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Unit 1The Article General Notion

The article is a structural part of speech used as adeterminer with nouns. Since there are no articles in our nativelanguages sometimes it is difficult to understand the rules oftheir usage. Why there is no article in Ukrainian or Russian?Because these languages are synthetic ones. We can easilydetermine any part of speech regarding their inflexions: рука,людина, вікно, лагідний, добре, працювати.

In English however, words of different parts of speech can begrammatically homonymous: a work – to work, a play – to play, so we needan article to determine the noun.

Moreover, in Ukrainian, there is no fixed word-order. It ispossible to say: Вчора вчитель пояснював учням нову тему. абоВчитель пояснював нову тему учням вчора. In English it would be offixed order. Yesterday the teacher explained the pupils a new topic.

While comparing these examples we can speak about somethingalready known to the hearer (the theme) and something new (therheme). The nouns which appear in the sentence as the theme areusually used with the definite article, and the nouns which areconsidered as the rheme are usually used with the indefinitearticle.

Peter has a cat. (Rheme)The cat is black. (Theme)As we see there are two articles in Modern English: the

indefinite article and the definite article.The indefinite article has the forms a and an.

The form a is used before words beginning with a consonantsound:

a book, a pen , a student . Some words start with a vowel letter but begin with a

consonant sound, so we use a before these words, too: auniversity (/ə ju:n.../), a European (/ə jυər… /), a one-parentfamily (/ə wΛn… /)

Abbreviations said as words are also used with the form a:a NATO general, a FIFA official

The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel

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sound: an opera, an apple. These include words that beginwith a silent letter “h”: an hour, an honest child; andabbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A,E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S or X: an MP, an FBI, an IOUThe article is pronounced /ə/, /ən /; when stressed it is

pronounced /eI/, /æn/.The definite article has one graphic form the, which ispronounced in two ways: /ði/ before a vowel sound and /ðə/before a consonant sound.The indefinite article has developed from the Old English nu-meral an (one), and as a result of its origin it is used only withnouns in the singular. The definite article has developed fromthe Old English demonstrative pronoun and in some cases it haspreserved this demonstrative meaning in Modern English. The useof the definite article shows that a particular object is meant.

These two articles are related to other determiners in thefollowing way: the = this, that, the same; a (an) = some, any,such.

The absence of articles (sometimes called “zero” article)with class nouns in the plural, with abstract nouns and nouns ofmaterial has grammatical significance: it shows that the nounsare used in a general sense.

PracticeExercise 1 Put the numbers in the sentences below into the correct row according to the pronunciation of “the”. The firstone has been done for you./ðə/: _______________________________/ði /: _1______________________________Get the (1) address from the (2) post-office.Only the (3) other afternoon, climbing up from the (4)Underground, I found the (5) staircase barred.Compare that to the (6) UK figure of about 1000 deaths.The (7) porter at the (8) door looked a shade bleak.He is now the (9) enemy of God as well the (10) opponent of man.The (11) ruse is basically the (12) same as the (13) one used byOdysseus.They lived only five minutes from the (14) university.

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Exercise 2 Complete these sentences by putting “a” or “an” in the spaces provided. 1. It is always fatal to ask _____ expert. 2. Secretive as _____boy of six, secretive as _____ old man of seventy. 3. _____brilliant young woman with _____ M.A. degree. 4. She dislikeshim as _____ being, as _____ creature, as _____ appearance. 5. Iprefer management on _____ one-to-one basis. 6. _____ hour _____day would be enough. Exercise 3 Put the following words or phrases in the correct category according to their initial sound. The first one hasbeen done for you. When you have finished, practice saying themtogether with “a”, “an”, and “the”.armBBCeareyeFBI agentfinger

handheadhonest manhonourlegMP

necknoseone-manbandtoeugly manUK

umbrellauncleuniformunituniversityuseful idea

Pronounced with an initial consonant sound; use “the” /ðə/ or “a”/ə/: ______________________________________________________Pronounced with an initial vowel sound; use “the” /ði/ or “an”/ən/:_arm_________________________________________________________Exercise 4 Write “a” or “an” in the spaces.

1.____unreasonabledecision

2.____ unit of work3.____honorable man4.____UFO5.____happy girl6.____ elephant7.____ BBC programme

8.____ universalproblem

9.____ eucalyptus tree 10. ____ X- ray 11. ____ T- shirt 12.____ H- bomb 13. ____ hospital 14. ____ UNESCO worker

Unit 2

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The Use of the Indefinite Article with Class NounsClass nouns are used with the indefinite article:1. When the speaker mentions a noun (which is countable) for the first time : For lunch I had a sandwich and an apple.It is also used in sentences beginning with “there is/was”:There is a newspaper on the table.2. When the speaker presents the object expressed by the noun as belonging to a certain class . In this case the indefinitearticle has the meaning of “який-небудь”, “якийсь”, “один” (inthe meaning of 'деякий').A lady is calling you up, sir.

This is the nominating meaning as we give a name to an objectwe have in mind:A man and a woman sat opposite us, but they did not talk.We saw a house with a lawn in front of it.

When we want to emphasize that we can’t say exactly whichperson or thing we are talking about because we don’t know orcan’t remember, we can use some instead of a/an with a singularnoun: I was asked a really difficult question by some student.

In the plural no article is used in this case. But if theidea of number is implied in the case of the nominating meaningplural nouns may be preceded by words like some, several, a fewor by a numeral:Two (some) men and two (a few) women sat opposite usI liked the room because there were flowers in it."I have brought you some flowers..."

We sometimes use some or zero article with very littledifference in meaning:“Where were you last week?” “I was visiting (some) friends.” (It makes nodifference whether we are referring to particular friends (withsome) or friends in general (with zero article))3. With a predicative noun , when the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class (it is one of a class and has the meaning of „один з багатьох”) Miss Sharp's father was an artist.

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My husband is a sailor.Tom is a very nice person.

This may be called the classifying meaning:Her brother was a student at Balliol College. His aunt, a woman of uncertain age, was also present at the ceremony.

In the plural neither the article nor the pronoun some isused.Her brothers were students at Balliol College.They are good children, no doubt.

After the conjunction as a predicative noun is often usedwithout an article.She was engaged as governess.4. When the noun is used in a general sense . What is said of one representative of a class can be applied to all the representa-tives of the class. The article has the meaning of 'every'.A good dog deserves a good bone.A drowning man catches at a straw.An actor must learn to live with criticism.

This is the generalizing meaning the indefinite article. Itindicates that the following noun denotes a typical member of aclass:A cat is a domestic animal. (= Every cat is a domestic animal.)A tiger is dangerous. (= Every tiger is dangerous.)

Plural nouns in the generalizing meaning are used without anyarticles:Cats are domestic animals. Tigers are dangerous.

This use is common in explanations of meanings and in somedictionary definitions.In grammar, a noun is a word which is used to refer to a person, a thing, or an abstractidea.

Note 1: You cannot use this pattern when you want to talkabout the location or existence of a type of animal, thing orperson; for example, you cannot say: “ A ring-tailed lemur lives inMadagascar”; you would have to say “Ring-tailed lemurs live in Madagascar”.

Note 2: ‘Any’ sometimes has a similar but more emphaticmeaning.The greatest threat to any actor is the presumption that knowledge can be

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automatically transposed into experience.5. There are cases when the indefinite article preserves its old original meaning of 'one'. He had hardly spoken a word.

In such cases we can speak of the numeric meaning of theindefinite article:An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. This meaning is generally found with:

nouns denoting time, measure and weight:A week or two passed. "I'll overtake you in a minute," said Godfrey.

in certain expressions of quantity:a lot of, a couple, a great many, etc.

in the pattern a…of with possessives, as in: She’s a colleague of mine.That’s a friend of Bill’s

after a negative not:not a word, not a thought, etc.

in some set-phrases: one at a time, at a draught the numerals hundred, thousand, million and the nouns dozen, score.

My new car cost a thousand pounds. in expressions of price, speed, ratio etc.:

5p a kilo10p a dozen

four times a day60 kilometers an hour (a, an = per)

Sometimes we can use either a/an or one:We’ll be in Australia for one (or a) year.Wait here for one (or a) minute, and I’ll be with you.

Using one gives a little more emphasis to the number.However, we use one rather than a/an if we want to emphasizethat we are talking about only one person or thing rather thantwo or more:Do you want one sandwich or more?Are you staying just one night?

With nouns in the plural some is used. Oliver's sobs checked his utterance for some minutes.

Note 1: We use one, not a/an in the pattern one…other/another:

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Close one eye, and then the other.Bees carry pollen from one plant to another.

Note 2: We use one with the words day, week, month, year, night,winter, etc. or with specific day or month to say when somethinghappened usually in narration to mean a particular, butunspecified day, evening, winter, etc.:One summer, the family decided to go to the Crimea.

We can use one day to refer to the future.One day, you will regret this.6. B efore singular, countable nouns after such and in exclamations after what . What a lovely day today!It’s such an interesting idea, isn’t it?But What pretty girls!7. Nouns with the indefinite article are used after quite and rather . It’s quite a long story and not a nice one.He was rather a curious man to look at.

Sometimes quite and rather can be placed after the indefinitearticle (especially in AmE)He is a rather clever man.It’s a quite important problem.8. Nouns with the indefinite article follow many (the verb is used in the singular)Many a true word is spoken in jest.Many an evening he sat staring at the fire.9. So, as, too, how, however followed by an adjective precede nouns with the indefinite article:Youth lasts so short a time.You have too modest an opinion of yourself.I can’t miss the chance, however big a risk to run.How honest a man is he?10. The indefinite article is also used in various descriptions : He’s got a long face and a turned up nose.

PracticeExercise 1 Determine the meaning of the indefinite article in

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the follow ing sentences. Translate into Ukrainian, rendering the meaning of the indefinite article where possible.1. But I dare say you don't remember an old woman like me? 2.After a pause, Lord Henry pulled out his watch. 3. She glancedat Peter and saw that a tear was trickling down his nose. 4. Avoice replied, telling him to keep out of the moonlight. 5. Whyis it a girl who has to be so silly to catch a husband? 6. Iremember now, I thought I felt a bone, and I swallowed a largemouthful of bread to send it down. 7. A traveller must be ableto walk long distances. 8. He had met a young woman at a party,named May Macy, a moving-picture actress. 9. Bart tossed anempty cigarette packet over the rail, his mouth hard, his eyesshadowed. 10. Not a word was spoken, not a sound was made. 11. Afighter is supposed to get beaten up, isn't he? 12. He hesitateda moment at the door and tapped on it. 13. The girl had startedthrough a door to an inner office. 14. Can a bird fly fasterthan an aeroplane? 15. Bill had just finished an all-afternoonconference with a media representative. 16. Edward left hisemployment with them nearly a year ago. 17. A week or twopassed, but he hadn't got a job. 18. It is dark here and Icannot see what you have brought; is it a book or a magazine?19. I meant I was a youthful thing and unimportant, and thatthere was no need to include me in the conversation. 20. Sally'sseed of her future soul was her love for her mother, an agedbedridden woman. Exercise 2 Insert a/an , some or any where necessary. 1. ____ letter of or to ____ soldier can be sent without ____stamp. 2. ____ drug-store in the USA and Canada is ____ shopwhere one can get not only ____ medicines but also ____ drinksand snacks. 3. ____ days passed, but there weren’t ____ signs of____ change coming. 4. There remained ____ toast, ____ rolls,and ____ bun on the plate. 5. Shall I treat you to ____ apple or____ pear? – I always prefer ____ apples to ____pears. 6. Giveme ____ nail. I bought ____ picture and want to have it fixed.7. The other day I spoke to ____ geologists who told me that____ new deposit of diamonds had been found in this region. 8.____ man’s jacket usually has ____ breast pocket. 9. I expect to

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get ____ letter from them in two weeks. 10. When ____ tankmenreturn from the army to their native village they very oftenbecome ____ drivers or ____ mechanics.Exercise 3 Correct the sentences if necessary or put a/an . Mark sentences in which both one and a/an are possible. 1. I teach four days one week. 2. Jenny’s baby is only one weekold. 3. Have you got one match, please? 4. You won’t believethis, but it cost over one thousand pounds. 5. One summer, wemust visit Sweden again. 6. They cost $10 one kilo. 7. I’veknown him for one year or so. 8. She’s already written one novelsince she retired. 9. Help! There is one mouse in the cupboard!10. She’s one cousin of the king’s. 11. When you get to my age,you just take one day at a time. 12. Cross-country skiing iseasy. Just put one foot in front of the other. 13. Can I haveone little more rice? 14. One large quantity of petrol escapedfrom the tank. 15. We hadn’t got one baseball bat, so we had touse one tennis racket. 16. I had one last look around the house,locked the door and left.Exercise 4 Which is correct or more likely, a/an or one ? If both a/an and one are possible, write them both. 1. It weights over _____ hundred kilos. 2. I only asked for_____ pizza – I didn’t want three of them. 3. I wouldn’t allow_____ child of mine to be treated in that way. 4. It only tookus _____ week to drive to Greece. 5. I’ve always wanted to own_____ silver-coloured car. 6. _____ sandwich isn’t enough. Iusually eat four or five. 7. Policies differ from _____ state toanother. 8. Less than three quarters of _____ hour later, shewas at home. 9. All of the competitors completed the race, withjust _____ exception. 10. She left home late _____ morning andhasn’t been seen since. 11. The best way to learn _____ musicalinstrument is to find _____ enthusiastic teacher. 12. Somewherein the distance, _____ bell rang.Exercise 5 Work out these simple problems. 1.The plane flew 1.800 miles in three hours at a speed of

____________.2.The plums were __________________, so I bought to kilos for

80p.

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3.His annual salary is $ 30.000, so he earns __________________.4.The meetings are held _______________, every Monday and

Thursday.5.A five-day forty-hour working week means on average

___________.6.We traveled twenty kilometers in fifteen minutes, so our speed

was _________.Exercise 6 Look at the noun groups underlined in the sentences below. Where you think the speaker or writer is familiar withthe items referred to, complete the sentences by putting 'it' in the spaces provided. Where you think the writer or reader is notfamiliar with the items referred to, put 'one'. 1.I'm looking for an atlas. Do you know where I can get ______?2.I've lost a button. I don't suppose I'll ever find _______.3.Our son wants a bicycle but I don't think he should have

_______ yet.4.“Here's a hundred pounds” – “Thanks, but I won't need _______

“5.I bought a new television last week but my wife doesn't like

_______.6.“Would you like a beer?” – “Yes. I'd love _______”7.She wants a new car but he says they don't need _______.Exercises 7 Look at these sentences. Decide if you can replace 'one' with ' a ' without changing the meaning, putting 'yes' or 'no' in the spaces provided. 1.It measured one quarter of an inch. ______2.The distance is one kilometre, four hundred metres. ______3.5110; that's five thousand, one hundred and ten. ______4.He drank one coffee and two orange juices. ______5.There's only one thing we need now. ______Now, with these sentences, decide if you can replace 'a' with'one'.1.I only asked for half a kilo. ______2.He works eighty hours a week. ______3.The river is a mile wide. ______4.That seems a good idea. ______5.A millimetre is a thousandth of a metre. ______

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Exercise 8 Change into sentences with “what” and “such” . Insert article where necessary. Example: Mary, is, pretty girl.

What a pretty girl Mary is.Mary is such a pretty girl.

1.She, is, good cook.2.She, has, expensive furniture.3.We, are having, fine weather.4.This, is, hot climate.5.It, is, cold day.6.They, are gathering, useless information.7.This car, has, powerful motor.8.She, has, long eyelashes.9.They, are, helpless people.10. This, is, fancy restaurant.

Exercise 9 Give 3 examples of interrogative and exclamatory sentences beginning with what , following the model. Pay attention to the order of words.Model:

What

awful heat!a fine day!an intricate piece of machinery!a pleasant-looking young girl!wretched weather!

What

article is it?sort of man is he?kind of hooks do you like?kind of work were you offered?

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Exercise 10 Make up sentences with the following words. Pay attention to the place of article. 1. Beautiful picture, so, I, have never seen.2. Difficult question, too, is, this.3. Puzzling question, is, it, rather.4. Rather, is, long story, it.5. Poem, by Robert Burns, many, set to music, is.6. Have never read, interesting book, I, so.7. Such, have never read, interesting book, I.8. Too, is, short string, this.9. Is, quite, little room, it.10. Many, of this specialist, article, in magazines, waspublished.11. Ordinary thing, is, quite, it. Exercise 11 Explain why the indefinite article is used with one and the same noun repeated several times in the followingextracts.Jack: Lady Bracknell, I hate to seem inquisitive, but would youkindly inform me who I am?Lady Bracknell: You are the son of my poor sister, Mrs. Monscriff,and consequently Algernon's elder brother.Jack: Algy's elder brother. Then I have a brother after all! I knew Ihad a brother! I always said I had a brother. Cecily — how couldyou have ever doubted that I had a brother! Algy, you youngscoundrel, you have never behaved to me like a brother in all yourlife.Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences into English. 1.Містер Твістер ніколи не виходив з дому без калош тапарасольки. 2.У маленькій кімнаті книжкова полиця зручніша, ніжшафа. 3. Нещодавно я познайомився з одним моряком; він щойноповернувся з навколосвітньої подорожі. 4. Він любить пити не зчашки, а тільки зі склянки. 5. У морському параді взяли участьпідводні човни й авіаносець. 6. Я не палю сигари. Не могли б випригостити мене цигаркою. 7. Не проїхали ми й кілометру, як щосьтрапилося з колесом. 8. Ви можете дати мені почитати якийсьжурнал? – В мене є зараз журнали, але не думаю, що вони васзацікавлять. 9. Скільки людей може вмістити такий зал як цей? 10.

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Така проблема має вас зацікавити. 11. Мені потрібно купитипоштову марку. 12. Це була висока біла будівля: позаду будівлірозташовувався великий сад. 13. Вона не промовила ні слова увідповідь. 14. Фіалка не пахне так солодко, як конвалія. 15. Ти купив яблуко дитині? 16. Вона зробила крок назустріч йому.17. Вона була досить молодою жінкою і такою привабливою. 18. Цедуже важка для тебе гра. 19. В цій книжці є цілком докладний описподій. 20. Ти навчаєшся в такій видатній школі. 21. Багатоцікавих питань було обговорено під час зустрічі.Exercise 1 3 Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Час зробити перерву та перекусити. – Гарна думка! 2. Якщохочеш зробити доповідь англійською мовою, тобі потрібен словник.3. Мій друг – гід. Він дуже гарний перекладач. 4. Я не начальник,я звичайний службовець. 5. Дочка моєї сестри дуже мила дитина. 6.Він відомий критик. Між іншим, він ще і не поганий письменник. 7.Коли я була дитиною, в нашому домі завжди була тварина. 8. Цебуло велике місто. Це було дуже сучасне місто. 9. Хью – розумнийхлопчик. До того ж він дуже ввічлива дитина. 10. У Стівена є другв Америці і дядько в Австралії. 11. Вчора я написав листа і пішовгуляти. 12. Я не можу піти з тобою на прогулянку. В менепобачення. 13. В неї ангельське обличчя і приємний голос. 14.Мері не була привабливою дитиною, в неї було худе сердите обличчяі рідке світле волосся. 15. Це дуже гарне питання. Ти завждиставиш розумні питання. 16. Півтора року досить, щоб закінчити цюроботу. 17. Лікар має бути добрим, уважним та знаючим. 18.Бібліотека – це установа, де можна взяти книжки на тиждень, абонавіть на місяць. 19. Ніколи раніше я не зустрічав такої доброїлюдини. 20. Яка велика кімната! Які зручні меблі!

Unit 3The Use of the Definite Article with Class Nouns

The definite article is used both with singular and pluralnouns. It has the specifying meaning and the generic meaning.

In the specifying meaning the definite article denotes thatthe following noun refers to a particular object (thing, person)or particular objects as distinct from all others of the sameclass.

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Nothing was natural in the room except the plants.The definite article is used in the generic meaning when

reference is made to a class of objects as a whole.The tiger is dangerous.The cat is a domestic animal.Class nouns are used with the definite article:1. When the speaker mentions a noun for the second time : For lunch I had a sandwich and an apple. The sandwich wasn’t very nice.

If it is clear what item the speaker is referring back to, henormally uses a pronoun. I have bought a book. It cost $2.50.

He can also use another, more general noun.There was an enormous cat crouching on the counter… The animal looked up at Mrs.Bixby.Angelica took the shell in both her hands and we peered at the thing.Sometimes, however, the noun with definite article should berepeated:

when the first mention occurred a long time before and apronoun or noun would not make a connection with it:

But then I came on a man playing a harp. It was a black harp… and the man wasdressed as a gorilla! when the speaker is referring to one of two different people

or things that have just been mentioned together:Suddenly Marsha heard what sounded like a fight between a man and a woman.She tensed, prepared to call help, till she realized that the woman seemed to begetting the better of it. when the speaker wants to add something to the noun:

The full development of an idea may well take years of hard work but the idea itselfmay arrive in a flash of insight.

as a way of avoiding repeating a pronoun too often:Lyn lived with her husband in a house that they had bought for a song in nearby SeyerStreet. The house was cheap partly because it was falling down. 2. When the speaker and the hearer know what particular object is meant . No special indication is necessary. What do you think of the table? (= the table we are looking at) How did you like the play?I have got the magazine.

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Note It should be borne in mind that, there is a differencebetween knowing what object is spoken about and knowing theobject itself.I. - I do not care to speak to the girl. I have never seen her.- Won't you speak to her? - But I do not know the girl either.II. - Who told you about it?

- A girl. - What girl? - My sister.In the first dialogue the speaker and the hearer do not know

the person at all, but they know whom they mean, so the definitearticle is used. In the second the speaker knows the person, buthe presents her to the hearer merely as one of a class, so theindefinite article is used.3. When the speaker uses an attribute pointing out a particular object . This is the house that Jack built.4. When the situation itself makes the object definite and when the speaker wants to talk about something that is associatedwith an earlier item (even though he hasn’t mentioned it before)just to show that there is a relationship or association betweenthe items. The wedding looked dismal. The bride was too old and the bride groom was too young.I went to the window again to try to smash the glass. (the glass in the window)He needed a whisky, but the bottle was empty. ( bottle containing the whisky)5. When the noun denotes the object or group of objects, which is unique or considered to be unique.

Here are some words, which belong to this group.the devilthe earththeequatorthe moon

the northpolethe planetsthe popethe sky

the solarsystemthe south polethe starsthe sun

theuniversethe world

The sun was getting warmer. The indefinite article can be used when we mean a certain as-

pect in which the sun, moon and sky appear to us, a certain

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state of the sun, the moon, the sky. In this case an attributeis used.

A pearl-white moon smiles through the green trees. 6. With nouns used in a generic sense . A noun used in a generic sense denotes a genus taken as a whole, a thing taken as a type, a genre . A noun becomes a composite image (збірний образ) of the class and is used to talk about the general features and characteristics of a class of things. The tiger has always had the reputation of being a man-eater.The telephone was invented in the 19th century. The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in Greece.Note Groups of nouns which are used generically: names ofanimals, plants, professions and occupations, collective nounsdenoting social groups, scientific terms, etc.The verb is a part of speech.

When the noun man is used in a generic sense no article isused. Silas felt that his trust in man had been cruelly destroyed.

When the noun woman is used in a generic sense it is usedwith the definite article or occasionally without an article.He had always been interested in that mysterious being — the woman.Woman is man's helpmate.

The noun people is used with the definite article when theidea of collectivity is emphasized (meaning “all the personsforming a state”). When this noun means “persons, human beingsin general” it has no article.The Ukrainian people are fighting against nuclear danger. People often believe in fairy tails.

The public is always used with the definite article but publicopinion – set-phrase.

A noun used in a generic sense should not be confused with anoun used in a general sense.The 1. The lion is a wild

animal.2. Conan Doyle is a master of the detective story.

The emphasizes the class itself, withoutregard for concrete representativesof the class.

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A 1. A lion is a wild animal.2. A detective story helps to while away the time.

A emphasizes an individual representative of a class. It has the sense of any or every.

Noarticle

1. Lions are wild animals.2. Detective stories are very popular with people.

The plural form without an articleemphasizes all the representatives ofthis class

7. When nouns are modified by adjectives in the superlative degree and by ordinal numerals. Miss Tox had the softest voice that ever was heard. 8. With nouns in word-groups the first component of which is some, many, none, most, all, both, half, one-third (the fractions) and the second a noun with the prepo sition o f . Often, of the makes the situation specific.Most of the students looked both angry and uncomfortable.

Note1 With all, both, half the preposition of may be omitted beforearticle:Both the girls were rosy-cheeked and plump like their mothers.All the children in the room looked at Santa Claus.“Half the people who want to learn to fly never come back for lesson number two,”Charlie said.

In general statements without modifiers after the nouns andin cases, when there is no desire to be specific, of the may beomitted.All children like sweets.Both men wore conservative business suits.9. When nouns are modified by adjectives which are used to identify unique things.

They even use the same lawyers.The next attack took place four hours later.I began the last section of the book.

Here is a list of adjectives, which are used in this way:followinglastmain

nextonlyoppositepresent

principalrightsamesole

ultimateusualwrong

This is not a rule, only a strong tendency; the indefinite

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article sometimes occurs with them (except with ’next’,“following”, and “same”He paid a last visit to America.

The indefinite article can be used before ‘only’ when it isused in the expressions ‘only child’, ‘only son’, and ‘onlydaughter’I was an only child.Note 1 The definite article is used with ‘wrong’ even when itdoes not make sense to talk about only one wrong possibility.We are all in the wrong business.In this case there is possibly more than one wrong business.However, there are some cases where the indefinite article isused.We’ve taken a wrong turnNote 2 ’Same’ often appears without a following noun.The same is true for men.Note 3 ‘Next’ and ’last’ are commonly used in time expressionswithout the (for example, ‘next week’)10. With substantivized adjectives and participles .

A combination of the definite article and substantivizedadjective can be used to refer to all the people with thatcharacteristic. “The poor” means people who are poor. Many adjectives can be used in this way; here are some common ones.agedblindbravedeaddeafdisabled

educatedelderlyfreehandicappedhomelesshungry

injuredlivingneedyoldoppressedpoor

powerfulrichsickstarvingstronguneducated

unemployedweakwealthywoundedyoung

Note They behave like nouns in the plural and are followed by aplural verb.The rich have not responded.11. With collective nouns denoting social groups . The workers have nothing to lose. 12. With nationality words when referring generically to nations or racial groups (suggesting the whole body of)

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The Chinese have their own version of this proverb.It seems to me that the British are too often their own worst critics.

But when not the whole body of but separate representativeare meant the definite article is not used. Italians are goodsingers.Note These words always begin with a capital letter; and they arefollowed by the plural form of a verb even if they do not lookplural. 13. At the beginning of stories, in titles of stories and novels .

“The Enemy”, “The Letter”. This is a stylistic device. The author indicates in this waythat the reader will shortly be told more about these things.

14. Stressed “the” meaning “best”. People sometimes stress the definite article to indicate that something is the best or onlything of a particular kind.Billiards is the game. or Billiards is the best game.

PracticeExercise 1 Comment on the use of the definite article in the following sentences.1. The arch of the sky was the darkest of blues. 2. She,believed people like Wilf to be the salt of the earth. 3. Ah,it's the other side of the coin, so to speak. 4. The cycle oflife is endless, and it never changes. 5. The following day Ipassed the morning making phone calls. 6. Like all the bestideas, it's a simple one. 7. This is the most modern shoppingcentre in the world. 8. That's the key question. 9. The housewas quiet. The stuff had gone to bed. 10. She'll be the secondto answer. 11. We live on the seventh floor. 12. The kitchen wasequipped with all the latest appliances. 13. I know this roadlike the back of my hand. 14. Don't forget that Monday is thedeadline. 15. The story which you told me is very romantic. 16.Where are the children? — They are in the garden. 17. He gavethe same answer. 18. The house I bought was very cheap.Moreover, the building looked great. 19. Help the aged! 20. Thesteam engine was a powerful instrument of human progress.

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Exercise 2 Insert the appropriate articles where necessary. 1. ____ door is locked. 2. Have you ____ telephone? 3. ____telephone is out of order. 4. It is dark on ____ landing. 5. Doyou like ____ dogs? 6. Don’t tease ____ dog. 7. Never try tostroke ____ dog if you don’t know it. 8. ____ fountain-pen won’twrite. 9. Have you got ____ fountain-pens on sale? 10. Where canI have ____ coat made to order? 11. Where did you have ____ coatmade? 12. In this store they always have a wide choice in ____coats and suits. 13. ____ suits are ready-made. 14. Where is____ key? 15. How many flats are there in ____ house? 16. Howmuch are ____ dinner-sets? How many articles are there in ____set? 17. How much are ____ dinner-sets now? Exercise 3 Complete the sentences below putting the article in each space, together with a noun that is associated with thenoun which is underlined.1.We went into shops which had absolutely nothing on ______.2.You shouldn’t ask a question if you already know ______.3.I’ve never taught a class where ______ are so lazy.4.It was a lovely house but ______ were too steep for old

people.5.In a test ______ should not be too difficult or too easy. 6.It’s a newspaper where ______ aren’t covered with pictures.7.I’m not surprised you can’t walk in those shoes. ______ are

much too high.8.Before you go on a long journey in you car, check to make

sure______ have enough air in them.9.I bought the radio in a sale ______ had been slashed by 50%.10. What’s the point in buying an expensive television if ______

isn’t clear?Exercise 4 Complete the sentences below by putting the most appropriate of these adjectives together with the article.

blinddeaf

healthyhomeless

hungrylame

poorrich

uneducatedunemployed

1.________ are people who have no job.2.________ are people who are not sick.

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3.________ are people who have difficulty walking.4.________ are people who have a lot of money.5.________ are people who cannot see.6.________ are people who have very little money.7.________ are people who cannot hear.8.________ are people who have not have an education9.________ are people who do not have enough food to eat.10. ________ are people who have nowhere to live.

Exercise 5 Complete the story below by inserting “a’ or “the” in the spaces as required. The first has been done for you.Once upon a time, there was (1) a cat and (2)_____ dog wholived in (3) _____ small house. One day (4) _____ cat said to(5) _____ dog, “This place is too small for us – we need (6)_____ bigger house.” (7) _____ dog agreed. “We could even have(8) _____ garden where I could bury my bones.” “Well I’m notsure (9) _____ garden is a good idea,” said (10) _____ cat. “Whowould cut the grass?” “We could employ (11) _____ cat to doit,” said (12) _____ dog. “Why not (13) _____ dog?” said (14)_____ cat. And so they never left (15) _____ small house becausethey couldn’t agree. Exercise 6 In the following sentences, use “the” or “a”. Keep in mind that “a” refers to one unknown or unspecified person orthing.1. She ran into _____ house and shut _____ door. 2. They areplanning to buy _____ house some day. 3. We have to feed _____dog and _____ cat before we leave. 4. The boy has always wantedto have _____ dog and _____ cat. 5. This apartment has _____bedroom, _____ living-room, and _____ kitchen. 6. While he wasin _____ park, he saw_____ man walking with _____ dog. 7.Everyone in _____ neighborhood was sorry to see them move. 8.They moved to _____ very quiet neighborhood. 9. _____refrigerator like theirs is very expensive. 10. He’s going to_____ grocery store to buy _____ loaf of bread. 11. _____ moonis _____ satellite of _____ earth. 12. The drugstore hired _____new pharmacist. 13. _____ leaves are already falling off _____trees and covering _____ ground. 14. They live in _____ veryexpensive home. 15. She has an appointment this week with _____

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doctor and _____ dentist.Exercise 7 Explain why the definite article is used with the italicised nouns which refer to the preceding (or following)statement or situation in the following extracts.

1Gwendolen: I am engaged to Mr. Worthing, mamma.Lady Bracknell: Pardon me, you are not engaged to anyone. When you dobecome engaged to some one, I or your father will inform you ofthe fact.

2Algernon: Relations are simply a tedious pack of people, whohaven't got the remotest knowledge of how to live nor thesmallest instinct about when to die.Jack: Oh, that is nonsense.Algernon: It isn't.Jack: Well. I won't argue the matter.

3Chasuble: But surely, Mr. Worthing, you have been christenedalready.Jack: I don't remember anything about it.Chasuble: But have you any grave doubts on the subject?Jack: I certainly intend to have. Of course I don't know if thething would bother you in any way, or if you think I am a littletoo old now.Exercise 8 Insert articles in the following general statements. In some sentences, two choices are possible.1. Because of ____ automobile, man has extended his horizons,but he has poisoned the atmosphere. 2. ____ automobile is anecessity today. 3. ____ refrigerator has enabled people to keepfood fresh for a much longer time. 4. ____ vegetables are goodfor the health. 5. The world is getting smaller because of ____airplane. 6. ____ wheel and ____ plow were very importantinventions. 7. ____ supermarket sells not only ____ groceries,but also ____ household items, ____ liquor, ____ plants, ____magazines, and ____ candy.8. ____ newspaper is one of the most widespread media ofcommunication. 9. ____ computer is doing much of the work that

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used to be done by ____ human beings. 10. ____ engineer musthave a good knowledge of mathematics and physics. 11. ____modern conveniences have been of great help in ____ home. 12. Ithas been proven that ____ cigarettes are bad for the health. 13.____ eagle is a bird of prey. 14. ____ mountain is bigger andhigher than ____ hill. 15. ____ kitchen can be a very suitableplace to practice exercise. Exercise 9 Complete the story below by inserting “a’ or “the” in the spaces as required.1. ____tiger is ____large carnivorous animal which belongs to____ cat family. 2. ____ males are about three feet high and canbe as long as twelve feet, including ____tail. 3. There areabout eight varieties of tiger found around ____world. 4.____tiger is ____wild animal, which lives in ____ jungle wherewater and prey are plentiful. 5. ____tiger will only attack ____person if it is starving or if it is threatened. 6. ____ tigeris ____ easily recognized animal as it has ____ thick yellow orwhite coat with distinctive black stripes.Exercise 10 Decide if the most appropriate articles “a” “an” and “the” are used in each of these texts.

1. Dan was playing outside in a street when he saw a red cargo past driven by the teacher from his school.

2. A University has announced proposals to build a newlibrary, to replace an existing one by the year 2005.

3. A: The car’s been stolen from outside a house! B: Oh, no. I left my wallet and the camera in it.4. I must buy the tin opener. I keep having to borrow one

from a woman next door. 5. A: Jane bought a fridge and a washing machine for her

house, but the washing machine wouldn’t go through akitchen door so she had to send it back.

B: What did a shop say? A: They offered to sell her a smaller one.6. Now, when I start pushing a car, take your foot off the

clutch. If it doesn’t start then, I’ll have to phone thegarage.

7. We went out to the excellent restaurant last night. The

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food was delicious and the service was first class.8. A: Where is a tea pot?

B: It’s in the cupboard on the right.A: I thought you had a blue one.B: Yes, but it broke so I had to get the new one.

9. A: I’ve no idea what to get Mark for his birthday.B: What about a new jumper?A: Well…it’s not very interesting present.B: Why don’t you buy him a set of golf clubs he’s alwayswanted?A: What a great idea.

10. Dr Pike has developed a way to teach musical theory. Amethod is designed for children over five.

11. A: Who is a woman in red? B: She’s a journalist, I think. She works for a localnewspaper.12. Once, when I won the competition, I had to choose between

a holiday in Disneyland and a Volvo. I chose a car, ofcourse.

Exercise 11 Complete the sentences below, using the adjectives from the list; some have to be used more than once. Be careful –there is at least one sentence which requires “a” rather than“the”.

First last next only right same wrong1. Nail Armstrong was ______ man on the moon.2. “I’m sorry I’m late. I caught ______ bus.” – “Well in

future try to catch ______ one.”3. What a coincidence! We live in ______ street.4. I’m warning you! ______ person who does that will be in

trouble!5. He was ______ survivor of the crash; everyone else died.6. There isn’t always ______ way of doing things.7. He waited until ______ possible moment, then jumped. 8. Joanne hasn’t changed; she’s ______ as ever.9. Before leaving, he had ______ look around the house.10. What a surprise! You’re ______ person I expected to see.

Exercise 1 2 Insert articles if necessary.

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1. _____ chorus of young voices repeating the lesson came fromthe class-room. 2. We want _____ place where we can live inpeace and freedom. 3. _____ echo of her footsteps died away. 4.Across the yard walked _____ young man in black robes and four-cornered hat. 5. The yacht, _____ a large and luxurious craft,lay at anchor in the bay. 6. _____ man, who had preceded to theentrance, opened _____ door. 7. He was evidently _____ man whohad never in his life had the slightest doubt as to hisabilities. 8. Francis had made it a point in Knowing _____ rightpeople who would write about her. 9. I want you to choose _____right road, _____ road your father and grandfather had chosen.10. _____ road he took soon brought him to _____ street wherefishermen lived. 11. When I begin to feel drowsy, I change _____heavy book I am reading for _____ lighter one. 12. She shook herhead a trifle – just _____ trifle that was meant for “no”. 13.The door was opened after some delay by _____ very dirty childwith _____ nose that needed attention. 14. _____ book that readswell gets soon dog-eared. 15. The boy was casting frightenedglances at _____ dentist who was getting ready. 16. The manpoured himself another glass of wine with _____ hand that shookwith irritable anger.Exercise 1 3 Explain why in the following passages the italicised noun with the definite article is followed by the same noun withthe in definite article. 1. "Good evening to you, sister," said the voice, a musical voicewith the broad accent of Lorraine.2. Why was the front door opened?(A husband says.) "It is not as though he had to let the ladyout."

The magistrate interrupted sharply. "The lady? What lady do youmean?"

"Why, the lady who came to see him.""Had a lady been to see him that evening?""But yes, monsieur — and many other evenings as well."

3. "I've got to go to Mass, and then I want to see the priestabout this petition. Don't you think it might help if a priestsigned it?"

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4. Bateman brought Isabel the letter he had just received... "It'sa very strange letter," she said, "I don't quite understand it."Exercise 1 4 Insert the appropriate articles where necessary. 1. _____ cover of _____ book attracts _____ attention of _____children at once. 2. _____ head of the expedition was _____ manwho had traveled a lot. 3. Every morning he would come to _____top of _____ hill to drink in the beauty of _____ pastures ofwhich he felt himself _____ owner. 4. He could not forget _____face of _____ girl with _____ fine profile of _____ Greekstatue. 5. Mr. Drum was _____ large man with _____ head full ofgrey hair, rather unkempt. 6. When _____ race was over _____ victor made _____ traditionalround of _____ track, carrying _____ wreath of victory. 7. Hewas _____ single child. 8. He was _____ only boy of _____ fivechildren. 9. We are told that _____ wicked shall be punished.10. Then it was night and he was awake, standing in _____street, looking up at _____ dark windows of _____ place where helived. Exercise 15 Complete the sentences below by inserting “the”, “a”, “an”, or nothing into the spaces provided, according towhether or not the noun is referring to something generally seenas unique in the given context.1. People have always wanted to be able to fly like birds in______ sky. 2. Every solar system has ______ sun. 3. ______equator runs round the middle of ______ earth. 4. I was given toSpain by ______ Pope in the Middle Ages. 5. Can you imagine______ world with no wars, no hunger, no pain? 6. There’snowhere on ______ earth like Hong Kong. 7. When ______ moonpasses between ______ sun and ______ earth, it is called aneclipse. 8. That night there was ______ amazing sky, full ofdifferent colours. 9. It’s the oldest university in ______world. 10. We don’t know how old ______ universe is. Exercise 1 6 Use the appropriate article with nouns denoting things considered to be unique.1. The clouds were lying so closely below the plane that nothingcould be seen of _____ earth.

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2. The huge disc of _____ moon was rising in _____ east. 3. Theclouds broke away and we had the advantage of _____ full moon.4. Magellan was killed in battle. 18 of his companions reachedSpain in 1522, completing the first voyage round _____ world. 5.Quite _____ new world opened before him. 6. The night was sodark that the sailors could distinguish neither _____ sky nor_____ sea. 7. _____ sea was sparkling under _____ cloudless sky.8. _____ clear midday sky was suddenly overcast by heavy cloudscoming from nowhere. 9. The air was filled with the odour of_____ sea of blossoms. 10. _____ high noon sun was incrediblystrong, _____ summer sun now, sudden, uncompromising. 11. It wasSunday afternoon, and _____ sun, which had been shining now forseveral hours, was beginning to warm _____ earth.Exercise 1 7 Insert articles where necessary. Comment on the use of articles or their absence.1. Though _____ earth was cold and wet, _____ sky was clear and_____ sun rose bright and beautiful. 2. He made them provide notone car, but half _____ dozen. 3. _____ compass was invented inancient China. 4. Not _____ word was spoken, not _____ a soundwas made. 5. Edward remained _____ week at _____ cottage. 6. Dinny lookedup at _____ house; and suddenly saw _____ face in _____ windowof _____ dining-room. 7. As _____ man sows, so shall he reap. 8.I have _____ long story to tell you. Come and sit down on _____sofa and let us have _____ comfortable chat. 9. It was _____cottage built like _____ mansion, having _____ central hall with_____ wooden gallery running round it, and _____ rooms no biggerthan _____ closets. 10. What _____ beautiful moth there is overthere on _____wall. 11. He was _____ short, plump man with _____very white face and _____ very white hands. 12. _____ oldcouldn’t help _____ young. 13. To him she would always be _____loveliest woman in _____ world. 14. I am afraid I addressed_____ wrong person. 15. _____ room has three doors; one on _____same side as _____ fireplace, near _____ corner, leading to_____ best bedroom.Exercise 18 Insert articles where necessary. Comment on the use of articles or their absence.

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1. Sometimes visitors rang _____ wrong bell. 2. My family camefrom hereabouts some generations back. I just wanted to have_____ look at _____ place, and ask you _____ question or two. 3.He arrived half _____ hour before dinner time, and went up to_____ school-room at _____ top of _____ house, to see _____children. 4. Far away in _____ little street there is _____little house. One of _____ windows is open and through it I cansee _____ woman seated at _____ table. She is _____ seamstress.5. When _____ woman really makes up her mind to marry _____ mannothing on God’s earth can save him. 6. I believe I can tell_____ very moment I began to love him. 7. Mr. Boythorn lived in_____ pretty house with _____ lawn in front, _____ bright flowergarden at _____ side and _____ kitchen-garden in _____ rear,enclosed with _____ wall. _____ house was _____ real old house.8. _____ bartender was _____ pale little man in _____ vest andapron, with _____pale, hairy arms and _____ long, nervous nose.9. _____ old man quitted _____ house secretly at _____ same houras before. 10. When I was _____ child my mother used to make_____ cakes and send me out with them as _____ presents to _____neighbours. And _____ neighbours would give us _____ presentstoo, and not only at Christmas time. Exercise 19 Rewrite the words in parentheses by adding of the or nothing. In sentences where two choices are possible, give bothchoices.

Example: (Many) rnany, many of the people in the room wereprotesting against the new regulations.1. (Most) _____ clerical mistakes are the result ofcarelessness. 2. (Most) _____ clerical mistakes in our officecould be avoided if the clerks paid more attention to theirwork. 3. (Some) _____ students are lazy. 4. (Some) _____students I know are lazy. 5. (Many) _____ arguments have beenpresented for equality before the law. 6. (Many) _____ argumentspresented by his lawyer were very powerful. 7. (Both) _____ menwho were charged with disorderly conduct were fined by thejudge. 8. (Half) _____ men would be as patient with a naggingwife as he is. 9. (Four) _____ passengers in the car were hurt in the accident.

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10. (All) _____ men are created equal. 11. (All) _____ men whohave been accused will be given a fair trial. 12. In (some)_____ developing countries, (many) _____ people from thevillages come to the cities to look for work. 13. (Most) _____young children would rather play than study. 14. (Many) ____people were in the room. 15. (All) ____ boys were good attennis. 16. (Half) ____ students nowadays don’t want to studythoroughlyExercise 20 Translate into English. 1. Мені необхідно зняти кімнату. 2. Провітри кімнату. Тут дужедушно. 3. Ніж не ріже. 4. В тебе є ніж? 5. Візьми ножа та відріж собі хліба. 6. Ми незнали, що тут є озеро. 7. Озеро глибоке. 8. Замок зламався. 9. Кому віддативідремонтувати замок? 10. Ти не знаєш, де ремонтують замки? 11.Не забудь купити замка. 12. В нас сьогодні апельсини на десерт.13. Апельсини у буфеті. 14. Візьми собі апельсин. 15. Апельсинне кислий?Exercise 21 Translate into English . 1. Ми живемо в маленькій квартирі у центрі міста. 2. Я шукаюроботу. Чи можете ви мені допомогти? 3. Бажаєте яблуко? Цьогороку яблука в нас дуже смачні. 4. Ти вже прочитав книгу, яку микупили минулого тижня? 5. Чи отримав Гаррі роботу, що до якоївін подавав заяву? 6. Зачиніть, будь ласка, вікно. 7. Осьнарешті і будинок, в якому я живу. 8. Чи знайшла поліція людину,що пограбувала банк на Грін стріт? 9. Коли я йшов по вулиці, натротуарі я знайшов $20 купюру. 10. Немає потреби купуватимолоко. Молочар приносить його щоранку. 11. В тебе є машина? –Ні. Ніколи в житті я не мав машини. 12. На вулиці було дуже тепло і сонячно, тому ми вирішилипосидіти в садку. 13. Оскільки я був незадоволений товаром який придбав, яповернувся до крамниці аби поскаржитися менеджеру. 14. Пітер сівна стілець, що стояв найближче до дверей. 15. Він тихенькозайшов до кімнати і став навпроти мене без жодного слова. Exercise 2 2 Translate into English . 1. Листоноша приходив? 2. Будівлю було зведено два роки тому. 3.

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Моє улюблене дерево – дуб. 4. Біля будинку ріс старий дуб. 5. Мизапізнилися на потяг, і нам довелося довго чекати на вокзалі. 6.Папуга може копіювати людське мовлення. 7. Ми зайшли у маленькукімнату, в якій стояв стіл, декілька стільців та крісло. 8.Сподіваюся, що завтра ви дасте мені відповідь. 9. Телескоппотрібен астрономам, а мікроскоп – біологам. 10. Срібний місяцьсвітив у небі. 11. Скрипка – струнний інструмент, флейта –духовий. 12. Шекспір і Сервантес померли в одному й тому ж році.13. Ми отримали телеграму саме в день нашого від’їзду. 14. Видали мені не ту адресу. 15. Деякі з гостей пішли рано. 16. Вониживуть на тій самій вулиці. 17. Він постукав не в ті двері. 18.Хто ця дівчина, яка розмовляє з твоєю мамою? – Це Вероніка, моядвоюрідна сестра. Вона студентка Економічного університету. 19.„А чи знайшла поліція того чоловіка, який вкрав твогомотоцикла?” – „Харлея Девідсона? Нажаль ні.” 20. У кімнаті дужехолодно. Закрий, будь ласка, вікно. Exercise 23 Translate into English. 1. Цей молодий музика – прекрасний диригент і скрипаль. 2. Цебув чудовий концерт: і диригент і скрипаль обидва мали великийуспіх у публіки. 3. Мені дуже подобаються і чорні і білічеревики. 4. Не давайте однакові завдання найсильнішим інайслабшим студентам. 5. Будь ласка, покажіть мені блакитний тачервоний олівець. 6. Я раджу вам купити обидва пледи: картатийта смугастий. 7. Я вже прочитав книжку, яку ти дав меніминулого тижня. 8. Найближча аптека знаходиться недалеко відбудинку Ніка, дві хвилини пішки. 9. Сьогодні вранці Дон купивгазету та журнал. Газета лежить на столі, але він не знає дежурнал. 10. Я бачив дорожньо-транспортну пригоду цього ранку.Машина врізалася в стінку. Водій автомобіля не постраждав, алемашина була дуже сильно пошкоджена. Exercise 24 Translate into English . 1. Коли всі прийшли на кухню і сіли за стіл, розпочалася дужесерйозна бесіда. 2. День просто чудовий! На небі а ні хмаринки.3. Він саме та людина, з якою можна мати справи. 4. Молодийчоловік слухав розповідь із задоволеною посмішкою. 5. Ця картинасама незвичайна в колекції. 6. Він намагався застерегти всіх, щопоблизу знаходився леопард, і що тварина вже налякала багатьох

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мешканців селища. 7. Під час війни багато письменників змінилиперо на гвинтівку. 8. Як же людина вперше знайшла вогнище? 9. Яможу надати лише одне пояснення своїй поведінці. Я погано себепочував. 10. Він зробив лише одну помилку в тесті. 11. Я ніколине подорожую літаком. Я завжди боюся, що літак розіб’ється. 12.Вам сподобалась вистава? 13. Будьте ласкаві, підніміть газети зпідлоги і покладіть біля телефону. 14. Де інструкція до пральноїмашини? – Вона у пральній машині. 15. Я подивився на картину івирішив її придбати. Exercise 25 Translate into English . 1. Кит – ссавець, що мешкає в морі. 2. Страус – найбільший птахна землі. 3. Жираф – найвища тварина. 4. Моя улюблена квітка –роза. 5. В багатьох країнах є пам’ятники тваринам: в Індії –пам’ятник слону, у Сполучених Штатах – пам’ятник мавпі. 6. Хто іколи винайшов телефон? 7. Велосипед – чудовий транспортнийзасіб. 8. Гітара з’явилася в Іспанії у XIII столітті. 9. Ніхтоне знає, коли людина винайшла колесо. 10. Підмет і присудок –головні члени речення. 11. Детективний роман – один злітературних жанрів. 12. Детективний роман допомагає не помічатидовгої подорожі. 13. Корова – священна тварина в Індії. 14.Тюльпан – одна з найперших весняних квіток. 15. Долар – грошоваодиниця Сполучених Штатів Америки. 16. Тюльпан був завезений доНідерландів із Туреччини. 17. Яблуня та виноград – найдавнішіфруктові дерева. 18. Сонячні промені проходять крізь атмосферу ізігрівають землю. 19. У мурахи шість ніжок. 20. Волинка –національний інструмент Шотландії.

Unit 4 The Use of Articles with Class Nouns Modified by

AttributesIn accordance with their role in the choice of articles

attributes may be divided into particularizing (or limiting ) anddescriptive.

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A particularizing attribute is used to single out an objectfrom all the objects of the class, to point out one particularobject or group of objects. The use of a particularizingattribute implies the idea of “той, який”; “саме той, тойсамий”. It makes the noun definite. So the definite article isused with this kind of attribute.A particularizing attribute can be expressed:

by prepositional phraseThe only way to learn the price of something is to pay for it.The reason for this selection is obvious.

by an of-phrase (with certain nouns which refer to a part orcharacteristic of something)

Look at picture 5 at the top of page 43.We met at the end of 1980. He knocked at the door of a very neat house.

by relative clauseWhat about the argument that reality isn’t like that?I want to get back to the hotel where he was staying.

by clauses with non-finite verbs (Infinitives orparticiples)

“May be he is the man to ask about work,” she thought. by apposition (using a noun group to qualify another)

And he wrote a book with the titles”The Summing Up” by nouns in the genitive case

He worked abroad. The two years’ stay in France changed him a lot.A descriptive attribute is used to describe an object or to

give some additional information about it. This kind ofattribute does not single out an object (or a group of objects)but only narrows the class to which it belongs.He wrote a novel.He wrote a good novel. He wrote a good historical novel.In a fortnight I got a long letter, which I considered odd.

Nouns modified by descriptive attributes may be used witheither the indefinite or the definite articles, as the choice ofarticles for countable nouns is not affected by this kind ofattribute. As all adjectives taken by themselves are neutral, it

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is only in the context that they acquire particularizing ordescriptive force. He was going to build a new house. Shortly after he moved to the new house, he fell ill.

Modification by nouns in the genitive caseThe use of articles with nouns in the genitive case is

accounted for by the element of the combination to which itrefers.1. The article which refers to the noun in the genitive case is chosen in accordance withthe general rules.theboy’stheboys’a boy’sboys’Robert’s

}

books

The articles here refer to the noun boy’s which together withthe article is a determiner to the noun books.Note When the noun in the genitive case is a proper name, thereis naturally no article.2 . When an attribute is expressed by a noun in the genitive case it refers to the head-noun, as in a women’s college, a children’s hospital, a doctor’s degree, widow’s weeds, a doll’s house, cow’s milk, lady’sclothes, etc. It is important to note that such combinations cannot be substituted for by of-phrase. The article for the head-noun is chosen in accordance with the general rules.Is there a girls’ school in this area?“I’m looking for the girls’ school”, she said, “that used to be here when I was a child”.Girls’ schools are not popular nowadays.

As the article in the examples above refers to the head noun,the noun in the genitive case may have the plural form and yetbe preceded by the indefinite article, as in a soldiers’ canteen, athree miles’ walk, a fifteen minutes’ break.

A noun in the genitive case used as a descriptive attributeis not a determiner; it may be preceded by other attributes alsoreferring to the head- noun.

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They gave the girl a beautiful doll’s house as a birthday present.The expensive widow’s weeds only emphasized her prettiness.

Modification by prepositional phrasesThe use of articles modified by prepositional phrases depends

on the context or the situation. It consists of a prepositionfollowed by a noun (at the window, for his children). A prepositionalphrase may be used as a limiting or a descriptive attribute:She seated herself so that I could see the man at the screen very well.From one of the bookshelves Julia took a bundle of her latest photographs.I made plans to put up two or three hotels and bungalows for occasional residents.

A prepositional phrase may contain various prepositions, butspecial consideration should be given to the so-called of-phrase. The main meanings of structures with descriptive of-phrases are as follows:

a container with its contents: a box of matches, a cup of tea; a pot ofcoffee

(Compare with a matchbox, a tea-cup, a coffee-pot, a soup bowl, etc., whichare used for empty containers.)

a certain quantity: a lump of sugar, a slice of lemon, a pinch of salt measure: a temperature of 20° C, a height of two hundred metres, a weight of

two pounds, a distance of three miles, a pound of butter origin: a native of Wales, a man of Kent, a descendant of a good family characteristics of an object: a woman of great charm, a man of

courage, a question of importance, a matter of urgency age: a man of middle age, a boy of five material a thing is made of: a box of cedar wood, a coat of mail, a

heart of gold (metaphorical use)Note In modern English the of-phrase is rarely used to denote

material. As a rule we find an attributive noun in prepositionto the head-noun in this meaning: older English, modern English; a ring ofgold - a gold ring; a wall of glass - a glass wall.

composition: a herd of deer, a crowd of people, a flock of birds two objects of the same kind or an object consisting of two

parts of the same kind: a pair of gloves, a couple of apples, a pair oftrousers

indication of implied analogy: a beast of a man (i.e. a man

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behaving like a beast), a peach of a girl (i.e. a girl asbeautiful and fresh as a peach), a gem of a housekeeper, a fool of awomanThe of-phrase is a descriptive attribute in a construction

called "the double genitive" as it contains the of-genitive andthe s-genitive: a friend of my brother's, a daughter of Mr. Parker's, an opera ofVerdi's, a sonata of Britten's

Nouns modified by a descriptive of-phrase usually take theindefinite article, but the definite article may be also used.

The of-phrase may have a limiting force as well. In this casethe head-noun is used with the definite article. Mark the mosttypical kinds of structures with limiting of-phrases: the city ofChicago, the sound of the bell, the figure of a man, the position of a teacher, the foot ofthe hill, the bank of the river, the wife of the local doctor, the number (i.e. the totalquantity) of people, the shadow of a tree, the shot of a gun, the face of a woman, themanager of a hotel, the edge of the table, the story of his life

But if there are many objects of the same description, theindefinite article is used: a member of the club, a student of the group, aleg of the table.

PracticeExercise 1 Write the correct article in the space. DO NOT write the if the prepositional phrase, adjective phrase or adjective clause does not make the noun definite.1. Daley Park was almost empty. I saw only ____ man with a dog.2. ____ teacher that we had last semester was especially good.3. Jan said, “I want to buy ____ computer that has a lot ofmemory” 4. I’m so absent-minded! I just locked ____ keys to mycar inside the car. 5. There’s ____ law against drinking anddriving. 6. ____ house destroyed by the fire was mine. 7. ____woman who wrote “Gone with the Wind” died tragically. 8. I’dlike to buy ____ car that has an air bag. 9. ____ town where Igrew up is now a big city. 10. Yesterday night I saw ____ manrunning down the street. 11. ____ day after tomorrow isSaturday. 12. Is there ____ FAX machine in your office? 13. Idon’t like ____ answer to question number 7. 14. I want to clean____ top of the refrigerator. 15. Do you have ____ radio in your

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car? 16. The doctors at Mercy Hospital give ____ patientsexcellent care. 17. There’s ____ movie that I want to see on TV.18. ____ woman that Mozart married was a poor housekeeper. 19.My boss is looking for ____ assistant who can help him withcomputers. 20. At school, there are ____ computers that studentsand teachers can use.Exercise 2 Insert articles where necessary. 1. _____ man of whom I speak is _____ low pantomime actor. 2.Excuse me now; I have to see _____ man who’s in trouble. 3. Helistened attentively to a great many stories she told him about_____ amiable and handsome daughter of hers, who was married to_____ amiable and handsome man and lived in the country. 4. Ialways think there’s something rather cold and cheerless about_____ house that lacks _____ woman’s touch. 5. He stood up andlooked at _____ house where he had been born, grown up, andplayed, as if asking for _____ answer. 6. Her throat aches because of _____ tears locked in it. 7.There were half _____ dozen pocket robberies _____ day in _____trams of Brussels. 8. At last they reached _____ door at which_____ servant knocked cautiously. 9. We passed _____ set ofchambers where I had worked as _____ young man. 10. We droppedinto _____ very pleasant nook under _____ great elm tree, to_____ spreading roots of which we fastened _____ boat.Exercise 3 Insert articles where necessary. 1. He was staring at ______ waves like ______ man cornered by______ strange animal. 2. You don’t know ______ man you aremarried to. 3. He spoke with a very slow, distinct voice… andalways looked over ______ shoulder of ______ person to whom hewas talking. 4. There had been at ______ dining table ______middle-aged man with ______ dark eye and ______ sunburned face,who attracted Martin’s attention. 5. They walked ______ mile ormore along ______ handsome street which ______ colonel said wascalled Broadway. 6. Colonel Mordaunt does not look like ______man who would do ______ mean or dishonourable thing. 7. Rosathen noticed with surprise that she was in ______ room in which______ party had been held. 8. She is ______ elderly matron whohas worked hard and got nothing by it. 9. There we were in

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______ country none of us knew anything about, amongst Indiansand ______ people that were only half civilized. 10. As Dicktook up his pipe, ______ man who had passed into ______ smokingcar with him put down his newspaper and looked at him. For______ moment Dick was puzzled. It was ______ face he knew, buthe could not put ______ name to it. Exercise 4 Make up situations of your own to justify the use of the articles in the following pairs of sentences.1. A stout man came up and shook hands.The stout man came up and shook hands.

2. I’ve got a job.I’ve got the job.

3. This is a local library.This is the local library.

4. He was standing behind a car.He was standing behind the car.

5. He wrote down a figure.He wrote down the figure.

Exercise 5 Determine whether the articles refer to the noun in the genitive case or the head-noun. Translate the sentences intoUkrainian.1. They lived in a two-foot shelter just outside the officers'dugout. 2. He was eager to see Dennis, who was at a boys' campsomewhere. 3. There were two old men there and they were takento an old people's home. 4. They made a two hours' journey in atrain which stopped at every station. 5. After a six months'period of drought it started raining every day. 6. He was a tallyoung man with a sad clown's face under stiff red hair. 7. Hereturned the old woman's smile. 8. On the opposite side of thestreet was the Sharpes' old car. 9. She was a miner's widow. 10.Have you read Bob's new novel?Exercise 6 Supply the required articles for nouns modified by other nouns in the genitive case . 1. He took ____ doctor's arm and led him out of the room. 2. Hewent up to the third floor where ____ assistants' office waslocated. 3. She lives in ____ doll's house at the back of thegarden.

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4. That dog is a proper brute with strangers. I've known himbite clean through ____ lady's stockings. 5. They were promised____ four days' rest. 6. With one hand on ____ young man'sshoulder, he went up the stairs. 7. She is out visiting ____neighbour's daughter. 8. Thirty years before she taught at ____smart girls' school. 9. He sat on the floor stroking ____ cat'sfur. 10. After ____ two months' leave I was sent to ____ Officers'Training Camp in Dorset. 11. In that mood I was unsuitable forattending ____ parents' meeting at the school. 12. The scheme ofstudy in ____Teachers' Training College is based upon compulsoryand optional subjects. 13. The theatre had ____ three weeks' ballet season. 14. Veryearly in my life I was taught not to believe ____ girl's tears.15. I stopped at the door to ____ Holly's apartment. 16. ____chief's remarks left me indifferent. 17. She spoke guardedly,and her green eyes veiled themselves like ____ parrot's eyes.18. "Is that Mr Blair?" ____woman's voice asked in thetelephone. 19. Then she leaped to one side as ____ car's brakesscreamed behind her. 20. By ____ clown's grimace on his face Iunderstood what he was suffering.Exercise 7 Supply the required articles for nouns modified by of-phrases . 1. She was drinking _____ glass of orange juice. 2. My friend is_____ man of culture and wide reading. 3. His voice wasdetermined; _____ lines of his face had grown harsh. 4. Tom satdown on _____ edge of a log and looked at _____ glassy surfaceof the lake. 5. "Come back in half an hour. I'll give you _____bottle of medicine," said the doctor. 6. The lamplight made hisskin _____ color of red brick. 7. He was disturbed by _____sound of a shot. 8. Willy leaned on _____ back of the chair. 9.I should like _____ glass of water. 10. From the kitchen came_____ singing of a kettle on the stove. 11. "I'll have _____ cupof tea with you," said my mother. 12. Heat up the water to _____ temperature of 60° C. 13. Thewallpaper was dark-blue with _____ design of flowers. 14. Thewoman moved her chair slightly toward _____ right side of the

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path. 15. There was _____ party of twelve people arriving at thehotel. 16. _____ head of the department was a man named Coles. Exercise 8 Complete the statements. 1. Water boils at a temperature of ... 2. Water freezes at atemperature of ... 3. The plane was flying at a height of ...4. They had to walk a distance of ... 5. He was so strong, hecould carry a weight of ... . 6. Are you going to the shop?Please, buy a pound of .... 7. Her brother was a boy of ... . 8.George is a friend of ... . 9. Is she a daughter of ...? 10. Hetold us the story of ... . 11. Suddenly we heard the sound of .... 12. He had thereputation of ... .Exercise 9 Translate into English. 1. Вони увійшли у вагон, в якому не було вільних місць. 2. Увагоні, у який вони увійшли, не було вільних місць. 3. Сьогоднігрупа туристів, яка складається здебільшого зі студентів,починає сходження на Ельбрус. 4. Група туристів, яка почаласьогодні сходження на Ельбрус, складається зі студентів. 5. Умісті будується новий стадіон, який буде уміщувати 10000глядачів. 6. Хто розробив проект нового стадіону, який будуєтьсяу нашому місті? 7. Роль Гани виконувала молода талановитаактриса, яка нещодавно закінчила театральний інститут. 8. Угазетах дуже багато писали про молоду талановиту актрису, якавиконала роль Гани. 9. Вона подивилася на годинник на розі ізрозуміла, що запізниться на потяг. 10. На розі нашої вулицівисить годинник, який приводиться у дію електричним струмом. 11.Вашого сина буде оперувати хірург, який зараз працює наддисертацією з цієї теми. 12. Хірург, який буде оперувати вашогосина, якраз зараз працює над дисертацією з цієї теми. Exercise 10 Translate into English . 1. Сьогодні я, нарешті, дістав книгу, яку я вже давно хочупрочитати. 2. Ось людина, з якою ви хочете поговорити. 3. Я нелюблю людей, які до усіх прискіпуються. 4. Я знаю дівчину, якадивовижно декламує вірші. Учора вона прочитала вірш, який менідуже сподобався. 5. Вулиці, якими я проходив, були вузькі табрудні. 6. Старий чоловік постукав у двері невеличкого будинку,вікна якого були яскраво освітлені. 7. Коли Ольга повернулася до

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дому, вона побачила, що її сестра розмовляє з чоловіком, якоговона ніколи раніше не бачила. 8. Я знайшла готель, де ми жилидекілька років тому. 9. Лист, якого вона отримала вранці,засмутив її. 10. Вранці вона отримала листа, який її засмутив.11. Молода дівчина довго думала про дивовижний винахід, якийвона зробила. 12. На дорозі вони побачили великий камінь, якоготам раніше не було. 13. Я знаю адресу людини, якій ви хочетенаписати. 14. Двері відчинила жінка; у якій він відразу впізнаворигінал портрету, який йому показав його приятель. 15. Вонапоїхала у місто, де жила її дочка.Exercise 11 Translate into English . 1. Це була історія, яку я не міг нікому довірити. 2. То булафраза, яку він міг пропустити. 3. Там є квартири, які виходятьвікнами в парк і з вікон видно весь парк. 4. Є спосіб, задопомогою якого вони могли б виконати цю роботу добре. 5. Він недивився на людину, про яку говорив. 6. Його не зацікавили факти,які ми йому повідомили. 7. Він, можливо, бачив тих жіночок, щойшли по лісу. 8. Я знаю вчительку, котра ніколи не кричить надітей. 9. Вона байдуже подивилася на чоловіка, який сидів настільці біля вікна. 10. Берта подивилася на картку, на якій булинаписані якісь імена та цифри. 11. В нього був шанс, якийнадається лише раз у житті. 12. Белл Уотлінг була тієюрудоволосою жінкою, яку вона побачила в перший день свогоприїзду в Атланту. 13. У вас немає сім’ї , крім брата, якийзавтра від’їжджає до Парижу. 14. Я думаю про вас, про готель, вякому ми зустрілися і про книгу, яку я коли-небудь напишу. 15.Ви любите дітей, місіс Блей? – Як я можу відповісти на такепитання? – Хіба це питання, на яке важко дати відповідь? Exercise 12 Translate into English . 1. Він зачинив двері, що вели до залу. 2. Власник квартиривказав пальцем на жінку, що стояла поряд з ним. 3. Ми йшлидовгим вкритим ковдрою коридором і потім повернули праворуч. 4.У місіс Ван Хоппер була кваліфікована медсестра. 5. Він піднявочі і побачив чоловіка, що стояв навпроти нього. Це був йогоколишній приятель. 6. Ендрю був людиною, наділеною майженадзвичайним терпінням. 7. Після цього він пішов за своїмневідомим другом назад до освітленої зали. 8. Вона подивилася на

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нього з жартівливою усмішкою. 9. Джон надіслав їй записку, уякій повідомлялося, що він повертається. 10. Грант із зацікавленістю подивився на написані олівцем слова.11. На дверях, що вели до кабінету, Барт прочитав „Доктор Сміт”.12. Компліменти, якими він її обдарував, лестили її. 13. Вонавже не була тією маленькою дівчинкою, що він знав, проте вона щей не була жінкою. 14. Здавалося, що то було завдання, на якомуйому було важко зосередити свою увагу. 15. Питання, що ставилаАнна, здавалися такими питаннями, на які Пітер знав відповіді.Exercise 13 Translate into English using of-phrase as attributes wherever possible.1. Коли вони з’їли консервовані абрикоси, Чинк приніс їм почашці чаю. 2. Вона дуже допитлива людина. 3. Травень – це місяцьнайбільших температурних контрастів. 4. Мати налила йому чашкукави і подала йому склянку згущеного молока. 5. Вони проїхаливідстань у декілька миль. 6. Це був юнак двадцяти років, дваметри на зріст і з сильними мускулами. 7. Будинки виглядаютьтак, неначебто їх щойно покрили шаром фарби. 8. Спрингвейл знаходився на відстані трьох миль від селища, томуйому треба було витрачати багато часу, щоб дістатися туди ібачити Джейн щодня. 9. Коли він повідомив про день своговід’їзду, вона не могла стримати сльози радощів. 10. Якщо тобіне подобається ідея знову сідати за кермо, я можу відвезти твоголиста і потім забрати тебе на зворотньому шляху. Exercise 14 Translate from Ukrainian into English using nouns in the genitive case wherever possible.1. Десь тут у друга батька Чила є гараж. 2. Він підсунув стілецьдо ліжка Сан і вони трішки поговорили пошепки. 3. Післяхвилинної паузи водій теж засміявся. 4. Йому було соромнопрохати дівчину виконувати обов’язки служниці. 5. Хіба ти неможеш довіритися жіночій інтуїції у цій справі? 6. Зазвичайприсутність дитини дратувала Скарлет. 7. Тінь затьмарювалаобличчя Дорін. 8. Де вчорашня газета? 9. Жінка священика, яка невиносила ніяких сварок, попросила англійця сказати Сьюзі, що вінповернеться і одружиться з нею. 10. Вони пройшли десь милю, апотім сіли на сходах невеликого будинку перепочити. 11. Вонапогладила дівчинку по голові не дивлячись на неї.

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12. Жінка хотіла знати, що думали викладачі про характерхлопчика. 13. Талант поета з’являється при народженні. 14. Мипобачили будинок старої жінки неподалік від станції. В ньому небуло ніяких ознак життя. 15. Джек довго і наполегливо працював,перш ніж отримав докторський ступінь. 16. Він зайшов до відділужіночого одягу і придбав дружині дуже дороге плаття. 17.Дворічне перебування в Італії зробило з нього справжньогоіталійця. 18. Мері не сподобались манери приятеля, тому вонавстала і покинула кімнату.

Unit 5 The Use of Articles with Nouns in Apposition and with

Predicative Nouns 1. As a rule nouns used predicatively or in apposition take the indefinite article. Nouns in the plural have no article.He is a teacher.I’m sure you know Alfred Hard, a professor at London University.They are good friends. 2. The definite article serves to show that the speaker or writer is referring to a definite person or thing. It is also used when the noun is modified by a limiting attribute . Philip had been the hero of his childhood.Then Jack, the most impudent person there, interrupted me.“My brother George is the only relation I have,” said Sir Henry.Monday, the day of our departure, was cold and rainy.

The noun in this case usually has an of-phrase attribute.

3. When a noun used predicatively or in apposition denotes a unique position (rank, state, post or occupation) it is used either with the definite article or without any article:Mr Johnson, Superintendent of the school, received me in his office.Mike Slattery was chairman of a great publishing firm.Mr Johns was the leader of our group.I talked to Mr Pyke, the assistant director of the firm.4. Nouns used predicatively or in apposition are used either with the definite article or without any article when they

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denote a relationship and stress is laid on the social position of the person expressed by the subject:Mrs Nelson was wife of the manager of the firm.She was the wife of a local tradesman.Then I was introduced to Charles March, the nephew of our host.Note With nouns son and daughter used predicatively and inapposition the following three variants are possible:

She is the daughter of a doctor. (mere relationship is expressed) She is a daughter of a doctor. (the idea that the doctor has more

than one daughter is expressed) She is daughter of a doctor. (the social position of the person in

question is described)5. When predicative nouns serve to denote a certain characteristic of the person indicated by the subject they are used without any article . The noun predicative is usually followed by the adverb enough . She was child enough to feel sorry about the loss of the toy.He was fool enough to believe that.6. Predicative nouns after the link-verbs to turn, to go take no article. The verb to take indicates a change of occupation or allegiance. The verb to go denotes change of political allegiance. He turned sailor.7. Appositive nouns denoting titles (ranks, posts) are used without any article when they precede personal names: Dr. Ross, President Roosevelt, Lord Byron, Princess Margaret, Sir Charles, Prof. Drake,Queen Elizabeth, Colonel Casey, Judge Parker, Lady Quern Note 1 Foreign titles, however, require the definite articlebefore personal names:the Emperor Napoleon, the Czar PeterNote 2 It is important to remember that when titles are notfollowed by a personal name articles are used:He is a professor.The professor is going to give a public lecture.8. Appositive nouns denoting family relations take no ar ticle before personal names: Aunt Agatha, CousinGeorge, Uncle Tom

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9. Other appositive nouns take the definite article when used before personal names:the painter Hogarth, the critic Hudson, the girl Martha, the student Jones, theRepublican leader Foster, the pianist Carter10. A frequent use of this kind of apposition is found with names of books, films and with scientific terms:the novel "War and Peace", the film "Lady Hamilton", the verb "to be", the term "heavywater"

PracticeExercise 1 Explain the use of articles with nouns used predicatively in the following sentences:1. He was a lawyer by profession. 2. Aunt Laura was the widow ofan auctioneer. 3. When Murry was appointed editor of "TheLiterary Gazette" his salary became eight hundred a year. 4. Asit was, she was the best-looking woman there. 5. Jasper was theson of my father's elder brother. 6. My father had been Chairmanof an organization of doctors in New York. 7. He was a talkativefellow. 8. They made him a major-general after he left theheadquarters. 9. We were children of our class and time. 10.Johnson is made secretary of the club. 11. John could not make uphis mind about the blackmail. He had been led to think thatMcGrath himself was the blackmailer or at least a blackmailerbecause he had the personality to be a blackmailer. 12. Aftersome most astonishing adventures in New Guinea he made himselfking of some wild tribe. 13. No, you are getting this quitewrong. She's the wife of a friend of mine. 14. Prynne was managerof the estate up the river. 15. With a face like yours I'd be atleast the president of a steel company.Exercise 2 Explain the use of articles with nouns used in apposition.1. The girl he loved was Laura Merton, the daughter of a retiredcolonel who had lost his temper in India. 2. It wouldn't be hardto make up a story for Uncle Philip. 3. For some daysHotchkinson, the solicitor to whom Eden had deputed the case,sent me no news. 4. He had been to the tomb of Hafiz the poet. 5.Two men, two passengers, came along the gangway, and she amusedherself by trying to guess whether they were single or married.

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6. Charles was dancing with his cousin, a good-looking girl. 7.Even Mr March, the most realistic man there, could not forgiveme. 8. He now arranged with Spender, editor of "The TimesLiterary Supplement", to write articles on current Frenchliterature. 9. They drove up to the terminal, a brightly lightedand air-conditioned building. 10.I was chatting with the man'swife, a lady in purple trousers, when he was called to thetelephone. 11. He accepted the post of secretary to a diplomaticmission. 12. In the rear of the car, Margaret Howden, wife of thePresident of the firm, said to her husband: "You look tired."13. He's Doctor Evans, the nephew of your host tonight. 14. Theprincipal of the school decided to send the boy Chalmers backhome. 15. That evening I was introduced to Captain Riley.Exercise 3 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to the nouns used predicatively.1. He was at that time _____ lieutenant in _____ British Army.2. Mr Richardson was _____ owner and editor-in-chief of the pub-lishing house. 3. Rudy had _____ gift of being liked. That waswhy he had been elected _____ president of his class three timesin a row. 4 .She was _____ wife of _____ doctor. 5. Philip wasnot _____ humbug but _____ hard and realistic man. 6. At thetime I was_____ manager of_____ Crawford Street branch of _____bank. 7. I saw _____ group of _____ workmen coming toward us.One of them was_____ fat, red-faced man, and I presume hewas_____ foreman. 8. Mr Knight was _____ excessively lazy man,who preferred to sit down. 9. It's _____ girl called Betsy.She's _____ boss's secretary. 10. Henry Greene was _____ son of_____ general. 11. It seemed that Aunt Milly had been _____ onlyrelative to offer practical help. 12. His study was _____darkest room in _____ house. 13. His father was _____ goodsoldier. 14. I might be _____ leader of _____ party instead ofyou. 15. His wife and Sheila were _____active, strong women, wholoved using their muscles. 16. I'm going to be _____ presidentof this company. 17. This fellow is _____ man I want for thejob. 18. He was_____ manager of _____ largest estate in _____district. 19. ____ man who wore_____ glasses was _____ husbandof Mrs Holt. 20. "We are merely_____ tourists," Tom said. 21.

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"She is _____ very silly creature," he said. 22. There seemed noreason why he should not eventually be made _____ Governor. 23.On _____ way back to our compartment we passed Natalie Winter.She was _____ very shy woman. She was also _____ star of theseason. 24. She is proud of being _____ daughter of _____ poet.25. If anyone could tell her what Mr Potter wanted to know, MrsFerguson was_____woman.Exercise 4 Look at the statements below. Decide whether you can leave out “the” where it is underlined in each sentence, and put“yes” or “no” in the spaces provided.1. He became the chairman of the company. _____2. I was the manager for only six weeks before the company wentbankrupt. _____ 3. Mrs. Jacobs is the head of two departments. _____ 4. They made him the leader of the gang. _____5. I’m going to meet the director of the club. _____6. Mr. J. Benn, the owner of the shop, made no comment. _____7. He’s been the captain for the last six matches. _____8. They made the President sign the document. _____9. She was the Queen for only a hundred days. _____10. I was the best man at his wedding. _____ Exercise 5 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to the nouns used in apposition.1. ____Philip's wife, ____ biggest snob in ____ family, invitedme to tea. 2. Then we were joined by ____ two women, ____acquaintances of Charles and Ann. 3. Across from her satDelaney, ____ producer of the picture. 4. I said: "This is MarySummers, ____ old school friend of mine." 5. I have got ____ jobof ____ secretary to our new MP. 6. ____ figure 5 is ____ samefor ____ Russian or ____ American while ____ word "five" is not.7. ____ Admiral Lacey was ____ red-faced man. 8. They sat in____ drawing-room round the portable wireless, ____present fromFleur. 9. Then he walked down Broadway, ____ main street of ____town. 10. She was ____ daughter of ____ well-known theatricalmanager, ____willowy, wispy, fair-haired girl with ____colourless eyes. 11. He assumed ____ role of ____ breadwinnerfor ____family. 12. ____ General Holt withdrew his plan. 13.

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They had lunch at Hexley, ____ small village on ____ coast. 14.He was their favourite nephew, ____ son of their dead eldersister. 15. Grant got little information from Andy, ____ mail-car driver. 16. He introduced me to ____ girl Patricia, and Iwas glad of an opportunity to look at her face. 17. Peter hit sohard that he broke my arm. I fell to ____ ground yelling.Waters, ____ gym teacher, carried me off ____ field. 18. Wespoke to ____ Philip's secretary, ____ youngish man calledWilliams. 19. Within a short time, Gregory married Zalia Phelps,____ daughter of Angus Phelps, ____ planter in Georgia. 20. Sam,____ man who ran ____ elevator, didn't like Peter. 21. Smiley,____ captain of ____ team, got up on ____ bench and told them ofhis plan. 22. ____ nurse Everett, ____ bony woman of fifty,herself opened ____door. 23. He would be given ____ post of ____Minister of Justice.Exercise 6 Insert articles. 1. ____ Academician Zhukovsky is called ____ father of Russianaviation. 2. The description of how ____ Uncle Podger tried tohang a picture is one of the funniest episodes in the book. 3.Many famous people were frequent visitors at Abramtsevo, amongthem ____ writer Gogol, ____poet Shevchenko and ____actorShchepkin. 4. Once upon a time there lived ____ doctor Aibolitwho was a great friend of all animals. 5. ____ captain Barlowwas what was called an “old sea dog”. 6. “Who operated on yourson?” “____ certain surgeon Kryukov.” 7. ____ brother Peter wasthe preacher of the community of Stilleveld. 8. They met inMoscow, ____ Russian Oleg, ____ Indian Rudj, ____ ItalianAntonio and ____ Negro Joshua. 9. He went downward along thesame road along which he had driven when a high-school boy in____ stripped-down Ford. 10. ____ Queen Mary was launched by____ Queen Mary in 1938.Exercise 7 Fill in the blanks with articles before appositive and pre dicative nouns wherever necessary. 1. Melanie was ____ fool, but there was nothing anybody could doabout it. 2. She was ____ only woman I had ever met who couldbehave so gracefully. 3. Charlie wasn't ____ fool enough as toput up the back of the Assistant Colonial secretary. 4.

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Hemingway, ____ son of a small town doctor, was born in Illinoisin 1898. 5. Kust, ____bartender, gave Bill and Janice a smile ofrecognition. 6. Tara had risen to riches on cotton, even as thewhole South had risen, and Scarlett was ____ Southerner enoughto believe that both Tara and the South would rise again out ofthe red fields. 7. Behind him his cousin, the tall George,____son of the fifth Forsyte, had a strange look on his fleshyface. 8. "You staying here?" - "New boy in town. I am ____instructor in the ski school." 9. My first thought that thisshould be ____ son of Jane Fowler's fiance proved to be correct.10. My father was____ mayor of the village and ____honorableman. 11. His laboratory, ____ best institution of this kind,made Cambridge world known in the field of experimental physics.12. James Clerk Maxwell, ____ great physicist andmathematician, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on November 13,1831. 13. When Mike had seen her, she was ____ girl of eighteen.14. She dressed like — well, like what she was, ____ wife of theassistant Colonial Secretary at Hong Kong. 15. She didn't knowwhether he had gone ____ Republican, or ____ Democrat. 16. ____prisoner as he was, Rhett Butler was ____ dangerous man.Exercise 8 Translate into English. 1. Пол Дрейк, голова розшукового агенства Дрейка, сидів укріслі, очікуючи на Мейсона. 2. Це нещасний випадок який міг битрапитись будь з ким. 3. „Тоні, - сказав Олівер, - нехай лікарПатерсон скаже те, що хоче сказати”. 4. Роберт Шеннон, маленькийсирота-ірландець, жив у родині свого дядька. 5. Еллі була дочкоюпроцвітаючого фермера. 6. Ньютон став членом Королівськоготовариства, провідного наукового товариства у Великобританії. 7.Бальзак, видатний французький романіст, часто говорив своїмдрузям, що може визначити характер будь-кого за його чи їїпочерком. 8. Я Ентоні Андерсон, людина, яка вам потрібна. 9. Явважаю, що він отримає свою посаду знов, якщо він справжнійчоловік. 10. Одна з моїх читачок прочитала одну з моїх книжок танаписала мені про це. 11. Дівчина, яку він кохав, була ЛаураМертон, дочка полковника. 12. Я був досить дурним для того, щобзапросити її жити сюди. 13. ЇЇ батько, професор Шрон, померцього року. 14. Леді Рівет була стрункою і добре одягнутою. 15.

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Вона жінка керуючого готелем. 16. Мій батько був священиком умиленькому церковному приході у Кавінгорусі, невеличкому селищі.17. О’Доннел був головою хірургічного відділення. 18. Вона булаодружена із сером Максом Маллованом, відомим археологом. 19.Катарина була дружиною бідного клерка з Міністерства Освіти. 20.„Вони зробили з мене начальника відділом,”- прошепотів Джон.Exercise 9 Translate from Ukrainian into English paying attention to the nouns in apposition.1. Байрон, видатний англійський поет, боровся за волю Греції. 2.Нам дуже сподобався їх дім, невелика двоповерхова будівля наберезі річки. 3. Ківі, тропічний фрукт, багатий вітаміном С. 4.Картина, невелика полотнина, коштувала ціле багатство. 5. Мійдруг – віце-президент великої компанії. 6. На Різдво тітка Сонята дядько Антон приїдуть до нас. 7. Діти, бешкетні підлітки,часто приходили до нас пограти в теніс. 8. Собака, величезнийвівчарка, охороняв наш будинок вночі. 9. Професор Микитенко,декан математичного факультету, був завжди уважний до студентів.10. Петро Андрієнко – голова нашої фірми. 11. Всі діти люблятьМіккі Мауса, знаменитого мультиплікаційного героя. 12. УолтДізней, відомий мультиплікатор і продюсер, створив Дізнейленд,величезний парк розваг, який було відкрито у Каліфорнії у 1955році.

Unit 6The U se of Articles with Material Nouns

1. With nouns of material ( substances) used in a general sense , when a certain material as such is meant, no article is used. The absence of the article has the nominating meaning . These sleeping pills should be dissolved in water.She had nothing in the medicine chest but toothpaste and mouthwash and shampoo.

2. Nouns of substances modified by a descriptive attribute are used with the zero article as well. A descriptive attributeonly narrows the notion denoted by a noun without specifying it.There was not a single thing made of real wood in the room: everything was metal andplastic.

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3. When a definite part of the substance is meant (when the noun is modified by a particularizing attribute or is madedefinite by the situation), the definite article is used. Themeaning of the definite article is called restricting. The boss took up a pen and picked a fly out of the ink.The meat was good and White Fang was hungry.

4. When an indefinite part of the substance is meant, some is used.We took some bread and cheese with us, and got some goat's milk.

5. Nouns of material denoting different sorts of material are countable and the articles are used according to the general use of articles with class nouns.Names of materials become countable nouns in the followingcases:

when various sorts of food products are meant, They are now giving you bad teas in the club.

when a portion of food or drink is meant, If you want to please the boy, buy him an ice. We went into the pub and I ordered two whiskies."A salad and two coffees will do," she said smiling.

sometimes the change of meaning is quite considerable — thenoun comes to indicate an object made of a certain material,

A full glass of orange juice stood beside him. There was a tin of sardines on the table.

6. Some collective nouns denoting a group of objects thought of as a whole, behave like names of substances . Among them are furniture, equipment, machinery, crockery, hardware, silverware, china, luggage,baggage, etc. Such nouns follow the rules of the use of articles for names of substances.I need furniture.The furniture which I bought a few days ago was very expensive.

PracticeExercise 1 Read the text and explain the use of articles with names of substances. Translate the text paying attention to theuse of articles with names of substances.

Traditional Methods of Food Preservation

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Though some foods, such as rice, wheat and other cereals, canbe ripened and then stored for years before they deteriorate,other foods, such as meat and fish, normally deterioratequickly. But no single method of preservation is suitable forall types of food.

The traditional methods of drying, smoking, salting, orpickling foods were widely used long before it was known whythese methods were effective. It is now known that the processesof decay are accelerated by enzymes already present in the foodcells and by bacteria or other microorganisms which may bealready present or may come from external sources. To preservefood from decay, it is necessary either to destroy the bacteriaor to create an environment in which bacteria cannot multiplyand enzymes are inactivated. Bacteria can be destroyed by heatand be inactivated by depriving them of moisture. Enzymes can beinactivated by cold or by reducing their moisture content.

The moisture content of food can be reduced by drying it inthe sun or by other means. Meat or fish suspended over a smokingfire is partly dried and the smoke also has bactericidalproperties. Salt and vinegar can also be used effectively topreserve food products.Exercise 2 Insert articles or “some” where necessary. 1. We sipped _____ tea so weak that it tasted like _____ metalagainst the teeth. 2. You will be wishing to have _____ teaafter your journey, I think. 3. George said that we must take_____ rug, _____ lamp, _____ soap, _____ brush and _____ comb,_____ tooth-brush, _____ tooth-powder and _____ couple of bigtowels for bathing. 4. _____ children of his age seldom havenatural pleasure in _____ soap and water. 5. He bought _____cold beef, and _____ ham, and _____ French bread and butter, andcame back with his pockets pretty heavily laden. 6. There weretwo bottles of _____ wine, _____ plate of _____ oranges… with_____ powdered sugar. 7. Here, have _____ champagne, I quiteforgot to offer you any, or would you rather have _____ tea? 8._____ coffee without _____ bread could never honestly serve assupper. 9. She did not answer, but her face was hard and pale as_____ stone. 10. She hurried in again and found _____ water

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almost boiled away.Exercise 3 Insert articles where necessary. 1. _____ blood is thicker than _____ water. 2. Rosa tasted _____wine. It was harsh but refreshing. 3. You drank _____ wine withbreakfast, dinner and supper, and fifty people always drank itwith you. 4. She looked with _____ eager, hungry eyes at _____bread and _____ meat and _____ beer that _____ landlady broughther. 5. _____ coffee was better than Dinny had hoped and veryhot. 6. She wears _____ little sailor hat of _____ black strawthat has long been exposed to _____ dust and soot of London. 7.The mother was yellow in colour and her skin resembled _____leather. 8. The maid brought in _____ pears, _____ cold chicken,_____ tongue, _____ cheese. 9. Every meal was _____ bread andcoffee and cigarettes, and now he had no more bread. 10. Shewent about looking into _____ dining room, which … had beentransformed into _____ kind of jewel box glowing with _____flowers, _____ silver, _____ gold, _____ tinted glass.Exercise 4 Insert an article where necessary. 1. _____ water is precious in this area and must be paid for. 2.Don’t drink from this pond, _____ water is stale. 3. _____ coalof Newcastle is rich in carbon. 4. _____ coal gas is formed byburning _____ coal; it is _____ gas used for heating andilluminating. 5. _____ hot coal fell from _____ fire and burned_____ hole in the carpet. 6. According to the Greek mythPrometheus stole _____ fire from Olympus to give it to men. 7.They built _____ fire to mark _____ place for the plane to land.8. _____ air was filled with _____ of flowers. 9. _____ freshair was circulating through all rooms to my uncle’s greatdiscontent. 10. There was _____ air of importance about him. 11.The tide was out and the children were digging in _____ wetsand. 12. This is _____ tea I am particularly fond of. I don’tthink there is _____ better tea than this. 13. _____ tea iscultivated in the south of our country. 14. “_____ two teas and_____ coffee, please, _____ milk, too” 15. “What will you havefor breakfast?” “_____ egg and _____ cup of _____ coffee.” Exercise 5 Translate into English. 1. Вода дуже холодна. 2. Додай води до супу: він занадто густий.

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3. Він попросив склянку води. 4. Сніг був дуже глибокий. 5. Вінстав білий наче сніг. 6. Дуже важко ходити по глибокому снігу.7. Чай гарячий. 8. Я люблю чай. 9. Підігрій мені каву, будьласка. 10. Додай лимон до чаю. 11. Лимон дуже корисний. 12.Наріжте лимон. 13. Купи лимон до чаю. 14. Цукерки не замінюютьцукор. 15. Вино кисле. 16. Я надаю перевагу сухому вину. 17.Приходь. Я пригощу тебе вином, якого ти ніколи не коштувала. 18.Деякі люди люблять їсти морозиво на вулиці навіть взимку. 19.Купи дитині морозиво. 20. Поки ми розмовляли, морозиво розтало.21. Портфель замалий, але шкіра гарна. 22. Я люблю зеленийбархат. 23. Він не любив кави. 24. Йому не сподобалась кава. 25.Чай занадто міцний, я не люблю міцний чай. Exercise 6 Translate into English. 1. Сидячи на веранді Барт міг добре чути дзвін порцеляни тастукіт срібла. 2. Жоден з них не їв хліба протягом десяти років.3. Холодна вода освіжила його після довгого сну. 4. Вона завждиносила коралове намисто у срібній оправі. 5. Ви хоча б разотримували чай, який я вам надсилав? 6. Джейн та Джон йшли побагнюці та сльоті, взявшись за руки. 7. Чудовий аромат курча, щосмажився, заповнив усю кімнату. 8. Коли суп вже був з’їдений,він повернувся до вогнища та запалив сигару. 9. Я наповнив ваннухолодною водою. 10. На поверхні води лежало опале листя. 11.Вона приготувала собі каву. 12. Мейбл в’язала щось із товстоїчервоної вовни. 13. Коли мені буде шістдесят років, я буду їстистільки хліба та масла, скільки мені захочеться. 14. ПередБеатрисою стояла тарілка з маслом, горщечок з полуничним джемом,кава та глечик з вершками. 15. Вони пили міцну каву, намазуючимасло на черствий хліб. Exercise 7 Translate into English . 1. Не забудьте дати кішці молока, в неї зараз кошенята! 2. Цітендітні рослини спочатку необхідно тримати під склом. 3. Янадаю перевагу приготуванню їжі з олією, тому що вона кориснішаза масло. 4. Відразу поклади їжу, яку ти купив, в холодильник.5. Подивись на мою нову сукню. Вона зроблена з тонкого шовку. 6.В нього скінчилися продукти тому він їв лише рибу та кокосовігоріхи. 7. Земля та дахи на будинках були вкриті снігом. 8. „Чине бажаєте гарячого шоколаду?” – запитала місіс Пейдж. 9.

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Подивися на бруд під диваном! Ти маєш все витерти негайно! 10.Джон ставився до своєї нареченої як до дуже коштовної тонкоїпорцеляни. 11. Устаткування з розбитого корабля має бутиретельно досліджено. 12. До оселі зайшли ще декілька чоловік іповітря стало таке важке ще й з домішками диму. 13. Ми замовилиморозиво для доньки і дві кави для себе. 14. Це легке французькевино. Воно вам сподобається. – Я люблю легкі французькі вина.15. Будьте ласкаві, передайте мені сіль. Суп зовсім несолоний.

Unit 7The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns fall into two classes: countables anduncountables.

The use of articles with countable abstract nouns does notdiffer from their use with countable concrete nouns — in thesingular countable abstract nouns are used with the indefiniteor definite article; in the plural they are used without anyarticle or with the definite article.He told the child a story.He told the child stories. The child knew the story he told.The child knew the stories he told.

The use of articles with uncountable abstract nouns1. As a general rule, uncountable abstract nouns are used without any article. The absence of the article has the nominating meaning.Indifference and pride look very much alike, and he probably thought I was proud.I knew that generosity would have been wasted on him. 2. The definite article is used with uncountable nouns when they are modified by a particularizing attri bute or when the situation makes the idea definite . The definite article is used here to denote a particular instance of the notion expressed bythe noun. In this case the meaning of the article isrestricting . He was in a state of the greatest excitement.They were surprised at the curious silence into which he had fallen.

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It was very still in the house. Suddenly a faint sound could be heard in the stillness.3. The definite article is also found with substantivized adjectives denoting abstract notions : the ordinary, the average, the beautiful, the unusual, the supernatural, the extravagant,the unknown, the regrettable, the normal, the grotesque, theunbearable, etc. "You shouldn't think you're something out of the ordinary, "she said."Do you believe in the supernatural?" he asked.

To this group also belong nouns always used with the definitearticle as the present, the past, the future, the singular, theplural:He is certain nothing will happen in the near future.He told strange stories of the past. Note. Mark the difference in meaning between the expressions infuture (надалі), i.e. from this time on, and in the future (умайбутньому), i.e. after a certain period of time passes. Afuture is possible when this noun is the focus of communication.I hope in future you’ll be more careful.Everybody knew an enviable position awaited him in the future.It was an uncertain future, but she had nobody else to turn to for help.4. Abstract nouns can be used with the indefinite article. In this case the abstract noun denotes a certain kind ( відтінок ) of a quality, feeling, state , etc. The noun nearly always has a descriptive attribute. The meaning of the indefinite article is called aspective . A dull anger rose in his chest.There seemed to be a wonderful excitement everywhere in the world.There was a tenderness in his voice that moved her. After a time a loneliness fell upon the two men.There was a bitterness in her voice."A loneliness" means "a certain loneliness" and "a bitterness" means"a certain bitterness" here.5. Sometimes an uncountable abstract noun is used with an at - tribute and yet has no article. In some cases the attribute doesnot bring out a special aspect of the notion expressed by thenoun. The attribute may express

degree or extent (great, perfect, sufficient, huge, tremendous,

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immense, sheer, utter, complete, infinite, endless, major and someothers ): immense joy, sheer foolishness

time and historical periods (modern, ancient, impending, eternal,daily, contemporary, further, final, original): modern art, further discussion,ancient history

nationality (English, French, etc.): Italian music, French poetry position or locality (London, world ,outside, inner, local, internal,

etc.): inner vision, inside information authenticity or reliability (real, genuine, authentic, symbolic, true,

solid, false and some others): real freedom, true friendship social characteristic (Soviet, bourgeois, capitalist, racial, religious,

etc.): racial segregation, feudal law genres or trends in art (dramatic, theatrical, classical, romantic,

detective, etc.): romantic prose, detective literature man’s social and spiritual life (social, public, political,

intellectual, spiritual, moral, mental, reasonable, personal, etc.): publicrecognition, human philosophy

man’s manner or behaviour (polite, formal, nervous, serious,etc.): nervous attitude, formal behaviour

recurrent or going on without stopping phenomena (continual,continuous, constant, incessant, etc.): incessant talk, constant displeasure

there are also some other adjectives of different meaning(good, bad, free, critical, ordinary, plain, human, etc.): ordinary honesty,human psychology As these attributes do not express a special aspect, the

nouns modified by them are used without any article.I have perfect confidence in him.She has great experience in her work.I'm sure your work will give you complete satisfaction.They talked about modern poetry.It's three o'clock by Kyiv time.Ron was particularly interested in ancient sculpture.Note. But the definite article is used with the combinationsFrench poetry, modern art, American literature, German philosophy if there is adescriptive attribute, as in the French poetry of the 19-th century . 6. Some nouns are never used with the indefinite article. They

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are nouns of verbal character denoting actions, activity, andprocess, such as advice, assistance, admiration, guidance, permission, progress, recognition, research, torture, work, information, approval, concern,trade ( торгівля ) and some others. This rule applies also to the following nouns: weather, money,news, luck, fun, nature, health, nonsense, evidence, bliss, breeding, cunning andsome others.I am not sure whether it is good news or bad.He was anxiously waiting for permission to begin his experiment.As I knew, Mr. March always expressed gloomy concern if one of his children had a sorethroat.He felt honest admiration for his colleague.She was making great progress.They promised Jackson further assistance.Note. Although the above mentioned nouns are never used with theindefinite article, they can be used with the definite article.He told me of the progress he was making.The news was so upsetting that she said she would not see anyone that night.What is the weather like today? 7 . The nouns pity, shame, disgrace, pleasure, relief, comfort, disappointment are always used with the indefinite article in the following constructions:

in sentences with the formal it as subject when they areused as predicative of the main clause: It’s a pity. It’s a shame.

in exclamatory sentences after what: What a disgrace!

PracticeExercise 1 Explain the use or the absence of the article before the nouns in bold type.1. Andrew was the first to break the silence. 2. There wassilence for a few moments. 3. There was a silence; Edward forgotall that he wished to say. 4. There was a reflective silence. 5.They walked a few more yards in silence. For more minutes therewas again the silence of the open. 6. The silence in the roomwas oppressive. It was a silence that was alive. 7. Light wascoming into the cellar from somewhere. With light there hadreturned hope. 8. Soon he saw a light in the distance and

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understood that he was on the right track. 9. He turned thehandle and was in the room before he was seen. The light wasshaded; his mother was sitting on the far side of the bed. 10.After a time, when they had walked a short distance andreturned, they sat down beside a timber which they found halfburied in the sand. 11. He looked up at Rita with a grin. "HaveI ever told you about the time I worked on the NorthernPacific?" 12. Asking Dave to talk about Spain was time wasted.13. Quiet settled over the little community of Stilleveld, aquiet that was in tune with the stillness of the night.Exercise 2 Insert appropriate articles where necessary. 1. ____ dampness of this part of the country disagreed with thetravellers. 2. ____ dampness in the air is called humidity. 3.There always was ____ certain dampness about the room. Theceiling and walls were covered with wet patches. 4. She gazedsteadily out of the window, with her back to the room, and ____prolonged silence set in. 5. The breakfast proceeded in____silence with nobody daring to look up from the plate. 6. ____silence grew oppressive. 7. After all these hours of excitementand nervous strain they all relapsed into ____ silence offatigue. 8. ____ greyish light came through the small window inthe garret. 9. Hours passed. He could only see ____ faint lightof the night through the dirty window. 10. No sooner had thenurse drawn the curtains aside when ____ light flooded the room.11. When it had grown dark in the hall, the servant brought in____ light. 12. Somebody asked for ____ light and I heard amatch strike. 13. What ____ pleasure to see you again! 14. Youwill read the book with ____ pleasure. 15. I'm looking forwardto____ pleasure of entertaining you and your wife. 16. He wassilent for____ time and drew thoughtfully at the pipe. 17. Hewas silent all____ time. 18. ____ time flies when one is happyand creeps when one is in ____grief.Exercise 3 Supply “a” where necessary. Remember that some nouns which are derived from verbs may have both a countable and anuncountable use. The uncountable word refers to the act itselfand the countable word refers to the concrete product or theresult of the act.

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1. The electric light was _____ important invention. 2. _____necessity is the mother of _____ invention. 3. That painting is_____ possession he dearly prized. 4. Meeting you has been _____great pleasure. 5. Their landlord always gives them _____receipt for the rent. 6. _____ growth and _____ maturation areimportant processes of _____ life. 7. Everyone would like to befree from _____ pain. 8. She told the doctor she had _____ painin her back. 9. _____ variety is the spice of _____ life. 10.The salesman showed her _____ variety of shoes. 11. The Stoicsfelt we would calmly accept our fate without expressing _____grief or _____ joy. 12. She checked with the doctor about _____tiny growth on her chin. 13. The doctor told him he might need_____ operation on his leg. 14. Everyone who admires _____democracy would like to live in _____ democracy. 15. The childlearns through _____ imitation. 16. This picture is _____ goodimitation.Exercise 4 Use “a” or “the” with the abstract nouns. Remember that “a” means “a kind of” and has general reference and that“the” has specific reference.1. He has _____ simplicity which is seldom met with these days.2. They live in _____ atmosphere of never-ceasing anxiety. 3._____ atmosphere he creates in his novels is of never-ceasinganxiety. 4. She enjoys _____ popularity which is well deserved.5. He never told anyone about _____ loneliness he hadexperienced in the big city. 6. In the big city, he experienced_____ loneliness which he had never known before. 7. _____ ofhistory gives us _____ sense of perspective. 8. He felt _____awareness of _____ hopelessness of his situation. 9. _____better understanding of the problem will help us to solve it.10. Everyone was impressed by _____ sincerity with which hespoke. 11. She has never forgotten _____ advice she receivedfrom her father. 12. He has had _____ excellent education in oneof the best universities. 13. He displayed _____ wisdom farbeyond his years. 14. _____ wisdom he displayed was far beyondhis years. 15. We encountered _____ unexpected friendlinesswherever we went. 16. _____ unexpected friendliness that weencountered wherever we went was very gratifying. 17. He

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exhibited _____ courage that surprised me. 18. _____ couragethat he exhibited surprised me.Exercise 5 Insert articles where necessary. 1. We both appreciate ____ simplicity. 2. It is such ____ weary,weary work. 3. He had ____ comfortable feeling of working alonein ____ large empty building, ____ feeling of ____ peace and____ complete privacy. 4. I’ve reason to believe she has neverproperly got over ____ feeling she used to have. 5. Hisfootsteps were now heard striking upon ____ stony road at ____distance of about twenty yards. 6. We had ____ wonderfulweather. 7. May you be happy in ____ life you have chosen! 8.You must learn to face ____ life seriously. 9. His round blueeyes behind ____ spectacles were ghastly with ____ terror. 10. Ithink in some curious way ____ horror which she felt for him was____ transference of ____ horror which she felt for herselfbecause he so strangely troubled her. 11. She was brilliantlyfamiliar with ____ literature, ____tongues, ____art, ____history, ____physics, ____ philosophy, and ____ politics (inwhich I include ____ modern politics). 12. I can see ____ beautyand ____ peace of this home; I think I have never been more at____ rest in my life than at this moment. 13. ____ art is ____manifestation of ____ emotion, and ____ emotion speaks ____language that all may understand. 14. John laughed, and ____sound of ____ laugh was hard. 15. Then she gave ____ crisp,ironic, almost cheerful laugh…Exercise 6 Express your surprise (anger, etc.) using exclamatory sentences.Model: It is a shame you haven't come in time.

What a shame you haven't come in time!1. It's a shame I have been taken for the daughter. 2. It wouldbe a relief to put her head on his shoulder and cry. 3. It was apleasure to see a laughing tenderness in his eyes. 4. It was adisappointment to witness a carefully restrained ferocity in hisdark face. 5. It is a disgrace she tried to convey a confidenceshe was far from feeling. 6. It is a shame to fancy she had afear that I would make the sort of gibe of it. 7. It was arelief that he reached the last tree and finally set his feet on

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the firm ground of the other side. 8. It was a pity the moondisappeared and there was darkness once more. 9. It was a pityJohn had not much affection for his mother and sisters. 10. Itis a pleasure and a relief to see you again.Exercise 7 Supply the required articles. 1. Everyone hates to have to go out in _____ rainy weather. 2. -_____ work gave him _____ increasing pleasure. 3. _____ weatherwas so warm that we decided to go swimming. 4. He had _____romantic affection for all _____ manifestations of _____ nature.5. What _____ fine weather we're having today! 6. It would be -_____ fun for George to be _____ Governor and for her to be -_____ Governor's wife. 7. At first I found it difficult tounderstand _____ English money. 8. I turned the radio on andlistened to _____ nine o'clock news. 9. In _____ warm weather Ispent most of the afternoon reading out in _____ garden. 10.That morning _____ nature was at its loveliest. 11 I did notenjoy my holiday because _____ weather was very cold. 12. What's_____ news? 13. "Congratulations. That was _____ very smart workaltogether," he said. 14. Have you heard _____ news? 15. We havebeen having _____frosty weather for _____ week. 16. I lent himfive pounds last week. Do you think he will pay _____ moneyback? 17. _____ birds don't like this sort of _____weather. 18."James is not coming tonight." "Oh, that is _____ bad news." 19.You ought to stay at home in _____ cold weather. 20. I know -_____ work I've done is _____ good work, the best of my life.21. He began to think of _____ fun he had planned for this day.22. _____ weather is changing for the worse. 23. Your friend is_____ great fun. 24. I'm not the man to give you _____ advice.25. He suddenly became aware that Mike had stopped _____ work.26. That's _____ best news I've heard yet. 27. "I didn't workthere long. I fell ill and had to give up the job." "That's_____ hard luck." 28. What _____ good luck that I found you in!29. We hid his watch for _____ fun. 30. Uncle Nick made me feelthat we had _____ tremendous work to do.Exercise 8 Translate into English. А) 1. Це дуже доцільна порада. 2. Порада доцільна. 3. Що нового?4. Новини гарні? 5. Він привіз погані новини. 6. Такі відомості

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завжди потрібні. 7. Інформація вже надійшла? 8. Не вартовирушати у подорож за такої поганої погоди. 9. Ми не вирушимо,поки погода не зміниться. 10. Дай гроші мені. Ти такийрозсіяний, ти завжди їх губиш. В) 1. Яка мудра порада! 2. Які корисні поради! 3. Яка жахливабула погода! 4. Був такий чудовий день! 5. Який неочікуванийвізит! 6. Це така неочікувана новина! 7. Він знайшов таку чудовуроботу! 8. Яка цікава робота! 9. Не забудь прочитати книгу! Цетака цікава книга! 10. Група досягла такого успіху! 11. Якийуспіх мала п’єса! 12. Які цінні відомості! 13. Це така серйознастаття! 14. Яку гарну статтю ви написали!Exercise 9 Translate into English. 1. Міжнародні спортивні зустрічі сприяють зміцненню дружби міжнародами. 2. Я ще ніколи не бачив міцнішої дружби, ніж дружбацих двох людей. 3. Молодь з захопленням працювала надбудівництвом клубу. 4. Молодість – найкраща пора життя. 5. Йогофах – література. Він уже багато років займається англійськоюлітературою. 6. В домі панувала атмосфера спокою та добробуту.7. Повітря, що оточує землю, називається атмосферою. 8. Гуртвеселих молодих людей з шумом вийшла на вулицю. 9. Мова слугуєзасобом спілкування між людьми. 10. Вивчаючи мову, необхідноглибоко вивчати граматику. 11. Нам його рекомендували, яклюдину, з гарним знанням мови. 12. Гостинність – характерна рисаукраїнців. 13. Іноземців, що приїжджають до нас, вражаєгостинність нашого народу. 14. Вона, мабуть, була красунею вмолодості. 15. Мартін Іден добре відчував красу. Exercise 10 Translate into English . 1. У минулих століттях багато людей загинули в боротьбі за волюнароду. 2. Усі народи землі бажають миру. 3. Ми ніколи незабудемо героїзм тих, хто загинув в боротьбі проти фашизму. 4. Ядуже ціную в людях скромність та простоту. 5. Природавідігравала важливу роль у творчості романтиків. 6. Музикант маєзнати історію опери. 7. З нею він міг розмовляти про літературу,мистецтво, про що завгодно, міг жалітися на життя, на людей. 8.Я хочу бути артисткою, хочу слави, успіху, свободи. 9. Вінвивчає історію Англії. 10. Мене цікавить історія розвиткуанглійського роману. 11. Новий асистент ще не має досвіду такої

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роботи. 12. Вже багато років вчені працюють над проблемоювиникнення життя на землі. 13. Ешлі не може більше дивитисявперед. Він не може бачити сьогодення, боїться майбутнього ітому весь час озирається в минуле. 14. Я знав, що в майбутньомуна мене чекають страждання. 15. Надалі мені треба бутиуважнішим. Exercise 11 Translate into English . 1. Він прожив безгрішне життя. 2. Життя таке, яким ви йогоробите. 3. Це неминуче. Це лише питання часу. 4. То були дужещасливі часи. 5. Наполеглива праця принесе вам успіх. 6. Якщо зїї голови впаде хоч одна волосина, ти про це дуже пошкодуєш. 7.Батьки Петра задоволені успіхами, яких досяг їх син. 8. Успіхполіпшує характер. 9. Мова має великий вплив та силу. 10. В мененемає досвіду роботи з молоддю. 11. Це був дуже сумний досвід.12. В нього є воля та честолюбство. 13. Вона дуже вольовалюдина. 14. Вони почали працювати ще в ранньому віці. 15. Цекнига для людей будь-якого віку. 16. Новини, так само як і чуткимають крила ( швидко поширюються). 17. Не можу зрозуміти, кудизникають мої гроші. Вони як вода. 18. Це дуже великі гроші, алевони твої, і ти можеш використовувати їх так, як вважаєш запотрібне. 19. Чи є в касі гроші? – Ні, ми відправили їх до банкуще годину тому. 20. Багато людей відчувають вплив погоди. 21.Відсутність новин – це вже гарна новина. 22. Яка сьогодніпогода? – Погода сонячна. Така погода робить мене дуже щасливим.23. Багато інформації в наш час надходить з Інтернету. 24. Вінкаже, що хоче скласти заповіт. 25. Його слова мають дивну владунад людьми. Exercise 12 Translate into English . 1. Мовчання дратувало його. 2. Це була його мати. Вона не моглаприховати тривогу в голосі. 3. Йому не подобалась ввічливість, зякою вона ставилася до вас. 4. Необхідність змушувала йогозасвоювати мову скоріше, ніж це здавалося можливим. 5. Дивно, щови очікуєте знайти тут підтримку. 6. У Кітті склалося враження,що він говорить звідкись здалеку. 7. Він був змушений поїхати зБостона. Зневіра охопила його. 8. Відчай надав їй хоробрості, івона виголосила промову, яку, мабуть, підготувала вдома. 9. Ябув вражений спокоєм тієї жінки. 10. Він мав терпіння, яке

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дивувало всіх. 11. Це гірка правда, з якою більшість з насповинна упокоритися. 12. Він почував ніяково у присутності тієїжінки. 13. В його голосі була ніжність, яка дуже зворушила її.14. Будьте щасливі у житті, яке ви собі обрали! 15. ЇЇ обличчявиражало спокій, що був новим для неї. 16. ЇЇ ворожістьвиявлялася у холодності, з якою вона розмовляла, але Чарлі лишепосміхався. 17. Його охопив страх. 18. Вона обернулася іподивилася на нього. Зараз її погляд був спокійнішим. Вінвиражав лише презирство. 18. Як же швидко неуявне стало реальноюдійсністю! 19. Він пригнувся до землі і був напоготові,намагаючись уловити щось незвичайне. 20. Здавалося, що ніщо недивувало його. Він дуже часто зіштовхувався з несподіваним.

Unit 8The Use of Articles with Names of Persons

Generally no article is used with names of persons.There was a letter from Susan inviting me to a party. I did not see Charles Strickland for several weeks1. No article is used:

if names of persons are modified by such descriptiveattributes as little, old, young, dear, poor, honest

Young Jameson, standing by the little piano, listened with his dim smile.When dear old Emily went back to town after staying with them for a fortnight, she sentthe children a doll's house.

with the names of members of a family, such as Mother, Father,Aunt, Uncle, Grandmother, Grandfather, Baby, Nurse, Cook when they aretreated as proper names by the members of that family. Inthis case such nouns are usually written with a capitalletter.

"How nice that you've come!" she said. "Mother is still resting, but she will be downsoon."She went into the hall: "Is Nurse back?”

with nouns denoting military ranks and titles such asacademician, professor, doctor (both a profession and a title),count, lord, etc. followed by names of persons do not take thearticle. In such cases only the proper noun is stressed:Colonel' Brown, Doctor' Strong .

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However, both the definite and the indefinite articles may beoccasionally found with names of persons. 2. The definite article is used:

With a name in the plural to indicate the whole family.The Elliots were intelligent people.He didn't even know the Browns had a daughter.

with a name modified by a particularizing attribute, Is he the Jones who is a writer? Now she was more like the Julia of their first years of marriage.

with a name modified by a descriptive attribute orappositive noun to describe a person and it’s job or toindicate a permanent quality of the person: the artist WilliamTurner, the wonderful actor Harrison Ford, the late (=dead) Buddy Holly.

The astonished Tom could not say a word. in certain titles: the Reverend John Collins, the Prince of Wales (but Prince

Charles), the Duke of Westminster, the Countess of Harewood. with names of people to mean someone famous. In this case

the definite article should be stressed and pronounced /ði/.”I met Paul McCartney the other day.” “You mean the Paul McCartney?”

in the descriptive names of some monarchs, in special names,titles, and epithets: William the Conqueror, Ivan the Terrible, Alfred theGreat.

3. The indefinite article is used: to indicate that one member of a family is meant.

I have often wondered if Arthur was really a Burton. with a name modified by a descriptive attribute when it is

the centre of communication in the sentence.He was met at the door by an angry Isabel, who demanded to know what he meant bycoming home at that hour.

when a name is preceded by Mr, Mrs or Miss it may be used todenote “a certain”, or “someone called…”or when you don’t know theperson yourself.

He was a lawyer, a Mr Reid from Melbourne.I heard it from a certain Mr. Brown . There’s a Dr Kenneth Perch on the phone. (= I haven’t heard of him before)Note: Sometimes, owing to a change of meaning, names of personsbecome countable nouns indicating concrete objects. The articles

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with such nouns are used in accordance with the general rulesfor countable nouns. Such nouns usually indicate:a) a product or a work by someone. Lanny has sold them an especially fine Goya.He wanted to know how much a Binick cost.There was a rack of books and among them he saw a Hemingway.b) typical features associated with a well-known name. She felt like an Alice in Wonderland.Mozart was called the Raphael of music.You are quite a Monte Cristo.Jane plays tennis well, but she’ll never be a Steffi Graf.4. The use of articles with nouns modified by proper nouns.

If a noun is modified by a proper noun in the genitive caseno article is used.

I met Robert's father. А noun modified by a proper noun in the common case is used

with the definite article.Last summer I visited the Tretyakov Gallery.

PracticeExercise 1 Comment on the nouns in bold type. 1. — "I'm looking for a Mr. Silver," she answered, jumping offher bike. — "Well, you've found him," the man said, "I'm Mr.Silver." 2. Amelia told me she had made a will. "It's all forCatherine. She is a Silver. The last of the Silvers. And theland I'm leaving for her has belonged to the Silvers for almosttwo hundred years." 3. For her part, she had proved herself tobe a Jardine through and through. 4. Excuse me, you have a phonecall, Meredith. It's a Mrs. Alexander. 5. David was shocked."You are painting a very strange picture. That's not the Emma Iknow." 6. I am not the Claudia of whom you thought, but anunimaginable Claudia from whom you would recoil. 7. Dear oldMarion! No words can tell how I miss you! 8. Now I do recognizethe practical, sensible Trisch, the Woman Who Got Things Done.9. Sergeant, can I ask you to help me? 10. She's as eccentricas hell! And whenever I think of her, I think of scarves. She'salways worn masses of them, rain or shine, all kinds of weather.

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Gwenny's a regular Isadora Duncan, if you ask me. 11. — You area real Childe Harold! — And you are a Don Juan! 12. Would yourecognize a Shagal from a Malevich? 13. — Is Father in? — Notyet, but Mother and Aunt have just come.Exercise 2 Put “a”/”an”, “the” or zero article in the spaces. If two answers are possible, give them both.1. Are we talking now about ____ John Smith who led the LabourParty? 2. We are going to a barbecue with ____ Simpsons. 3.There’s ____ Linda Jones to see you. 4. A special award wasgiven to ____ film director Ingmar Bergman. 5. The prize is tobe given each year in memory of ____ late Ayrton Senna. 6. Wemet our old friend ____ Romey Thompson in Sydney. 7. That surelycan’t be ____ Jenny Watson we knew in Zimbabwe. 8. I didn’trealize how rich he was until I heard that he owns ____ Picasso.9. He’s really keen on football. He likes to think of himself as____ Paul Gascoigne. 10. Have you ever heard that ____ Woodwardsare moving house. 11. I found myself sitting next to ____ BorisYeltsin! Not ____ Boris Yeltsin, of course, but someone with thesame name. 12. “Danny, you are a classical composer, God knows,you may be ____ modern Mozart.” 13. The concert hall bought ____new Petroff. 14. Like ____ true Morgan she would not lose anymoney. 15. ____ Jones and ____ Smith are two common Britishsurnames.Exercise 3 Insert articles where necessary. 1. “What I call ____ Forsyte,” said ____ young Jolyon, “is a manwho is a slave of property.” 2. There was little sentimentalityabout ____ Forsytes. In great London, which they have conquered,what time had they to be sentimental? 3. ____ Clyde whom SamuelGriffiths met at the Union League Club in Chicago was differentfrom ____ Clyde who had fled from Kansas City three yearsbefore. 4. He has the humour of ____ Chekhov. 5. To feel morecomfortable you should have taken ____ Pullman. 6. But it was____ very subdued Rose who replied. And it was quite ____frightened Rose who rang the bell. 7. The boss counted the groupand selected his companions for the trip - ____ Mr. Wren and ayouth named ____ Morton. 8. I know as much about him as you do –he is ____ Mr. Willoughby. 9. One of the correspondents handed

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MacGregor the paper and asked, “Are you ____ MacGregor who wrotethis?” 10. This John was ____ different John from ____ one sheshe had seen round the house. Exercise 4 Insert articles where necessary. 1. ____ father and ____ daughter appeared at last. 2. Gradman ishere, darling, and ____ mother, and ____ Aunt Winifred, and Kitand Michael. 3. Louse seemed… rather ____ grave, still, retiringman, but ____ Caroline of this evening, which was not ____Caroline of every day, thawed his reserve. 4. My visit wasspecially made to ____ good Mrs. Ames. 5. ____ professor Beansis ____ man to whom you’ll be responsible for your undergraduateteaching. 6. ____ flustered Clarice stood beside me. 7. If youare ____ Napoleon, you will play ____ game of ____ power; if youare ____ Leonardo, you will play for ____ knowledge; ____ stakeshardly matter. 8. At that time I had ____ greatest admirationfor ____ Impressionists. I longed to possess ____ Sisley and____ Degas, and I worshipped Monet. 9. Elsie said she would ringup ____ Doctor Worple. 10. If you are going West may I come withyou? I want to see ____ Aunt Emily and ____ Uncle Lawrence. Exercise 5 The following are a few examples of epithets. Write “the” in each space andmake your own sentences with these names.Historical FiguresBilly____ Kid (Americanoutlaw)Henry____ Fourth (King ofEngland)Ivan____ Terrible (RussianCzar)Peter____ Great (Russianruler)William____ Conqueror (NormanKing of England)Jack____ Ripper (Englishmurderer)

Modern Personalities___ Fab Four (the Beatles,

Cartoon CharactersWendy____ WitchFelix____ CatCasper____ friendly ghost

Names of Places__ City of Eternal Spring(Cuernavaca, Mexico)____ Long Star State (Texas)____ Land of the Rising Sun(Japan)____ Big Apple (New York City)

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musicians)___ Duke (John Wayne, actor)___ Greatest (Muhammad Ali,boxer)___ Boss (Bruce Springsteen,singer)

Exercise 6 Translate into English. 1. На вас чекає якийсь Михайлів. 2. Вона одружилася з Біловим, зяким нас познайомили минулого року у Нікітіних. 3. Константиновіоселилися тут два роки тому. 4. Вона була Добсон і , як усіДобсони, була дуже розумною. 5. Туземець, якого спас РобінзонКрузо, був названий П’ятницею, так як саме в п’ятницю Крузознайшов його. 6. Крилова назвали російським Лафонтеном. 7. Вамподобається ця картина? Це Айвазовський. 8. Про якого ОлексіяТолстого ви говорите? – Про Олексія Толстого, який написав роман„Петро Перший”. 9. В бібліотеці нашого університету є повна„Британка” 10. Невже це дійсно Сєров у квартирі твого родича? –Так, це він. 11. Я вже не та Марійка, з якою ти ходив до школи.Я виросла. 12. Ти ж просто Джеймс Бонд! 13. Лорд Сандвічвинайшов бутерброд. 14. – Няня вдома? – Вона з дитиною гуляє всаду. 15. Вона як справжня Річардсон завжди домагається свого.16. Я збираюся купити новий словник – Хорнбі або Коллінз. 17.Національна галерея придбала Гогена на аукціоні. 18. Ми зовсімне знаємо ділову, практичну Мері. Перед нами зовсім інша Мері.19. Брандери одна з найдавніших родин Іллінойсу. 20. „Добре,тато” – промовив слухняний Майк.Exercise 7 Translate into English . 1. Бідний Том не бачив нічого поганого в тому, що одружився. 2.„Мені дуже прикро це чути, маленька Сессі. Перекажи мамі, нехайприйде сюди. Подивимось, чи зможе доктор Брайн зробити щось длянеї”. 3. Художник Серов, син композитора Серова, був майстромпсихологічного портрету. 4. Всі знають Бородина-композитора, алемало хто знає Бородина-хіміка. 5. Небагато людей знають, щоВольтер – це лише псевдонім французького письменника-філософа,який був сином Франсуа Аруе, нотаріуса. 6. Мені сподобалось все,що вона грала, особливо Шопен. 7. Здається Вальтер не звертав

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ніякої уваги на плаксиву Кітті. 8.”Хто знає? Може той юнак ЧарліЧаплін 21 століття?” 9. Її чоловік дуже ревнивий. Це простоОтелло. 10. Ми часто відвідуємо театр Франка. 11. Я придбавновий телевізор. – Це Соні? – Ні, Панасонік. 12. Ваш син можестати ще одним Девізом Копперфільдом з усіма його трюками. 13.Перелякана Марина відповіла не телефонний дзвінок. 14. Якийгарний магазин! Так, це Валентино. 15. Я не знаюся не зможувідрізнити Сезонна від Пікассо.

Unit 9The Use of Articles with Geographic Names

In the use of articles with geographic names there are twoprevailing tendencies: some of them are traditionally usedwithout any article, others require the definite article.1. Geographical names and place names with the definite article.

Names of oceans (a), seas (b), straits (c), channels (d),canals (e), rivers (f), and lakes (g):

a) the Pacific (ocean), the Atlantic (ocean);b) the Baltic (sea), the Mediterranean (sea); c) the Magellan Strait, the Bering Straits; d) the English Channel;e) the Kiel Canal, the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal;f) the Thames, the Nile, the Amazon, the Mississippi;g) the Leman, the Baikal, the Ontario.

But when names of lakes are preceded by the noun lake (which isoften the case), no article is used Lake Baikal, Lake Ohio, LakeSuperior, Lake Ladoga, Names of deserts: the Sahara, the Gobi, the Kara-Kum, Mountain ranges and groups of hills: the Rocky Mountains, the

Andes, the Alps, the Himalayas.I have never climbed in the Alps in winter.

Groups of islands: the Philippines, the Azores, the Bahamas, the Canaries,the Hebrides, the Bermudas.

It was his custom to spend his holidays in the Scilly Isles. Cardinal points:

the North, the South, the West. the East.But in the expressions from East to West, from North to South no article

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is used. Names for special points on the globe: the North Pole, the Southern

Hemisphere. Geographical regions: the Midlands, the Middle East, the Crimea, the

South of England, the Caucasus, the Ruhr, the Transvaal, the Riviera.The home-ownership rate in the South East of England is higher than in the North.

Names of territories consisting of a word combination inwhich the last word is a common noun: the Lake District, the Yorkshireforests, the Virgin Lands.

2. Geographical names and place names without article. Names of continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, South America, North

America.No article is used either when names of continents are modifiedby such attributes as northern, southern, western, eastern, central, minor,south-west, south-east, Latin, e.g. Northern Europe, North America, Central Africa,Asia Minor, South-East Asia, Latin America, etc.But we say the African continent, the Arctic and the Antarctic (regions)meaning the sea and the land round the North and South poles.

Names of countries: France, Great Britain, China, Brazil.No article is used either, when these nouns have such attributesas north(ern), south(ern), east(ern), west(ern), ancient, old, new, central, Soviet: WestGermany, Old England, Ancient Greece, Southern France.But names of countries that contain common nouns have thedefinite article: the USSR, the USA, the UK (the United Kingdom).Plurals also have the definite article: the Netherlands, the Philippines.With the names of countries that have developed fromgeographical regions there are often two possibilities, with andwithout definite article: Sudan or the Sudan, Yemen or the Yemen,Cameroon or the Cameroons. The tendency is to use the form withoutthe definite article.

Names of cities, towns and villages: Moscow, Rome, Brighton,Hastings, Grasmere.

But the Hague. Political and administrative regions of countries (states or

provinces): California, Kashmir, Brittany.He was at his home in Kent.

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Names of bays: Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay. He worked as a tugboat man on Sun Francisco Bay.

Names of peninsulas have no article if the proper name isused alone: Indo-China, Labrador, Scandinavia.

But we find the definite article if the noun peninsula ismentioned: the Balkan Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula.

Names of separate mountain peaks: Elbrus, Mont Blanc, Everest,Vesuvius;

Some names of foreign mountains keep the definite article: theMatterhorn.

Names of separate islands: Cuba, Haiti, Cyprus, Madagascar,Newfoundland.

Names of falls and mountain passes: the Niagara Falls, the SwallowFalls; the Saint Gotthard Pass.

Note 1 The definite article is always used with the pattern: thecommon noun + of + a proper name: the City of New York, the village ofGrasmere, the Cape of Good Hope, the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Gibraltar, theStraits of Malacca, the Straits of Dover, the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal, the Gulf ofFinland, the Lake of Geneva, the Island of Majorca.Note 2 Geographic names that generally take no article may be occa sionally found with the definite or the indefinite articles. This occurs in the following cases.

The definite article is found when there is aparticularizing attribute.

In Ivanhoe Walter Scott described the England of the Middle Ages.This isn’t the London I used to know.

The indefinite article is found when a geographic name ismodified by a descriptive attribute which brings out aspecial aspect.

The flier went оn to say: "There will be a different Germany after the war."It was a new Russia that he found on his return.

PracticeExercise 1 Read the following description of Canada. Underline all geographical names. Then list the geographical names thatdon’t take article on the left and geographical names that dotake article on the right. The first one has been done for you

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as an example.Canada.

Canada is the northernmost country in North America. Canada is bordered by the UnitedStates on the south, the Arctic Ocean on the north, the Atlantic Ocean on the east, andthe Pacific Ocean and Alaska on the west. Canada is divided into 10 provinces:Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and two territories: Yukon Territory andNorthwest Territories. The two highest mountains in Canada are Mount Logan at 19,850 feetabove sea level and Mount St. Elias at 18,008 feet above sea level. Canada’s largest lakesare Lake Huron, Great Bear Lake, Lake Superior, and Great Slave Lake.

No Articles Articles1.Canada 1.2. 2.3. 3.

Exercise 2 Write a paragraph about the geography of Ukraine. Use an encyclopedia for help with specific facts, if necessary.

Exercise 3 Supply “the” with place names wherever necessary. Be careful not to capitalize “the”, but note that words like Republic, Gulf, Mountains are capitalized. 1._____ United States is bordered on _____ east by _____ Canada,and on _____ south by _____ Mexico and _____ Gulf of Mexico. 2._____ Netherlands is another name for _____ Holland. 3. _____Mount Vesuvius is still an active volcano. 4. _____ North Poleand _____ South Pole are on either extremity of the earth’saxis. 5. _____ Pyrenees are situated between _____ France and_____Spain. 6. _____ Ivory Coast, now an independent country,was once part of _____ French West Africa. 7. _____ MountEverest has the highest elevation in the world. 8. _____Himalayas have been referred to as “the roof of the world”. 9._____ Philippines, like other islands in _____ MalayArchipelago, are the tops of drowned mountains protruding fromthe sea. (Use the with archipelago (a sea with many islands)).10. _____ earth is divided by _____ equator into _____ NorthernHemisphere and _____ Southern Hemisphere. 11. _____ Persia isnow called _____ Iran. 12. _____ Dominican Republic is locatedin _____ Central America. 13. One slope of _____ Mt. Blanc is in_____ France, another in _____ Italy. 14. _____ Cuba and _____

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Puerto Rico are in _____ West Indies. 15. _____ Great Lakesconsist of five lakes in _____ Western Hemisphere. Exercise 4 Supply “the” where needed. 1. _____ Amazon is the largest river system in the world, but_____ Nile is the longest river. 2. _____ North America isbounded on _____ east by _____ Atlantic Ocean and on _____ westby _____ Pacific Ocean. 3. a few seas have the names of colours:_____ Black Sea, _____Red Sea, _____ Yellow Sea. 4. _____ SuezCanal is in _____ Middle East. 5. On a plateau bordering ____Peru and ____ Bolivia ____ is ____ Lake Titicaca, the highestnavigable lake in the world. 6. ____ Allegheny Mountains are inthe eastern part of ____ North America. 7. ____ Leningrad is nowcalled ____ St. Petersburg. 8. ____ Far East, or ____ Orient,refers to the are of ____ Asia where ____ China and ____ Japanare located. 9. He used to live ____ South, but then he moved to____ California. 10. ____ Balkan Peninsula is surrounded by ____Black Sea and ____Adriatic, Ionian, and Aegean Seas of ____Mediterranean. 11. ____ Russia and ____ Alaska almost meet at____ Bering Strait. 12. ____ Norway and ____ Sweden occupy ____Scandinavian Peninsular; ____ Portugal and ____ Spain comprise____ Iberian Peninsular. 13. ____ Strait of Gibraltar separates____ Europe from ____ Africa. 14. Tea is grown in many parts of____ southern Asia, especially in ____ India and ____ Ceylon.15. In Ivanhoe Walter Scott describes ____ England of ____ MiddleAges. 16. Michael looked quizzically at his parent. Did he quiteunderstand ____ England of to-day? 17. In ____ heart of ____Central Asia lies ____ Khoresm, ____ small fertile area in ____sea of ____ sand. 18. ____ Hague, a city in ____ WesternNetherlands near ____ North Sea, is the seat of the Dutchgovernment. 19. There is ____ new London which is just asinteresting to its new citizens as ____ old London was tomyself. 20. ____ Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in ____ world.Exercise 5 Insert the right article. 1. ____ Grand Canyon is in ____ Arizona. 2. He visited ____Pyramids while he was in ____ Egypt. 3. She lives in ____ castlenear ____ River Rhine. 4. ____ Morpeth is ____ town in ____north of ____ England. 5. Anna comes from ____ Netherlands but

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she lives in ____ USA now. 6. ____ Malta is in ____Mediterranean. 7. Sean was brought up in ____ Republic ofIreland, not in ____ Scotland. 8. I've never been to ____ Tahitibut I've been to ____ Hawaiian Islands. 9. He's travelled allover ____ British Isles, ____ France and ____ Netherlands. 10.They lived in ____ north of Canada for two years and then movedto ____ Washington D.C. 11. ____ Yangtze Kiang river flowsthrough ____China to ____ East China Sea. 12. The hunters gotlost in ____ Rocky Mountains. 13. The six island countries of____ West Indies are ____ Bahamas, ____ Barbados, ____ Cuba,____ Dominican Republic, ____ Haiti and ____ Jamaica. 14. ____Berlin she had been born in, and where she had grown up, nolonger existed. 15. ____ Low Countries include ____Netherlands, ____ Belgium, and ____ Luxembourg. 16. ____Colorado River flows through ____ Grand Canyon. 17. Chaucerwould have had difficulty in recognizing ____ London of QueenElizabeth, just as Shakespeare would have been lost in ____brick-and-stone London of D.R. Johnson, while Dickens, well ashe knew ____ London, would have been bewildered by ____ steeland concrete London of today.Exercise 6 Answer the questions given below. 1. Is Africa larger than Europe? 2. Everest was first climbed in1953, wasn't it? 3. Is the Ruhr in Germany? 4. China and Indiaare great Asian countries, aren't they? 5. Belgium is not arepublic, is it? 6. Is the Mississippi an American or an Africanriver? 7. The Lebanon is in Asia, isn't it? 8. What countriesare situated in the Middle East? 9. Is the Amazon the longestriver in the world? 10. What is the capital of Poland? 11. IsCanberra or Melbourne the capital of Australia? 12. The PanamaCanal joins the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, doesn't it? 13. TheCaucasus isn't in the north of Russia, is it? 14. The UnitedKingdom is a monarchy, isn't it? 15. Sheffield is in England,isn't it? 16. Is the Congo in Asia or in Africa?Exercise 7 Fill in the blanks with articles wherever necessary paying particular attention to the use of articles beforegeographic names. Retell the text.

Geography of ____ United States

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____United States of America is located on ____ NorthAmerican continent.____ western third of ____ country consists mainly of ____ highplateau broken by ____ numerous mountain ranges, ____ chief ofwhich are ____ Rocky Mountains. To ____ west of this region lie____ Great Plains. This is ____ region of ____ very flat groundextending from ____ Canadian border to ____ Gulf of ____ Mexicoand eastward as far as ____ Appalachian Mountains. ____Appalachians are ____ range of ____ low mountains and ____ hillsrunning parallel to ____ Atlantic Coast and about one to twohundred miles in land.

Along ____ center of ____ Great Plains, flowing ____ southfrom ____ Canadian border to ____ Gulf of ____ Mexico is ____Mississippi River. This river together with ____ Missouri whichjoins it from ____ west and ____ Ohio which joins it from ____east, forms ____ central river system of ____ United States. In____ north are ____ five Great Lakes — ____ Lake Superior, ____Lake Huron, ____ Lake Michigan, ____ Lake Erie and ____ LakeOntario which empty into ____ Atlantic Ocean through ____ St.Lawrence River. ____ Colorado River in ____ southwest and ____Colombia in ____ northwest are ____ other principal rivers of____ country.

____ climate of ____ country is typical to ____ other largecontinental areas in ____ temperature zone. It is very warm in____ summer and in all of it except ____ south is cold in ____winter. ____ west, and especially ____ southwest, is very dry.____ capital of ____ United States Washington, D. C. is notlocated in any state, but lies between ____ states of ____Maryland and ____ Virginia. ____ principal cities of ____ U.S.are ____ New York, ____ Chicago, ____ Philadelphia, ____Detroit, ____ Los Angeles and ____ Cleveland. ____ population of____ United States is not evenly spread over ____ country, butis concentrated largely in ____ east.

____ heart of ____ American agriculture is ____"corn-belt",____ belt of ____ very fertile land extending from ____ Nebraskaeastwards as far as ____ Pennsylvania. In this area ____principal crop is ____ corn. West of ____ corn-belt is ____

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wheat-belt extending ____ north and ____ south from ____ Texasto ____ North Dakota and into ____Canada.

____ principal products of ____ south are ____ cotton and____ tobacco although ____ corn is also grown here. ____ ag-riculture of ____ California, because of its favorable climate,is confined largely to ____ special crops, such as ____ citruscrops and ____ grapes.

____ mineral deposits of ____ U.S. are concentrated largelyamong ____ Appalachian Mountains. There are, however, ____important oil-fields in ____ Texas, ____ Oklahoma and ____California, and ____ important iron mines in ____ Minnesota.Because of ____ overwhelming concentration of ____ minerals in____ northeastern part of ____ U.S. ____ manufacturing is alsoconcentrated there.Exercise 8 Translate into English. 1. Японія – це стародавня країна на Далекому Сході. 2. Туреччинарозташована на двох континентах – Азії та Європі. 3. Босфор – цепротока, що з’єднує Мармурове море з Чорне море. 4. Наполеоннародився на Корсиці, острові у Середземному морі. 5. Америкаскладається з трьох частин: Південної Америки, ЦентральноїАмерики та Північної Америки. 6. Червоне море знаходиться міжПівнічною Африкою та Аравійським півостровом. 7. Якщо ви поїдетедо Єгипту, то побачите Ніл, знамениті піраміди. 8. Мальта, Кіпр,Капрі – всім відомі острови. 9. Найбільше місто в Африці – Каїр,столиця Єгипту. 10. Офіційна столиця королівства Нідерландів –Амстердам. Гаага – резиденція голландського уряду такоролівського двору. 11. Берингова протока відділяє Америку відАзії. 12. Погода над Балтикою весь час погіршується. 13.Молодий капітан був дуже здивований проходом через Босфор іДарданелли. 14. Кордильєри знаходяться у Північній Америці. 15.Річка Колорадо тече через Великий каньйон. 16. Крим та Кавказ –найкращі здравниці. 17. Кейптаун, столиця Північної АфриканськоїРеспубліки, знаходиться на мисі Доброї Надії. 18. Казбек – другаза висотою вершина Кавказу, а Ельбрус – перша. 19. Озеро Комознаходиться високо в горах Італії. 20. У Європі є декількамаленьких держав – Монако, Ліхтенштейн, Ватикан. 21. Скандинавіявключає в себе Норвегію, Швецію, Фінляндію, Данію та Ісландію.

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Exercise 9 Translate into English . 1. Англія 21 століття буде сильно відрізнятися від Англії нашихднів. 2. Яка країна знаходиться між Канадою та Мексикою? 3.Еверест – найвища гора у світі. 4. Конго тече в Африці – чи нетак? 5. Де знаходиться штаб-квартира Європейського Парламенту –у Гаазі або у Брюсселі? 6. Я не хотів би жити у Англії за часівкоролеви Єлизавети І, в епоху Відродження. 7. У дитинстві вонипобували у різних країнах, деякий час жили на Цейлоні, вСінгапурі навіть в Індії. 8. Спочатку він служив у Камеруні, апотім у Сенегалі. 9. Ми переїхали з Валенсії три роки тому. 10.Наш пра-пра-дід був губернатором Північної Кароліни. 11. НьюЙорк – найбільше місто у Сполучених Штатах, розташовано в устірічки Гудзон, яку іноді ще називають Північною рікою. 12. Теплеповітря почало переміщення з Мексиканської затоки через Техас уНью Мехіко. 13. Промислові центри Саудівської Аравії розташованівздовж Перської затоки. 14. Аргентина – друга за розміром країнау Південній Африці. 15. Найбільше озеро у Центральній Європі –Балатон – знаходиться в Угорщині. 16. Народна ДемократичнаРеспубліка Ємен знаходиться на самому півдні Аравійськогопівострова. 17. Цейлон – країна давньої і багатої культури. 18.Кіліманджаро – найвища гора в Африці, вершина якої вкритаснігом. 19. Венеція розташована на березі Адріатичного моря. 20.Середземне море знаходиться між Європою, Азією та Африкою.Exercise 10 Translate into English . 1. Ви добре знаєте географію? Ось Британські острови. Ось Англіята Уельс, Шотландія, Ірландія. Ось Лондон – столиця Англії.Лондон стоїть на річці Темза. Лондонський порт – один знайкрупніших портів світу. Щодня сюди приходить безліч судів.Британські острови знаходяться на заході від Європейськогоконтиненту. Західні береги Британії омиваються Атлантичнимокеаном. В Атлантичному океані проходить тепла течія Гольфстрім.Вона приносить тепло до берегів Англії. Клімат Англії м’якішийза клімат України. Взимку там рідко випадає сніг. 2. Порт Тіксі знаходиться поблизу устя річки Лена, що впадає уЛьодовитий океан. Він є важливою базою для кораблів, що йдутьпівнічними морями із Мурманська у Владивосток.3. Іспанія – це країна, площа якої приблизно становить 194.883

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квадратних милі, включаючи Балеарські та Канарські острови.Іспанія займай найбільшу частину Іберійського півострова упівденно-західній Європі.

Unit 10 The Use of Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names

This group of proper names includes names of various places,objects and notions.

Names of buildings and institutionsThe following names typically have the definite article

(although on maps the definite article is usually not shown): Names of theatres (a), concert halls (d), cinemas (e), clubs

(f) a) the Coliseum Theatre, the Opera House, the Globe;d) the Festival Hall, the Albert Hall, the Carnegie Hall;e) the Empire, the Dominion, the Odeon;f) the National Liberal Club, the Rotary Club.

Note that the definite article may distinguish a theatre fromthe street it is in: the Whitehall (a theatre), Whitehall (a street)

Names of hotels, restaurants, pubs, bridges and buildings:the Ritz, the Hilton, the Copper Kettle, the Royal Oak, the Ambassador Hotel, theContinental Hotel the Golden Gate, the Social Science Building.But many restaurants, pubs, shops, banks are named after the

people who started them. These names end in –s’ or –s. Don’t use“the” with these names: McDonalds, Harrods, Lloyds Bank.

Names of museums, picture galleries: the National Gallery, theLouvre, the British Museum, the Scottish National Museum etc.

But in newspaper announcements and advertisements the article isusually not found with these nouns.The following names typically have no article

Many names are two words. If the first word is the name of aperson or a place usually “the” is not used with names likethis: Victoria Station, Edinburgh Castle.

But the White House, the Royal Palace, because ‘white’ and ‘royal’ are not namesof place or people.

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Names of universities, colleges and schools: London University,Cambridge University, Oxford University, Trinity College, Manchester GrammarSchool

Note. The definite article is used with expressions including“of”: the University of London, the University of Moscow.

Names of airports and railway stations: London Airport, Heathrow,Victoria Station.

But the definite article may still be found in this case too. Names of hospitals: Hillsdale Hospital. Names of churches, cathedrals and abbeys: St Peter’s, Canterbury

Cathedral, Westminster Abbey.But with abbeys named after religious orders, and with those

followed by “of”, there is a definite article: the Dominican Abbey,the Abbey of Cluny.Note. When you refer back to a particular building, you can usethe definite article in front of the word for the building,which keeps its capital letter.And so round to the north side of the Cathedral.

Names of streets, roads, squares and parks Names of streets (a), roads (b), parks (c), squares (d),

stadiums and malls (e) tend to be used without any article: a) Oxford Street, Southampton Row, Pall Mall, Piccadilly, Fleet Street, Whitehall,Wall Street.But names of some streets are traditionally used with the

definite article, e.g. the Strand, the High Street , the Mall and someothers.

Note. Names of streets in foreign countries are sometimes usedwith the definite article, e.g. the Rue de Rivoli (in Paris), the ViaManzoni (in Milan).b) Charing Cross Road, Park Lane, Broadway, Pennsylvania Avenue.

Certain roads can have the definite article or no article: (the)Edgware Road, (the) Old Kent Road.Highways and motorways tend to have definite article: the A1, theM1, the New Jersey Turnpike.

c) Hyde Park, Central Park, Memorial Park, Regent's Park.But: the Snowdonia National Park, the Botanical Gardens.

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Note. Names of parks in foreign countries are often used withthe definite article: the Gorki Park (in Moscow), the Tiergarten (inBerlin).

d) Trafalgar Square, Russel Square, Hyde Park Corner, Piccadilly Circus, LeicesterSquare.

Note 1 Names of squares in foreign countries may have thedefinite article: the Red Square (in Moscow).Note 2 When streets names are parts of addresses, the definitearticle sometimes can and sometimes must be left out: “24 (the)High Street”, “104 Edgware Road”. The definite article is notused in streets signs.

e) Wambley Stadium, Fiesta Mall.Names of zoos, gardens are used with the definite article: the SanDiego Zoo, the Desert Botanical Gardens.

Names of ships, trains, and spacecraft Names of ships are usually used with the definite ar ticle :

the Sedov, the Titanic, the Queen Elizabeth.…and eventually the Queen Elizabeth put to sea.

The names of smaller boats usually have no article:The front runner will undoubtedly be Richard Matthew’s converted America’s Cup 12-metre yacht, Crusader.

Established train services have the definite article: theOrient Express.

Spacecraft tend to have no article: Challenger, Apollo 17.

Names of newspapers and periodicals Names of newspapers published in English tend to have the

definite article, including almost all the British nationaldaily newspapers: the Times, the Guardian, the Independent; the onlyone exception is: Today.

The definite article is not used with the names of foreignnewspapers: Pravda, Le Monde, Der Spiegel

Names of periodicals such as magazines and journals have noarticle: Punch, Newsweek, ELT Journal.

But the Journal of American Psychology, the Spectator

Names of sporting events

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Names of sporting events usually have the definite article:the Superbowl, the Olympic Games, the World Cup, the Cup Final, the Boat Race,the British Open.

I really enjoy events like the World Championship and the Olympic Games.One particular case of such an event is pick out by using the

definite or indefinite article: I’ve never been to a Cup Final. Names which are taken from the place where the event occurs

do not have the definite article: Wimbledon (for tennis), Ascot andEpsom (for horse-racing events), Henley (for rowing).

Names of musical groupsNames of musical groups can have either no article or the

definite article: Queen, the Beatles, Dire Straits, the Supremes.The choice of name depends on the group, and so it is possibleto deliberately break ordinary rules of article usage forstylistic reasons. However most plurals still have the definitearticle, for example: the Rolling Stones, the Shadows, the Eurythmics, theDoors.In our own time the Rolling Stones have developed a similar reputation.

Names of festivalsNames of religious and other festivals have no article:

Christmas, Easter, Carnival, Ramadan, Midsummer’s Day, Mother’s Day, and so on.(But note the 4th of July.)Easter is a great time in Poland.But one particular event can be picked out by using the definiteor indefinite article.We appreciate the rare luxury of a Christmas at home.

Names of organizations Names of well-known institutions, foundations, organizations

typically have the definite article, and they keep it whenthey are abbreviated: the United Nations (the UN), the BBC, the FBI, theFord Foundation.

The TUC runs ten-day courses all over the country.The BBC never reported my speeches.If an abbreviation is pronounced as a word, then there is no

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article. So “the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries” is usuallycalled “OPEC” /əυpek /. Other examples are “NATO” and “UNICEF”

Some names of charities do not have the definite article:Oxfam, Christian Aid, Mencap.

Businesses and chains of shops are referred to with noarticle: General Motors, Sony, Woolworths, Shell, Nissan, Singapore Airlines.

Now Collins have brought it out in a new translation.This applies even when abbreviation is used which is notpronounced as a word: BP /bi:pi:/ (British Petroleum), KLM, BA,ICI, IBM and so on.…corporations like IBM, RCA and Xerox.However if a word like “company” is used, then the definitearticle is used: the Bell Telephone Company.You can find alternatives like: “General Electric” and “GEC” as wellas ”the General Electric Company”.

Names of political institutionsThe following names typically have the definite article

The names of most political or government bodies andinstitutions: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, the House ofRepresentatives, the Senate, the Department of Trade and Industry, the StateDepartment, the Cabinet.

Look at the percentage of lawyers in the Senate.This is true also of foreign institutions, translated or not:

the Bundestag, the Supreme Court, the Finance Ministry, the Supreme Rada, and soon. Exceptions to this are: Parliament (but the House of Parliament),Congress, and names of councils: Kent County Council, Leeds City Council.It happened when I was elected to Parliament in 1964.

But names of locations and buildings that are used to refermetaphorically to political institutions stay as they are:Whitehall, Westminster, Downing Street, Washington, the Kremlin.

Official titles: the Secretary of State, the Foreign (or Prime) Minister, theKing, the Premier.

But article is not used if the name accompanies the title :President Washington

Names of political parties: the Labour party, the Conservative party,the Republicans.

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Names of law enforcement bodies, civil and military: the Army,the Navy, the state militia, the police, the Air Corps.

Names of bills, acts, and other legislative deliberations:the Magna Carta, the Missouri Compromise.

Practice

Exercise 1 Insert articles where necessary. 1. ____ Strand opens into ____ Trafalgar Square, with itsfountains, ____ Nelson’s Column, ____ Admiralty Arch and ____National Gallery. 2. Government offices line ____ Whitehall, andon the right is ____ famous Downing Street. 3. ____ Louvre and____ Metropolitan Museum are both world famous. 4. ____ New YorkStock Exchange is located on ____ Wall Street. 5. ____ ColumbiaUniversity, ____ Princeton University, and ____ Yale Universityare all regarded as excellent American universities. 6. Thereare many beautiful shops on ____ Fifth Avenue in ____ New York.7. ____ Central Park is right in ____ heart of ____ New YorkCity. 8. ____ Royal Hawaiian Hotel is one of the oldest in ____Honolulu. 9. ____ President of ____ United States and ____ PrimeMinister of England are both heads of state. 10. ____ Parliamentis not in session today. 11. ____ Navy reported the loss of twoships. 12. ____ police are holding two men on suspicion ofmurder. 13. ____ Thanksgiving is celebrated at the end ofNovember. 14. ____ legislative branch of the government makesthe laws; ____ executive branch carries them out. 15. He belongsto ____ Democratic party. 16. ____ President Nixon made manyspeeches in ____ Congress. 17. ____ Supreme Court is going toannounce their decision on this case soon. 18. ____ MonroeDoctrine stated that European countries were not to interfere inthe affairs of ____ Latin America. 19. ____ Election Day in ____United States occurs on ____ Tuesday after the first Monday inNovember. 20. ____ Valley Art is ____ oldest theatre in myhometown.Exercise 2 Insert articles where needed. 1. ____ Chapultepec Park is located in ____ Mexico City. 2. ____Shea Stadium can seat thousands of people. 3. There is a hugefountain in ____ middle of ____ Sunshine Mall. 4. ____ Hilton

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Hotel is located on ____ Main Street. 5. We stayed at ____Philmore Motel. 6. ____ Golden Gate is one of ____ mostbeautiful bridges in ____ world. 7. Class will be held in ____Social Science Building. 8. ____ Desert Botanical Gardens is awonderful place to spend an afternoon. 9. ____ Ford MotorCompany was founded by Henry Ford. 10. ____ San Diego Zoo is oneof my favourite places to go. 11. A famous sight in Honshu-Shikoku, Japan is ____ Ikuchi Bridge. 12. ____ Apollo is afamous New York theatre. 13. A new wing is being added to ____Good Samaritan Hospital. 14. Dr. Potter’s office is in ____ FineArts Building. 15. ____ Hanging Gardens of Babylon were amongthe seven wonders of the ancient world. 16. ____ WestinghouseCompany makes household appliances. 17. ____ Fiesta Mall is agreat place to shop. 18. ____ Cherry Lane runs parallel to ____Colt Road. 19. That store is located on ____ Eighth Avenue. 20.____ Beatles were a famous musical quartet.

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Exercise 3 In the sentences below, only one of the underlined noun groups is appropriate. Cross out the one that is wrong.1. Times/ The Times is a daily newspaper. 2. Kremlin/The Kremlinhas so far made no response to the protest. 3. He’s been anewsreader for BBC/the BBC for 10 years. 4. Italy won a WorldCup/the World Cup in 1982. 5. Are you staying at home forChristmas/the Christmas? 6. ICI/The ICI is one of the world’slargest companies. 7. Newsweek/The Newsweek appears, notsurprisingly, every week. 8. Whitehall/The Whitehall has deniedany knowledge of the affair. 9. The Barclays Bank/Barclays Bankhave opened a new branch in the High Street. 10. John Majorreplaced Margaret Thatcher as leader of Conservative Party/TheConservative Party in 1990. 11. Wimbledon/The Wimbledon is themost famous tennis event in the world. 12. The proposal wasrejected by Finance Ministry/ the Finance Ministry. 13. IsVidomosti /the Vidomosti a daily or weekly newspaper? 14. Houseof Lords/ The House of Lords will vote on the bill tomorrow? 15.In 1954 he joined General Electric Company/ the General ElectricCompany, or GEC/the GEC as it is usually known. 16. Britishnewspapers are usually divided into popular papers, likeToday/the Today and Sun/the Sun, and quality papers, likeGuardian/the Guardian. 17. Don’t forget it’s Mother’s Day/ theMother’s Day next week. 18. Several countries are interested injoining European Community/the European Community. 19. He wasone of the youngest to be elected to Senate/the Senate. 20. Thisarticle was published in Spectator/the Spectator. 21. OlympicGames/The Olympic Games were restarted in Athens in 1896. 22.There have been arguments about the role of UNESCO/the UNESCO.23. I can remember Easter/an Easter when it snowed all the time.24. Cathay Pacific/The Cathay Pacific offers daily flights toTokyo. 25. United Nations/The United Nations was formed in 1945.Exercise 4 Choose the correct form, with or without the . 1. Have you ever been to British Museum / the British Museum? 2.Hyde Park / The Hyde Park is a very large park in centralLondon. 3. Another park in central London is St James's Park /the St James's Park. 4. Grand Hotel / The Grand Hotel is inBaker Street / the Baker Street. 5. We flew to New York from

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Gatwick Airport / the Gatwick Airport near London. 6. Frank is astudent at Liverpool University / the Liverpool University. 7.If you're looking for a good clothes shop, I would recommendHarrison's / the Harrison's. 8. If you're looking for a goodpub, I would recommend Ship Inn / the Ship Inn. 9. Statue ofLiberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to New Yorkharbour / the New York harbour. 10. You should go to ScienceMuseum / the Science Museum. It's very interesting. 11. Johnworks for IBM / the IBM now. He used to work for British Telecom/ the British Telecom. 12. 'Which cinema are you going to thisevening?' 'Classic / The Classic.' 13. I'd like to go toChina and see Great Wall / the Great Wall. 14. Which newspapershall I buy - Independent / the Independent or Herald / theHerald? 15. This book is published by Cambridge University Press/ the Cambridge University Press.Exercise 5 Insert the right article. 1. I went shopping at ____ Macy's and bought ____ expensiveovercoat. 2. They are going for ____ walk near ____ London Zooin ____ Regent's Park. 3. There is ____ cinema in ____ BridgeStreet called ____ Odeon. 4. ____ Victoria Coach Station is near____ Apollo theatre. 5. When we went to ____ Paris we saw ____Eiffel Tower and ____ Louvre. 6. ____ Smith's bookshop is in____ High Street opposite ____ Barclays Bank. 7. Let's go to____ Red Rose - it's better than ____ Dick's. 8. I'd rather dosome shopping at ____ Selfridges than go to ____Tate Gallery. 9.Does ____ Lloyds Bank have a branch near ____ Edinburgh Castle?10. I prefer reading ____ Time Magazine to reading____Washington Post. 11. Does ____ Great Wall of ____China runthrough ____ middle of ____ country? 12. ____Ambassador is goingto ____ Philippines on ____ Royal Yacht. 13. ____ BuckinghamPalace, ____ Trafalgar Square, ____ Houses of Parliament, ____Tower of London, ____ Tower Bridge, ____ National Gallery arethe usual sights in ____ English capital. 14. In the morningsshe used to read ____ "Vogue" and he usually read ____ "Mirror".15. The names of the following streets have the definitearticle: ____ Mall, ____ Strand, ____ Wall Street, ____ Unterden Linden. 16. This producer got ____ Nika for this film.

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Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with articles before miscellaneous proper names if necessary.1. On the other bank of ____ Potomac lies ____ ArlingtonNational Cemetery, where ____ President Kennedy was buried. 2.Tom and Miss Baker sat at either end of the long couch and sheread aloud to him from ____ Saturday Evening Post. 3. Sensationat ____ London airport. Attempt to smuggle 12 jewels worth threequarters of a million. 4. He strolled down ____ Madison Avenuepast ____ old Murray Hotel and over ____ 33d Street to ____Pennsylvania Station. 5. Didn't you know that? He's manager of____ Grand Opera House. 6. Then still keeping a hundred yardsbehind, we followed into ____ Oxford Street and so down ____Regent Street. 10. I graduated from ____ New Haven in 1915, justa quarter of a century after my father. 11. ____ JeffersonMemorial was built in memory of the third President of ____ USA,Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of ____ Declaration ofIndependence. 12. ____ White House is the President's residence.13. At half past six on a Friday evening in January, ____Lincoln International Airport, Illinois, was functioning, thoughwith difficulty. 14. Hurstwood wrote her one morning asking herto meet him in ____ Jefferson Park, ____ Monroe Street. 15. Heremembered having seen her sitting in ____ Botanical Gardenswaiting for Bosinney. 16. This was in ____ Broadway Central,which was then one of the most important hotels in the city.17.Across ____ Fifth Avenue, through ____ Madison Square by thewinding paths, east on ____ Twenty Third Street and down ____Third Avenue wound the long serpentine company. 18. He has beento ____ Eton and ____Oxford and he doesn't forget to let youknow it. 19. I presume that it was committed in the cloakroom of____ House of Commons. 20. Well, I am connected with ____ Wel-lington — the new hotel on ____ Broadway. 21. Every morning hermother had read two newspapers from cover to cover: ____ DailyTelegraph and ____ Daily Mirror. 22. Approaching ____ Malta Street,____ Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those seven years at____ Brighton. 23. He stood by the window of the sitting-roomwhich gave view over ____ Hyde Park. 24. They drove offeastward, down ____ Strand and into a little side street, by

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____ Charing Cross. 25. You want to see ____ Lincoln Park and____ Michigan Boulevard. They are putting up great buildingsthere. 26. ____ Savoy is a luxury hotel in ____ Strand inLondon. Exercise 7 Insert articles where necessary.

Getting around London____ guided tour is one of ____ best ways to become familiarwith ____ city on arrival. The Original London TransportSightseeing Tour “London Plus”, runs open-top double-deckerbuses ensuring ____ good view of ____ sights with ____opportunity to get on and off as often as you like at more than20 different places.

Highlights of ____ tour will include many world-famous sightsaround ____ Westminster and ____ Tower of London, where you canmarvel at its historical and bloody past.

Nearby is ____ Tower Bridge, one of ____ river Thames’ morefamous landmarks. Inside is ____ museum, explaining ____ historyof ____ bridge. Don’t miss ____ stunning views from ____ highwalkways linking ____ towers, where you should glimpse ____magnificent, weathered-lead dome of ____ St. Paul’s Cathedral,_____ classical cathedral and setting for many state pageants.

Enthusiasts of William Shakespeare should not miss ____Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre to visit ____ recreation of one of____ most important public theatres ever built and whereShakespeare himself performed.

London is also packed with fine museums and galleries, andsince many display changing exhibitions, there is alwayssomething new to see.____ art collections at ____ National Gallery, ____ Tate Galleryand ____ Victoria & Albert Museum are admired throughout ____world. Families will enjoy the innovative dinosaur andexhibitions at ____ National History Museum and designing theirown mission at ____ Science Museum. _____ Museum of the MovingImage brings to life the glamorous story of film and television,and at ____ famous waxworks of ____ Madame Tussaud`s and ____Rock Circus, you can be photographed alongside internationalstars. For a more spine-chilling experience visit the horrors of

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_____ London Dungeon.Ballet and opera lovers can enjoy world-class performances at

____ Royal Opera House in ____ Covent Garden and at ____ LondonColiseum.

London plays host to five of ____ world’s finest orchestrasand has three main concert halls - ___ Royal Festival Hall, ____Barbican Hall, and ____ Royal Albert Hall.

Don’t leave without going on a shopping spree for London has___ superb range of shops, catering for every taste and pocket.___ main shopping areas in ___ West End are ___ Oxford Street,___ Regent Street and ___ Bond Street, nearby are ___ mostspecialist shops of ___ Piccadilly, ____ Mayfair.Exercise 8 Translate into English. 1. Ви коли-небудь були у музеї Мадам Тюссо? 2. Фред навчався уЛіверпульському університеті. 3. Наша група прилетіла доаеропорту Кеннеді о шостій годині ранку. 4. Букінгемський палац– офіційна резиденція королеви Великобританії. 5. Американськийпрезидент завжди проживає у Білому домі. 6. Собор Святого Павлав Лондоні був збудований архітектором Крістофером Реном. 7.Газета Вашингтон Пост опублікувала низку статей про скандал, щостався у готелі Вотергейт. 8. У 1996 році Банк федеральногорезерву США розпочав випуск доларів нового зразка. 9. МістерМерфі читає Індепендент, а його дружина надає перевагу газетіТаймз. 10. Діана і Чарльз одружилися в церкві святого Метью. 11.Ви маєте обов’язково відвідати Британський музей, коли будете уЛондоні. 12. Якщо ви бажаєте придбати новий одяг, то ярекомендую магазин Херродс. 13. Ви коли-небудь були уМакдональдсі? 14. Раймонд є студентом Манчестерськогоуніверситету. 15. Британський Прем’єр міністр мешкає на Даунінгстріт. 16. Будинок Парламенту розташований напротиВестмінстерського Абатства. 17. Один з найгарніших парківЛондона – це парк святого Джеймса, який знаходиться неподаліквід Букенгемського палацу. 18. Ви вже відвідали ЛондонськийТауер? 19. Ти вже дивився фільм в Одеоні? 20. Ейфелева баштазнаходиться у Парижі. Exercise 9 Translate into English . 1. Республіканська та Демократична партії висувають по декілька

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кандидатів у президенти від кожної партії. 2. Як довгоАдміністрація залишатиметься у влади? 3. 3500 тисячі офіцерівбуло звільнено з армії у 1998 році. 4. Яку партію представляєцей кандидат? – Він консерватор. 5. Лідер партії більшостіформує Кабінет. 6. Міжнародний Валютний Фонд прийняв рішеннянадати кредит нашій країні. 7. Ми повернулися до дому післяРіздва. Це було Різдво, яке варто запам’ятати. 8. Собор уКовентрі був зруйнований під час війни. 9. На майданіНезалежності є декілька великих фонтанів. 10. Хто отримавНобелевську премію у 1958 році? 11. Він мешкає на Квітковійвулиці і працює у Сіті Банку. 12. Великий та Малий театри –найстарші у Москві. 13. Робін Гуд та його друзі жили уШервудському лісі. 14. У кожній країні є представництвоОрганізації Об’єднаних Націй. 15. Галерея Тейт була заснованасером Генрі Тейтом. 16. Новий американський бойовик з ЧакомНоррисом демонструється в „Зоряному”. 17. Готель „Ангел” стоїтьна річці Вей в місті Гілдфорді. 18. Він журналіст і працює вгазеті „Київські відомості”. 19. „ Пік” – дуже популярний журналв Україні. 20. Чи знаєш ти, що Трафальгарська площа була названана честь знаменитої битви?

Unit 11 The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns

(1)

Names of Seasons Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a

certain time of the year.It was spring. I like spring. Note that you do not usually use the definite article after “It is”and “It was”

When you are talking about a specific occurrence of aseason, you usually use the definite article.

You’ll feel better in the spring. The definite article is also used when these nouns are

modified by particularizing attribute or when the situation

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makes them definite: It happened in the spring of 1930 . The spring was cold and rainy.In dates you say “spring 1974” but “the spring of 1974”

The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modifiedby a descriptive attribute.

It was a cold spring. When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or

late, no articles are used.It was early spring . In American English it is more common to refer to the seasonswith the definite article (except after “next” and “last”).

Names of Months and Days of the Week As a rule names of months and days are used without

articles.May is a spring month.My day off is Friday.

When these nouns are modified by a particularizing attributeand when it is clear from the context what day in a week youare talking about the definite article is used.

The May of 1949 will always rest in my memory.The meeting will take place not later then the second Monday in May.

Names of days are used with the indefinite article when weidentify one day of the week in general or when we mean oneof many Mondays, Fridays.

Robinson Crusoe found his servant on a Friday . Don’t do it on a Monday . I was always washing on a Monday and baking on a Wednesday.Compare this with “He bought it on Monday”, meaning “last Monday”

Names of months are used with the indefinite article whenmodified by a descriptive attribute.

A cold May is the usual thing in our city.

Names of Parts of the DayTo this group of nouns belong: day, night, morning, evening, noon,

afternoon, midnight, dawn, dusk, sunrise, sunset, daytime, nightfall and thelike.

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1. These nouns are used without articles : If day and morning, mean 'light', and night and evening mean

'darkness', or if they denote a certain part of the day.Day broke and we started.The sun had gone and night had come.Day is meant for work, night for sleep.

When they are used as predicative.It was evening when he decided to lay his books aside and take a walk.It was dusk but I could see Henry walking across the field.

When these nouns are modified by the adjectives early, late, high,broad because these adjectives do not describe the morningor night, but only show the time:

It was high noon.It was late evening.It was early morning.

After the prepositions at, by, about, past, before, after, towards, till,until: at night, at dawn, by day (вдень), by night (вночі), by noon, by midnight,past noon, about midnight, before dawn, after sunset.

After midnight I walked to the beach with him. There is no article with the nouns morning, day and dawn when

they are used as subject to the verbs to break, to be at hand;the same is true of the nouns evening, night, dusk when they arefollowed by the verbs to fall, to gather, to set in, to be at hand, tocome.

Day was breaking when we set out.The sky was overcast and dusk fell early. Dawn was breaking among the olives.

When they are modified by the names of the days of the weekand the words tomorrow and yesterday.

She was here yesterday afternoon.I went to Aunt Milly's house on Friday evening.I shall see him tomorrow morning.Note. Compare: We met on Saturday night (Ми зустрілися ввечеріминулої суботи) and We met on a Saturday night (Ми зустрілися якосьввечері у суботу).

In the following phrases:all day (long) day after day all night (through)

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night after nightin the dead of night

day in day outlate at night

from morning till night(to work) day and night

But we say: all through the night and all through the day. In attributive of-phrases. Yet, the definite article is used

when a particular day, night is meant.He always woke up with the first sounds of morning .

2. The definite article is used: When the speaker uses these nouns to mean a particular day,

night. Very often it is clear from the situation or thecontext but it may also be expressed with the help of aparticularizing attribute.

The night was warm and beautifully still.He decided to spend the afternoon with his friends.The weather was very cold on the day of his arrival.

Sometimes we find a descriptive attribute with nouns denotingparts of the day, but the definite article will still be usedwhen the situation makes them definite.I could see a few faint stars in the clear night.

If nouns denoting parts of the day are used generically.He used to spend the morning lying about the beach.I often sat up the night with him and read to him to ease his pain.

In some prepositional phrases where they are to be treatedas set phrases: in the morning, in the evening, in the daytime, in theafternoon, in the night.

3. The indefinite article is used: When these nouns are the centre of communication in the

sentence and are modified by a descriptive attribute. I spent a sleepless night.It was a fine, warm night and Charles and I decided to walk home. On a hot Septemberevening he strolled idly to the embankment.

Names of Longer and Specific PeriodsThe definite article is used:

With names of decades, centuries and historic periods andevents, which refer to only one particular period: the1900’s,the Cambrian Period, the Middle Ages, the First World War (but World WarII)

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With points in a progression: the beginning, the middle, the end. With points in a time continuum: the past, the present, the future

(but at present)It is possible to use an indefinite article when talking aboutthe life of one particular person: He has a future.

Names of Meals The group includes the nouns: breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper and tea.

Names of meals are used without articles when you aretalking in general about the standard meals of the day.

When did you have dinner?I have finished breakfast.

The definite article is used when the nouns are modified bya particularizing attribute or when the situation makes themdefinite.

The supper was very different from the one of the evening before. The dinner wasexcellent, but Isabel noticed that John ate very little.

The indefinite article is used if the name of a meal ismodified by a descriptive attribute.

I'll try to give you a decent lunch.Walter wanted a very special dinner.You can get a good supper here.

Occasionally, owing to a change of meaning, names of mealsbecome countable nouns. This occurs in the following cases:

when they denote a special formal occasion (dinner party,tea party) Both the definite and the indefinite articles maybe found here.

Fleur said: "We had a dinner last night." when they denote a portion. In this case the noun is used

with the indefinite article denoting one.I have not enough money to buy a dinner at such an expensive restaurant.

PracticeExercise 1 Explain the use of articles with nouns denoting seasons. Translate into Ukrainian.1. The year wore on and it was summer. 2. The winter was comingon. 3. It was a warm and glowing autumn, and she lay in themellow sunshine. 4. I think the country in winter would be

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horrible, don't you? 5. The summer was here with its bright,short nights. 6. People realized that winter must come sooner orlater, and were determined to make the most of the sun while itlasted. 7. "It has been a terrible summer," he said. 8. He cleanedthe barn for the winter. 9. Through the autumn, a busy time forme, I was often uneasy. 10. It was late summer. 11. In March camethe first break in the winter. 12. We had a short summer thisyear. 13. To walk in the garden and watch the spring returningwas like rediscovering the world. 14. Later when it grew warmerand the sun seemed as hot as in summer, she would go out into thegarden. 15. She went to Scotland for the summer.Exercise 2 Insert articles where necessary. 1. It was _____ winter, and _____ night of bittercold. 2. You see, ____ winter was _____ very bad time for me,and I really had no money at all to buy ____ bread. 3. It was_____very dark evening for _____ summer. 4. _____summer drew to_____ end and _____ early autumn. 5. "I wondered if_____ autumnwould come upon us two months before her time. 6. It was _____lovely evening in _____ spring time of _____ year; and in_____ soft stillness of _____ twilight, all _____ nature wasvery calm and beautiful. _____ day had been fine and warm;but at _____ coming on of _____ night, _____ air grew cool. 7.There was going to be _____ election soon, we all knew:this was _____ spring of 1955. 8. It was _____ fine day,early in _____ spring, and we were in _____ good humour.Exercise 3 Explain the use of articles with nouns denoting parts of the day. Translate into Ukrainian. 1. It was almost noon. 2. "Lewis! What are you doing at thistime of night?" I heard the well-known voice. 3. I sat all nightreading. 4. In the evening of the departure the whole villageturned out to give us the promised farewell dinner. 5. He usedto spend the morning lying about the beach. 6. Toward midnight hesaw the gleam of many lights. 7. It was high noon when I woke. 8.Twilight was falling when they came back to the great city. 9. Atten o'clock on a hot September evening he strolled idly down thestreet. 10. And in the afternoon I used to lie alone, and watchthe sun get lower and lower. 11. He always slept late on Sunday

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morning. 12. It was not a warm afternoon. 13. I made my speechyesterday night. 14. The day was hot and muggy.Exercise 4 Insert articles where necessary. 1. ____ morning was bright and sunny. 2. It all happened on____ bright and sunny morning. 3. When ____ morning came we werealready far out in the sea. 4. It was ____ early morning; thesun had just risen. 5. It was early in ____ morning that a loudknock at the door took me out of bed. 6. _____ day broke cold andwindy. 7. The sun rose heralding the break of _____ day. 8. Wereturned late in ____ afternoon. 9. It was _____ late afternoonwhen we returned. .10. Now and then, a low roll of thunder broke_____ night. 11. _____ evening fell; lights began to appear inthe windows. 12. It is pleasant to go for a stroll on such _____evening. 13. The elevator was closed for _____ night and sheslowly walked up the two flights of stairs. 14. We are expectingthem towards _____ evening. 15. He spent _____ restless night,thinking of what could be done. 16. In ____ winter they used toplan what they would do on ____ warm day in _____ summer. 17.Have you got enough wood for _____winter? 18. It was _____ wildand snowy winter. Exercise 5 Insert articles where necessary. 1. Outside it was _____ night. 2. It was _____ warm summer night.3. _____ night outside seemed very quiet. 4. It was _____ foggyevening in November. 5. During _____ evening we playedinnumerable games. It was __ evening, and he was walking acrossthe school grounds on his way home. 7. He wondered what hour itwas. ____ sun seemed to indicate _____ late morning. 8. I thinkit's going to be _____ fine morning, after all. 9. _____ morningwas cold and sharp and sunny. 10. It is _____ early morning. 11.We are going to have _____ ideal night. 12._____ night beingsharp and frosty, we trembled with cold. 13. It was early in_____ afternoon. 14. _____ night was _____ windy one, with brokenclouds drifting swiftly across _____ face of _____ three-quartermoon. 15. I was up at six in _____ morning. 16. She has had_____ bad night, probably _____ rather delirious night. 17. _____fine September afternoon was dying fast. 18. I persuaded him tostay _____ night with me, and I put him into my own bed. 19. It

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was _____ morning after Roger had talked to me and Margaret andI were sitting at _____ breakfast. 20. I shall not forget _____evening I spent with him. 21. It was as lovely _____ morning asone could desire. 22. It was _____ glorious night. _____ moon hadsunk, and left _____ quiet earth alone with _____ stars. 23.Every day I was up at _____ dawn, clearing, planting, working onmy house, and at _____ night when I threw myself on my bed itwas to sleep like _____ log till _____ morning.Exercise 6 Read the sentences and comment on the nouns in bold type. Translate into Ukrainian.1. They ate supper together in the kitchen. It was a simple mealthat Maggie had prepared quickly: scrambled eggs, Englishmuffins, and coffee. 2. Supper is ready at last, everyone, sitto table! 3. They arrived at Sunlaws in time for lunch. 4. Iasked Matilde to make a fairly simple lunch. 5. We'll be havinga late lunch today. 6. Breakfast is served, sir. 7. And anyway,it's not often that you get a traditional English Sundaybreakfast now, is it? 8. The breakfast was orange juice andcornflakes with milk. 9. He opens the mail immediately afterbreakfast. 10. We haven't had dinner yet. 11. They had a quietdinner together. 12. After dinner sit a while, after supper walka mile. 13. They had a dinner for six. 14. We'll have to have anearly dinner today. 15. Every now and then I would go to thekitchen to have a look at the dinner. 16. — "I'm glad you'vecome for tea. I've made us a lovely tea.Exercise 7 Insert articles where necessary. 1. We usually have ____ dinner at four. 2. What shall we buy for____ supper? 3. They had ____ breakfast of bread-and-butter andan omelette. 4. ____dinner is served. 5. After this splendidperformance they sat down to ____ supper. 6. They had ____filling but not-too-nourishing breakfast. 7. They decided upon____ light supper. 8. ____ supper was fish and chips. 9. At last____ dinner came to an end, but the three went on sitting for awhile over their coffee. 10. I made his acquaintance at____official dinner. 11. The consul gave ____ luncheon in honourof our delegation. 12. He invited me to a restaurant and treatedme to ____ expensive supper.

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Exercise 8 Insert articles where necessary. 1. Mozart wrote music in _____late 1700's. 2. _____ Middle Agesbegan after the fall of the Roman Empire. 3. Do we now live in_____ Space Age or _____Computer Age? 4. All of the dinosaursdied at the end of _____Cretaceous Period. 5. _____Victorian Erawas named after Queen Victoria. 6. _____1960's were a time ofrapid change. 7. In _____ Bronze Age, people first mixed thecopper with tin. 8. _____ Renaissance was a time of greatlearning. 9. Flowering plants first appeared in _____ CretaceousPeriod. 10. In _____ early Cambrian Period, _____ beginning of_____ Paleozoic Era, there was not an extinction but anexplosion of life.Exercise 9 Translate the following sentences into English paying special attention to the use of articles with name of seasons.1. Це трапилося восени минулого року. 2. Пізня осінь – це час,коли природа готується до зими. 3. Кажуть, буде рання весна. 4.Більшість людей надає перевагу відпочинку у літню пору. 5. Осіньбула надзвичайно теплою. Погода стояла ясна та сонячна. 6. Літо1941 року було надзвичайно спекотним. 7. Протягом літа я частозустрічався зі своїми шкільними друзями. 8. Вони мали одружитисяна самому початку весни. 9. Літо, яке Сьюзі провела з Ларрі,було найщасливішим періодом у її житті. 10. Я гадаю, ти знаєш,що Ларрі провів у Нью Йорку усю зиму. 11. Того року зима буладуже холодною. 12. Протягом зими середня температура була мінус10˚. 13. Зима була вже на носі, а в неї ще не було теплогоодягу. 14. Взимку 1985 року вона перемогла на змаганнях. 15.Наступної зими ми поїдемо в Карпати.Exercise 10 Translate the following sentences into English paying special attention to the use of articles with names ofparts of the day. 1. Ніч. Незабаром настане світанок. 2. Мій сусід – фотограф. Вінзазвичай вночі виявляє плівку. 3. Ми прокинулися рано в ранці,щоб побачити схід сонця. 4. Діти обіцяли повернутися додому довечора. 5. За моїм годинником північ. Ось день і закінчився. 6.Була морозна січнева ніч. 7. Яка казкова ніч! 8. Він працювавдень за вдень. 9. Ніч перед Різдвом – самий чарівний час. 10.Після заходу завжди холоднішає. 11. Він пише вірші з ранку до

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ночі. 12. Він переночував у приятеля. 13. І вдень і вночі вонадумала лише про свою дитину. 14. Дуже приємно поїхати за місто уясний літній день. 15. Він провів безсонну ніч і тому бувблідим. Exercise 11 Translate the following sentences into English . 1. Був ранок. Був ранній ранок. Був теплий літній ранок. Віннародився раннім ранком. Мені важко прокидатися рано вранці.Ранок був прохолодний, але сонячний. Який гарний ранок! Мидістанемося міста до ранку. 2. Настав день. Це був туманнийдень, день нашого від’їзду. День був дощовий. Що ти зазвичайробиш протягом дня? Ця подія трапилася якось одного похмуроговересневого дня. 3. Був полудень. Полудень – це 12 годин.Домогосподарки намагаються зробити усі покупки до полудня.Відвідувач з’явився лише опівдні. 4. Був після полуденний час.Ми любили пити чай після полудня. Маленькі діти зазвичай сплятьпісля полудня. Ми присвятили після полуденний час читанню. 5.Був вечір. Був морозний водохресний вечір. Вечір був теплим. Бувпізній вечір. Мені завжди хочеться спати по вечорах. Ти підеш напрогулянку ввечері? Ми закінчили все до вечора. 6. Настала ніч.Була ніч Була тиха зоряна ніч. Я люблю дивитися на зірки вночі.Ніч дула спокійною. Бура продовжувалася всю ніч. Ми вирушилитуди у суботу вночі. Сьогодні в мене нічне чергування. Йогоохороняють вдень і вночі. Я цілий місяць не лягав спати рано. 7.Схід – це час, коли сходить сонце. Ми гуляли ,сміялися,розмовляли до світанку. 8. Весна – це пора року між зимою талітом. Навесні стає тепліше. Він поїхав навесні 1996 року. Буларання весна. Осінь – це пора весіль. Пізня осінь. Осінь буладощовою. Яка гарна осінь!Exercise 12 Translate into English paying special attention to the use of articles with names of meals.1. Це був грандіозний обід. Було запрошено багато знаменитостей.2. Скільки ми маємо заплатити за обід? 3. Я ще не вирішила, щоприготувати на обід. Боюся, в нас сьогодні буде пізній обід. 4.Обід готовий. Будьте ласкаві, сідайте всі за стіл. 5. Покоївкапоставила сніданок на тацю і понесла його до спальні пані. 6.Він обговорює усі важливі питання після вечері. 7. Нажаль, у нассьогодні буде дуже проста вечеря. 8. Зранку вона не снідає, але

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влаштовує собі поживний другий сніданок. 9. Посольство влаштовуєзваний сніданок с приводу свята. 10. Вечеря у китайськомуресторані була дуже гострою. 11. – Скільки коштує комплекснийобід? – Дуже дешево. 12. Який смачний обід! Ви чудовий кухар.13. Не запізнюйся на обід! 14. Сніданок складався із хліба змаслом, сира та кави. 15. Наші знайомі запросили нас на обід.16. Ми поснідали о восьмій годині. 17. Ми замовили обід із трьохстрав. 18. У цій їдальні ви завжди можете скуштувати гарячийсніданок. 19. Зазвичай у неділю у нас гості до вечері. 20.Поспішайте! Вечеря холоне.Exercise 13 Translate into English paying special attention to the use of articles with names of meals.1. Раніше це був банкетний зал. Він і зараз використовуєтьсялише в окремих випадках, наприклад, під час святкових обідів табалів. 2. Під час обіду Мері не промовила а ні слова. Вонапросто стояла і спостерігала за мною. 3. Джейн та Пітер булизапрошені на обід. 4. Лише подивись, скільки ти з’їв насніданок! 5. Ми повернулися до дому о дев’ятій година і з’їлилегку вечерю. 6. Я пригощу вас тутешнім обідом. Моя дружиначудово готує. 7. За сніданком Джейн ледве доторкнулася до їжі.8. Я помітив, що той обід чимось відрізнявся від звичайного. 9.Якщо в тебе буде вільний вечір, зателефонуй мені. Я приготуютобі вечерю. 10. – Ось нарешті і вони. Якраз вчасно до чаю. 11.Я пригощу вас найсмачнішою вечерею, яку ви можете скуштувати вцьому місті. 12. Вона почала одягатися до обіду, на який їїзапросив Джексон. 13. За сніданком я швидко поїв та пішов нароботу. 14. В нього було достатньо грошей купити вечерю в томудорогому ресторані. 15. Коли всі посідали пити чай, місіс Марчсказала: „У мене є для вас приємний сюрприз після чаю”.Exercise14 Translate the following sentences into English. 1. В нашому районі ЖЕК працює двічі на тиждень: у середу тап’ятницю. Додатково відвідувачі ще можуть звернутися кожну другута четверту суботу. 2. Холодний травень – це не дуже природнодля нашої місцевості. 3. Люди похилого віку часто згадуютьтравень 1945 року. 4. Кажуть, що люди, які народилися упонеділок нещасливі. 5. В нашій групі заняття з англійської мовивідбуваються тричі на тиждень: по понеділках, по середах, по

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четвергах. 6. Якось у п’ятницю Джек запропонував Мері піти вкіно. 7. У шестидесятих роках минулого століття поезія буладуже популярною. 8. Динозаври вимерли у кінці крейдовогоперіоду. 9. Да Вінчі творив у період ренесансу. 10. Великденьзавжди випадає на неділю. 11. Минуле завжди поєднує людей. 12. Укам’яному віці люди не знали, як використовувати метал.

Unit 12 The Use of Articles with Some Semantic Groups of Nouns

(2)

Names of DiseasesThis group includes a considerable number of uncountable

nouns: pneumonia, influenza (flu in colloquial English), scarlet fever,cholera, diabetes, anaemia, cancer, diabetes, diphtheria, hepatitis, tuberculosis,mumps and measles (The latter are both used with a singularverb), etc.

Names of diseases are generally found without any article, as in most cases they are used just to name the kind ofdisease.

The doctor said he had pneumonia and told him to keep warm. The definite article may be used with names of diseases in a

clear case of back reference or if there is aparticularizing attribute.

The family was sitting around watching TV, recovering from the flu.After the diphtheria Jane felt very weak and depressed.

Note 1 Remember to use the mumps, the measles, the fluThe boy Roger arrived home with the measles.The mumps causes swelling of the glands.

Note 2 Certain nouns which are not special medical terms are,however, used to name diseases. They may be countable, such as“cold, chill, cough” or uncountable.He had a (bad, splitting) headache.He had a toothache.He had a sore throat.He had heart trouble. I have a boil on my hand.

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She had a bruise on her leg. Words ending in “-ache” behave in different ways, in British

English. They may be countable or uncountable, so you can say:I’ve got earache.I’ve got an earache.However “headache” is a count noun, and so you can have “aheadache” or regular “headaches”, but you cannot say “I’ve gotheadache”.Next morning she complained of a headache.In American English all “-ache” words are count nouns.

Names of musical instruments When you are talking about someone’s ability to play a

musical instrument you use the definite article.She already played the guitar.I became interested in the piano again. (= interested in playing the piano)

If you want to talk about roles in a musical group or in apiece of music you use no article.

I don’t think I know of any duets for piano and trumpet. There is also no article after “on”, meaning “playing”

I have bought a recording featuring Ray Brown on bass. If you talk about either the general class of instrument or

any particular instrument you use the definite or indefinitearticle.

The guitar can have six or twelve strings. (entire class)A guitar can have six or twelve strings. (any guitar)

Media and communicationsWords in this category are:

(the) television(the) telly(the) TV

the box(the) radiothe news

the telephonethe phonethe newspapersthe press

the paperthe post(Br)the mail(Am)

When systems of mass communication and the media arereferred to these nouns are used with the definite article(or sometimes without an article). In this way they can bedistinguished from actual objects; 'a radio' will always be a

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particular object, but 'the radio' could refer to a system, asin this example.

We gather facts and attitudes from the press, the television and the radio.I just heard her speaking on the radioA large part of Linda's day is spent on the telephone.But ‘by telephone' and 'by phone'One morning an amazing letter arrived through the post.But ‘by post'The papers are saying how unusual it is.

When referring to television as a form of entertainment,there is no article. But the definite article is also used(which tends to be informal)

He isn't as serious as he is on television.Note The abbreviations, ‘TV, ‘telly’ and 'the box' (always withthe) can be used in the same way. I don't want to be seen on the telly.

When referring to radio as an art form or profession thereis no article.

He had already become a climbing spokesman on radio.Names of means of transport

Names of means of transport are used with the definitearticle when you are referring to a whole transport systemor naming the form of transport

Here is a list of words in this category.BoatTrainbus

HovercraftUnderground(Br)Subway (Am)

PlaneTube(Br)

Ferrytram

How long does it take on the train?She sent a cable to her husband and caught the plane back to New York.I walked to the tube instead of spending money on a taxiNote 1 With “underground”, “tube”, “subway”, you can use thedefinite article to refer not only to the form of transport, butalso to the location.I am alone in the underground waiting for a train.Note 2 “taxi, car, bicycle, ship” are not used in this way, because theydo not offer a systemic means of transport.

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If you say “Take the car/taxi/ bicycle” you must be referring to aparticular car, taxi, bicycle.

When these nouns are modified by a particularizing attributeand when it is clear from the context what vehicle you aretalking about.

Quick! Get on the train. It’s ready to leave. Names of means of transport are used with the indefinite

article when we mean one of many vehicles which runs onroads.

I saw Jake this morning. He was on a bus which passed me. All these words can be used after “by” without an article to

describe the form of transport used, for example: “by bus”, “bytrain”, “by plane”.

I don’t often travel by bus.You can also use the following words after “by” without anarticle.AirBicycleroad

BikeCabtaxi

Car Rail

SeaShip

Forms of entertainment When you are talking about someone going to enjoy a form of

entertainment you use the definite article with the word forthe form of entertainments. Words like these are: “cinema”,(Am “movies”), “theatre”, “opera”, “ballet”

Let’s go to the movies.You have seen things. You have been to the opera, the ballet, the theatre.Here we are not thinking of a particular performance of an operaor ballet, or a particular theatre building, but just of theform of entertainment.

Cinema, theatre, opera, ballet, as well as dance, film, andtelevision, can be used as uncountable nouns without anarticle to refer to the art form.

They are supreme artists of dance and theatreI’ve seen a very fine piece of cinema.

But if these nouns indicate a particular object, the articlesare used with them in accordance with the general rules. But

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this case is not common.We found that the film was on at a cinema across the river.

Names of institutions in society These nouns are used without any article when, as part of

set phrases, they lose their concrete meaning and expressthe purpose which the objects denoted by these nouns serve.

Here is a list of words that can be used like this.schoolcollegeuniversity

hospitalprison

jailcamp

churchcourt

Thus hospital comes to denote treatment, prison, jail—punishment, school,college, university—studies, church - worshipping.

When these nouns denote concrete objects the articles areused according to the general principle. Compare thefollowing examples.

After lunch Dr. Reily went off to the hospital."How long were you in hospital with that wound?" she asked.They had a hospital in the town during the war.The road to the prison was blocked by policemen.He would be sent to prison if he were caught. Perhaps he was in a German prison.

It should be noted that the use of a descriptive attribute ora particularizing attribute destroys the idiomatic meaning ofthe phrases in question.He was sent to school.He was sent to a secondary (good, public) school. He was sent to the best school in the town.Note. Americans say “the hospital” instead of “hospital” forinstitutional reference.The words bed, table and occasionally market behave in a similarway; without an article they lose their concrete meanings.He went to bed early, but lay awake for a long time.I softly drew the chair to the bed and sat down.I found a bed made up for me.I asked her to tell me who all the people at table were.Madame Duclerk sat at the table darning socks.In the cafe we had a table to ourselves, but those around us were soon filled.

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Parts of the bodyNames of parts of the body, like hand, face, knee are usually

count nouns used with the definite or the indefinite articleaccording to the standard rules.

There is also a use where we are thinking of parts of thebody touched by an outside object. For this you can use thedefinite article.It bit her on the leg.She had the urge to beat him over the head.

When the noun comes straight after a verb such as “grab” orafter a verb and a preposition, for example step on, you have touse a possessive determiner.I stepped on his foot (not I stepped on the foot).Robert touched her cheek.

Geographical oppositions the definite article is used before a number of nouns to

indicate geographical alternatives, for example the town - thecountry and the sea - the land.

There are compensations in the town, particularly for older children.I'd gone to the country with some friends.There are a lot of tourists who take their holidays in the mountains rather than at theseaside.We are not referring to a particular place, for example aparticular town or forest. We are talking about the types oflandscape or geographical environments where people live, work,or go for holidays.

Here are some words which are used like this.the citythe countrythecountryside

the desertthe forestthe jungle

the land themountainsthe plains

the seathe seasidethe town

He wasn’t used to life in the country because he spent twenty years in town. 'The country' in this context means areas where there are no townsor cities. You can sometimes use 'the countryside' with a similarmeaning.Note 1 When the noun town is opposed to the noun country and whenthe nearest town or town somebody lives in is meant there is no

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article.I have to go to town.Note 2 The noun sea is used in certain prepositional expressionswithout the.My brother has gone to sea.

Names of shops and other businessesShops and other businesses that are regular features in towns

or cities can be used with the definite article when you do notwant to pick out a particular one.He’s at the dentist’s.Mother sent me to the butcher’s to get a nice joint of beef. Some words like this are:baker’sbankpub

barber’sdentist’s

doctor’sgreengrocer’s

hairdresser’spost office

In these cases the activity is as important as the place. Yougo “to the post office” to get some stamps, “to the bank” to get somemoney.If you want to have some drink you can say “Let’s go to the pub”without having a particular one in mind. But of course thedifference is not always clear, or important.When he tired of painting he went to the pub.

Names of languages and religions Names of languages and religions are used without any

article unless the nouns language and religions are mentioned:English, French, Hinduism.

But: the English language, the Italian language, the Hindu religion.Note. Notice the phrases: Translated from the German. and What is theFrench for "book"?

Names of languages and religions are used with the definitearticle if they have been made definite.

The Spanish in the movie I saw last week was poorly pronounced.Names of grammati cal categories

We find the definite article with names of some grammaticalcategories, such as names of tenses, moods, voices, casesand others: the Past Indefinite, the Passive Voice, the Conditional Mood, the

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Genitive Case. Use the indefinite article if you want to describe one

particular instance: Singing is a Present Participle.

PracticeExercise 1 In the sentences below, only one of the underlined noun groups is appropriate. Cross out the one that is wrong.1. A train/The train would be best; it leaves every hour. 2. Hewas a supreme master of ballet/a ballet. 3. Both of them foundwork in hospital/the hospital. 4. Can you play a guitar/theguitar? 5. Lithuanian borders were set up in the spring/a spring.6. Since they built the bridge no one uses a ferry/the ferry anymore. 7. She has returned to a theatre/the theatre after anabsence of five years. 8. She could not imagine people going tochurch/the church looking so dull and unhappy. 9. I once playeda guitar/the guitar which had only five strings. 10. In asummer/summer it’s hot but in winter/a winter it’s very cold.11. Next year you’ll be able to go by hovercraft; they’restarting a new service. It’ll be much quicker than a boat/theboat. 12. Our lives are dominated by televisions/a television.13. The door was closed when I went to bed/the bed. 14. Shestarted learning a piano/the piano at the age of five. 15.During a day/the day it was very hectic but at the night/nightit was desolate.Exercise 2 In the sentences below, only one of the underlined noun groups is appropriate. Cross out the one that is wrong.1. You’ll have no trouble getting home; a bus/the bus doesn’tstop running till midnight. 2. This town is boring. What we needis a cinema/the cinema. 3. We drove to university/theuniversity, opposite which was a temple. 4. I’ve always had aflute/the flute, ever since I was a child. 5. What are you doingafter lunch on Tuesday/a Tuesday? 6. There are many ways fortourists to get around London. If you don’t mind travelling intunnels, take an underground/the underground; if you like to seewhere you’re going, sit on the top deck of a bus/the bus; and ifyou’re in a hurry, take a taxi/the taxi. 7. “You’re dressed up.”

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– “Yes, we’re going to opera/the opera.” 8. Robert moved closerto the bed/bed. 9. I’m afraid a violin/the violin is aninstrument I never mastered. 10. Past/The past is forgotten. 11.Film/The film is both a respected art form and a form of massentertainment. 12. People get sent to the prison/prison for thatsort of thing. 13. It was summer/a summer of intense heat. 14.“What can we do tonight?” – “Well, we could go to movies/themovies.” 15. How are we going to get from the church/church tothe reception? 16. Air force relief flights continue inmorning/the morning. 17. I wanted to go to university/theuniversity but I wanted to be an actor more. 18. I did a lot ofwork in Hamburg in the eighties/eighties. Exercise 3 Write the correct article where necessary.

The Piano and the GuitarThere are several reasons why I believe that ____ piano and ____guitar are ____ best instruments that ____ person can learn toplay. First of all, both are extremely popular and can be foundnearly everywhere. This gives ____ player more opportunities toenjoy ____ instruments and to practice them. In addition,neither ____ guitar nor ____ piano will get in the way if youwant to sing. Have you ever seen ____ tubist sing and play – or____ trombone player? Whether you enjoy ____ classical music or____ jazz is not important. All forms of music – rock, jazz,country or classical – can easily be played on either. Studying____ piano is ____ especially good way to understand writtenmusic because of its logically arranged keys, and ____ knowledgeof ____ guitar is ____ wonderful introduction to many orchestralinstruments such as ____ violin, ____ cello, and ____ bass.Indeed, if I had to start again, I would certainly begin bybecoming a serious student of ____ piano and ____ guitar. Exercise 4 Write the correct article in the space. 1. There are viral and bacterial forms of ____ pneumonia. 2.____ bubonic plague is spread by a kind of flea. 3. ____diphtheria is a childhood disease. 4. ____ mumps is moreuncomfortable for adults than for children. 5. ____ influenza isalso called ____ flu. 6. ____ measles can be very serious. 7.____ Lyme disease is spread by the bite of a tick. 8. ____

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rabies is one of the most dreaded diseases. 9. ____ typhus hassometimes killed more soldiers in wars than those who died inbattle. 10. Do you suffer from ____ malaria? 11. I get fed upwhen I have ____ cold because my nose goes bright red. 12. Whatis the best treatment for ____ flu? 13. I took some aspirin for____ headache. 14. ____leukemia is ____ cancer of the blood. 15.Don’t sit in a draught or you’ll catch ____ chill. 16. Shedeveloped ____ stomach cancer a month after the marriage brokeup. 17. I hope I haven’t caught ____ hepatitis. Exercise 5 Complete the sentences using names of diseases and the ex pressions " to have toothache, a headache, a cough, a cold, heart trouble ", etc. 1. "What is the matter with Anne?" "She is in bed with ____".2. "You look pale. What has happened?" "I have ____." 3. "I hearJohn is in hospital." "Yes, he has ____" 4. Jane has a hightemperature. I'm sure it is ____. 5. George has a bad cough. I'msure it is ____. 6. Mary doesn't feel well after ____. 7. Idon't feel well. I'm afraid I've caught ____. 8. Henry was takento hospital with acute ____. 9. I'm afraid Anthony has fallenill. It must be ____. 10. Sam was suddenly taken ill last month.It was ____. 11. I must see a dentist, I have terrible ____. 12."Why hasn't Tom come?" "He is down with ____".Exercise 6 In the sentences below, only one of the underlined noun groups is appropriate. Cross out the one that is wrong.1. After a while, Maria came in, her hair/the hair freshlycombed. 2. Bess kissed her on her cheek/the cheek. 3. The Baronleaned forward and looked her in the face/her face. 4. He puthis hand/the hand on the shoulder/her shoulder. 5. She leanedclose to him, resting her cheek/the cheek against his. 6. Sheslipped her arm/the arm under his and gave him a nudge. 7. TheGeneral had a pistol in the hand/his hand. 8. I kicked him hardon the leg/his leg. 9. He could have shot me in the foot/myfoot. 10. Wear a hamlet when you play baseball in case you gethit on your head/the head by the ball. 11. She left the room,the face/her face red with anger. 12. After the earthquake, ourhearts/the hearts went out to the families of the victims. 13. Ifell down and broke the arm/my arm when I was nine years old.

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14. The doctor gave me an injection in my arm/the arm. 15. Theoutlaw shot the sheriff in his back/the back.Exercise 7 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to the nouns bed, table . 1. They were discussing it after ____ supper, when ____ childrenwere in ____ bed. 2. ____ room was in ____ darkness. I dimlyperceived ____ bed in ____corner. 3. ____ doctor shrugged hisshoulders and sat down beside ____ bed. 4. He would pile ____journals and ____ newspapers, ____ books and ____ pamphlets on____ bed, ____ table and ____ spare chairs. 5. When he finishedat ____ midnight, too exhausted to read any further, he went to____ bed. 6. ____ bed itself was wide and high. 7. His aunturged that he should be sent to ____ bed on the spot. 8. Iturned toward my own room where I assumed ____ bed would havebeen made up for me. 9. He worked hard and often got out of ____bed at ____ night to make sure that he had written ____ pointdown. 10. I swung my feet off ____ bed. 11. In ____ few minutesshe went to ____ bed. 12. I pushed off ____bedclothes and sat on____ side of ____ bed. 13. She sat down beside ____ table andbegan clipping ____ stalks of ____ flowers. 14. He would notargue with ____ guest at ____ table. 15. We sat at ____ kitchentable talking about ____ things. 16. Tom, who was reading at____ small table near him, looked up. 17. There used to be ____table near the window.Exercise 8 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to the nouns school, hospital . 1. Mr Peck came in. He taught us ____ algebra and ____geometry; he was ____ man about fifty-five who had spent hiswhole life at ____ school. 2. This talk went on throughout ____drive back to ____ school. 3. Paula taught Greek and Latin at____ local school. 4. In fact, though clever, he was idle at____ school and far from bookish. 5. ____ fees at ____ secondaryschool were ____ three guineas ____ term. 6. In ____ morning Iwent as usual to ____ school. 7. He went to ____ school to speakto ____ head-master about his son. 8. He's in ____ hospitalwith ____ couple of ____ ribs. 9. He lives in one wing of ____house, and has turned the rest into ____ hospital. 10. After

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____ lunch Dr. Raily went off to ____ hospital. 11. She had methis father when he was captured and brought to ____ Austrianhospital where she was ____ nurse in ____ First World War. 12.She told me that for ____while she had worked in ____ hospital.13. On ____day he was due to attend ____ hospital she secretlyphoned his doctor. 14. They had ____ hospital in ____ townduring ____ war. 15. Doctor Huger is ____ best man for you buthe's at ____ hospital doing ____ emergency operation. 16. He isin ____ hospital and his condition is reported as being serious.Exercise 9 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to the nouns church, town . 1. St. Peter's is ____ church often chosen by ____ fashionablepeople for ____ funerals and ____ weddings. 2. They stood for____ moment, and then all together slowly moved towards ____church. 3. "Do you go to ____ church?" "Occasionally." 4. Icould see from ____ car ____ church on ____ sharply risingslope. 5. About half past ten ____cracked bell of ____ smallchurch began to ring. 6. They rode in ____ silence for ____moment, ____ church disappearing behind them. 7. "Bertie," shesaid to my father, "I shall go to ____ church this morning." 8.She was dressed for ____ church. 9. I'll drive you to ____ townthis morning. 10. We decided to spend ____ summer in ____ sea-side town. 11. They lived in ____ same part of ____ town. 12.____ town was not large enough for one to stay anonymous. 13.When will you drive back to ____ town? 14. Blairhill was ____ancient town with ____winding alleys and ____ old marketplace.15. I walked with him through ____ town. 16. I'm afraid youcan't see Father today; he's out of ____ town. 17. My Aunt Millywas well known all over ____ town.Exercise 10 Insert the right article. 1. He is ____ local priest in ____ Anglican church. 2. ____church has a wonderful porch at the front. 3. His parents go to____ church now and then. 4. Bruce was in ____ town with hiswife to promote the film. 5. The market is an exciting andcolourful part of ____ town, full of noise and bustle. 6. Thisis ____ small town, everybody knows everybody. 7. She went to____ town where her aunt lived. 8.____ school was a very happy

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time. 9. I left ____ school exactly ten years ago. 10. We metevery day after ____ school. 11. This is ____ school with morethan one thousand pupils. 12.____ school was built in 1909. 13.Criminals are kept in ____ prison. 14. ____ prison wassurrounded by a brick wall. 15. ____ prison is not the answer tomany social problems. 16. Ben was taken to ____ hospital withappendicitis. 17. There is a well-equipped laboratory at ____hospital. 18. Melanie went to ____ bed but couldn't fall asleep.19. Why do you always put your shoes under ____bed? 20. Doctorsadvise me to sleep on ____ hard bed. 21. He went to ____University to get education. 22. There is ____ university inthis small town. 23. There is no place like ____ home.Exercise 11 Insert the definite article or a possessive pronoun. 1. She waved ____ hand in a farewell gesture. 2. The author tookthe actress by ____ hand and led her across the stage to thefoot-lights. 3. With ____ hair hanging in plaits down ____ backshe could pass for a girl of sixteen. 4. His friend pulled him,out of the water by ____ hair. 5. The man was shaking the boy by____ shoulder as if he was trying to shake ____ life out of him.6. He crossed the street with ____ little brother on ____shoulders. 7. Bill grabbed ____ shoulder and was steering herout of the room. 8. Hearing these words, the angry man becamered in ____ face. 9. Doris walked over to ____ father, turned____ face and let him kiss her on ____ cheek. 10. The teachertook Tom by ____ ear and bore him across the classroom to ____former seat. 11. Approaching the sick boy, the doctor put ____hand on the child's head, then felt ____ pulse and gravely shook____ head. 12. She felt ridiculous to be patted on ____ headlike a little girl. 13. He felt the hot pavement through ____soles of ____ thin summer shoes. 14. He patted ____ pockets tosee if he had cigarettes, then he remembered that Pat had taken____ cigarettes. 15. He was wounded in ____ knee.Exercise 1 2 Complete these statements about English grammar.

1.The word “the” is called _____. 2.“ Children” is _____ of “child”3.“Can” is _____ in “I can do it”, but in “I hate drinking

lemonade from a can” it is _____.

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4.“A” and “an” are the two forms of _____.5.After “news” you should use a verb in _____; for example,

“the news is interesting”.6.“Sang”is _____ of “sing and “sang” is _____.

Exercise 1 3 Complete the sentences below using these words with appropriate article if necessary. You will need to use some ofthe words more than once.

newspaper papers phone post radio telephone television1. If you go sailing you should listen to weather reports on_____. 2. Children spend too much time watching _____. 3. TheTimes is _____ with a long tradition. 4. Before the days oftelevision, people used to listen to _____. 5. Nowadays it’spossible to buy _____ which you can speak into without liftingthe receiver. 6. We bought _____ with a 21-inch screen. 7. Thisletter is for you; it came in _____ this morning. 8. I’ll sendyou a letter; it’s best not to talk about such things on _____.9. Don’t believe everything you read in _____.Exercise 1 4 Insert articles where necessary, paying attention to the names of languages and religions. 1. _____ Buddhism is practices by millions of people. 2. _____English spoken in America is only a little different from _____British English. 3. _____ Urdu is the official language ofPakistan. 4. _____ Spanish in the movie I saw last week waspoorly pronounced. 5. Many wonderful works of literature arewritten in _____ Spanish language. 6. _____ Hindu religion isone of the world’s oldest. 7. _____ English of Shakespeare’stime was quite different from _____ English of today. 8. _____English is the most widespread language. 9. _____ Shintoreligion is a native religion of Japan. 10. _____ Spanish is avery popular language for American college students. 11. _____French that Canadians speak is somewhat different from _____French used in France. 12. _____ Filipino is the native languageof _____ Philippines. 13. What is _____ Chinese for “weather”?

Exercise 1 5 Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the list adding articles where necessary.

prison, country, jungle, desert, seaside, school,

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mountains, bed, seaside, hospital, plains

1. The minute we reached the beach, the children ran into ____to swim. 2. My brother is in the navy. He is at ____ for monthssometimes. 3. I usually go to ____ at about 11 pm to get a goodnight's sleep. 4. The cat is sitting on ____. 5. The PrimeMinister visited ____ yesterday and talked to the prisoners. 6.The men who robbed the bank are in____ now. 7. The ambulancetook the injured people to____. 8. I must go to ____ to visit myaunt. She's had an operation. 9. We saw the children in theirclassrooms as we walked past ____. 10. I want to go touniversity when I leave ____. 11. Gorillas can only be founddeep inside ____. 12. Finland is ____ that is famous for itslakes. 13. Lions are often called 'kings of ____' although infact they live on ____. 14. Camels have been called 'ships of____'. 15. I prefer living in ____; it's quieter than the town.16. When we were kids we loved the beach so we used to spend allour holidays at ____ but now we prefer ____ especially the Alps.Exercise 16 Translate into English . 1. Де мати? – Вона пішла на ринок купувати овочі. 2. Я не знав,що неподалік від нашого будинку знаходиться ринок. 3. Ринок бувзачинений, тому ми пішли до магазину. 4. Вправу №5 ми зробимо вкласі, а цю вправу ви зробите вдома. 5. Клас був великою світлоюкімнатою з трьома вікнами. 6. Цього року я вперше був у таборі.7. Табір розташовувався у лісі. 8. Пораненого відправили ушпиталь. 9. Моя сестра закінчила медичний університет і заразпрацює і шпиталі. 10. Ми вирішили зустрітися після школи. – Де?– Біля входу до школи. 11. Значна частина території Голландії –це земля, яку люди відвоювали біля моря. 12. Щодня після школиБіллі ходить до гаражу допомагати брату. 13. Пружини ліжка булизроблені з важкого металу. 14. Дитина виросла. Їй треба купитинове ліжко. 15. Вона працює в англійській спеціалізованій школі.16. Я не можу дочекатися моменту, коли я закінчу школу. 17. ГрафМонтекристо провів у в’язниці багато років. 18. Він проривпідземний хід під тюрмою та втік. 19. Усі мають піти до лікарніна медичний огляд. (check-up). 20. За шпиталем є невеликий

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садок. Exercise 17 Translate into English . 1. Вона лягла спати о 3 годині ранку і тому прокинулася зголовним болем. 2. Чому ви так пізно повернулися з міста? 3.Жінка підійшла до ліжка і накрила дитину ковдрою. 4. Вонапочувала себе погано, тому весь день провела у ліжку. Вона нехотіла лягати у лікарню. 5. Сьогодні мені треба піти до школи набатьківські збори. 6. Я провела усе літо в місті, тому, що ми немаємо власного будинку за містом. 7. Коли моя сестра закінчилашколу, вона вступила до університету. 8. Ми провели декількаднів у маленькому містечку в Карпатах. 9. Ми живемо на дачі, алечасто приїжджаємо до міста. 10. Хоча Джек був невинний, йогокинули за грати. Він просидів у тюрмі три роки. 11. Ми випадковозустрілися в місті. 12. Мій син хоче поступити в коледж. 13.Містечко дедалі стає все більше і людям необхідна нова церква.14. У неділю моя бабуся ходить до церкви. 15. Навчанняпочинається через тиждень. Літо так швидко промайнуло. 16. Вониобвінчалися у церкві. 17. Церква стояла на пагорбі. Exercise 18 Translate into English . 1. Лікар сказав, що в неї апендицит і що її треба оперувати. 2.Біллі, який виглядав хворим, поскаржився на головний біль, пішову ліжко. 3. Насправді Дік був хворий на гепатит 4. Я дужевтомився, в мене болить вухо. 5. Був початок літа, коли Джуліявирішила поїхати за місто, але у Роджера боліло горло, томупоїздку довелося відкласти. 6. Після вечері Джорж взяв банджо іхотів зіграти на ньому, але Харрис запротестував. Він сказав, що в нього болить голова. 7. Вона зараз дуже хвора.В неї висока температура і болить горло. В неї ангіна. 8. Язателефонувала лікарю, який відразу й прийшов і поставивдіагноз. В мого брата був звичайний грип. 9. Якось в мене булапростуда, але я цього не знала і продовжувала купатися в річці.10. Три дні тому в нього був серцевий напад. 11. Він померсьогодні у лікарні від пневмонії. 12. Я застудилася у літаку,тому коли ми приземлилися, я чихала, кашляла та відчувала озноб.13. Після дифтериту він сильно схуд і відчував слабкість. 14.Після того як він на вулиці впав, він відчував страшний біль успині. 15. Не пригощайте його тістечками. В нього діабет. Йому

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не можна солодкого. 16. Свинка – це дитяча хвороба, яка є дуженеприємною ля дорослих.Exercise 19 Translate into English . 1. Вчора Мартін пішов у театр. Вистава йому дуже сподобалась,але у театрі було так холодно, що він застудився. 2. АнастасіяВолочкова - одна з найяскравіших зірок сучасного балету. 3.Навіть найбільш віддані прихильники її творчості не назвали б їїпостанову великим витвором оперного мистецтва. 4. Коли я уЛондоні, я завжди намагаюсь відвідати театр, оперу та балет. 5.Не всі діти можуть оцінити оперу та балет. Їм більше подобаєтьсятеатр, особливо дитячий. 6. Мій брат намагається ходити у кінохоча б раз на тиждень. Зазвичай він відвідує кінотеатр, щознаходиться неподалік його школи. 7. Моя подруга працює нарадіо. 8. Я завжди слухаю радіо, коли за кермом. 9. Що сьогодніпо телевізору? 10. В наш час багато драматургів пишуть виставидля телебачення, а не для театрів, тому що телебачення маєздатність зібрати набагато більшу аудиторію глядачів. 11.Сучасна молодь надає перевагу кіно а не театру. 12. В пресізавжди можна знайти цікаву інформацію. 13. Що повідомляютьгазети? 14. Я чув, як вона виступала по радіо. 15. Ми спробувализв’язатися з ним по телефону. 16. Його сестра весь час сидить нателефоні (розмовляє по телефону). 17. Я надішлю вам ці книжкипоштою. 18. Пошта – це дуже важливий засіб зв’язку. 19. Мамапопросила мене купити газети. Exercise 20 Translate into English . 1. Це іменник, а не означений артикль. Це дієслово. Це перехіднедієслово. Перехідне дієслово „to translate” у цьому реченніуживано у не означуваному майбутньому часі в активному стані. Цедієслово виконує в реченні синтаксичну функцію присудка.Прикметник як правило виконує функцію означення, абопредикативу. 2. Містер Сміт дуже добре грає на фортепіано.Колись у дитинстві він ще вчився грати на скрипці. Зараз містерСміт знов дуже зацікавився скрипкою. Він збирається брати урокимузики і навіть придбав дуже дорогу скрипку. Крім того, вінкупляє записи різних музичних творів для скрипки і постійнослухає їх. 3. Мій батько тяжко захворів, тому зараз він лежить улікарні. Щодня мама та я ходимо у лікарню провідувати його.

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Доречи, я познайомився з дівчиною, яка працює в цій лікарнірентгенологом. Три роки тому вона закінчила університет. Улікарні в неї багато роботи. Вона починає роботу о 9 годиніранку і закінчує лише о 4 годині пополудні. Зазвичай післяроботи вона йде до дому. По дорозі до дому вона робить покупки унайближчому супермаркеті, що знаходиться у п’яти хвилинах ходивід її будинку. Exercise 21 Translate into English . 1. Як сказати французькою „мама”. 2. Я збираюся піти на поштувідправити листа та посилку. 3. Повітря у селі набагато чистішеніж у місті. 4. Він займається перекладами з німецької. 5. Випрослухали концерт для фортепіано з оркестром. 6. Мені невистачає часу, щоб доїхати до лікарні на автобусі. – Візьмитаксі. 7. Неозначуваний артикль має дві форми. 8. Не забудь. Тимаєш піти до банку і взяти гроші. 9. Я хочу навчитися грати насаксофоні. 10. Швидше сідай в автобус! Він зараз поїде. 11. Моябабуся намагається не їздити в метро. Вона надає перевагуавтобусам та тролейбусам, бо в метро в неї дуже болить голова.12. Я не дуже розумію англійську, якою він розмовляє. Напевно внього проблеми з вимовою. 13. ЇЇ брат вчора впав та пошкодивруку. 14. Він взяв її за руку і вони пішли гуляти. 15. Нашбатько більш за все любить відпочивати у горах, а мама – наморі. 16. Ми були дуже задоволені, коли після виснажливоїподорожі у відкритому морі ми нарешті побачили землю. 17. Соняпішла до перукарні зробити гарну зачіску. 18. Мати лагіднодоторкнулася до мого плеча і сказала: „Не хвилюйся”. 19. Індуїзмдуже широко поширений в Індії. 20. Латинь – основа багатьохмов. 21. Він перекладач з голландської на англійську. 22. Вонавикладає українську літературу, точніше, українську літературуXIX століття.

Unit 1 3 The Use of Articles with Nouns in some Set Expressions

The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions.

1. in a hurry - похапцем Things done in a hurry are done

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badly.2. to have a mind to dosomething (a great mind,a good mind) - матинамір, збиратися зробитищо-небудь, бути схильнимдо чогось

I have a great mind to have aserious talk with her.

3. to fly into a passion - скипіти, розлютуватися

If you contradict him, he will flyinto a passion.

4. to get in a fury (in arage) - розлютуватися

If you contradict him, he will getin a fury (in a rage).

5. to take a fancy to (chiefly with names of living beings) - полюбити когось

I wonder why she took a fancy to thelittle girl.

6. in a low (loud) voice - гучним (тихим) голосом;голосно, тихо

Don't speak in a low voice.

7. a great many (with countables) - багато

I have spoken to him a great manytimes.

8. a great deal (with uncount- ables) — багато

We can't skate today, there is agreat deal of snow on the ice.

9. it is a pity - шкода It is a pity you did not go to theconcert last night.

10. it is a shame -соромно

It is a shame not to know theseelementary things.

11. it is a pleasure -приємно

It is a pleasure to read beautifulpoetry.

12. as a result - врезультаті

As a result of the inhabitants'efforts the damaged city was soonrebuilt.

13. to have a good time -приємно проводити час

Last night we went to an eveningparty and had a very good time.

14. to be at a loss - She was at a loss what to say.

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вагатися, бути розгубленим, розгубитися15. at a glance -відразу, з першогопогляду

She saw at a glance that somethinghad happened.

The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions.

1. it is out of thequestion - про це не можебути й мови.

"Will you go to the theatre to-night?" "It's out of the question. Ihave lots of things to do."

2. to take the trouble todo something - узяти насебе турботу зробити щось

You had a difficult text totranslate and you did not take thetrouble to consult the dictionary.

3. in the original - воригіналі

You know English well enough to readDickens in the original.

4. to play the piano (theviolin, the harp) -грати на піаніно, скрипці

She plays the piano very well.

5. to keep the house -сидіти вдома

She has a cold and will have to keepthe house for a couple of days.

6. to keep the bed - бутина постільному режимі

She has a bad cold and will have tokeep the bed for a couple of days.

7. on the whole - вцілому

On the whole Tom is a pleasantfellow, but sometimes he has whims.

8. the other day (refers tothe past)- днями

I met him the other day.

9. on the one hand...onthe other hand - зодного боку з іншогобоку

On the one hand he certainly ex-cites suspicion, but on the otherhand we have not, enough evidenceagainst him.

10. to tell (to speak)the truth -

He always speaks (tells) the truth.To tell the truth, I don't like the

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говорить правду; to tellthe truth - правдукажучи

girl.

11. to be on the safeside - для вірності

I am almost sure of thepronunciation of this name, but tobe on the safe side let us consultthe pronouncing dictionary.

Nouns in set expressions used without an article.

1. out of doors - надворі, навулиці

The children spent most of the timeout of doors.

2. to take to heart - брати близько до серця

Don't take things too much to heart.

3. to take offence - ображатися

If he had heard your remark, hewould have taken offence.

4. to give (to get, to ask) permission - давати(отримати, просити) дозвіл

I asked permission to keep the booka little longer.

5. to lose heart - втрачати мужність, зневіритися

Не found the subject very difficultat first, but he did not lose heart.He went on working hard and finallymastered it.

6. at present - зараз You may go home, we don't want youat present.

7. from morning tillnight - з ранку довечора

Не worked in his little garden frommorning till night.

8. from head to foot - зголови до ніг

She was dressed in furs from head tofoot.

9. from beginning to end- з початку до кінця

The whole story is a lie from beginning to end.

10. at first sight - з He fell in love with her at first

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першого погляду sight.11. by chance -помилково

They met quite by chance.

12. by mistake -випадково

I have brought the wrong book bymistake.

13. for hours - годинами He could read for hours.14. for ages - довгий строк, вічність

I have not seen you for ages.

15. by land, by air, bysea - по суші,повітряним шляхом, морем

I like travelling by sea.

16. to go to sea - статиморяком

My sister wants to be a doctor, andmy brother wants to go to sea.

17. on deck - на палубі We spent hours on deck.18. to keep house -вести домашнєгосподарство

Her sister keeps house for her.

19. at sunrise - насході сонця

We left the town at sunrise.

20. at sunset - назаході сонця

We arrived at the village at sunset.

21. at work - бути зайнятим чимось, за роботою

Whenever I come, he is always atwork.

22. at peace - у мирі We want to be at peace with all countries.

23. by name - на ім’я His cat, Snowball by name, wasplaying on the carpet.

24. in debt - у боргу Mr. Micawber was always in debt.

So a considerable number of nouns of different character whenused in adverbial prepositional phrases have no article, e. g.by accident, by hand, by letter, by land, by sight, at hand, off hand, in detail, inperson, on board, on foot, on tiptoe, at sea, to sea, on hand, on leave, onbusiness, on holiday, etc.

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There is no article in a number of combinations consisting ofa preposition + a noun + a preposition. Such set phrases are tobe treated as compound prepositions: in addition to, in charge of, in con-trast with, in regard to, in support of, in reply to, in connection with, on accountof, in comparison with, in conformity with, in honour of, in memory of, in pursuitof, in favour of, in combination with, in answer to, on top of, in defiance of, withregard to, in recognition of, in return for, in place of, in relation to, in search of,by reason of, by way of, etc.I rushed through the passage in search of my mother. My father found himself in charge of a factory.

However, in other set phrases built up on the same patternthe definite article is found: under the influence of, in the centre of, onthe invitation of, by the side of, in the middle of, on the initiative of, under thepretence of, etc.

There are no articles in so-called parallel structures suchas from tree to tree, from house to house. These are free combinationsas they are freely built up by the speaker with the help of thepattern “from + N + to + N”, in which the same noun is repeated:He leaned back in his long chair and rolled from side to side with laughter.

There are also set expressions among parallel structures, themost common of which are: arm in arm, hand in hand, man to man, face toface, shoulder to shoulder, from beginning to end, from north to south, from floorto ceiling, from right to left. At the end of the living-room there were bookshelves from floor to ceiling.

PracticeExercise 1 Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the phrases in bold type.1. Step by step we are getting nearer to our goal. 2. Theywalked from room to room, admiring what they saw. 3. Day afterday things are improving. 4. We've been working side by side forso many years. 5. She read the foreign text slowly, line by line.6. We call each other from time to time. 7. The fellow keptgrinning from ear to ear. 8. It was all a big lie from start tofinish. 9. I must tell you that from beginning to end you actedmost foolishly. 10. He is a gentleman from head to toe. 11.During the war the family lived from hand to mouth. 12. He keeps

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all his bank accounts under lock and key. 13. Let me announceyou now husband and wife. 14. Mother and child should beprotected by State. 15. Time after time I've tried to walk awayfrom you. 16. The moon was rolling slowly in the sky, from starto star. 17. Traffic stood nose to tail all the way down theStrand.Exercise 2 Insert articles where necessary. 1. I trust you to tell me ____ bare truth, whatever it is. 2.The maid, looking to right and left, spoke in ____ low andhurried voice. 3. He decided that he whould not at ____ presentexplain to her who he was. 4. I see ____ good deal of him duringthe war. 5. He has taken his death very much to ____ heartindeed. 6. All seemed perfectly at their ease, by no means in____ hurry. 7. Am I dealing, young people, with ____ case of____ love at ____ first sight? 8. It’s ____ pleasure to see you.9. On ____ other hand, if he was beaten he took it with completegood humour. 10. He is beginning to lose ____ heart, they say.11. She burned like ____ fire from ____ head to ____ foot. 12. Igot into conversation with him by ____ chance at ____ concert.13. She’s taken quite ____ fancy to you, Ridgeon. 14. I returnedat once, and found Ada sitting at ____ work by ____ fireside.15. He played ____ flute. 16. He was chronically in ____ debt.17. ____ woman I fixed my eye on was ____ woman who kept ____house for me at my cottage. 18. He was given ____ permission togo up and see her there. 19. ____ rain had stopped, and we wenton ____ foot to Ebury Street. 20. On being informed… that herdeparture would be delayed… she had flown into ____ violentpassion. Exercise 3 Make up sentences using the following prepositionalphrases. in regard to, in support of, in reply to, in connection with, on account of, in comparisonwith, under the influence of, in the centre of, on the invitation of, in favour of, incombination with, in answer to, on top of, with regard to, in return for, in place of, inrelation to, in search of, by reason of, by way of, week by week, face to face, hand inhand.Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with the phrases from column.1. Do you prefer travelling ____ or in mind

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____?2. If they start ____, they will be forthe train.3. I miss you so much! You are always ____!4. It was ____ or ____ that she was saved.5. This Persian carpet is made ____.6. Her son, a sailor, is most of the time ____.7. I know him ____, but not personally.8. ____ you have come! Where have you been?9. It's a reliable airline. Planes are always ____.10. - Is this book still ____? — No, it's out of print.11. We can't say ____ what will come out of it.12. I must tell you ____ that we've lost a first-rate teacher in Jim.13. - Are they still ____? — Yes, they are going to get married on Sunday.14. My car is out of order again; I'll have to go ____to the office.15. We travelled to Britain first ____,then ____, and then ____.16. ____ did the parents try to stop him. He wouldn't listen to them.17. Sorry, I've taken your keys ____.18. It's most important! Keep it ____, will you?19. Vadim travelled all over Europe ____.

by mistake in vain by air, by ferry,

by train on time at once, in time by hand on my mind by chance or by

good fortune by night or by day at sea by thumb on foot by name at last on sale off-hand in private in love

Exercise 5 Supply the required articles, paying special attention to set expressions.

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1. We sent ____ results of ____ vote by ____ letter. 2. Hisfather had crept several times on ____ tiptoe into ____ room tosee if he was stirring. 3. And on ____ top of all that he had____ quarrel with his wife. 4. Let's go by ____ underground. 5.On ____ consideration I am not so sure you're right. 6. He tookone of ____ books at ____ random. 7. He opposed my plan on ____principle. 8. I came across ____ book by ____ chance. 9. I'11make ____ inventory of what we have on ____ hand. 10. After shehad ____ leisurely dinner downstairs Julia played ____ piano for____ while. 11. There was nothing to be said in ____ answer tosuch ____ bitter accusations. 12. His name was mentioned in ____connection with ____ ping-pong championship. 13. He spent partof ____ afternoon telling them ____ news he could not tell themby ____ telephone. 14. ____ little car in ____ question nowstood outside ____ front door. 15. He knew Marion Sharpe by____sight as he knew everyone in Milford. 16. He asked ____ manwhat was his idea with ____ regard to ____ best means foraccomplishing his plan. 17. ____ transport must come by ____ seato Plymouth. 18. I broke my spectacles by ____ accident and thenfound I didn't really need them. 19. He was so uneasy that hispresence was out of ____ question. 20. "Are you ____ badsailor?" she asked quickly. "About as bad as is possible, in____ spite of having been at ____ sea so much." 21. They are at____ sea now. They write that they are having ____ marvelloustime. 22. Anna and her husband went out after ____ tea to play____ cards, and took their baby, though Eugene said it would get____ pneumonia. 23. She went by ____ coach, because it wascheaper. 24. Before long I reached several conclusions in ____relation to my unknown friend. 25. He tore open ____ parcel thatcame for him by ____ post. 26. He then went down to ____ dinner,and ordered ____ whole bottle of ____ claret in ____ honour of____ event. 27. They followed him through ____ slight drizzle to____ garage. ____ few men were sitting at ____ table, playing____ cards.Exercise 6 Translate into English. 1. Вона завжди говорить дуже тихо. 2. Днями я раптово побачилаНіну. 3. Якщо ви так відповідатиме їй, вона розлютиться. 4.

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Правду кажучи, я не зрозуміла, чому вона образилася. 5. Воначитає з ранку до ночі. 6. Більш за все я люблю подорожуватиморем. 7. Він помилково приніс не той журнал. 8. Коли б я неприходив, він завжди за роботою. 9. Приходьте до мене завтра. –Я дуже зайнята. Про це не може й бути мови. 10. Він навіть непотурбувався зустріти нас на вокзалі. 11. Шкода, що ви не можетепіти з нами до театру. 12. Ми вже можемо читати Діккенса іТеккерея в оригіналі. 13. Мій брат дуже добре грає на скрипці.14. Вона ображається досить часто. Не сприймай це близько досерця. 15. Велика кількість завдань на іспиті була дуже важкою.Тому він розгубився і в результаті не склав іспит. 16. Якщо вираптово почнете розмовляти з ним дуже голосно, він можерозлютитися. 17. Марія захопилася Джоном з першого погляду. 18.Правду кажучи, мені дуже хотілося прочитати цю книгу в оригіналіз початку до кінця. 19. В нашій родині мама веде хатнєгосподарство. 20. В цілому Пітер дуже приємна людина, але правдукажучи, іноді він буває нестерпним.Exercise 7 Translate into English. 1. Будьте уважними. Ви зробили помилку. 2. Вибачте, я увійшов уцю аудиторію помилково. 3. Я збираюся надіслати вам книгипоштою. 4. Нещодавно зовсім випадково я зустріла свою давнюподругу. 5. Моя сестра захворіла на грип, тому декілька дніввона має бути на постільному режимі. 6. Він поїхав від нас насвітанку. 7. Дитина спить. Говори будьласка тихіше. 8. Йогоздоровя погіршилося в результаті надмірного паління. 9.Соромно,що ніхто з вас не допоміг Джону, коли він розгубився. 10.ВранціБрауни завжди поспішають. 11. Не втрачай мужність. У будь-якійситуації завжди має бути якийсь вихід. 12. Я був впевнений, щопрезидент мав намір підписати контракт з вашою компанією, алераптом він змінив своє рішення. 13. Вчора була дуже гарна погодаі ми добре провели вихідрі за містом. 14. Днями я отрималадозвіл на придбання дуже коштовної книги. 15. Вчора я потрапилапід дощ і промокла з голови до ніг. Exercise 8 Translate into English. 1. День за вдень вона мріяла про зустріч з ним. 2. Вони живутьдушу в душу. 3. Око за окоб зуб за зуб. 4. Ми потрапили під дощі промокли з голови до ніг. 5. Почалася сильна бура, і катер

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кидало з боку убік. 6. Книга така цікава, що я знаю її відпочатку до кінця. 7. Вони зустрічали усі труднощі пліч-о-пліч.8. Вони прийшли на зустріч під ручку. 9. Ви коли-небудьзустрічалися з ним віч-на-віч? 10. Вони дуже бідні і живетьвпроголодь. 11. Дама у червоному танцює зі мною щока до щоки.12. Директор та його помічник працювали з ранку до ночі. 13.Машини стояли впритул у пробці на дорозі.14. Він без кінцяповторював мені теж саме. 15. Я час від часу зустрічаюся з ним.16. Він постійно перевертався з боку на бік, але ніяк не мігзаснути. 17. Він переїжджав з міста в місто у пошуках роботи.Exercise 9 Translate into English. 1. Я зустрів ту дівчину випадково, але закохався в неї з першогопогляду. Я думаю про неї день і ніч. 2. Після весілля моядружина буде вести господарство, а я буду працювати з ранку доночі. 3. Будьте уважнішим. Ви зробили помилку. 4. Мій другповідомив мене про народження дитини листом, а не по телефону.5. Мені надіслали багато кольорових фотокарток в листі. 6. Янатрапив на її записку абсолютно випадково. 7. Ми вирішилискористатися нагодою. 8. Правду кажучи, зараз я дуже поспішаю,але завтра ми будемо розмовляти цілий день. 9. Цей маленькийхлопчик завжди каже праду. 10. Говори тихіше. Дитина спить. 11.Прикро, але ми нікого не застали вдома. 12. Я залишив ключивдома і розгубився, не знавши що робити. 13. На відстані трьохметрів ми побачили щось незвичайне. 14. Я не можу одночасновиконувати декілька справ. 15. Соромно, що ти досі не вмієшчитати англійською.

Unit 1 4 The Use of Articles with Nouns Modified by Certain

Adjectives, Pronouns and Numerals1. Most.Most + adjective

The definite article is used when most serves to form thesuperlative degree of an adjective.

This is the most interesting chapter in the book. The use of the indefinite article shows that a high degree

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of a quality is meant. Most has the same meaning as very,exceedingly.

Caroline found that the old maid had been a most devoted daughter and sister. Note. Occasionally the form of the superlative degree does notexpress comparison, but a high degree of a quality.He listened with the most profound attention. Most + of + noun

When definite people or things are meant the noun is usedwith the definite article and most is followed by thepreposition of.

Most of the gentlemen looked both angry and uncomfortable.We say most, not most of the, when we do not mean definite people

or things. The noun is used in a general sense.Most flowers smell sweet.2. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little

Few means „мало”, it has a negative meaning. A few means„декілька”, it has a positive meaning. The few means „небагато з тих, хто”. It is used with countable nouns.

He was a very good man. There are few like him in the world today.He left after a few moments.You need not fear to hear the few remaining words we have to say.

Little means „мало”, it has a negative meaning. A little means„невелика кількість”, it has a positive meaning. The littlemeans „та невелика кількість”. It is used with uncountablenouns

We can't go skiing today. There is too little snow.We have a little time. Let us take a walk in the garden.Don't waste the little time you have.3. Two, the two; the second, a second

Cardinal numerals always serve as descriptive attributes.He had refused two invitations to Sunday parties.

If a noun modified by a cardinal numeral is used with thedefinite article, this is accounted for by the situation orcontext.

The two days seemed an age to him.Two means „два”. The two means „ті обидва”.

Ordinal numerals are usually particularizing attributes.

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During the second week in October she met him in Oxford Street. However, when ordinal numerals are not used to indicate

order but acquire the meaning of one more or another, the nounthey modify is used with the indefinite article.

They must have a third race to decide who the real winner is.Note 1: The above mentioned rule does not apply to the numeralthe first. The combination a first night (прем’єра) and a first prize are tobe regarded as set phrases.Note 2: Remember the use of articles in the following patternswith nouns modified by cardinal and ordinal numerals: the thirdchapter but chapter 3 (three), the fifth page but page 5 (five).Note 3: An article is not used with ordinal numbers whenreferring to names of prizes and when listing ideas: First, lock the door. Second, put the key in a safe place. First prize in the Olimpics is a gold medal.4. Another, the other, other.

The definite article is used with a singular noun modifiedby other if there are only two objects of the samedescription.

He pulled on the other glove and said he would run along to his office. If there are more than two objects of the same description,

the indefinite article is used (another). In this case anotherhas three meanings:”ще один, будь-який інший, не такий,інший”.

Could I have another cup of tea? The definite article is used with a plural noun modified by

other if there is a definite number of objects divided intotwo definite groups.

I was thinking of other people in the same position. The same rules are applied to other when it is used as a

noun pronoun. He drove with one hand, and used the other to draw diagrams in the air. Young Martinwas first sent on an errand to the grocer, then on another to the butcher. Note: Notice also that the other day (нещодавно) is to be regardedas a set phrase.5. Last, the last ; Next, the next.

Nouns modified by the adjective last are always used with the

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definite article except in the expressions last month, last year, lastweek, last summer (winter, autumn, spring).The last word remained with George. Next means 'майбутній' when referring to time: next month, next week.The next means 'наступний': the next room, at the next lesson.Next time means ‘наступного разу ‘.We shall discuss this matter next time.In reference to time viewed from the past both next and the nextmean ‘наступний’We spent a fortnight in Kiev. The next week was spent in Odessa (or: Next week wasspent in Odessa).6. A number, the number A number of means 'many'. It is rendered in Ukrainian by багато,ряд.The number means 'число, кількість'.His father and a number of his cronies were in the dining-room.The number of mistakes he makes is startling.Note: An article is not used when referring to numbers orletters in a list: In question number 5, “A” is the correct response.

PracticeExercise 1 Read and translate the sentences. Translate into Ukrainian. Comment on the words in bold type.1. She was now listening to whoever it was on the other end ofthe line. 2. And now let's go in and join the others. 3.However, there were other matters for us grown-ups to consider.4. All European languages belong to the same family except forFinnish, Hungarian, Basque and one or two others. 5. Bees carrypollen from one plant to another. 6. The boxers went on hittingeach other. 7. Some books are useful to read, others are just awaste of time. 8. He produced two films. One became a classic,the other passed unnoticed. 9. My Dad says he needs another car.10. Some people are bitterly frustrated when this happens.Others are not. 11. One man's meat is another man's poison. 12.I've got another three books to read. 13. On the one hand it istrue, on the other not quite. 14. In 1900 the Uffizi gallery in

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Florence had 2,395 paintings on display. Today it shows just500. The others are locked away, almost never seen.Exercise 2 Insert another or the other . 1. A person who has not done one half of his day’s work by teno’clock runs the chance of leaving ____ half undone. 2. Herhands lay on her lap motionless, one in ____ loosely clasped. 3.There was ____ silence, not a long one. 4. Then she came and satdown on ____ side of the hearth. 5. There was ____ reason why hewas disturbed. Though he was ambitious, he had high standards ofbehaviour. 6. Fleur stole ____ look. 7. The boy sidled nearer,moving one foot slowly after ____. 8. There was ____ thing Iliked in Mrs. Strickland. Exercise 3 Write one of the five choices in each of the spaces.

another other others the other the others1. Humans have two favorite pets. One is the dog, and _____ isthe cat. 2. Of the 20 houses on my street only two escaped thefire. _____ burned. 3. I'm taking three classes. One is easy._____classes are hard. 4. Kathy has two brothers in town. Shehas two _____out of town. 5. Some people cried when they heardthe news. ____ people laughed. 6. The coffee was delicious.Could you bring me ____ cup, please? 7. Some people watch TV,while _____ prefer to listen to the radio. 8. Some snakes layeggs. ____ give live birth. 9. Some dogs bite and ____ don't.10. Many people like jazz while ____ people prefer rock androll. 11. I have one pen here. I have ____ at home. 12. Mary'scomputer broke, so she bought ____. 13. The first fire truckarrived in one minute. _____ trucks arrived later. 14. Sallywrote three books. Two were published, but _____ wasn't. 15.That spoon is dirty. Could I have ____? 16. I have four pens.Two are blue and _____ are red. 17. I have four pens. Two areblue and _____ pens are red. 18. Fifty people called. Twenty-five were men and _____ were women. 19. There are ten bookshere. Eight are mine. ______ two aren't. 20. Two men robbed abank. One of them got away and _____ didn't.Exercise 4 Complete the sentences by using a few or a little and the given noun. Use the plural form of the noun when necessary.1. (music) I feel like listening ___tonight. 2. (song) We sang

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____at the party. 3. (time) I’m not finished with the work. Ineed ____more ___. 4. (desk) We need ____ more ____ in ourclassroom. 5. (help) Do you need ____ with that? 6. (fruit) Ibought _____ at the market. 7. (advice) I need ____. 8. (money)If I accept that job, I’ll make ____ more ____. 9. (information)Could you give me ____? 10. (hour) Don’s plane will arrive in____ more ____ . 11. (toothpaste) Tommy, put just ____ on yourtoothbrush, not half a tube. 12. (laughter) We need to be ableto see the humor in a situation even when we are unhappy. _____never hurts. 13. (laugh) Greg’s joke produced ____ in theaudience, but most of the people didn’t think it was funny.14. (grammar) Pedro already knew ____ English ____ before hetook his course. 15. (progress) I’ve made _____ in the lastcouple of weeks.Exercise 5 Complete the sentences with (a) little (of), the little; (a) few (of), the few.1. Although the play is set in Italy, ____ the characters areItalian. 2. Jim, Bill, Sue and Gill were just ____ those whocame to say goodbye. 3. I saw him first ____ after midnight. 4.Unfortunately, much of the early history of Zimbabwe is stillknown. For example, we know ____ about the early patterns ofsettlement. 5. Because it was cheep, and we didn’t have muchmoney, ____ us used to go to the cinema every Saturday morning.6. It will take ____ time, but I’m sure you’ll learn the rulesof cricket eventually. 7. Stephen and ____ his friends werewaiting for us in the park. 8. The play was poorly attended, but____ people who came had a very good evening. 9. Many questionswere asked, but ____ were answered. 10. The soldiers seemed tohave ____ idea who they were fighting against or why. 11. Afterthe plane crashed in the desert, the survivors divided ____water they had left between them. Exercise 6 Insert articles where necessary. 1. ____ mother and I are planning to go to ____ country for ____few days. 2. It was ____ cold, windy evening and there were ____few people in the street. 3. ____ few words that I have to addto what I have written, are soon penned. 4. We needn’t take ____porter. We have ____ little luggage. 5. ____ little I have to

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say can be said in ____ few minutes. 6. I am commonly ____ manof ____ few words. 7. Harriet closed her coat quickly and walked____ little faster. 8. We can’t disguise from ourselves thatthere is ____ little hope. 9. I seem to have forgotten ____little I ever knew. 10. I see very ____ few women; but those are____ women of rank. 11. He was one of ____ few men of sciencewho never terrified me. 12. Very ____ few people live to the ageof one hundred. 13. ____ few people who are over one hundredmust be taken great care of. 14. Mary offered to lend ____little she had. 15. I know ____ few people who are over ninety.16. Please, make haste, there is ____ time left. 17. ____ sparetime I have after work is always spent on reading. 18. There is____ time left, so we can have a short rest. 19. There are ____books on chemistry in our library. ____ books on chemistry Ihave read are very difficult. 20. I have ____ mistakes in mycomposition. Exercise 7 Insert articles if necessary. 1. ____ room 215 is on ____ fifth floor. 2. The car stopped at____ corner of ____ Fifth Avenue and ____ 112th Street. 3. I wasvery thirsty and took ____ second cup of tea, then ____ thirdand only after ____ fourth I felt that I had enough. 4. We havemade ____ first step, but it should be regarded only as ____first step, as the beginning. 5. We had better get on ____ 24.____ route #9 will take us much more time. 6. “Conductor, wheredo I get off to change to ____ bus 5?” 7. They went by ____seven o’clock train. 8. I want two tickets for ____ two-fifteen.9. In passing the house we noticed ____ two old women in thefront garden talking animatedly. On our way back we found ____two women still chatting. 10. The train for Odessa leaves from____ platform 1, ____ track 3. 11. Can ____ two of you help me?12. Take care, Caroline. I’ve proposed twice now. I shall notpropose ____ third time. 13. ____ two people would have to hold____ chair, and ____ third would help him up on it, and ____fourth would hand him ____ nail, and ____ fifth would pass himup ____ hammer. Exercise 8 Insert the right article if necessary. 1. Today in court we are listening to _____ case 243. 2. _____

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second part of the book was much more interesting than _____first one. 3. _____ participle one is used for building upprogressive tenses. 4. _____ second participle is used to buildup Passive forms. 5. _____ flight 579 starts at five sharp. 6.The planes came again for _____ second attack. 7. Let's regardit as _____first step, just _____ beginning. 8. It was _____first-night and the actors were nervous. 9. _____exercise 27begins at _____ page 44. 10. _____ year passed, then _____second, and _____ third, but there was still no news. 11. Theyagreed to meet on _____ Fifth Avenue near _____ building # 112.12. _____ two years in Africa taught him a lot. 13. _____ flat55 is on _____ fifth floor. 14. This style was in fashion in_____ eighties. 15. It was _____ fifty-fifty deal. 16. She was_____ third-year medical studentExercise 9 Write the correct article in the space. 1. This is ____ second rainstorm we have had this year. 2. Clearthe table ____ first. Then, do the dishes. 3. ____ first czar ofRussia was Ivan the Terrible. 4. I think “Tom Sawyer” is MarkTwain’s ____ second best novel after “Huck Finn”. 5. Dr. Smith,____ first word in ____ question two is hard to read. 6.Chapters ____1, ____4, and ____ 6 deal with articles. 7. Afteryou win a gold medal in the Olympics, what do you do ____ next?8. My name begins with ____ “L”. 9. The teacher wrote____ “X” onthe blackboard. ____ “X” was two feet high. 10. ____ first,work. ____ second, save. ____ finally, invest your money. 11.Thank you! This is ____ first prize that I have ever won. 12.I’m not disappointed at all; ____ Second Prize is good enoughfor me. 13. I’ll tell you what to do ____ first, ____second, and____ third. 14. ____ third prize that you won was ____ ThirdPrize. 15. All of the statements are true except for____ 7,which is false.Exercise 10 Write the correct article in the space.

The Unlucky WinnerBrenda told her friend Doug: "I entered ____ essay in the

National Literary Contest. I was surprised and pleased when Iwon ____ First Prize. I was confident that I could win ___ FirstPrize again, so I immediately wrote another essay and entered it

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in ____ next contest. I was a little disappointed when I won ___Second Prize. ___ third essay that I wrote won ___ ThirdPrize."

Doug replied: "Let me get this straight. ___ first prizethat you won was ___ First Prize, ___second prize that you wonwas ___ Second Prize, and ___ third prize that you won was ___Third Prize?"

"That's right." said Brenda. "Now I've just received theresults from ____ latest contest."

"Did you win ____ prize?" asked Doug."Yes," Brenda answered. „____ Honorable Mention."

Exercise 11 Insert articles where necessary. 1. You have had ____ most distinguished career… 2. This was ____most painful thought of all. 3. He had put himself in ____ mostunsatisfactory position, politically and socially. 4. She was____ most beautiful young girl; ____ most beautiful girl he hadever seen. 5. ____ most of ____ women had flowers or littleblack feathers sticking up in their hair. 6. ____ news he hadconveyed to her would have terrified ____ most women. 7. He was____ man of ____ most subtle and refined intellect. ____ man of____ culture, ____ charm and ____ distinction. One of ____ mostintellectual men I ever met. 8. It was ____ most beautiful room.It was ____ most beautiful room in ____ house. 9. Gentleman, hewas ____ most excellent man, ____ most gentle, tender andestimable man, with ____ simplicity of ____ child. 10. ____Norman Conquest is one of ____ most important events in ____English history. Exercise 12 Translate articles where necessary. 1. Thirteen years of life with Frank Cowperwood had taughther ____ number of things. 2. ____ colonel says our losses havenot been heavy. ____ exact number is not yet known. 3. To thisparticular dinner ____ number of people... had been invited. 4.Those who had any letters to deliver or... any settled plan ofgoing anywhere or doing anything, discussed their prospects ____hundred times ____ day; and as this class of passengers wassmall, and ____ number of those who had no prospects whateverwas very large, there were plenty of listeners and

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few talkers. 5. While he was dancing, Cowper wood hadoccasion to look at Aileen... She passed close to him ____number of times. 6. He went up into ____ picture gallery. On____ bureau there were laid ____ number of letters and things tobe attended to. Exercise 13 Fill in the blanks with articles before nouns modified by last and next wherever necessary. Explain your choice. 1. Then he wrote out a cable to Anne, telling her to get on_____ next plane to Nice. 2. At the bar, Rudolph was clapped onthe back by Sid Crosett, who had been Mayor of Whitby until_____ last election. 3. Use it _____ next time you come through.4. We don't remember it until we say hullo to the mechanic incharge _____ next morning. 5. The Islands were _____ last refugeof civilization in a world gone mad. 6. Find out what happenedto my daughter in her native land in _____ last six months. 7.Well, _____ next time don't wait until you are on the point ofsuffocation, she said matter-of-factly. 8. They came down _____last half mile to Clune like homing horses. 9. He decided to re-read the play _____ next day after he had thought about it fortwenty-four hours. 10. I've eaten enough fish in _____ lastmonth to last me a lifetime.Exercise 14 Translate into English, trying to use other, others, another, the other, the others where possible. 1. Цей маршрут до Бостона дуже довгий. Має бути інший, коротший.2. Він узяв книжку в одну руку, зошит в іншу і пішов до дошкивідповідати. 3. Йому завжди подобалось подорожувати в іншікраїни. 4. Деякі фрукти дуже добре ростуть в цьому кліматі, втой час як інші не можливо тут виростити. 5. Ще одна аваріятрапилася на тому ж самому місці, що й минулого разу. 6. Цяручка не пише. Дати тобі іншу ручку? 7. Ця рукавичка мені вже непотрібна, бо я загубила другу. 8. Будь яка інша людина, а не їїмати, відразу б розсердилася на неї. 9. Ми не поставилинеобхідну кількість тарілок на стіл. Будьте ласкаві, дайте меніще одну. 10. Минулого тижня Марк та Ганна посварилися. Заразвони не розмовляють один з одним. 11. Ось три книги. Одна длямене, решта для Джека. 12. Одні люди люблять проводити свійвільний час вдома, на одинці, інші – з друзями, у гучній

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компанії. 13. Їх будинок не дуже великий, тому вони плануютьдобудувати ще один поверх. 14. Я слухаю лише цю радіостанцію.Інші не висвітлюють гарно новини. 15. Політична реформа, якадобре спрацьовує в одній країні, може бути зовсім не ефективноюв іншій країні. 16. Деякі з завдань дуже прості, інші –надзвичайно складніExercise 15 Translate into English 1. Джорж був відсутній вже десять днів. 2. Він поставив першийтім роману назад у шафу. 3. Він добре усвідомлював, що маєзробити третю спробу. 4. Вона написала ще один (другий) роман.5. На другий день, коли я знов зустрів її, вона виглядала дужепривабливою. 6. Вона поклала три чайних ложки цукру у другучашку кави. 7. Вперше я побачив, що він був невпевнений. 8.Протягом перших двох днів з тих п’яти вона знаходилась в станіспокою. 9. Вперше їй спало на думку, що вона може втратити його.10. Коли три сестри Стюарт виросли, вони мали працюватимедсестрами, щоб заробити собі на життя. 11. Ми ніколи незабудемо ті три дні, які ми провели у Лондоні. 12. Він зробив їйзауваження вже в третій чи четвертий раз, з того моменту як вонисіли за стіл. 13. У моїй групі було дванадцять студентів.Четверо були іноземці, решта українці. 14. Вони мали дві дочки.Одній було сім років, другій п’ять. 15. Одні страви легкоготувати, інші ні. 16. У нашій квартирі два балкони. Одинвиходить на південь, інший на схід. 17. Закрий одне око, а потімдруге. 18. Що ти робитимеш, якщо не зустрінеш її? – Спробуюіншим разом. 19. Вона просиділа три тижні вдома. Перший тижденьвона відпочивала, решту два – дописувала роман. 20. З одногобоку Леслі був гарним спеціалістом, з іншого – йому чогосьбракувало. Exercise 16 Translate into English. 1. На уроках англійської вчитель розповідав нам багато цікавихісторій із життя англійських письменників. 2. Кількість помилок,що він припустився у диктанті, була жахливою. 3. Більшість людейна вечірці просто нудьгувала. Магнітофон зламався і не буложодної людини, яка б грала на гітарі. 4. Він був найлюблячимбатьком. Він просто обожнював своїх дітей. 5. Як правило людидовго пам’ятають найцікавіші та найголовніші події у їхньому

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житті. 6. Якщо ви хочете потрапити на сьогоднішню виставу топоспішайте. Кількість квитків обмежена. 7. Більшість студентівнашого університету бажає вивчати третю іноземну мову. 8.Більшість страв легко готувати. 9. У нього в житті було декількаприємних моментів, але він пам’ятатиме завжди ті нечисленніподії. 10. В мене є трішки грошей. Я можу запросити тебе в кіно.11. Більшість учасників експедиції повернулися до домузадоволеними. То була надзвичайно цікава подорож.Exercise 17 Translate into English . 1. Розділ ХІІІ починається на сторінці 57. 2. Ви проглянулиобидві серії цього фільму? – Ні, я проглянув лише першу і ще невстиг проглянути другу. 3. Будинок №8 – четвертий праворуч. 4.За першим вибухом пролунав другий, потім третій. 5. Ось їде 15-йавтобус. 6. Будь ласка скажіть, коли прибуває дванадцятигодиннийпотяг? 7. Скажіть, як дістатися стадіону? – Сідайте на 5-йтролейбус і, коли проїдете чотири зупинки, пересядьте на 7-й. 7-й довезе вас прямо до місця призначення. 8. Проїзд у метрокоштує 50 копійок і вам треба купити жетон. 9. Вони мешкають навулиці Федорова, будинок 5, кв. 8, перший під’їзд, другийповерх. 10. Їх було троє, і всі троє були одного віку. 11 Як вивважаєте, чи зможемо ми удвох донести цей ящик?Exercise 18 Translate the following letter into English. Любий тато,

Перш за все декілька слів про мій новий ресторан. Я трішкисхвильована тим, що дуже мало людей відвідують наш ресторан.Декілька відвідувачів зайшло вчора у вечері, і навіть ті,кілька, замовили дуже мало їжі. Вони взяли лише декількабутербродів і трішки кави. Мені здається, що в наш час дуже малолюдей можуть дозволити собі ходити по ресторанах, тому що в нихмало зайвих грошей. Та невелика кількість грошей, яка в них єздебільшого витрачається на хліб і молочні продукти. Я не думаю,що мій бізнес буде процвітати наступні декілька років. Можливо,в тебе буде можливість надіслати мені трішки грошей, щоб я моглаякось тут утриматись. Обіцяю, що ті невеликі гроші, що ти меніпозичиш, я буду витрачати дуже економно.

З любов’ю, твоя Аня.

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Exercise 19 Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English paying especial attention to the nouns modified bylast and next . 1. Можливо ви зайдете до мене якось на наступному тижні післяобіду? 2. Він знав, що припустився помилки і тому протягомнаступних кількох днів працював уважніше. 3. Зачекай на мене нанаступній станції. 4. Останні два тижня він працював дуженаполегливо, але все ж таки не склав іспити. 5. Я не можу знайтисвої папери. Можливо я залишив їх у сусідній аудиторії. 6.Наступного року я планую відвідувати курси іноземних мов. 7. Цебула остання крапля. Він зібрав свої речі і пішов геть. 8.Протягом останніх днів, під час свого перебування у Канаді, віндуже сумував за своєю родиною. 9. Коли наступного ранку Мерідізналася, що Роберт збирається покинути її, вона сильнорозлютилася. 10. Після того як він закінчив останню перевірку,він кинув ручку і глибоко зітхнув. 11. В суботу увечері ми булив театрі на останньому спектаклі. 12. Вона вирішила провідатимаму у селі але збиралася повернутися в місто наступного дня.13. Останні роки в нього з’явилося бажання переїхати в іншемісто.