Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)recorded in cherry orchards in western Turkey

by Serdar Tezcan and Martin Rejzek

Abstract. Several Cerambycidae species were recorded in cherry orchards (Cerasus avium) 10­

cated in westem Turkey. Among them Cerambyx carinatus and C. nodulasus cause significantdamage to living cherry trees and should therefore be classified as physiological pests of Cerasusavium.

Kurzfassung. In westtürkischen Kirschgarten (Cerasus avium) wurde das Yorkommen einigerCerambycidae-Arten erfasst. Darunier befanden sich Cerambyx carinatus und C. nodulasus, diebetrachtliche Schaden an lebenden Kirschbaumen aiirichten und diesbezüglich als physiologischeSchadlinge von Cerasus avium betrachtet werden sollten.

Key words. Insect pest monitoring, Cerasus avium, ecologica! fruit production, Middle East.

Introduction

The longhom beetle fauna of Turkey has been studied intensively over the past several dec­ades. The many faunistic works include papers by DEMELT (1963), ADLBAUER (1988,1992),LODOS (I 998), and REJZEK & HOSKOYEC (1999). The latter provide the most recent list ofsimilar works. In addition, there is a large number of papers that deal primarily with the

taxonomy of Turkish langham beetles, and important faunistic data on the Cerambycidae ofAnatolia alsa appear in these papers. However, it is beyand the scope of this contribution tolist all of these publications here.

To date the information which is available conceming the biology, and in particular the

ho st plants, of Cerambycidae occurring in Turkey is scattered throughout a large number ofliterature sources. There is no single work that deals comprehensively with this issue. Forexample, the work by DANILEYSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985)covers the region of the Cauca­sus Mountains but a number of the species discussed there alsa reach Turkey. Where known,the authors give an outline of the biology of each particular species. BENSE (1995) provides areview from the available literature of the biology of the species occurring in Eurüpe (ex­cluding the European part of the former Soviet Union and the European part of Turkey).Many of these species alsa occur in Turkey. In addition the ho st plants of several Turkishspecies develüping in herbaceous plants are discussed in RE.lZEKet aL. (200 I).

In recent studies (ULU et aL., 1995; ÖZBEK et ai. 1996; ULUSOY et aL. 1999 and ÖZDER

1999) the insect fauna of Turkish cherry orchards (Cerasus avium (L.) Mönch., Rosaceae)has been evaluated. In ULU et ai. (1995) 14 species and in ULUSOY et aL. (1999) 4 species of

Zoology in the Middle East 27,2002: 91-100.ISSN 0939-7140 © Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg

92 Zoology in the Middle East 27, 2002

Cerambycidae were recorded. The other works mentioned above contain no records ofCerambycidae.

The aim of this particular study was to monitor the occurrence of Cerambycidae in ecol­ogically managed cherry orchards in westem Turkeyand to evaluate their impact on fmitproduction. The biology of species characterised as significant (from the point of view of

cherry tree protection) is discussed in detail in order to provide data useful for pest manage­ment. Furthermore, several species mentioned in this paper are of generally rare occurrence,and this work, therefore, provides interesting new faunistic data, increasing our knowledgeof the ir distribution in Turkey.

Material and methods

The beetles were collected in three ecologically managed cherry orehards in western Turkey:Muradiye (Manisa, 38°39'N 27°20'E) whieh has 550 eherry trees, Ören (Izmir-Kemalpasa,38°28'N 27°36'E) whieh has 160 trees, and Armutlu (Izmir-Kemalpasa, 38°25'N 27°32'E) whiehhas 165 trees. The inseets were eollected in the years 1998 and 1999.

Sampling methods comprised A: individual eolleeting (on average 30±5 minutes was spent eol­!ecting adults on the trunks and branehes of the trees in eaeh orehard), B: beating (50 trees werebeaten in eaeh orehard), and c: sweeping of the undergrowth vegetation (the whole area of eaehorehard, 50 sweeping movements). Methods A to C were repeated at one-week intervals. Inaddition, D: bait traps and E: yellow stieky traps were used. In the ease of D, a total of 9 baittraps were plaeed in eaeh orehard. The traps were eharged with a mixture containing wine (100ml), water (900 ml), sugar (25 g), and vinegar (25 ml) (ULU et aL. 1995). The traps were cheekedfor the presenee of Cerambyeidae at two-week intervals starting from mid-April until the end ofDeeember. In the ease of E, a total of 12 yellow stieky traps (15 by 20 cm) were hung in eaehorehard. They were eheeked weekly starting from the third week of April until eomplete defolia­tion of the trees had oeeurred.

All inseets were eolleeted by S. TEZCAN(the number of observed speeimens is given in braek­ets after "material") and were determined by M. REJZEK.All the material mentioned in this work

is deposited in the eollection of the Prof. Dr. Niyazi Lodos Museum, Plant Protection Depart­ment, Faeulty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkeyand a smail part in the eolleetion ofM. REJZEK.

In this paper, the elassification and nomenclature of longhorn beetles suggested by ALTHOFF&DANILEVSKY(1997) are followed. In the ease of the Anapladera eomplex of genera whieh be­longs to the tribe Lepturini, this work takes into aeeount MIROSHNIKOV'S(1998a, 1998b) revision.Several changes have been adopted from the latest monograph by VIVES (2000) and from SAMA(in litt.). Moreover, the latest monograph by SVACHA(2001) was in part also taken into aeeount.The reeorded insect speeies are listed alphabetieally. Botanical nomenclature was adopted fromDAVTES(1972). However, records quoted from the literature were not ehanged.

Results

Aegamarphus clavipes (Schrank, 1781)[= Acanthaderes clavipes (Sehrank, 178 1): BENSE(1995), ALTHOFF& DANILEVSKY(1997)]

Distribution in Turkey: Among many other records DEMELT(1963) reported this speeies fromPolonezköy, IstanbuL. This is the first record from Izmir and Manisa provinces.

lnseeta 93

Material (8): Muradiye, 3.vii.98, B (1); 1O.vii.98, B (2); Ören, 3.vii.98, B (1); Armutlu, 14.v.98,B (1); 26.vi.98, B (I); 3.vii.98, B (2).

Biology: Among a number of other deeiduous trees, DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) men­tioned Prunus and Cerasus as ho st plants of this speeies. BENSE (I 995) noted Prunus as one ofthe host plants. Development takes plaee in dead tissues (under bark and later in sapwood) of avariety of deeiduous trees. No impaet on eherry orehards.

Aromia moschata ambrosiaca (Steven, 1809)

Distribution in Turkey: Reeorded from Izmir and Manisa by ULU et aL. (1995). LODOS(1998)reported it from Antalya, Aydin, Balikesir, Bursa, Istanbul, and Izmir.

Material (4): Muradiye, 3 i .v.99, D (2); Ören, 8.vi.99, D (1); 16.vi.99, D (I).

Biology: Both DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) and BENSE (1995) noted Salix as the ho stplant of this speeies. This beetle is known to be a serious pest of a variety of willow speeies. Noimpaet on eherry orehards.

Cerambyx carinatils Küster, 1846

Distribution in Turkey: A speeies distributed in the east of the Mediterranean region (from Croa­tia to Turkey). Generally rare but loeally it may be quite abundant. From Turkey the speeies wasfirst reported by DEMELT(1963) (Germencik, i ex., leg. Uni/lnst. izmir/Bornova). Rather surpris­ingly, DEMELT (1976) did not inelude this speeies in his later key to "all Cerambyx-speeies"

oeeurring in Anatolia. lts oeeurrenee in Turkey, but without any exaet loeality, was noted byLODOS(1998). This is the first record from Izmir and Manisa provinees.

Material (4): Muradiye, 19.vi.98, A (1); 17.vi.98, A (I); Ören, 3.vii.98, A (I); Armutlu, IO.vii.98,A (1).

Biology: MÜLLER(1948, 1949-1953) mentioned Amygdalus eommunis and Cerasus vulgaris, andSAMA (1988) and BENSE (1995) Pruniis as its ho st plants. The speeies develops in fruit trees(Amygdalus, Pruniis, and Cerasus). The larvae feed in living trunks of the hosts, and therefore thespeeies should be classified as a physiologieal pest. The beetles can develop in trees for manyyears without any visible impaet on fruit produetion or the general health of the trees, but in theease of multiple stress faetors (other inseet pests, dry season, fungal infestation, defoliation, ete.)the aetivity of the larvae can eontribute substantially to the eventual death of the trees. Adults arenoetumal and are sometimes attraeted to lights. In Croatia many living Amygdalus eommunis andCerasus avium trees attaeked by this speeies have also been observed (REJZEK, unpubl.). Al­though the speeies is rather striking in size, it may easily eseape the attention of fruit-farmers asthe adults are rarely seen in daylight. To monitor the speeies' presenee in an orehard one needs toinspeet the trunks of the trees during the night. To minimise the death of trees in Turkey, farmersinsert wire into the tunnels to bloek them meehanieally. At present there are no other knownmethod s for controlling the populations of this serious inseet pest.

Cerambyx cerdo aciiminatiis Motschulsky, 1852

Distribution in Turkey: ULU et aL. (1995) reeorded C. eerdo (in our opinion most probably ssp.aeuminatus) from Izmir and Manisa provinees. Bursa, Istanbul (Belgrad Forest), Kastamonu,Sinop (Ayancik) Mugla (Milas) and Izmir were given by LODOS(1998). The speeies was reportedfrom Adana (Pozanti) and Nigde (Ulukisla) by ULUSOYet aL.(1999).

Material (1): Armutlu, 25.v.99, D (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) listed Amygdalus and Crataegus among otherdeeIduous trees serving as host plants. BENSE(i995) noted broadleaf trees as host plants but did

94 Zoology in the Middle East 27,2002

not list Cerm·us. For the nominate C. cerdo, LODOS (1998) listed a number of deciduous treesserving as hosts of this species. Among them he listed Cerasus avium and Prunus spp. Accordingto SAMA(pers. comm.) this species develops exclusively in living and perfectly sound Quereus

spp. Development in dead wood or tree species other than Quereus spp. is quite unlikely. Noimpact on cherry orchards.

Cerambyx nodulosus Germar, 1817

Distribution in Turkey: The species was reported from Izmir and Manisa provinces by ULU et aL.(I 995).

Material (1): Muradiye, 3.vii.98, A (1).

Biology: MÜLLER (1948, 1949-1953) mentioned development chiefly in fmit trees (Cerasusvulgaris among others) and in Crataegus. DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) mentionedPrunus and Crataegus among other deciduous trees serving as host plants. BENSE (1995) men­tioned Crataegus and fmit trees as host plants of this species but did not list Cerasus. Develop­ment takes place in the living tissues ofbroadleaftrees, shrubs (especially Crataegus spp.), and infmit trees. it should be classified as a physiological pest of Cerasus avium. At present there areno known methods for controlling the populations of this insect pest.

Certallum ebuliniim (Linnaeus, 1767)

Distribution in Turkey: Besides many other 1iterary records, LODOS(1998) reported the speciesfrom Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Aydin, Bilecik, Bursa, Denizli, Hatay, Isparta, Izmir and Manisa.

Material (2): Armutlu, 14.v.98, E (i); 27.iv.99, C (I).

Biology: DUFFY (1957) reported the species from Raphanus raphanistrum and Raphanistrumarvense. DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) list a number of herbaceous plants. According toSvACHA& DANlLEVSKY(1988) the species is polyphagous on herbaceous plants of the familiesDaucaceae, Lamiaceae, and Brassicaceae. The species is not associated with Cerasus avium.

Chlorophorus gratiosus Marseni, 1868

Distribution in Turkey: Besides many other literary records, ADLBAUER(1988) reported the spe­cies from the surroundings of Antalya, Alanya, and Mersin. This is the first record from Izmirprovince.

Material (I): Armutlu, JO.vii.98, B (I).

Biology: Development unknown.

Chlorophorus varius varius (O. F. Müller, 1766)

Taxonomic note: DEMELT (1963) determined specimens collected in Izmir - Bornova and Alanyaas Chlorophorus varius damaseemis (Chevrolat, 1854). This taxon was described from Syria asClytus damaseenus and is nowadays classified as a subspecies of Chlorophorus varius (it differsfrom the nominate C. varius mainly in having distinctly red legs). In our opinion it is not distrib­uted ful1her north than Adana in south Turkey. For this reason we consider that the populationoccurring in W Turkey is more likely to belong to the nominate subspecies.

Distribution in Turkey: ADLBAUER(1988) reported the species from Samsun Dagi and Selçuk(Aydin and Izmir provinces). Reported from Izmir and Manisa provinces by ULU et aL. (1995).Adana, Antalya, Çanakkale, Istanbul, Kirklareli, Mardin, Sanliurfa and the Aegean Region(LODOS, 1998).

Materia! (13): Muradiye, 31.vii.98, D (I); 3.viii.99, D (2); Ören, 8.vi.98, D (i); 26.vi.98, D (i);3.vii.98, D (I); 17.vii.98, D (4); 20.vii.99, D (i); 3.viii.99, D (2).

Insecta 95

Biology: MÜLLER(1948,1949-1953), VILLIERS(1978), and DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985)mentioned Prunus and Cerasus among other deciduous trees serving as host plants. BENSE(1995)mentioned development in a variety of broadleaf trees and among them also Prunus andCrataegus in Europe. For the eastem regions of its distribution range, BENSE(1995) gaye herba­ceous plants (Salicornia, Achillea) as hosts. LODOS(1998) mentioned several broadleaf trees butdid not list Cerasus. Development occurs in the dead tissues (sapwood and hardwood) of a vari­ety of deciduous trees and occasionally in herbaceous plants. No significance for cherry orchards.

Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hircus (Abeille de Perrin, 1881)

Distribution in Turkeyand taxonomy: ADLBAUER(1988) described Molorchus kiesenwetterianato/icus Adlbauer, 1988, which is a junior synonym of Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hircus, fromErdemli W Mersin, Bilecik S Izmit, and Namrun (Mersin). In i992 the same author (ADLBAUER

1992) recorded it from Kizilcahamam N Ankara, Yarpuz N Akseki, Devrekani N Kastamonu, andCevizli NE Akseki. This is the first record from Izmir province.

Materia1 (I): Armutlu, 6.v.98, B (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) mentioned Prunus and Rosa among other decidu­ous trees serving as ho st plants. ADLBAUER(1988) noted Prunus as the ho st. BENSE (1995) men­tioned Rosa and other broadleaf trees as hosts of this species. Although he did not specificallymention Cerasus, he noted Amygdalus as one example. Development occurs in recently deadtissues (tiny twigs) of deciduous trees probably including Cerasus avium. No impact on cherryorchards.

Helladia humeralis (WaItl, 1838)

Distribution in Turkey: The species has been recorded many times from Turkey. For exampleDEMELT(1963) reported it from Izmir - Bornova and REJZEK& HOSKOVEC(1999) mentioned itfrom Nemmt Dagi, Adiyaman province. This is the first record from Manisa province.

Material (1): Muradiye, 20.iv.99, C (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) do not mention any host plant for this species.According to REJZEKet aL. (200 i) the species develops in Asteraceae (Notobasis syriaca, Cirsiumsp., and Centaurea sp.). No association with Cerasus.

Leioderes türki (Ganglbauer, 1885)

Distribution in Turkey: Endemic species in Turkey. ADLBAUER(1988) reported it from ErdemliW Mersin. First record from Izmir and Manisa provinces.

Material (2): Muradiye, 31.v.99, D (1); Armutlu, 25.v.99, D (1).

Biology: Development occurs under bark and later in the sapwood of dead broadleaf trees. Cera­sus avium has never been recorded as its host plant before. No significance for cherry orchards.

Paracorymbiafulva (De Geer, 1775)

[= Corymbiafulva (De Geer, 1775): BENSE(1995)]

Distribution in Turkey: HOLZSCHUH(1982) among many others reported this species from Izmirand Çanakkale provinces. ADLBAUER(1988) recorded it from Samsun Dagi, Aydin province.

Material (1): Armutlu, 8.vi.99, D (1).

Biology: BENSE (1995) noted broadleaf trees (Quercus, Populus tremula, Fagus) as probable hostplants. No economic impact on cherry orchards.

96 Zoology in the Middle East 27, 2002

Plagionotus detritus (Linnaeus, 1758)Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, and Hatay (LODOS 1998). First record for Manisa prov­ince.

Material (1): Muradiye, 13.vi.98, D (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) did not mention any Rosaceae as host plants ofthis species. BENSE(1995) noted broadleaf trees as hosts, with a preference for Quercus. Cerasuswas not listed. LODOS(1998) listed Prunus spp. among other host plants of this species but notCerasus. Development occurs under the bark and in the sapwood of recently dead deciduoustrees, quite probably including Cerasus avium (in Turkey). No economic impact on cherry or­chards.

Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius, 1775)Distribution in Turkey: Reported from Izmir and Manisa provinces by ULU et aL. (1995), fromDenizli, Hatay, Istanbul, Kocaeli, Kütahya, Usak, Izmir, and Manisa (LODOS 1998), and fromAdana (Pozantl) and Nigde (Ulukisla) by ULUSOYet aL.(1999).

Material (15): Ören, 27.v.98, D (3); 18.v.99, D (I); 25.v.99, D (3); 8.vi.99, D (2); Armutlu,27.v.98, D (2); 25.v.99, D (2); 8.vi.99, D (2).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) listed Prunus, Cerasus, and Crataegus amongmany other ho st plants. According to BENSE(1995) the species is polyphagous in broadleaf trees.Among other examples he Iisted Prunus. LODOS (1998) noted several deciduous trees and oneconifer as hosts but did not mention Cerasus. Development occurs under bark and later in the

sapwood of dead broadleaf trees. No significance for cherry orchards.

Trichoferus fasciClllatus (Faldermann, 1837)Distribution in Turkey: ADLBAUER(1992) reported this species from Perge NE Antalya. Firstrecord from Manisa and Izmir provinces.

Material (10): Muradiye, 3.vii.98, D (1); 17.vii.98, D (1); 27.vii.99, D (1); Ören, l1.v.98, D (1);17.vii.98, D (I); 31.vii.98, D (3); 14.viii.98, D (1); 3.viii.99, D (1).

Biology: According to BENSE (1995) the species is polyphagous in broadleaf trees includingPrunus and occasionally even conifers. However, this review probably includes a whole complexof species similar to T. fasciculatus. Revision of the literature records of host plants is needed(SAMA, pers. comm.). Development in dead wood. No significance for cherry orchards.

Trichoferus griseus (Fabricius, 1792)Distribution in Turkey: Reported from Izmir and Manisa provinces by ULU et aL.(1995). Antalya,Aegean Region, and probably Çukurova Region (LODOS 1998).

Material (13): Muradiye, 17.vii.98, D (1); 31.vii.98, D (2); 28.viii.98, D (2); 3.viii.99, D (3);17.viii.99, D (2); 14.ix.99, D (I); Ören, 27.v.98, D (1); 3.viii.99, D (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) listed Prunus and Cerasus among many other ho stplants. According to BENSE (1995) the species develops in broadleaf trees and he mentions Rosaamong others. Amygdalus communis, Cerasus avium, and many other tree species were cited ashost plants by LODOS (1998). According to SAMA (pers. comm.) Trichoferus griseus developsexclusively in Ficus. Moreover, there is an apparent confusion between T. griseus andfascicula­tus in the literature and so all the published records of host plants mu st be revised. No impact oncherry orchards.

lnsecta 97

Trichoferus cf. spartii (G. MülIer, 1948)

Taxonomy: An examination of the available specimens led to Trichoferus spartii (G. Müller,1948). However, according to KADLEe & REJZEK (2001) this species has nev er be en recordedfrom Turkey. Furthermore, there is no Trichoferus species of the spartii group known to occur inTurkey. This group is characterised by a strongly convex and wide pronotum in males, by thecharacteristic shape of the sclerite of the endophallus, and larval development occurring mostly inliving Fabaceae, Cistus sp., Berberis sp., Sarcopoterium sp. etc. The only exception is a stiliundetermined Trichoferus species recorded from Anamur, south Turkey (SAMA 1994) and alsofrom west Turkey (SAMA,pers. comm.). This undetermined species develops in the living tissuesof its host plant. SAMA regards this species as being closely related to Trichoferus antoniouiSama, 1994 described from Cyprus (SAMA 1994). For these reasons the determination of ourmaterial is left for further detailed study.

Materia! (2): Muradiye, 28.viii.98, D (1); 28.vi.99, D (1).

Biology: Development unknown.

Xylotrechus antilope (Schönherr, 1817)

Distribution in Turkey: DEMELT (1963) recorded the species from Polonezköy, Istanbul, andADLBAUER(1992) from Uludag near Bursa. First record from Manisa province.

Material (1): Muradiye, 3.viii.99, D (1).

Biology: DANILEVSKY& MIROSHNIKOV(1985) mentioned oak (Quercus) as the only host plant ofthis species. According to BENSE (1995) the species develops in oaks (Quercus spp.). Develop­ment under bark and later in the sapwood of dead oaks. No significance for cherry orchards.

Discussion

In this study 18 Cerambycidae species were recorded (cf. Tab. 1). Of these species, 6 wererecorded for the first time from Izmir and 7 from Manisa provinces, respectively. As shownin Tab. 1, 12 species of Cerambycidae were recorded in Muradiye. In Armutlu the number ofrecorded species was 9, and in Ören 7. Two species, Aegomorphus clavipes and Cerambyxcarinatus, were recorded in all three study orchards and can therefore be regarded as typical

representatives of the Turkish cherry orchard fauna.The total number of specimens collected in the study area was 46 in 1998 and 35 in 1999.

The dominant species were Ropalopus clavipes (15), Chlorophorus varius varius (13), Tri­

choferus griseus (13), and T. fasciculatus (10). The relative abundance of each species was18.5, 16.0, 16.0, and 12.3%, respectively. This group of species constitutes 63.0% of all thespecimens examined.

Using bait traps 63 specimens (77.8%) were collected, 10 specimens (12.3%) were col­lected by beating and 2 specimens (2.4%) were collected by sweeping from vegetation. Inaddition, 5 specimens (6.1 %) were collected individually and 1 specimen (1.2%) was cap­tured by a yellow sticky trap. Bait traps were thus the most effective method for monitoringthe occurrence of longhoin beetles in cherry orchards.

Of the total number of 18 species recorded in this work, two can be regarded as serious

pests of Cerasus avium. Theyare Cerambyx carinatus and C. nodulosus. They should beclassified as physiological pests, as their development occurs in the living tissues of the

98 Zoology in the Middle East 27, 2002

Tab. I. List of Cerambycidae species collected in particular orchards in 1998 and 1999: MD =

Muradiye, ÖR = Ören, and AR = Armutlu. Legend: *first record from Izmir province. **Firstrecord from Manisa province. ***Endemic to Turkey.

Species

19981999MD

ÖRARSumMDÖRARSum

Aegomorphus clavipes*/**

3i48Aromia mosehata ambrosiaea

22 4

Cerambyx earinatus*/**

2ii4Cerambyx eerdo aeuminatus Cerambyx nodulosus

iiCertallum ebulinum

22

Chlorophorus gratiosus*

iiChlorophorus varius varius

i7 823 5

Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hireus*

iiHelladia humeralis**

iiLeioderes türki*/**/***

ii2

Paraeorymbiafitlva

i]

Plagionotus detritus**

]]Ropalopus clavipes

325 64Lo

Triehoferus fase ieulatus */**

26 8ii 2

Triehoferus griseus

5i 66i 7

Triehoferus cf. spartif

iii iXylotreehus antilope**

iiTotal

1619II461513735

trees. In addition, due to the considerable size of the ir larvae and the totallength of tunnels

created during their development, the technical damage to the wood is also of considerableimportance. The activity ofboth species, in combination with other stress factors, can finallyresult in the death of their host. Therefore, the abundance of these species should be moni­tored and methods of control developed.

it should als o be mentioned that several species recorded in these study orchards are by nomeans associated with Cerasus avium. Firstly, this applies to species developing in herba­

ceous plants (Helladia humeralis and Certallum ebulinum). These species might be associ­ated with herbaceous plants forming the undergrowth, or might be just occasional travellersfrom areas adjacent to the orchards. The great majority of the records, however, are formedby a group of polyphagous species developing in dead wood (Aegomorphus clavipes,

Chlorophorus gratiosus, Chlorophorus varius varius, Glaphyra kiesenwetteri hireus, Leio­

deres türki, Paraeorymbia fitlva, Plagionotus detritus, Ropalopus clavipes, and Triehoferus

faseieulatus). These species mayaiso develop in tbe dead wood of Cerasus avium, but haveno direct impact on fruit production. Triehoferus griseus seems to be monophagous on Fieus

sp. (dead wood) and Xylotreehus antilope on Quereus spp. The last group is formed by threespecies developing in the living tissues of trees and shrubs (Aromia mosehata ambrosiaea,

Cerambyx cerdo aeuminatus, and probably also Triehoferus cf. spartif). Theyare not, how­ever, known to be associated with Cerasus and should, tberefore, be regarded as travellersfrom areas adjacent to the orchards.

Insecta 99

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to thank M. A. ISIK, B. AKSOY, and H. SEVINAY for providingaccess to their farms during the studyand G. SAMA for his critical remarks on our manuscripe Our thanks arealso due to N. GÜLPERÇiN for technical assistance in the field and laboratory. We also wish to thank R.

REJZEK for revising the language of our manuscript. Financial support for this study was provided by StatePlanning Organisation grant 98 K 121280 and the Reseai'ch Fund of the Rectorate of Ege University (Turkey)and by aresearch project Z 4 055 905 (Czech Republic).

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Authors' addresses: Dr. Serdar Tezcan, Department of Plant Protection, faculty of Agriculture, Ege

University, 35 i00 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Email: tezcan@ziraat.ege.edu.tr. - Dr. Martin Rejzek,Insect Chemical Ecology Group, TOCHB, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, flemingovo

mimest! 2, Prague 6, CZ-166 LO Prague, Czech Republic. Email: m.rejzek@ntlworld.com.