bI - call him in, prepare some

coffee

ïšÈ 0ghÇ FËÉ

illi bAri, kuLivi - come here, be seated


Ã§0f A£o eŠ#eh0L jhne

niBga haTTi naNjanADu tAne - your village is Nanjanad, is it

not?

eh0f m0Je g¤â nA0F

nAga aduna patti hEgu - tell me about it

m0J xŸËa 0bgh¡F X0JÈah

adu oLLiya bokku OduliyA - that is good book. Have you not

read it?

0f ‘ga’ is dative suffix and post position. It occurs only at the

end of nouns and not before them.

uhk 0f uhk0f

rAma + ga – rAmaga

kbe 0f kbe0f

mane + ga – manega

Ú 0f Ú0f Ãe0f

nI + ga – nIga, ninaga

mk 0f mk0f

ama + ga – amaga

bkhu 0f bkhu0f

mora + ga – moraga

There are two ways of testing an interrogative sentence. 1.

by using interrogative words like, 0jhu dAra (who), V¡f


Ekka (why), V0Ft Eguva (when), všÈ elli (where), Ve Ena

(what), etc. 2. By substituting the last vowel of a word in an

affirmative sentence by M A.

1. By using interrogative words

mk 0jhu ama dAra - who is he

bgh¡F všÈ m0l0bj

bokku elli aDade - where is the book?

m0J Ve adu Ena - what is that?

k0Jbt V0Ft

maduve Eguva - when is the marriage?

2. By substituting the last vowel of a word in an

affirmative sentence by M A

kbe 0bjh0£0l0J

mane doDDadu - the house is big

kbe 0bjh0£0l0jh

mane doDDadA - is that house big?

m0J ngeh

adu pEna - that is a pen

m0J ngehth

adu pEnA vA - is that a pen?


< Az vªe0J

I haMa ennadu - this money is mine

< Az vªe0jh

I haMa ennadA - is this money mine?

Some masculine nouns take eh nA feminine nouns take ah

yA neuter nouns t va or a ya instead of dropping the last

vowel and lengthen it.

uhk rAma – uhkeh rAmanA - (is that) Rama?

èbj sIte – èbjah sIteyA - (is that) Sita?

bkhu mora – bkhuth moravA - (is that) tree?

Verbal roots are used as imperative verb for second person

singular. Imperative verbs for second person plurals are

formed by adding i.

singular plural

neh0L noDu - you see neh0o nODi - you see

nAh0F hOgu - you go nAh0» hOgi - you go

nA0F hEgu - you tell nA0» hEgi - you tell

MU Aru - you jump MÇ Ari - you jump

0ò0L buDu - you leave 0ò0o buDi - you leave

In the plural É vi also added with the ï i in honorific

senses.

neh0o nOD I - neh0oÉ nODivi


nAh0» hOgi - nAh0»É hOgivi

nA0» hEgi - nA0»É hEgivi

MÇ Ari - MÇÉ Arivi

0ò0o buDi – 0ò0oÉ buDivi

Reading - 6

mk 0jhu ama dAra - who is he?

vªe kh¤â enna mAtti - my son

všÈ ï0¤0jbe elli iddane - where is he?

ïšÈ 0bg§0fqU

illi benga l Uru - here at Banglore?

ïšÈ0ngbu 0jhu ï0¤0jhbu

illi bEre dAra iddAre - who else here?

x0¥0g¤jh ï0¤0jbe

obbattA iddane - he is alone

vbukbebah ï0¤0jbea

eremaneyo iddaneyA - does he stay in front room

M A - yes

ta[& V[0f

vayasu Esaga - what is his age?

ï¥g¤J tu[


ippattu varasa - twenty years

V ¡sh[&

E klAsu - which class (he is studying in)?

0ã v bi e - B.A

Ãªe 0bjh0£0l bA©Q0f k0Jbt M¤jh

ninna doDDa heMMuga maduve AttA - is your elder

daughter married?

M¤J Attu - yes

<0f všÈ ï0¤0jbt

Iga elli i ddave - where is she now?

FªüUbeh kunnUruno - she is at Coonoor

m›t 0f©0l0f Ve 0bfy[

avva gaMDaga Ena gelasa - what does her husband do?

mk by¢ruU ama leccararu - he is a lecturer

všÈ elli - where?

[®fhU fhby#&beh

sarkAru kAlejuno - in the Government college.

Ãe0f V[& k¡f

ninaga Esu makka - how many children do you have?

_U mUru - three (persons)


ïªbeh0¥0g 0jhu

innobba dAra - who is the other one?

vªe Fªe T[& enna kunna kUsu - my younger child

m0Je ta[& Ve

aduna vayasu Ena - what is its (her) age?

v£L tU[ eTtu varusa - eight years

Ãe0f b[hª0j kbe m0l0bjah

ninaga sonda mane aDadeyA - do you own a house?

m0l0bj aDade - yes

A£onah haTtiyo - at village

New material

kh¤â mAtti - son mke amana - his (singular)

bA©Q heMMu - daughter m›t avva - she

(singular)

bA©Q0f heMMuga - to daughter tu[ varasa - year

k0Jbt maduve - marriage

Grammar

X0bf Oge – which means in (at) is the locative case

suffix

A£o haTTi + X0bf Oge - A£onah0bf haTTiyOge

FªüU kunnUru + X0bf Oge - FªüUneh0bf

kunnUrnOge


x¤j0bf ottage + X0bf Oge - x¤j 0bfnah0bf ottageyOge

0bgh¡F bokku + X0bf Oge - 0bgh¡Fneh0bf

bokkunOge

The augment Œ ‘y’ and ª ‘n’ (Œ y for vowel ended base, ª

‘n’ for consonant ended base) occurring between the base

and the suffix.

The verbal root ïU ‘iru’ which means ‘to be’ is used to

indicate ‘existence’. As it will be helpful to know its present

(perfect) form at this stage it is shown below present

(perfect) forms of ïU ‘iru’.

mk ï0¤0jbe ama iddane - he is (singular)

mt ï0¤0jbt ama iddave - she is (singular)

mt¡f ï0¤0jhbu

avakka iddAre - he/she is (honorific), they are (plural)

mbt ï0¤0jbt ave iddave - they are (neuter plural)

Negative forms of second person imperative verbs are

obtained by adding 0ng0l ‘bEDa’ and 0ng0o bEDi to verbal

roots. 0ng0l bEDa is added to form singular negatives

and 0ng0o bEDi to form pural negatives.


Singular negatives

nAh0F hOgu (to go) + 0ng0l bEDa - nAh0f0ng0l hOgabEDa

MU Aru (to jump) + 0ng0l bEDa - Mu0ng0l Ara bEDa

ML ADu (to dance ) + 0ng0l bEDa - M0l 0ng0l ADabEDa

vu0F eragu (to descend) + 0ng0l bEDa - vu0f0ng0l

eraga bEDa

f0e ‘gana’ too take the native forms.

ve0f 0fe enaga gana - for me not (wanted)

Plural negatives

jh§0F tABgu (to tolerate) + 0ng0o bEDi - tABga bEDi

ÑU kIru (to tear) + 0ng0o bEDi - kIra bEDi

e0bl naDe (to walk) + 0ng0o bEDi - naDeya bEDi

fhU kAru (to vomit) + 0ng0o bEDi - kAra bEDi

haMMuna, rasada, gOpAlana, etc. are possessive forms

which have genitive case suffix m ‘a’ at the end. When this

suffix is added to the nouns different augments occur

between the base and the suffix. The details are given below.


augment ª ‘n’ for the human nouns ending in m a

noun a. s.

eŠ# + ª + m - eŠ#e

naNja + n + a – naNjana

0jhS + ª + m - 0jhSe

dALu + n + a – dALuna

FŸs + ª + m - FŸse

kuLLa + n + a – kuLLana

augment 0¤ ‘d’ occurs at the end of non – human nouns.

bkhu + 0¤ + m - bkhu0j

mora + d + a – morada – of the tree.

bkh0f + 0¤ + m - bkh0f0j

moga + d + a – mogada – of the face

bAhy + 0¤ + m - bAhy0j

hola + d + a – holada – of the field

augment ª ‘n’ appears at the end of nouns ending with c ‘u’

fh0L + ª + m - fhL0e

kADu + n + a – kADuna – of the forest

CU + ª + m - CUe

Uru + n + a – Uruna – of the village

ghU + ª + m - ghUe


pAru + n + a – pAruna – of the Paru.

Kª0bj munde - in (in front of), Ïª0bj hinde (behind),nkby mEle (above), Ñba kIye (below), etc are postpositions which occur after the nouns. In Badaga thereare only post positions and no pre positions.

ïbt ive (they are) is the neuter plural of m0l0bj aDade(it is) . The neuter singular is used place of neuter plural

ve0f vu0L f©Q m0l0bj

enaga eraDu kaMMu aDade – I have two eyes

ïbt všyh mke 0bgh¡F

ive ellA amana bokku – all these are his books.

0bfh ‘go’ is plural suffix

bkhu 0bfh bkhu0bfh

mora + go – morago (trees)

0fh[& 0bfh 0fh[&0bfh

gAsu + go – gAsugo (potatos)

0g£bl 0bfh

baTTe + go – baTTego (clothes)

mt¡f ‘avakka’ is taken by some human nouns.

0fî0l mt¡f 0fî0let¡f

gavuDa + avakka – gavuDanavakka (village heads)

ó#hÇ mt¡f ó#hÇat¡f

pUjAri + avakka – pUjAriyavakka (priests)


Reading - 7

0ghÇ n[hÄ Ve jufhÇ 0ng¡F

bAri sOmi Ena tarakAri bEkku - come here sir, what

vegetables do you want?

0g0je¡bf, ïÈÄÌ¡bf, m0l0bjah

badanakke, ilimisikke aDadeyA - do you have brinjal andlemon?

všyh m0l0bj V[0f 0ng¡F

ellA aDade Esaga bEkku - all are here, how much do you

want?

0bgby Ve bele Ena - what is the price?

xª0J cU¥ã ondu uruppi - one rupee

vu0L A©Q jh

eraDu haMMu tA - give me two fruits

ïªbeu0L M¡F

inneraDu Akku - put another two

ï0J0f V[0f 0bgby

iduga Esaga bele - how much for this?

mŒt¤J gŒ[

ayvattu paysa - fifty paise

m0J0f V[0f 0bgby

aduga Esaga bele - how much for that?


vu0L cU¥ã eraDu uruppi - two rupees

ïªbeu0L inneraDu, ï0J0nf[& idugEsu, m0J0nfe

adugEna etc, are formed by combining two words. This is

called sandhi. When the sandhi takes place generally the

final vowel of the first word, if it is facing another vowel, is

dropped or an augment, some time a glide (Œy or › v)

occurs between the two vowels. Observe the forms given

below.

Ve M¤J Veh¤J

Ena + Attu - EnAttu - what happened?

ïšÈ ï0L ïšÈ0L

illi + iDu - illiDu - put here

A£o Œ m A£oa

hatti + y+ a - haTTiya - of the village

mt › m m›t

ava + v+ a - avva (of the) - her

Verbs in Badaga are used only in two tenses. Past and

future. Present tense is only a point which separates past

from the future and not a period. Generally only two tense

suffixes - past and future are used. No difference between

present and future is observed. Note the examples given

below.

eh <0f 0gªbe

nA Iga banne - I (shall) come now


eh ne0f 0gªbe

nA nEga banne - I (shall) come tomorrow

for both Iga (now) and nEga (to-morrow) only one tense

(non – past) is used.

A verb form in Badaga consists of three parts verbal root, a

tense marker and a personal suffix. Personal suffix denotes

the person and gender of the subject.

The augment between the subject and its verb is such that

the verb itself indicates the person, number and gender of

the subject.

verbal tense personal

root marker suffix

I person neh0L ª v - neh0obe

singular nODu n e - nODine - I see

I person X0L ª (Œ) X0oÃnah

plural ODu (y) o - ODiniyo – we run

Il person nA0F - nA0F

Singular hEgu - hEgu– you say

Il person [&0L - É [&0LÉ

plural suDu - vi - suDivi – you burn

In a Badaga sentence the object precedes the verb and the

subject precedes the object.


subject object verb

eh nA ghbk pAme nA0»be hEgine

I a story tell

I shall tell a story

The verb root end c u dropped and ï ‘i’ comes when tense

marker and personal suffix are added to it.

neh0L + ª - v

nODu + n + e – nODine

kh0L + ª - v

mADu + n + e – mADine

nA0F + ª - v

hEgu + n + e – hEgine

like bEkku, iSTa and other forms ngh0J ‘pOdu’ is also a

modal verb. Its negative form is v¢r ‘ecca’

eh0f fh¥ã ngh0J

nAga kAppi pOdu

to me coffee (is) enough - for me coffee is enough

eh0f [«0òt v¢r

nAga sambuva ecca

to me salary (is) not enough - my salary is not sufficient

for me


jhbe

2. tAne is used in three different contents with

different meaning

a. <0f jhbe Iga tAne - just now

M0f jhbe Aga tAne - just then

0bfy[ <0fjhbe M¤J

gelasa Iga tAneAttu - just now the work is finished

b.jhbe âªee

tAne tinnana - he will eat (it) himself

jhbe kh0oe

tAne mADina - he does it himself

c.jhbe tAne is also used as an equivalent of ‘also’ but

with a negative sense.

mk jhbe Az0fhu

ama tAne haMagAra - he is also a richman

mk jhbe 0gª0j

ama tAne banda - he also came

3. adjectives are derived from verbal roots also. By

adding a demonstrative particle X O verbal roots are

turned into adjectives. These are called relative

participles. The final c ‘u’ will drop.


nA0F hEgu + X O - nA0nfh hEgO

neh0L nODu + X O – neh0nlh nODO

F0o kUDi + X O – F0onah kuDiyO

mt¡f nA0nfh #e mšy avakka hEgo jana alla- they are not the people who tell

mk neh0nlh ke[ ama nODO manasa - he is

a seeing man

kh0nlh (0bfy[) T[& mšy mADO (gelasa)kUsu alla - he is not a boy who works

4. relative participle nouns are formed by

affixing third person pronouns to relative

participle.

nA0nfh + mk nA0nfhk

hEgO +ama - hEgOma - he who says

neh0nlh mt neh0nlht

nODO +ava - nODOva – she who sees

kh0nlh + mk kh0nlhk

mADO +ama - mADOma - he who does

1. ke¡fe manakkana, bkšby melle,

Ã0jheth0» nidAnavAgi are adverbial forms.

Adverbs are followed by verbs


uh#& bkšby e0bl0je

rAju mella naDedana - Raju walks slowly

Hortative forms of verbs are obtained by adding t ‘va’ to the

verbal roots. This form of verb is used in a sentence in

which the subject is in the first.

e§0f M£l M0nlhth

naBga ATTa ADOvA - let us play (a game)

we game let play

e§0f ÌÃkh neh0nlh th

naBga cinema nODOvA - let us see a picture

we picture let see

Hortative forms with t ‘va’ at the end are used only for a

subject of first person plural. For pronouns of third person

another such form with È li at the end is used

mk gh0l X0jÈ

ama pADa Odali - let him read the lesson

he lesson let read.

mt¡f 0bfy[ kh0lÈ

avakka gelasa mADali - let them do the work

they work let do

The same form may treated as interrogation by giving

stress on end sylable.

I person


e§0f M£l M0nlhth

naBga ATTa ADOvA?

e§0f ÌÃkh neh0nlhth

naBga sinimA nODOvA?

III person

mk gh0l XjÈ

ama pADa Odali

mt¡f 0bfy[ kh0lÈ

avakka gelasa mADali

causative bases are obtained by suffixing Ì ‘si’ to verbal

roots. (causative verb forms are used when the subject

causes some one to do a thing) Ì ‘si’ when added to a

verbal root means ‘get done’ or ‘make one do’ the work

described by the verb.

eh 0bfy[ kh0obe

nA gelasa mADine - I shall do the work

I work do

eh 0bfy[ kh0oÌbe

nA gelasa mADisine - I shall get the work done

I work get done. .

#he0» ve0f fhÆ0j 0gu0âa

jAnagi enaga kAyida baradiya - Janagi writes to me a

letter


#he0» ve0f fhÆ0j gÇÌa

jAnagi enaga kAyida barisiya - Janagi gets a letter

written to me

uh#& be0f0je

rAju negadana - Raju laughs

uh#& be0fÌe

rAju negasina - Raju makes (others) laugh.

nAh0» ‘hOgi’ (having gone), neh0o nODi (having seen) ,

F0L¤J kuDuttu (having drunk) and such are past participle

forms.

Many English verb forms are also used in Badaga speech,

combined with kh0L mADu a Badaga verbal root they act

as ‘compound verbal roots’

bgh¡f ¡nshÞ kh0L

bokka klOs mADu - close

ng¥g®0f [Æª kh0L

pEpparga sayin mADu - sign

0bfy[0f £uŒ kh0L

gelasaga tray mADu - try

f«0ã nuhš kh0L

kambi rOl mADu - roll

0g£bl ng¡ kh0L


baTTe pEk mADu - pack

fhÆ0j ãª kh0L

kAyida pin mADu - pin

f0bj fh¥ã kh0L

kade kA pi mADu - copy

kbe ¡çª kh0L

mane klIn mADu - clean

fhÆ0j nghÞ£ khL

kAyida pOsT mADu - post

0gh bA (to come) is used to mean ‘to get’ and ‘to know’ also

in particular contents. Thus xu¡F0gª0ju orakku bandara

means to get sleep and X0njh0J0f 0gª0ju ‘OdOdugabandara’ means to know reading.

mk0f â§0Ft0f [hÉu cU¥ã 0gª0ju

amaga tiBguvaga sAvira uruppi bandara

to him for a month thousand rupees come

he gets thousand rupees per month.

mk0f ï§0»äÞ X0njh0J0f 0gª0ju

amaga ingilIs OdOduga bandara

he English reading comes.

he knows how to read English


0g¥g0âšby bappadille which is the negative form of

0gª0ju ‘bandara’ is also used in the same way.

M0» ‘Agi’ is a post position on which is used at the end of

verb (of a subordinate sentence) to make it purposive.

eh ghbk nf¥g0J0fh0» 0gª0bj

nA pAme kEppaduga Agi bande I came here to hear the

story

F©0o 0fh0» kuMDi gAgi - for the sale of KuMDi

amagAgi - for the sake of him

There are some adverbial phrases which indicate distance

and time duration. These are obtained by adding nkby

mEle (after) and it is added to past relative participles only.

M kbe 0bf£l nAh0»

A mane geTTa hOgi - go up to that house

Ú V[& kÂ0bf£l X0âbu

nI Esu maMi geTTa Odire - till what time you read?

mk nf¥gbe 0bf£l eh nA0Fby

ama kEppane geTTa nA hEgule - I did not tell till he asked

(me)

Ú nA0»0j nkby mk 0gª0j

nI hEgida mEle ama banda - he came after you told (him)

By using phrase xª0J 0ngbs ‘ondu bEle’ at the beginning

of sentence hypothetical sentences or claused are formed.


xª0J 0ngbs mk 0gª0jby

ondu bELe ama bandale - in case he comes.

be - ‘ne’ is added to relative participles to form adverbial

phrases like 0g¥gbe bappane, nAh¥gbe hoppane etc

Relative

0gh bA be ne - 0g¥gbe bappane

nAh0F hOgu be ne - nAh¥gbe hOppane

F0o kuDi be ne - F0l¥gbe kuDappane

âªE tinnu be ne - â«0gbe timbane

The augment ¥ ‘p’ or 0¥ ‘b’ occur at the end of relative

participles.

continuous

0gª0¤ band be ne - 0gª0ö©0L ï0¥0gbe bandUMDuibbane

nf¤J kEttu be ne - nf¤ö©0L ï0¥0gbe kEttUMDuibbane

F0o kuDi be ne - F0L¤ö©0L ï0¥0gbe kuDuttuMDuibbane

âªJ tinnu be ne - âª0ö©0L ï0¥0gbe tindUMduibbane

To denote comparative and superlative degrees suffix vª0j

‘enda’ is used. It is added to the dative form of a noun with

which the comparison is made. In case of superlative


expression vª0j ‘enda’ is added to the word meaning all

persons or things všyhª0j ellAnda

uhk nfh0ghye vª0j Fªek

rAma gOpAlana enda kunnama - Rama is younger then

Gopal

eh všyhª0j 0bjh£0lk

nA ellAdna doDDama - I am the eldest of all persons

âââ


Publication FromNELIKOLU PUBLISHING HOUSE

1. Badaga Proverbs (2003) Rs. 60/-

2. Hethe Deyvam (Tamil) (2004) Rs. 100/-

3. Goddess Hethe of the Nilgiri Badagas (2005) Rs. 100/-

*4. Badagu oru Diravida mozhi (Tamil) (2006) Rs. 100/-

5. Marriage Among the Nilgiri Badagas (2006) Rs. 20/-

6. Badagar tirumanam (Tamil) (2006) Rs. 20/-

7. Badagar tertirupatti (Tamil) (2007) Rs. 100/-

*8. Badagar aruvadai tirunaal (Tamil) (2008) Rs. 100/-

9. Badaga - English Self Instructor (2009) Rs. 30/-

10. Badagar Samaya Nambikkai (Tamil) (2010) Rs. 100/-

11. A Practical key to the Badaga Language (2011) Rs. 80/-

[*TN Government’s best author awarded books]

THE BADAGA - Nelikolu Charitable Trust

Documents

Transcript of THE BADAGA - Nelikolu Charitable Trust