TANZANIA AND UNESCO - NatComReport

United Republic of Tanzania

TANZANIA AND UNESCO

U N E S C O N AT I O N A L C O M M I S S I O NO F T H E U N I T E D R E P U B L I C O F TA N Z A N I A

M A G A Z I N E N o . 1 3 / 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7

One of our trategic objectives is to strengthen local, regional and international linkages through collection, synthesis and dissemination of information. In line with this objective we launched in partnership with National Comissions for UNESCO annual magazines in six countries in Africa. These magazines cover a wide range of topical issues to inform the decisionmakers of UNESCO�s local and regional activities. They also provide information on environnemental, social and economic aspects of each country. The magazines are produced and circulated in both printed and online versions. The printed version is circulated free of charge to senior managers in the private sector, UN representation

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United Republic of Tanzania

TANZANIA AND UNESCO

U N E S C O N AT I O N A L C O M M I S S I O NO F T H E U N I T E D R E P U B L I C O F TA N Z A N I A

M A G A Z I N E N o . 1 3 / 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7

B O T S W A N AN AT I O N A L C O M M I S S I O N F O R U N E S C O

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BOTSWANA AND UNESCO

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THE UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

UNESCO NATIONAL COMMISSION

OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Information Magazine N° 13

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T A N Z A N I A A N D U N E S C O

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Esteemed Readers,

The Tanzania UNESCO National Commission was founded in 1962to implement UNESCO programmes and activities in the country. Thecommission was re-established as an autonomous organization throughthe UNESCO National Commission of Tanzania Act no. 7 of 2008. Thecommission is the principal link between UNESCO and the governmentthus contributing greatly to the realization of development goals.

The UNESCO National Commission therefore engages different sec-tions of the society including but not limited to governmental and non-governmental institutions, civil societies, academia, and individuals whoseactivities align with those of UNESCO in increasing access to education,promoting peace, protecting the environment, encouraging the use ofscience and technology and in realizing development goals at large.

It is evidently clear that considerable achievements reached so farTanzania in many aspects of life would not have been possible withoutstrong support and collaboration from UNESCO and UNESCO memberstates. For that reason, the government of the United Republic of Tanzaniais committed to ensure that the National Commission is enabled in differentcapacities so that it remains to be a vital bridge in carrying out UNESCOprogrammes in Tanzania. This commitment is seen in terms of the supportthat the government offers to the institution especial by enacting law thatenabled the commission to be an independent institution, provision of officeand employment of new staffs whose work is expected to increase theefficiency of the commission towards execution of UNESCO’s programmes.

I would like to re-affirm all the stakeholders that the government iscommitted and will continue to collaborate with UNESCO, UNESCO affil-iations and all the member states through National Commission in ensuringthat Tanzania continue to promote peace, encouraging mutual under-standing and in achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

The 13th edition of the UNESCO Tanzania magazine highlights and coverssome of the activities that UNESCO National Commission in collabo-ration with other stakeholders implemented in areas of education, sciences,culture and communication.

On behalf of the United Republic of Tanzania, I would like to take thisopportunity to thank all those who participated in UNESCO programmesin different ways. I also wish to thank individuals and institutions thatmade the publication of this edition possible. It is my hope that readerswill find it resourceful and very informative with regard to UNESCO’sactivities in Tanzania.

Foreword

Prof. Joyce NdalichakoMinister of Education, Science and Technology

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Tanzania and UNESCO have been cooperating and working together in different projects that intendto make the world a better place for everyone. The UNESCO-Tanzania Magazine provides adequateinformation on the achievements witnessed and projects in the pipeline under the activities carriedout by UNESCO in collaboration with the government of the United Republic of Tanzania and otherkey stakeholders.

The UNESCO National Commission is an autonomous government institution that links thegovernment with UNESCO by coordinating all the activities done by UNESCO in Tanzania. The commissionhas remained to be instrumental in running different programmes of national interest and in helpingthe government to work on realization of Millennium Development Goals and in promoting workingtowards Sustainable Development Goals.

UNESCO’s key areas include education, natural science, social science, culture and informationand communication. Through the support from UNESCO, Tanzanians have been able to get differentscholarships and fellowships that are run in a co-sponsored manner between UNESCO and differentmember states. Capacity building to teacher trainers and promotion of education for all and lifelonglearning opportunities have also been among the achievements experienced in the country. New projectsincluding E-learning and ICT for science teachers are in the pipeline waiting for approval from therespective authorities. In natural science section of UNESCO National Commission, major programsin sciences like Man and Biosphere (MAB) and International Hydrological Programme were imple-mented as per standard set by UNESCO. National commission for UNESCO through MAB nationalcommittee was able to make Jozan Chwaka bay as the New Biosphere reserve in the World’s list ofBiospheres. Tanzania also hosted major international event that is the 2nd International workshop onGreen Economy Biosphere Reserves.

The commission also managed to advocate for peace building, promotion of gender equality andacceleration of war struggles against the killings of albinos under the social science section. Throughcultural section, the commission was able to organize active participation of Tanzania in internationalconferences that safeguarded the interest of the country. In the communication and informationtechnology, UNESCO National Commission managed to promote access to information and establishmentof various projects that encourage the use of ICT in everyday situations.

On that note, I would like to sincerely express my utmost appreciation to all the stakeholders whomade the implementation of such activities possible. In particular I would like to acknowledge theremarkable work and support offered by UNESCO in accelerating development in the country. I wouldlike to assure every stakeholder that the government of the United Republic of Tanzania will continueto work hand in hand with you and in supporting the Commission in the course of discharging its dutiesin order to ensure that the country benefits from UNESCO and contributes towards making the worlda better place for everyone.

It is my hope that you will find this magazine informative and educative.

Introduction

Ms. Maimuna K. TarishiPermanent Secretary,

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

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Dear readers,

On behalf of the UNESCO National Commission of the United Republicof Tanzania, I would like to welcome you all to this informative andeducative magazine which is released annually as a way of publicizingdifferent activities undertaken by the commission in a 12-month period.The document highlights all such important contributions made onUNESCO’s areas of competencies that is, education, natural science, socialsciences, culture and information and communication in Tanzania. Themagazine also provides significant information and technical advice thatintend to help stakeholders to contribute more to the society. It is on thatground that I sincerely express my deepest appreciation to all the stakeholdersfor their invaluable contribution towards execution of various activitiesundertaken by UNESCO and UNESCO National Commission in Tanzania.

In 2015/2016 review, the UNESCO National Commission played a keyrole in organizing, attending and running consultative meetings whichintended to sensitize and involve different stakeholders in the imple-mentation of UNESCO programmes. I wish to thank all those who innumerous ways contributed to successful participation of Tanzania to the38th UNESCO General Conference in October 2015. It was through suchconference that Tanzania was able to share its view and also have oppor-tunity to participate in planning for UNESCO’s engagement in strengtheningthe foundation of world- lasting peace and sustainable development. Tothose who represented the country in different dialogues, seminars, meetingsand workshops both inside and outside the country I would like to say youdid a remarkable job and you will always be remembered for that.

I would also like to express my gratitude to all the staff for the supportand willingness to spend extra time to ensure that the activities of thecommission are timely carried out. You supported me greatly and werealways willing to help.

Lastly In a special way, I would like to take this opportunity to thankthe United Republic of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology for the continued, invaluable and constant supportthat enabled the UNESCO Commission to discharge well its duties. Thegovernment provided me with the tools that I needed to perform myduties. I sincerely hope that together with other stakeholders you willcontinue to support UNESCO and UNESCO Commission in the struggletowards making the world a better place for everyone.

Acknowledgement

Dr. Moshi M. KimiziActing Executive Secretary,

UNESCO National Commission of the United Republic of Tanzania

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FOREWORD - Minister of Education, Science and Technology.

INTRODUCTION - Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education, Science andTechnology.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - Acting Executive Secretary, UNESCO National Commission of the United Republic of Tanzania.

TANZANIA AND UNESCO• UNESCO Medium Term Strategy 2014-2021.• UNESCO Sustainable Development Goals.

EDUCATION• Improving the Quality of Education: Student Teacher Enrichment Programme.• A great Teacher: An Engine on which the Future of the Nation Relies.• Access to Primary School Education for Children Living in Extreme Poverty.• Parents, an Indispensable Ingredient towards Quality Education.• Enhancing Academic Performance: Need for Practical Use of English Language

in Public Secondary Schools.• Moral Reasoning: Where Learning Institutions Meet the 2030 Agenda.• “VSomo”, A Mobile Application to Widening Vocational Learning.• Advocating International Cooperation for TVET Development: ISTEP Programme.

NATURAL SCIENCE• Use of Technology in Promoting Mathematics and Science Subjects.• Achieving the SDGs on Water Security and Sanitation: 6th Africa Water Week.• Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development.• Green Economy in Biosphere Reserves.

SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES• Empowering Youth to Build Peace.• Global Citizenship Education in Tanzania.• Gender Equality: Central to the Promotion of Peace for Sustainable Development.• The state of Refugees in Tanzania.

CULTURE• Participation of Tanzania in the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee.• The Ngorongoro Declaration.• Tourist Satisfaction in Zanzibar Stone Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION• Freedom of Expression and Journalists’ Rights.• Commemoration of the World Press Freedom Day 2016.• World Radio Day 2016: Roles of Radio in Times of Emergency and Disaster.• Strengthening Community Radios in Tanzania.• Access to and Sharing of ICT Knowledge for Persons with Disabilities.

WELCOME TO TANZANIA• Tourism: Tanzania, the soul of Africa.• Agriculture: Unlocking the potential of Tanzania’s land resource.• Mining: Unlocking Tanzania’s hidden wealth.• Manufacturing: Building productive capacities.• Financial Services: Building an inclusive financial system.• Investment: Tanzania is ready to do business with you.• Construction: An engine of growth.• Transport: Becoming a regional logistical.• Telecommunications: A vibrant and successful sector.• Energy: A big drive for power generation from natural gas.• Water: Improving access and delivery.• Health: Towards Universal Health Coverage.

LIST OF ADVERTISERS

Table of ContentsINFORMATION

MAGAZINEMagazine No. 13 / 2016-2017

UNESCO NATIONAL COMMISSION

OF THE

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Headquarters:Ministry of Educationand Vocational TrainingP.O. Box 20384Dar es SalaamTANZANIAwww.natcom.go.tz

This magazine is prepared jointly by:UNESCO National Commissionof the United Republic of Tanzaniaand,Editions Afrique Océanie

Edited by:Editions Afrique Océ[email protected]

Online Edition:www.natcomreport.com

This Magazine can not be soldFree distribution

Views expressed in the articles are personalopinions of the contributors and do notin any way reflect the official stand ofUNESCO.

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Medium-Term Strategy 2014-2021 (37 C/4)

“As a specialized agency of the United Nations, UNESCO – pursuant to its Constitution –contributes to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, and sustainable developmentand intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication andinformation.”

Peace Equitable and sustainabledevelopment

Africa

SO 1: Supporting MemberStates to develop educationsystems to fosterhigh-quality and inclusivelifelong learning for all

SO 4: Strengthening science,technology and innovationsystems and policies –nationally, regionally andglobally

SO 7: Protecting, promotingand transmitting heritage

SO 8: Fostering creativityand the diversity of culturalexpressions

SO 9: Promoting freedomof expression, mediadevelopment and access toinformation and knowledge

SO 5: Promotinginternational scientificcooperation on criticalchallenges to sustainabledevelopment

SO 6: Supporting inclusivesocial development, fosteringintercultural dialogue forthe rapprochement ofcultures and promotingethical principles

SO 2: Empowering learnersto be creative andresponsible global citizens

SO 3: Advancing Educationfor All (EFA) and shapingthe future internationaleducation agenda

Gender equality

Responding to Post-Conflict and Post-Disaster Situations

Missionstatement

Overarchingobjectives

Globalpriorities

Strategicobjectives

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Heads of State, Govern-ment leaders, UN High LevelRepresentatives and civilsociety met in September2015, at the 70th Session ofthe United Nations GeneralAssembly, and adopted theSustainable DevelopmentGoals (SDGs). These representa universal, ambitious, sustain-able development agenda, anagenda “of the people, by thepeople and for the people,”crafted with UNESCO’s activeinvolvement.

UNESCO will contribute tothe implementation of theSDGs through its work on:

EducationSustainable Development

Goal 4 – “Ensure inclusive andequitable quality education

and promote lifelong learn-ing opportunities for all”.

With the stand-alone Goal4 on education and its relatedtargets, the 2030 Agenda forSustainable Developmentrecognizes that education isessential for the success of allsustainable developmentgoals (SDGs). Education isalso included in goals onhealth, growth and employ-ment, sustainable consump-tion and production, andclimate change.

UNESCO facilitated con-sultations of Member Statesand key stakeholders over thepast two years on the futureeducation agenda which cul-minated in the World Educa-tion Forum held in Incheon,

UNESCO &Sustainable Development Goals

TRANSFORMING OURWORLD:

THE 2030 AGENDAFOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

This Agenda is a plan of action forpeople, planet and prosperity. It alsoseeks to strengthen universal peace in


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Republic of Korea in May 2015.With the Incheon Declaration,the education communitycommitted to Education 2030,which is encapsulated inSDG 4. The Incheon Decla-ration, entrusts UNESCO tolead and coordinate Edu-cation 2030.

“We know the power ofeducation to eradicate poverty,transform lives and make break-throughs on all the SustainableDevelopment Goals,” saidUNESCO Director-GeneralIrina Bokova in her openingaddress on that occasion.

The Incheon Declarationis an historic commitment totransform lives through a newvision for education, buildingon the worldwide commit-ment to Education for All(EFA) initiated at Jomtien in1990 and reiterated at Dakarin 2000, while effectivelyaddressing current and futureglobal and national educa-tion challenges.

Natural SciencesThe new 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Developmentrepresents a significant stepforward in the recognition ofthe contribution of Science,Technology and Innovation(STI) to sustainable develop-ment. UNESCO is part of theUnited Nations Task Teamleading the global Technol-ogy Facilitation Mechanism,launched on 26 September inorder to support the Sustain-able Development Goals byenhancing North-South,South-South and triangularregional and internationalcooperation on and access toscience, technology and inno-vation and enhance knowl-edge sharing on mutuallyagreed terms.

Throughout its 70 yearsof history, UNESCO has beena true facilitator of such coop-eration, via its networks and

centres, especially the AbdusSalam International Centrefor Theoretical Physics (ICTP)and the World Academy ofSciences for the advancementof science in developingcountries, which have beena driving force behind globalefforts to advance scientificexpertise in the developingworld and respond to theneeds of young scientists incountries that are lagging inscience and technology.

Through its natural sci-ence programmes, UNESCOcontributes to the overallimplementation of Sustain-able Development Goals byproviding policy assistanceto support developing coun-tries in strengthening theirscientific and technologicalcapacity, and to help MemberStates design effective policies,based on the best availableknowledge, including localand indigenous knowledgesystems.

UNESCO plays a vital rolein constructing a global cul-ture of resilient communities.Through its multidisciplinarymandate in education, naturaland social sciences, cultureand communication, it is ina unique position to addressclimate change holistically.In order to help societies

larger freedom. We recognise thateradicating poverty in all its formsand dimensions, including extremepoverty, is the greatest global challengeand an indispensable requirement forsustainable development. All countriesand all stakeholders, acting in collab-orative partnership, will implementthis plan. We are resolved to free thehuman race from the tyranny of povertyand want and to heal and secure ourplanet. We are determined to take thebold and transformative steps whichare urgently needed to shift the worldonto a sustainable and resilient path.As we embark on this collective journey,we pledge that no one will be left behind.The 17 Sustainable Development Goalsand 169 targets which we are announc-ing today demonstrate the scale andambition of this new universal Agenda.They seek to build on the MillenniumDevelopment Goals and complete whatthese did not achieve. They seek torealize the human rights of all andto achieve gender equality and theempowerment of all women and girls.They are integrated and indivisibleand balance the three dimensions ofsustainable development: the economic,social and environmental.

The Goals and targets will stimu-late action over the next fifteen yearsin areas of critical importance forhumanity and the planet.

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around the world to betterunderstand, mitigate andadapt to global change, over30 programmes contributeto creating knowledge andraising awareness of climatechange, associated risks andethical implications. UNESCOalso helps countries to buildtheir capacities in managingdisaster and climate risk andwith their ability to cope withdisasters, especially geohaz-ards, tsunamis and water-related disasters.

Water security is the focusof UNESCO’s InternationalHydrological Programme (IHP),devoted to water research,water resources manage-ment, education and capacitybuilding. IHP contributes toensuring availability andsustainable management ofwater, which is closely linkedto human health and well-being. Sustainable watermanagement contributes tofood security by solving issuesat the nexus of water withfood and agriculture. Today,most of the people lackingaccess to clean water andbasic sanitation live in cities indeveloping countries, whereIHP promotes new approachedto manage increasingly scarceresources that are under pres-sure from climate changeand population growth.

UNESCO promotes thesustainable use of terrestrialecosystems, including sus-tainable forest management,combating desertificationand halting biodiversity lossthrough its Man and the Bios-phere Programme (MAB).The MAB biosphere reservesare learning sites for sustain-able development, whereinterdisciplinary approachesare tested to understand andmanage interactions betweensocial and ecological systems,

and solutions are promotedto reconcile the conservationof biodiversity with its sustain-able use. In order to providethe knowledge base neededto address the current declinein biodiversity and ecosystemservices, UNESCO is activelyengaged in the Intergovern-mental Science-Policy Plat-form on Biodiversity andEcosystem Services (IPBES),and leads efforts to ensurerespect for indigenous knowl-edge within the Platform.

Social andHuman Sciences

UNESCO’s Social andHuman Sciences Programmeaims to firmly entrench uni-versal values and principles,such as global solidarity,inclusion, anti-discrimination,gender equality and account-

ability, in the implementa-tion of the post-2015 devel-opment agenda.

To this end, it is impor-tant to reinforce existing anddevelop new interdisciplinaryand results-oriented initiativesthat foster increased interna-tional collaboration and par-ticipation, with due accountof its evolving dynamics, inorder to:• Build a global partnershipagainst all forms of discrim-ination;• Shape attitudes and behav-iours conducive to inclusionand to address discrimina-tion and intolerance amongyoung women and men; and• Develop tools and strengthencapacities for measuring andmonitoring progress towardsSDGs.

The implementation phaseof the SDGs presents an oppor-tunity for UNESCO to promoteresearch, and standard-settingactivities, as well as to dissem-inate knowledge on humanrights that are within thecompetence of UNESCO.

Through research, foresightand management of socialtransformations, UNESCO willstrengthen the link betweenknowledge, policy and prac-tice, by drawing on the com-petences of the social sciencesto advance innovative think-ing that holds the potentialfor transforming societiesacross different facets of theSDGs. Foresight will intro-duce the use of the future incomprehending the natureof the SDGs and developinga wider range of humanresponses to the challengesand aspirations of the post-2015 agenda.

In relation to the contri-bution of science and tech-


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nology to sustainable devel-opment, UNESCO will workon the right to enjoy the ben-efits of scientific progress andits applications (REBSP) andthe principle of the sharingof benefits, with a view toenhance capacities of MemberStates to respond to sustain-able development challenges(climate change, wideninginequalities, including inaccess to science, technologyand innovation, unsustain-able consumption and pro-duction patterns, etc.). It willalso continue to work onbioethics and ethics of scienceand technology.

Through its membershipin the Human Rights WorkingGroup of the UN DevelopmentGroup (UNDG), UNESCO isalso active in developing asystem-wide reflection on posi-tioning human rights in theimplementation of the SDGs.

Engaging youth is “thehuman development agendafor the next decade”. Aroundthe world, young womenand men are driving changeand claiming respect forfundamental freedoms andrights; improved conditionsfor them and their commu-nities; opportunities to learn,work and participate in deci-sions that affect them. At thesame time, due to persistentcrises, they are faced with acute

challenges affecting impor-tant aspects of their lives.More than ever, it is nowtime to improve investmentin research, policies and pro-grammes to create an enablingand rights-based environ-ment where youth prosper,exercise rights, regain hopeand a sense of community,and engage as responsiblesocial actors and innovators.

Cultural literacy needs bestrengthened at a large scaleand new opportunities andspaces for dialogue and coop-

eration created through thedevelopment of interculturalcompetences based on sharedvalues, mutual understand-ing and respect, empathy,reconciliation and trust.

A culture of peace shouldbe promoted as a key enablerfor sustainable development,bearing in mind that valuesand practices of mutual respectand tolerance, reinforcedthrough intercultural andinterreligious dialogue and acommitment to non-violenceand reconciliation, are essen-tial to realize everyday peacefor all members of society.

CultureCulture is who we are and

what shapes our identity. Cul-ture contributes to povertyreduction and paves the wayfor a human-centred, inclu-sive and equitable develop-ment. No development canbe sustainable without it.

Placing culture at the heartof development policies con-stitutes an essential invest-ment in the world’s futureand a pre-condition to suc-cessful globalization processesthat take into account theprinciple of cultural diversity.

The 2030 Agenda for Sus-tainable Development marksa substantial step forwardfor sustainable developmentin many fields, and partic-ularly for culture as it is the


19


first time that the interna-tional development agendarefers to culture within theframework of SustainableDevelopment Goals relatedto education, sustainable cities,food security, the environment,economic growth, sustainableconsumption and produc-tion patterns, peaceful andinclusive societies.

This unparalleled recog-nition does not only meet therequest of the UN GeneralAssembly and UNESCO’sGoverning Bodies, but alsothe demand of Member Statesat country level.

In this light, the imple-mentation of UNESCO’s pro-gramme, through the opera-tionalization of UNESCO’sCulture Conventions on thesafeguarding and promotionof cultural and natural her-itage, and the cultural andcreative industries, as well asjoint programmes with otherUN Agencies and strong coop-eration with the nationalauthorities will be key forthe implementation of the2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment.

Communicationand Information

Inclusive Knowledge Soci-eties are the way forward, asthey build on the sum ofhuman ingenuity, technicalinnovation and the power ofinformation and knowledge.

They have the potentialto achieve lasting, positiveimpacts on education, eco-nomic prosperity, social inclu-sion and environmental pro-tection, taking us all forwardto a new era of peace andsustainable development.

Highlighting the impor-tance of freedom of expres-

sion is an indispensable ele-ment for flourishing democ-racies and for fostering citizenparticipation in the post-2015development agenda. Therule of law is a prerequisitefor, as well as an outcome of,governance and a sustainableand human rights-centreddevelopment agenda, andfreedom of expression andthe safety of journalists areprominent issues for the ruleof law. UNESCO’s work in thisarea contributes to Goal 16promoting peaceful andinclusive societies, ensuringpublic access to informationand protecting fundamentalfreedoms.

UNESCO’s approach tomedia development is bothknowledge-driven and context-sensitive, and it takes intoaccount the challenges andopportunities created by therapidly changing media envi-ronment. IPDC’s Special Ini-tiative on Knowledge-DrivenMedia Development high-lights the importance ofgenerating and sharing ofknowledge to advance mediadevelopment, and has spe-cial relevance to an inclusive

approach to strengtheningjournalism education world-wide. This initiative con-tributes to Goal 16.

UNESCO’s work on thepromotion of universal accessto information, includingthrough Open Solutions dir-ectly contributes to the achieve-ment of Goal 9, which focuseson building resilient infra-structure and fostering inno-vation, particularly throughincreasing access to ICT. TheYouthMobile Initiative aimsto teach young people todirectly mitigate hyper-localissues of sustainable devel-opment by developing rele-

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IntroductionThe government of Tan-

zania through Ministry ofEducation and VocationalTraining (MoEVT) as wellas Prime Minister’s OfficeRegional Administrationand Local Government (PMO-RALG) are committed to theprovision of the quality ofeducation. Various initiativeshave been put in place toimprove the quality of edu-cation in Tanzania.

The Student Teacher Enrich-ment Programme (STEP) isan initiative which aims atcapacitating teachers todevelop a culture of identi-fying and enriching low per-forming students who are atfailure risk due to inadequatesupport from their teachersand some other environmen-tal challenges.

For this reason STEP hand-books have been designed tocapacitate teachers in theirrole of guiding students inthe learning process. Theprogramme is organized insuch a way that all teachersin the country share the same

skills in conducting enrich-ment classes. Yet the respec-tive Ministry administers thesame testing exam all-overthe country.

BackgroundSince the inception of

Secondary Education Devel-opment Programme (SEDP),significant efforts have beenmade to increase access forall eligible students resultingin school enrolment expan-sion. At the same time a sig-nificant deterioration in passrate in Certificate of Second-ary Education Examination(CSEE) has been observed.The extraordinary trend wasobserved in 2012 NationalExamination results wherebyonly 43% of finalised studentspassed.

To address the challengeand reverse the trend, Stu-dent Teacher Enrichment Pro-gramme (STEP) initiative hasbeen introduced to capacitateteachers identify and supportlow performing students inselected basic subjects namelyKiswahili, English, Biology andMathematics. Through this

initiative it is expected thatoriented classroom teacherspay attention to individuallow achievers and assist themcatch up with the pace of fastlearners.

STEP initiative comprisesof two-step approaches whichare Teacher Training (INSET)and Student Enrichment.Teacher training aims atcapacitating teachers toconduct enrichment classesfor low performing students.On the other hand, students’enrichment is about address-ing the needs of low performingstudents and uplift them to theexpected achievement level.

Overall role of STEP’s INSETprogrammes is to train teach-ers who ultimately addressthe needs of the target lowachievers. Thus key players inSTEP initiative are nationaltrainers, regional trainers andsubject teachers. Subject teach-ers are expected to: admin-ister and mark test exam;conduct item analysis of testexam; conduct Enrichmentclasses to the identified stu-dents; assess learning progressof students who attend enrich-ment classes; and prepare aweekly report on enrichmentclasses.

Improving the Quality of EducationStudent Teacher

Enrichment Programme (STEP)

by Fatma MropeURT UNESCO National Commission


22


Enrichment Classes inRelation to Assessment and Expected Students’ Skills

Students are expected toacquire knowledge and skillsin specific areas of weaknessesas well as appropriate tech-niques in tackling the exami-nation questions. In turn, theywill improve their academicperformance; thus reducethe gap between lower andhigher achievers.

Students are expected todevelop problem solvingskills in reading and inter-preting the given informa-tion appropriately. Moreover,they should apply the tech-niques in responding appro-priately to various questionsand hence improve their aca-demic performance.

The topics selected arespecific to the respective sub-jects. Some of the criteria usedin identification of the STEPtopics were: comparativelycarry larger weight in exami-nations; possession of manyapplications in everyday life;major components for Biologypractical; topics with questionswhich are usually direct orhave high marks in the finalexamination.

Enrichment classesEnrichment class is the

teaching and learning pro-cesses whereby teachers useextra time apart from normalclass to enable students acquirebetter knowledge and skillsfor areas which are easierto be achievable by majorityof the students in a particularsubject. These classes are smallin size focusing on maximumteacher-students interaction,preferably1:40 ratio and cantake place after class hoursor weekends (Saturdays).

Assessment ModeThe heterogeneous nature

of learners in classes has beenconsidered. Some have highlearning ability that can graspquiet fast and learn better butothers need frequent guidance

and support to enable themlearn better. The two groupsare identified through obser-vation and examinations. Thelow performer students are thetarget group for enrichmentclasses. They are assessedthrough exercise, homeworkand test exam so as to tracetheir learning progress.

Identification Proceduresfor Enrichment Class

Test exams are preparedcentrally by the SecondaryEducation Unit in the Min-istry of Education, Science,Technology and VocationalTraining. The first test is tobe conducted in May and the

second in September aftercompletion of enrichmentclasses; test exams and mark-ing schemes in both hardand soft copies are providedto Regional Education Offi-cers and distributed to theCouncils. The District Sec-ondary Education Officersare responsible for printingand distribution of test examto the respective schools. Thehead of schools receive thetest exam and ensure it isdone and marked accordingto the regulations of exami-nations at the school level.

The following are guide-lines for conducting and mark-ing test exam: test exam isdone as if it is a terminal exam-ination in the regular schooltimetable; test exam is admin-istered to all students in thetargeted class and subject;subject teacher corrects ontyping errors where neces-sary; and all examinationregulations are followed asusual (invigilation, time keep-ing and collection of scripts).

During marking, the sub-ject teacher ensures: markingscheme is provided with thetest exam; correctness ofanswers by editing the mark-ing scheme provided; marksallocation has been done persection of the test exam; pro-vision of modal answers perquestions to show the corre-lation to marking scheme; andto mark test exam in a panel,record marks and rank stu-dents’ performance (withintwo weeks).

Guidelines for item analy-sis include: checking of per-formance per question; iden-tifying questions attemptedby many, few and none ofthe students and analysingthe reasons; matching/align-ing questions with the syl-

Deputy Principal (Education) Secretary from

Ministry of Education, Science, Technology

and Vocational Training Hon. Dr. L. Akwilapo

Observing Endeavours in a STEP Handbooks’

Review Workshop Held in February 2016 at

Usagara Secondary School – Tanga.


23


labus, National Examinationformat and checking of skillsassessed analysing and inter-preting findings from studentresults; and develop list ofdifficult areas/topics.

After administration ofthe test exams, identificationof low performing studentsis done to decide the targetstudents. Also, the areas ofstrength and weakness aredetermined and analysed.The target students are iden-tified on performance basisi.e. those who scored below40% in the test exam and thosewho score less than 50% inthe identified weak areas.Apart from that, teachershave to check the followingbefore registering students inthe enrichment class: stu-dents’ willingness and self-motivation to learn; opinionfrom class teachers on per-formance records and opinionfrom parents/guardians. Thefinal list of students has to beprepared in a special recordrevealing each ones’ weak-ness and submitted to Aca-demic Master.

Choosing Content forEnrichment Class

From the list of difficultareas identified, teacherschoose few topics which canbe covered within 10 weeksof the enrichment class. Thechoice has to consider itsimpact on the final exami-nation for the needy students.

Guideline for ConductingEnrichment Classes

The classes take place inthe second term (July-Septem-ber). Normally one session ofthe enrichment classes is 60minutes. Recommended classsize is 40 students. However,class size will vary dependingon the demanding area of thesubjects’ enrichment content

to the learners. The teacherprepares attendance list foreffective follow up. Thus,learners’ attendance shouldbe controlled accordingly.

Class ManagementUsually classroom teacher

manages the class in sucha way that students’ partic-ipation is enhanced. Also,the teacher considers stu-dents’ mixed abilities in thelearning groups. The learnersare responsible for knowl-

edge exploration whereasthe teacher facilitates as wellas correcting errors andmisconceptions.

FeedbackFeedback is very impor-

tant to the learners for themto evaluate and rectify abouttheir academic progress.Consequently, teachers aretrained on how to providefeedback to learners. In otherinstances a feedback canchange the learners’ attitudesnegatively. In such painful

feedback, it should be confi-dential, specific and person-alized. Therefore, the teachershould act accordingly.

Setting of In-houseExamination Questions

In order for enrichmentclasses to be effective, theteacher is supposed to regularlyconstruct test items basingon the examination formatsusing table of specificationand administer them to his/her general class.

ConclusionIt is believed that effective

use of the guides will improvethe performance of students.It will assist respective teachersto identify, support, facilitateand implement enrichmentclasses that will eventuallyenable underachievers to passtheir final examination. Thusscaling-up efforts are neces-sary to ensure that all respec-tive teachers in the countryare sensitized on how to gothrough their remedial classes.

�

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Braeburn International Schools have a com-mitment to continuing growth and develop-ment, ensuring that your children can conti-nue to grow and develop academically, physi-cally, socially and emotionally in a safe, secure and stimulating learning environment.

Braeburn Dar es Salaam International School is opening its Year 7 class in September 2016, o ering an international secondary educa-tion, based on the curriculum of England and Wales.

Braeburn Schools actively value and celebrate diversity, nurturing personal growth by provi-ding a friendly and supportive environment. Early years, primary and secondary students develop the skills, attitudes and awareness necessary to become successful learners, con dent individuals and responsible citizens.

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Located on a beautiful 6-acre garden site in the Mbezi Beach area, Braeburn Dar es Salaam International School opened its doors in August 2015. In August 2017, the rst Year 7 class will be in operation – an indication of Braeburn’s success and the growing demand for a quality international education in Dar es Salaam.

As a member of the highly reputable Braeburn Group of International Schools, Braeburn Dar es Salaam supports its commitment to ensuring that all students, irrespective of ability, enjoy access to a rich and ful lling school life in which the social and emotional development of each individual is given the same signi cance as our commitment to securing academic progress and achievement.

We adhere to the New National Curriculum of England and Wales (2014) in the EYFS and Key Stage One (Years 1-2), Key Stage Two (Years 3-6) and Key Stage Three (Year 7).

We o er a curriculum which is balanced and broadly based and which promotes the spiri-tual, moral, cultural, mental and physical deve-lopment of students and prepares students for the opportunities, responsibilities and expe-riences of later life.

The curriculum provides an outline of core knowledge around which our teachers develop exciting and stimulating lessons to promote the development of students’ knowledge, unders-tanding and skills as part of the wider school curriculum. As a school committed to interna-tional mindedness, we have adapted the curri-culum to ensure there is a good balance of local, national and international topics covered.

Three areas are particularly crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. These three prime areas are:• communication and language• physical development• personal, social and emotional development

These areas are strengthened and applied through the following four speci c areas:• literacy• mathematics• understanding the world• expressive arts and design

Teachers at Braeburn Dar es Salaam set high expectations for every student; they plan stretching work for students whose attainment is signi cantly above the expected standard and plan accessible lessons for students who have low levels of prior attainment or have identi ed additional educational needs (for example, English as an additional language). Our teachers use appropriate assessment to set targets which are deliberately ambitious. In support of our on-going teacher assessment, SATs (Statutory Attainment Tests) are used at the end of Key Stage One and Two.

A vibrant, positive culture engendering mutual respect and appreciation is a principle feature of our school. The skills and attributes of all members of our community are recognised and opportunities to celebrate these ever present.

Active participation in our extensive extra–cur-ricular programme is encouraged, ensuring that our students explore their interests, disco-ver their talents and enjoy success in all they do. We aim to nurture ‘Con dent Individuals’ and consequently recognising our students as individuals is of paramount importance. Tasks designed to incorporate collaboration are also a feature of our teaching to support the deve-lopment of the skills necessary to become positive and purposeful team members.

Our school is a community in which the relationships between students, teachers and parents fosters a supportive and collaborative environment with a focus on acknowledging our achievements while signi cantly iden-tifying the opportunities for us to continue to evolve and improve. Open communication between Home and School is always actively encouraged at Braeburn and is seen as integral to ensuring the ongoing success of both our students and our community.

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Responsible citizens arealways natured particularlyfrom childhood and sinceyouth spend most of theirtime in schools undoubtedlyteachers are key variables inthis equation. In its narrowestform, a teacher could be anyone who went through dif-ferent trainings and eventuallyenabled to transfer knowl-edge to others. The educationgoal for the 2030 Agendamaintains the need to pro-mote an inclusive and equi-table quality education andpromote lifelong learningopportunities for all. Teachersare therefore our drivingforce towards achieving thisgoal. However to realize thisgoal it has been emphasizedthat qualified teachers needto be increased. This wouldmean to have people who arewilling, motivated and readyto help students to have deeperunderstanding and beingable to contribute towards

the realization of a betterworld for everyone. It is fromthe narrowest definition of ateacher that it is widely heldthat the main and probablymost important core functionof any teacher is to transferknowledge to the recipients.However if this were true thenteaching would have beenthe easiest job on earth as itwould mean going to classshare the materials andinformation with studentsand then leave.

In its widest perspectivehowever a great teacher issomeone whose actions andwords are constantly helpingto shape and build the nationand the world at large. Sucha teacher understands thathe is an inspiration to studentsand is therefore careful witheverything he does. In sec-ondary schools for examplethe language used as a medi-um of instruction is English

and students are obliged touse it as an official languageof communication with teach-ers and amongst themselves.However in some cases stu-dents do not speak Englishsimply because those who aresupposed to be exemplary inthis case (teachers) do notcommunicate in English andin some cases instruct studentsusing Kiswahili but expectthem to respond in English.In such a situation an inspi-rational element appears tohave missed to such teachers.A true and highly dedicatedteacher knows that being arole model means leadingstudents in the right formincluding speaking Englishin school. It is also knownthat knowledge is alwaysacquired through readingdifferent relevant materialsespecially books, broadsheets,magazines and tabloids.In some cases a teacher isrequired to read such mate-rials not just as a way of get-ting information but moreimportantly as a means ofencouraging students todevelop such a habit. In such

A Great Teacher: An Engine onwhich the Future of the Nation Relies

by Fraja A MsangiURT UNESCO National Commission


28


a situation a teacher withthat trait always like to uselibrary in getting informa-tion and usually goes to classwith books so as to arousestudents’ interest in readingbooks too. This trait of inspir-ing students is really impor-tant because apart frominfluencing cognitive devel-opment it also impacts stu-dents’ behavior and is likelyto produce long term effectto students. If this culture isdemonstrated by teachersand perpetuated by studentsit will be transmitted to thesociety, community and even-tually spread nationwide.This is one of the most impor-tant functions of a teacher.

In the same vein a greatteacher understands thatthere is no clear demarcationbetween his personal life andprofessional life. It is fromthat understanding whereone takes consideration ofeven the covert behavior. Thisranges from dressing code,walking, talking and nearlyin everything that like otherindividuals teachers do. Notso long ago we used to hearpeople being asked whetherthey were teachers basing ontheir dressing style or fromthe way they talked. Thoughwe do not regularly coincidewith such questions in today’sworld but we need to ask our-selves whether we are on theright track or a bit astray andneed a quick U-turn. This isbecause such questions meantthat being a teacher meanthaving some incredible char-acteristics that society alwaysadmired. It meant teacherswere respectable people inthe society. Teachers do com-mendable job but need to notethat in case they mistakenlyor accidentally misbehavethen their professional imageswill be tarnished before per-

sonal image. If for examplea teacher for whatever reasondoes something consideredas immoral by the society,people will always associatesuch unethical behavior withhis profession and not hispersonal life. Instead of sayingMr. X did this people will besaying teacher X misbehaved.Thus a great teacher guardshis reputation just as he guardshis eyes against objects.

Likewise teachers reshapethe future generation throughproper provision of behavioralguidance and counselling. Agreat teacher spends time withhis students and regularlymolds his students. It is thisteacher who inculcates a senseof responsibility to students.Though school rules and reg-ulations may be firm on stu-dents’ misconduct, it is impor-tant for teachers to sometimes

accommodate these weak-nesses. By accepting suchweaknesses, teachers do notonly provide chance for stu-dents to continue with theirstudies but also help them toacknowledge that toleranceis an important ingredientin life. This extends the workof a teacher. The only creditthat any teacher gets fromhis/her students is seeingthem excelling and climbing

the educational ladder highto the top. Only students whohad poor performance recordsand in a few cases trouble-some will remember how par-ticular teachers helped themto be on track. These are theones that will acknowledgethe contribution of teachersand will always respect them.Therefore schools need someflexibility with regard to rulesand regulations that mayaccommodate individualweaknesses and allow teachersto use counselling and guid-ance to mold students andhelp them be good citizens.

A great teacher believestoo that his role is mainlyto facilitate learning process.This allows for a teacher tohear students’ preconceptionwith regard to a particularsubject matter. Under suchcircumstances his task is to

redefine and clear miscon-ceptions that students hadand or to strengthen the rele-vant knowledge that washeld by students. No greatteacher that considers himselfto be the only source of knowl-edge. In contemporary world,science and technology hasenabled rampant sharing ofinformation and acquisitionof knowledge has been sim-plified too. It very possible

A Teacher’s

College

in Tanzania.


29


for students to go to the “youtube” watch lecture on a par-ticular subject even beforethe teacher gets there. Thisgives students an opportu-nity to learn from differentsources and ahead of theteacher sometimes. Thisshould not be perceived as achallenge or threat to teachersinstead it should be appre-ciated as a help to them. Agreat teacher therefore allowsstudents to share informationand accept that they mayhave relevant knowledge oncertain subject matter. Therole of a teacher is not to feedstudents with his informa-tion but to share with studentsand guide them properly sothat they do not end up withmisconceptions.

ConclusionAs a nation we need to

realize that the kind of thesociety we would like to seetomorrow has to be preparedwell today. If we want this jobto be easy we should investwell in producing qualifiedand committed teachers. A

few teachers serve over thou-sands students. If they aregreat teachers they will inspireand produce responsible citi-zens who are productive andready to add to the growthof the economy. On contraryif the same teachers are notwell equipped, enabled andsupported to be great teacherswe will have lost the potentiallabour force of our countrywhich will be translated innumerous ways includingshrinking of the market. It istherefore the responsibilityof every education stakeholderto take part in producing

great teachers. The UNESCONational Commission iscommitted to ensure that ithelps the government in pro-ducing great teachers espe-cially by initiating differentprojects that focus on capacitybuilding to teachers. On theirpart, teachers need to recognizethat their contribution to thegrowth of the economy is notonly determined by the num-ber of students with whomthey help to pass, but it is onthe extent to which they helpto create, shape and inspireyouth to be responsible citizen.

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IntroductionAll Together in Dignity

(ATD) Fourth World, is anNGO registered in Tanzaniasince 2009. ATD’s vision is ofa world where all peoplelive in dignity and free fromthe humiliation of extremepoverty. Its mission is toempower people in povertyto be recognized and valuedcitizens, and to support themin accessing fundamentalrights. ATD is part of theInternational MovementATD Fourth World whichhas consultative status withUNESCO, UNICEF, the ILOand European Union.

In 2015 ATD was grantedfunding from UNESCO head-quarters in Paris to carry outa participatory research proj-ect to understand the condi-tions that will allow childrenliving in extreme poverty tostart and finish their primaryschool cycle.

Primary school educationis one of the building blocksof life. A child’s right to pri-mary school education isnon-negotiable, regardless

of the child’s wider familyeconomic, cultural or socialbackground. However, forchildren living in a familyimmersed in deepest poverty,the likelihood of accessingand completing their primaryschool education cycle is sub-stantially reduced.

This article summarizes areport which was disseminatedat a one day seminar con-ducted on 2nd June 2016 in Dares Salaam. The research wascarried out from January 2015to March 2016 in Kinondonidistrict, Dar es Salaam. Theintention was to understandthe right conditions for chil-dren living in extreme povertyto start and finish their pri-mary school education.

Research MethodPeople living in extreme

poverty have knowledgearising from their unique lifeexperiences. Often overlooked

and devalued, their insight canbring meaningful solutionsto challenges when taken onboard by policy makers. Theresearch was inspired, devel-oped and facilitated by a teamincluding people living inextreme poverty and othersfrom diverse backgrounds.

Over fifteen months theyinterviewed 46 parents, 40children and 20 teachersand local leaders. A holisticapproach was used to under-stand the wider context of fami-lies living in extreme poverty.In this way the research teamwas able to understand howthe health, income, widercommunity relationships,etc., have an impact on achild’s primary school educa-tion and highlighted theefforts made by the variousstakeholders involved. Theresearch team was creativein its approach to collectionand analysis of the data

Access to Primary School Educationfor Children Living in Extreme Poverty

ATD Fourth World Participatory Research’s Findings

by Fatma S. MropeURT National Commission for UNESCO


32


ensuring each person, regard-less of their background, couldcontribute with equal value.

This method demonstratedwhen the right conditionsexist, the views of people livingin extreme poverty can beclearly articulated and definedto advocate for policy changeswhich can have positive influ-ence for their society.

Summary of FindingsThe primary school educa-

tion of children from extremelypoor families is rooted in amuch larger context of theirimmediate and extendedfamilies, and wider commu-nity. Internal and externalfamily and community con-flicts, the health and work ofparents, the safety and dis-tractions of wider environ-mental factors all impactheavily on children. For thechallenges that come oftenand unexpectedly, familiesliving in extreme povertyhave to find solutions as theyhappen, which can be tem-porary and misunderstood.Relationships between par-ents and teachers are oftenreciprocally condemning andjudgmental. Children fearsome teachers and feel dis-criminated because of their

background. All this createsan extremely challengingatmosphere for children andteachers.

However, genuine desire forimprovement was expressedfrom all stakeholders. Effortsare made, some significantand obvious while others needmore understanding. Edu-cation is an unconditional

priority for all people livingin extreme poverty. Underchallenging circumstancesteachers remain committedas education actors. Childrenfrom extremely poor familiessee education as their bestchance to eventually escapeextreme poverty.

Key FindingsThe research looked at six

areas covering the lives ofthe children and their widerfamily: self; family and friends;housing and community;work and income; health; andschool. Interviewing teachers,local community leaders, par-ents and children on ques-tions linked to these themespresented the research teamwith a broad range of find-ings on which to make rec-ommendations for multipleeducational stakeholders.

SelfThe research found the

existence of unsubstantiatedprejudices towards peopleliving in extreme poverty.Very poor families are oftenaccused, blamed and heldresponsible for their life cir-cumstances. They are judgedfor their decisions withoutknowing the reasons and thechallenges that drive theirchoices.

Extreme poverty and pri-vacy are opposites. It is veryhard to have a private life whenliving in extreme poverty,with eyes constantly watchingand seeing a person’s everymovement, purchase, meet-ing, etc. Very poor peoplesaid that they felt humiliatedbecause of extreme poverty,directly by words or actions.To have no privacy meansa persons’ life is played outin public, reaffirming thathumiliation.

Children are extremelyambitious, which goes handin hand with their affirmationof the importance of educa-tion. The research team dis-covered that children haveambitions to all professionsthat contribute to building astronger and more unitedcommunity and nation i.e.to become teachers, doctors,police officers, etc.

Family and FriendsMany parents said they

cooperate with others intheir community. They saidalthough at times life in theircommunities can be unsettledand challenging, they wouldprefer not to move anywhereelse because of the knowledgeof the environment wherethey live and the network ofpeople they have around them.However, extreme povertycan create and break friend-

Members of

the Research

Team

Interviewing

Children in

Tegeta Area,

Dar es Salaam.


33


ships in an instant. Whenpeople see their neighbourssuffering they have empathyand want to help. They knowthey might be in the sameposition tomorrow. With sofew resources themselves,sometimes only words andcompanionship can be offered.These words and seeminglysimple gestures are signif-icant and bind poor commu-nities together.

These small gestures thatbind communities togetherare the same at a family level.It is not always what is said,but what is left unsaid, thatensures that the love andresilience needed for verypoor families to survive ispresent. However, when thepressure of constantly findingsolutions become too great,and words are said which arelater regretted, little by littlethat resilience is eroded. Thesemoments can break families,and the impact on everybody,especially children, can beun-repairable.

Work and IncomeThe constant lack of money

and uncertainty brings worriesand tensions in the lives ofvery poor families. Money is

needed for basic necessitiessuch as shelter; food and water;health and education. How-ever, life is not only abouthaving basic essential andsurvival. Money is needed tobe part of a wider family andcommunity, and to enjoycultural and social activities.

Extreme poverty createsinstability and uncertaintyin life. When problems occurfor families living in extremepoverty they come suddenlyand they have no resources tocontend with these difficulties.Living day to day, peopleliving in extreme poverty areunable to develop resourceswhich they can turn to intimes of emergencies. Insteadthey develop short-term strate-gies to find solutions to recur-ring problems.

Housing and CommunityOne of the biggest worries

for people living in extremepoverty is to have a stablehome. The instability of nothaving a stable home comesfrom many sources, such asbeing asked to leave or rentincrease, land being reclaimedby the government or invadedby other people, and mostoften paying the rent. Find-

ing ways to alleviate theseworries such as having regularwork and income; participat-ing in small savings schemes;and owning a small plot, aresome of the families’ mainstrategies for solving problems.

Very poor people care forthe well-being of, and havean interest in, their commu-nity. They are ready and will-ing to defend the rights ofothers. It is not only actionsthat show people have aninterest in their communitybut the willingness to knowwhat is going on and whatcan be improved. For example,at health care facilities andschools people said there isa need for “good leadership”and “regular inspections”.

Children from very poorfamilies face hazards in everycorner of the community.This can be from the spreadof diseases, safe passage toand from school includingcrossing roads and rivers,to the threat of gangs andthieves, etc. Often childrenhave to fend for themselvesto overcome many of thesechallenges. It is why so manychildren join with their friendsfor the journey to and fromschool. It is not only forfriendship and games, butfor safety too.

HealthThe health of the family

is heavily linked with thefamily’s income and has animpact on primary schooleducation. Even in this eraof the Education for Free pol-icy in Tanzania, if a child orparent is sick additionalexpenses need to be found.When sickness occurs in thefamily, many children livingin extreme poverty may stayat home to care for a sick par-ent or younger siblings, or

Members of

the Research

Team

Interviewing

a Mother at

Tandale,

Dar es Salaam.


34


they might help the parentsto find extra income. Somechildren try to go to schoolwhile feeling sick, which affectstheir studies. Having accessto treatment and under-standing the importance ofbasic hygiene and nutritionis as important to a child’sdevelopment as access toeducation.

SchoolSchools are considered to

be the principle providersof primary school education.However for children livingin extreme poverty to succeedin starting and finishingtheir primary school cycleit is not only the responsi-bility of schools and teachersbut also children, their friends,parents and other familymembers; neighbours; thewider community; and localand national government.

There is a common con-ception among many peoplethat very poor people do notvalue or make education apriority. This conception con-flicts greatly with the research,as parents make huge sacri-fices to encourage their chil-dren to go to school.

Teachers and parents bothexpressed the importance ofcooperation and good relation-ships. Both sides are makingefforts, both have the desireto improve, both have to over-come challenges to succeed.Partnership with local leaderswas reported as being the bestway to ensure all childrenare enrolled in school.

Teachers, parents andlocal leaders reported poortraining and insufficientsalaries for many teachersleaving them feeling unmoti-vated. Teachers also empha-sized the need for a reviewof the national curriculumwhich involves teachers.

Parents said how impor-tant it is that a teacher shouldknow each child individually.This can have many benefits,including contact with thechild’s parents, giving feed-back to parents on a child’sdevelopment at school, andunderstanding if a childhas specific needs or healthproblems.

Children who go to schoolby bus reported conductorswill not allow them on busesduring busy times becausethey pay half fare. This meansmany children are forced towalk, or spend a long timewaiting for a bus until a con-ductor allows them to board.

Children become worriedwhen they see teachers carry-ing sticks, begin to “shake”and are afraid to approachteachers and ask questions.The children said that beingphysically punished does notstop them from making mis-takes in the class, it onlycreates fear. The views of thechildren interviewed are con-sistent with internationalinstitutions and the Tanzaniannational government as asigned member to the Con-ventions of the Rights of the

Child that physical punish-ment in schools must bestopped.

In the past when parentswere asked to give contri-butions for primary schooleducation it caused discrim-ination, created tensions andled to the breakdown in rela-tionships between educa-

tional stakeholders. The Edu-cation for Free policy pursuedby the government ensuringthat parents are not askedfor financial contributions isa step in the right direction.This policy needs to be moni-tored to minimize its impactand to make sure it does nothave a negative effect on pri-mary school education, espe-cially for very poor children.

It is important that parentsand teachers agree that thereis a decline in the educationsystem and what the mainreasons for this are. It is nec-essary to identify the chal-lenges and discuss them.However they should not bethe starting point. Lookingfor positives can take more

The research Team during a Meeting at the

ATD Fourth World Office, Mwananyamala.


35


time but has greater value ifa shared goal is agreed upon.

Teachers are committedto improving the quality ofeducation even if facingmany challenges. They makethe effort to come to schoolon time, prepare lessons,welcome children in a goodway, be creative in teachingwith limited resources, andshow commitment to go fur-ther in supporting very poorchildren. Parents are support-ing these efforts by motivatingand encouraging their chil-dren to learn, providing themwith security and stabilitythrough difficult circum-stances, collaborating withteachers, and instilling hopeand belief in their childrenthat they can succeed. Theseefforts from both sides arethe foundation on which toconsolidate a dialogue betweenparents and teachers.

Recommendations• The national governmentshould provide schools withthe necessary teachers, facil-ities and equipment to wel-come and educate all children,including disabled children,with a standardized primaryeducation curriculum. Teach-ers should receive ongoingtraining and a level of salaryin line with the cost of living.• Where, and whenever pos-sible, children should livewithin a reasonable walkingdistance of their primaryschool. Children should notbe disturbed when getting onbuses when going to andreturning from school.• The street government, incooperation with parents andthe wider community, shouldtake the necessary steps toprovide a safer environmentfor children. These steps shouldinclude a plan of action toprevent children from joininggroups and gangs who are a

bad influence and encouragechildren to stay away fromschool; and prohibiting theowners of video and gameshops from allowing childrenentry to the establishmentsduring school days.• All school aged childrenshould be registered in andattending school. In order toensure this parent, ten-housecell leaders and the street gov-ernment should work closelyand in cooperation with thelocal primary schools.• Each neighbourhood shouldhave a space where parentsand children can get adviceand support on educationalservices.• Parents should be respon-sible for providing their child’suniform, bag, shoes and pens.They should motivate theirchildren to study and listen totheir concerns. Parents shouldbe encouraged to give chil-dren housework within theircapacity, which does notconflict with their primaryschool education.• All education stakeholdersshould conform to the Educa-tion for Free policy regardingfinancial contributions.• Schools should promotefriendship among childrenand encourage them to reachtheir potential.• Every child should haveaccess to a school nurse, facil-ities and equipment. The nurseshould collaborate with par-ents and offer support, adviceand treatment to children.• Physical punishment anduse of harsh words towardschildren must be stopped inschools. Parents and teachersshould agree which non-phys-ical discipline is acceptable.• Clear and adapted linesof communication must existbetween parents and teach-ers. They can communicatethrough meetings, telephonecalls, letters, visits, etc.

• To create trust and improverelationships, all educationstakeholders should developmutual recognition abouteach other’s situation.• Each school should havea community outreach workerwhose responsibility it is tocreate links between the schooland the children’s parents andensure effective communi-cation exists especially withfamilies living in extremepoverty.• School meetings should beprepared by the head teacherand parent representatives.The meetings should providea space for parents and teach-ers to share their experiencesand the challenges they facewhile focusing on the well-being of the children’s edu-cation. It is vital that parents’views are listened to. Thereshould be a clear complaintsprocedure for parents to fol-low. Parents should also bereassured that there will beno negative consequencesfor them if they do decideto make a complaint.

Conclusion‘Access to Primary School

Education for Children Livingin Extreme Poverty’ is a modelaction research as it reflectsthe actual situation relativeto the access of basic educa-tion in most Tanzanians wholive in extreme poverty. Therecommendations to thegovernmental bodies shouldnot be underrated in harmo-nizing the educational statusfor the target people. However,more initiatives are neededto provide relevant life skillsto target people and awak-ening them on freeing fromthe extreme poverty for thebetter of their lives as well aspaying attention to theirchildren’s education.

�

http://www.uhurutown.com/


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It is unanimously agreedthat parents exert enormousinfluence over children’sdevelopment especially interms of cognitive and moraldevelopment. The extent towhich they influence suchdevelopment is really immenseas whatever a child does in oneway or another may have aparent’s hand on it thoughunwittingly or unknowingly.

It is known that the bestand prestigious thing forparents to leave to their childis “quality education” –education that gives a childthe ability to spot opportu-nities, manage the environ-ment and appreciates thatdiversity in several aspects isa blessing as long as they areused to prosper human life.

It is also familiar witheveryone that it is the respon-sibility of parents to cater forchildren’s needs in terms of

food, shelter, clothing andother essentials to life. How-ever in order for child to getquality education it is imper-ative that parents dischargedtheir roles effectively and tothe fullest. Irrespective ofwhether it is a public or pri-vate school, the role of theparent is indispensable andlargely non-transferable.Modern parents howeverhave got a very wrong notionthat their roles towards child’seducation is to provide thenecessary materials requiredand payment of the requiredcontributions to schools only.This traditional perceptionis completely wrong. Duringgood old days parents usedto have time and asses theirchildren’s development espe-cially in measuring literacyand numeracy skills. It wasduring that time where whenletters were sent, family wouldgather and then such a letterwould be given to a child to

read aloud before everyone.This allowed parents to assesstheir child’s reading abilityand took appropriate meas-ures basing on the perform-ance showed by the child.Surprisingly, such a goodhabit is no longer there, asmost parents now do nothave time to spend with theirchildren on the pretext thatare too occupied, which is ofcourse used as an excusefor not discharging one’s fullresponsibilities.

It is every parent’s ambi-tion to see their children per-forming exceptionally wellin class without realizing thatit is also every parent’s taskto help their children to getthere. Good things are pre-pared and so to good children.Believing that it is solely andentirely the responsibility ofteachers to help students topass examinations and havegood morals without signif-

Parents, an IndispensableIngredient towards Quality

Educationby Faraja A Msangi

URT UNESCO National Commission


38


icant contribution from par-ents is like holding the notionthat pumping fuel in a carwill take it to the right direc-tion without having properfunctional steering.

Therefore for proper andacademic progress of a child,good parents are expectedto be at the centre of child’sdevelopment in several waysincluding but not limited tothe following:

Provide basic needs to a childincluding nutritious food thatis essential to physical andmental health, good shelter,and clothing and ensure thatthe child grows in a safe andsecured environment. It alsoincludes buying the materialsand paying all the necessarycontributions to schools. Thegovernment of the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania estab-lished the free basic educationpolicy for all in 2015 whichcame into effect in 2016 whichallows students in publicschools from primary to ordi-nary level not to pay fees andother identified contributionsto schools. However this movedid not intend to removeparents’ responsibilities interms of providing to theirchildren.

Inspirational roleChildren should learn and

be inspired by their parents’life style. A good parent shouldtherefore behave responsibly

knowing that children areeither encouraged or discour-aged by their behavior.

Set home rules and regulationsIt is unfortunate that in

Tanzania most parents donot have working rules intheir homes. Good parentsshould have guiding principlesthat certain things are donein certain way and only at aparticular time. For instance,

parents must guide theirchildren on the kind of pro-grammes they can watch onTVs or listen to the radio. It isnot uncommon to find a childwatching TV programmefrom 17 Hrs to mid night andparents do not seem to worryabout that. This is really badand does not prepare chil-dren to be good citizens anyparent would like to see inthe future.

Help children to set time tableAlongside the home rules,

parents need to help their chil-dren to manage time. Children

need to read, play, sleep well,watch TV programmes, andperform many other activ-ities. It is the responsibilityof a good parent to help achild realize that time isscarce and thus should beused wisely. For example aparent could set time tablefor his or her child in differentsubjects taught in school andhelp them to follow it.

Correct and orstrengthen behavior

Children are likely to mis-behave because of the activ-ities they engage with as theyto look for their individuality.Therefore parents need tounderstand that in some casesit is important to punish chil-dren when they misbehave.Never the less it surprises howsome parents take their own

children to school for punish-ments even when they misbe-have at home. Some modernparents are afraid of their ownchildren. A good parent usespunishments when a childmisbehaves as long as it isreasonably understandableto do so. However punish-ment does not necessarilyimply corporal one but it mayinvolve removal of somethinggood that the child loves likeprohibiting them from watch-ing their favorite kids pro-gramme on TV. On the otherhand, parents must learnto strengthen good behavior


39


like proving a gift when achild does well in school.These may appear insignif-icant but have got tremen-dous effect on the cognitivedevelopment of a child.

Helping them with homeworkThis gives parents a chance

to see how their child write,notice the handwriting andsee how simple or difficult itis for the child to manage dif-ferent subjects. It is at this pointwhere parents may have theopportunity to encourage theirchild on different subjects someof which are considered toughlike mathematics and sciencesubjects. Some modern parentsrefrain from this role that iswhy it is very common to findparents who cannot recognizetheir child’s handwriting.

Paying visit to schoolsThough distance could be

an obstacle here, but com-mitment and willingness todo so are at the centre of thischallenge. Good parents haveclose contacts with teachersof their child and make sure

that they have got the schoolcalendar so that they knowwhen examinations begin andend when to expect reportsand regularly get records oftheir child’s performance andbehavioral development fromschool. It is only by so doingthat mild behavior can bespotted and corrected beforeit becomes copious and uncon-trollable. Such visits form astrong umbilical cord betweenparents and teachers (schoolsat large) sending a very clearmessage to students thatparents and teachers act asone and this help to minimizethe possibility of producingan irresponsible citizen.

Conclusive remarksIf parents really want to

see their kids becoming pro-ductive and influential peoplein the country and the worldtoo, it is high time they coop-erated well with teachers andother education stakeholdersto make that dream a reality.Quality education that is tar-get by the sustainable devel-opment goals will not beachieved if parents continueto act passively towards childupbringing especially in rela-tion to academic progress.

When parents discharge theirroles to the fullest, they compeleveryone else to do the same.For example if parents alwaysdemand academic progressreports of their child, they inturn force the child to readseriously which again encour-age teachers to work hard andin the end everyone contributestowards quality education.

Modern parents need tochange and take fully respon-sibility of raising well theirchildren academically. Ifthey think that they are toooccupied, then they shouldask themselves whether what-ever keeps them busy is worthmore than their children. Theultimate goal in life is to ensurethat happiness prevails, andthis will not be experiencedif after all the investment doneon child’s education one findsthat the outcome is disap-pointing. Paying differentcontributions to schools fora child is necessary but notsufficient condition for one toclaim to have played parent’srole to the fullest if other sig-nificant roles are ignored. Itis high time now that parentschanged and played theirroles effectively.

�

Room to Read social mobilizer conducting life skills

lessons, providing mentorship and visiting with

parents to encourage a supportive environment.

CHUO CHA USIMAMIZI WA FEDHA

THE INSTITUTE OF FINANCE MANAGEMENT(Established under the ACT No. 3 of 1972)

INTRODUCTIONThe institute of Finance Management (IFM)is a higher learning institution establishedunder the act of parliament No. 3 of 1972.IFM has proved to be one of the fast growinginstitutions with a proud history of achieve-ment and an ambitious agenda for the future.The Institute has over 10,000 students, indifferent programmes conducted at the

institute. IFM is located along Shaaban Robert and Samora streets inthe city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

VISIONTo become a world class centre of academic and professional excellenceand an agent for change in financial studies and related disciplines.

MISSION STATEMENTIFM will endeavor to use its highly qualified and committed employeesand modern technology to provide quality market driven academic andprofessional training, research and consultancy in accountancy, banking,finance, insurance, social, information technology, and related disciplinesin a way that meets the needs and expectations of customers and otherstakeholders.INSTITUTE’S CORE ACTIVITIESIFM conducts trainings in both long term and short term programmes.It also undertakes research and consultancy in various business andtechnology areas.

LONG TERM TRAININGThe academic/training activities are organized under four facultieswhich are:• Faculty of Insurance and Social Protection (FISP);• Faculty of Economics an Management Sciences (FEMS);• Faculty of Accounting, Banking and Finance (FABF);• Faculty of Computing Information Systems and Mathematics (FCIM);The long term courses are offered in the areas of Banking and Finance,Tax Management, Accounting and Finance, Insurance and Risk Manage-ment, Actuarial Science, Computing and Information Technology, andEconomics and Management. Current courses are provided at under-graduate and postgraduate level programmes. The courses are conductedat IFM main campus and City Christian Center in Dar salaam as wellas in the newly opened Mwanza Training Centre in Mwanza town.

Undergraduate Programmes

S/N PROGRAMME DURATION

1 Ordinary Diploma in Bankingand Finance (ODBF) Two years, full time

2 Ordinary Diploma in Bankingand Finance (ODBF - PT) Two years, part-time

3 Ordinary Diploma in ComputingScience (ODCS) Two years, full time

4 Ordinary Diploma in ComputingScience (ODCS - PT) Two years, part-time

5 Ordinary Diploma in InformationTechnology (ODIT - PT) Two years, part-time

6 Ordinary Diploma in InformationTechnology (ODIT) Two years, full time

7 Ordinary Diploma in Insurance andRisk Management (ODIRM) Two years, full time

8 Ordinary Diploma in Insurance andRisk Management (ODIRM - PT) Two years, part-time

9 Ordinary Diploma in SocialProtection (ODSP) Two years, full time

10 Ordinary Diploma in Accountancy(ODA) Two years, full time

B - Ordinary Diploma Course


1 Bachelor of Accounting (BAcc) Three years, full time

2 Bachelor of Banking and Finance(BBF) Three years, full time

3 Bachelor of Banking and Finance Three years, part time(BBF-EP) (EP)

4 Bachelor of Computing Science (CSc) Three years, full time

5 Bachelor of Science in ComputingScience (BSc.Cs) offered incollaboration with Dublin Institute ofTechnology Ireland (DT 228) Four years, full time

6 Bachelor of Science in InformationTechnology (BSc.IT) Three years, full time

7 Bachelor of Science in Insurance andRisk Management (BSc.IRM) Three years, full time

8 Bachelor of Science in Insurance and Three years, part timeRisk Management (BSc.IRM - EP) (EP)

9 Bachelor of Science in SocialProtection (BSc.SP) Three years, full time

10 Bachelor of Science Taxation(BSc. Tax) Three years, full time

A - Bachelor Degree Courses


1 Basic Certificate in Banking and Finance(BCBF) - Full Time and Part Time One year, full time

2 Basic Certificate in Computer Studies(BCCS) - Full Time and Part Time One year, full time

3 Basic Certificate in Insurance and SocialProtection (BCISP) - Full Time and Part Time One year, full time

4 Basic Certificate in Accountancy (BCA) -Full Time and Part Time One year, full time

5 Basic Certificate in Tax Management(BCTM) - Full Time and Part Time One year, full time

Entry requirements for Basic Certificate Courses: An appropriate Form Four

with at least Four PASSES.

C - Basic Certificates (NTA 4)

Prof. Godwin G. Mjema,

Rector of IFM

Graduation at IFM

http://bsc.cs/

http://bsc.it/

http://bsc.sp/

http://www.ifm.ac.tz/

C - Prospective Masters CoursesThe following courses are expected to be offered from 2014/2015academic year:• Master of Science in Tax Management;• Master of Science in Insurance and Risk Management (M.Sc. IRM);• Master of Science in Social Protection, Policy and Development(M.Sc. SPP).

COLLABORATIONSIFM collaborates with various world class institutions for enhancedquality and output in training, research and consultancy. Examples ofcollaborating partners include the University of Strathclyde (UK), IndianInstitute of Foreign Trade (India), BIMTECH (India), AvinashillingamUniversity (India) and the Open University of Tanzania in Dar es Salaam.

RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCYThe research, consultancy and executive programmes are managed byThe Centre for Advanced Studies in Corporate Governance, Entre-preneurship and Finance (CASCEF).

CASCEF’s vision is to produce and encourage quality academic researchand promote debate in both academic and business communities inthe areas of corporate governance, entrepreneurship, finance and otherbusiness related disciplines.

The centre coordinates research and publication activities of the Institute.It also organizes courses and Weekend College. The center coordinatesresearch and consultancies for about 250 qualified faculty in extensivebusiness professions. Typical business areas include:

• Auditing – Financial and Management.• Accountancy – Preparing Final Accounts and Design of AccountingSystems.• Banking – Customer Relations, Marketing of Financial Service,Legal Aspects of Banking and Foreign Exchange Control.• Financial Management – Financial Analysis, Capital Restructuring,Risk Management, Money Analysis, Capital Markets and Portfolioand Investment Management.• Insurance – Risk Studies and Market Research. (M.Sc. Taxation).• Social Security – Pension Planning, Health Insurance Planning,Terminal Benefits Management.• Taxation – Organizing Clients’ Tax Affairs, Computations and Assess-ment of Income Tax, Customs and Excise, VAT and Other Levies, LocalGovernment Taxation/Revenue Systems.• Management – Corporate/Strategic Planning, Materials Managementand Physical Distribution.• Operations Research – Project Writing, Management, Monitoringand Evaluation.• Computing and Information Technology – Computer Acquisition,Computerization of manual Systems, Systems Analysis, SoftwareDevelopment and Web design.• Executive Programmes/Short Courses/Weekend College.

Over the years, IFM has designed and delivered specialist short coursesof varying durations ranging from a few days to eight week at IFM orother venues in Tanzania. Most short courses are tailor-made for specificgroups or employers but the centre also has its in-house courses, whichare advertised nationally and regionally with a view to attractingparticipants from a wide range of organizations. The ExecutiveDevelopment and Consultancy uses a variety of methods to deliver itsshort courses. These include interactive participation, lecturers, groupand syndicate activity and case studies. The delivery methods are bothparticipant-friendly and appropriate to the type of participants attendingthe course most of whom are matured professionals with considerableoperational experience.

For tailor-made courses, IFM employs a participatory approach in whichclients work with IFM staff in carrying out training needs assessmentprior to designing the programme. Examples of short courses managedby IFM in recent years include:• Marketing Skills of Livestock Training Institutions in Tanzania.• Computer Assisted Budgeting Process.• Computer-Based Financial Management for Middle Cadre.• Basic Computer Applications.• Cash Management and Control Measures.• Management Training of District Water Engineers.• Paper an Electronic Records Management.• Project Management for Sustainable Development for Ministry ofFinance.• Pension Related Services for the Pension Funds.• Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery.• Planning and designing of e-Government Services.• Enhancing Research skills for academic and professional projects.

The weekend college is responsible for training candidates wishing toprepare for examination leading to professional qualifications includingaccounting, procurement and supplies and banking.


1 Postgraduate Diploma in Accountancy(PGDA) One year, full time

2 Postgraduate Diploma in Accountancy(PGDA) 13 months, part time

3 Postgraduate Diploma in BusinessAdministration (PGDBA) One year, full time

4 Postgraduate Diploma in BusinessAdministration (PGDBA) 13 months, part time

5 Postgraduate in Diploma FinancialManagement (PGDFM) One year, full time

6 Postgraduate in Diploma FinancialManagement (PGDFM) 13 months, full time

7 Postgraduate Diploma in HumanResource Management (PGDHRM) One year, full time

8 Postgraduate Diploma in HumanResource Management (PGDHRM) 13 months, part time

9 Postgraduate Diploma in Insuranceand Risk Management (PGDIRM) 13 months, part time

10 Postgraduate Diploma in TaxManagement (PGDTM) One year, full time

11 Postgraduate Diploma in TaxManagement (PGDTM) 13 months, part time

A - Postgraduate Diploma Programmes

12 Master in Business Administration in Two years, full timeInternational Business in Collaboration or two and half years,with Indian Institute of Foreign Trade part-time

13 Masters of Science in Finance(MSc – Finance) in Collaboration withStrathclyde University (UK) On year, full time

14 Masters of Science in Finance(MSc – Finance – EP) in Collaborationwith Strathclyde University (UK) Two years, part time

15 Masters of Science in InformationTechnology and Management inCollaboration with AvinashilingamUniversity (India) Two years

16 Master of Science in Accounting andFinance 18 Months

17 Master of Science in Finance andInvestment Management 18 Months

18 Master of Science in Human ResourceManagement 18 Months

B - Masters Degree Programmes

Masters Degree and Postgraduate Diploma Courses

Contacts Address – For any information please contact: Rector, Institute of Finance ManagementShaaban Robert Street, P.O. Box 3918 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel: +255-22-2112921/3-4, 2123697 - Fax: +255-22-2112935

E-mail: [email protected] - www.ifm.ac.tz

Director of the International Labor

Organization (ILO) Guy Ryder speaking

to IFM students concerning youth

employment during his visit

to IFM Campus.

http://m.sc/

http://m.sc/

http://m.sc/





42


AbstractThis article shows the role

of English language and howcrucial practical use of Englishlanguage is needed to enhanceunderstanding and perform-ance especially in public sec-ondary schools. The articlecomes as a result of knowl-edge and personal experienceobtained from debates, dis-cussions, presentations bothas a student and a teachernow in public secondaryschools. It also comes as resultof research I conducted onthe use of English languageas a medium of instruction,

the passion I have for Englishand the need to contribute tothe improvement of academicperformance in Tanzania. Iintroduce three ways to beapplied so as to allow teachersand learners to become com-petent in English Languagein an endeavor to foster theunderstanding of certaingiven educational contentsand improvement of aca-demic performance at large.

IntroductionEnglish is the most widely

learned second language andan official language of most

international, intergovern-mental organizations, insti-tutions as well as governmentand government agencies.Languages act as medium ofnot only instruction in schoolsbut also communications indifferent socio-economic activ-ities such as trading, meet-ings, transport and manyother aspects that touchhuman and economic devel-opment. It is a person thatleads to national develop-ment through some severalapplication of advanced anda well sounding knowledgeobtained from an organized

Enhancing Academic PerformanceNeed for Practical Use of

English Language in Public Secondary Schools

by Sabry Abdallah Ismail


43


educational institution. Aperson’s improvement canbe measured through his/heractions as it reflects the useof the knowledge and skillsthat one learnt at school.Personal development andprogress largely depend onthe quality of education thatone received.

Tanzanian governmentputs its educational system infour progressive levels; Nursery,Primary, Secondary and Uni-versity levels. It is in second-ary level to higher educationallevel (university) where thedebate, discussion and researcharise on the medium throughwhich educational content istransferred from the teacherto the learner.

At each level the learneris required to get higher markswhich will allow him/her tocontinue to the subsequentlevel. The question here is“Can the learner really per-form better without beingwell conversant with thelanguage of instruction? Andwhat about teachers, are theyproficient with the languageof instruction?” In this articlesome ways on how to improveacademic performance of thelearners in public secondaryschools through the use oflanguage of instruction (Eng-lish) have been suggested.

Language of Instruction(English)

Tanzania like many otherAfrican countries is rich incultural diversity includinglanguages in which over 127indigenous languages arespoken by over 37 millionpeople (Gordon 2005). Thegovernment has always beenplaying a great role in pro-moting the use of Englishlanguage by allowing bothKiswahili and English to be

used in schools whereasKiswahili acts as an officiallanguage and a medium ofinstruction in both nurseryand primarily schools andEnglish is used as co-officiallanguage and the medium ofinstruction in both secondaryand higher level of education.President Julius KambarageNyerere; the founding fatherof the nation identified thispoint to a correspondent work-ing for the British newspaper‘The times’ of 9thDec.1974 said;

“Our ambition is to becomebilingual to Kiswahili andEnglish. We have no ambi-tion to cut out English. In theprimary schools Kiswahili isthe medium of instruction butEnglish is taught as a subject.In the secondary schools Eng-lish is the medium of educa-tion but Kiswahili continueto be taught as a subject.Certainly at the Universitylevel English is going to con-tinue as the language ofeducation for a longtime”.

Ordinary level of second-ary schools consists of elevensubjects which are civics, biol-ogy, chemistry, bookkeeping,commerce, history, geography,Mathematics, English, physicsand Kiswahili all of whichare taught in English exceptKiswahili subject. In advancedlevel of secondary schools,learners opt to carry on only3 subjects depending on thecombination and one com-pulsory subject to all students.Conditions are the same asin ordinary level; materialswritten in those subjects arein English language exceptKiswahili. At both levels theleaner meets new vocabularieswhich are hard to understandmaking it difficult for thecontent to be understood too.In an attempt to seek for asolution, students usuallyresort to cramming. This is

because most of the second-ary students are not familiarand interested in Englishlanguage either due to lackof enthusiasm to be compe-tent in English language ornegative attitude towardsEnglish language.

In Tanzania studies byAnderson (1975) and Mvungi(1982) show that proficiencyin the language of instruc-tion is an important factorin education performance.In line with this lack of profi-ciency in (the language ofinstruction) English results inpoor performance in subjecttaught in English.

Also Cummins (1979) andKrashen in (1985) show thatpoor performance in the lan-guage of instruction resultsin poor performance notonly in other subjects, butalso in overall performancein the second or foreign lan-guages. Back to the mid of1960s, where the philosophyof education for self-reliancehad a lot of impact in edu-cation and education outputsit was at this time when thelanguage of instruction inprimary school was changedfrom English to Kiswahili sothat students would be able tounderstand what was taught.It was a good move thatintended to increase under-standing and at the sametime perpetuating our culture.However given the fact thatsecondary schools use Englishas a medium of instructionit is a reality which can’t beignored that in order to havegood performance in aca-demics; both teachers andlearners should be proficientin the language of instruc-tion. Therefore there is a needfor secondary school teachersand students to be masterthis language.


44


How to make a practicaluse of English languagein public secondary schoolClassroom setting (Form 1)

Every year number of stu-dents enrolled to join second-ary school whose primaryhome language is not Englishincrease. In classroom settingtherefore teachers shouldfirstly consider themselves asEnglish language teacherseven when they teach differentsubjects. In a classroom ateacher should restrict theuse of English language as amedium of communicationbetween teacher and learner(student). This is the first stagewhich introduces the habitof using English language tolearners. Human mind hastendency to wonder and thento pay attention towards anew thought imparted in.If this habit of using Englishas a medium of communi-cation in classroom is wellapplied by teachers it willbring a learner closer to thatparticular language (English)and the learner will pay muchattention to know the lan-guage. In that case the acqui-sition of English languagewill be easy to learners andwill improve the learner’sability to understand insteadof cramming the fact taughtin a particular subject matter.

English proficient teachersIn order to deliver Eng-

lish language content in theprocess of teaching and learn-ing, it requires a proficientEnglish teacher. Proficiencyin English language can bemeasured or observed interms of a teacher’s languagecompetence and languageperformance.

In October 2011 educationresearch institute of UnitedState of America gave out ahandbook which gives an

overview of the LanguageProficiency Assessment forTeachers (English language).The handbook summarizedthe language proficiencyrequirements; listening, speak-ing, reading and writing. The

findings maintain that aproficient English teacherplays a great role in secondlanguage learning and couldbe successful in impartingthe same to learners if firstlyhe has got students’ back-ground, abilities and needswhich allow him to deviseappropriate mechanism ofhelping them. Also a profi-cient English language teachershould bear in mind that inorder for a learner to masterthe language, learners needmore practice on SWRL (Speak-ing, Writing, Reading andListening) activities everyday in all the situations.Teachers therefore need toprovide conducive and suit-able environment includingestablishing different subjectand debate clubs that intendto arouse students’ interest inlearning the language. Thisis an important move if wereally need to see our studentsspeaking fluent English. It isvery important to stress thatsome students are afraid oftheir teachers and thereforenot ready to seek guidanceand help from them. Sucha situation creates unfavor-

able learning environmentto students. Teachers need toestablish a friendly platformon which students feel securedand free to express their opin-ions, exchange ideas, takepart in discussion and even

and seeking advice fromothers and teachers too. Bypromoting positive, respectfulinteraction between studentsand the teacher the result islow-anxiety classroom envi-ronment that fosters bothEnglish language learningand other subject taught inEnglish (Utah state univer-sity, Mertin Briggs 2014).

A proficient English lan-guage teacher should act asa motivator who will inspireand influence learner’s atti-tude to a desire for learningEnglish language. Motiva-tion plays a significant rolein the progress and successof second language learningand in classroom subjectlearning in particular. AnEnglish language teachershould prove his or her profi-ciency through his or her teach-ing materials and method-ology (teaching style). Alsothe teacher should createsafe classroom environmentswhich are friendly and mostproductive in involving learn-ers in learning process. Insuch environment studentsare encouraged to express


45


their opinion on differentissues because they feel safeand protected from embar-rassment and sarcasm.

English language seminarsIt is important to note

that teachers are assessed bythe academic performanceof their students, if it is poor;it reflects poorness of teachers’ability to deliver an intendededucational content. Theteacher could be competentin a particular subject but iflanguage becomes a barrierto communication, it willcertainly lead to poor deliv-erance of the intended sub-ject content.

English language semi-nars are very important tosecondary school teachers;these seminars can be carriedout in a period of three monthswithin a year. In Tanzaniawe used to see that differentseminars are carried outbased on particular subjectsor teaching process, but thegovernment or school admin-istrators should re-considerthese seminars so as toimprove mastery of Englishlanguage to teachers. Suchseminars should focus onimproving teacher’s languageknowledge use in both spokenand written forms. Also semi-nars should remind teacherson the relationship betweenmastery of the language andunderstanding of the subject.

When teachers are enabledto truly acknowledge the linkbetween language used as amedium of instruction andstudents’ performances andconsciously, willingly andtirelessly decide to play theirroles in encouraging stu-dents to master English lan-guage, we will witness a posi-tive mobility in academicperformance.

Conclusion“Man as a social animal

lives in a complex society,and in developing the societyin which he lives, somethingmust be done to the languageuse, so as he can develop edu-

cationally, politically, cultur-ally and economically, inthis respect language is animportant tool. (ref, UNESCOReport on the use of themothertongue-1953, and ofother meetings held in Yaondein1970, Dar-es-salaam,1972and Bamako 1974; GeorgeA Mhina 14 May 1976).

The foregoing paragraphput more emphasis on theneeds for the language use.This is really required to beapplicable in public secondaryschools which are in greatdemand for practical use ofEnglish language for bothteachers and learners so as tocreate a friendly understand-ing environment of educationcontent. It is just like cause-effect relationship; the moreyou engage in the use of Eng-lish language the more com-petent you become in Englishlanguage. Hence learners willimprove in all aspects of Eng-lish language, such as syn-tactical rules, phonologicalrule, lexical rule of Englishlanguage etc., which will addto their understanding. �

References

• George A Mhina (1976) Linguistic Documentation for Developing Countries: University of Dar

es salaam.

• Juma A George (2013) Influence of Language of Instruction on Academic Achievement: University

of Nairobi.

• Martha Qorro (2006) Does Language of Instruction Affect Quality of Education?, University of

Dar es salaam: HakiElimu.

• Neema Mlay (2010) The influence of Language of Instruction on Students Academic Performance

in Secondary School, Institute for Education Research: University of Oslo.

http://www.academia.edu/3888031/Second_Language_Motivation_The_Role_of_Teacher_in_Influ-

encing_Learners_Motivation, Mastoor Al Kaboody (2013), Second Language Motivation: The role

of Teachers Learner’s Motivation: Journal of Academic and Applied Studies.

http://www.digitalcoumnious.us.edu/gradereports/377, Martius Briggs (2014), Second

Language Teaching and Learning: The Roles of Teachers, Students and the Classroom Enviroment:

Utah State University.

http://www.utexus.edu, Cindy Chung and James Penne Baker (2007): The Psychological

Functions Of Function Words, Psychology Press: New York.

http://www.moe.go.tz, Ministry of Education and Culture (1995), Education and Training Policy:

Dar es salaam.

http://www.jambo.africa.kyoto.ac.jp/…/swilla.pdf, Iman A Swilla (2009), Language of Instruction

in Tanzania: Contradictions between Ideology, Policy and Implementation, Department of Foreign

Languages and Linguistics: University of Dar es Salaam.

http://www.academia.edu/3888031/Second_Language_Motivation_The_Role_of_Teacher_in_Influ-

http://www.digitalcoumnious.us.edu/gradereports/377

http://www.utexus.edu/

http://www.moe.go.tz/

http://www.jambo.africa.kyoto.ac.jp/

http://www.nuran.co.tz/


47


2030 Agenda is a plan ofaction for people, planet andprosperity. It involves a com-prehensive package of 17goals that countries agreedto achieve for the prosperityof their people in all aspectsof life. Such goals seek tostrengthen peace in largefreedom, end hunger andpoverty in all its forms,ensure healthy lives inclu-sive and equitable qualityeducation and promotinglifelong learning opportu-nities for all. The plan alsotargets to achieve genderequality, ensure availabilityand sustainable managementof water, access to affordableand reliable energy, make

cities and human settlementinclusive and safe as well astaking urgent action to com-bat climate change amongothers. All countries and allstakeholders, acting in col-laborative partnership willimplement these plans. How-ever the realization of thesegoals largely depends notonly on knowledge and skillsthat people acquire throughdifferent forms but also valuesand morals that are inculcatedin the minds of the people.Learning institutions such asschools, colleges, universitiesand other centres play a fun-damental role in this case.This is because such institu-tions provide favorable and

suitable environment for stu-dents to learn, witness andshare experiences as theygather individuals from dif-ferent background, ethnicity,religions, tribes, etc.

Morality involves the abilityto distinguish right from wrongand be able to realize that one’sactions are in one way or anothera credit or liability to the society’sperception and reputation andthus one places himself or herselfin the shoes of others beforedoing anything.

It is therefore necessarythat students understood thattheir actions whether doneby an individual or a group

Moral Reasoning:Where Learning Institutions Meet

the 2030 Agenda

by Faraja A MsangiURT UNESCO National Commission

Students under the guidance of their teacher planting trees after realizing the

importance of trees to life and the legacy they should leave to others at Fuka secondary

school, Kilimanjaro region, in Tanzania.


48


have an impact to the societyeven when they do not seemso. For example abortion isconsidered an illegal act inmost countries includingTanzania but approximately22 million unsafe abortionstake place worldwide, accord-ing to a 2015 study by theWorld Health Organization.This act goes against humanright as child’s right to liveis ignored and at the sametime makes it hard to havejustice to others. Such actionstell us that something is wrongwith our moral reasoning.

The development of moralreasoning is well describedby Kohlberg’s stage theorywhich explicitly put threestages as follows.

Pre-Conventional Moralitystage – An initial stage whereindividuals shun certainbehavior because of the pun-ishment associated with it.At this stage individuals areguided by the rules and regu-lations. This mechanism iswidely practiced in schoolswhere students avoid misbe-having simply because theyknow that basing on the schoolrules and regulations thereis a chance of being punished.

However the question is whythen do students still misbe-have knowing that there arechances even of expulsion?The answer is simple; pun-ishment has not been a strongreason enough for people notto do wrongs. Thus why thesecond stage is necessary.

Conventional Morality – whereindividuals behave based onthe reactions and responsesthey expect from others. Atthis stage one tries to abideby society’s rules not becauseof the punishment associatedwith them rather because ofthe perception the society willhave after a wrong doing.Students should be informedthat their actions on the envi-ronment may halt everything

good about it. If students learnthat some minor behaviorlike throwing trash on theroad may have an impact onavailability and sustainabilityof water and sanitation forall and the perception of thesociety towards them will notbe good then they may behavemore responsibly.

Post-Conventional Moralitystage – where one under-stands the reasons for having

certain rules. Here an indivi-dual recognizes that for ahealthy and robust socialinteractions and development,it is important to respect andobserve certain societies’ prin-ciples. At this stage howeverone also realizes that rulescould be changed if therewere better alternatives.Students need to learn aboutrespecting others’ view, developnew and non-violent mecha-nisms of solving problemsand understand that changescan only be made if they playpart in that.

It is of significance impor-tance for the learning insti-tutions to put emphasize onthese stages of moral devel-opment. The same students

we see today in schools arethe same adults we will seethem tomorrow undertakingdifferent economic activities.These are the individualswho will be planning for ourcities, practicing farming,exploiting different naturalresources and performingseveral other activities. If wewould like these activities tobe undertaken in a way thatreflect the 2030 Agenda, weneed to cultivate the second

Level & Stage

PreconventionalStage 1: Avoidance ofpunishmentStage 2 : Exchange offavors

ConventionalStage 3: Good childStage 4: Law and order

PostconventionalStage 5: Social contractStage 6: Universalethical principle

Age Range

Preschool – elementary;some junior high; few highschool students

Few older elementarychildren, some junior high,many high school students(Stage 4 does not typicallyappear until high school)

Rarely seen before college(Stage 6 is extremely rare)

Examples

Stage 1: “I would cheat if I knew Iwouldn’t get caught.”Stage 2: “I’ll let you copy mine ifyou do my homework.”

Stage 3: “I’m not going to tellbecause I want her to like me.”Stage 4: “You can’t do that becausethe teacher said no.”

Stage 5: “In this case, the rule maybe wrong.”Stage 6: “You shouldn’t lie becauseit violates the Golden Rule.”


49


and third stage of moral rea-soning to our youth.

It is also true that differentprofessionals produced byour learning institutions likeengineers, plumber, environ-mentalists, economists, plan-ners, lawyers, doctors andothers will not be performingtheir duties as usual but willhave always be consideringthe moral aspect of their oper-ations if they learn aboutmoral development. A doctorwill shy away from conductingabortion operations (exceptwhen it is unavoidable) notbecause of money the lackof money to pay him, ratherit is because his conscious tellshim that the unborn child hasgot rights to live and is uneth-ical therefore to conduct suchan operation. A famer orhoney collector would not setthe forest on fire just to per-form his activities thinkingabout the effects such actionswould have to others and theeconomy at large. This wouldreduce environmental destruc-tion and help to have sus-tainable use of resources. Apolitician too would be carefulwith his words knowing thatshould he utter provocativewords, he could plunge thesociety into chaos and insta-bilities which may end upclaiming people’s lives, a guilt

he would have to live withfor the rest of his life. This isvery important than impris-onment that one is likely toface for the same crime. Whenwe succeed in molding stu-dents in this form, we will nothave problems in realizingthe 2030 Agenda.

The greatest question nowwould be how to instill suchvalues to students. Learninginstitutions should devisedifferent mechanisms thatmake students realize thatthere is more to life than mate-

rial things. If more stress isplaced on human relations,tolerance, love, togetherness,unity, happiness and dignitythen students will be preparedto be better citizens of tomor-row’s world. It is the work ofour schools, colleges and uni-versities to ensure that stu-dents learn these aspects.

The UNESCO NationalCommission therefore encour-ages our learning institutionsto put more emphasize onmoral reasoning as it is theultimate determining factorof our actions. If students arebrewed in an environmentwhere they even question theirown actions and are able toassess whether such actionshave got desired effects or not,definitely it would be mucheasier to realize the 2030agenda. We would not seehuman actions that pollutethe environment, nor would

we see injustice being doneto others. Schools and univer-sities should therefore becentres for questioning evenone’s mind on everything andencouraging moral develop-ment and not just cognitivedevelopment.

�


50


IntroductionOn 7th June, 2016 we

(Tanzanians) witnessed inau-guration ceremony for amobile phone application‘VSomo’. V stands for VETA(Vocational Education andTraining Authority) whereasSomo is a Swahili word mean-ing study. Therefore, ‘VSomo’is an acronym for VETA somowhich stands for new devel-oped mobile application usedto provide Vocational trainingthrough mobile application.

‘VSomo’ is a programmegrounded in a partnershipbetween Airtel Tanzania Com-pany and VETA. The blend issuch a way that Airtel MobileCompany enhances avail-ability of the learning pack-ages in the Airtel mobilephones. On the other hand,VETA develops and organizesthe learning contents.

The programme is launchedwhen the Tanzania Govern-ment has set its strategies tobe a middle income Indus-trial country to come by 2025

which is 09 years from now,for sure skills in various dis-ciplines will be needed to servethe coming industries.

Engineer Lucius Luteganya(Principal VETA Kipawa)reveals out that ‘the pace ofestablishing industries isexpected to be higher than thepace of preparing Tanzanianyouth to serve in those indus-tries, therefore it is from thisbackground we find this ini-tiative important to supportthe 5th Government Indus-trial motives’.

VETA and Airtel haveembarked to relatively cheapand quick alternative of usingICT to reach youth in everycorner of the country to accessskill and knowledge to makeready the workforce to servein the coming Industries with-out bias and at convenienceof everyone in need.

The Government has acommitment to have VETAcenters in every district. But,this is capital intensive and

will take time to reach thosegoals of serving Tanzaniancitizens. Alternatively, whilewaiting for those good plansVSomo will be used to reachout many youth by use mobilephones to deliver vocationaltraining. The current statis-tics shows more than 10 mil-lion Tanzanians owns smartphones of which 70% areyouth.

VSomo Availabilityand Accessibility

This application is freelyavailable on Google play store.Whoever has Airtel mobileline will be able to access train-ing upon paying a nominalfee of TZS 120,000/-.

Upon downloading andinstalling the application, theuser will be able to see a listof all short courses availableand will access the coursecontent before deciding to optin a particular course. Uponmaking decision, the user willbe prompted to pay the setamount through Airtel moneybefore accessing materials.

Learning MethodologyThe courses are arranged

on modular basis where nouser will be able to proceedto the next module before pass-ing to recommended marksin the previous module.

“VSomo”,A Mobile Application to

Widening Vocational LearningVETA/Airtel Initiative

by Fatma S. MropeURT UNESCO National Commission


51


After passing all modulesa candidate will be requiredto attempt final exam onhis/her mobile phone, onpassing the final exam thecandidate will be welcomedto choose the nearby VETAcenter accredited for thatparticular course.

Practical session dates arepredetermined for candidateto choose the convenient datesfor his session. Upon reportingon VETA center aptitude testwill be conducted to certifythe candidate as the real andcorrect person who attemptedthe exams and learning onthe mobile platform. Themarks obtained will be therecorded for theory part.

The failures will be advisedto repeat the learning at noextra costs for as many timesas possible. Those who willpass the aptitude test will beregistered for practical ses-sion (at least 60hrs) at thatparticular center.

At the end of practical ses-sion, practical assessment willbe made and marks recodedin the web application for cer-tificate preparation. Failureto meet practical set standarda candidate will be requiredto repeat practical session onemore time free. The secondfailure candidate will berequired to repeat the course.

AchievementsA pilot to this program

was made to 7 students and

managed to graduate inDomestic Electrical Installa-tion beginners (3), Mobile tech-nician (2) and Motorcycle tech-nician courses (2). All coursescomprised of theoretical partlearnt through mobile phonesat self-pace coupled with Prac-tical session conducted atVETA Kipawa Centre for 60hrs.

VSomo Programmein Relation toImplementationof VETA Goals

The implementation ofthis programme is related to:• VETA strategic plan goal 1:Improved equitable accessto VET; • Attribute 4 of the Tanzaniavision 2025 which require todevelop a well educated andlearning society;• Sustainable DevelopmentGoal 4, which talks aboutensuring inclusive and equi-table quality education andpromote lifelong learningopportunities for all.

ConclusionVSOMO is an exemplary

programme relative to recentdevelopments that strengthen

the relevance of lifelong learn-ing. These developmentsinclude an increasingly glob-alized and fast changingworld, introduction of newtechnologies, the exponen-tial growth and changingnature of information, demo-graphic shifts, social trans-formations, climate changeand the constant need toupgrade competencies tomeet labour marked demands.According to UNESCO, thereis an emerging recognitionthat ‘Lifelong learning is the

philosophy, conceptual frame-work and organizing prin-ciple for education in the 21th

century’, putting the conceptof learning for empower-ment at the center.

The programme is typifiedwith a holistic transformationof vocational education andtraining with a focus on life-long learning. However, actualintegration of theory (throughVSOMO) with Practical work(in identified VETA centres)is a significant attribute inlinking education obtainedand the world of work. In turn,VETA/Airtel partnership willbe meaningful in implement-ing Development SustainableGoal 4. Consequentially, theyouths’ unemployment gapwill be diminished in thecountry. �

Certificate Awarding Event for Pilot Students

on the VSOMO Launching Day at VETA Kipawa

Centre, Dar es Salaam.

A VETA

Trainer

Instructing

some

VSOMO

Pilot

Learners.

About VETA

VETA is an autonomous Government Agency

established by an Act of parliament in 1994 to

oversee the Vocational Education and Training

system in Tanzania.

The vision of VETA is “an excellent Vocational

Education and Training system that is capable of

supporting national social economic develop-

ment in the global context”. The mission of VETA

is “to ensure provision of quality Vocational

Educational and Training that meets labour

market needs, through effective regulation,

coordination, financing and promotion in colla-

boration with stakeholders”.

The main roles of VETA are:

• Providing vocational education and training;

• Coordinating vocational education and

training;

• Regulating vocational education and training;

• Financing-managing VET fund; and

• Promoting of Vocational Educational and

Training

Currently, VETA is under the Ministry of Educa-

tion, Science, Technology and Training. However,

in carrying out of its duties, the authority colla-

borates with other ministries including those

responsible for Labour and Employment, Youth

and Community Development.

Also, VETA collaborates with the employers, the

industry and development partners at different

levels.

Our students

VETA provides and regulates training for the

three lower levels of TVET, namely Level II (Basic);

Level II (Intermediate) and Level III (Advanced).

The Authority enrols students with different

levels of academic qualifications including Stan-

dard leavers; Form four graduates; Form six

graduates and people in the labour market who

want to upgrade their skills or acquire some

vocational skills for different purposes.

Training provided covers twelve sectors which

are:

• Mechanical

• Electrical

• Civil and Building Engineering

• Automotive

• Commercial Services and Business Support

• Clothing and Textile

• Transport

• Mining

• Printing

• Cosmetology

• Agriculture and Food Processing

• Hospitality, Tourism and Travel Agency

Tracer studies are conducted in every five years

to find out employability rate and performance

of VET graduates. .

According to a tracer study of 2010, employment

rate of VET graduates was 66.1%. Out of those

who were employed 50% were self-employed;

43% employed for wages in different compa-

nies/industries and 7 were employed without

stipulated monthly wages (e.g. working in family

workshops or working as volunteers in different

companies)

The following makes our institution sustai-

nable;

• Sustainable support by the government

through VET Fund contributed by employers

and other sources;

• Good will that results into different support

from different development partners;

• Collaboration with industries in provision of

vocational training - industries become part of

the training programme. For instance, the Dual

Apprenticeship programme, which is a rotational

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http://www.veta.go.tz/

training involving VET centres and industries; the

Skills Enhancement Programme and the Reco-

gnition of Prior Learning.

The following are our future goals:

• Improved equitable access to VET through

construction of more training centres up to the

district level while applying diversified training

models including distance learning and applica-

tion of ICT in the learning process;

• Empowering graduates with additional skills

through incubation and innovation services;

• Scaling-up of recognition of Prior Learning in

formalisation of competences and qualification.

Partnership and involvement of employers and

the industry

Policy and institutional governance level

VETA is governed by VET Board whose composi-

tion includes representatives from employers

and employees.

Also, the VET Board has Trade Advisory Com-

mittees (TACs), formed by experts from the

industry. The TACs are the technical arms of the

Board charged with roles of approving training

standards and curricula.

Curriculum Development, Registration and Accre-

ditation

Experts from the industry team up with VETA in

curriculum development, registration and accre-

ditation of VET centres.

Provision of training and competence assessment

VETA partners in provision of training through

work-based (apprenticeship) training and com-

petence assessment. Exemplary cases are the

Dual Apprenticeship training implemented in

collaboration with different industries and the

Hamburg Chamber of Skilled Craft; Recognition

of Prior Learning in collaboration with ILO;

Enhancing Employability through Vocational

Training with British Gas/LNG and VSO and

Employment Promotion of Youth Groups with

the National Housing Corporation. Also, Skills

Enhancement Programme with various indus-

tries.

For further information please contact:

P.O. Box 2849,

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Phone:+255 22 2863407/9

Fax: +255 22 2863408

Email: [email protected]

Web: www.veta.go.tz

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ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

SKILLS MAKE THE DIFFERENCE

BACKGROUND

Arusha Technical College (ATC) is a public autonomous

Institution registered and accredited by the National

Council for Technical Education (www.nacte.go.tz) to

train technicians and engineers. The College is also

registered by Vocational Education Training Authority

(www.veta.go.tz) to train artisans. Functions of the

College are provision of training, undertaking of

applied research and provision of community services

(consultancy) as outlined in the Establishment Order

No. 78 enabled by the NACTE (www.nacte.go.tz) Act.

No. 9 of 1997. The College has over 35 years of good

reputation in the provision of Technical Education

Training and services.

VISION

The ATC Vision is to be become a centre of excellence in

training, research and consultancy in science and

technology in East Africa by 2020.

MISSION

The Mission of ATC is to provide competence-based

Technical Education &Training and carry out research

and consultancy in science and technology for

socio-economic development.

PROGRAMMES OFFERED AT ATC

ATC offers a wide range of Technical Education Courses

leading to the awards of Technician Certificates,

Ordinary Diplomas and Bachelor’s Degree as follows:

• Basic Technician Certificate Course: Lapidary and

Jewellery Technology

• Ordinary Diploma Courses: Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering,

Mechanical Engineering, Transportation Engineering,

Automotive Engineering, Engineering and Laboratory

science and Technology, Electronics and

Telecommunication, Computer Science, Information

Technology, Electrical and Biomedical Engineering

• Bachelor’s Degree Course: Civil and Irrigation

Engineering

The College also offers Vocational Training leading to

the National Vocational Awards (NVAs) in:

Automotive Mechanics, Electrical Installation, Block

work and Masonry, Welding and Metal Fabrication,

Carpentry and Joinery, Motor rewinding, plumbing,

fitter and Tuner, air Conditioning and Refrigeration.

In additional to the current training programmes the

College is planning to establish new ones in the

following fields: Agro-mechanical Engineering; Heavy

Duty Equipment Technology; Gas Transmission and

Distribution Technology and Renewable Energy

Technology

MODE OF TRAINING DELIVERY

The College delivers its courses in Competence Based

Education and Training (CBET) mode with

comprehensive range of programmes offered on full

and part time sessions.

ADMISSSION

Minimum qualification for the admission into Ordinary

Diploma (NTAs Level 4-6) and Bachelor’s Degree in

Engineering (NTAs level 7-8) programmes are included

in the College Prospectus and Applicants can apply

through the College website http://www.atc.ac.tz

SHORT COURSES AT ATC

Arusha Technical College conducts wide range of short

courses such as: Identification of Gemstones; Irrigation

Water Management; Pneumatics and Hydraulics;

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC); Solar Systems

Installation; Micro Computer Applications; Web

Application and Development; Computer maintenance

and trouble shooting; Computer Networks and

Networking ; Industrial Automation; and Heating,

Refrigeration & Air Condition.

COMMUNITY SERVICES

The College using its registered Production and

Consultancy Bureau (PCB) carries out production

activities and provides consultancy and community

services in the following areas among others:

Geotechnical Soil Survey for Construction of buildings

roads and dams; Testing Asphalt Concrete Mixes;

Concrete mix design; Design of waste stabilization

ponds and constructed wetlands; Design of Urine

Diverting dry toilets; Maintenance of medical

equipment; Structural Design Works; and Project

write-ups.

For further information contact:

Rector, Arusha Technical College

P.O. Box 296, Arusha, Tanzania.

Tel: +255 27 2970056, Fax: +255 27 254 8337

E-mail: [email protected] - Website: www.atc.ac.tz

Eng. Dr. Richard J. Masika (Principal)

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55


UNESCO advocates part-nerships and technical coop-eration between developingcountries and new donors.Also, it supports internationalcooperation for TVET devel-opment. The state membersare urged to build a broadalliance of partners for edu-cation to share knowledgeand experiences. This trans-lates that as a country weneed to engage in educa-tional programmes thatfocus on uplifting teachingand learning processes insuch a way that we coun-terpart with our global edu-cational community.

ISTEP is one of suchpartners in Vocational andTechnical Education. It isknown as an ‘Education forEmployment’ (EFE) programof the ‘Colleges and InstitutesCanada’ (CICan) working incollaboration with the Min-istry of Education, Science,Technology, and VocationalTraining (MoEST). The leadregulatory bodies and Tan-zanian employer associa-tions, build the capacity ofTanzanian technical andvocational training institu-tions to deliver effective skills

training programs, resultingin 1,200 Tanzanian youth withthe right skills sets to findemployment in the extrac-tives and tourism sectors or tocreate their own employment.

It is a five-year (2014 -2019) $13,000,000 CDN pro-gram funded by Global AffairsCanada. It builds on successesresulting from other EFE pro-grams funded by Global AffairsCanada and managed bythe Colleges and InstitutesCanada in Tanzania, Mozam-bique and Senegal (2008 -2013), the CARICOM region(2010-2018) and the Andeanregion (2012 - 2017). ISTEP’sultimate outcome is increasedgainful employment, includ-ing self-employment, of grad-

uates (m/f) from skills foremployment programs.

Governance StructureThe ISTEP governance

structure is shown in theorganogram below. In brief,the Program Steering Com-mittee (PSC) oversees and pro-vides guidance to the ProgramCoordination Unit (PCU).The PCU is a small opera-tional team with represen-tatives from related organi-zations in the country andCICan/ISTEP as representedby the Senior Technical Advi-sor. The PCU, in turn, overseesand provides guidance to theinstitutional partnerships,consultants, other opera-tional committees, and otherworking groups.

Advocating InternationalCooperation for TVET Development

ISTEP (Improving Skills Training for Employment Program):An Exemplary Program Implementing Lifelong Learning for All Agenda

by Fatma MropeURT UNESCO National Commission


56


Intermediate OutcomesThe three (3)planned Inter-

mediate Outcomes include:improved coordination andpromotion of relevant genderand environmentally-sensitiveskills for employment pro-grams in Tanzania, enhancedmanagement, design anddelivery of demand-driven,gender and environmentallysensitive skills for employmentprograms for the extractiveand tourism sectors in tar-geted training institutions,and increased availability oftechnical & vocational gradu-ates with relevant and neededskills for the extractive andtourism sectors.

ISTEP achieves these out-comes by:• Working with Ministry ofEducation, Science, Technol-ogy and Vocational Training(MoEST) and other stake-holders to develop a frame-work for skills development,• Engaging with the leadextractive and tourism privatesector organizations to iden-

tify priority training require-ments and occupationalstandards required by sectoremployees,• Building capacity to gatherlabour market intelligenceto inform educational andcareer planning,• Improving the quality oftechnical and vocational edu-cation and training (TVET)provision through teachertraining, leadership devel-opment and the developmentof demand-driven, compe-tency-based curriculum,• Strengthening the capacityof technical and vocationaltraining institutions to develop

and deliver demand-driven,gender and environmentallysensitive skills for employ-ment programs, based onlabour market needs andoccupational standards iden-tified by the extractive andtourism sectors, and• Increasing access to skillsfor employment programsthrough marketing strategies,career guidance programs andbridging programs for studentswho do not meet minimumentry requirements.

About TechnicalCollaboration

In addressing the saidintention, ISTEP draws on theexpertise and experience ofCanadian colleges and insti-tutes, the advanced skillseducators of choice. Alignedwith the needs of employers,

and operating on the leadingedge of skills identification,economic trends, and marketshifts, colleges solicit businessand industry input into cur-riculum development throughProgram Advisory committee.

They support businessgrowth and sustainability bysupplying graduates withadvanced skills, re skillingdisplaced employees, offeringcustomized education andproviding applied researchand development support.They also increase possibil-ities for access of disadvan-taged individuals to post-

Governance Structure of ISTEP

A Career

Development

Focus Group at

VETA Moshi.


57


secondary education andfacilitate credential recog-nition for immigrants. Cana-dian colleges and institutespartner with Tanzanian tech-nical and vocational insti-tutions to develop demand-driven, competency-basedprograms that will preparestudents for the world of work– as employees with large-scale extractive or tourismoperators or as entrepreneurswho can create their own jobsand potentially employmentfor others.

ISTEP collaborates withMOEST and the lead regu-latory bodies (NACTE andVETA) responsible for technicaland vocational education andtraining to strengthen skillsdevelopment in Tanzania. Itassists in developing strate-gies to implement the TVETPolicy and contributes to keypriorities identified in the TVETDevelopment Programme.

Also, ISTEP supports part-nerships between the indus-try associations in the extrac-tives and tourism sectors ofTanzania and the equivalentsector skill councils of Canada.

It works with the Chamberof Minerals and Energy ofTanzania, the Tourism Con-federation of Tanzania andoil and gas sector employersto develop capacity in labourmarket analysis, developmentof occupational standards,and engagement with traininginstitutions.

Thus, ISTEP-Tanzaniapartnership matches withUNESCO’s intention of accel-erating progress towards ‘Edu-cation for All’ (EFA) agendaas it facilitates partnershipsand technical cooperationbetween developing countriesand new donors. Also it sup-ports efforts to build a broadcoalition of partners for edu-cation to share knowledge andexperiences among diversestakeholders in education.

2015-16 ISTEP’sAccomplishments

ISTEP marked its secondyear of implementation inthe country in April 2015 -March 2016. Its achievementsinclude successful first yearimplementation of round 1institutional partnership(ISTEP 01 to 06) whereas theinception missions for round2 (ISTEP 07 to 13) was launchedin March 2016. Also it hashired consultants to providetechnical assistance in theareas of Leadership Devel-opment, Career Development,Marketing, EnvironmentalSustainability, Gender Equality,a TVET Collaboration Frame-work; and establishment ofa Sector Council and conduc-tion of several workshops andevents including: round 2Selection Meeting in Toronto(November 2015); programSteering Committee meet-ing (March 2015); labourMarket Information work-shop (March 2015); partner-ship Learning Day (March

2015) and orientation ses-sions with partnerships.

ConclusionIn ‘Education 2030Incheon’s

Declaration and Frameworkfor Action’, global senioreducational representatives(including Ministers of edu-cation) committed to promotequality lifelong learningopportunities for all in allsettings and at all levels ofeducation. This includes equi-

table and increased access toquality technical and voca-tional education and trainingand higher education andresearch, with due attentionto quality assurance.

Since ISTEP is on-trackwith the milestones set out inthe Initiative ImplementationPlan (IIP) developed jointlyby the partners includingMoEST, it complies with theIncheon intention revealedabove. Meanwhile ISTEP map-ping to its 3rd year of imple-mentation (April 1st 2016 toMarch 31th 2017) is to devoteto continuing the work of theinstitutional partnerships andconsultants as per disclosedworkshops and events, respec-tive organizations in the coun-try are expected to collab-orate with for the intent offacilitating youths’ Lifelonglearning through vocationaland technical education.

�

‘ISTEP’ Visit to Arusha Technical College.

Pipefitting intro for instructors from Arusha

Technical College.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

IntroductionThe National Institute of Transport (NIT) is a public higher learning institutionestablished in 1975 as a training wing of the then National Transport Corporation(NTC). It was re-established through parliament act no 24 of 1982 as an autonomousHigher Learning Institution. NIT is located on west of Dar-es-Salaam City, alongMabibo Road in Ubungo Light Industrial area; just about one kilometer off theMorogoro Road.

VisionTo be a Regional Centre of Excellence in Logistics and Transport ManagementTechnology.

MissionTo conduct flexible and sustainable high quality Education and Training, Research andConsultancy in Logistics and Transport Management Technology.

Institute Zonal CentresNIT has established zonal centres in five regions in the country aiming at expanding itsactivities throughout the country. To achieve that NIT is currently collaborating withfive agents to run PSV Course in Arusha (Arusha Modern Driving School), Mbeya(Mbalizi Driving School), Mwanza (Central Driving School), Dodoma (Dodoma DrivingSchool) and Kigoma (Babito Driving School). The institute’s future plan is enablingthose centres to run HGV and VIP Courses.

Institute’s Main ObjectivesThe main objectives of the Institute are; To promote, encourage, coordinate andconduct demand driven training in logistics and transportation and communicationssectors, to conduct research, provide consultancy services and publications, to conductprofessional examinations and provide facilities for conferences, workshops andseminars.

CollaborationsNIT collaborates with various institutions such as the Open University of Tanzania(OUT), the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT) of United Kingdom andthe International Purchasing and Supply Chain Management Consult (IPSCMC) to offercourses in procurement, logistics and transport management.

http://www.nit.ac.tz/

PROGRAMMES OFFERED AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

Diploma and Certificate Programmes in:• Logistics and Transport Management• Freight Clearing and Forwarding• Automobile Engineering• Information and Communication Technology• Mechanical Engineering• Accounting and Transport Finance• Marketing and Public Relations• Business Administration• Procurement and Logistics Management• Human Resource Management• Aircraft Maintenance Engineering

Bachelor Degree Programmes in:• Logistics and Transport Management• Automobile Engineering• Procurement and Logistics Management• Information Technology• Human Resource Management• Business Administration• Mechanical Engineering• Computer Science• Marketing and Public Relations• Accounting and Transport Finance• Aircraft Maintenance Engineering• Education with Mathematics and Information Technology

Postgraduate Programmes:• MBA - Logistics and Transport Management, in

collaboration with Open University of Tanzania• Master of Science in Logistics and Transport Management• PG Dip. in Air Transport Management• PG Dip. in Logistics and Transport Management• PG Dip. in Transport and Tourism Management• PG Dip. in Shipping and Port Management• PG Dip. in Procurement and Logistics Management• PG Dip. in Transport Economics• PG Dip. in Rail Transport Management• PG Dip. in Road Transport Safety and Management• PG Dip. in Transportation Engineering

NIT in collaboration with the Chartered Institute ofLogistics and Transport (CILT) of United Kingdom, offersinternational professional in:• International Introductory Certificate in Logistics and

Transport• International Certificate in Logistics and Transport• International Diploma in Logistics and Transport• International Advanced Diploma in Logistics and

Transport

Professional Driver Courses offered:• Defensive Driving• Passenger Service Vehicle (PSV)• Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV)• Advanced Drivers Grade II (Industrial)• Advanced Drivers Grade II (VIP)• Advanced Drivers Grade I• Senior Drivers Course• Transport Officers Course• Driver Instructor Course• Vehicle Inspection and Motor Vehicle Appraisal• Vehicle Inspection and Drivers Examination• Forklift Operators’ Training

Other Short Courses offered:• Tire Care and Maintenance• Radiopharmaceutical Shipments Handling Skills• Transport Officers Seminars• Fleet Management in Road Transport Operations• Diesel Engine Service and Maintenance• Airline Marketing Management• Transport Costing and Transport Statistics Analysis• Freight Forwarding Operation and Management• Customer Care for Passenger Transport Agents and

Ticketing Clerk• Vehicle Fleet Management and Maintenance• Fuel Management in Vehicle Operations• Dangerous Cargo Handling Skills• Airport/Aviation Security Handling Skills• Travel and Tourism Handling Skills• Airline/Airport Customer Care Handling Skills• Road Safety Awareness• Perishable Shipments Handling Skills• Introductory Computing Programmes• Petrol Engine Service and Maintenance

Programmes to be offered soon:• Pilot Training (PPL, CPL)• Cabin Crew Training• Diploma in Logistics and Rail Transport Management• Diploma in Marine Engineering Technology• Diploma in Automobile Engineering and Locomotive

Technology• Diploma in Mechanical Engineering and Rail Vehicle

Technology• Diploma in Civil and Transportation Engineering• Diploma in Electrical Engineering• Diploma in Electronics and Telecommunication

Engineering• Diploma in Petroleum Engineering• Diploma in Library and Information Studies• Diploma in Records, Archives and Information

Management• Master of Science in Shipping and Port Management• Master of Science in Air Transport Management

For more information please contact:The Rector, National Institute of Transport

PO Box 705, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaTel: +255 22 2400148/9, Fax: +255 22 2443149

Email: [email protected]: www.nit.ac.tz




http://www.shell.com/


61


BackgroundUNESCO acts as an advo-

cate for science; a platform forgenerating and sharing ideasand standard setting thatpromotes dialogue betweenscientists and policy-makers.It empowers and catalysisinnovative initiatives in thefield of international cooper-ation in science particularlythrough networks and capacitybuilding. Science has beenan integral part of UNESCOsince its foundation in 1945.UNESCO through Nationalcommission has been actingas a catalyst for the establish-

ment of a number of nowleading scientific-based stake-holder networks at local andinternational levels. It hasmanaged to set in place dif-ferent initiatives which are atool with far-reaching impli-cations for sustainable humansecurity and well-being of thepeople in general. Such initia-tives include the InternationalHydrological Programme(IHP) or the Man and the Bios-phere Programme (MAB) andother important programmesrelated to natural science. Allsuch initiatives are built onthe foundation of promoting

basic science at school levelin Tanzania. This is becausepromotion of science at schoollevels will produce the requirednumber of scientists and sci-ence experts with relevantknowledge and skills whichwill enable the country toexplore, tap and use its natu-ral resources for sustainabledevelopment. Engineers, oiland gas experts, agro mechan-ics and science teachers areamong the highly requiredscientists in contemporaryworld especially with regardto Tanzanian context.

The idea of promotingscience at secondary level isin line with UNESCO prior-ities that focus on buildinginstitutional capacity for sci-ence and engineering pro-grammes. The priority is focus-ing on capacity building inresearch and education innatural science enhancementespecially through the use ofICT including building ringpriorities in Africa and useof Science in ensuring genderequality. Ensuring availabilityof enough scientists at variouslevels needs proper arrange-

Use of Technology in PromotingMathematics and Science Subjects in

Secondary SchoolsIn collaboration with Widest-Technologies,

a Natural Science Stakeholder

by Joel A. SamuelURT UNESCO National Commission


62


ment from the grass root levelto address challenges ofavailability of relevant andimportant learning materialsincluding books and com-mitted teachers who are wellequipped and enabled todeliver relevant skills andknowledge to the learners.In order to overcome shortagescience books which is con-sidered to be one among thetop hindrances in promotingscience in secondary schools,National commission forUNESCO in collaborationwith other stakeholders haveopted to use ICT based plat-form to enable access to sec-ondary schools science booksfrom form one to form six.This is achieved throughsecondary school e-learningplatform for science subjects.

The E-learning platformThe e-learning platform

is implemented in collabora-tion between National Com-mission for UNESCO Tanzaniaand the Widest Technologies.The Widest Technologies isone of the key stakeholdersin science arena committed inusing ICT to promote appli-cation of science in Tanzania.The project aims at address-ing the problem of inade-quate teaching and learningmaterials for science subjectsand hence enables studentsand teachers to access thematerials of all levels in sec-ondary schools at anytimeand anywhere.

The project results willnot only have impact limitedto availability of learningmaterials but also ease accessof the materials to learners andbring equality in educationsystem by offering uniformnotes approved by the respec-tive authorities in Tanzania.This is important because,apart from the fact that science

and mathematics have highcontribution in promoting theuse of technology it has beennoted that students’ perform-ance in these subjects is lowcompared to other subjects.The low performance may bedue to several reasons includ-ing unavailability of enoughteaching and learning mate-rials, quality of teaching force,inadequate teaching facil-ities and poor infrastructure.

To raise the performance,there is a need to take meas-ures that are sustainable innature and can be applied toa wider section of the society.This project therefore intendsto ensure the availability ofgood, valid and reliable learn-ing materials to both teachersand students. The materialswill be accessed at any timedepending on the user desires.The availability of the materialwill encourage self-readingspirit, increase understandingand promote the culture ofsharing materials throughinteractive discussion.

The learning materialshave been developed basingon the subject syllabi by usingcompetent teachers and edu-cation stakeholders from dif-

ferent levels. The syllabi wereviewed in terms of topics,sub-topics, objectives and thecompetencies to be developed.The plan of writing was sharedamong the writers to come upwith quality work. In addi-tion to that in order to makethe content more attractiveand amusing for learning, agroup of information technol-ogy experts (IT) was involvedwhich added more pictures,diagrams and illustrationsto the developed content. Thematerials developed in theproject also provide flexi-bility to learners so they canchoose to access the materialsthrough either online or offlinemode depending on their set-tings, preferences and otherfactors. The content also pro-vides questions and answerswhich intend to test under-standing and guide learnerson how to respond to the same.The system has been designedin such a way that it can mark,grade and rank students basedon their performances in aparticular examination.

The role of the Widest Tech-nologies will be to develop,update the contents of e-learning, applying new tech-nologies (e.g. Virtual reality)


63


and supplying robust deviceswith prompt maintenanceand provide technical supportto teachers and students onpermanent basis.

On the other hand theNational commission forUNESCO Tanzania will belinking it with the govern-ment of Tanzania and otherstakeholders in planning forfunding sources and mecha-nism for the execution of theproject. The government is akey stakeholder in this projectas it has to ensure that bothcontents and mechanism ofdeliverance reflect the curricu-lum and syllabi set. It is alsothe task of the governmentto approve and endorse theuse of e-learning content inschools after a successful imple-mentation in a pilot stage.

When adopted, the gov-ernment will have to monitorand evaluate the implemen-tation of the project too. In thatregard therefore the govern-ment of Tanzania will ensurepromotion of the e-learningproject in schools, embody itinto education system andencourage schools to adaptand use the e-Learning gadgetas a way enhancing under-standing and performancein science subjects.

The project is of its kindbecause it is cost effective,flexible and comprehensivein scope all of which makeit a revolutionary one. If usedappropriately it will signifi-

cantly decrease running costincurred by the governmentin ensuring that school getenough educational mate-rials. Through this projecteducation stakeholders willbe brought together as theywill frequently meet duringmonitoring and evaluationprogrammes and this will inturn help to promote andstrengthens public privatepartnership programme espe-cially with UNESCO. Another

advantage associated withthis project is that it will lowerdown environmental prob-lems particularly deforesta-tion because it will reducethe demand for paper used

in publishing different mate-rials. Implementation andachievements of this projectwill allow expansion of thesame project in other subjects.

The UNESCO NationalCommission of the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania is com-mitted to ensuring that thisproject is carried out as plan-ned and delivers the expectedresults.

�


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IntroductionIt is unquestionable that

the importance of mathe-matics cannot be matchedwith other subjects as it cutsacross other subjects actingas a science and at the sametime the language of science.The other important aspectof mathematics subject istransmission of shared values,attitudes and skills, from onegeneration to the next. Thisplays an important role indeveloping our nation andextends the frontiers of knowl-edge and technology. Thecontribution of mathematicsto the wellbeing of the peopleis not limited to science sub-jects only but it touches allaspects of life. Mathematicsas a subject sharpens ourminds and increases devel-opment of intellectual muscleswhich widens analytical abilityto examine and assess theworld from different angles,build special ability in prob-lem solving skills as well asincreasing better evaluationof different scenarios. It isimportant to note the rele-vance of mathematics in ourdaily life and then as a nationpromotes the recognition ofthe contribution made bymathematics to the develop-ment processes. It is importanttoo to note that the relevanceof mathematics is not limitedto school settings as some per-

ceive it but extends to evenlife after school. It enablesindividuals to think andrespond quickly, relate things,priorities activities and designdifferent models that canaddress society’s problems.In noticing that, one of thekey stakeholders of NaturalSciences; the MathematicsAssociation of Tanzania estab-lished an annual event topublicize and awaken thepublic on the role and impor-tance of mathematics in ourdaily lives. The event is beingheld on 14th of March everyyear which is a commemo-ration of a Pi-Day globally.Normally each year has gotits own theme that encour-ages stakeholders to put moreemphasis in promoting math-ematics in Tanzania. The dayhas its own importance inbringing together key playersin mathematics including

learning institutions fromdifferent levels, government’sinstitutions and other Math-ematics stakeholders who dogreat job in that field.

The Pi Day (π)The π Day celebration

in the year under reviewinvolved different learningintuitions, government’sintuitions, key stakeholdersand private sectors on MnaziMmoja ground, Dar-es-Salamin which each one contributedin making the day colorful byexhibiting attractive, funnybut very productive activitiesthat help to arouse students’interest in Mathematics. TheMathematics Associationof Tanzania (MAT) took theleading role by involvingstakeholders in organizingthe day. The day was markedby speeches from severalgovernment officials, political

Pi Day:Promoting Mathematics

for National DevelopmentIn collaboration with Mathematics Association of Tanzania (MAT)


The guest of honour was represented by Ms. Paulina Mkonong’o, the

Director of Secondary Education School from Ministry of Education

watching Teaching Exhibitions during the Pi day event on 14th March 2016.


65


leaders, and mathematics keyplayers in Tanzania. Duringthe event individuals andgroups who did substantivework in promoting mathe-matics in Tanzania were rec-ognized and rewarded as forthe efforts and commitmentthey put towards promotingmathematics in Tanzania.

Some of the key playerparticipants were retiredmathematics teachers whotirelessly ensure that theircontribution does not end upwith their employment in thepublic sector. The teachersdemonstrated different waysof teaching mathematics thatcould arouse students’ interestin mathematics. Differentman-made teaching aids andsimple methods were showedindicating that mathematicscan be taught using simpleand cheap gadgets no matterhow complex the topics were.Tanzania realized that it hasa lot of talented teachers inthat field who need to beorganized and recognized.Best students at differentlevels were also awarded tomotivate them and others toperform and better now andin the future. The day was alsoused to focus on four specificaspects of values and atti-tudes; the values inherent inmathematics and technology;the social value of mathe-matics and technology; thereinforcement of general socialvalues and people attitudestoward their own ability tounderstand mathematics.The target was to sensitize

the society on the applica-bility of mathematics outsidethe academic field and schoolsetting.

During the day it wassuggested that the focus ofeducation in the countryshould accustom citizens toproduction rather than con-

sumption culture and this canonly be done by effectivelyoverhauling the educationalsystem with a bias towardsmathematics, science andtechnology which will helpto transform the economyfrom the deplorable state ofbeing receptor of all sort ofgarbage to a manufacturerand innovator of useful, andpractical ideas. It was stronglysuggested that, it was hightime that mathematics, scienceand technology were givenspecial priority and considera-tion from all the stakeholdersin order to enhance properexploitation of resources andfor the growth of industries.

However during the eventparticipants at Mnazi Mmojagrounds were challenged totransform Mathematical

knowledge into practical lifeand enable it to contributeto the understanding of dif-ferent issues and increasepeople’s chance to solve prob-lems. A call was also madeto encourage young peopleto have positive attitudestowards mathematics and toenable them to take it with asocial consideration element.National commission forUNESCO Tanzania through itsnatural science section suggeststhat the basic for mathematicsshould be built from primaryand secondary levels whichform the unshaken bedrockof any educational system inany country. This will enablescience and technology to belearned effectively for thesocio-political and economicaspiration. The commissionsupports and encouragesproper and friendly teachingtechniques in science andtechnology in primary andsecondary schools becausethey help in establishing astrong base for advancedstudies and at the same timeovercoming poverty, ignoranceand other baseless beliefs tothe society. As a nation weneed to embrace science andtechnology in order to increaseefficiency, reduce cost, tackleenvironmental problemsand create a knowledgeable

society that is adoptive andcompetitive with regard tochanges that occur aroundthe world. �

Group photo

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Inter House, Bagamoyo Road,

Plot 47, Block 45C, Kijitonyama

P.O.BOX 423, Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Tel: (+255 22) 2772424, 2772477

Fax: (+255 22) 2774070

E-mail: [email protected]

www.interconsult-tz.com

Designing for Development

Inter-consult Limited, a Multi-disciplinary

Consultancy firm, is registered in Tanzania

with Registration No: 6358 dated 23rd June,

1978. It is wholly owned and managed by

Tanzania nationals.

The Company comprises of 45 professionals

assisted by a team of 25 technician,

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Projects have been successfully designed

and constructed countrywide.

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number of awards for various Professional

aspects in building design and building

industry in general.

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– ACET, which is affiliated to FIDIC.

The Company is ISO 9001:2008 certified and

is registered with the World Bank, the

European Union and African Development

Bank (ADB).

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67


BackgroundThe water and sanitation

community in Africa underthe leadership of the AfricanMinisters Council on Water(AMCOW) working withAfrican Union Commission’sDepartment of Rural Econ-omy and Agriculture (AUC-DREA) and Member Stateshave played a significant

role in the global advocacyfor a distinct Water Securityand Sanitation goal. This wasbased on the firm belief ofensuring secure, productiveand sustainable water for allpurposes, as well as sanitationand hygiene interventions.The integrated delivery of thetwo is a prerequisite for sus-tainable socio-economic devel-

opment and the achievementof good health outcomes atvarious levels.

The period from the 2008Sharm el-Sheikh Commit-ments to date has seen watersecurity and sanitation issuesbrought from the peripheralto the center stage of Africa’sdevelopment agenda. During

Achieving the SDGs onWater Security and SanitationTanzania to hosts 6th Africa Water Week and 10th AMCOW

General Assembly in Dar es Salaam from 18th - 22nd July, 2016

by Joel A. Samuelfor IHP Committee Tanzania


68


the same period, the inter-national community appliedconcerted efforts in the designof the post-2015 developmentagenda leading to the adop-tion of a dedicated SustainableDevelopment Goal (SDG) 6on “ensuring availability andsustainable management ofwater and sanitation for all”.

The AMCOW Secretariatin collaboration with Ministryof Water and Irrigation willbe holding the 6th Africa WaterWeek (AWW) and 10thGeneralAssembly in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania under the theme“Achieving the SDGs on WaterSecurity and Sanitation”.

The choice of the themeis driven by the recognitionof the importance of layingthe building blocks for Africato achieve the SDG 6 as wellas other inter-linking SDGsconnected with water resourcesmanagement and improved

sanitation service delivery. Italso represents the quest in thecontinent to place emphasison matching commitmentsand plans with concrete actionswith impact on the ground. Ithighlights Africa’s undauntedfocus to achieving the Agenda2063, the continent’s global

strategy to optimize use ofAfrica’s resources for the over-all benefit of all.

The event will be organ-ized under four sub themes:• Achieving Universal andEquitable Access to Waterand Sanitation for All.• Ensuring Water securityand Climate Resilience.• Strengthening ProductiveWastewater Managementand Improved Water Quality.• Improving Policy, Financ-ing and Monitoring.

10th AMCOWGeneral Assembly

The 10thGeneral Assemblyof AMCOW is the governancemeeting that will involve allMinisters of Water in Africa.Through this meeting deci-sions are made as well asadoption of Dar es Salaamdeclaration. Traditionally thismeeting will be preceded bythe Africa Water Week event

whose inputs will inform andinfluence the decision makingat the Ministerial level.

Aim and Objectives ofAfrica Water Week

The Africa Water Weekseries began in Tunis, Tunisiain 2008. Since then, the con-

ference has been held inMidrand, South Africa in2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopiain 2010, Cairo, Egypt in 2012and Dakar, Senegal in 2014and this year will be in Dares Salaam, Tanzania.

The main goal of the AfricaWater Week is to reaffirm apolitical commitment at thehighest level for creating plat-form to discuss and collectivelyseek solutions to Africa’s waterand sanitation challenges.The event which attracts over1000 participants from gov-ernments, regional institu-tions, international partners,the private sector, the scien-tific community, civil society,NGOs, youth and the mediafrom all over the world, andin particular Africa is heldbiennially.

This is in keeping withthe decision of the AMCOWGoverning Council to insti-tutionalize AWW as a wayof building momentum onachieving the Africa WaterVision 2025. This equally rep-resents AMCOW’s belief thateffective and efficient man-agement of water resourcesleads to the provision of ade-quate and equitable accessto safe water and sanitationas well as makes a critical con-tribution to Africa’s progresstowards sustainable growthand development.

VenueThe 6th Africa Water Week

and 10th AMCOW GeneralAssembly will be held from


69


18th to 22nd July, 2016 at theJulius Nyerere InternationalConference Centre - Dar esSalaam an occasion that willbe officiated and graced byH. E. Samia Suluhu Hassan,Vice President of the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania.

ParticipantsThe 6th African Water Week

is expecting more than 1,000participants, drawn from upto 54 African countries (Min-isters and high-level decisionmakers) from the water, envi-ronment, health and educa-tion sectors, governmentofficials, sector specialists,NGOs, Youth and civil societyorganizations including keyand influential representativesof the health and educationsectors, international agenciesand delegates from the publicor private sectors, externalsupport agencies, academiaand the media from all overthe world.

PreparationArrangements

The Africa Water Week isheld biennially in keepingwith the decision of the AfricanMinisters Council on Waterto institutionalize the AfricaWater Week (AWW) as a vehi-cle for building momentumon achieving the 2025 Africa

Water Vision, the 2014 DakarDeclaration on Water Securityand Sanitation, the N’GorDeclaration on Sanitation andHygiene, and the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) -Water and Sanitation Goal 6.

At the 9th AMCOW Gen-eral Assembly held in Dakar,Senegal, the Government ofTanzania represented by theMinistry of Water and Irriga-tion was nominated to hostthe 6th Africa Water Weekand the 10th Ordinary Sessionof African Ministers Councilon Water (AMCOW) knownas the General Assembly; inDar es Salaam, Tanzania.

It is from this backgroundthat on 25th April, 2016 Min-istry of Water and Irrigationon behalf of the governmentof the United Republic ofTanzania signed MoU withAMCOW Secretariat for thehosting of the 6th Africa WaterWeek and the General Assem-bly (AMCOW 10th OrdinarySession) from 18th - 22nd July,2016 in Tanzania.

The objective of the MoUis to detail the obligatoryrequirements expected of thehost country (Tanzania) andthe obligations of the AfricanMinisters Council on Water

aimed to make successfulpreparations for the events.

Expected outcomes ofthe Africa Water Week

The main outcome of the6th Africa Water Week will bea roadmap for developing acomprehensive plan of actionfor Africa aimed at imme-diate translation of the high-level commitments includingN’gor Declaration on WaterSecurity and Sanitation intoimplementation at country,sub-regional and continentallevels.

This is expected to lead todevelopment of appropriatepolicies, high quality actionsmatched with strong motiva-tion to implement them, andincreased investment at var-ious levels. The programmesimplemented from these planswill contribute to poverty alle-viation, health improvements,social development and eco-nomic growth in Africa. It willpromote improved aware-ness among policy makers,media, youth, private sectorand practitioners on the needto increase investments inwater resources managementand development in order toimprove water security andclimate resilience.

�

Water supply investments efforts in Dar es Salaamfinally pay off and days of water shortages in Dar esSalaam and parts of Coast Region served by DAWASAare gradually coming to an end.

Completion of the ongoing water projects, which includesexpansion of two major Water Treatment Plants (WTP)of Upper and Lower Ruvu in Kibaha and Bagamoyodistricts, Coast Region in addition to drilling of 20 deepwells will make a big difference in the availability ofwater for the DAWASA service area.

Dar es Salaam requires 450,000 cubic meters a daybut used to receive some 300,000 cubic meters instead.That created a deficit of 150,000 cubic meters. That wasthe past!!

Today impressive improvements are obvious. For example,just testing of the completed expansion works of LowerRuvu and Upper Ruvu water treatment plants increasedthe supply to 502,000 cubic meters even before officialinauguration.

This is good news to four million plus residents of Dares Salaam and some parts in Coast region. The sustainedsupply of water even before the end of this year willdefinitely change the equation.

The water shortage in Dar es Salaam is progressivelybeing addressed, thanks to the Dar es Salaam Waterand Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) who, on behalf ofthe Government of the United Republic of Tanzaniaunder the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, is financingboth small-scale (community) water supply schemesas well as large scale extensive projects like the expansionof water treatment plants, exploration of the KimbijiAquifer and ongoing preparations for the constructionof the Kidunda dam in Morogoro region.

Much has been achieved by the Water Authority DAWASA,led by a Board of Directors and managed by the ChiefExecutive Officer who is assisted by four Directors. Theseinclude the Directors of Human Resources and Adminis-tration, Finance, Technical Services and Quality Assurance.Also, there are four independent Units namely, Legal,Corporate Planning, Procurement and CommunityLiaison. DAWASA has a total of 70 employees.

DAWASA which is a Government Parastatal Organi-zation was established in April 4, 1997 after the amendmentof Act No 7 of 1981 which established the National UrbanWater Authority (NUWA). It is, on behalf of the Government,the owner of water and sewerage infrastructure, the super-visor in provision of water and sewerage services in theDAWASA designated area. DAWASA also conducts studiesand implements water and sanitation improvement projectsin addition to funding of emergency and major repairs.

On the other hand, the Operator, the Dar es SalaamWater and Sewerage Corporation (DAWASCO) dealswith the provision of water and sewerage services. Theyissue customers’ bills and collect revenue. They also under-take major repairs funded by DAWASA and connect newcustomers both directly and through the First Time NewDomestic Water Supply Connection Fund (FINDWSCF).

The DAWASA designated area include the city of Dar esSalaam, the towns of Kibaha and Bagamoyo and areasflanking the two transmission mains from the watertreatment plants, supplied from different sources. Themajor ones being the previously mentioned, Upper andLower Ruvu Treatment Plants.

Other sources are the Mtoni Water Treatment Plant whichdraws water from Kizinga river and off grid water supplyschemes located in various parts of the service area.

Water and Sewerage Improvement Program for Dares Salaam and the towns of Bagamoyo and KibahaAfter completion of the Dar es Salaam Water and Sani-tation Project (DWSSP; 2003-2010) that focused on reha-

DAWASA:Improvement of Water

Supply and Sewerage Services

Water Previous CurrentSource Production production

Lower Ruvu WTP 182,000 270,000

Upper River WTP 82,000 196,000

Mtoni WTP 9,000 9,000

Boreholes (off grid schemes) 27,000 27,000

Total 300,000 502,000

Water Production

Part of the new Water Treatment Plant at Lower Ruvu.

http://www.dawasa.go.tz/

bilitation of the aged infrastructure and conducted studiesto increase supply; implementation of new projects whichaimed at improving water supply and sewerage servicesin the particular DAWASA service area commenced. Thegoal was to meet the demand for water supply until 2032and to increase the population served by the seweragenetwork from 10% to 30%.

The project is being implemented in cooperation withthe American Millennium Challenges Corporation(MCC), the Norwegian Government, The World Bank,the Government of India and other partners throughthe WSDP basket Fund.

Under the initiative water production will increase grad-ually from the previous 300,000 cubic meters to 756,000cubic meters (pre Dec. 2015) a day before the end of 2018.

Implementation of this project started in February 2011and is scheduled for completion by December 2017. InitialCost estimates in 2010 for the implementation of thisplan were 653.9bn/- Nevertheless, the after on accountof bidding and the realities of the tenders and obtainingof the real costs based on the existing economic situation,costs of living and construction materials. Presently, theestimate is 1,364.44bn/-

A lot has been done. So far completed projects includeexpansion of the Lower Ruvu WTP, construction of a newtransmission main pipe from Lower Ruvu, reinforcementof the Ruvu River banks at Kidogozero village, the expan-sion of the Upper Ruvu WTP and construction of a waterreservoir of 10,000 cubic meters at Kibamba, the con-struction of transmission main pipes from the UpperRuvu treatment plant at Mlandizi to Kibamba and fromKibamba to Kimara in addition to the rehabilitation ofthe Kimara reservoirs.

The drilling of 7 (600 m deep) exploratory boreholesaround the Kimbiji Aquifer in the outskirts of Dar esSalaam has also been completed.

Ongoing works include the drilling of 20 productionwells within the Kimbiji Aquifer – at Kisarawe II inKigamboni and Mpera in Mkuranga; and constructionof water distribution pipe networks in areas of the citythat do not have piped network.

Projects in the final stages of preparations include theconstruction of the Kidunda dam so as to regulate theRuvu River levels, the construction of three mechanicalwaste water treatment plants at Jangwani, Mbezi Beachand Kurasini and the expansion of the sewerage network.

To utilize the spill way a hydro power plant with a capacityto generate 20MW will also be constructed.

Current Situation: Water supply in DAWASAservice areaMtoni Water Treatment Plant (1947)This is the oldest treatment plant located in the southernpart of Dar es Salaam. It draws water from the KizingaRiver producing about 9,000 cubic meters per day. Waterfrom this treatment plant serves part of the Temeke Districtin Dar es Salaam. Due to environmental challengesfacing the Kizinga River, it was suggested that the plantshould not be expanded but instead be used in the futureas a pumping station to improve water supply in thesouthern part of Dar es Salaam.

Upper Ruvu Water Treatment Plant (1959)This is the second oldest plant which has been expandedby 122% from producing 82,000 to 196,000 cubic metersof water a day. The Plant is situated near Mlandizitownship, Kibaha district in the Coast Region, about60 kilometers from Dar es Salaam. Water from UpperRuvu is pumped to Reservoirs at Kibamba (10,000 cubicmeters) and Kimara (16,000 cubic meters) through fourmain pipes before reaching consumers in the city.

Benefitting from this plant are residents in areas enroute of Mlandizi, Visiga, Kongowe, Kiluvya, Kibamba,Mbezi, Kimara. Other areas served include Changanyikeni,Ubungo, Kibangu, Makuburi, Tabata and Segerea.

Expansion works at Upper Ruvu included constructionof:• A new raw water pumping station and a six kilometerraw water main pipe to the treatment plant;• A flow division chamber and chemical mixing chamber;• Three clarifiers;• A sludge thickener and lagoons;• One clear water tank with a capacity of 10,000 cubicmeters;

New raw water pumps at Lower Ruvu Water Treatment Plant.

Kidunda Dam Key Data

1. 168 km from the Indian Ocean2. Coordinates: E 413545m; N 9196445m3. Dam embankment: 87 m from sea level4. Embankment height: 21 m5. Dam length: 860 m

6. Dam reservoir capacity: 190 mil m3

(storage for 30 years)7. Live storage: 174 mil m3

8. Flow to Ruvu: 24 m3/sec9. Inundated area: 55 km2


• A high lift pumping station;• Transmission main pipes;• One water reservoir; and• Staff houses.

Lower Ruvu Water Treatment Plant (1976)This is the largest water Treatment plant situated a fewkilometers West of Bagamoyo Town in the Coast Region.It was inaugurated in 1976 producing 182, 000 cubicmeters of water a day. Currently it has the capacity toproduce 270,000 cubic meters per day. Before completionof the expansion works, water treated from the plantwas pumped through a concrete transmission main ofa diameter of 1.35m to reservoirs close to Ardhi Universityin Dar es Salaam. Water produced from the plant is nowconveyed through the newly installed 1.8m diametersteel pipe to the reservoirs near Ardhi University, beforedistribution. The old concrete pipe is now used as a distri-bution main for the population residing between thetreatment plant and the reservoirs.

Areas supplied by the Lower Ruvu WTP include; Bagamoyotown, its environs including villages of Buma, Kiromo,Chambezi, Zinga, Kerege and Mapinga in BagamoyoDistrict. The plant also supplies water to Dar es salaamareas namely Bunju, Mabwepande, Boko,Tegeta, Kunduchi,Mbezi Beach, Mbezi Juu, Salasala, Kawe, Makongo andthe Universities of Dar es Salaam and Ardhi. Othersinclude the Dar – CBD, Mikocheni, Msasani, Masaki,Mwananyamala, Kinondoni, Magomeni, Kigogo,Buguruni, Vingunguti, Chang’ombe, Sinza, Manzese,Ubungo, Mabibo and Kigogo.

Expansion works included construction of:• A new raw water pumping station and a raw watermain pipe from the river to the raw water pumpingstation;• One clarifier;• A flow division and chemical mixing tower;• Two sand filters;• A high lift pumping station; and• A 1.8 diameter transmission main pipe.

Community Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectsThese schemes are mostly independent water supplyand distribution systems supplied from point sources(deep boreholes) or bulk supply from DAWASCO maindistribution system. Some include on-site sanitationfacilities.

The basic conditions for selection of eligible commu-nities to benefit from this intervention are; areas thatare not covered by the formal supply system, low incomeunplanned settlements and areas that are prone to waterborne diseases. Since the projects are demand driven,the selected communities have to show that they arecommitted to work with DAWASA to implement andmanage the schemes after being handed over the com-pleted water projects.

DAWASA’s Community Liaison Unit is responsible forimplementing these projects. The unit appraises appli-cations submitted by communities based on the pre-determined criteria, mobilizes, builds capacities of theeligible communities and supervises the constructionprocess. After completion of the construction processes,an operational scheme is handed over to the beneficiarycommunity for management while DAWASA remainswith a limited role of monitoring and providing technicaladvice.

The historical background and experience in the formationof these projects however, differs from one project to theother. In some of the projects works involved upgradingof the old boreholes drilled during the 1996 and 1998prolonged draught season; while others were constructedlater under the CWSSP component of the DWSSP. Recentlysome were constructed through DAWASA, Belgian Tech-nical Corporation and UN-Habitat partnership, and anumber of them were implemented following directivesissued by various National Leaders. DAWASA has alsoimplemented such projects through its internal financialarrangements.

Most schemes are managed by committees which aredemocratically elected by community members. The projectsare self-sustaining such that all operational costs are coveredby the revenues collected from the services provided. Asevidence of sustainability, all operational schemes havebeen able to expand services, drill additional boreholes;construct new storage facilities and have a substantialamount of savings in their respective bank accounts.

Lowe Ruvu high lift pumping station.

EB4, One of the artesian boreholes drilled around the Kimbiji Aquifer.


The schemes also have direct impact on the society suchas socio-economic improvement and increase of schoolattendance especially girls in primary and secondaryschools in different parts of Dar es Salaam.

ChallengesNon Revenue WaterFor quite some time loss of water has remained a seriouschallenge which needs immediate redress. There was atime non-revenue water (NRW) stood at 50% but impres-sive efforts are underway to bring it down to below 35%.Corrective measures taken include repair of the watersupply network, improvement of payment methods andcustomer care services, education to the public includinginvolving state security organs and other stakeholdersto curb vandalism and physical losses.

The Distribution NetworkFollowing the substantial improvement of water supplyafter completion of the expansion projects, deliberate efforts are required to distribute the additional amount.DAWASA is finalizing designs for water distributionnetworks to cover the entire DAWASA service area.

The Rapid Growth of Unplanned settlementsUnplanned settlements in the city of Dar es Salaamhave been growing considerably. Inadequate social servicesand lack of space for infrastructure projects aggravatesthe situation and complicates efforts for implementationof water pipes network rehabilitation and expansionprojects. Consequently, this increases the costs of the projectsin the process. In the meantime, DAWASA continues tocommunicate with Local Government Authorities andother institutions to acquire for pipe way leaves and forconstruction of the needed infrastructure.

Drought, Encroachment and Pollution of Water SourcesThere has been a rapid increase of human activitiesalong the Ruvu and Kizinga river catchment areasdespite the existence of various legislations that protectwater sources. Human activities in such areas includedeforestation, agriculture and mining. DAWASA andDAWASCO continue to cooperate with the Wami-RuvuWater Basin office to fight environmental degradationthrough the implementation of a number of initiativesaimed at educating the public and enabling them toengage in alternative economic activities.

Insufficient funds for Infrastructure DevelopmentAs explained earlier, the cost of capital investment ishigh. The challenge which faces DAWASA is not just toprovide water for an expanding metropolis but also tooffer by and large, affordable water services to the lowincome section of the society living in the unplannedareas of the DAWASA service area.

The financial support for implementation of water andsanitation projects has mostly been obtained from theWorld Bank, the Africa Development Bank, Exim Bankof India The Norwegian Government, The Belgian Gov-

ernment, UN Habitat and other Multilateral DevelopmentPartners. However, the World financial crisis that emanatedfrom the recently experienced global recession, madeexternal financing more difficult to access.

To meet this challenge, DAWASA continue to work closelywith Multilateral financiers and has adopted the PublicPrivate Partnership initiative. DAWASA is also approachingother non-traditional development partners in efforts toacquire funds in the forms of soft loans for various projects.

ConclusionDespite the challenges being faced, DAWASA has success-fully implemented both short term and medium termprojects with a clear focus on sustainable services forthe present and future generations. It is the Authority’sintention to implement the long term plans to expandthe Lower Ruvu WTP again by 90,000 cubic meters aday and to drill 10 additional boreholes at Kimbiji andMpera as planned.

With vivid determination to continue providing safe,affordable water and improved sewerage services,DAWASA will strife to fulfill its obligations and respon-sibilities in reaching out to all categories of customersin a transparent manner with due regard to qualityand efficiency.

Completion of the expansion works at Upper Ruvu,Lower Ruvu and the exploration of the Kimbiji Aquiferbeing in its final stages of completion; the vision toprovide potable water supply to all customers withinits service area is no longer a dream but a reality.

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Upper Ruvu Transmission River Crossing.




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IntroductionThe fourth World Congress

of Biosphere reserves andtwenty-eighth session of theInternational CoordinatingCouncil (ICC) of the Manand the Biosphere (MAB) Pro-gramme were held in Lima,Peru from 14 - 17 and 18 - 20March, 2016 respectively. Themeetings were important toTanzania as it was well pre-sented with concrete agendaand issues that were to betabled. This time Tanzania sub-mitted an application for newMan and Biosphere reservethat was tabled, discussed andthen listed as one of the Manand Biosphere reserve recog-nized by UNESCO MAB.

Fourth WorldCongress ofBiosphere Reserve

This was a world congressof the Committees of UNESCO’sMan and the BiosphereProgram (MAB) and expertsdirectly involved in the prac-tical implementation of bios-phere reserves including rep-resentatives of governments,biosphere reserves, local com-munities, UN agencies, NGOs,academic institutions, andorganizations and institu-tions from all over the worldworking with the MAB Pro-gramme. This event broughttogether more than a thousandrepresentatives of biospherereserves from 115 countries.

Ecological Sciences forSustainable Development

Report on 4th World Congress of Biosphere Reservesand 28th Session of International Co-ordinating Council (ICC)

of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) ProgrammeLima, Peru 14 - 20 March 2016

by Joel A. Samueland Albert Mziray

for the National MAB committee Tanzania

Man and Biosphere (MAB)

Biosphere reserves are sites estab-lished under UNESCO’s Man and theBiosphere (MAB) Programme, byrespective countries and recognizedby an intergovernmental scientificprogramme that aims at establishinga scientific basis for the improvementof the relationships between people andtheir environment at a global level.

Established by UNESCO in 1974, theMAB programme focuses on identifiedspecial ecosystems with rich biodiversity.The programme aims at promotingsustainable development based onlocal community efforts and soundscience. Unlike other protected areaswhose focus is strictly biodiversityconservation, biosphere reserves, alsoknown as sites of excellence are iden-tified for conservation, sustainabledevelopment and scientific research,education and as such; they seek tocreate a balance between biodiversityconservation and sustainable resourceuse. The sites are accordingly dividedinto management zones to address eachof the Biosphere Reserve functions.

Usambara Weaver.

© M

PGoo

day


76


Tanzania in this session wasrepresented by Member ofNational MAB committee andother Government officialsfrom Tanzania National Parksand the Ngorongoro conser-vation Areas authorities.

The objectives of the 4th

World Congress of BiosphereReserves were: to review theimplementation of the MadridAction Plan for BiosphereReserves 2008 - 2013, theSeville Strategy and the Statu-tory Framework of 1995, toassess the lessons learnedand the new challenges facedby the World Network of Bios-phere Reserves, and to Developand launch an Action Planfor Biosphere Reserves for2016 - 2025.

During the Congress issuesrelated to the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs)and the Post-2015 Develop-ment Agenda, such as edu-

cation for sustainable devel-opment, the economic via-bility of natural conservationsystems, biodiversity, protec-tion and sustainable use ofnatural resources, humanmigrations and protection ofnatural resources amongothers were addressed. Inaddition, experts discussedprogress and obstacles relatedto biosphere reserve issuesand work to develop a newvision for the future.

As a result of the paperspresented at the Congress andthe contributions of partici-pants; the Lima Declarationand the Lima Action Plan ofthe World Network of Bios-phere Reserves for 2016-2025were developed, launched andendorsed. The Lima Declara-tion and Lima Action plan willguide the management of theBiosphere Reserve in line withMAB Strategy 2015-2025 forthe period 2016-2025.

28th session ofthe InternationalCo-ordinating MABCouncil (ICC) of theMan and the Biosphere(MAB) Programme

A total of 170 participantsincluding representativesof the following Membersof the ICC as elected by theUNESCO General Conferenceat its 37th and 38th sessionsparticipated in the 28th ses-sion of the ICC-MAB meeting:Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan,Burkina Faso, Cameroon,China, Colombia,Democratic Republic ofCongo, France, Gabon,Germany, Guatemala,Honduras, Hungary,Indonesia, Japan,Kazakhstan, Kenya,Madagascar, Malaysia,Mali, Mexico, Morocco,Nigeria, Peru, Portugal,Republic of Korea, Russian

Federation, Saint Vincentand the Grenadines,Slovakia, South Africa,Spain, Sweden, Togo,Turkey, United Kingdomof Great Britainand Northern Irelandand Yemen.

Observers from the fol-lowing Members States werealso present:Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Luxemburg, Mongolia,Namibia, Norway, Pakistan,Philippines, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand,United State of Americaand Venezuela.

The meeting emphasizedon the importance of strength-ening scientific research andensuring the participation ofall stakeholders includingyouth in the MAB programmesand it was also noted thatthe Exit Strategy for MAB aswell as efficient communi-cation between MAB stake-holders would enable MABprogramme to stay dynamicin the coming years. It wasalso added that the mainobjective of the exit strategywas to improve the credibilityand the quality of the WorldNetwork of Biosphere Reserves.

In additional to that, anoverview of the status of theMAB programme highlightedthat the 2030 Agenda for Sus-tainable development adoptedat the UN Sustainable devel-opment Summit September,2015 in New York which setsup the Sustainable develop-ment Goals (SDG) and asso-ciated targets was the mostimportant new context for theMAB Programme presented,

Under the UN system, biospherereserves are the only sites where bothconservation and sustainable devel-opment are permitted to proceed alongmutually supportive paths, which callfor cultural sensitivity, scientific exper-tise, and consensus-driven policy anddecision-making. Participation of thelocal communities in decision-makingis an important driver in managementof Biosphere reserves. While UNESCOprovides a global platform for promotingthe model of Biosphere Reserves, allmanagement responsibility remainswith people in the host country, andshould essentially integrate the culturalvalues of the communities nearest theBiosphere Reserves, as these often havea cultural link to sites and resources inthe reserves.

The World Network of BiosphereReserves currently counts 669 biospherereserves in 120countries all over theworld.

�


77


agreed by participants andtabled for implementation.During the session a numberof member states includingTanzania reported on activ-ities undertaken, highlight-ing both challenges andopportunities facing theMAB programme and theWorld Network.

The chair of the MABCouncil invited memberstates to highlight activitieswhich they had implementedboth at the national, regionaland international levels sincethe 27th session. All memberstates submitted their detailedreports which had been pub-lished on the MABnet.

Update on the ExitStrategy and PeriodicReview Reports

The representative of thesecretariat provided updatedinformation on the status ofthe implementation of theexit strategy to the membersof the MAB Council. The mainobjective of the exit strategywas to improve the credi-bility and the quality of theWorld Network of BiosphereReserves. She stated that allaction has been taken by thesecretariat and that the ulti-mate deadline for submis-sion of all pending periodicreview reports and follow upinformation on recommenda-tions made by the MAB coun-cil to countries was reachedat the end of 2015.

In implementing the exitstrategy, Tanzania submitted

her periodic review reportsof three sites (Lake ManyaraBiosphere Reserve, SerengetiNgorongoro Biosphere Reserveand East Usambara BiosphereReserve within the deadlineset by UNESCO 30 Septem-ber, 2015).

Tanzania reaffirmed hercommitment to the implemen-tation of the exit strategy andalso expressed difficulties andconcerns as regard to originalnomination of 1981 where bythe focus was on core protectedareas and that there were noproper zones stated in theoriginal nomination file.Other issues highlighted weretime needed for participativereview process and involve-

ment of local stakeholders,capacity building needs andpossibility of support fromother countries.

After a long discussion onthe exit strategy and periodicreview reports, it was agreedthat the final decisions asregard to the exit strategywould be taken during 29th

session in 2017. Countries andsites which submitted theirreports in 2015, and for whichrecommendations indicatethat they have not met thecriteria would have until 30th

September, 2016 at the latestto address and reply to rec-ommendations made by theMAB Council at 28th session.

Proposal for newBiosphere Reserves

Taking into account therecommendations of the advi-sory committee for biospherereserves (from 25 - 28 January,2015) and the bureau’s furtherdeliberations, the ICC took thefollowing decision concerningapproval of new proposals:18 nominated sites were rec-ommended for approvalincluding Jozani Chwaka Bay,Tanzania.

Situated in the Island ofZanzibar, Jozani Chwaka Baycovers a total area of 21,274ha comprising of 2,063 ha core

Tanzania

National Man

and Biosphere

Committee

during one of

the meeting

for the

preparation

of the Lima

Meeting.

Red Colubus -

Jozani Chwaka

Bay National

Park.


78


area, 4,227 ha buffer zone and14,984 ha transition zone. Itis a Ramsar site, on the tenta-tive list of World heritage sitesand Convention on Biolog-ical Diversity monitoring sitefor red colobus and duikers.The landscape consists ofmosaics of mangroves, tropicalforests and coral rug forests,groundwater, salt marshesand agricultural and residen-tial areas. The area is a biodi-versity hotspot area includinginter alia reef fish species, 2species of dolphins, 168 speciesof birds including 30 of globaland regional relevance, 25species of reptiles, and 19species of amphibians includ-ing Kassina jozani which isendemic only to the proposedbiosphere reserve. Out of the291 plant species belongingto 83 families, 21 are knownto be threatened or endan-gered. Several of the plantsare important for traditionalmedicines. With a population

of over 16,000 inhabitants,the leading economic contrib-utor in Zanzibar is tourismsupported by sustainablelivelihoods like fishing, beekeeping, butterfly and marineturtle rearing and crabs fatten-ing providing benefit sharing.

Community capacity buildingis fostered through trainingon entrepreneurship, conser-vation and law enforcement.The linkage between 3 zonesand functions is well articu-lated in the nomination.

MAB Young ScientistAward Scheme

The MAB secretariatreceived 45 eligible appli-cations from 29 countries forthe 2016 MAB young scientistaward scheme out of which13 were female.

After examining the appli-cations, the MAB secretariatmade the results available tothe council. The council thenendorsed 6 winners of the 2016MAB young scientist awardfrom six countries namely:Russia, Thailand, Bulgaria,

Malaysia, Guinea and Algeria.Tanzania missed the rewardand we pledge to Tanzaniansto be active, creative andcommitted to such interna-tional awards for the personalachievements and promotionTanzania on a global scale.

Closure of the SessionThe 28th MAB ICC was

officially closed on 20 March,2016 by the chair person whothanked partcipants for theiractive partcipation during themeeting. He further wished

safe journey for participantswho were from other countriesand urgued them to publisizeUNESCO’s man and biospherereserve programme whereverthey are and whenever theygot a chance to do so.

�

Dophins in

Chwaka Bay.

Jozani Forest

Mangrove.

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BackgroundThis first international

workshop was organizedwithin the framework of the“Green Economy in BiosphereReserves (GEBR)” project inSub Sahara selected countries:It is one of the ways of sup-porting general objective ofthe GEBR project as a meansto Poverty Reduction, Biodi-versity Conservation andSustainable Development inthe region. The workshopwas organized and hosted byUNESCO Accra office. Theworkshop was held in KumasiGhana from 24th-26th Novem-ber 2014. The GEBR projecthas been funded by the Gov-ernment of the Republic ofKorea through the KoreaInternational CooperationAgency (KOICA), and is beingimplemented by UNESCO’sMan and Biosphere (MAB)Programme in collaboration

with the MAB National Com-mittees of the project benefi-ciary countries which areGhana, Nigeria and Tanzania.

The participants of theGEBR workshops were someof National MAB Committeemembers from the three proj-ect beneficiary countries who

are the main implementingpartners and also the coreManagement group of theproject. Others were team ofexperts and advisors fromvarious level of UNESCO MAB,key representatives of the donor(KOICA) and the represen-tative of the Republic of KoreaNational MAB committee.

Green Economyin Biosphere Reserves

Second International Project Workshop held inTanga Region from 29th February to 2nd March, 2016


East Usambara Biosphere Reserve.

Bee Keeping.


81


During the implemen-tation it was then planned tohold another similar work-shop in one of the beneficiarycountries to provide exten-sive report on the implemen-tation of the GEBR projectsince the commencement ofthe project and also to discusstechnical issues and to struc-ture mechanism for publi-cation on the project activ-ities and findings. The secondworkshop was then plannedto be held in Tanga, Tanzania.

ObjectivesThe general objective of

the meeting was to evaluateand assess implementationof the GEBR project in thethree beneficiary countriesin Sub-Saharan Africa so asto provide room for reviewingthe implementation of theGEBR Project since the com-mencement of the projectactivities in November 2013.Other objective of the work-shop were to discuss technicalissues for the implementa-tion of the project in 2015;and to discuss a structure fora publication on the projectactivities and findings for thepurposes of timely dissemi-nation of relevant informationto stakeholders worldwide.

The workshop took placefor three days from 29th Feb-ruary to 2nd March, 2016 inTanga at Tanga Beach Resort.The event was opened by theVice President of Tanzania andAssistant Director General ofUNESCO, the workshop sharedthe Project Results of the GreenEconomy in Biosphere ReserveProject of three countries inwhich the project was imple-mented; Tanzania, Ghana,and Nigeria.

The Project is part ofthe so called MAB (Man andBiosphere) programme in

UNESCO. It has been imple-mented since November 2013,funded by KOICA (KoreanInternational CooperationAgency) to conserve EastUsambara Biosphere Reserve,through diversification ofthe livelihoods and capacitybuilding in promotion ofgreen businesses.

The East Usambara Bios-phere Reserve has the secondlargest botanical garden inthe World with unique floraand fauna, which is highlyvalued by the Governmentfor its protection from defor-estation. The workshop alsoprovided platform for NationalMAB Committee members,UNESCO field offices andKOICA representatives fromeach country to discuss expe-iences and lessons learnt.The workshop was a key toolfor sharing the best practicestrategies of the Project imple-

mentation in the Tanzaniacontext for other implement-ing countries to learn andapply them accordingly intheir contexts.

Tanzanian governmentthrough the Vice Presidentof the United Republic of

Tanzania appreciated theeffort made by UNESCO andthe KOICA as a way of sup-porting poverty eradicationinitiatives as well as environ-mental protection. The Vicepresident called for more coop-eration and project expan-sion to other areas and moreinvolvements of women innational development. Regi-nal officers and stakeholdersfrom various fields and vil-lagers had time to exchangeexperiences resulting fromvarious training and supportobtained from UNESCO. Thetraining was focusing on skillsthat would create income-generating activities andreduce pressure to the firstand reserved areas of EastUsambara Biosphere Reserve.The areas of training wereon fish raising, butterfly farm-ing, mushrooms and the bee-keeping. Farmers witnessedhow the activities changed

their lives positively andhelped to change their atti-tudes towards environmentalprotection.

The workshop was alsoattended by senior UNESCOdirectors from internationaland regional offices. The

Harvested

Allanblackia

seeds ready

for processing.


82


event was a clear mark of theUNESCO participation andcommitment to support vari-ous livelihood activities neces-sary for building a sustain-able economic system for allthe people. The KOICA repre-sentatives from various levelsin the world also attended toexperience the extent to whichtheir support could transformpeople’s lives. The KOICArepresentatives from each ofthe beneficiary countries alsopresented their views andexperience on how other

countries succeeded fromprojects supported by theKorean Government.

The workshop ended bythe participants’ field visitswhere they witnessed theactivities done by local farmersand villages as a response towhat they learned from sev-eral seminars and trainingaiming at improving theirlivelihood through environ-mental friendly activities.Generally UNESCO, KOICAand Tanzanian Governmentwere very much impressedby the level of progress madethrough this project.

Tanzania has benefiteda lot from the project, in termsof attitude change, awarenesscreation regarding nature

conservation and team build-ing. The National commis-sion for UNESCO appreciatedgood work done by all stake-holders who in different waysmade the workshop effectiveand successful. Such a work-shop has been very inform-ative enabling sharing ofexperience and skills acquiredduring the implementationof what were agreed on. Itis our hope that KOICA willcontinue to support thisproject and believe thatsubsequent workshops willstrengthen the knowledgeand expertise obtained fromthe 2nd international work-shop on Green economy inbiosphere project and gener-ate better results to benefi-ciary countries.

�

IntroductionOne of the challenges facing the reserved areas in

Tanzania is the encroachment of the people around theareas in search for means of living. The means of livinginclude but not limited to farming and livestock keeping.These economic activities lead to environmental degra-dation and disturb the ecosystem of the reversed areasincluding the biosphere. People in and around the biosphereare becoming reluctant to stay away from the Biospherebecause for them it would hinder them from becomingproductive. Biospheres instead of becoming a mere luckto the people it becomes tragedy to them as they arebeing restricted not to disturb the ecosystem. Solution

to this is to provide skills and knowledge for the peopleto decrease pressure to the Biosphere. The biodiversityeducation was one of the possible solutions where peopleuse skills and knowledge obtained to enable them to haveset of economic activities as well as level of awareness thatwill lead to the reduction of pressure to the reserved areas.

Biodiversity Education in and around East UsambaraBiosphere Reserve

UNESCO Dar es Salaam and UNESCO NationalCommission organized several workshops in regardingto promotion of biodiversity among educational stake-holders. The biodiversity education aimed at promotingthe use of natural resources effectively and efficientlyto improve lively hood without compromising environ-mental protection. UNESCO and National commissionfor UNESCO Tanzania in collaboration with NationalMan and Biosphere National committee in several occa-sions last year objectively promoted biodiversity educ-ation in communities living in and around East UsambarBiosphere Reserves. The plan was to ensure that the bio-diversity education is not only preventing pressure ofpeople to the Biosphere but provide other means of

Application of Biodiversity Education for Communitiesin and around East Usambara Biosphere Reserve


Butterfly Farmer.


83


increasing finances and living to the communities. Theplan therefore focused on the creation of awareness andattitude change through introduction of Education forSustainable (ESD) using multiple perspective approachesfor biodiversity education. The effort bore fruits whichenabled farmers and communities to live sustainably byrunning environmental-friendly activities such as beekeeping and fishing and butterfly farming. Such effortsare part of a series of Tanzania and UNESCO programmesand activities in response to the UN decade of educationfor Sustainable Development (DESD 2005-2014) whichcalls for engaging people through innovative ways oflearning about biodiversity by focusing on educationand training to address the interlinking issues of eco-system and livelihood. The series also include inter-action of nature with culture, society and economy andactions that we take which affect our quality of life.

Biodiversity education in Tanzania is essential as thecountry has diverse forest including evergreen, deciduous,mixed and mangrove. These forest cover about 48 millionhectares of Tanzania’s total land areas. According toNational Forest Programme, these forests however havebeen degraded significantly in recent years. Wildlifehunting, destruction and human disturbances by localpeople and outsiders have been considered as the mainthreats to biodiversity in Tanzania. Besides, low educationand public awareness on education are the main chal-lenges for biodiversity conservation.

In ensuring this challenge is brought into control,UNESCO has provided a multiple Perspective approachtool to teach sustainable development issues and Biodi-versity has been given high priority among other emerg-ing and recurring issues. Multiple Approach tool is aimingat improving capacity of teachers, students and commu-nity at large, media professionals and decision makers tothink about complex issues and create solutions that arelocally appropriate while mindful of global consequences.

The immediate impact of the biodiversity educationprovided to communities in and around the East Usambarabiosphere Reserve is the decrease in pressure to the reservedue to proper and appropriate conduction of economicactivities in the biosphere. The communities have learnedsustainable means of surviving without compromisingthe environmental protection initiatives to the biosphere.The process started by sitting down with stakeholders todetermine the level of awareness they had regarding theimportance of preserving natural resources and ecosystemon the biosphere. This was supported by several seminarsand meetings with the communities and the researchesdone by professionals who did baseline survey of the project.It was then easy to get the picture that led to appro-priate decision with immediate action. The immediate

action was to look for economic activities appropriateto the local setting but very effective in terms of environ-mental protection and improving the livelihood of thepeople in the communities. People were then groupedaccording to the existed economical activities such asbeekeeping, butterfly farming, fishing and spices farming.

The second activity was to determine the gap of skillsand knowledge that could transform their livelihood andmeans of living in the same locality. The gap was thenused to design appropriate skills and knowledge required.Groups were also provided with some support in accor-dance with their needs and requirements. Then eachlocation had at least a group which acted as a corpora-tive union in that locality with leaders and advisors andit was given material supports including nets for butterflyfarming and other materials necessary to carry out thechosen economic activities. In making the whole exercisesustainable such groups were requested to providesupport to other groups or individual after becomingfully operational and financial independent.

The Korean government is highly commended for itssupport to the project through its International Coopera-tion Agency (KOICA). KOICA supported the projects fromdesigning stage to implementation and has promisedto support the project to the end of phase one. Nationalcommission on behalf of MAB national committees thanksthe government of Korea through KOICA for such a greatsupport in biodiversity project in and around the EastUsambara Biosphere Reserve. Their support has changedthe status quo of the people around the reserved area frombeing environmental destructive agents to environmentalactivists with the aim of promoting their livelihoodthrough proper use of environmental resources. KOICAhas not only supported the project but also built a bridgethat extends cooperation between Tanzania and Koreain a more practical way. KOICA and UNESCO togetherhave changed the mindset of the people that now seethe importance of preserving natural resource for thebenefits of current and future generations. �

Members of community, KOICA, UNESCO and Tanzania

Government official in one of local dances during the project

evaluation and monitoring gathering in Kwakwani Tanga.

P. O. Box 76862 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2nd Floor, Spanish Plaza,

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85


IntroductionFrom socializing and

entertainment to homework,the Internet is an essentialpart of life for young peopletoday, opening vast newopportunities for connectingand learning. At the sametime, the Internet providesviolent extremists with pow-erful tools to propagatehatred and violence and toidentify and groom poten-tial recruits, creating globalonline communities thatpromote radicalization.

“We see the rise of a newgeneration of digital nativestoday,” said UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova “Ourtask must be to empower a newgeneration of digital citizensat the global level – startingwith education, new intercul-tural skills, and deeper mediaand information literacy.

The Conference was tosupport the action of Statesand the international com-munity, by understandingmore clearly the use of Internetin fueling violent extremismand by exploring effectivetools in response.

In this light, the Confer-ence discussed the insight andexperiences of Governments,international organizations,research and academia, aswell as Internet companies,and presented case studiesfrom around the world. It alsofocused on the rich, multi-faceted landscape of youthonline engagement, particu-larly youth-led initiatives thatare paving the way ahead.

“The youth equation holdsthe key to the future of manycountries – especially thoseexperiencing tensions or

emerging from conflict. Thereare some 1.2 billion youngpeople in the world today –between the age of 15 and24 years old–with many soci-eties featuring large bodiesof unemployed youth, lack-ing education, skills andprospects, in a context ofchanging family structures,rapid urbanization, and risingperceptions of marginali-zation,” said Irina Bokova.

Violent extremism is anaffront to the principles ofthe United Nations, embodiedin respect for universal humanrights and fundamental free-doms. It is also a rising threatto societies everywhere under-going deep transformation.Countering violent extremismcalls for actions across theboard and the long-term thatstrengthen the foundationsfor solidarity. This is UNESCO’srole, to deepen cooperationthrough education, the sci-ences, culture and commu-nication, supporting MemberStates, civil society actors, aca-demia and private sector inorder to prevent and reduceyouth radicalization online.

EmpoweringYouth to Build Peace

Youth and the Internet: Fighting Radicalization and Extremism in Cyberspace, 16-17 June 2015, UNESCO Headquarters

by Simba Mwinyi SimbaTanzania Youth Representative,



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To these ends, UNESCOpromotes greater investmentin access to quality educationfor all young women andmen – including educationfor global citizenship as wellas new intercultural compe-tencies, to advance mutualrespect between different cul-tures and communities. Mediaand information literacy pro-grams are essential here, tohelp youth better identify andreject extremist propaganda.This approach to literacyincludes raising awarenessabout hate speech, its causesand consequences, and thecreation of new platformsand networks for dialogueand mutual understanding.The mobilization of civil soci-ety, as well as online commu-nities and internet interme-diaries (including searchengines, Internet serviceproviders, social media), isalso important.

“UNESCO’s position isclear – the Internet and newICTs must be platforms forpositive engagement, peace,promoting respect for humanrights and dignity, enablingdialogue and mutual under-standing,” said the Director-General.

This calls also for greaterefforts to remove gender bias,

to bridge linguistic divides,to enhance capacities so asto harness the power of newtechnologies, to enable everyyoung woman and man toparticipate online for thebenefit of all.

Organized in the frame-work of the Intergovern-mental Information for AllProgramme (IFAP), the goalof this conference was to cre-ate a global network of part-ners to support advocacy andknowledge sharing. UNESCOpresented the working pro-posal for a multidimensionalpilot project, drawing on allexisting work, to help empoweryouth to address online radi-

calization and extremism,and realize their aspirationsto contribute to a more peace-ful and sustainable world.

“We need to support youngwomen and men, with newskills and opportunities, toadvance human rights onlineand new forms of interculturaldialogue, for greater mutualunderstanding and respect,”

said the Director-General.“Young people must be pro-vided with avenues to growand develop positively, nur-turing their creativity andinnovation to unlock solu-tions to many of the urgentproblems of our planet onthe basis of solidarity.”

AchievementsThrough this conference

there are number of thingsthat I have achieved at theindividual level, nationaland international level. Atthe national and internationallevel we shared a lot of thingswith my fellow youth, officials,academics, policy-makers,youth NGOs, experts and

practitioners from a range ofinstitutions and disciplines,and experts who came fromall over the world.

At the individual level,there are so many things thatI have learnt and achievedas a result of this forum. If Iwas to ask to count them thereuncountable but just men-tioning few there as follows:


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• I was able to learn differentprojects and programmesthat young people, officials,academics, policy-makers,youth NGOs, experts andpractitioners from a range ofinstitutions and disciplines,and experts from other coun-tries are doing, this created avenue for me on finding areasof collaboration with them.

• I got an opportunity of net-working with other young peo-ple from different backgroundsof the world through whichI have learnt a lot from themabout their country experi-ences on the given themesand other related mattersthat in one way or the otherhinder youth development.

RecommendationsIt was a very short expe-

dition and indeed hectic onebut the most fruitful one. Somany was learnt and so manywas achieved and undeniablythere is a lot to recommend.I strongly feel to recommendthe following:

• UNESCO National Com-mission to continually includeyouth in their delegation tothe international Conference.• UNESCO, Member statesand other donors are neededto support projects initiatedby youth representatives atthe country and internationallevel as part and parcel of theimplementation of the youth

recommendations. The sup-port should be technicallyand financially as well. Thisis due to the fact that mostyoung people after attendinggathering like this they tendto have so many ideas on var-ious programmes that targetto implement recommenda-tions but these young peopleend up hopeless when thereis nobody to support them.

Vote ofappreciation

With all respects and careI sincerely wish to recognizethe following for their amazingsupport towards my partici-pation to the conference;

• UNESCO headquarters ParisFrance for their sponsorshipwhich include traveling andliving expenses during mystay in Paris. I feel to recognizein particular the efforts of Dr.Boyan Radoykov, Chief ofthe section for universal andpreservation of the knowl-edge societies division andMarie-Christine Botte, IFAPSecretariat.• Embassy of the United Repub-lic of Tanzania in France forall the necessary support thatI require during my arrival andstay in Paris and in partic-ular let me give my warmthanks to: Prof. MohammedS. Sheya, Deputy PermanentDelegate to UNESCO.• The Tanzania NationalCommission for UNESCO fortheir technical support duringthe preparation of my tripand particularly Dr. Moshi M.Kimizi (PhD), Acting SecretaryGeneral to the Commissionand Christina Musaroche,Information and Commu-nication officer.• UNESCO Field Office, DarEs Salaam for their welcomingsupport on visa applicationI would like to say thank youvery much to Madam Rahmaand Al-amini Yusuph.• UNESCO youth Desk Tan-zania.• Representatives from youthorganizations and youthgroups.• All those who attended par-ticipated in both prepara-tions and my participationto the Forum.• My Family and close friends.

ConclusionI look forward to seeing

what comes in the future andhope I am around in this lifelong enough to connect witheven a small portion of what’salready on offer.

�

Mr Simba Mwinyi Simba – Tanzania Youth Representative at the

conference in UNESCO.


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BackgroundThis new project is part of the new

integrated framework of action by UNESCOto support young people in building newforms of global solidarity, including online,and in resisting and countering radical-ization and violent extremism. Workingwith all its partners, UNESCO also conceivesthis as part of international efforts tostrengthen the positive role of youth enga-gement in societies across the world.

This action will support youth civicengagement and participation in peacebuilding and the promotion of culturaldiversity and intercultural/interreligiousunderstanding by empowering and mobi-lizing youth organizations, youth onlinecommunities and networks, as well asother relevant stakeholders (policy-makers,researchers, media professionals and socialworkers). This new component will mobilizethe Organization at multiple levels, workingthrough new activities and drawing onexisting programmes until December 2017.

ObjectiveThe objective is to provide a framework

for action that will mobilize UNESCO atmultiple levels to empower young womenand men with values, knowledge, capacitiesand skills to hold exchanges, communicateonline and cooperate across social andcultural boundaries, enabling them tobecome responsible global citizens andmobilizing critical thinking to counterradicalization and online enrolment,including violent extremism.

InterventionsInterventions are articulated around

four axes:• Supporting multidisciplinary researchon linkages between youth, Internet,radicalization/de-radicalization, as wellas research-informed policies and actions;• Empowering youth online communitiesand key youth stakeholders on topics relevantto counter-radicalization, by building their

competencies and skills and by equippingthem with creative tools and knowledge;• Strengthening mobilization and cooper-ation between media professionals andpractitioners to combat radicalization andonline hate speech, with a focus on countriessuffering tensions and conflict situations;• Supporting creative media campaignsand outreach strategies targeting policy-makers and opinion-makers as well as thegeneral public (including young audiences).

Core actions will be implemented mainlyat the national and local levels, with gendersensitivity mainstreamed throughout allactivities.

Beneficiaries• Youth networks and online communities;• Young women and men, trained on MIL,the safeguarding of cultural heritage andpromotion of cultural diversity, and theirpositive roles as global citizens and contrib-utors to peace from the identified projectcountries;• Regional media institutions;• Education stakeholders and policy-makersfrom countries where radicalization threatsare growing;• Young women and men and learnerswith disabilities from developing countries,trained to develop smart mobile apps, gen-erating pathways for future learning orlaunching small businesses;

• Practitioners (civil society leaders, teachersand policy-makers, youth leaders, mediaand information professionals, includingbloggers) trained on mentorship or facili-tation roles for enhancing global citizen-ship and peace. �

Youth 2.0:Building Skills, Bolstering Peace

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Globalization:A multifacetedphenomenon

In their analysis of edu-cation in the era of globali-sation, Olmos and Torres(2009) argue that educationin modern times has beenplaced within the nation-state and has been shapedby the state’s demand to pre-pare labour for participationin its economy and citizensfor participation in society.The 20th century has beenthe century of education,marked by the expansion ofeducational opportunitiesworldwide and the decisiverole of the state in promotingpublic education. However, atthe dawn of the new millen-nium, globalization processeshave posed limits on stateautonomy and national sov-ereignty, changing educationespecially in terms of its rolein democracy.

Taken together, all formsof globalization have sub-stantial implications for edu-cation and for our understand-ing of citizenship, leading usto rethink our personal and

social responsibilities as citi-zens. Humes (2008) contendsthat all these concerns posedby globalization help toexplain why the citizenshipagenda has currently receivedsuch international attraction.He further urges us to thinkof the following questionsthat arise when citizenshipand citizenship education areconsidered within an increas-ingly globalized framework.Thus why, since the notion ofcitizenship has transformedover period. Factually, through-out the old century, there hasbeen an ongoing movementtowards a more inclusiveunderstanding of citizenship,influenced by the develop-ment of civil, political andcommunal rights.

While the existing per-spectives on national citizen-ship vary between countries,reflecting differences in polit-ical and historical setting,amongst other factors. It istrue that the progressivelyglobalized world has elevatedqueries about what consti-tutes meaningful citizenshipas well as about its global

extents. Though the concep-tion of citizenship that goesfurther than the nation stateis not new, changes in theglobal context – for example,the formation of wide-reachingconventions and treaties, thedevelopment of transnationalorganizations, corporationsand civil society movements,and the development of inter-national human rights frame-works – have noteworthyimplications for global citi-zenship. It has to be recog-nized that there are opposingperspectives about the ideaof global citizenship including,such as the magnitude towhich it extends and com-plements traditional citizen-ship, defined in terms of thenation state, or the extent towhich it competes with it.

Moreover, knowing thefact that international organ-izations are “active agents ofglobal change” (Barnett and

Global CitizenshipEducation in Tanzania

by Simba Mwinyi SimbaURT UNESCO National Commission

“Education gives us a profoundunderstanding that we are tied togetheras citizens of the global community, andthat our challenges are interconnected.”

Ban Ki-moon,UN Secretary-General


91


Finnemore, 2004, p. 156) andthat “the transfer of educa-tional ideas is currently con-sidered to be one of the mainroles of UNESCO, the WorldBank and the OECD” (Beech,2009, p. 345), they proposethat national ideals as to thechosen citizen or polity can beinfluenced by the discourseof these organizations.

In line of this situation,Global Citizenship Education(GCED) has recently emergedas a sparkling approach toeducation capturing the inter-est of various stakeholders,including academics, educa-tors and international organ-izations worldwide.

Since Global citizenshipis a sense of belonging to abroader community and com-mon humanity. It empha-sizes political, economic,social and cultural interde-pendency and interconnect-edness between the local, thenational and the global.

Growing interest of thedifferent stakeholders inTanzania about the globalcitizenship has resulted inincreased attention to theglobal dimension in citizen-ship education as well, andthe implications for policy,curricula, teaching and learn-ing. With this is mind, globalcitizenship education involvesthree core theoretical dimen-

sions, which are mutual tovarious senses and inter-pretations of global citizen-ship education.

These core theoreticaldimensions draw on a reviewof literature, conceptual frame-works, approaches and cur-ricula on global citizenshipeducation, as well as technicalconsultations and recent workin this area by UNESCO. Theycan serve as the basis fordefining global citizenshipeducation goals, learningobjectives and competencies,as well as priorities for assess-ing and evaluating learning.These core conceptual dimen-sions are based on, and include,aspects from all three domainsof learning: cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioral.It is now seen as a transfor-mative pedagogy that canenable learners to resolvegrowing global trials, build-ing a more just and sustain-able world.

At a time of unprecedentedinterest in themes such asglobal citizenship and devel-oping global competenciesin education, stakeholdersbelieve that the differentdimensions of global citi-zenship – political, moral,economic, cultural-aesthetic,critical, positional, environ-mental and spiritual – willconsequently be well-thought-out to help interpret diverse

policies, recognize their con-nections and survey theirimplications for teachingand learning in our country.

The stakeholders arguedfor a necessity to understandhow schools transform the“abstract recommendationsof other actors into interactiveand sustainable practices”. Itis in schools that the practicaleffects of international GlobalCitizenship Education dis-course can be comprehended.

Despite the growing inter-est on Global CitizenshipEducation, some of the stake-holders argued that the terms“global citizenship education”or “education for global citi-zenship” are infrequentlybeing used inside the schoolclassroom as such, providingfour main challenges of GlobalCitizenship Education: (a)there is no commonly acceptedmeaning of global citizenship;(b) there is a lack of curricu-lum history on the specificfield, which is regularly the-orized within other prevailingframeworks such as interna-tional education, global edu-cation, multicultural educa-tion, peace education, humanrights education or economiceducation; (c) citizenship edu-cation in schools is tradition-ally concentrated on nationalcitizenship instead of a moreglobal perspective; and (d)there is a fear that Global Citi-zenship Education underminespatriotism towards the state.

�

UNESCO’s approach to GCED is:• Holistic: addressing learning content and outcomes,pedagogy and the learning environment in formal,non-formal and informal learning settings.• Transformative: enabling learners to transformthemselves and society.• Value based: promoting universally shared valuessuch as non-discrimination, equality, respect anddialogue.• Part of a larger commitment to support the qualityand relevance of education. �


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Gender and peace areclosely interconnected: Peaceinfluences gender equality,while gender inequality canalso demoralize peace anddrive conflict and violence.This is one of the importantmes-sages in a new briefing,Gender, violence and peace:a post-2015 developmentagenda, published by Concilia-tion Resources and safer-world.

Studies have found thatthere is a strong correlationbetween levels of conflictand gender disparity, but thenature of this relationship isnot always perfect. Does vio-lence fuel gender inequality,or gender inequality fuel vio-lence, or both? In some cases,women advance their strate-

gic interests during times ofconflict, but this is often fol-lowed by the restoration ofmore uneven gender rolesnext. In most of countries thathave experienced revolutionswhat came to be known asthe Arab spring, increasedopportunities for women’spolitical activism have beencoupled with a violent back-lash against women tryingto claim their rights.

Conflict and violence haveto date been the most indis-pensable factors spoiling pro-gression on the SDGs. In 2008,the eight African countrieswith the uppermost maternalmortality ratios were experi-encing or emerging fromconflict. As well as causing

death, injury and displace-ment, conflict destroys infra-structure, disrupts marketsand social ties, diminishesthe capacity of states, anddiverts vital resources awayfrom development.

The UN secretary-general,Ban Ki-moon, recently wit-nessed that countries facingconflict and fragility facemost difficulty situations inattaining the SDGs for womenand girls because violencedecreases their access to health-care and welfare services,economic opportunities andpolitical contribution.

Whether gender inequalityhas an impact on conflict issolider to determine, but there

Gender Equality:Central to the Promotion of Peace

for Sustainable Development

by Simba Mwinyi SimbaURT UNESCO National Commission


93


is solid indication that thegender norms that underpininequality can drive conflictand violence, particularlywhen cultural notions ofmaleness are associated withpower and control.

What does all of this meanfor discussions about the post-2015 agenda? Those callingfor strong obligations ongender equality in the newframework should considerthe importance of peace andnon-violence in promotingit. As Safer-world and othershave argued, including targetsthat address the most impor-tant drivers of conflict canhelp to ensure that men andwomen living in countriesvulnerable to violence arenot left behind.

Those advocating for peacebuilding commitments in thepost-2015 framework woulddo well to apply a genderperspective to their thinking.A standalone goal on genderequality and women’s rightscan contribute towards peace,particularly if it addressesrelevant discriminatory atti-tudes and social norms. Targetsshould address the forms ofviolence that most often affectwomen as well as men, andcommitments on inclusivegovernance should aim toboost the participation of

women and other margin-alized groups in decision-making.

It is vibrant that memberstates recognize the impor-tance of weakening conflictand violence in doing so. Verily,women’s rights and peacebuilding communities canwork together to demonstratethe links between their aims,so the chances of securingstrong commitments in bothareas are increased.

Stimulating Peace andEnding Gender-based Vio-lence, Women’s perspectivesand participation, are vitalto recognizing and nourishingpeace, but these are too oftenoverlooked in conflict resolu-tion, prevention, and reliefand recovery efforts. Women’sactive participation in decision-making processes is criticalto sustainable conflict reso-lution and in turn increasesthe effectiveness of preven-tion efforts. Throughout the

world, we continue to seerisks of gender-based vio-lence increase when disastersor conflicts strike.

This type of violence espe-cially impacts women andgirls and remains pervasivein both developed and devel-oping countries, in times ofboth peace and conflict.

In China there is a saying:“women hold up half the sky”,remarked Liu Jieyi, Perma-nent Representative to theUN for China. By all accountsempowering Women, it is allabout developing a society.

The central meaning ofthis article is to give empha-size to the stakeholders theneed for active participationwhich is bias-free especiallyin terms of gender as a wayof preventing conflicts, shapeand sustain a peaceful, pros-perous, justice and democ-ratic world.

�

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For more than 20 years,

has played a critical role in Tanzania’s shift from costly imported fuel oils to domestic natural gas.

Tanzania continues to establish itself as the natural gas powerhouse in East Africa andPanAfrican Energy Tanzania is playing a vital role as a developer of the country’s energyresources. We have been here from the beginning, investing significantly in Tanzania’snatural gas development to become the first company to produce natural gas for localconsumption in the country, and to deliver the first such project in sub-Saharan Africa.Today the gas we produce generates the majority of the electricity flowing into the nation’spower grid. This brings electrical power to millions of domestic homes, and supplies naturalgas to 39 industrial customers. These industries directly employ thousands of Tanzanians,making a significant contribution to the country’s rapidly growing economy.

At PanAfrican Energy, working to develop the Songo Songo gas field to the benefit of allTanzanians is a responsibility we take very seriously. We work closely with our stakeholders,the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, the Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation(TPDC) and Songas Corporation, to maximize natural gas production from the Songo Songofield in a safe and efficient manner. In the last 12 months PanAfrican Energy has completeda significant development programme to double its production capacity to meet increasingdemand. We are also a significant employer in Tanzania, both directly and throughcontractors. Over 96% of the company’s employees are local Tanzanians, while many moreTanzanians are employed by the local contractors we use in our day-to-day business.

PanAfrican Energy is a socially and environmentally responsible company working toensure that the benefits of natural gas development flow not only to our customers butalso to the smaller communities surrounding our operational areas.

With a focus on Health and Education, the Company has made, and continues to make,significant social investments in Tanzania. Implementing innovative, effective and sustainableprojects that deliver genuine and measurable benefit to Tanzania, the Company’s contributionhas been recognised at the highest levels in the Country.

After more than two decades of successful operations in Tanzania PanAfrican Energy isproud of its past and continues to look to a positive future. Together with the Governmentof Tanzania and our numerous stakeholders, PanAfrican Energy is working harder thanever to play its part, producing more gas to deliver a brighter future for all.



96


IntroductionIn January 2016 two del-

egates from the UNESCONational Commission of theUnited Republic of Tanzaniavisited the Nyarugusu “home”of refugees in order to coun-tercheck their state duringtheir stay in the country aswell as seeing on how waysforward can be drawn inorder to mitigate difficultiesfacing them. The main motivebehind this visit resulted froma true reflection of peace inthe Great Lakes zone espe-cially Burundi and CongoDRC unrest situations whichkeep the flow of refugees highin Tanzania from day to day.

However, Nyarugusu“home” of refugees is repre-sentative for other refugee

homage centers in Tanzaniadue to great similarity of theirconditions.

BackgroundThe high influx of Burundi

refugee in Tanzania beganin late April 2015 with everincreasing numbers of personsof concern in our country.Nyarugusu is main refugees’settlement located in Kasuludistrict of Kigoma region. Itis located 68km from Kasuludistrict which is also 98kmfrom Kigoma township hence,it is 176km from Kigoma.

Most refugees at Nyaru-gusu are from Congo DR andBurundi. Congo DR has 58,313refugees. On the 4th October2015 a total of 120,212 refugeeswere received from Burundi

and on the 5th January 2015,86,630 refugees were receivedfrom Burundi also. Two smallcamps were opened to rescuethe capacity of Nyarugusucamp; Mtendeli in Kakonkodistrict and Nduta in Kibondodistrict as well as Lumasiwhich is a transit center.

Nyarugusu refugees camphas a size of 28.196 Km2 andwas designed to accommodateonly 50,000 refugees thoughpresently more than 150,000refugees from Congo DR,Burundi, Uganda, Kenya,South Sudan, Rwanda, Ethio-pia, Zimbabwe and IvoryCoast. Overpopulation andbeyond its carrying capacityof this refugee settlement hassignificant implications tosocial services, security andalso the natural environmentand its natural resources. How-ever, the trend of refugeesinflux is ever increasing hencequick interventions are neededto curb the situation.

Scope and timeIn order to assess refugees’

needs in general, Nyarugusucamp was selected to reflectthe situation in other campsprovided that it is the onlyrefugee’s settlement that is

The state ofRefugees in Tanzania

Social Interactions, Challenges and Possible Ways Forward

by Emmanuel Mlule

A Burundi refugee in Nyarugusu refugee camp, Tanzania.

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receiving more refugees fromBurundi given the currentpolitical unrest situation.More specifically, Burundi ispresently producing manyrefugees than most Africancountries. This is certain callfor interventions throughprojects that can be new innature, approach and designor for those previous projectsto be implemented differ-ently. This three days dutyinvolved the refugee’ zonalcoordinator for refugees inKigoma region, the Nyarugusurefugees settlement comman-dant, representatives of therefugees leadership at Nya-rugusu, staff of the refugees

settlement as well as citizensaround the refugees settle-ment in order to documentrequired information to suitthe purpose.

Mainly, the approachesused to obtain informationin this report were focus groupdiscussion (FGD) with therefugees’ leadership repre-sentatives, interview withzonal and settlement coordi-nation leadership as wellas physical observation atthe refugees’ settlement.

ObjectiveUNESCO National Com-

mission’s main objective to

conduct this exercise was toidentify areas through whichcollaboration with otherrefugees’ actors can be maderegarding the current vulner-ability state. It is lack of peacein their respective countrieswhich made them flee to Tan-zania. Like any other humanbeings, their basic needs do notend when they are refugees;they deserve the same rightswhereas UNHCR alone andfew actors are not able to sus-tain needs of refugees hence,it was important to find outareas of collaboration thoughthis assessment.

It is our sincere hope andexpectation that this reportwill be used to support newchanges in policy formula-tion regarding the state ofrefugees in Tanzania in manyareas including their wel-fare, country security andcoordination and collabo-ration among different stake-holders.

Moreover, this report isexpected to influence newprojects and other interven-tions according to serviceneeds and implementationgaps that are clarified herein.

Congolese girls and young women fill their water containers in the

Nyarugusu refugee camp in Tanzania.

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NIC

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Organization Function

UNHCR Overall dealer of refugees issues and welfare

IRC Provider of social services

TRCS Provider of health services and tracing of lost refugees relatives

WFP Food provision agency of the UN

TWESA Water supplier to refugees and staff of refugees service organizations

ADRA Organization for food provision

CEMDO Dealer of environmental services and education to refugees

AIRD Transport and service or repair of vehicles and road maintenance

WLAC Legal service to refugees and surrounding villagers

JRS/RADIOCommunity radio station for news in general and refugees information

KWIZERA

Organizations supporting refugees’ services at Nyarugusu settlement


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Key observationsGeneral observation

According to represen-tative leaders at the refugees’settlement, the general situ-ation was explained as dif-ficult, worse and unbearablelike elsewhere in refugees’camps. They are not mobileto sustain their need gaps insocial services in the camp.There is also limited accessto information and new ideasfrom outside the camp whichaffect them further psycholog-ically. Below here are detailedexplanations according toneeds on education, humanrights, security, environment,gender, health and poverty.

The recommendation partof this report is expected toidentify areas through whichUNESCO National Commis-sion for Tanzania can collab-orate with other actors beinglocal, national and interna-tional regarding refugees’welfare in our country.

EducationThere are schools (tempo-

rary tented structures) withinthe settlement camp whichare taught according to thecurriculum of refugees’ respec-

tive countries. Because teachersare not paid or paid very lowhonoraria, they do not teachthe children accordingly hencethe pass marks are very poor.In most cases, when childrenpass to higher levels of theireducation they cannot pro-ceed to universities, collegesand vocational trainings inTanzania due to the fact thattheir French syllabus inhibitthem to join higher educa-tion in Tanzania and defi-nitely they cannot go backto their countries of origindue to wars and scholarshipsto other French speakingcountries are not availableto them. Education is asset

for betterment of the worldfor today and tomorrow soif we help educated themnow they will be able to con-tribute to peace in their coun-tries and elsewhere they live.

Human rightsThe state of human rights

to refugees in featured quitedifferently, from basic humanneeds of food, shelter andclothing. For example, whenthey face legal cases at courtsthey cannot afford cost formeals, transport and accom-modation as they go for courthearings outside their settle-ment. Since they are not fluent

Swahili speakers, this is anotherdifficult in handling their legalcases in Tanzania courts. Theycannot afford to pay for advo-cates in their cases. And whenthis happens they resort toabandon the case and so theylose their basic rights andsometimes properties. Othercases involve rape, genderbased violence and otherforms of discrimination.

In other instances, whenthey are sick they don’t gettimely referred to other hos-pitals for further treatmenttimely until many days laterwhich is not human right asit threatens their life. More-over, education and aware-ness regarding human rightsis very low among refugees.

Children rightsChildren at refugee camps

do not get proper educationand nutrition. They don’t havedifferent plays and play equip-ment which is important fortheir body and mental growth.Their right to play, right toeducation and right to pro-tection appear to be violatedand deteriorate for thembeing refugees.

Gender rightsRelationships and respon-

sibilities between men andwomen in the camp are notsatisfactory to each other.Women from Congo DR forexample are main familyproviders while those fromBurundi both men and womentake almost equal responsi-bilities. For this case, womenfrom Congo DR who bearfamily responsibilities maybe involved in commercialsex to sustain family needsand their men cannot inter-rupt about this, though how-ever men understand thatthey become more exposedto HIV infection. There are also

A refugee from Burundi teaching English and Art

to high scholl students in Nyarugusu camp.

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cases of rape when women goto collect firewood in the forestas there are no alternativeenergy sources for cooking.

It was interesting to learnthat Congolese men havecopied from their Burundicounterparts to do domesticduties like collecting fire-wood, clean utensils, washclothes and teach boys andgirls to bear equal responsi-bilities at home.

Gender rights educationthrough trainings and othermethods like radio pro-grams, IEC materials, Video

spots and modeling can helpimprove gender rights amongrefugees and host surround-ing communities.

HealthHealth service is avail-

able within the settlementbut is challenged by lack ofmedicine and delayed referralwhich is said to be caused bythe UNHCR responsible doctorto be living far away from thecamp. When they are referredto Muhimbili national hos-pital or other hospitals they

do not get proper service andare ridiculed by being calledtourists. This is explained asa major threat to their lifeand abuse of human rightswhich increase their vulner-ability also. Other challengesinclude lack of reliable med-ical tests, mortuary room hasno respective equipment, nostretcher and cleanliness isgenerally very poor.

Many children are mal-nourished, although soyadiet is provided to all childrenit is being sold at cheap priceto people surrounding thecamp due to poverty among

refugees. Adult refugees alsocomplain of one type of mealall the time they have stayedin the camp, for others espe-cially from Congo DR andRwanda it is more than 20years now.

PovertyMost refugees do not have

income generating activitiesor paid jobs. They live in highpoverty such that they can-not sustain the demand gapafter UNHCR and other actorshave done their part, thismake women engagementin prostitution and so endan-gered to HIV.

There should be supportto Vocational trainings byprovision of working equip-ment, horticultural gardeningessentials to women groupsas well as rotating propertyprojects can help in incomepromotion. Education onVICOBA can also help thoseinvolved in small saving andcredit groups.

SecurityBoth inside and outside

the refugee settlement, secu-rity is not guaranteed. Thespread of weapons especiallyguns has led to many eventsof armed robbery within thecamp and also to the sur-rounding communities. Secu-rity become tenser with thefact that the camp area is notfenced and during the nightthere is no street or roadsidelights. Although the policeforce is improved at the camp-site, their duty is interferedby not only lacking fenceand lights during the nightbut also sometimes thoserefugees who commit armedrobbery are found to havemore advanced weaponsthat those used by our police.Nyarugusu refugees’ settle-ment is believed to have bignumber of weapons hiddenby refugees in the neigh-boring forests, if not inter-vened it will remain a timebomb of tomorrow.

This area is more aboutpeace and security creation.It is recommended that thearea should be fenced and solarnight street lights installed.Trainings to refugees andsurrounding community forparticipatory security respon-sibility are very essential.There should also be specialstrategy to collect all illegalarms as they pose great futurethreat to peace in our countryand tomorrow in refugees’countries.

Refugees desperate for income sell off their food

rations at the Friday market.


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EnvironmentFor firewood being the

only source of cooking energy,the forest surrounding thecamp is at risk given the everincreasing number of refugees.This make a call for energysaving stoves which will alsosave women’s time to getengaged in other activitiesas well as reduce conflict withnative citizens surroundingthe camp and trees cuttingat night.

Furtherrecommendations

Education• English language program-me be introduced to refugeeseducationat different levelsin order to enable them tojoin higher education or voca-tional education in Tanzania.Their education will contributeto peace of tomorrow becauseif they remain uneducatedthey are likely to be involvedin wars as paid mercenaries.• Teachers’ payment and otherforms of motivation are impor-tant so as they teach accord-ingly to ensure children passto higher education.

• Scholarship to French speak-ing countries should be avail-able to refugees as a priority.The importance of educationfor their liberation has to behonored and addressed seri-ously for the sake of peace oftomorrow.

Gender• Energy saving stoves isimportant not only to saveforests but also to reduce eventsof rape as women go to collectfirewood in the forest. Anyother forms of alternativeenergy can be considered forthis case.• Educating women on impor-tance to report GBV and actiontaking, as well as network-ing with other local andinternational gender actors/organizations.• It is important to creategender sensitivity to childrenin their early upbringing. Thiswill help reduce gender chal-lenges related to responsibil-ities and relations as they grow.

Poverty and Income• Income generating activ-ities have to be introduced inorder to help their sustenanceto daily needs that are unmetby UNHCR or other agents.They have been trained in

tailoring, horticultural gar-dening, masonry, carpentryand veterinary but they arestumbled by lack of capitaland working tools.• Revolving property projectcan be introduced in orderto help improve their incomeand sustainability of theproject itself.• The “Cash Programme” hasto be introduced to replacethe supply of materials likefood other home needs. Thiswill also help make diversityof their food and solving otherdemands that require cash.

Children rights• It is important to organizechildren sport events and tour-naments so as the right to playgets facilitated and contributeto mental growth, their hap-piness as well their health.

Health• Referral for further treat-ment should be seen as urgentissue since it is about life. • Participatory approach forengagement in health issueswill help solve challenges suchas those of general cleanliness.• Community health workersif trained from among therefugees would help handlingsome health cases that donot require high attentionduring absence of respon-sible medical practitioners.

Security• The UNHCR should considerfencing of the settlement inorder to improve security ofits citizens as refugees seem toroam around in the night andcommit armed robbery. Lightsare important around streetsand settlement boundaries.• There should be made specialeffort to collect weapons (espe-cially guns) in order to ensurecontinued peace in the areawhere armed robbery hasbecome tremendous.

A community volunteer registers children for a new

playground in the Nyarugusu camp.

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• Laws and related policiesshould be reviewed in orderto address the current gapsthat give loophole to endan-ger peace in the refugees andcitizens common areas.

Human rights• Human rights educationshould be provided as com-plete package, this followsclaims that they were trainedpartially about human rights.• Advocacy to legal courtsshould be supported to refugeesin order to maintain theirhuman rights other thanleaving the perpetrators tocontinue exploiting andoppressing refugees. Theseinclude supporting refugeesthrough their need for legaladvocates and facilitation totravel to attend court hearing.

EnvironmentEnergy saving stoves and

tree nursery projects can beinitiated. Other interventionsmay include establishmentof school-based environmen-tal clubs with competitionsthat benefit the environmentand their wellbeing.

ConclusionThis report is sole effort

of UNESCO National Com-mission of the United Republicof Tanzania. It is not intendedto criticize any country ororganization rather to mobi-lize other actors to chip in indealing with refugees espe-cially for interventions thatcontribute in peace creationwherever refugees are settledand sustaining the accruedknowledge and capacity whenthey are back to their homecountries to maintain peace.

UNESCO National Com-mission of Tanzania itselfwill ensure that the wellbeingof refugees in Tanzania ismaintained through collab-oration with the internationalworld, individual companiesand other organizations com-mitted to do so. Refugees’ atroc-ities in settlement campselsewhere carry a messageto their respective countriesto find ways trough whichpeace can be maintainedand respected.

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103


IntroductionThe 39th Session of the

UNESCO World Heritage tookplace in Bonn, Germany from28th June to 8th July, 2015.Representatives from StateParties to the UNESCO 1972Convention concerning Pro-tection and Preservation ofWorld Natural and CulturalHeritage participated in thissession. State Parties to theConvention are categorizedin five (5) regions: Africa,Arab States, Asia and thePacific, Europe and NorthAmerica and Latin Americaand the Caribbean. Amongstthe participants, were theWorld Heritage Committee’sAdvisory Bodies, that is, theInternational Centre for theStudy of the Preservation andRestoration of Cultural Prop-erty (ICCROM), the Interna-tional Council on Monumentsand Sites (ICOMOS) and theInternational Union for Con-servation of Nature (IUCN).The United Republic of Tan-zania participated as anObserver State Party and thedelegation was led by Perma-nent Secretary of Ministry ofNatural Resources and Tour-ism, Dr. Adelhelm Meru.Tanzanian delegation com-prised of Decision-makersand Experts from Ministries,Departments and Agenciesthat are responsible for exe-cution of the Convention.

Opening sessionThe opening ceremony

for the 39th WHC Session tookplace at the World ConventionCenter in Bonn (WCCB). Open-ing Speeches made by dif-ferent officials from Germanyas host country and UNESCOwere colored by cultural cele-brations including quartetmusic and choir. The Sessionwas chaired by Ms. MariaBohmer, Minister of State atthe German Federal ForeignOffice and Member of Bun-destag. She called upon anInternational Community tocounter the new threats ofviolent extremism and cul-tural cleansing. She furthernoted that the furry of terroristorganizations like ISIS in Iraqsurpasses our imagination;and that the World Heritageis the foundation of peoplesexistence, cohesion and thewellspring of social identity.Her excellence Germany Chan-cellor Angela Merkel spokeof the importance of heritagefor our understanding of Cul-

ture. The Director General ofUNESCO, Irina Bokova onher remarks, noted that Her-itage is under attack today;for instance in Libya, Syria,Iraq and Yemen, she said:“we see the brutal and delib-erate destruction of heritageon an unprecedented scale.This calls for action”.

During the opening ses-sion, participants of the YoungExperts Forum presented theirdeclaration of their meetingwhich took place from 17to 29 June in Koblenz andBonn. Youth’s declarationwas appealing on the StateParties to the World HeritageConvention to include teach-ing about World Heritage innational school curricula.On the other hand, UNESCOwas committed to activelyengage young people fromacross the world to form YouthForum focusing on youthglobal citizens in a post-2015world and strategies to addressclimate change.

Participation of the Tanzanian delegation in the 39th Session of the World Heritage Committee,

Bonn, Germany - 28th June – 8th July, 2015

by Erick KajiruURT UNESCO National Commission


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Discussions anddeliberations during the39th WHC Session

The WH Committee ins-cribed 27 (21 Cultural, 5 Nat-ural and 1 Mixed) new Her-itage Properties around theworld on the UNESCO’S WorldHeritage List. Newly inscribedSites bring the total numberof 1031 sites in the World Her-itage list from 163 StatesParties to the World HeritageConvention.

State ofConservation reports

Three Sites from Tanzaniathat is Selous Game Reserve,Ngorongoro ConservationArea and Stone Town of Zan-zibar were presented anddiscussed. Various issuesmainly focusing to conser-vation and management ofWH properties were tabledfor discussion. However keyareas of concern include: Deci-sion on recommendationsfor Selous Game Reserve toremain in the World Heritagedanger list and request fora statement on geothermalenergy development and par-tial excavation of new footprints in Ngorongoro Conser-vation Area. For the case ofStone Town of Zanzibar, it wassuggested to be put in theWorld Heritage in danger dueto management issues anddevelopment project whichwere incompatible with guide-lines of the Convention.

Selous Game ReserveSelous Game Reserve

remained in the World Her-itage in danger list since therewas neither significant increasein number of Elephants veri-fied nor statement by theState Party on its intention toremove Selous Game Reservefrom the list of World Her-itage in danger submitted.The World Heritage Com-

mittee (WHC) was concernedabout the continued pressurefrom poaching in the prop-erty and its impact on theproperty’s Outstanding Uni-versal Values (OUV’s). How-ever, the WHC appreciatedefforts done so far by the StateParty of Tanzania in protect-ing and fighting againstpoaching in Selous. Notably,an increase in number of staffand patrols has significantlyreduced poaching incidences.The State Party was advisedto submit a desired State ofConservation Report whichwill be a roadmap to removeSelous Game Reserve fromthe list of World Heritage indanger. Though a numberof management issues wereraised; the substantial decreasein number of Elephants inSelous Game Reserve was thereason to put it under theWorld Heritage list of danger.

Ngorongoro ConservationArea

Key issues of concern raisedon Ngorongoro Conserva-tion Area include potentialassessment that may lead tofurther development activ-ities on geothermal energyand partial excavation of anew set of footprints at Laetoliarea. Through organized meet-ings between Tanzania Dele-gation and the World Her-itage Centre Advisory Bodies,

these issues were clarified. Inaddition, during Plenary dis-cussions, the State Party of theUnited Republic of Tanzaniatook the floor to confirm onnot to perform any geothermalenergy development beforeEnvironmental Impact Assess-ment and Heritage ImpactAssessments are done. Fur-thermore, the State Party alsoconfirmed that excavationof new foot prints will bepending to wait resourcemobilization by State Party.

Stone Town of ZanzibarBased on the Advisory

Bodies recommendations, itwas proposed that the StoneTown of Zanzibar be includedin the list of World Heritagein danger. Monitoring Mis-sions reported on unfulfilledmanagement issues since2011. It was pointed out thatMambo Msiige was a clear

evidence of less commitmentto the recommendations ona Hotel Building that risesabove recommended storey.The WHC considers that thenewly completed five storeyhotel (encroaching onto thepublic beach and protectedopen space) poses an adverseimpact on the urban formand silhouette of the prop-erty and on its OutstandingUniversal Values. It was fur-ther considered that, there are

Selous Game

Reserve.


105


some project developmentsthat were likely to impact theOUV’s of the Heritage Site.Having studied the situation,the Delegation of Tanzaniapresented some issues of con-cern that ought to be takenon board before enlistingStone Town in danger. Theperiod recommended by theState Party to clear out man-agement issues was raised toone year.

Other agenda of interestto the State Partyof the United Republicof TanzaniaFollow up on the DGsinitiative on the WorldHeritage Convention:“Thinking Ahead”

In 2012, the Director Gen-eral of UNESCO launched aninitiative entitled the WorldHeritage Convention: “Think-ing Ahead”. The purposewas to give an opportunity

to the Advisory Bodies, theSecretariat and the StateParties to collectively review

the main challenges andopportunities facing theConvention. During the 39th

Session, it was discussed that,all stakeholders should con-tinue to pursue efforts toenhance and facilitate dia-logue, communication andtransparency in all processesof the Convention and in theFramework of the DirectorGeneral’s initiative, “TheWorld Heritage Convention:Thinking Ahead” as well asto address funding implica-tions, within their respectivemandates and competence,as appropriate.

World Heritage andSustainable Development

This agenda was based onthe need to present a policydocument to integrate a Sus-tainable development pers-pective processes in the WorldHeritage Convention. Thisagenda had its background

in the 34th Session of WHCin (Brasilia, 2010), where theWH Center experts’ had a

meeting to discuss on therelations between the WorldHeritage Convention, Con-servation and Sustainabledevelopment. The policydocument thus focuses onthe four core dimensions ofthe Sustainable Developmentnamely, Environment sustain-ability, Social development,Economic development andPeace and Security.

During the 39th WHCSession, the Policy documentfor integration of sustain-able development perspec-tive processes of the WorldHeritage Convention waspresented and discussed.However the WHC noted theimportance of granting moretime to States Parties to reviewand provide further com-ments on the Policy docu-ment; whereas endorsementof policy will get blessings ofthe State Parties during the20th Session (in Nov. 2015)of the General Assembly ofState Parties to the WorldHeritage Convention.

Capacity BuildingStrategy

Capacity Building Strategywas approved by the WorldHeritage Committee at its35th Session in (Paris, 2011).The Strategy was developedby ICCROM and IUCN incollaboration with ICOMOS,the World Heritage Centerand other Capacity BuildingPartners such as UNESCOCategory II Centers in variousregions of the world. Sinceits adoption, the AdvisoryBodies and its partners haveimplemented capacity build-ing activities at both regionaland international levels toaddress the need of Heritagepractitioners, institutions(decision and policy makers)and other networks and civilsocieties. The World Heritage

3.7 million

years ago a

group of our

ancestors,

called

Australopithecus

afarensis, left

their footprints

in the deep

volcanic ash

of Laetoli

(Ngorongoro

Conservation

Area,

Tanzania).


106


Capacity Building Partnersbegan as pilot project; co-man-aged by IUCN and ICCROMin collaboration with ICOMOSwith funding from the gov-ernment of Switzerland.

The 39th Session of theWHC commended develop-ment of the regional capacitybuilding strategies and ini-tiatives made to the secondcycle of the Periodic Reportingexercise in all regions. TheCommittee called upon StatesParties and all concernedpartners and stakeholders tofollow upon the implemen-tation of the strategies devel-oped for each region. In orderto ensure sustainability, WHCcalled for significant addi-tional contributions and sup-port in order for the pro-gramme to be able to reachits goal, and called upon otherStates Parties and organiza-tions to provide additionalfunding and support for theimplementation of the WorldHeritage Capacity BuildingProgramme and associatedactivities at the internationaland regional levels.

Reports of theAdvisory Bodies

The World Heritage Centerengages Advisory Bodies toexamine state of World Her-itage properties. These bodiesare ICCROM, ICOMOS andIUCN. Each Advisory Bodypresents a performance reporton the implemented activ-ities during the WHC Sessions.The reports of the AdvisoryBodies reflected on the fol-lowing areas:• Monitoring of the Statesof Conservation of the WorldHeritage Properties;• Capacity Building;• Preparation and distribu-tion of Resource Manuals;• International Assistance;• Technical meetings and;

• Reports of their activitiesas requested by the WHC.

Side Meeting EventsSeveral side meeting events

took place concurrently withthe 39th plenary sessions ofthe WHC meeting. Tanzaniadelegation participated inselected side events with themesthat were of relevance to thecountry. Besides, the delega-tion of Tanzania organizedmeetings to discuss ema-nating issues of concern toTanzania sites.

TanzaniansDelegation InternalConsultative Meetings

Tanzania delegation con-vened three consultativemeetings as follows:• The first meeting was chairedby the Director of Antiquities(DOA), aimed at reviewingthe Draft decisions of thethree Tanzania Sites whichwere earmarked for discus-sions by the WH Committee.Based on the draft decisions,the Delegation found thatdecisions have insufficientinformation compared towhat was reported in theState of Conservation reports.

The Delegation thereforeorganized a meeting with theWorld Heritage Centre andthe Advisory bodies (IUCN,ICCROM and ICOMOS) inorder to present amend-ments for the Draft decisions.• The second meeting waschaired by the Principal Sec-retary (MNRT) Dr. AldelhemMeru, who was the Head of

the Delegation. The aim wasto assess whether roles of thedelegation were in line withexpected outputs given theinterest of the country atlarge. Also, the meeting wasto put forward an actionplan on how to resolve keyissues back home, with theaim of attaining desirableheritage management andto rescue our sites from beinginscribed in the danger list;but also to specifically removeSelous from the list of WorldHeritage in danger.• The third and final meetingwas chaired by Director ofAntiquities Key issues were:the way forward of the 39th

WHC meeting and our intentto contest for a seat of mem-bership in the WHC duringthe General Assembly sessionof the World Heritage Con-vention in November, 2015.The way forward was agreedupon, a plan of action drafted.The candidature flyer wasreviewed and edited for sub-mission to UNESCO office inParis. It was also insisted thatpreparations regarding Tan-zania’s candidature to theWHC continues as soon aspossible.

ConclusionTanzania will continue to

implement the 1972 UNESCOCulture Convention since ithas benefited from expertise,capacity building and inter-national assistance in address-ing challenges regarding tothe Conservation and protec-tion of the World HeritageSites in the country. �

Park Hyatt

Zanzibar in

Stone Town,

comprises two

buildings;

Mambo Msiige,

a building rich

in cultural and

historical

significance

and the new

purpose-built

Zamani

Residence.


107


Tanzania was elected to the World HeritageCommittee during the 20th Session of the WorldHeritage General Assembly of States Parties to theConvention concerning the Protection of the WorldCultural and Natural Heritage. The assembly wasconvened during the 38th session of the GeneralConference of United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) inParis, France on 18th-20th November, 2015.

Tanzania was represented by the Director ofAntiquities Division at the Ministry of NaturalResources and Tourism, Mr. Donatius Kamambaassisted by Dr James Wakibara from TanzaniaNational Parks Authority (TANAPA) and DrMohammed Juma Director from the Ministry ofUrban Planning in Zanzibar, all experts in naturaland cultural heritage.

The meeting also elected Tanzania the ViceChair for the World Heritage Committee, Africancontinent. It may be recalled that, Tanzania servedthe Committee for the first time from 1985-1991.Tanzania also had an opportunity to preide overthe Committee in 1985 and as a Vice Chair in 1987.

The election took place after the end of thefour-year term of nine committee members. Thefour outgoing countries are Algeria, Colombia,Germany, India, Japan, Malaysia, Qatar, Senegaland Serbia.

It should be known that, World Heritage Com-mittee comprises of expert members from 21countries among the 193 World Heritage members.Other countries out of 21 Countries will beobservers. Tanzania will serve the committee forfour years from 2015-2019. Other new membersalongside Tanzania are Angola, Burkina Faso,Cuba, Indonesia, Kuwait, Tunisia, Azerbaijanand Zimbabwe. The main activity of the Comitteemembers is to oversee implementation of the1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention andalso to oversee UNESCO’s World Heritage Fund.

The committee has mandate to include orexclude areas in the world heritage list and reviewannual reports on the status of world heritagesites as well as to advice member countries onappropriate conservation measures to take.

There are a total of 1031 world heritage sitesin 163 countries. Tanzania’s sites in the WorldHeritage list include Serengeti National Park,Ngorongoro Crater, Mount Kilimanjaro, SelousGame Reserve, Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani andSongomnara , Kondoa rock art sites and ZanzibarStone town.

In collaboration with other Committee Mem-bers, Tanzania is expected to;• To establish, keep up to date and publish, underthe title of “World Heritage List”, a list of propertiesforming part of the cultural heritage and naturalheritage, as defined in Articles 1 and 2 of 1972Convention, which it considers as having out-standing universal value in terms of such criteriaas it shall have established. An updated list shallbe distributed at least every two years.• To keep up to date and publish, whenever circum-stances shall so require, under the title of “list ofWorld Heritage in Danger”, a list of the propertyappearing in the World Heritage List for the con-servation of which major operations are necessaryand for which assistance has been requested underthis Convention. This list shall contain an estimateof the cost of such operations. The list may includeonly such property forming part of the cultural andnatural heritage as is threatened by serious andspecific dangers, such as the threat of disappearancecaused by accelerated deterioration, large-scalepublic or private projects or rapid urban or touristdevelopment projects; destruction caused by changesin the use or ownership of the land; major alter-ations due to unknown causes; abandonmentfor any reason whatsoever; the outbreak or the threatof an armed conflict; calamities and cataclysms;serious fires, earthquakes, landslides; volcaniceruptions; changes in water level, floods and tidal

Tanzania elected to theWorld Heritage Committee

by Erick KajiruURT National Commission for UNESCO


108


waves. The Committee may at any time, in caseof urgent need, make a new entry in the List ofWorld Heritage in Danger and publicize suchentry immediately.

• To define the criteria on the basis of which aproperty belonging to the cultural or naturalheritage may be included in either of the listsmentioned.• Before refusing a request for inclusion in oneof the two lists mentioned in paragraphs 2 and4 of this article, the Committee shall consult theState Party in whose territory the cultural ornatural property in question is situated.• With the agreement of the States concerned,co-ordinate and encourage the studies andresearch needed for the drawing up of the listsreferred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of this article.• To receive and study requests for internationalassistance formulated by States Parties to thisConvention with respect to property forming partof the cultural or natural heritage, situated in theirterritories, and included or potentially suitablefor inclusion in the lists mentioned referred to inparagraphs 2 and 4 of Article 11. The purpose ofsuch requests may be to secure the protection,conservation, presentation or rehabilitation ofsuch property.• Requests for international assistance underparagraph 1 of this article may also be concernedwith identification of cultural or natural propertydefined in Articles 1 and 2, when preliminaryinvestigations have shown that further inquirieswould be justified.• To decide on the action to be taken with regardto these requests, determine where appropriate, thenature and extent of its assistance, and authorizethe conclusion, on its behalf, of the necessaryarrangements with the government concerned.• To determine an order of priorities for its opera-tions. It shall in so doing bear in mind the respec-tive importance for the world cultural and naturalheritage of the property requiring protection, theneed to give international assistance to the propertymost representative of a natural environment orof the genius and the history of the peoples of the

world, the urgency of the work to be done, theresources available to the States on whose territorythe threatened property is situated and in particularthe extent to which they are able to safeguardsuch property by their own means.• To draw up, keep up to date and publicize a listof property for which inter-national assistancehas been granted.• To decide on the use of the resources of the Fundestablished under Article 15 of this Convention.It shall seek ways of increasing these resourcesand shall take all useful steps to this end.• To co-operate with international and nationalgovernmental and nongovernmental organizationshaving objectives similar to those of this Conven-tion. For the implementation of its programmesand projects, the Committee may call on suchorganizations, particularly the International Centrefor the Study of the Preservation and Restorationof Cultural Property (the Rome Centre), the Inter-national Council of Monuments and Sites(ICOMOS) and the International Union for Con-servation of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN), as well as on public and private bodiesand individuals and;• To understand that decisions of the Committeeshall be taken by a majority of two-thirds of its mem-bers present and voting. A majority of the membersof the Committee shall constitute a quorum.

However, Tanzania delegation has the specificagenda and missions as a member of the WorldCommittee as follows,• To ensure a fair and balanced geographic repre-sentation of properties on the World Heritage Listas well as to enforce the 5Cís of the 2012-2022strategic Plan;• To strike a balance between conservation anddevelopment by working jointly with other stateparties in exploring effective strategies in orderto achieve sustainable development;• To promote the integration of heritage in devel-opment policies to address challenges facing her-itage sites and;• To ensure that heritage is part of inclusive localdevelopment and to enhance linkages betweenthe objectives of the Conventions, governmentand community awareness.

ConclusionIt is expected that, Tanzania’s experts who will

represent the government in the World HeritageCommittee, will get support from the governmentto make sure they accomplish what is expectedof them. �

20th General Assembly of the States Parties

to the World Heritage Convention.

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In his opening statement,the Prime Minister of theUnited Republic of Tanzania,H.E. Kassim M Majaliwadeclared, “We strongly believe

that the delicate balancebetween these two precepts(sustainable developmentand conservation) can andwill be achieved through co-operation at all levels”. Therepresentative of the Director-General of UNESCO, MsMechtild Rössler, highlightedthat “this international con-ference is a direct responsefrom UNESCO’s World HeritageCentre to the need to increasepublic awareness on thetremendous potential of her-itage in general, and morespecifically World Heritage, infostering sustainable develop-ment throughout the Africancontinent”.

The discussions that tookplace during the four-dayconference reflected the con-cern for ‘planet, people, pros-perity and peace”, consideredof critical importance by the2030 UN Agenda for Sustain-

able Development. Presen-tations covered pressing con-temporary issues such asenvironmental sustainability,inclusive social and economicdevelopment, and fosteringpeace and security throughheritage safeguarding.

On the final day of theconference at the World Her-itage site of Ngorongoro Con-servation Area, the partici-pants adopted a declarationreaffirming the importanceof heritage for preservingand promoting culture, andas a driver of sustainabledevelopment. Recognizingthe need for sustainable solu-tions to the many challengesfacing Africa, including cli-mate change, natural andhuman-made disasters, pop-ulations growth, rapid urban-ization, destruction of heritageand environmental degrada-tion, the declaration calls on

The Ngorongoro Declaration:A major breakthrough for African

World Heritage and Sustainable Development

Experts from nearly 40 coun-tries, including 12 outsidethe Africa region, gatheredin Arusha (Tanzania) for theinternational conference

“Safeguarding African World Heritage as a Driver of Sustainable Development” co-organized by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, the United Republic of Tanzaniaand the People’s Republic of China, from 31 May to 3 June 2016.

Context and issues

The African region contains aremarkable variety of natural andcultural wealth that constitutes thevery essence of African cultural identity.With 89 sites (48 cultural sites, 37natural sites, 4 mixed) inscribed onthe World Heritage List, the continentremains under-represented (less than10%) on the List. However, 33% of thesites on the List of World Heritage inDanger are located in Africa.

African heritage sites face chal-lenges related to erratic development,armed conflicts and terrorism, uncon-trolled movements of populations,poaching, weak management andclimate change. �


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African nations to developand implement policies thatpromote heritage, preventconflicts and restore peaceand security, promote socialcohesion and involve localcommunities, particularlywomen and youth. Moreover,it appeals to internationalfinance institutions, industry,the private sector, and multiand bilateral partners toundertake development proj-ects with innovative solutions,and requests support fromthe World Heritage Commit-tee, States Parties and civilsociety.

The declaration also refersexplicitly to the 2014 SocialResponsibility Declarationby Chinese Enterprises inAfrica, which invites Chineseenterprises in Africa to respectculture and customs and pro-tect the local environmentand natural resources.

“This is an unprecedentedstep forward for the safe-guarding of African WorldHeritage,” declared EdmondMoukala, Chief of the AfricaUnit of the UNESCO WorldHeritage Centre. “This land-mark declaration encom-

passes the full range of stake-holders – from policy makersto civil society – and willenable us to unite our effortsand make tangible changesto the ways we protect oursites, with a vision towardsthe future.”

The declaration will besubmitted to the States Partiesto the World Heritage Con-vention, UNESCO, develop-ment partners, and represen-tatives of industry, civil societyand local communities.

�

PreambleWe, African experts including States,

civil society and private sector actors andinternational partners, gathered at theinternational conference on “SafeguardingAfrican World Heritage as a Driver of Sus-tainable Development”, which took placein Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania

from 31 May to 3 June 2016, acknowledgewith gratitude the hospitality of theTanzanian authorities and the City ofArusha in providing a forum to reflecton the place that should be given to cul-tural and natural heritage within thesustainable development agenda in Africa.

The Ngorongoro Declaration onSafeguarding African World Heritage

as a Driver of Sustainable DevelopmentAdopted in Ngorongoro, Tanzania on 4 June 2016


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We acknowledge the contribution ofUNESCO in organizing the conference andthe support of the Government of the People’sRepublic of China and other donors, whosegenerosity made our participation at theconference possible.

We further acknowledge that theAfrican States Parties to the World HeritageConvention remain committed to a balancedapproach in heritage conservation andsustainable development while meetingthe needs of local communities and main-taining the Outstanding Universal Value(OUV) of cultural and natural World Heritagesites in Africa.

Recalling:• The 1961 Arusha Manifesto by PresidentMwalimu Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, whichrecognized the integral part that naturalresources plays in national development;

• The 2002 Budapest Declaration, whichstressed the need “to ensure an appropriateand equitable balance between conser-vation, sustainability and development,so that World Heritage properties can beprotected through appropriate activitiescontributing to the social and economicdevelopment and the quality of life of ourcommunities”;

• The 2012 recommendations of the inter-national conference on “Living with WorldHeritage in Africa” (Gauteng, South Africa),preceded by the expert workshop on extrac-tive industries at World Heritage properties,which reaffirmed the need to balance con-servation and development initiatives, andstressed the idea of an inclusive approachespecially for local communities;

• The 2012 Kyoto Vision on the occasionof the Closing Event of the Celebrations of

the 40th Anniversary of the World HeritageConvention reinforcing the role of local com-munities in implementing the Convention;

• The 2013 Hangzhou Declaration on“Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustain-able Development Policies”;

• The 2014 Social Responsibility Decla-ration by Chinese Enterprises in Africa,which arrived at consensus on the socialresponsibility of Chinese enterprises inAfrica to respect culture and customs andprotect the local environment and naturalresources and contribute to the sustain-able development of African economy andsociety;

• The 2015 African Unionís “Agenda 2063:The Africa We Want”, which addressesissues related to environmental sustain-ability, climate resilient economies andempowerment of communities with cul-tural and natural heritage being a catalystfor sustainable development;

• The 2015 “Policy Document for the inte-gration of a sustainable developmentperspective into the processes of the WorldHeritage Convention” adopted by theGeneral Assembly of States Parties to theWorld Heritage Convention;

• The resolution of the 38th session of theGeneral Conference of UNESCO to proclaim5 May as African World Heritage Day toreflect on the conservation and promotionof World Heritage in Africa between Statesand civil societies, in particular womenand youth;

• The 2015 Siem Reap Declaration on tourismand culture to protect cultural and naturalheritage by building new partnershipmodels towards greater integration;

World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme.


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• The 2016 Robben Island African YouthDeclaration on World Heritage stressing therole and responsibility of young people inpromoting conservation and sustainabilityat World Heritage properties in Africa;

• The 2016 African World Heritage Fund’s10th anniversary seminar on “AfricanWorld Heritage… Thinking Ahead”positioning Africa to deal with outstandingand emerging issues around conservation,development, climate change, civil societyand capacity-building.

Acknowledging that:Sustainable development can ensure

that appropriate efforts are deployed toprotect and conserve the cultural andnatural resources of a region faced withthe challenges of climate change, naturaland human-made disasters, populationgrowth, rapid urbanization, destructionof heritage, environmental degradationfor present and future generations;

The World Heritage Convention providesa unique platform that recognizes theintricate relationship between cultural andnatural heritage, as such;

Sustainable development and heritage,in particular World Heritage, can be mutuallybeneficial if the opportunities they offerare properly identified and transmitted topresent and future generations;

Africa’s unique context generates intrinsicinteractions and continuity between tan-gible and intangible cultural and naturalheritage, in a fast-paced development region,where governments strive to provide muchneeded socio-economic development andpeace using cultural and natural heritageresources as a catalyst;

Progress has been made in Africatowards the UN Millennium DevelopmentGoals and that African States Parties andcivil societies are currently mobilizing toachieve the United Nations 2030 Agendafor Sustainable Development;

UNESCO is convinced that StatesParties have shared responsibilities forconserving and managing cultural and

natural heritage, inclusive of, but notlimited to, World Heritage sites, accordingto their respective legal frameworks orenvironmental and social safeguards andwith the support of international financialinstitutions;

Intergenerational relationships, includ-ing the significant contribution of womenand young people, play a fundamentalrole in the transmission and evolution ofcultural practices and the rights of futuregenerations to benefit from African WorldHeritage;

The communities that are custodiansof the heritage sites make them livinglandscapes;

Traditional management systems arean essential value to Africa’s aspirationstowards sustainable development.

We declare that:African heritage is central to preserving

and promoting our cultures thereby uplift-ing identity and dignity for present andfuture generations in an increasinglyglobalised world;

Heritage, including World Heritageproperties, is a driver of sustainable devel-opment and critical for achieving regionalsocio-economic benefits, environmentalprotection, sustainable urbanization, socialcohesion and peace.

We call upon:• The African Union and its regional eco-nomic communities to promote sus-tainable development while guaranteeingthe conservation of African cultural andnatural heritage in line with its visionaryAgenda 2063;

• African Heads of State to adhere to theircommitments under various Conventions,including the 1972 World Heritage Con-vention, while undertaking developmentprojects in a sustainable manner. Wefurther invite African States Parties toharness the opportunities offered by newand emerging technologies to secure theconservation and sustainable developmentof World Heritage properties;


115


• African States Parties to develop andimplement policies that recognize culturaland natural heritage, prevent and resolveconflicts as well as restore peace and security,and promote social cohesion within andoutside their borders using heritage values;

• African States Parties to promote the rolethat women and youth play in the conser-vation and management of cultural andnatural heritage;

• African States Parties to adopt policies thatempower communities and improve theirinvolvement in decision making, benefitsharing and to promote them as ambas-sadors of World Heritage through inclusivesustainable development initiatives;

• Development partners – internationalfinance institutions, industry, the privatesector, and multi and bilateral partners –to consider heritage as a driver of sus-tainable development, improving thelivelihood of the people and assisting ineradicating poverty in Africa, and supportthe sustainable management and conser-vation of heritage. In undertaking devel-opment projects, innovative solutions shouldbe found to deploy environmentally friendlytechnologies that will not impact adverselyon the OUV of heritage properties;

• The international community, theAfrican Union and African States Partiesto cooperate and collaborate in globaldialogue to realize their aspirations towardsthe Sustainable Development Goals andto address the challenges the region facesincluding poverty, environmental degra-dation, climate change, terrorism, illegalarms trade, illicit trafficking of flora, faunaand intentional destruction and traffick-ing of cultural heritage and looting ofcultural artefacts, and other issues thatcritically impact African cultural andnatural heritage;

• The General Assembly of States Partiesand the World Heritage Committee torecommend to the World Heritage Centreand the Advisory Bodies to work togetherwith African States Parties to supportresearch in order to find appropriate andsustainable solutions for developmentprojects associated with World Heritageproperties;

• The World Heritage Committee torecommend to the World Heritage Centreand the Advisory Bodies, in partnershipwith the African World Heritage Fund andAfrican States Parties, to develop a referenceframework and capacity-building andeducational programmes on heritage andsustainable development issues;

• The World Heritage Centre and theAdvisory Bodies in collaboration with theAfrican World Heritage Fund and nationaltraining institutions at all levels to buildcapacities among practitioners, commu-nities and networks across a wide inter-disciplinary and intersectoral spectrum soas to integrate heritage conservation andsustainable development perspectives. Weurge the World Heritage Centre in collabo-ration with the Education Sector of UNESCOto develop a curriculum for integrationinto national education systems;

• The Committee and the Advisory Bodiesto support improved regional balance andrepresentation of African expertise in thework of the Advisory Bodies;

• States Parties to strengthen the regulatoryenvironment for addressing heritage con-cerns in the development process, mostparticularly by ensuring mechanisms forcoordination and strong linkages withestablished impact assessment processes,urban and rural landscape policies andplanning practices and mainstreaming ofcultural and natural values into nationaldevelopment policies and investment plans;

• Civil society, including local commu-nities, to strengthen partnerships to upholdvalues of heritage, including the OUV ofWorld Heritage sites, as an integral partof society’s efforts and aspirations forsustainable development. �

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IntroductionStone town of Zanzibar

is inscribed in UNESCO asthe world Heritage City since2000. This was inevitable dueto its universal outstandingvalues inherited from ourancestors. The preservationof these outstanding universalvalues lies on every individualof us to make sure that theyare well protected to safeguardour city for the future gener-ation. Stone town is home toa living community. It is alsoan international tourist desti-nation attracting over threemillion visitors each year. Thecity is regional Centre for com-merce and recreation, and lieson strategic road. The city ofstone town is a blend of historyand contemporary life that iscontinually changing, grow-ing and adapting. CulturalTourism in its modern formonly started in Zanzibar inthe 1980s with a little lessthan 20,000 visitors in 1985and since then it has grownenormously, to more than140,000 visitors in 2007 whenthe promotion of internationaltourism by the governmentbegan. Also, about 168,223

tourists visited Zanzibar in2012 which is five years laterfrom 2007 (Schrempp 2010).The international arrival fig-ures provided by the ZanzibarCommission for Tourism onlyshow part of the picture witharrivals from Tanzania main-land not featuring. The over-all estimate of tourist arrivalsin Zanzibar could reach up to310,000 tourists in 2020 (ibid.).

Objectivesof the Activity• To examine the overall emo-tional satisfaction of thetourists with Zanzibar StoneTown.

• To investigate tourist touch-ing loyalty with ZanzibarStone Town site.• To explore tourist satisfac-tion with Zanzibar Stone Townattributes.• To assess tourist willingnessto re-visit Zanzibar Stone Townin the near future.

ParticipantsAbout 105 tourists from

different countries partici-pated in this activity ZanzibarStone Town UNESCO WorldHeritage Site to determinehow much are they satisfiedwith the site through overallemotional satisfaction, touch-

Tourist Satisfaction in Zanzibar Stone Town,a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Tanzania

by Chami, M. F.URT UNESCO National Commission

The Old Fort.

The Former

Slave Market

Site.


118


ing loyalty with the site, attrib-ute satisfaction and inten-tions to return in ZanzibarStone Town in the near future.This activity was imple-mented from October, 2014to February in 2015.

Lessons LearntDuring this activity of

assessing tourists Satisfactionwith Zanzibar Stone Town,we learnt the following;

Overall Tourist EmotionalSatisfaction

97.1% of the tourists weresatisfied while 2.9% of therespondents were undecidedon whether or not they weresatisfied with their visit inZanzibar Stone town. Sec-ondly, 95% of the touristswere pleased while 5% wereundecided, and 1% of thetourists were not pleased withtheir visit in Zanzibar StoneTown. Thirdly, on the aspectof whether tourists were regret-ting to have come to ZanzibarStone Town; 88% of the touristsdisagreed, 8% of the touristswere undecided, and while4% of the tourists agreed thatthey were regretting comingto visit Zanzibar Stone Town.Lastly, on the quality of Zan-zibar Stone Town site, 97%

of the tourists said the qualityof Zanzibar Stone Town wasgood and 3% of them assertedthat the overall quality of thesite was bad.

Therefore, tourists in Zan-zibar Stone Town were emo-tionally satisfied, becausetourist expectation and exper-ience were met whereas good

quality of the site has playeda key role to ensure satisfac-tion of the tourists.

Tourist Loyalty withZanzibar Stone Town

In Tourist Loyalty, 74% ofthe tourists agreed that they

will continue visiting ZanzibarStone Town, 23% of the touristswere undecided on whetheror not will continue visitingZanzibar Stone Town, andwhile 3% of the tourists dis-agreed that they will continuevisiting the site. On the ques-tion of recommendation,87% of the respondents willstrongly recommend ZanzibarStone Town to other people,11% of the tourists were unde-cided on recommending thissite to others, and lastly, 2%of the tourists will not recom-mend the site to other people,friends and relatives. Withthe exception of the latter,it appears that tourists wouldrecommend Zanzibar StoneTown to others, which reflectsloyalty of the tourists withthe site.

Tourist Satisfaction withZanzibar Stone Town Attributes

The tourists were askedto mention which one of thesites satisfied them most in

Zanzibar Stone Town. 33%of the tourists were satisfiedwith the slave market, 21.9%were satisfied with the PalaceMuseum, 21% were satisfiedwith the central market, 6.7%were impressed with hand-crafts or art galleries, 5.7%

Palace Museum

(or House of

Wonders).

Night Food

Market.


119


were impressed with Old Fort,4.8% were impressed withthe House of Wonders, and2.9% were satisfied with theHamamni Persian Baths. Thedata show that the slavemarket is the most attractiveto tourists visiting ZanzibarStone Town while House ofwonders and Hamamni bathssatisfied few tourists.

Willingness of the Tourists toRe-visit Zanzibar Stone Town

Of all tourists, 72.4% saidthat they would come back toZanzibar in the next 15 years,18.1% did not know whetherwould come back to Zanzibarand while 9.5% would comeback within the next 20 years.

RecommendationsIn terms of general rec-

ommendations, there is a needto control the construction of

new and modern buildingswithin the Zanzibar StoneTown so as to ensure touristemotional satisfaction. Also,there is a need to finish upthe restoration and rehabil-itation of House of Wonders

Museum because it has ledto the dissatisfaction of manytourists.

In addition, the Zanzi-bar Department of Antiq-uities, Stone Town Conserva-tion Development Authority(STCDA) in collaboration withUNESCO National Com-mission need to ensure thatStone Town environments arehygienic. For example, atcentral market, which is oneof the most exciting attrib-utes in Zanzibar Stone Town,the level of sanitation is badsuch that the tourists havebeen complaining about it.

ConclusionWe can conclude that the

tourists that visit ZanzibarStone Town for cultural tour-ism are generally emotionallysatisfied with the site. Theemotional tourist satisfactionis reflected in their touchingloyalty with Zanzibar StoneTown site and their willing-ness to revisit Zanzibar in thenext 15 years. It is noteworthyalso that the overall satisfac-tion of the tourists is relatedto the quality of the site andattractiveness of the attributesespecially the slave market.

�

The Old

Dispensary.


120


BackgroundThe Zanzibar Archives are among the oldest and richest Archives in the East Africa

region. The initial efforts were taken from the beginning of the 20th Century bycollecting and taking care of the documentary heritage (Arabic Manuscripts and Bookscollection) and in 1954 Zanzibar National Archives was established as an independentinstitution with full responsibilities of preserving Zanzibar records.

Over the time the old records started to deteriorate due to the lack of properknowledge of preserving them and financial constrains hence leading to the dangerof vanishing on the damaging one of her most important and un-recoverable treasures.

In 19th Century, Zanzibar was the Centre of commercial and administration forthe Coast of East Africa, as result it generated very important and valuable documentswhich are found mainly in Zanzibar Archives making it the most treasured part ofEast Africa and Centre for study to scholars and researchers of the countries borderingIndian Ocean and the rest of the World.

Moreover, there are Consular Records, Protectorate Records, German Records,and Arabic correspondences of the earlier in the 19th Century which prove interactionbetween Zanzibar and other parts of the World, as well as records on the famous EastAfrican Slave Trade, explorers and missionaries.

Challenges• Many documentary heritages are tooold and fragile; some of them date backto 1892 up to 1930. Many of these recordsand documents have been damaged dueto the tropical weather which is too hot forproper conservation and management.• Moreover, illicit trade and theft of thesedocumentary heritages (Arabic Manuscriptsand Books collections) have been one ofthe big challenges facing the ZanzibarNational Archives. For instance in 2013,some documents and records disappeared.Rumors had it that some of the membersof the department had colluded withoutsiders to have them stolen. This led tosome of the members to be suspended fromwork and was sent to court to answercharges. Up to the time of this researchthe case was still in process.• Other challenges include lack of fundsfrom the government and other sources,leading to causing the Department failingto purchase modern equipment (e.g., for

Challenges Facing Conservation and Management ofDocumentary Heritage in Zanzibar National Archives

by Chami, M. F.URT UNESCO National Commission

Letter dated 10 January 1911 to the Sultan

Sayyid ‘Ali b. Hammud al Bu Sa’idi in Zanzibar.


121


digitalization). This has forced them touse only basic conservation techniquessuch as tissue repair, lamination andfumigation.• Additionally, lack of enough space hasled to some documents to be kept in somestaffs’ offices which in turn increase chancesfor illicit trade. Furthermore, many peoplelive inside the Archives compound anduse the same gate to come in and go out.• Lack of trained experts in conservationof documents and records is another bigchallenge facing the National Archives ofZanzibar. For example, the entire Depart-ment of Museum and Archives had onlyone professional archivist, who, unfortu-nately died in 2014; leaving the Depart-ment without a professional archivist. Theother staff members who chanced to workwith him are now using the knowledgeand skills he transmitted to them. This ina way goes together with the lack of aca-demic institutions which provide high leveltraining on archival conservation andmanagement in Tanzania. One has togo to Kenya or South Africa for archivaltraining, and not many can afford.• Moreover, the lack of awareness is notlimited to the general public, but alsoamong scholars. Local people visit theArchives only for very serious problemsespecially those concerning tittle deeds ofLand and House ownerships not withstand

university students who go there believing that it is a place for data collection andreferences each year running. But in contrast, a large number of foreigners whocome all the way from Asia, Europe or the USA are the ones coming more often forresearch purpose.• Lastly, Government seems not to give priority to Archives as they see it as a store tokeep old documents, when compared to other heritage areas such as museums andarcheological site. Probably because these attract tourists, hence generate financialresources.

Concluding remarksOne of the solutions therefore is to establish different education programs for the

public through meetings, consultations and mass media. Furthermore, the Revolu-tionary Government of Zanzibar should build a new and bigger Archive and at thesame time remove all the people who live inside the Archives compound to enforcesecurity of documents and records. Staff members should be given opportunity fortraining both short courses and full programmes even if it is outside the country. Lastly,the government should provide adequate funds to the development of ZanzibarNational Archives in order to enable it handle management and conservation appro-priately. All these will improve management and conservation of documentary heritagein Zanzibar in particular and Tanzania in general and ensure its sustainability forfuture generations.

�

Public announcement dated 27 September 1904 announcing the

opening of public schools for children in Zanzibar aged between

7 and 12.

http://www.boss.co.tz/


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Access to informationis the ability to access whatinformation you want when-ever you want it. It is there-fore closely related to bothgovernmental transparencyand freedom of expression.Access to information includesgovernmental transparencyas we need access to the hugequantities of informationthat government holds andcreates. To have full accessto information, it is necessaryfor the government to partic-ipate and play a key role inthis regard. Access to infor-mation is also one side of thecoin whose other face is free-dom of expression as weneed information in order tobe able to express ourselves,and we need others to be ableto access our words in order forthose words to have impact.

Article 19 of the Universaldeclaration of Human Rightsstates “Everyone has the rightto freedom of opinion andexpression; this right includes

freedom to hold opinionswithout interference and toseek, receive and impart infor-mation and ideas throughany media and regardless offrontiers”. We would all agreethat freedom of speech andfreedom of expression to behuman rights but these rightsare not very effective if thereis no way for those who wishto access that information toobtain it. Access to informa-tion is therefore importantbecause it facilitates freedomof speech. The simplest wayfor anyone wishing to preventfreedom of speech is to makesure that dissident voices andmessage simply do not getacross anyone else withoutstopping people from express-ing themselves physically.

Moreover, the importanceof the right to informationor the right to know is anincreasingly constant refrainin the mouths of developmentpractitioners, civil society,academics, the media and gov-

ernments. What is this right,is it really a right and howhave governments sought togive effect to it? These are someof the questions this seminarsought to address, providingan accessible account of thelaw and practice regardingfreedom of information, andan analysis of what is workingand why.

On 18th January, 2016UNESCO National Commis-sion of the United Republicof Tanzania conducted theseminar on the right of accessto information that aimed topromote an enabling environ-ment for freedom of expres-sion, press freedom and jour-nalistic rights on safety andprotection, facilitating plu-ralism and participation inmedia, and supporting sus-tainable and independentmedia institutions. The sem-inar was held at Universityof Dar es Salaam in Schoolof Journalism and Mass Com-munication, so as to raise

Freedom of Expressionand Journalists’ Rights

Seminar on theRight of Accessto Information

UDSM, School of Journalism& Mass Communication

by Christina Musarocheand Lusajo Mwaiteleke



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awareness of the under-graduate students pursuingJournalism & Mass Commu-nication on the right of accessto information and encour-aging the free flow of ideas.

Facilitators who are expertson Human Rights, Journalismand Mass Communicationprovided knowledge to theUndergraduate students ofthe School of Journalism andMass Communication so asto strengthen their skills.

Dr. Ayoub Ryoba (Lecturerof Journalism & Mass Com-munication currently DirectorGeneral of Tanzania Broad-casting Corporation -TBC)presented issues on Freedomof Expression, Freedom ofPress, Freedom of informa-

tion legislation, facilitatingpluralism and participationin media.

Mr. Onesmo Olengu-rumwa (Human Right Activist)presented a topic on Journal-ism Safety and Protection.

The UNESCO NationalCommission Officials asseminar organizers spokewith media on the reasonto conduct this seminar tothe undergraduate students

pursuing Journalism andMass Communication.

“Without a free media, theinformation people receive isoften incomplete, biased, unver-ifiable, minimal and largelyineffectual. Hand in hand witha free media, the Right to Infor-mation changes power dynamics,creating much more responsiveand responsible states andgovernments”. said Dr. MoshiKimizi (PhD), Executive Sec-retary of UNESCO NationalCommission.

“The media must haveaccess to information, resourcesto investigate and the ability toquestion people with power.This means not only a legal andde facto right to question, butalso the professional commit-ment and training to do so”.

said Lusajo Mwaiteleke, Pro-gram Officer, Communication& Information of UNESCONational Commission.

As far as the history ofideas is concerned, a centralintellectual ingredient in theraise of New World Informa-tion and CommunicationOrder (NWICO) was the con-cept of freedom of expression.NWICO is a term that wascoined in a debate over mediarepresentations of the devel-oping world in UNESCO in thelate 1970s and early 1980s.The term was widely used bythe MacBride Commission,a UNESCO panel chaired byNobel Peace Prize laureateSean MacBride, which wascharged with creation of aset of recommendations tomake global media represen-tation more equitable. TheMacBride Commission pro-duced a report titled “ManyVoices, One World”, whichoutlined the main philo-sophical points of the NewWorld Information Commu-nication Order. NWICO hadits roots in the non-alignedmovement (NAM), formed bya group of prominent Africanand Asian national leaderswho met in 1955 in Bandung,Indonesia to promote anindependent vision of devel-opment outside of the con-straints of the bipolar frame-

Lecturer Ayoub

Ryoba (PhD)

facilitated

presentation

on Freedom of

Expression and

Press Freedom

to the seminar

participants.

Mr. Onesmo Olengurumwa, a Human Right

Activist and National Coordinator from Tanzania

Human Rights Defenders Coalition (THRDC) speak

with media after his presentation on Journalistic

Safety and Protection to the seminar participants.

Lusajo Mwaiteleke, Program Officer,

Communication & Information of UNESCO

National Commission addressing the media.


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work of the Cold War. The keyplayers of the NAM movementlike Sukarno (Indonesia),Nehru (India), Nkrumah(Ghana), Nasser (Egypt),Nyerere (Tanzania), Ho ChiMinh (Vietnam), Chou En-lai (China), outlined a phi-losophy of non-interferencein matters of internationalrelations.

“That every citizen has theright to freedom of expression,of movement, of religious beliefand of association within the con-text of the law” Arusha Decla-ration by Julius Nyerere 1967.

Specific media projectsthat align with our visioncan secure grants from ourInternational Programmefor the Development of Com-munication (IPDC), whichalso promotes knowledge-driven media development.UNESCO’s work in all theseareas is part of our supportfor freedom of expression asan inalienable human rightset down in Article 19 of theUniversal Declaration ofHuman Rights. UNESCO worksto foster free, independentand pluralistic media in print,broadcast and online. Mediadevelopment in this modeenhances freedom of expres-sion, and it contributes topeace, sustainability, povertyeradication and human rights.

Safety of Journalistsand Impunity

In the seminar partici-pants learnt on the Safety

and Protection of Journalistsbecause over 700 Journalistsand media workers have beenkilled over the last 10 years.UNESCO actively promotesthe safety of those who pro-duce journalism and believesthat they have the right towork free from the threat ofviolence and to ensure theright to freedom of opinionand expression for all. Attackson media professionals areoften perpetrated in non-conflict situations by organ-ized crime groups, militia,security personnel, and evenlocal police, making local jour-nalists among the most vul-nerable. These attacks includemurder, abductions, harass-ment, intimidation, and theillegal arrest and detention.Most abuses against mediaprofessionals remain unin-vestigated and unpunished.This impunity perpetuatesthe cycle of violence againstjournalists, media workers andcitizen journalists. The result-ing self-censorship deprivessociety of information andfurther impacts press freedom.

The killing of journalistsand its impunity directlyimpacts the United Nations’human rights based effortsto promote peace, security,and sustainable develop-ment. Since 1997, UNESCO’sDirector-General has con-demned the killings of jour-nalists as per Resolution 29of the 29th UNESCO GeneralConference and beginning in2008, has presented a bien-nial Report on The Safety ofJournalists and the Dangerof Impunity to the Interna-tional Programme for Devel-opment of Communication(IPDC) Council. The numbersare alarming. For example,in 2012 alone there were 121journalists killed almost twiceas many killings than in previ-

ous years. UNESCO has cham-pioned The UN Plan of Actionon the Safety of Journalistsand the Issue of Impunitywhich was further endorsedby the UN Chief ExecutivesBoard on 13 April 2012. Theplan provides a frameworkfor the UN to work on thisissue with all stakeholdersincluding national author-ities, local and internationalNGOs, media houses, acade-mia. Recently, UNESCO in its191st Executive Board adoptedthe UNESCO Work Plan onthe Safety of Journalists andthe Issue of Impunity in April2013, which further comple-ments the organization’sexisting work in the fieldalready in line with the UNPlan of Action and emphasison South-South cooperation.

Security Incidents inTanzania regardingJournalists’ rights, safetyand protection

In Tanzania like othercountries the working envi-ronment for members of thepress is no better from the restas it was established by theCoalition during its visits to16 Press Clubs across thecountry. Findings of this reportindicate that journalists inTanzania face harassments,threats, detention, death,torture, defamation, suspen-sion from their employment,and denial of freedom ofmovement, repressive laws,and the ban of news papers.This is, despite the govern-ment’s repeated statementsover its support towards thefreedom and access to infor-mation. This has affectedtheir work as intermediariesto the public.

Objectives ofthe seminar• This seminar leads inter-national efforts to protect

Dr. Moshi

Kimizi,

Executive

Secretary of

UNESCO

National

Commission

addressing

the media.


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journalists by coordinatingthe United Nations Plan ofAction on the Safety of Jour-nalists and the Issue ofImpunity and implementingthe UNESCO Work Plan.• Contributing informationrelevant to UNESCO’s man-date in the framework of theUniversal Periodic Reviewprocess of the United NationsHuman Rights Council, andsensitizing governments andmedia to the role of jour-nalists in building healthydemocracies and the impor-tance of ensuring their safety.• Enabling universal accessand preservation of infor-mation and knowledge onnew media and ICT accessi-bility, this empowers under-graduate students and citi-zens, particularly the youth.• To access and harness thevast amounts of informationand knowledge, by encour-aging the adoption and inte-

gration of the new mediaand information literacy(MIL) training curricula intonational policies and strate-gies, and fostering relation-ships with media stakeholders,youth organizations andother partners to promote thebenefits of increased Mediaand Information Literacycompetencies.• This seminar reinforcescapacities of journalists,

journalism educators andtheir institutions, based onthe UNESCO model curriculaas a model for institutionalexcellence in this area, whileencouraging the training ofwomen and young journalists.• Promote sustainable devel-opment by enhancing theabilities of journalists to reporton justice, science, cultureheritage, social developmentand democratic governance.

Impact of Seminar to theParticipants/Students• Increase knowledge on theright to freedom of opinion tothe Undergraduate students.• Rise awareness on the rightto freedom of expression; thisright includes freedom to seek,receive and impart informa-tion and ideas of all kinds,regardless of frontiers, eitherorally, in writing or in print,in the form of art or throughany other media of his choice.

• Undergraduate Studentexplores topics in more depthby learning from other expertsexperiences and backgroundknowledge.• Enabling universal access andpreservation of informationand knowledge to the under-graduate students. Capacitybuilding for journalists andmedia managers, includ-ing improving journalismeducation (using UNESCO’s

Model Curricula for Journal-ism Education).• Students shared ideas in away that advances their think-ing on journalism and gainperspectives and points of viewthat they might not haveotherwise considered.• Students had an opportunityto clarify and deepen theirprofessional understandingand increase confidence inthe topics presented.

The work of journalismis vital to democracy becauseit provides a forum in whichpeople can review the actionsof Governments and the pub-lic in general. With all thesejournalist needs protection.And the most important formof protection is the mutualsupport that journalists requireas well as policy and legalprotection. This can possiblybe done by protesting eachmedia freedom breach, notonly their own media, but alsomedia and journalists withdifferent politics, ethnic focusor style to their own. Whendiscussing policy and legalprotection strategies forjournalists in Tanzania willalso try to link with otherregional and internationalmechanism.

The seminar was success-ful as it promoted UNESCONational Commission visibilityand reputation, advanced link-ages and cooperation withcommunication and infor-mation stakeholders. It alsocoordinates implementationon independence and sus-tainability of national mediainstitutions bolstered, throughinnovative, policy-relevance,knowledge-enhancing IPDCprojects and through capacity-building for journalists andjournalism schools.

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World Press FreedomDay (WPFD), observed annu-ally across the world, wasproclaimed by the UN GeneralAssembly in 1993 followinga recommendation adoptedat the 26thSession of UNESCO’sGeneral Conference in 1991.This in turn was a responseto a call by African journalistswho in 1991 produced thelandmark Windhoek Decla-ration on Media Pluralismand Independence. WPFDhas grown to become a forumfor media stakeholders tourge States to stand by theircommitments and joint actionto put in place, friendly medialaws and to ensure a generalconducive working environ-ment which guarantees pressfreedom in their respectivecountries.

This annual event profilesthe fundamental principlesof press freedom; provides aplatform for all media sector

actors to evaluate press free-dom in the United Republicof Tanzania and around theworld, promotes dialogueand calls for action to protectmedia workers from perse-cution in their line of work,and to pay tribute to journal-ists and other media profes-sionals who lost their lives inthe line of duty.

Commemoration of WorldPress Freedom Day was heldfrom 2nd - 3rd May 2016 atMalaika Beach Resort inMwanza where Media pro-fessionals and other stake-holders came together tocommemorate the WorldPress Freedom Day – WPFD2016. The theme for this year’scommemoration was “Accessto Information and FundamentalFreedoms: This is Your Right!”

The event was officiatedby Hon. Mohamed ChandeOthman, Chief Justice of

Tanzania who was Guest ofHonour. The event was alsograced by the Minister forInformation, Sports, Cultureand Artistes, Hon. NapeNnauye (MP), UNESCO Rep-resentative and Head of Dares Salaam Office, Ms. ZulmiraRodrigues, the UN ResidentCoordinator, Mr AlvaroRodriguez, H.E Roeland vande Geer, Head of the EuropeanUnion (EU) Delegation andother diplomatic missionsin Tanzania, among otherdignitaries.

In 2016, World Press Free-dom Day coincides withthree important milestones:• The 250th anniversary ofthe world’s first freedom ofinformation law, coveringboth modern-day Swedenand Finland;• The 25th anniversary of theadoption of the WindhoekDeclaration of press freedomprinciples and;• The first year of the 15 yearlife-cycle of the new Sus-tainable Development Goals(SDGs).

Commemoration of theWorld Press Freedom Day 2016

Mwanza, Tanzania

by Lusajo Mwaitelekeand Christina MusarocheURT UNESCO National Commission


129


Against this background,World Press Freedom Dayin 2016 highlights the linksbetween press freedom, aculture of openness and theright to freedom of informa-tion, and sustainable devel-opment in the digital age.The common thread in allthese is the role of journalism,and the importance of safe-guarding those who bringthis service to the public. Theconference in Mwanza pro-vided a platform to discussand deliberate on the impli-cation of laws that the gov-ernment has passed, includingbills tabled in Parliament lastyear particularly the Cyber-crime Act 2015, Statistics Act2015, Media Services Bill andthe bill for the Access to Infor-mation Law.

During the event, victimsof press freedom violationsgave testimonies on theirexperiences and lessons learntfrom veterans in the field.

A report on the state ofmedia in Southern Africaauthored by Media Instituteof Southern Africa – MISAtitled, So Is This Democracy?was launched alongside aGender Policy for CommunityMedia developed by Genderand Media-Southern Africa(Tanzania Chapter) withsupport from UNESCO.

The event attracted over250 participants from withinTanzania as well as fromabroad. Representatives from

the Government, Parliament,International Organizationsand diplomatic missionsattended. Others includemedia practitioners, Headsof National NGOs, Academia,members of the civil societyand practicing journalists.

The event has been jointlyorganized by a National PressFreedom Committee chairedby the Media Institute ofSouthern Africa-TanzaniaChapter (MISA) TanzaniaChapter, UNESCO, TanzaniaMedia Foundation (TMF),Union of Tanzania PressClubs (UTPC), the UnitedNations Information Centre(UNIC),Tanzania Editors’Forum (TEF) Media Councilof Tanzania (MCT), Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Tanzania(KAS), Media Owners Associ-ation of Tanzania (MOAT),Tanzania Media Women’sAssociation (TAMWA), MwanzaPress Club and TanzaniaCommunication RegulatoryAuthority (TCRA).

The UN Secretary General’sstatement commemoratingWorld Press Freedom Daypresented by UN ResidentCoordinator and UNDP Resi-dent Representative Mr. AlvaroRodriguez conveys a nicemessage regarding humanrights, democratic societiesand sustainable developmentdepend on the free flow ofinformation. And the right

The Chairperson of Media

Institute of Southern Africa,

Tanzania Chapter (MISA-Tan),

Mr Simon Berege.

UN Resident Coordinator and

UNDP Resident Representative,

Mr. Alvaro Rodriguez.


130


to information depends onpress freedom. Each year, weobserve World Press FreedomDay to emphasize these fun-damental principles, to pro-tect the independence of themedia and to honour mediaworkers who risk and havelost their lives in the exerciseof their profession.

This year, World PressFreedom Day coincides withthree important milestones.It is the 250th anniversary ofthe world’s first freedom ofinformation law, coveringboth modern-day Swedenand Finland, and it is the 25th

anniversary of the adoptionof the Windhoek Declarationof press freedom principles.Finally, 2016 is also the firstyear of implementing the Sus-tainable Development Goals.

Press freedom and thefree flow of information arenecessary not only to informcitizens about the Goals, butto enable them to hold theirleaders accountable for ful-filling the pledges they havemade. The media – including,and increasingly, new onlinemedia – serve as our eyes andears. We all benefit from theinformation they provide.

A free, independent andsafe media environment isessential. Yet, all too often,journalists are threatened,harassed, obstructed or evenkilled in the pursuit of infor-mation. Many languish indetention, some in appallingconditions, for shedding lighton governance failures, cor-porate malfeasance or soci-etal problems.

It well cleared about theincreasingly restrictive envi-ronment for media workersin many countries. Constraintson freedom of expression place

shackles on progress itself.On this World Press FreedomDay, we urge all Governments,politicians, businesses andcitizens to commit to nurtur-ing and protecting an inde-pendent, free media. Withoutthis fundamental right, peopleare less free and less empow-ered. With it, we can worktogether for a world of dignityand opportunity for all.

WPFD 2016 organizingCommittee proud to be asso-ciated with the United NationsSystem in Tanzania, the Euro-pean Union Delegation andthe US Embassy in Tanzania.This was the premier mediaevent of the year in Mwanzaattended with many mediastakeholders.

The right to informationis linked to wider transparencyin society, as highlightedin the 2015 UNESCO studyKeystones to foster inclusiveKnowledge Societies: Accessto information and knowledge,Freedom of Expression, Privacy,and Ethics on a Global Internet,mandated by the UNESCOMember States.

The study further under-scores the importance of userempowerment to deal withinformation and commu-nications, such as throughMedia and Information Lit-eracy. Again, journalism iscentral to all these aspects.

A major obstacle to openaccess to information is over-reach in governmental secrecy.States should be able to keepsome information confiden-tial in line with legitimatepurposes and processes setout in international humanrights laws. However, infor-mation from administrativeand executive authorities, con-cerning for example laws andpublic expenditure, shouldgenerally be accessible toeveryone. Hence, freedom ofinformation both helps pro-vide oversight over govern-mental bodies, as well asthe possibility to hold themaccountable, and this rightstrengthens the relevance ofpress freedom and inde-pendent journalism.

Since the adoption of theworld’s first freedom of infor-mation law in modern-daySweden and Finland in 1766,more than 90 other countrieshave adopted such provisions.However, there are issues suchas whether exceptions arenarrowly tailored; whetherthere is protection for whistle-blowers, and whether thereis impact on relevant infor-mation held by private entities.Implementation of freedomof information raises issuessuch as whether the laws arewell-known, in terms of highpublic awareness; whetherrequests are administeredefficiently and whether there

Head of Office,

UNESCO

Dar es Salaam,

Mrs. Zulmira

Rodrigues.


131


are high fees for the requester;and whether information ispublished by own initiativeor released upon request.Another issue is that even incountries where there is free-dom of information laws orlegal provisions, journalistsmay have difficulty in access-ing, understanding, andsubsequently using the rawdata or information. This iswhere data journalism canplay a role in accessing andinterrogating data and mash-ing up datasets to produceresults that inform audiences“something new about thenews”. Differential accessesto information along genderlines as well as the gender-disaggregation of informa-tion are additional key issues.

When journalists areempowered to use freedomof information laws to bringhidden information to light,they can amplify their poten-tial to enhance the account-ability of institutions as partof the SDG conception of sus-tainable development. Proac-tive steps by states to openup records can also greatlyhelp to ensure transparencyin public administration. In

these ways, freedom of infor-mation is closely linked toa culture of openness and theidea of participatory democ-racy, both of which are keyto sustainable development.It is also important to promotea broad range of culturalexpressions in media, in orderto develop media diversityand the inclusion of minoritygroups in the media land-scape. All these points addsignificance to the agree-ment in November 2015 bythe UNESCO Member Statesto the creation of an Inter-national Day for UniversalAccess to Information, oneach 28 September.

Press freedom and accessto information are essentialto democracy and to sustain-able development. Journal-ism helps to make this so.Sometimes referred to as a“watchdog” of political andsocietal institutions, journalismis also much more: it demon-strates freedom of expressionfor society at large, it puts newquestions on the developmentagenda, and it empowerscitizens with information. Itprovides a context in whichthe diversity of cultural expres-

sions can flourish. For all thesereasons, strengthening theconditions for journalism iskey to developing a culture ofopenness, access to informa-tion and fundamental free-doms. To this end, World PressFreedom Day 2016 sought toadvance the right to infor-mation, press freedom, andthe environment for jour-nalism to be done in safety.It resonates with contempo-rary global issues and oppor-tunities. In this way, aroundthe world, it should be possiblefor stakeholders to continueto take the Day to an everhigher level of visibility, rele-vance, and impact.

�

World Press Freedom Day Tanzania 2016 Mwanza

SDG’s. From the Left who sit:

• Zulmira Rodrigues: Head of Office, UNESCO Dar es

Salaam;

• Dr. Reginald Mengi: Chairman of Media Owners

Association of Tanzania;

• Mr. Nape Nnauye: Minister of Information,

Culture, Arts and Sports;

• Mr. Robert Makaramba, Judge in charge of the

High Court in Mwanza;

• Mr. Simon Berege: Chairperson MISA-Tan;

• Mr. Alvaro Rodriguez: UN Resident Coordinator

and UNDP Resident Representative;

• Luana Reale: Deputy Head of Delegation,

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World Radio Day is anobservance day held annuallyon 13 February. It was pro-claimed on 3 November 2011by UNESCO’s 36th GeneralConference after originallyproposed by the Kingdom ofSpain. United Nations radioestablished in 13th February1946 that is why UNESCO pro-claimed the date to celebrateradio broadcast, improve inter-national cooperation amongradio broadcasters and encour-age decision-makers to createand provide access to infor-mation through radio, includ-ing community radios withmain theme proposed forevery year. This is a day toremember the unique powerof radio to touch lives andbring people together acrossevery corner of the globe. It’san occasion to draw attentionto the unique value of radio,which remains the mediumto reach the widest audienceand is currently taking upnew technological forms anddevices. The objectives of theDay is to raise greater aware-ness among the public andthe media on the importanceof radio; to encourage deci-sion makers to establish andprovide access to informa-tion through radio; as well asto enhance networking andinternational cooperationamong broadcasters.

The theme for World RadioDay 2016 is ‘Radio in Times ofEmergency and Disaster’ withthe goal of celebrating howimportant radio is in our lives,in both times of peace andin times of emergency anddisaster. UNESCO encouragesall countries to celebrate thisDay by undertaking activ-ities with diverse partners,such as national, regional andinternational broadcastingassociations and organiza-tions, non-governmentalorganizations, media organ-izations, outlets as well asthe public at large.

It is well known that Radiois the mass media reachingthe widest audience in theworld. It is also recognized asa powerful communicationtool and a low cost medium.Radio is specifically suited toreach remote communitiesand vulnerable people: theilliterate, the disabled, women,youth and the poor, whileoffering a platform to inter-vene in the public debate,

irrespective of people’s edu-cational level. Furthermore,radio has a strong and specificrole in emergency communi-cation and disaster relief.

UNESCO National Com-mission of the United Republicof Tanzania through Com-munication and InformationSector celebrated this yearWorld Radio Day by conduct-ing interviews in differentmedia so as to indicate theroles of Radio in Times ofEmergency and Disaster asa response to educating thecommunity about disaster riskreduction. Radio is powerfulbefore, during and after timesof emergency and disaster.Moreover Radio empowerslisteners and allows human-itarian workers and rescuersto protect people.

The key messages toexplore during World RadioDay as proposed by UNESCOinclude:• Radio is an extremely effi-cient way in which to assist

World Radio Day 2016Roles of Radio in Times

of Emergency and Disasterby Lusajo Mwaiteleke and

Christina MusarocheURT UNESCO National Commission


134


communities to prepare fordisasters and reduce the riskof death and injury.• Radio can act as an earlywarning system to reducedisaster risk.• Radio helps disseminatemessages to affected com-munities and contributes tothe impact humanitarianorganizations can have onthe ground.• Radio is technically resist-ant. In times of crisis, radio isalways on i.e. Radio is able tobroadcast and to be received,even when electricity fails.This makes radio a uniquemedium in order to maintainthe link between rescuersand survivors.

We all know that naturaldisaster is one the causes ofpreventing the developmentof a sustainable society. Forcommunities living in areaswhere there are many naturaldisasters, improving their dis-aster management ability isan important issue to protecttheir livelihood. On top of this,disaster management is essen-tial for community’s sustain-able development. In orderto create a community thathas strong disaster manage-ment capacity, it is essentialthat the community developthe ability to improve disastermanagement on its now.

Data is information, infor-mation is knowledge and

knowledge is power. For soci-eties to be able to improvetheir disaster managementability on their own, an envi-ronment where citizens canobtain data and informationmust be guaranteed. Althoughit is true that the mass mediacontributes to the society byspreading data and infor-mation, it is also a fact thatthey are not able to meet theindividual needs of the variedand complex society. Thereforeradio is one of the essentialfactors for communities todevelop their disaster man-agement ability on its own.

Disaster managementand information transmis-sion technology are closelyconnected. In all of the phasesof disaster damage mitigation,preparedness, early-warning,response, recovery and reha-bilitation, data, informationand communication playimportant roles. The exchangeof information, sharing infor-mation and discussions amongcitizens are essential for self-improvement and develop-ment of community disastermanagement. The exchangeof information and cooper-ation among neighboringcommunities is also essential.The information transmissiontechnology used in equipmentand media for communi-cation is a factor that decidesquality and characteristic ofcommunication. The radiowhich promotes sharing ofknowledge and experienceand self-help/mutual-helpcan play an important role intimes of disaster and disastermanagement in normal times.

UNESCO National Com-mission implemented thisprogram by conducting Mediainterview in Radio’s and TV’sstations. A Radio and TV inter-views was a great way to

involve the public in programoverview and presentationon 2016 theme and message.Communication and Infor-mation Sector was invitedby Mlimani TV and Radio todiscuss how radio can saveslives especially in times ofdisasters and emergency. Theinterview was an excellentopportunity to spread themessage that Radio SavesLives and encouraging pro-fessional aid workers, radioreporters and disaster riskreduction specialists fromvarious organisations to useradio in spreading their emer-gences numbers. We alsohad interview conversationswith the viewers and listenersexplaining to the public howUNESCO National Commis-sion assist in times of emer-gency and disaster throughradio broadcasting and theimportant roles played byradio in times of Emergencyand Disasters.

It is clear that Local andCommunity radio is a vitalresource in disaster and emer-gency, usually highly efficientdue to their knowledge of localresources, infrastructures andactors. However, communityradio stations can also bevulnerable because theirreporters and technical staffcan be affected by the situ-ation. Disasters kill at leastone million people eachdecade and leave millionsmore homeless.

The interviews conductedin Radio and Television aimedto spread the themes andmessages for World Radio Day2016. Therefore we assistedstakeholders in bringingawareness and importanceof radio to the community.Radio has the ability to raiseawareness to the greatestnumber of people in the


135


quickest possible time. On itsown, social media plays animportant part, but when it islinked to the institution of areliable radio service, its impactcan be far more effective.

The key messages exploredduring commemoration ofWorld Radio Day, 2016 amongothers include the following:• Radio can assist in the quickmobilisation of people toensure a strong and coordi-nated global response to anemergency.• The messages heard onradio can turn people frompassive listener to active citi-zen, especially in times ofemergency and disaster.Radio interactivity is a powerfeature.• Radio is an importantpartner for government andnon-government organisa-tions to help ensure a coordi-nated response.• Radio is a powerful mediumbefore, during and after anemergency or a disaster.• Radio allows humanita-rian workers and rescuers to protect people and theirlives before, during and afteran emergency.

• Radio has the ability to raiseawareness to the greatestnumber of people in thequickest possible time.• Radio helps to provide dig-nity to survivors and vulner-able people in emergency sit-uations, including in refugeecamps.• Journalists and citizens needaccess to information andthe freedom to report duringtimes of emergency.• Community Radio has avital role to play in disasterand emergency response,equally, they are vulnerablein times of disaster.• Let’s celebrate Radio! Radioas a medium still reaches themost people in the quickestpossible time to spread infor-mation and news.• The immediate accessibilityand protection of radio fre-quencies is essential in anemergency.• In times of rapid techno-logical change to media, vul-nerable people still have theright to privacy and dignity.• Radio saves lives in timesof emergency and disaster.

Interview results• Promote international reflec-tion and debate on the ethi-cal, legal and societal chal-lenges of the media i.e. radiobroadcasting and informa-tion society.• Promote and widen accessto information in the public

domain through the role ofradio in times of emergencyand disasters.• Support training, continuingeducation and lifelong learn-ing in the fields of media espe-cially in radio broadcasting.• Support the production oflocal radio content and fosterthe availability of Commu-nity knowledge through radioimpact on acquiring infor-mation and saves life.• Promote the use of interna-tional standards and best prac-tices in media, communicationand information in UNESCO’sfields of competence.

The interview programmakes this International daysuccessful and powerful mobi-lization of UNESCO NationalCommission to celebrateWorld Radio Day. Moreover,in Tanzania radio’s popu-larity is due to its widespreadavailability and ease of accesseven in remote corners of thecontinent and the highlyoral culture of many Africancommunities. It is not uncom-mon to find that a rural com-munity or a pastoralist’s onlylink to ‘the outside’ world isthrough radio. The Interna-tional Federation of the RedCross and Red Crescent (IFRC)the world largest humani-tarian network is using radioon a daily basis as part of theirwork to act before, during andafter disasters and healthemergencies in order to meetthe needs and improve thelives of vulnerable people.

�

Participants of the Morning Program Interview at

Mlimani TV. From left is Presenter Mr. Silvanous

Silvano - Mlimani TV together with Mr. Lusajo

Mwaiteleke Programme Officer for

Communication and Information from UNESCO

National Commission.


137


IntroductionUNESCO recognizes that

the presence of communityradio is a sign of media plu-ralism, diversity of content,and the representation of asociety’s different groups andinterests. Community radioencourages open dialogue,local transparency and a voiceto the voiceless. ThereforeCommunity media is onethat is operated in the com-

munity, for the community,about the community andby the community. Commu-nity radio in particular hasgrown in numbers worldwidedelivering an outreach mech-anism for increased access toeducation, self-expression andcommunication among ruraland hard to reach grassrootspopulations. The manage-ment, programming scheduleand content of community

radio is driven by the involve-ment and participation ofcommunity members andcommunity decision-makingbodies that demonstrate asense of ownership about theirown development agendaand become self-empoweredto sustainable development,publicly express opinion,debate issues, carry out dia-logue, promote culture, com-munity history and language.

StrengtheningCommunity RadiosProgramme for a validation session on surveys

conducted on community radios’ programming, incentives, listening habits and issues of local concern

UNESCO Dar es Salaam Office, 8th April 2016

by Lusajo Mwaitelekeand Christina MusarocheURT UNESCO National Commission

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BackgroundCommunity radio opera-

tions date back to the periodof the rural press. The conceptof local media that involvesmuch use of technology isfairly new in Tanzania. Historygoes back to 2003 when radioSengerema was started underUNESCO National Commis-sion of the United Republic ofTanzania. Numerous attemptshave been made to establishcommunity-based media inTanzania, notably 34 Com-munity Radios have beenestablished until now. Otherlocal media being piloted inTanzania involves partner-ships between the communityand the government, withthe support of UNESCO, asfor the case of: MicheweniCommunity radio in Pemba,Mtegani FM Communityradio in Unguja Island, KyelaFM community radio inMbeya, Kahama FM a localradio in Shinyanga, FadecoCommunity radio in Kagera,Orkonorei FM in SimanjiroArusha, Pambazuko FM- alocal commercial radio inIfakara, Pangani FM Commu-nity radio in Tanga, RadioFadhila in Mtwara, TumbatuFM in Zanzibar, Radio Kwizerain Kagera, Dodoma FM inDodoma, Loliondo FM inArusha.

UNESCO implemented a3-year Project from SwedishInternational DevelopmentAgency (SIDA)entitled “Empow-ering local radios with ICTs”.Within the framework of theSida/SDC funded Empowering

Local Radios with ICTs for thePromotion of Rural Citizens’Participation in DemocraticDiscourse and Development,UNESCO works to supportcommunity radios and theCommunity Media Network

of Tanzania (COMNETA) toensure that people in Tan-zania, especially the poor,women and girls, have thecapacity to make informeddecisions on issues that affecttheir daily lives based onaccess to relevant, culturallyappropriate, gender respon-sive, and accurate informa-tion and knowledge.

Surveys StatementThe study is to identify the

incentives, listening habits,issues of local concern andbenefits to be put in placeto maintain network. Five (5)community radio stationslocated in the United Republicof Tanzania are beneficiariesof the project. The radiosinvolved in the study wereLoliondo FM (Ngorongoro Dis-trict), Dodoma FM (DodomaDistrict), Tumbatu FM (Tum-batu Island, North Zanzibar),Radio Fadhila (Masasi District)and Radio Kwizera (Ngaradistrict).

Objectives of the studyThe overall objective of

the study is to identify theincentives and benefits to beput in place to maintain anetwork of correspondents.Specific objectives:

• To determine the type andquantity of local correspon-dents to be recruited by res-pective radios;• To identify criteria for theselection of the radio corre-spondents, including genderbalance;• To assess the incentives andbenefits to be put in placeto maintain a network ofcorrespondence;• To assess the ICTs skills levelof correspondents;• To propose arrangementsfor coverage of local corre-spondents’ expenses such astelephone bills and mediacards;• To analyze level of trustbetween the public and thecorrespondents and suggestconfidence-building measures;• To recommend 5 bench-marks per radio station to beattained by 31 April 2018,upon project termination.

The key findings weretaken due to the character-

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istics of correspondents. Theseincluded:• Education level;• Age Structure;• Religious distribution;• Correspondents’ ICT skillsand Professional experiences;• Public Trust in CommunityRadios;• Motivation and incentivesfor local correspondents.

Recommendations fromthe study• Continue recruiting bothfemale and male news corre-spondents not only for address-ing gender issues but alsomaking news more diver-sified and socially inclusive.• Strengthen the ICT capacityof news correspondents atleast to basic levels. Thisshould go hand in hand withproviding ICT equipment tolocal correspondents.• Improve selection criteriaof correspondents (vetting)by considering other factorssuch as interest in the field;commitment, trustworthinessand honesty; and locality ofthe potential correspondent.• Improve public trust in thelocal news correspondents-

ensure radio reliability (access)and coverage of issues affect-ing the surrounding thecommunity.• Define and improve moti-vation and retention schemefor local news correspon-dents. Consider deliverable-based approach to incen-tivize the correspondents.

ConclusionThe study was important

for Tanzania to develop com-munity radios’ capacitiesin using new technologies tosupport reporting on devel-opment issues and exchangeof views among the audience.It will also help prepare localcommunities for the openingup of the country throughthe soon to be operationalNational Fiber Optic Back-bone. The project is also impor-tant for Tanzania to bridgethe differences in access toknowledge and informationbetween people living in theurban areas and those livingin the rural areas.

Also the study indicatedthat quality of contents andmanagement must be prop-

erly established in order toimprove the community radiosroles, which are to bring infor-mation, awareness, under-standing, advocacy, educa-tion and mobilisation. Thestudy suggested more pro-grammes to be developed soas to increase listeners andmedia stakeholders. Thoseprogramme included News,Dialogues, Music, Religions,Health, Cultures, Educationand Agriculture.

The Survey report wassignificant to the participantsbecause it strengthened thecoordination, collaborationand networking of diverseTanzania community mediaorganisations with other stake-holders to influence policyand promote best practicesand freedom of expressionin and through Tanzania’smedia. Community Radioplays a significant role at thegrassroots level for commu-nity development becausesocieties will have equal accessto information and knowl-edge as a means towardssustainable development.

�


142


Knowledge and infor-mation have significantimpact on people with dis-abilities lives. The sharing ofknowledge and information,particularly through Infor-mation and CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs) has thepower to transform economiesand societies. UNESCO worksto create inclusive knowledgesocieties and empower peoplewith disabilities by increas-ing access to and preser-vation and sharing of infor-mation and knowledge in allcommunities. Knowledgesocieties must build on fourpillars: freedom of expression;universal access to informationand knowledge; respect forcultural and linguistic diver-sity; and quality educationfor all included the personswith disabilities. Events suchas the International Day ofPersons with Disabilities -IDPD (which aims to promote

awareness and mobilizesupport for the inclusion ofpeople with disabilities insociety) and others also serveto raise awareness of theissues around disability andto move away from the asso-ciation of disability with stig-ma, charity, medical treat-ment and social protection.For UNESCO, ICTs have thepotential to make significantimprovements in the lives ofthese people, allowing themto enhance their social, polit-ical and economic integra-tion in society by enlargingthe scope of information,knowledge and activitiesavailable to them.

Tanzania aims to promoteinclusion and empowermentof persons with disabilitiesin education, science, cultureand communication andinformation in contributingto the implementation of the

United Nations Conventionon the Rights of Persons withDisabilities and SustainableDevelopment Agenda. Tan-zania being a member ofUNESCO is doing all the effortto benefit from opportunitiesprovided to ensure that womenand men with disabilities areintegrated fully into everyaspect of social, political andeconomic life as standardpractice in society and partic-ipates on an equal basis withothers through major tech-nological advances. Thesetechnological advances includeassistive and technologiessuch as wheelchairs, pros-theses, mobility aides, hearingaids, visual aids, and special-ized computer software andhardware increase mobility,hearing, vision and commu-nication capacities. The assis-tive devices and technologyis used to promote empow-erment and create real oppor-

Access to and Sharing ofICT Knowledge for Persons with Disabilities

by Christina Musarocheand Lusajo Mwaiteleke


Lusajo Mwaiteleke, Program Officer for Communication and Information

Sector with Issa Mtiga and two deaf Students in their ICT practical class.


143


tunities for people with dis-abilities. This will enhancetheir own capacities and sup-ports them in setting theirown priorities by becomingagents of change hence result-ing into sustainable devel-opment for the nation.

Study from World HealthOrganization (WHO) esti-mated that about 650 millionpeople world wide experiencesome form of disability andmost of them (80%) living indeveloping countries belowpoverty line. Survey conducted2008 in Tanzania estimatedthat 8% of the populationis affected by some form ofdisability. Many of those peo-ple who live with a disabilityface many barriers to inclu-sion in many key aspects ofsociety and do not have thesame opportunities as non-disabled people. The right toparticipate in public life isessential to create stabledemocracies, active citizenshipand reduce inequalities insociety. By promoting empow-erment, real opportunitiesfor people are created. Thisenhances their own capac-ities and supports them insetting their own priorities.Empowerment involves invest-ing in people - in jobs, health,

nutrition, education, andsocial protection. When peopleare empowered they are betterprepared to take advantageof opportunities, they becomeagents of change and canmore readily embrace theircivic responsibilities.

Knowing that, UNESCONational Commission incollaboration with OpenUniversity of Tanzania con-ducted a simple survey onICTs awareness to the Personswith disabilities, the deaf andthe visually impaired persons(the blind) at the Open Uni-versity of Tanzania. The surveyshows two thing; that skillsamong individuals with sen-sory impaired to use assis-tive technologies to improvequality of life and access toeducation and job placementare low and training to thosepeople are important so asto enable them learn andacquire information andlearning for using ICT facil-ities in their daily life.

The key challenges facingthem on ICT learning includelack of facilities includinglearning software’s and equip-ments. Also they counteredacceptance problem regard-ing their professional to the

organisation when they applyfor employment.

To empower persons withdisabilities is to empowersocieties as a whole, but thiscalls for the right policies andlegislation to make infor-mation and knowledge moreaccessible. It calls also forapplying accessibility stan-dards to the developmentof content, product and serv-ices. The successful applica-tion of new technologies canmake services more inclusiveand more accessible.

This simple survey makesmajor contribution to theunderstanding of disabilityand highlights technologicaladvancement and shares goodpractices that have alreadychanged the lives of peoplewith disabilities.

UNESCO believes thateverybody should have theopportunity to acquire the skillsnecessary in order to under-stand, participate activelyin, and benefit fully from theemerging knowledge soci-eties. In terms of persons withdisabilities, this involves notonly moving towards inclu-sive ICTs but also capacitybuilding for all stakeholdersincluding the training ofteachers, ICT professionalsand the development of dig-ital material that is acces-sible. It also includes helpinggovernments to formulatedisability inclusive policiesand strategies and develop-ment programmes. But mostimportantly, it also involvesbuilding the capacity of per-sons with disabilities to takeadvantage of the opportuni-ties that ICTs can offer themin terms of access to knowl-edge and information andtheir full participation in thesociety. �

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GeographyOfficially the United

Republic of Tanzania, thecountry lies immediately southof the equator and covers anarea of 945,087 square km ofwhich 217,350 square Km isallocated to natural reserves.

Facing the Indian Oceanon the east, Tanzania is bor-dered by Malawi and Mozam-bique in the south; Zambia,DRC, Burundi, and Rwandain the west; and Uganda andKenya in the north. The out-lying territories comprise theislands of Zanzibar, Pemba,and Mafia.

The country has a spec-tacular landscape of mainlythree physiographic regionsnamely the Islands and thecoastal plains to the east; theinland saucer-shaped plateau;and the highlands. The GreatRift Valley that runs from northeast of Africa through centralTanzania is another landmarkthat adds to the scenic viewof the country. The valley isdotted with unique lakes whichinclude Lakes Rukwa, Tanga-nyika, Nyasa, Kitangiri, Eyasiand Manyara. The uplandsinclude the famous Kipengere,Udzungwa, Matogoro, Living-stone, and the Fipa plateauforming the southern high-lands. The Usambara, Pare,Meru, Kilimanjaro (5,895m),the Ngorongoro Crater andthe Oldonyo Lengai, all formthe northern highlands.

ClimateThe climate of the coastal

plain is tropical with averagerainfall between 500mm and1000mm; elsewhere the cli-mate is moderately tropical,with average temperaturesof around 26C and withannual rainfall varying from500mm to 1250 mm.

In the highlands, temper-atures range between 10°cand 20°c during cold and hotseasons respectively.

PopulationTotal population is

44,928,923 (2012 Census).The Under 15 age group rep-resents 44.1% of the popu-lation. The population growthrate is 2.7%. Tanzania remainsone of the least urbanisedAfrican countries; urban popu-lation is only one-third ofthe total. With a populationof almost 410,956 Dodomawhich is located in the cen-tre of Tanzania, is the coun-try’s political capital. Dares Salaam, with a populationof 4,364,541, is the largest cityand the country’s commer-cial capital. Other big urbancentres include Mwanza,Arusha, Mbeya, Morogoro,Tanga, Kahama, Tabora andZanzibar City.

The population consists ofmore than 120 ethnic groups;none of them exceeds 10%of the population. Tanzania isa multicultural society. There

are many religions, the mainones being Christianity andIslam. Kiswahili and Englishare the official languages.

Political EnvironmentThe United Republic of

Tanzania was formed outof the union of two sovereignstates namely Tanganyikaand Zanzibar in 1964. TheGovernment of the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania hasauthority over all Union Mat-ters in the United Republic andover all other matters concern-ing Mainland Tanzania andthe Revolutionary Govern-ment of Zanzibar has authorityin Zanzibar over all matters,which are not Union Matters.Each central Government hasthree organs: The Executive;the Judiciary; and the Legis-lature that have powers overthe conduct of public affairs.In addition, Local GovernmentAuthorities assist each centralGovernment. The country isdivided into 30 administra-tive regions: 6 on the islandsand 24 on the mainland.Since the adoption of multi-party political system in July1992, the Government hasmaintained a disciplinedadherence to democraticprinciples and governance.There are about 20 registeredpolitical parties in Tanzania.The head of state is PresidentJohn Pombe Joseph Magufuli,elected in 2015.

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T A N Z A N I A

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IntroductionTanzania, the land of

many wonders, is one of theunique destinations on theAfrican continent that hasyet to be discovered by many.Kilimanjaro, the highest per-manently snow-capped freestanding mountain in Africa,the exotic Islands of Zanzibar,the finest game sanctuariesof Serengeti, Tarangire, LakeManyara, Ngorongoro Crater,Ruaha, Selous and the MarinePark of Mafia Island are onlybut a few of the living exam-ples. The scenery, topog-raphy and very friendlypeople harbour the growthof excellent cultural tourismbeach holidays, historicaland archaeological ventures– and certainly the bestwildlife photographic safarison the continent.

Tanzania has more landdevoted to national parks andgame reserves than any otherwildlife destination in theworld. It boasts 16 nationalparks, one conservation area,29 game reserves, 44 gamecontrolled areas and over 20marine parks and reserves,

all protected by governmentlaw and placed in trust forfuture generations.

Management of the sectorThe Ministry of Natural

Resources and Tourism is theoverall overseer of the tourismsector in the country, withthe responsibility of conserv-ing the natural and cultural

resources as well as develop-ing tourism. Tanzania highlyvalues the unique heritagethat is of great importanceboth nationally and globally– its importance lies in the

biological value of the species,habitats and cultural sites.

The Ministry is chargedwith the task of ensuringsustainable conservation ofnatural and cultural resourcesand development of tourismindustry by promoting andenhancing participation ofdifferent stakeholders. The

roles and functions of theministry are assigned to fivesectoral divisions – Antiquities,Tourism, Wildlife, Forestryand Beekeeping, and Policyand Planning.

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The Ministry is howeverbeing assisted by a number ofagencies – Tanzania NationalParks, Tanzania Tourist Board,Ngorongoro ConservationArea, the newly formedTanzania Wildlife Authorityand other stakeholders organ-isations in the managementof the tourism sector.

Tanzania National Parksfor instance is a parastatalorganisation entrusted withthe legal mandate to manageand regulate the use of areasdesignated as National Parks,with the views of preservingthe country’s heritage of nat-ural and cultural resourcesin Tanzania. The organisa-tion’s mission therefore isto sustainably conserve andmanage park resources andtheir aesthetic values for thebenefit of present and futuregenerations of mankind andprovide high class tourismproducts and services.

Tanzania Tourist Board,another government agencythat supports in the manage-ment of tourism sector, wasestablished under the TanzaniaTourist Board Act, CAP 364,with its main functions beingto promote Tanzania, encour-age tourism developmentand foster an understandingof the importance and eco-nomic benefits of the touristindustry within Tanzania.

Stakeholders associations– like the Tanzania Associa-tion of Tour Operators (TATO),established in 1983 – playcritical role in the manage-ment and regulation of thesector. TATO, whose key aimis to promote and representindividual tour operatorsnationally and internation-ally, also help in maintain-ing harmony and instillingdiscipline among its members.

The association advances theinterest of the private touroperators by engaging thegovernment through dialoguein promotion of Tourism, atthe same time acting topromote high tourist servicedelivery, both nationally andinternationally. TATO worksclosely with other bodies likeTTB and the ministry to pro-mote mutual expansion oftourism sector both inter-nally and internationally byopening new avenues formarketing.

National Tourism Policyand Strategies

The first National TourismPolicy was adopted in 1991to provide the overall objec-tives and strategies necessaryto ensure sustainable tourismdevelopment in the country.Nearly a decade later, therewere considerable changes on

the political, economic andsocial fronts within the coun-try, which raised the need forregular review of the policy.

The thrust of these changeshave been towards stimulat-ing efforts to expand the pri-vate sector, in tandem withthe disengagement of thegovernment from the soleownership and operationof tourist facilities. Knowingthe potentiality of tourismsector, as a strategy for povertyalleviation, the NationalTourism Policy of Tanzaniawas reviewed in 1999 to copewith the dynamism of thetourism industry.

The overall objective ofthe policy is to assist in effortsto promote the economy andlivelihood of the people, essen-tially poverty alleviationthrough encouraging thedevelopment of sustainableand quality tourism that isculturally and socially accept-able, ecologically friendly,environmentally sustainable

and economically viable. It isalso sought to market Tanza-nia as favoured tourist desti-nation for touring and adven-

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ture in a country renownedfor its cultural diversity andnumerous beaches.

The government recog-nises that the private sectorplays a major role in the indus-try’s development, with thegovernment playing the cat-alytic role of providing andimproving the infrastructureas well as providing a con-ducive climate for investment.

The Tourism Policy of 1999is currently being reviewed,with a draft scheduled forcompletion soon. The gov-ernment has also recentlyestablished the TanzaniaWildlife Authority. Alongwith a focus on developingTanzania’s national attrac-

tions and drawing greaterrevenue from these resources,the authority will assist thegovernment in its ongoingfight against poaching indifferent parts of Tanzania.

Strategies forTourism Development

Tanzania has developedan Integrated Tourism MasterPlan, which outlines strate-gies and programmes for thesector. The primary focus ofthis plan is to obtain sustain-able benefits for the peopleof Tanzania by generatingadditional economic activityfrom available resources.

Six primary areas addressedby the Integrated TourismMaster Plan are the following:• Creating greater awarenessof Tanzania in the tourismsource markets;• Expanding tourism products;• Securing a more compet-itive position;• Maximizing the necessaryservice skills; and• Establishing the necessarystructures and controls to under-pin tourism development.

Economic contributionTourism has become a

major pillar of the Tanzanianeconomy contributing toeconomic growth and jobcreation. Demand for Tanza-nia’s tourism products hasincreased substantially over

recent years, mainly as aresult of a greater awarenessof Tanzania as a destination.The number of internationaltourists visiting the countryincreased from 612,000 in2005 to 1,102,000 in 2015.As a result, tourism earningsincreased from US$ 823million in 2005 to US$ 1,930million in 2015. This makestourism, for now at least, Tan-zania’s leading economic sec-tor in terms of forex earnings.

According to the WorldTravel and Tourism Council(WTTC), Tanzania’s traveland tourism activities directly

contributed TZS 3,796 billionto GDP (4.1%) in 2015, whilesupporting 386,500 jobs.Capital investment in thesector amounted TZS 2,404billion in 2014 (8.9% of totalinvestment) compared to TZS1,864 billion in 2014. Thisrapid expansion shows theconsiderable potential for thesector to contribute towardsTanzania’s economic growth.

Taking into considerationthe wider effects from invest-ment, the supply chain andinduced income impacts, thetotal contribution of traveland tourism to the economyreached TZS 10,933 billionin 2015, which represented11.8% of GDP. The sector alsooffers direct and indirectemployment opportunitiesto about 1.15 million people.Looking further afield, thesector is forecast to grow by6.6% per annum during thenext 10 years.

Investmentopportunities

In spite of its naturalbeauty, the Tanzania tourismsector still remains relativelyuntapped. Furthermore, aconsiderable majority of touroperators see Tanzania as agrowth destination offeringan authentic African exper-ience generally superior tocompeting destinations inthe region.

An existing environmentconducive to private invest-ment, combined with Tanza-nia’s natural beauty and thepotential of the tourism sec-tor, have made Tanzania anextremely viable and appeal-ing market for investment.Investment opportunities arein all sub sectors of tourismin Tanzania, such as hotelsdevelopment, conferencetourism, eco-tourism, restau-

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rants, deep sea fishing, lakecruising, air operations, andtraining services to mentiona few.

The tourism sector holdsgreat potential because ofthe government’s resolve todiversify the source market tofocus into Far East and ambi-tious strategies to improvetransport infrastructure whichinclude air transport, roadsand railways.

ATTRACTIONS

Mt. KilimanjaroThe snowy peaks of Kili-

manjaro rising majesticallyfrom fertile green foothillsjust 330 km south of the equa-tor have become a powerfulmotif for this land of extremes.At 5,895m Kilimanjaro,Africa’s highest mountain,is still almost snow-cappedalthough the familiar ice covercontinues to shrink each yearand within decades may bejust a memory. Hans Meyerwas the first European to scalethe mountain in 1889; nowover 20,000 climbers a yearattempt Kibo, the highest ofits three volcanic cones. Theroute progresses from tropicalforest to heath, moorland toalpine desert, to rock and icefields at the summit. There

are several routes to reachthe top of Kilimanjaro. Theseinclude:

Lemosho routeIt takes six days to reach

the top using this route. It israrely used, unspoilt, remotebut beautiful way up to theShira Plateau. It can eitherbe used to gain the WesternBreach route or followed bythe Kibo South Circuit to ascendby the easier Barafu Route.

Machame routeAbout 100 km. It takes

about six days to reach thesnow cape of the mountain.

Marangu routeIt is by far the most popu-

lar route to the summit ofKilimanjaro. Total hiking

distance is about 96 km andit takes five to six days toreach the summit.

Rongai routeIt allows for climbing the

Kilimanjaro from the north-eastern side of the mountain,along the border between Tan-zania and Kenya. This routeretains a sense of unspoiltwilderness and offers a dif-ferent perspective of Kiliman-jaro by approaching it fromthe north.

Umbwe uja arrow glacier routeThis route is one of the

shortest routes to the Southern

Glaciers and the WesternBreach. It is probably themost scenic, non-technicalroute on Kilimanjaro. It isquite taxing, primarily dueto the relatively fast ascentto higher altitude, but therewards are plentiful.

NgorongoroConservation Area

The area is home to manand wild animals. It is aUNESCO World Heritage Sitefamous for its active volca-noes, mountains archeolog-ical sites, rolling plains, dunes,forests and most importantlyNgorongoro Crater and man’scradle, the Olduvai Gorge.

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Ngorongoro CraterA natural wonder to

behold, the Ngorongoro Craterwas an active volcano whosecone collapsed leaving behinda crater 20 km in diameterand 610m deep. Covering an

area of 311 square km, it ishome to about 30,000 largemamals. This ectinct volcanooffers the finest wildlife view-ing in Africa. Its combinationof abundant animals includ-ing the endangered blackRhino and cheetahs and awe-some scenery are immenselyimpressive. The crater is hometo elephants, lions, jackals,wildebeests, hyenas, zebras,elands, Cape buffalo and awide assortment of colourfulbirds, including a large flockof flamingos.

Olduvai Gorge – Cradleof Mankind

Appropriately named afterthe wild sisal plant ‘Oldupai’in maasai, the site is believedto be man’s first home. Itwas in this gorge, which lies

between Lake Manyara andthe Serengeti, that Louis andMary Leakey discovered impor-tant hominid remains of thenutcracker, ‘Australopithecusbosei’, who lived nearly 2million years ago.

NATIONAL PARKS

Serengeti National ParkThe national park is an

ecosystem and one of theworld’s most celebrated wild-life reserves, now part of the

seventh wonder of the world.The unfenced boundaries ofthe 14,763 square kilometreexpanse of the SerengetiNational Park are flanked byconservation areas and gamereserves in an exceptionalbid to preserve one of the lastgreat migratory systems andthe greatest and most variedcollection of wildlife on earth.The ‘endless plains’ of theSerengeti are the stompingground of millions of wilde-beest and zebra for 9 monthsof the year; this is wild Africa,alive with energy, a realm ofendlessly rewarding safaris.

Selous Game ReserveThe Selous Game Reserve,

the largest protected wildlifereserve area in Africa, is big-ger than Switzerland, and yethas few tourists. Just 5000visitors a year experience the

accessible northern corner ofthis UNESCO World Heritagesite. The lagoons, sandbanksand lakes of the Rufiji Riverand surrounding forests createan exciting ecological environ-ment for walking, boatingand fly-camping safaris. Thespectrum of wildlife is diverse,with east and southern Africanfauna, including 440 speciesof bird and a healthy popu-lation of wild dogs.

Ruaha National ParkTanzania’s second-largest

national park, Ruaha is seri-ously under-visited but veryworthwhile especially when

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combined with the SelousGame Reserve. A wild anddistant safari experience, itsdry red-earth vistas are studdedwith ancient baobabs andirrigated by the rocky mean-derings of the Great RuahaRiver. This elemental land-scape supports one of Africa’slargest elephant popula-tions, plentiful lion pridesand thriving packs of Africanhunting dogs. Leopard sight-ings are frequent, wonderfulantelope action abounds andthe park is a birdwatcher’sdelight.

Mahale MountainsNational Park

The steep, forested slopesof Mahale Mountains NationalPark are home to approxi-mately 800 of Africa’s remain-ing wild chimpanzees. Fur-ther north, Gombe StreamNational Park is the site ofan alternative chimpanzeeresearch programme in whicharound 200 chimpanzees arefed and monitored.

Chimp-trekking in Mahalerequires stamina, trekkingthrough rich woodlands pop-ulated by various monkeyspecies and rewarding, diversebirdlife. Inaccessible by road,

visitors must fly or arrive byboat from Kigoma, along thesouthern shores of Lake Tan-ganyika, the world’s deepestand least-polluted fresh waterlake. It is Snorkel with irides-cent cichlids to conclude anexceptional safari experience.

Tarangire National ParkTarangire National Park,

South of the plains of southernMaasailand, covers 2,600square kms of grass and floodplains, acacia woodland anddense bush. Dominated bythe Tarangire River, the parkthrives in the heat from Augustto October when masses ofwildebeest, zebra, buffalo andgiraffe migrate to the valleyfloor. Resident predatorssuffer lean months to enjoythese feast days. Impressiveelephant herds congregatefrom July to October.

Katavi National ParkThe wide alluvial plains

of Katavi are barely visitedat all, mainly because thereare presently no permanentcamps. Miles off the beatentrack; Katavi is a remote,classic dry season reserve,superb in the driest monthsof the year but unpredictableand partially impassable forthe remainder of the year.The intrepid few who do ven-

ture the distances are wellrewarded; the park is home tovast buffalo herds and hippopods, and concentrations ofelephant around February.Wildlife disperses but birdlifeproliferates following theshort rains in November.

THE LAKES

Lake VictoriaThe second largest fresh

water lake in the world andthe largest in Africa, this lakeis also the source of the riverNile. Scenically beautiful andbordered by large boulders onthe Eastern front (Mwanzatown), the lake has a greatnumber of fish, the most suc-cessful commercial varietybeing the Nile perch. Thelake is bordered by Musoma,Mwanza and Bukoba.

Lake TanganyikaThe Tanganyika lies 773m

above the sea level withinthe Africa Great Rift Valleyon the western Tanzania. It isthe longest fresh water lake inthe world stretching 677 kilo-metres. It is also the seconddeepest at 1,443m. It housesover 1,000 different types offish. The town of Ujiji, off LakeTanganyika, is one of Africa’soldest market villages.

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Lake NyasaThe most southerly of the

Rift Valley Lakes and biolog-ically it is the most diverse.The lake contains 30% ofthe world’s cichilds speciesof colourful fishes that areeasily observed in clear waters.Matema Beach on the north-ern tip of the Lake Nyasa israted as the best beach onthe lake and has a beautifulsetting against the mountains.

Lake ManyaraThis shallow lake at the

base of the Great Rift Valleyattracts flocks of flamingosto its alkaline waters. Famedfor its excellent birds, butter-flies and tree-climbing lions,the park also has an under-stated diversity of other gamesuch as elephants, giraffes,buffalos, wildebeest, hipposand a vast number of baboons.The habitat varies through-

out with grassy floodplainsand thick acacia woodlandcontrasting with the rockyescarpments of the Rift.

THE ISLANDS

ZanzibarZanzibar is known through-

out the world as being thejewel of Indian Ocean. Itshistory is tainted by romance

and colour (e.g. the tales ofseafarers and explorers, andriches) and tragedy (e.g. thedark stain of slavery). Zanzi-bar’s coastline offers some ofthe best beaches in the world.

Once a city-state ruled bysultans, Stone Town is famousfor its buildings (a blend ofPortuguese, East Indian, Per-sian and Omani Arab archi-tecture) and narrow, wind-

ings streets. Among the sightsin Stone Town are the sul-tan’s palace, the old Arabfort, built to defend againstthe Portuguese around 1700,two cathedrals and severalmosques.

MafiaOnce a strategic Indian

Ocean trading post visited bydhows, Mafia Island becameTanzania’s first Marine Park,

and now provides colourfuldiving and fishing opportu-nities. Just 30 minutes flightfrom Dar es Salaam, Mafiais home to rural farming andfishing communities whoselives continue just as they havefor millennia. This is its charm:a virtually unchanged islandhome, with just a few touristlodges. The fascinating ruins

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of Chole Island can be reachedby ferry, and further historiclinks to the ancient ruins ofKilwa and the surroundingislands are a short flight away.

PembaNorth of Unguja, Pemba

is a surprisingly large ruralisland and the main sourceof Zanzibar’s cloves. Seaweedfarming and even rubber-tapping may also be seen.Pemba has a unique charm,enhanced by its lack of visi-tors and local reputation asa centre for traditional med-icines. Separated from Zanzi-bar by the Pemba Channelthat drops to depths of morethan 1000m, this is the placefor superb diving and deep-sea fishing of whales, sharksand manta rays are oftenseen in the deeper channels.

Tanzania’s Myriad ofCultures and Traditions

Tanzania is endowed withthe rich cultural heritage of120 ethnic tribes. The diverse

cultures, traditions and cus-toms manifest themselves inTanzania’s unique touristattractions in the form of rich

traditional dances, handi-crafts such as weaving andpottery and art in the formof paintings and the woodcarving of the Makonde ethniccommunity from southernTanzania.

ConclusionRegardless of the coun-

try’s abundance of touristattractions, there is a need formore emphasis to be placedon preservation of naturalresources, some of which areWorld Heritage. Tanzania hasa unique tourism productmix and must keep it uniqueby sustaining it. A correctbalance has to be establishedbetween exploitation andconservation; and betweeneconomic interests and thesocial, environmental andcultural impact of humanactivity in tourism. This iswhy the government aims atdeveloping low volume-highyield tourism while continuingto encourage private sectorinvestment in the sector.

However, greater public-private sector cooperation andcoordination is required inorder to plan, promote, market,and regulate the industry ina manner that will ultimatelyprove to be sustainable, andsuccessful, for Tanzania.

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IntroductionTanzania boasts of enough

arable land, diverse climaticzones and plenty of watersources suitable for agricul-tural production. However,only 35% of 44 million hectaresclassified as suitable for farm-ing is used, mainly by small-holder farmers who cultivateaverage farm sizes betweenone and three hectares usingtraditional cultivation meth-ods. Only 3.5% of Tanzania’sarable land is cultivated bycommercial farmers. Hardly15% of the cultivated land isploughed by tractors andproduction is mainly rainfall-determined. Both crops andlivestock are adversely affectedby unreliable rainfall in termsof intensity and distributionas well as extreme events suchas drought and flood.

Small-scale farmers lackcapital, skills and can onlymanage to cultivate for sub-sistence. Though irrigationholds the key to stabilisingagricultural production toimprove food security, increasefarmers’ productivity andincomes as well as producehigher valued crops, onlyabout 465,000 hectares outof the 29.4 million hectaressuitable for irrigation aredeveloped.

Usage of agricultural in-puts remains quite low, with

only 15% of all farmers usingfertilisers and 20% usingimproved seeds. Low levels oftechnology, excessive relianceon rain, insufficient agricul-tural extension services, lowlabour productivity, deficienttransportation and marketinginfrastructure are the majorimpediments of rapid growthin agriculture.

Economic impactand performance

Agriculture (which alsoencompasses livestock, forestry,hunting, and fishing) is Tan-

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zania’s economy mainstay,contributing 22% to GDP,16% to merchandise exportearnings and 66% to totalemployment during 2015.Generally ensuring satis-factory food security at thenational level, the sector alsohas forward linkages withnon-farm sectors throughagro-processing, consump-tion and export as well asprovision of raw materialsto various industries.

Yet growth is slow com-pared to others sectors. In2015, the national GDP fromagricultural activities grewby only 2.2% compared to3.4% the previous year. Thisremained below the targetof achieving the 6% growthrate envisaged in the five-yeardevelopment plan (2011/2012-2015/2016). This is alsolow compared to a 2.4% ruralpopulation growth rate.

To date agricultural pro-ductivity gains in Tanzaniahave been based more on theexpansion of cultivated landrather than yield increases.

For the year 2016/2017,the government has bud-geted 4.9% of its total budgetexcluding public debt serviceto finance various activitiesin the agriculture, livestockand fisheries sector includingpurchase of farm implementsand inputs; and improve andensure availability of reli-able market. In an effort toempower small scale farmers,the government will strengthenthe newly established Tanza-nia Agriculture DevelopmentBank (TADB) in order to pro-vide affordable loans to trans-form the current subsistenceagriculture into commercialfarming. TADB will issue loansto over 1,000,000 farmersduring the next five years

2016/2017 to 2020/2021 asit seeks to play an increas-ingly important role in help-ing the country to realizeits Vision 2025.

ProductionThe main cropping pat-

terns reflect the climactic andbiophysical variance. Tanza-nia’s agro-ecological zonesrange from higher rainfallareas on the coast and high-lands in the north, far west,south and southwest, to aridand semi-arid areas in theinterior of the country. Rain-fall follows two distinct pat-terns, which strongly influ-ences crop and plantingdecisions. The northeasternhighlands, Lake Victoria basin,and northern coastal areasfeature a bi-modal rainfallregime with short rains (Vuli)from October-December andlong rains (Masika) fromMarch-May. The rest of thecountry experiences a differ-ent, uni-modal regime witha single rainfall pattern fromDecember to April (Musumi).Most of the country’s crop pro-duction takes place duringthe Masika season. 85% ofthe annually cultivated landis under food crops.

Food cropsThe main staples that are

produced include maize, rice,sorghum, millet and wheat

for cereal crops while thenon-cereals include pulses,cassava, potatoes, bananas,plantains, potatoes, oil seeds,fruits and horticultural prod-

ucts. Production patterns swingaccording to shifting weatherconditions in a given harvestyear.

After bumper harvest inthe 2013/2014 agriculturalseason, food crop productionslightly declined in 2014/2015due to inadequate long rainsespecially in major crop areas.The country produced 15.52million tonnes of food crops,down 3.2% from 16.02 mil-lion tonnes in the precedingseason. Out of the total pro-duction, non-cereal crops con-tributed 43% while cerealcrops contributed 57%. Maizeremained the largest cerealcrop, contributing 38% of thetotal food crop production,followed by rice and sorghum.Food output exceeded thenational annual food demandby 20% or 2.58 million tonnes.

Overall, food securityconditions continued to befavourable due to good harvestand large quantities of carry-over stocks from the previousseason but pockets of foodinsecurity exist where localisedproduction shortfalls occurredsuch as in the uni-modal

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central Rift Valley regions ofDodoma and Singida andin northeastern regions ofKilimanjaro, Arusha andTanga that experienced threeconsecutive unfavourableseasons with below-averagecrop production.

Food stock held by theNational Food Reserve Agency(NFRA) decreased from 452,054tonnes in March 2015 to68,277 tonnes in March 2016.This largely reflected the gov-ernment’s decision to releasefood to ensure food avail-ability in areas facing foodshortage.

Based on the agro-mete-orological observations andfield crop performance analy-sis, the 2015/16 agriculturalseason food crop productionis expected to slow down com-pared to the previous seasondue to erratic rainfall anddelayed planting operations.

The cereal import require-ment in the 2015/16 market-ing season is forecast at anaverage of 800,000 tonnes,mainly wheat and wheat flourplus some 100,000 tonnesof rice.

Cash cropsCoffee, tobacco, cotton,

cashew nuts, tea, sisal, cloves,pyrethrum, cut flowers andspices are the principal export

crops in Tanzania, with tobaccoleading the pack in valueterms. The country’s secondmost important export cropin Tanzania last year wascashew nuts followed by coffee,tea, cotton, cloves and sisalwhile in Zanzibar cloves leads

as the single major cash crop,with 90% of it produced inthe Island of Pemba.

Sugar, which is cultivatedby four estates in the Kageraregion, is another cash cropof importance. Annual aver-

age of sugar production is320,000 tonnes, which repre-sents about three quarters ofthe national demand.

With the exception ofcotton, production of almostall other cash crops increased

in 2014/2015. Cotton produc-tion fell from 246,000 tonnesin 2013/2014 to 203,000 tonnesin 2014/2015 on account ofinadequate utilisation ofpesticides, lower farm gateprices offered in the previousmarketing season and erraticweather. On the other hand,cashew nuts output rose to195,000 tonnes compared to130,000 tonnes produced theprevious season on accountof better distribution of cropinputs to farmers while coffeeproduction increased from48,000 tonnes to 69,000 tonnesdue to improved agriculturalpractices. Tea, tobacco andsisal outputs remained stableat 35,000 tonnes, 87,000tonnes and 39,000 tonnes,respectively.

The value of traditionalexports in 2015 fell to US$ 787million from US$ 828 millionthe previous year. The declinewas largely explained by afall in both export prices andvolumes for most of the tradi-

tional crops. With the excep-tion of coffee, sisal and tea,prices of all other traditionalexports fell, in line withchanges in the world marketcommodity prices. Traditionalexports contributed about 16%to total merchandise exports.

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Tanzania is expected toharvest 75,000 tonnes oftobacco, 120,000 tonnes ofcashew nuts, 72,000 tonnesof coffee, 35,000 tonnes oftea, 150,000 tonnes of cottonand 43,000 tonnes of sisalduring the 2015/2016 farm-ing season.

LivestockLivestock production is

one of the major agriculturalactivities in Tanzania. The subsector contributes to nationalfood supply, converts range-lands resources into productssuitable for human consump-tion and is a source of cashincomes and an inflation–free store of value. It providesabout 30% of the Agricul-tural GDP and livelihood toan estimated 1.6 millionhouseholds. Out of the subsector’s contribution to GDP,about 40% originates frombeef production, 30% frommilk production and another30% from poultry and smallstock production. Livestockproduction originates from alarge resource base composedof the different livestock spe-cies, breeds and types whoseownership and distributiondiffer from region to region.Annual production is estim-ated at 2.1 billion litres ofmilk, 320,000 tonnes of beef,125,000 tonnes of sheep meat,80,000 tonnes of pig meat,100,000 tonnes of chickenmeat and 4.1 billion eggs.

The total livestock popu-lation is 53.6 million of which25.8 million are cattle, 16.7million goats, 8.7 millionsheep and 2.4 million pigs. Thepoultry population is estim-ated at 69 million, of which 30million are improved chickens.

Smallholder ruminantproduction in Tanzania ischaracterised by most live-

stock keeping householdshaving less than 10 head.However, a relatively highpercentage of the livestockpopulation is reared by asmall number of farmers.Ruminant livestock produc-tion is concentrated in thenorthern regions of the countryand declines steadily towardsthe South of the country.

Three livestock produc-tion systems are commonlydistinguished in the range-land areas; commercial ranch-ing, pastoralism and agro-pastoralism. The NationalRanching Company (NARCO)is responsible for the majorityof the commercial ranchingin the country, which onlyaccounts for 2% of the totalcattle herds. However Narcohas made over 100,000ha ofprime ranch land availablefor investors and supportsinvestments in feedlots, abat-toirs, meat processors, ren-dering plants and tanneries.

The livestock industryhas maintained a steadyannual growth rate of over4% during the last decadebut Tanzania is increasinglyunable to meet the internaldemand for livestock. This isfurther compounded by theculture of the retention oflarge cattle herds as statussymbols in some parts of the

country. The current chal-lenges facing the sector includeanimal diseases, poor infra-structure and lack of reliablemarkets, investments andprocessing industries.

The Tanzania LivestockModernization Initiative(TLMI), launched in 2015,aims to transform the tradi-

tional livestock sub-sectorinto a modern, responsive,sustainable and environ-mentally-friendly engine forrural development.

FisheriesTanzania is one of the

largest fishing nations inAfrica, according to FAO; itis ranked in the top 10 coun-tries in terms of total capturefisheries production. Waterbodies contribute about 85%of the total annual fish land-ings while marine waters con-tribute about 15%. Artisanalfishermen produce about90% of the total fish catchin the country; only 10% isderived from industrial fish-ing. The present annual fishcatch of about 375,000 tonnescontributes about 6% to theagricultural GDP. Aquacul-ture, with an annual produc-tion of 10,000 tonnes per yearis an emerging industry thatis currently dominated bytilapia species.

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Most of the fish caught isconsumed locally while Nileperch; sardines and prawnsare mainly for exports. Exportsof fish and fish productsearned the country US$ 173million in 2015. Opportunitiesexist in fish production asTanzania experiences short-age of over 400,000 tonnes.

Sector Strategyand programmes

Tanzania’s agriculturaldevelopment policies andplans include ambitious tar-gets and large-scale invest-ments. The overarching aimis increasing crop produc-tivity and modernization,encouraging a transitionfrom subsistence agricultureto commercial farming. Strate-gies and policies tend to pro-mote improved knowledgeand skills of farmers, incen-tives for private sector involve-ment, strengthening valuechains and productive activ-ities, ensuring food security,and infrastructure (largelyirrigation development). Thesesector priorities and targetsare largely rooted in the Agri-culture Sector DevelopmentStrategy (ASDS, 2006), KilimoKwanza initiative (“Agricul-ture First,” 2009) and thenew National AgriculturalPolicy (2013). The agriculturesector is carrying out severallarge-scale programmes andinitiatives aimed to meet thesector’s strategic prioritiesand targets.

TAFSIPEndorsed by African Union

(AU) heads of state and theNew Partnership for AfricanDevelopment (NEPAD) inMaputo in 2003, the Compre-hensive Africa AgricultureDevelopment Programme(CAADP) was signed by Tan-zania in July 2010. CAADPled the Tanzanian governmentto formulate the TanzaniaAgriculture and Food SecurityInvestment Plan (TAFSIP,November 2011). CAADP’sroll-out is financed through a

multi-donor trust fund man-aged by the World Bank.CAADP targets of reducingpoverty by half by 2025through the pursuit of a 6%average annual growth inthe agriculture sector andallocating an average of10% of national budgets toagriculture, which Tanzaniahas not yet achieved. ThroughCAADP agreement, Tanzania

is expected to be more seriousin ensuring that enoughbudgetary allocations aremade complementing othercontributions from stake-holders and developmentpartners.

ASDP-2The Government is final-

izing the formulation of theSecond Agriculture SectorDevelopment Programme(ASDP-2), which follows theconclusion of the first Agri-culture Sector DevelopmentProgramme (ASDP). ASDPwas launched in 2006 tocontribute to the targets ofreducing rural poverty from27% to 14% by 2010, andraising agricultural growthto 10% per year by 2010. Thisfirst seven-year phase (out ofa planned fifteen) concludedin 2013. Like ASDP, ASDP-2aims to guide and implementactivities to realize Tanzania’s

Vision 2025. ASDP-2 willmake use of recommenda-tions from a draft ASDP-2through Basket Fund (ASDP-2-BF) document which pro-poses to focus on strength-ening farmer organisationsso that they can view farmingas a business and producefor markets; on developmentof market and productiveinfrastructure; on supporting

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agribusinesses linked tofarmer organization produc-tion systems; on generatingand disseminating technol-ogies, and on institutionalcapacity building. The com-modities selected under ASDP-2 for intervention during theinitial years of the proposedprogramme include rice,maize, oil seeds (sunflowerand sesame), sugarcane andhorticultural crops.

SAGCOTLaunched at World Eco-

nomic Forum Africa in 2011,the Southern AgriculturalGrowth Corridor of Tanzania(SAGCOT) is a public-privatepartnership that aims to boostagricultural productivity inTanzania, and thereby achievethe country’s agriculturalstrategy. This endeavour isgeared towards exploitingthe huge area with agricul-tural potentials in food pro-duction in the Southern High-land Regions of Tanzaniaand transforming it intocommercially viable agricul-

tural production clusters ofsmall, medium and largescale enterprises. By 2030,

the initiative aims to bring350,000 hectares of landinto commercial production,increase annual farmingrevenues by US$ 1.2 billion,and lift some 450,000 farminghouseholds out of poverty.The Ministry of Agriculturehas placed priority on increas-ing production of maize, riceand sugar to meet the nationaldemand as well as export tothe East, Central and SouthAfrican countries. By 2030, theSouthern Highlands Regionsare expected to produce680,000 tonnes of field crops(maize, soya and wheat),630,000 tonnes of rice, 4.4million tonnes of sugar cane,3,500 tonnes of red meat, and32,000 tonnes of high valuefruits.

BRNBig Results Now! Big Results

Now (BRN) is an initiativedesigned to address the lag-ging pace of implementingnational development targets.BRN started with six sectorsincluding agriculture. For the

agricultural sector three pro-grammes have been priori-tized including:

• Building warehouse-basedtrading systems for maize (275warehouses in 12 districts);• Building 78 professionallymanaged commercial rice

irrigation schemes in 10 dis-tricts; and• Supporting 25 commercialfarming (agri-business) dealsincluding those in the SAC-GOT region – 150,000 ha ofmainly sugar cane and riceplantations.

Challenges in the Agriculture Sector• Low productivity of land,labour and other inputs.• Post harvest losses due inlarge part to the lack of properstorage.• Underdeveloped irrigationschemes.• Limited capital and accessto financial services.• Inadequate agriculturaltechnical support services.• Poor rural infrastructurehindering effective rural-urban linkages.• Infections and outbreaksof crop, animal pests anddiseases.• Erosion of national resourcebase and environmentaldegradation.• Lack of entrepreneurial skillsto turn non-farm activitiesinto viable sources of liveli-hood and foreign exchange.

ConclusionIn spite of Tanzania’s com-

parative advantage in the pro-duction of many crops and therelative abundance of naturalresources, 25% of the ruralpopulation still live belowthe poverty line due to themodest sector performance.

By raising agriculturalproductivity through enhancedinvestments, both public andprivate, in rural infrastruc-ture such as roads, irrigation,inputs such as high yieldingseed varieties and fertiliserand technology it could bepossible to enjoy the fruits ofprosperity.

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IntroductionGiven the country’s rich

endowment of mineral resour-ces Tanzania’s mining indus-try has experienced a boomin both mineral explorationand mining activities duringthe past 15 years.

With a distinction as thesole producer of the preciousTanzanite in the world, thecountry is also the fifth largestproducer of gold in Africa andranks among the top produc-ers of diamond in the world.

Tanzania is well known tohave a conducive and prospec-tive geological environmentwith abundant potential ofeconomic mineral deposits.The country’s main mineraldevelopment potential is inmetallic minerals (gold, tin,nickel, iron ore, rare earthelements, copper and lead);

platinum group minerals(platinum, palladium andrhodium); gemstones (tan-zanite, diamonds, emerald,ruby and sapphire); energyminerals (coal, peat and ura-nium), and a range of indus-trial minerals, includingkaolin, soda ash, gypsum,mica, graphite, phosphate,salt and limestone.

In recent years, coal,nickel, cobalt, uranium, rareearth oxides, niobium andgraphite finds have spurredincreased interest on the partof investors.

Economic importanceAlthough its contribution

to real GDP remains smallat 3.4%, mining is currentlythe third most importantsource of foreign exchangefor the country after tourismand manufacturing. With

about 27% of merchandiseexport earnings accrued fromminerals in 2015, mainly fromgold mining by large-scaleforeign owned companies,the mining sector is still ofsignificant importance tothe economy, providing jobs,investments and suppliercontracts.

The cumulative total for-eign direct investments (FDI)in the mining sector in thepast ten years have exceededUS$ 4 billion. During the sameperiod, the value of mineralexports increased from US$693 million in 2005 to US$1,695 million in 2015 whiledirect employment in thesector reached 24,500. A totalof 50,000 are estimated todepend upon providing serv-ices to the formal miningsector. Artisanal and small-scale mining is also a source

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of livelihood for a significantnumber of people. Throughroughly 15,000 Primary Min-ing License (PML) holders,there are 680,000 artisanaland small scale miners in thecountry.

Notwithstanding its smallsize, the mining industry con-tinues to make a significantcontribution in terms of roy-alties, statutory taxes andother payments to the gov-ernment; infrastructure devel-opment; procurement withinTanzania, corporate socialresponsibility and salaries toTanzanian employees. Thelarge scale mines in the coun-try, for the year 2015, procuredgoods and services valuedat US$ 1,120 million fromdomestic suppliers out of atotal value of US$ 1,405 mil-lion according to TanzaniaMinerals Audit Agency.

Overall, it is estimated that45% of the value of minedminerals generated by themining industry is kept inTanzania.

Nonetheless, the full poten-tial of mineral wealth hasnot been forthcoming. Thegovernment of Tanzania istherefore working hard toattract foreign investors forharnessing more mineralresources that are yet to betapped.

Performanceand outlook

The mining sector grewby 9.1% in 2015, comparedto 9.4% registered the previousyear. However, the value ofmineral exports decreased

from US$ 1.78 billion in 2014to US$ 1.69 billion in 2015.Much of the decline wasrecorded in gold which fellby 1.7% to US$ 1.58 billiondue to the fall in unit exportprice by 8.6% to an averageof US$ 1,160 per troy ounce.Gold remained the majorcontributor to the country’sexport earnings from min-erals, accounting for 93% ofall mineral export earningsin 2015.

New mining investmentsare expected to spur growthin the mining sector, withTanzania’s mining industryforecast to grow by over 8%annually over the next threeyears. Gold production shouldincrease as new projects aredeveloped, with large-scalecommercial coal, nickel anduranium mining also likelyto commence soon. The con-tribution of the mining sectoris therefore expected to expandsteadily in the coming years.The government’s plan, as partof the Big Results Now initia-tive, is to have this sector con-tribute 10% of GDP by 2025.

Mining potentialWidely recognised inter-

nationally for its highly pros-pective geological formations,Tanzania lies on a multi-billionUS$ worth exploitable depositsranging from metallic min-eral deposits, precious metals,platinum group metals, gem-stones, industrial mineralsand energy minerals.

Ongoing explorationsworks have resulted in discov-ery of substantial resources ofgold, nickel, uranium, cobalt,coal, diamond, tanzanite,graphite and rare earthsoxides, among others.

GoldGold has been one of the

main success stories of Tan-zania over the last 15 yearsand the country is currentlythe fifth largest gold producerin Africa after South Africa,Ghana, Mali and Sudan. Thishas been achieved througha combination of new dis-coveries and further explo-ration of some historicalprospects and mines sincethe mid nineties. The princi-pal advanced prospects andoperating mines are locatedin northern Tanzania in theLake Victoria Goldfields whichis recognised as a world-classgold province. Gold is alsomined in the Proterozoic rocksin the Southwest of Tanzania.

Major gold mining com-panies operating in the coun-try include world giant miningcompanies Acacia – formerlyAfrican Barrick Gold – andAngloGold Ashanti alongwith Shanta Gold, an emerg-ing gold mining producer,and Stamigold, a new entrantin the sector.

Gold output by the majorgold mines in 2015 was 1.36million troy ounces, up 7.1%

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compared to 1.27 million troyounces produced in 2014.AngloGold Ashanti ownedGeita Gold Mine (GGM) wasthe leading gold producer2014 with 38.6% of total pro-duction. Total mineral exportsin 2015 from gold bars andcopper concentrate producedby the six major gold mines(Biharamulo, Bulyanhulu,Buzwagi, Geita, New Luikaand North Mara) were: 1.37million troy ounces of gold;13.8 million pounds of copper;and 0.49 million troy ouncesof silver with total worth ofUS$ 1.63 billion, down 1.8%compared to US$ 1.66 billionrealised in 2014. Mediumand small scale gold miningoperators account for approx-imately 3% of Tanzanian goldproduction. Gold from Tan-zania is mainly exported toSouth Africa, India, Switzer-land and Australia.

Government’s continuedefforts to attract more investorsin the mining sector haveresulted into a number ofnew projects. CATA Mining,a Tanzanian-Canadian com-pany has recently inaugu-rated a new gold mine in theMara region while BuckreefRe-Development Gold Projectin the Lake Victoria goldfieldunder a joint venture betweenTanzania Royalty Explora-tion Corp. and STAMICO isexpected to start full-scalecommercial production bylate 2016. Other gold mining

projects under pipeline includeSinginda Gold Project (ShantaGold), Imweru Gold Project(Kibo Mining), Nyanzaga Gold

Project (Acacia), BuhembaGold Project (STAMICO),Miyabi and Kitongo GoldProjects (Rift Valley Resources),Kinyambwiga open-pit GoldProject (Lake Victoria Min-ing), Saza-Makongolosi GoldProject (Helio Resource Corp.)and Handeni Gold Project(East African Metals).

New discoveries of golddeposits may help Tanzaniaregain its position as thethird-biggest gold producerin Africa.

DiamondsTanzania has been a sig-

nificant diamond producerfor several decades, with thebulk of production comingfrom the Williamson DiamondMine at Mwadui where com-

mercial production began in1940. Williamson DiamondMine is an operating openpit controlled/owned by PetraDiamonds Ltd of South Africa(75%) and the governmentof Tanzania (25%). It is oneof the oldest continuouslyoperating diamond mines inthe world. Over its lifetime ithas produced over 20 millioncarats of diamonds. The cur-rent mine plan for William-son is for 16 years while thepotential life of the mine ismore than 50 years.

Diamonds output at Wil-liamson Diamonds Limited(WDL) in 2015 was 196,256carats, down 3.7% as com-pared to 203,786 carats pro-duced in 2014. The mineexported 191,407 carats ofdiamonds worth US$ 53.3million in 2015, comparedto 226,351 carats worth US$73.6 million sold in 2014 onaccount of the decline in pricesof rough diamonds by 15%on the world market.

Over 300 other kimber-lites are known in Tanzaniaof which, 20% are diamon-diferous.

TanzaniteDiscovered in 1967, Tan-

zanite is a rare gemstone thatis only found from a single

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deposit site in northern Tan-zania in the foothills ofMount Kilimanjaro.

The tanzanite resource isa long narrow area, dividedinto four blocks, named “A”to “D”. TanzaniteOne Miningown the licence to mine thelargest area Block C. Mediumscale mining is undertakenby Kilimanjaro Mining inBlock A and Tanzanite Africain Block D-extension. Blocks Band D are mined largely bythousands of artisanal miners.

TanzaniteOne is by farthe largest player accordingto both production, and alsotax and royalties to the gov-ernment but its developmenthas recently been hamperedby illegal smuggling, lowenforcement of the exportban and conflictual relationswith small scale miners whichled to disrupted production.Rough Tanzanite output fromTanzaniteOne decreased by76% to 0.93 million caratsin 2015, compared to 3.8million carats produced in2014. The mine sold roughand preform Tanzanite worthUS$ 4.48 million comparedto US$ 9.66 million the pre-vious year. Another factorthat affected the companywas the change in ownership.After entering a joint ventureagreement with TanzaniaState Mining Corporation(STAMICO) in December2013, Richland Resourcessold its remaining 50% stakein the company to the Arusha-based Sky Associate Groupin March 2015.

TanzaniteOne tradition-ally sell rough gemstones towholesale customers called“Sightholders” while addi-tional revenue is generatedfrom beneficiation operationsfrom a lapidary factory.

The government bannedexports of rough Tanzaniteweighing more than 5 caratsin 2010 with the view of pro-moting value addition andfurther banned two yearsafter Tanzanite exports thatlack a Certificate of Origin ina bid to curb illegal trade andboost the country’s returnsfrom the gemstone but largequantities of gemstones in therough continue to leave thecountry. It is estimated thatTanzanite minerals valuedat US$ 380 million are stillsmuggled out of the countryannually through illegalchannels.

Tanzanite has enormouspotential for Tanzania, buttime is running out and theindustry is in dire need ofmajor changes and structuralreforms as this rare resource

is limited by the lifespan ofthe mines. At the current rateof mining, geologists estimatethat the available supply willbe depleted within the next20 years.

Coal and Iron OreCoal is likely to become

one of the fastest-growingmining sectors in Tanzaniaas the country looks to coal-fired power to offset an energyshortage that is holding backthe country’s development.There is an estimated fivebillion tonnes of coal insouthern Tanzania suitablefor power generation andindustrial uses.

Tancoal Energy, a jointventure between Intra EnergyCorporation of Australia(70%) and the TanzanianGovernment (30%), is engagedin coal exploration anddevelopment of concessions.The company has started inAugust 2011 developing amajor thermal coal miningoperation at the Ngaka coal-fields in the southwest region.

With a Measured Resource of412 million tonnes, Tancoalwill soon ramp up productionin order to meet the require-ments for the new Dangotecement plant in Mtwara and

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the proposed 600MW powerstation expected to come on-line in 2019. During the year2015, the mine produced255,884 tonnes and sold260,628 tonnes of coal worthUS$ 11.9 million to local andregional cement and indus-trial markets. At an estimatedmaximum production rate of4-5 million tonnes per annum,the Ngaka Coal Project hassufficient proven coal resourcesfor over 50 years of profitable,low-cost production.

A mega coal project atMchuchuma southwest ofTanzania is being developedby Tanzania China Interna-tional Mineral Resources(TCIMR), a joint venture part-nership between China’sSichuan Hongda Group (SHG)and Tanzania’s NationalDevelopment Corporation.Mchuchuma Katewaka hasan inferred reserve of 536million tonnes of coal withproven reserve of 159 milliontonnes. SHG will invest US$

1.3 billion on the project toestablish a 3 million tonnesper annum coal mine andthermal power station of600MW. This will open up anopportunity for extraction ofiron ore at Liganga, whereSHG will invest US$ 1.7 billionfor establishing a 3 milliontonnes per annum iron oremine and iron and steel com-plex to produce 1 milliontonnes per annum of iron andsteel products. The Ligangaproject life is expected to be

70 years through which a totalof 219 million tonnes of ironore, 175,000 tonnes of tita-nium and 5,000 tonnes ofvanadium will be mined. TheMchuchuma and Ligangaprojects are expected to startoperations by 2017 and 2019,respectively. The twin project,which is set to begin soon,has the potential of creatingan estimated 32,000 jobs,spur iron and steel industriesin the country and boost coalexports.

The Mbeya Coal to PowerProject, whose mining Feasi-bility Study was completed inJune 2016, is another projectin the pipeline.

UraniumMkuju River is a uranium

development project locatedin Namtumbo District, Ruvu-ma Region. The project isowned by Mantra TanzaniaLimited and operated byUranium One on behalf ofARMZ Uranium of Russia,

who is the owner of both. Theproject’s mineral resourcebase totals approximately56,500 tonnes of uraniumoxide. Negotiations with thegovernment are at final stage.Following the deferral of thestart date of constructionactivities, it is now expectedthat the uranium mine willstart production in 2018 oncespot uranium prices are likelyto improve. Production levelswill be somewhere between1,900 and 2,700 tonnes a year,

propelling the country intothe world top ten uraniumproducers. The project isexpected to bring direct andindirect cash flows that willexceed US$640 million basedon the 15 year estimated lifespan of the mine, while it willalso bring foreign direct invest-ment that will exceed US$1 billion.

Other promising prospectsare the Manyoni UraniumProject and the Mkuju Ura-nium Project, both owned byMagnis Resources, and theMtonya project owned byUranuim Resources.

NickelTanzania’s nickel poten-

tial is world class and thecountry’s proximity to Asianmarkets will be a major driverof this segment of its miner-als industry for many yearsto come.

The Ntaka Hill NickelSulphide Project, located insoutheastern Tanzania hasthe potential to emerge as oneof the world’s best undevel-oped nickel sulphide projects.It has a total measured andindicated resource of 20.3million tonnes grading 0.58%nickel and 0.14% copper for

238,500 tonnes of containednickel as well as an inferredresource of 35.9 million tonnesgrading 0.66% nickel. TheProject, currently at FeasibilityStudy stage, is planned to bebrought into production inthe next two years. The Project,

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which is owned by IndianaResources (70%) and Fig TreeResources Fund (30%) isexpected to deliver between10,000 and 15,000 tonnes ofnickel-in-concentrate per year.

Kabanga Nickel Deposit,located in Ngara district, north-west of Tanzania, is one of thebest undeveloped greenfieldnickel sulphide deposits in theworld. It has a total estim-ated measured and indicatedresource of 37.2 million tonnesgrading 2.6% nickel andinferred resource of 21 milliontonnes grading 2.6% nickel.Contingent upon the resultsof the feasibility study andgovernment infrastructureimprovement projects, it isexpected that the operationmay be capable of producingmore than 40,000 tonnes peryear of nickel-in-concentrateat full production. The much-awaited Kabanga NickalProject is jointly owned byGlencore, the operator, andAcacia Mining.

Highly potential nickeland platinum group metalsrecoveries from other depositshave been identified. Amongthe advanced projects is DutwaNickel Project developed byBlackdown Resources.

Rare Earth OxidesThe Ngualla Rare Earth

Project in Tanzania is a recentdiscovery and is the highestgrade of the large undevel-oped rare earth deposits. PeakResources Limited of Australiais fast tracking the develop-ment of its 100% owned proj-ect with the aim to becomea term rare earth producer.The recent maiden ore reserveestimate is 20.7 million tonnesat 4.54% Rare Earth Oxides(REO). The Preliminary Feasi-bility Study establishes aneconomically robust project

base case at 10,000 tonnesper annum of separated highpurity REO. The company is

now progressing towards theBankable Feasibility Study.REO are destined for industrialand technology applicationsincluding nuclear power, met-allurgy, glass making, lasersand electrical components.

Rare Earth Element depositsare also being explored byMontero Mining & Explora-tion of Canada on their WiguHill property, 68km south ofMorogoro.

NiobiumA promising prospect is

the Panda Hill Niobium Projectowned by Cradle Resourcesin Mbeya region. With anestimated measured and indi-cated resource of 69 milliontonnes grading 0.53% nio-bium, Panda Hill is the mostviable undeveloped NiobiumProject worldwide. A Defin-itive Feasibility Study wasrecently completed and thedecision to mine is expectedin late 2016.

GraphiteTanzania will soon become

one of the largest producersof graphite in the world.

Magnis Resources is a nearterm graphite producer withits Nachu Project. The com-pany completed a Pre-Fea-sibility Study and recentlysigned two off-take agree-

ments totalling 180,000 tonnesof graphite concentrate perannum.

The Epanko Project ownedby Kibaran Resources in south-east Tanzania is anotheradvanced project with Bank-able Feasibility Study com-pleted and off-take agreementsfor 30,000 tonnes of graphiteconcentrate per annum over10 years signed.

Meanwhile BlackRockMining has released ScopingStudy Results for its MahengeProject, which revealed thatthe project could support a52,000 tonnes per annumgraphite concentrate opera-tion. Graphex Mining is alsocarrying out exploration atits Chilalo Project, one of thehighest quality, undevelopedgraphite deposits in the world.

Legal Framework / RecentDevelopments

Tanzania opened up themining sector after enactingthe investor-friendly MiningAct 1998. Further, the govern-ment initiated legal policyreforms which resulted intoNew Mineral Policy 2009 andMining Act 2010. The newpolicy, whilst containing manyof the same objectives as itspredecessor seeks to redressthe perceived low contribu-tion of the mining sector tothe country’s GDP.

The policy objectives arepredominantly concernedwith promoting economic

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integration between the min-eral sector and other sectorsof the economy, so as tomaximise the contributionof the mineral sector to theeconomy. Other objectivesinclude strengthening of thelegal and regulatory frame-work for the mineral sectorto enhance the capacity formonitoring and enforcement,promotion and facilitationof mining related value addedactivities to increase incomeand employment opportu-nities and strategic partici-pation by the government inviable mining projects.

Key changes introducedby the 2010 Act, are as follows:• Licenses to mine for gem-stones are only to be grantedto Tanzanians, regardlessof the size of the operation,except where the Ministerdetermines that the develop-ment is most likely to requirespecialised skills, technologyor a high level of investment.In the latter case foreign par-ticipation is limited to 50%. • The Minister of Energy andMinerals is granted power toprescribe a standard modelform of Mining DevelopmentAgreement (MDA) for allprojects exceeding US$ 100million (rather than case-by-case negotiation). This allowsfor participation by the gov-ernment in all future miningprojects.• The calculation method forroyalties is amended, levying4% on the gross value ofminerals, up from 3% on thenet back value on metallicminerals (including gold),5% on gemstone, diamondsand uranium, and 3% formost other minerals.• A greater degree of disclo-sure is required by the holdersof mineral rights in respectof reports, records and generalinformation.

• More emphasis is placedon environmental manage-ment and impact evaluation.

The Mining Act 2010 alsopaved the way for main-streaming taxation of mineralproduction to align it withthe Income Tax Act 2004and other laws. However, theimmediate impact of newstandard MDA has been lim-ited, as existing gold minesremain subject to the provi-sions of the 2008 Mining Actand to the terms of earlierMDAs. Thus, review of the taxexemption package is goingon between the governmentand mining companies aimedat removing some compo-nents and achieving a win-win situation in the sector.

Additionally, one strategythat the government is usingto integrate the mining sectorwith other economic sectorsis to encourage mining com-panies to source most of theirrequired goods and servicesdomestically. The governmentis also mobilising and support-ing indigenous Tanzaniansto supply goods and servicesto the mines.

Challenges• Poor infrastructural systemsin terms of power, roads andrailways as well as water sup-ply impede potential invest-ments in the mining sector.• Low level of mineral pro-cessing that leads to exportsof raw minerals thus export-

ing thousands of jobs thatcould have been done byTanzanians.• Human resource constraints;Tanzania is still facing acuteshortage of geological experts,forcing the mining compa-nies to use foreign experts.• A growing negative publicperception on mining hasbecome one of the many chal-lenges that is haunting themineral sector developmentin Tanzania. The negative per-ception might have arisendue to the fact that miningis a new culture to the peopleand that people expectedfast, direct benefits from thesector in the shortest possibletime. Unfortunately, large scalemining projects are highlycapital intensive and takea very long time to recoupprofits.

ConclusionThe Tanzania government

rightly recognises the poten-tial of the mining industry toserve as the engine of growthfor the national economy. Thatis why it has been receptiveto private sector participationin unlocking the miningpotential in the belief thatthe sector will play a hugerole in attaining the growthtargets set out in Tanzania’sVision 2025. However, Tan-zania is still considered to beweak in the governance of itsmining sector despite com-mendable improvements sofar made.

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IntroductionThough an under-devel-

oped sector in Tanzania, man-ufacturing is an importantcontributor to the country’sGDP despite the substantialburdens it struggles under.Hampered by the variabilityof the agricultural sector onwhich it is based, Tanzania’sindustries also contend withhigh costs of production, lowlabour productivity, highinterest rates and increasedcompetition under the policyof trade liberalization.

The sector is character-ized by narrow industrialbase dominated by agro-industries, limited diversifi-cation, reliance on importedraw materials and inter-mediates, relatively under-developed industry linkages,prevalent use of obsoletetechnologies and productionthat is mainly focused on thedomestic market.

The government under-stands that significant trans-formation of the sector is vital.And, to achieve the desiredtransformation, it is inevitableto promote and stimulate achange process that willmake the sector exhibit adiversified structure of pro-duction; undertake process-ing of more of the naturalresources with which Tanzaniais endowed; and becomeexport-oriented.

The government’s goalsfor the industrial sector in themedium term are to optimisethe exploitation of domesticnatural resources; to strengthenbackward and forward link-ages within the manufactur-ing sector and between thesector and rest of the eco-nomy; to ensure that indus-tries are competitive in thedomestic and internationalmarkets; to raise levels oftechnological capabilities;

to create new employmentopportunities; to absorb therapidly growing labour force;to strengthen the SME sectorand put emphasis on sub-regional collaboration andsouth-south cooperation.

Major productionand industrial units

Manufacturing is con-centrated in a few low-techsectors. Tanzania’s most impor-tant industries include agro-food processing, beveragesand cement. Other industriesinclude the production oftextiles, apparel, footwear,tobacco products, glass, paints,plastics, chemicals and phar-maceuticals as well as pro-cessing of metals and woodallied products. Major playersof this sector include TanzaniaPortland (Heidelberg), Tanga(Afrisam) and Mbeya (LafargeHolcim) cement companies,Tanzania Breweries Ltd (SABMiller), Tanzania Cigarette

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Company (JTI) and Kilom-bero Sugar Company (Illovo),among others.

Food, Beveragesand Tobacco

The food manufacturingin Tanzania include manu-facturing of dairy products,canning and preservation offruits and vegetables, fishcanning and similar foods,manufacture of animal andvegetable oils, grain millingbaking, sugar and confec-tionery as well as preparedanimal feeds. The beveragesinclude distilling and blend-ing of spirits; manufactureof wines, cider and beer; pro-duction of soft drinks and car-bonated waters and bottlingof natural spring and min-erals waters. The tobacco sub-sector comprises manufac-turing of cigarettes, tobaccoand other tobacco production.

Textiles, Clothing,Leather and Footwear

Activities undertaken inthis category include spinning,weaving and finishing oftextiles as well as garments,knitting and the manufac-ture of carpets, rugs, cordage,rope and twines. The leatherand footwear subsector includetanneries; leather finishingand manufacturing of prod-ucts from leather such as lug-gage, handbags and purposes.

Tanzania is Africa’s sixthlargest producer of cottonand has about 30 ginningcompanies. The country alsoproduces about 2.8 millionpieces of raw hides and skinsannually, whereas just 10%

are processed locally and alarge portion is exported inraw form. Although the sub-sector’s contribution to totalmanufacturing output hasrecently declined, opportu-nities exist in establishingfull integrated textile millsas well as putting up moderntanneries and leather fin-ishing production units.

Wood Allied ProductsAccounted in the sub-

sector include sawmills, plan-ning and other wood millsmanufacturing goods as wellas manufacture of woodencontainers, cane productsand wooden products.

Paper and Paper ProductsThis comprises the man-

ufacturing of pulp, paper,paperboard, fibreboards, lightpackaging, heavy packag-ing, printing, stationery andother paper products.

Chemicals, Rubberand Plastics

The chemical subsectorcomprises the manufactureof basic industrial chemicals,fertilizers, pesticides, plasticmaterials and products, medic-inal and pharmaceuticals,soap, detergents, perfumesand other cosmetics, paintsand other chemical products.Rubber products produced inthe country include tyres andtubes conveyors and fan belts,rubber mats, groves, pipes andtanks, plastic sheets, kitchen-ware, furniture and footwear.

Non-metallic MineralProducts

This includes manufac-ture of pottery, earthenware,glass and glassware products,bricks, tiles, cement, concrete,gypsum and plaster products.

Boosted by robust growthin construction, Tanzania’scement industry has grownrapidly over the years. Cementproducers currently operatingin the country include Tanza-nia Portland Cement, TangaCement, Mbeya Cement, ARMCement, Lake Cement, Lee

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Building Materials, KisaraweCement and Dangote Cement,the latter four being the newestentrants in Tanzania’s cementmanufacturing.

Following recent capacityexpansion by existing com-panies aimed at meeting thelocal and regional demandcombined with the entry ofnew producers, Tanzania’sannual cement productioncapacity has shot up fromlittle over 3 million tonnes

in 2013 to approximately 9million tonnes as of today.This has created overca-pacity and stiff competitionamong producers. It is how-ever expected that price reduc-tion will boost cement con-sumption as it would be moreaffordable to consumers.

With Tanzania’s construc-tion on the upward swing,domestic cement demand,which currently stands at 4.1million tonnes per annum,is predicted to grow contin-uously throughout the nexttwo decades.

Basic Metal ProductsThis comprises rolling

mills and foundries to produceproducts such as slabs, bars,sheets, plates, strips, tubes,pipes and rods.

Fabricated Metals,Machinery and Equipment

These include manufac-ture of cutlery, hand tools andgeneral hardware, furniture

and fixtures, doors, metalstaircases and window frames.Others are electrical motorstransformers, electrical con-trol devices and switchboardapparatus as well as radiosand transport equipment,mainly bicycles and carts.

Other ManufacturingIndustries

This covers products suchas jewels and related articles,furniture manufacture, meas-uring and controlling equip-

ment, optical goods, electronicsand ICT products. Productionin this category has experi-enced an annual averagegrowth of 10% over the lastdecade.

Importance of the sector,performance and prospects

The manufacturing sec-tor, though not strong as itshould be, continues to playa respectable role in the econ-omy, contributing handsomelyto the country’s export earn-ings and to government rev-enue. The sector also pro-vides employment for anestimated workforce of over150,000 people.

Statistics show that themanufacturing sector grewby 6.5% in 2015, close to the6.8% growth recorded in 2014.These steady growths havebeen the result of increasedindustrial production partic-ularly in agro-processing,beverage production and pri-mary metal industries. The

contribution of the manufac-turing sector to the nominalGDP was 7.3% in 2015.

Expanding market oppor-tunities in Asia, East Africa,Southern Africa and Far Eastcombined with an outward-looking strategy have boostedthe exports of manufacturedgoods. Tanzania exportedmanufactured goods worthUS$ 1,364 million in 2015compared to US$ 1,239 mil-lion in 2014. This accountedfor 24% of the country’s mer-chandise export earnings.Export of Tanzanian man-ufactured goods includescotton yarn, processed coffeeand tobacco, sisal products(yarn and twine), wheatflour, plastic items, textileapparel, and cement.

Despite the registeredsector growth and increasedproduction, the level of man-ufacturing remains belowthe set target of contributing23% to the GDP by 2025. Itis however projected that thesector will grow at a strongerpace once additional elec-tricity generation capacitiescome on stream.

PrivatizationsIn the early 1990s, the

government launched a pro-gram that was designed torestructure and privatize thepublicly owned enterprises,with about 600 parastatalslined up for divesture. Theprivatization has since thengained momentum, with over350 parastatals already movedfrom government controlto private hands.

Privatization in Tanzaniaranged from outright sale ofgovernment’s entire stake, topartial sale to concessions,leases, and managementcontract, hiring off and sale

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of non-core business activ-ities as well as opening thepreviously restricted sectorsto the new private entrants.

Through privatization,the government intended tocut waste of the parastatals,improve economic efficiency,stimulate the private sectorand mobilize more foreignand domestic investment.Generally, privatization hashad positive impacts. Thecoming in of foreign investorsin the manufacturing indus-tries, bringing in capital, newtechnologies and experience,has helped improve the per-formance and competitivenessof the respective industriesthus increasing governmentrevenue from taxes paid byprivate sector industries.Tanzania Breweries Limitedand Tanzania Cigarette Com-panies are living examplesof the benefits of privati-zation policy in Tanzania.Experts say that impressivemacroeconomic performancethat Tanzania has recordedemanates from the privati-zation efforts.

Policies and RegulatoryFramework

The discourse for indus-trial development in Tanzaniais elaborated in the Sustain-able Industrial DevelopmentPolicy – SIDP2020 whosemain purpose is to set out apath for industrializing Tan-zania so that by the turn ofthe first quarter of the 21st

Century it becomes a semiindustrialized country.

In its approach SIDPembraces the principles ofa market-led economy andcompetitiveness. It accordspriority to employment crea-tion, economic transforma-tion, and equitable develop-ment and seeks to strike an

appropriate balance betweenimport substitution and exportorientation. Under SIDP, theprivate sector is recognized as

the main vehicle for makingdirect investments in thesector while the governmentis tasked to provide an enabl-ing investment environment.Phase I (1996 - 2000) was fora short-term programme torehabilitate and consolidateexisting industrial capacities.Phase II (2000 -10) was amedium-term programme togenerate new capacities inareas with potential for creat-ing competitive advantagethrough the use of efficienttechnology and learningprocess. In this phase theemphasis was put on initiat-ing production of interme-diate goods and light capital.Phase III (2010 - 20) encom-passes a long-term pro-gramme to achieve majorinvestments in basic capitalgoods industries to ensureconsolidation of the indus-trial structures developed inthe first two phases.

To augment the efforts toattain SIDP goals, the ExportProcessing Zones (EPZs) Actwas passed in April 2002 andits implementation startedeffectively in March 2003.

Moreover, in June 2010 anIntegrated Industrial Devel-opment Strategy (IIDS) 2025was also adopted to promote

the efforts to achieve the SIDPgoal of bringing the econ-omy to a state of sustainableindustrial development.

IncentivesTanzania recognizes the

role of the private sector asa valuable instrument forincreased investment andtrade.

Being a member of theEast African Community(EAC) and Southern AfricanDevelopment Community(SADC), Tanzania enables themanufacturing sector to ben-efit from widened marketsand increased efficiency inresource allocation. The coun-try also offers a well-balancedand competitive package offiscal incentives in com-parison with other Africancountries.

The pro investment atti-tude by the Tanzanian gov-ernment is clearly demon-strated by the innovativeinvestment legislation, theincreasing number of domesticand foreign direct investmentsin the country and economic

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and structural reforms thathave led to substantial progressin establishing a functioningmarket economy.

Institutional support forpriority investment projectsis readily available from theTanzania Investment Centre(TIC), the one stop facilitativecentre for all investors.

Generally, the governmentof Tanzania has put in placeinvestment incentives whichprovide a soft landing platformto all investors during theinitial stage of the projectsimplementation. The incen-tives are both fiscal and non-fiscal, provided under the fol-lowing schemes/legislations:• Tanzania Investment Act1997 (certificate of incentives,strategic investor status).• Export Processing Zones Act2002.• Special Economic Zones Act2006.• Manufacturing under BondScheme.• Duty Drawback Scheme(DDS).

Investment opportunitiesTanzania manufacturing

sector offers a wide range ofopportunities to the potentiallocal and foreign investors.The priority sectors for invest-ment include the followingexport-oriented manufac-turing operations: Textileand garments; leather pro-cessing and leather products;lapidary; chemicals, agro-processing; fish processing;meat processing; wood prod-ucts, electrical and electronicappliances and ICT products.Other opportunities exist forindustries which use locallyavailable raw materials andvalue addition, heavy indus-tries for fertilizers and cementand factories in the SpecialEconomic Zones.

Industrial SupportOrganizations

The government has estab-lished several institutionsto render support services tothe industrial sector. Amongthem are: The National Devel-opment Corporation (NDC),the Small Industries Devel-opment Organization (SIDO),the Tanzania Trade Develop-ment Authority (TANTRADE),the Export Processing ZonesAuthority (EPZA), the Tanza-nia Industrial Research Devel-opment Organization (TIRDO),the Tanzania Engineeringand Manufacturing DesignOrganization (TEMDO), theCentre for Agricultural Mech-anization and Rural Technol-ogy (CARMATEC), and theTanzania Bureau of Stan-dards (TBS).

Challenges• Power problems; expensiveand erratic power supply bythe public utility - TanzaniaElectricity Supply CompanyLimited remains the criticalchallenge facing the manufac-turing sector in the country.

• Poor diversification; themanufacturing sector con-tinues to be dominated byfood, beverages, cement,tobacco and textiles.• Poor infrastructure; trans-port infrastructure – be it roads,railways or ports remain inrelatively poor condition,making it difficult to haulboth raw materials to the

manufacturing plants andmanufactured goods to themarket.• Low level of value addition;Tanzania still lacks capacityin agro-processing in partic-ular and as a result most ofthe country’s agriculturalproduce are being exportedin their raw forms, fetchinglow prices in the markets.• Low capacity utilization;capacity in the industrialsector in Tanzania is stillbeing used at below installedcapacity due to infrastructureconstraints.

ConclusionWith Tanzania’s rich

resource base coupled withagriculture whose rich arrayof commodities serves as thebackbone of the national econ-omy, the challenge towardshaving flourishing manu-facturing sector in the coun-try is to engineer an indus-trial process that takes theadvantage of the abundantcommodities and resources,transforms them throughsustainable productive activ-

ities into higher value anddynamic export ready prod-ucts. Agro-processing haspotential role of turning thecountry industrious. There isurgent need for the countryto diversify traditional pri-mary exports with techno-logical and more dynamicmanufactured exports.

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IntroductionFinancial services are

fundamental to economicgrowth and development.Banking, savings and invest-ment, insurance, and debtand equity financing helpcitizens save money, guardagainst uncertainty, andbuild credit, while enablingbusinesses to start up, expand,increase efficiency, and com-pete in local and interna-tional markets.

In view of this, the finan-cial sector in Tanzania and itsrole in the process of economicdevelopment has attractednotable attention since 1991.The government has takenincremental steps to developand strengthen the sector inorder to support its ultimategoal of economic growth andpoverty reduction. The processof financial liberalisationresulted in increased capital

flows and competition, creditexpansion, innovations ininstruments and processes andtechnological sophistication.

Thanks to the bold policyapproach by the Central Bank,access to financial services hasmore than doubled over thelast few years. The increaseduse of mobile money servicesand the introduction of agentbanking have clearly madesignificant contribution toenhancing financial inclu-sion. However, it is estimatedthat approximately 20% ofTanzanians are still completelyexcluded from all type offinancial services.

Financial intermedia-tion grew by 11.8% in 2015.Increased levels of deposits,lending by commercial banks,and the services provided byinsurance companies all con-tributed to this growth.

Structure of thefinancial system

The financial landscapein Tanzania comprises mainlybanks, pension funds, insur-ance firms and other finan-cial intermediaries. Bankinginstitutions dominate thesector, accounting for 70.8%of the total assets of the finan-cial system. Pension fundsfollow in the ranking with26.7% while the insurancesector accounts for 1.9%,leaving the remaining 0.6%of the total assets in the indus-try for Collective InvestmentSchemes.

Banking sectorAs a result of the liberal-

isation, the banking sectorin Tanzania has been boom-ing, particularly over the lastfew years.

Despite the banking sys-tem’s rapid growth, the

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system has become increas-ingly sound, thanks to deter-mined regulation, significanttechnological advances inthe sector, and more forcefulrisk management by banks.The sector is profitable, liquidand adequately capitalised.

Tanzania boasts 63 finan-cial institutions regulated bythe Bank of Tanzania con-sisting of 41 fully-fledgedcommercial banks, 12 com-munity banks, 4 deposittaking microfinance compa-nies, 3 financial leasing com-panies, 2 development banks

and one mortgage refinancecompany. All together, theyhave a branch network ofapproximately 650 and over1,500 operating ATMs.

The country’s largest banks– which include CRDB, NMB,NBC, Standard Chartered,Exim, Stanbic, Citibank, Bar-clays and DTB – togethercommand the lion’s share ofbanking business, controllingabout 70% of the sector’stotal assets. However, thatrate is shrinking year-on-yeardue to rapidly expandingmedium-size banks. Some ofthe banks that have recentlycommenced operations includeMwalimu Commercial Bankand China Commercial Bank.

Despite the increasednumber of commercial banksand other financial institu-tions, banking penetrationin the country is still low byinternational standards.Traditional financial servicesin Tanzania continue to be“exclusive”, mainly availedin urban settings. At present,less than 20% of adult popu-lation has access to bankaccounts. But, the launch inearnest of relatively wide-spread agent banking havehelped to ease financialservices, including hithertounder-served rural areas.

Performance 2015The banking sector rem-

ained sound and stable withlevels of capital and liquidityabove regulatory requirements.As at the end of December2015, the ratio of core capitalto total risk weighted assetsand off-balance sheet expo-sures was 17.5% above theminimum legal requirementof 10%. Similarly, the ratio ofliquid assets to demand lia-bilities stood at 37.4% whichwas within the minimumregulatory limit of 20%.

The sector maintained asteady growth with totalassets growing by 21.4% toTZS 28,461 billion in the yearending December 2015 com-

pared to TZS 23,436 billionrecorded in the previous cor-responding period. On thefunding side structure, depositsfrom customers were the mainsource of funding for the bank-ing sub-sector, accountingfor 70.5% of total liabilities.The overall deposit base grewby 17.8% to TZS 20,063 bil-lion during the period.

Net loans, advances andoverdrafts grew by 25% toTZS 15,212 billion in the yearending December 2015. Theloans and advances-to-totalasset ratio increased to 53.4%,which reflected the banks’confidence in the economy.However it is worth noting thatthe level of financial depthis still low; domestic credit bythe commercial bankingsector at 24% of GDP is wellbelow the 76% average forsub-Saharan Africa.

The overall quality of thebanking industry’s loan port-folio improved. This is reflectedin the ratio of non-performingloans-to-gross loans, whichdecreased to 6.4% at the endof December 2015, down fromthe 6.8% recorded at the endof December 2014. Loan port-folio was well diversified invarious sub sectors of theeconomy implying minimalcredit risk arising from sec-toral concentration of credit.

The banking sector rem-ained profitable althoughreturn on assets recorded adecline to 2.7% in December2015 from 3.2% in March2014 on account of narrow-ing interest margin.

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Cooperative Societies (SACCOs)and Mobile Money Oper-ators (MNOs).

Recent developmentsFollowing the establish-

ment of Tanzania MortgageRefinance Company (TMRC)in 2011, mortgage serviceshave started taking roots inTanzania. As at the end of

March 2016, 27 differentbanking institutions wereoffering mortgage loans withtotal lending for the purposesof residential housing amount-ing TZS 374.5 billion, up 34%from the previous year. Totalnumber of mortgage loansalso grew rapidly, from 3,598to 4,065. High interest ratesand lack of affordable housingremain the major constraintson market growth.

There has been a signif-icant increase in utilisationof credit information sinceestablishment of credit refer-ence bureaus in 2013, as evi-denced by increase in the useof their services and partici-pation of non regulated insti-tutions in the credit referencesystem. The number of bor-rowers and loans submittedby banking institutions to theCredit Reference Databankincreased by 36.9 % and31.5% to 1,050,649 and

1,952,974, respectively at theend of April 2016 from 767,457and 1,485,151 recorded atthe end of April 2015. Theincreased use of credit infor-mation system is expected tohave a positive impact on thenumber of non-performingloans in the banking sectorand interest rate charged bybanks in the long-run.

Tanzanians financialinstitutions are looking at apotential change in legisla-tion around bancassuranceto drive a wave of productinnovation. Bancassuranceinvolves a bank providingoutlets through its branchnetwork for the sale of insur-ance products, especially lifeinsurance and pension prod-ucts to clients.

Mobile Financial ServicesTanzania has been one

of the fastest and most success-ful markets to adopt mobilepayments systems. At theend of April 2016, there were16.8 million active users ofmobile phone financial serv-ices. Almost 35% of house-holds have at least one mobilemoney account. From July2015 to April 2016, mobilepayment services recorded1,217 million transactionworth TZS 43.9 trillion, repre-senting a growth rate of 15%

in volume and 24.5% in valuewhen compared to similarperiod of 2014/2015. Mobilefinancial users currently trans-act the equivalent of morethan 50% of Tanzania’s GDPeach month.

Vodacom (M-Pesa) hasthe highest number of clients,followed by Tigo (Tigo-Pesa),Airtel (Airtel Money), andZantel (Ezy-Pesa).

Mobile money productswithin Tanzania are quicklyevolving serving the popula-tion with new innovative waysto carry out transactions, somenever before seen in any othermarket of the world. Trans-actions are moving beyondthe traditional money transferoptions to offer more mobilemoney payment capabilities.Tanzanian consumers havea plethora of mobile moneypayment options for salaries,bills, utilities, fuel, insurance,bus passes, healthcare, phys-ical goods, and beyond. Credit,banking and micro-insurance

services are also available.One of the newest innova-tions is an interest-earningmobile money product. Uni-versal interoperability ofmobile phone services enabl-ing wallet to wallet transfersis expected to push the usageof mobile money in accessingformal financial services.

The agent network hasalso expanded significantly.Data from the Financial Sec-tor Deepening Trust Tanzania(FSDT) indicates mobile moneyagents outnumber all other

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financial outlets by almost10 to one. They were 273,000active agents at the end ofMarch 2016.

MicrofinanceMicrofinance involves

activities directed at provisionof access to financial servicesfor working poor or micro-enterprises. Micro financialservices comprise of microcredit, savings, micro leasing,micro insurance and otherforms of financial services.

It is estimated that thereare close to 8 million micro-businesses who need financialservices and the number isgrowing by 4% annually, themajority of whom are foundin the rural areas.

Microfinance institutions(MFIs) operating in Tanzaniaprovide financial servicesmainly in the form of microcredit with an exception ofcooperative based microfi-nance institutions, which arepredominantly savings based.The credit based institutionsnumber is over 170 out ofwhich 90 are registered mem-bers of the Tanzania Associ-ation of Microfinance Insti-tutions (TAMFI), the localmicrofinance network. Themain microfinance institu-tions (MFIs) can be catego-rized as Non-GovernmentalOrganisations (NGOs), Sav-ings and Cooperatives Soci-eties (SACCOs), Micro-FinanceCompanies (MFCs), microfi-nance lenders while the lastcategory consists of commer-cial, rural and communitybanks. Economic Empower-ment Funds, which are usedby the government to supportthe implementation of theeconomic empowerment ini-tiatives have also providedabundant opportunities forpeople to access loans.

The major players in theNGOs category include mixedpurpose NGOs that providecredit in addition to otherservices and specialised creditonly such as PRIDE, BRAC,Tujijenge and many othertrusts and associations. The restconsists of small programmesscattered throughout thecountry mainly in the formof community based organ-izations (CBOs).

Banks that are activelyinvolved in microfinanceservices delivery include NMB,Tanzania Postal Bank, CRDB,Akiba Commercial Bank,Access Bank, Maendeleo Com-mercial Bank, MkomboziCommercial Bank, AdvansBank, Commercial Bank ofAfrica, DCB CommercialBank and a few Community/regional banks such asMbinga Community Bank,Mufundi Community Bank,Mwanga Community Bank,Kilimanjaro CooperativeBank and Kagera FarmersCooperative Bank.

There are four deposit-taking MFCs. Three of themwere credit only NGOs MFIs

before transformation (FINCA,Vision Fund and YETU) andone is a newly establishedentity called EFC.

Other players in the micro-finance segment include con-sumer lending companiessuch as Blue Financial serv-ices, Faidika and Bayport,among others. They providepayroll-based lending to civilservants and to a lesser extentto private sector salariedindividuals.

Established by the BoT inNovember 2014, the SmallEntrepreneurs Loan FacilityMicrofinance Fund (SELFMF) provides loans to micro-finance intermediaries for onlending in rural and urbanportion areas of under-servedentrepreneurs.

It is estimated that all theMFIs in Tanzania put togetherserve a combined client pop-ulation of about 400,000clients, which is only around5% of the total estimateddemand. The distributionwith respect to the concen-tration of microfinance activ-ities in Tanzania is skewedin favour of the urban areasleaving rural areas grosslyunder served. Most MFIs withan exception of rural basedSACCOS are reluctant to

extend their services to therural areas due to poor infra-structure and high cost ofoperation.

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Informal microfinanceproviders include; Rotatingand Savings Associations(ROSCAs), Village CommunityBanks (VICOBA) or VillagesSavings and Loans Associ-ation (VSLAs) and Accumu-lated Savings and CreditAssociations (ASCAS).

Although the NationalMicrofinance Policy (2001)articulates a clear vision andstrategy for the developmentof a sustainable microfinanceindustry, the regulatory frame-works for microfinance insti-tutions (MFIs) and cooper-ative financial institutions(CFIs) are still in process ofbeing enacted into pertinentlaws and corresponding imple-menting regulations. A newlaw governing the microfi-nance sector is expected to beenacted in the course of 2016.

Overtime, new entrantshave brought alternativeproducts and services thatinclude money transfers,micro-insurance and credit/payment delivery mecha-nisms. Mobile banking alsoallows microfinance clientsto receive loan disbursementsand make payments throughtheir mobile phone. RecentlyM-Pesa (in partnership withCommercial Bank of Africa)introduced savings and loanproducts through mobilephone, M-Pawa.

Development of SACCOSIn co-operation with var-

ious donors the governmenthas since 2004 been imple-menting a special programmeto resuscitate the cooperativebased financial institutions.The drive, which is ongoing,has given rise to a new gener-ation of SACCOS being estab-lished countrywide. The sensi-tization to the general publicled to tripling of SACCOS from

1,875 in 2005 to 5,559 as ofApril 2013. The number ofmembers, amount of savingsand loans were 1,153,248,TZS 463.5 billion and TZS892.2 billion respectively.

Pension SectorThe key role of the pension

sector is to provide incomesecurity for retirees. A soundpension system is a powerfulforce in developing capitalmarkets and supporting theprovision of long-term finance.The sector has six pensionfunds – National Social Secu-rity Fund, Local AuthorityProvident Fund, GovernmentEmployees Provident Fund,Public Service Pensions Fund,Parastatal Pension Fund andNational Health InsuranceFund that cover employeesin the formal sector, with theSocial Security RegulatoryAuthority (SSRA) being thesector regulator.

Pension coverage is manda-tory to formal employees butonly 10% of the total labouris engaged in the formalsector, thus covered.

Pension funds’ assetsaccount for 26.7% of totalassets of the financial system,while the investment portfoliosof these pension funds areconcentrated mainly in twoareas – fixed income assetsand relatively smaller amountin equities and properties.Total assets of the social secu-rity schemes increased fromTZS 4.4 trillion in 2011 to TZS9.9 trillion in 2015. Over thesame period, membershipsize of the schemes increasedfrom 1.5 million members toover 2.1 million.

As with banks, a similartrend of asset concentrationis also observed in pensionfunds. The three largest pen-

sion funds hold about 85%of the sector’s total assets.

SSRA plays an importantrole in regulating and super-vising the provision of socialsecurity services in the country.The authority facilitates theextension of social securitycoverage to non-covered areas,including informal groups,and conduct awareness, sen-sitization and tracing on socialsecurity. It also facilitates thedevelopment of social securityproducts and the entry ofprivate pension funds. Pen-sion funds are now offeringflexible products, includingloans on savings and takingcommodities from rural farm-ers in exchange for healthinsurance cover. The indus-try’s expansion initiativecould increase coverage to40% of the informal sectorwithin the next five years.

As well, SSRA ensures thatfunds invest according torules and investment guide-lines. The revised Social Secu-rity Schemes (Investmentguidelines), 2015 have setnew permissible investmentlimits and allow investmentwithin EAC region followingthe liberalisation of capitalaccount in the region.

SSRA is targeting pensiongrowth of 15% in 2016, build-ing on the TZS 2.27 trillioncollected in 2015.

Insurance SectorOnce monopolized by the

state-owned National Insur-ance Corporation (NIC), theinsurance industry was sub-stantially liberalised with theInsurance Act of 1996. Sincethen, a number of interna-tional insurance companieshave set up in Tanzania, andthe sector now comprises 31insurers including one rein-

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surance company, 112 brokers,471 insurance agents and 51loss assessors and adjusters.

The sector has grown sig-nificantly over the past fewyears with steady growth inunderwriting results, assetsportfolio and investments.However, the penetrationof the sector is still relativelylow, with a ratio of just 1% –premiums as a percentageof GDP. Less than 13% ofTanzanians use insuranceservices.

The majority of insuranceproducts are focused on tra-ditional markets, serving theneeds of large corporates andhigh income individuals, withlimited product developmentat the lower income end of thepopulation. Non-life insuranceaccounts for nearly 90% ofgross written premiums.

The non-life segment isdominated by four companieswith an aggregate marketshare of 52%, while threebrokers – ARIS, Aon and MICGlobal – handle 54% of theentire general insurancebroking industry business.The life segment is operatedby five companies.

The Insurance Act of 2009has seen the establishmentof the Tanzania InsuranceRegulatory Agency (TIRA),which regulates and super-vises the insurance sectorin Tanzania, promoting bestpractices.

Both present and futuremarket environment offersenormous opportunities forgrowth of the insurance indus-try. However, the recent intro-duction of VAT on insuranceproducts is likely to affect thesector as it has made insuranceproducts more expensive.

The insurance industryneeds to take a long hard lookat new technologies to seehow they could help changecultural mindsets, raise the fearof risks, and facilitate transferof risks, institute insurancecontracts, premium paymentand claims settlement.

Performance – First halfof 2015

The Tanzanian insuranceindustry is in a growth phase.The total volume of marketbusiness in terms of insurancepremiums for both generaland life assurance businessesreached TZS 321.6 billionduring the first half of 2015compared to TZS 285.6 billionduring the same period ayear earlier. Out of the totalinsurance premiums writtenduring the period in respectof both long-term and generalinsurance businesses, 23% wastransacted through brokers.

Over the same period,General insurance businessshowed a growth of 13.8%in insurance premiums fromTZS 253.1 billion to TZS 288.1billion while Life assurancebusinessinsurance premiumswritten grew by 3.2% fromTZS 32.4 to TZS 33.5 billion.

General insurance productmix during the first half of2015 showed a share of motorinsurance business at 37.6%,followed by health (20.4%),fire (17.8%) and accident(10.9%). Other classes shared13.3% of total general insur-ance business. Life assurancewas dominated by GroupLife class (74%), followed byIndividual Life (26%).

For the year ending 30th

June 2015, total assets ofinsurers had increased by17.6% to TZS 692.8 billion.Insurers’ investments also

increased by 16.3% to TZS429.6 billion.

Although the Generalinsurance underwriting profitfell by 85.4% to TZS 412.4million during the first halfof 2015 compared to the sameperiod the year before, netprofit for both general and lifeassurance businesses grewby 9.4% to TZS 22.3 billionon account of good returnson investments.

The Insurance sector isadequately capitalised tomatch with risk level whilesolvency ratios of both generalinsurance and life assuranceindicate availability of suffi-cient capital to support theirrespective insurance liabilities.

A survey by Oxford Eco-nomics suggests that the insur-ance sector in the countryshould reach premiums ofUS$ 400 million by 2018.

Capital marketsThe securities market in

Tanzania emerged in the1990s as a result of the gov-ernment policy to liberalizethe Tanzania financial sector.Within such framework, theCapital Markets and SecuritiesAuthority (CMSA) was estab-lished in Tanzania in 1994under the Capital Marketsand Securities Act.

The Dar es Salaam StockExchange (DSE) is the onlyformal trading place for secu-rities in Tanzania. Treasury

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and corporate bonds are alsolisted at the Dar es SalaamStock Exchange (DSE).

The equity market cur-rently consists of 17 domesticlisted companies (TOL Gases,Tanzania Breweries, TanzaniaCigarette Co., Tatepa, Swiss-port, Tanga Cement, NationalMicrofinance Bank, CRDBbank, Precision Air Services,Dar es Salaam CommunityBank, Tanzania Portland Ce-ment, Maendelo Bank, SwalaOil & Gas and MkomboziCommercial Bank, MwalimuCommercial Bank, Yetu Micro-finance and Mufundi Commu-nity Bank) and 7 crosslistedcompanies (Kenya Airways,East African Breweries, KenyaCommercial Bank, JubileeHoldings, Nation Media GroupAcacia Mining and Uchumi

Supermarket) with a totalmarket capitalization of TZS22,184 billion as of 30th March2016, down 7.3% from thecorresponding period in 2015.

Over the past three yearsDSE indices and market capi-talization have depicted astrong growth trajectory. TheDSE All Share Index (DSEI)has grown at a compoundedannual growth rate of 17%while the Tanzania ShareIndex (TSI), an index thattracks and measures the per-formance of domestic listed

companies has grown by130% between June 2013 andJune 2016. Over the sameperiod, the domestic marketcapitalization grew fromTZS 3,579 billion to TZS8,384 billion.

On the liquidity level,market turnover increasedby 43% to TZS 915 billionduring the year ending March2016 from TZS 638 billionrecorded in the correspond-ing period in 2015.

Despite the said growthlevels, the number of compa-nies listed at DSE remainssmall and far below the origi-nal expectations. In regardsto the overall number of Ini-tial Public Offerings (IPOs)since 1998, the capital markethas not played a major role

in mobilization of resourcesfor long-term investments asit was envisaged. However,trading at the stock markethas been increasing slowlybut steadily as Tanzaniansgain confidence in capitalmarkets. The attitude towardthe capital markets in Tanza-nia is changing fast, positively.

Following amendment ofthe Capital Markets and Secu-rities Regulations in May2014, the participation ofnon-residents in the DSE isno longer capped. The Regu-

lations also open up govern-ment issued securities to bepurchased by investors fromwithin the East Africa Com-munity. This liberalisation isexpected to increase finan-cial sector depth and increaseaccess to long-term financingin Tanzania.

The enactment of theCommodity Exchange legis-lation in June 2015 will facil-itate the development of anorderly, fair and efficientmarket for commodities underthe oversight of Capital Mar-kets and Securities Authority.

Alternative window at DSEWith the support of CMSA,

DSE has recently launchedthe Entrepreneurship GrowthMarket (EGM). The marketsegment is expected to facil-itate mobilization of capitalby companies which do notmeet the eligibility criteria forlisting on the main investmentmarket segment. This marketsegment is also expected tohelp start up companies withgood business plan but incapital deficiency to raisefunds for their initializationas well as implementationof their business plans.

Managementof the sector

Tanzania’s legal and reg-ulatory framework for thebanking and financial sectorinclude: the Banking andFinancial Institutions Act(1991) replaced in 2006; theCooperative Societies Act(1991) replaced in 2013; theForeign and Exchange Act(1992); the Capital Marketsand Securities Act (1994); theBank of Tanzania Act (1995)replaced in 2006; the Insur-ance Act (1996) replaced in2009; the Financial LawsAct (2003); the Leasing Act(2007); the Mortgage Finance

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Act (2008); the CommodityExchange Act (2015); andthe National Payment Sys-tems Act (2015).

The Bank of Tanzania(BoT) has statutory powersto supervise and regulatebanks and financial institu-tions with the views of ensur-ing safety and soundness ofthe financial system in thecountry. The main responsi-bilities of BoT are:• Implementation of pruden-tial controls concerning capi-tal adequacy, liquidity, con-centration of credit and riskdiversification, asset classi-fication and provisioning,and prohibited activities;• Licensing of banks andfinancial institutions;• Facilitation and monitoringof a Deposit Insurance Fund,the purpose of which is theprotection of small depos-itors; and

• Modification and monitor-ing of the Minimum ReserveRequirements and foreignexchange exposure.

BoT also acts as a lenderof last resort to the banks andprovides the central clear-ance facilities for interbanktransactions.

Tanzania Insurance Reg-ulatory Agency (TIRA) ischarged with the responsi-bility of coordinating policyand other matters relatingto insurance in the country.

The functions and duties ofthe Authority are to promoteand maintain an efficient,fair and stable insurancemarket for the benefit andprotection of policy holders.In addition, BoT in collabo-ration with TIRA monitorsthe financial health of insur-ance companies.

The Social Security Regu-lation Authority (SSRA), estab-lished in September 2010,regulates and supervises theprovision of social securityservices while the Capital Mar-kets and Securities Authority(CMSA) regulates securitiesbusiness in the country.

Several entities also rendersupport services to the finan-cial sector. Among them are;The Tanzania Institute ofBankers (TIOB); The TanzaniaBankers Association (TBA);The National Payment Sys-

tem Advisory Council (NAC);The Association of TanzaniaInsurers (ATI); The InsuranceInstitute of Tanzania (IIT); TheNational Board of Account-ants and Auditors (NBAA);and the Tanzania Associ-ation of Microfinance Insti-tutions (TAMFI).

Financial inclusionchallenges

The Tanzania NationalFinancial Inclusion Frame-work of December 2013 hasidentified fundamental bar-

riers that limit the growth ofFinancial Inclusion in Tan-zania. These include supplyside barriers ranging fromhigh interest rates, inappro-priate services that do notmeet demand-side needs,and high costs due to ineffi-ciencies of service delivery.There are also demand sidebarriers such as informationasymmetry, irregular incomepatterns, and financial literacy.In addition, structural andregulatory barriers include,stringent or lack of propor-tionate requirements for clienton-boarding and lack of reg-ulatory framework for broadbased micro-finance servicesto mention a few.

ConclusionDespite its success in

advancing financial sound-ness, Tanzania needs to deepenits secondary capital markets;reform SMEs finance, micro-finance, and rural banking;increase the private-sectorrole in the pension and insur-ance systems, expand its equitymarket and ensure carefulsupervision of the rapidlyevolving financial system.Recent developments in thatrespect are nevertheless verypositive.

Technology and innova-tions have enabled devel-opment of alternative deliverychannels for financial services,making it possible to reachout to the unbanked popula-tion in the rural and urbanareas at relatively low cost.Mobile financial services,have rapidly grown in therecent past. This has createdan opportunity for more peo-ple to access financial servicesat affordable cost and hasmade Tanzania as one of theglobal hot spots of innova-tive financial services.

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IntroductionThe government has made

considerable efforts to improveits investment climate andenhance private sector par-ticipation in the national eco-nomy. In this respect, thegovernment has put in placea regulatory framework todeal with the promotion andfacilitation of investment.

The Tanzania InvestmentCentre (TIC), established in1997 by the Tanzania Invest-ment Act, operates as a ‘onestop centre’ for all local andforeign investors so as to expe-dite facilitation of investment,helping to obtain permits,licenses, visas, and land accessamong other support. Bringingall government institutionsdealing with prospectiveinvestors under one roof hasled to a great achievement.Over the last 10 years alone,TIC has registered more than7,500 investment projects, ahuge success story.

The government continuesto pursue policies that arefriendly to business and attrac-

tive to both domestic andforeign capital. This involvesenhancing the overall invest-ment climate, improvingcompetitiveness and produc-tivity, and boosting institu-tional efficiency. Driven byan efficient labour marketand improved public insti-tutions, Tanzania is slowlytransforming itself into astrategic and competitiveinvestment hub, especiallyin the East African Region.

Investment trendsAs a result of Tanzanian

government’s favorable atti-tude toward investment andthe notable strides made toattract investors, there hasbeen gradual improvementin the country’s investmentclimate as reflected in theimpressive growth in invest-ment projects.

Between 2005 and 2015,more than 7,500 investmentprojects worth approximatelyUS$ 80 billion had been reg-istered by TIC. Of these, 50%were projects registered bylocal, 23% by foreigners

and 27% were joint venturesbetween locals and foreigners.Over the same period, invest-ment projects registered underTIC created more than of330,000 jobs. From December2015 to May 2016 alone, TIChas registered 551 investmentprojects worth US$ 9.2 billion.Manufacturing, tourism,transportation, constructionand agriculture are the lead-ing sectors in attracting TICregistered investments.

On a more concrete level,Tanzania maintained rela-tively high inward FDI flowsin 2015. According to the lastUNCTAD’s World InvestmentReport, East Africa’s second-biggest economy attractedUS$ 1.53 billion of FDI in2015 compared to its lastpeak of US$ 2.14 billion in2014. This amount is signif-icantly higher than the verylow level of US$ 640 millionthat flowed into the countrybetween 2005-2007. Tanzaniaranked once again first inattracting FDI in the EastAfrican region in 2015, indi-cating the high confidence

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among foreign investors. TheFDI stock is estimated at US$18.4 billion, the highest inEast Africa. Most of this stockis in the gas sector, althoughthe government has begunto actively seek to attract moreFDI to the agricultural sectorand the manufacturing sub-sector. Top country sourcesof FDI into Tanzania includethe UK, India, China, Kenya,USA, Netherlands, SouthAfrica, Canada, Germanyand Oman.

The FDI inflows have im-pacted the economy throughcapital flows, foreign exchangeearnings, creation of jobs,new technology transfer,joint venture project formu-lated between local companiesand foreign affiliates andcorporate social responsibil-ities to community projects.

The inflow of FDI is pro-jected to remain high in themedium term at around 6%of GDP, mostly to the extractivesectors, notably natural gasand minerals. The medium-term outlook is positive asgrowth is projected to remainstrong, driven by robust per-formance in services and man-ufacturing sectors, and sup-ported by public investment.

Investment EnvironmentTanzania is free of ideo-

logical confrontations, ethnicproblems and labour disputes.It is a centre of economicand political stability in Sub

Saharan Africa. Multi partydemocracy adopted in 1992has not disturbed the peacefulpolitical climate of the country.The political scene is charac-terised by parliamentarydemocracy and public con-sensus on key social and eco-nomic priorities.

The government has beencarrying out successful eco-nomic and structural reforms,which have improved eco-nomic performance and sus-

tained growth. As a result,Tanzania has enjoyed oversix consecutive years of over7% real GDP growth and isa member of what the WorldBank has dubbed the “7%Club”. In addition, Tanzaniahas a stable fiscal regime withsustainable level of inflation.However, Tanzania has toreduce further the cost of doingbusiness to stimulate theprivate sector and improvethe investment climate.

Tanzania has a stableand predictable fiscal invest-ment regime providing a softlanding to all investors. Awell-balanced and compet-itive package of fiscal incen-tives is offered in comparisonwith other African countries.

Aiming at providing com-petitive fiscal regime on foreigntrade, Tanzania has signeddouble taxation treaties withCanada, Denmark, Finland,India, Italy, Norway, South

Africa, Sweden, and Zambia.Bilateral investment treatiesexist with Denmark, Egypt,Finland, Germany, Italy,Republic of Korea, Nether-lands, Sweden, Switzerland,and the UK. Further negoti-ations are still ongoing withseveral other countries tobe added to the treaty.

Investments are guaran-teed against nationalisationand expropriation. Tanzaniais a signatory of several multi-lateral and bilateral agree-ments on protection and pro-motion of foreign investment.Among other internationalagreements and member-ship, Tanzania is a memberof Multilateral InvestmentGuarantee Agency (MIGA)and Africa Trade InsuranceAgency (ATIA). Likewise,Tanzania is a member of theInternational Centre for Set-tlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID). Tanzania also hasa liberal foreign exchangeregime with availability offoreign exchange at marketprices and no restrictions onopening of domestic foreigncurrency accounts for non-Tanzanian companies.

Improvements to thecountry’s transport networksare a top priority. There is asustained programme forbuilding good quality roads.Two railway networks con-nect 14 out of 21 cities andthe neighbouring country ofZambia. There are also inter-national and domestic air-ports linking Tanzania to theworld. The three major portsof Dar es Salaam, Tanga andMtwara function as hubs fortraffic emanating from, anddestined to land locked neigh-bouring countries of Uganda,Burundi, Rwanda, Zambia,Malawi, and DemocraticRepublic of Congo.

Courtesy

of Freight

Forwarders.

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Access to low cost labouris a key priority for compa-nies competing in Africaneconomies. The country offerstrainable skilled labour atsignificantly lower labourcosts. Following government’scommitment to develop a poolof well-trained and educatedspecialists, the number of uni-versity graduates is growingrapidly. However, Tanzaniahas to further improve humancapabilities and encouragetechnology transfer as a pre-condition for enhancingproductivity of investmentand attaining the desiredlevel of competitiveness.

Trade AgreementsTanzania’s strategic loca-

tion and trade agreementshave created market oppor-tunities for investors. Theseinclude preferential tradeagreement with the UnitedStates (AGOA), the EuropeanUnion (EBA and ACP-EU),Canada, China and Japanas well as bilateral andregional trade agreementswith neighbouring countries.

Investing in Tanzaniagives access to the local mar-ket as well as the regionalmarket such as the East AfricaCommunity (EAC) whosepopulation is around 166million. EAC member statesagree to allow zero-ratedentry on raw materials andcapital goods from other EACmembers, levy a 10% dutyon semi-processed goods,and 25% duty on finishedgoods. The EAC is focused onwidening and deepening theintegration process amongthe six partner states. Stepsare being taken to imple-ment the Common MarketProtocol and the MonetaryUnion. Tanzania is also amember of the Southern AfricaDevelopment Community

(SADC) which groups 15 coun-tries in a trading block witha population of 300 millionpeople. SADC launched aFree Trade Area (FTA) in 2008involving zero tariff levels for85% of all goods traded amongmember states. Likewise,Tanzania is a member of theCommon Market for East andSouthern Africa (COMESA)and a signatory to COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite FreeTrade Area whereby 80% oftariff lines are liberalised.

Investment opportunitiesUntapped investment

opportunities exist in agri-business, tourism, natural gasand mineral sectors, and asso-ciated industries, including realestate, construction, housing,and the financial sector.

The government acceptsforeign investment in Build,Operate and Transfer (BOT)projects and has launched aconcession system aimed atattracting foreign investors tobuild infrastructure. Oppor-tunities in infrastructure invest-ment are wide ranging, fromthe building of highways,bridges, railways and portsto telecommunications.

Tanzania has a remark-able set of natural resourcesthat investors can profitablyexploit. Soil and climate offerfavourable conditions formany kinds of agricultural pro-duce and related processing.

In terms of mineral resour-ces, the opportunities include

coal, base metals, gemstonesand industrial minerals. Thegovernment is also particu-larly interested in developinga lapidary industry, cuttingand polishing gemstones.Recent gas discoveries havealso provided opportunitiesfor the development of a fullgas value chain.

The expansive financialsector, with an increase inforeign-affiliated financialinstitutions and banks oper-

ating in Tanzania, providegood avenue for potentialforeign investors to explore.Foreign investors are also wel-come on the Dar es SalaamStock Exchange (DSE).

Tourism also offers someof the finest investment oppor-tunities. Tanzania is interna-tionally renowned for its abun-dance of wildlife attractionsand home of the Kilimanjaroand the spice island of Zanzi-bar. There are opportunitiesin creating accommodationsof international standard;in the development of eco-tourism, sea and lake cruis-ing, theme parks and touristbeaches; and in training forthe tourism sector.

Furthermore, the ExportProcessing Zones Authority(EPZA) welcomes investmentsin agro-processing, mineralprocessing, processing of fish,meat and leather products,wood products, textiles andgarments making, ICT andengineering related indus-

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tries, and any other exportoriented manufacturing oper-ations. EPZA is also respon-sible for Special EconomicZones (SEZs). These zones actas a magnet for investmentin desirable activities in spe-cially designated areas byproviding quality infra-structure, complemented byan attractive fiscal package,business support services,cluster formation and mini-mal regulations.

Investment regimeThe government uses

World Trade Organisations’Trade-Related InvestmentMeasures (TRIMs) to promotedevelopment objectives, toencourage investments inline with national priorities,and to attract and regulateforeign investment.

The Tanzania InvestmentAct of 1997 provides the back-bone of the legal investmentregime. Separate legislationsfor investment in mining andpetroleum and in Export Pro-cessing and Special EconomicZones (EPZs and SEZs) havealso been introduced.

The investment code offersa well-balanced package ofinvestments benefits andincentives that are uniformlyapplied to both domestic andforeign investors. However,requirements do exist regard-ing a minimum capital invest-ment stated at US$500,000if foreign owned or US$100,000if locally owned. Incentivesare granted in the form ofenhanced capital deductionsand allowances depending onthe investor’s business, projector investment activities.

Special attention is directedto the lead and priority sectors.The lead sectors include agri-culture, mining, petroleum

and gas, tourism, economicinfrastructure and exportprocessing zones. The prioritysectors include manufactur-ing, natural resources suchas fishing and forestry, avia-tion, commercial building,financial services, transport,broadcasting, human resourcedevelopment and export-oriented projects.

The incentives availableto the holders of TIC certifi-cates of incentives are:• 100% capital expendituresdeductions to mining andagricultural activities;• 50% capital allowance inthe first year of use for plantand machinery used in manu-facturing processes and fixedin a factory, fish farming; orproviding services to touristsand in a hotel. Thereafter, wearand tear rates apply to theremainder. Other rates fordepreciation allowance rangefrom 37.5% to 5% dependingon the class of the deprecia-ble asset.

• Zero-rated import duty anddeferred VAT on project capi-tal goods for investors in leadand priority sectors;• Zero-rated import duty onagricultural machinery, fer-tilisers, pesticides, farm imple-ments and inputs, animal hus-bandry and fishing, humanand livestock pharmaceu-ticals and medicaments,inputs for manufacturingpharmaceutical productsand all equipment used inpetroleum exploration;

• Import duty drawback onraw materials used to producegoods for exports;• 75% import duty reductionon “deemed capital goods”such as building materials,utility vehicles and equip-ment to the exception ofcement, office equipment,stationeries, furniture, airconditioners, fridges andelectronic equipments;• Pay and refund scheme forexcise duty paid on fuel pur-chased by eligible companies;• VAT exemption on projectcapital goods. These includeplant, machinery, forklifts,crane, reach stacker, boilers,furnace, transformer, incuba-tor, grader, excavator, cater-pillar, bulldozer, angle dozer,lift/escalator, crushers etc;• VAT reduced from 18%to 10% on “deemed capitalgoods”;• VAT relief on imports anddomestic purchases of goodsand services for use in explora-tion or prospecting activitiesand machinery and equip-

ment for projects related toinfrastructure and utilitiesdevelopment;• Zero-rated VAT on exportsof goods and services;• VAT exemption on pesticides,fertilisers, health supplies,livestock, unprocessed agri-cultural products, agricul-tural implements, books andnewspapers, educational sup-plies, financial and insuranceservices, petroleum products,aircrafts, aircrafts engines,aircrafts parts, computers,

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wind generators and liquidelevators, photovoltaic andsolar thermal, heat insulatedmilk cooling tanks and alu-minum jerry cans used forstorage and collection of milkin diary industry as well asfarm services of land prepa-ration, cultivation, plantingand harvesting;• Indefinite carry forward oflosses against future profits(except for mining and petro-leum operations where lossesincurred in contract area canbe utilized only in calculatingthe company’s income derivedfrom the same area). Further-more, companies with per-petual tax loss for 3 consec-utive years as a result of taxincentives on investmentsare charged 0.3% of annualturnover;• A reasonable corporate taxrate of 30% – reduced to 25%for listed companies withDSE – and low withholdingtax on dividends (10%) andloan interests (10%). Addi-tional withholding taxes ontechnical services (5% for resi-dents, 15% for non-residents)and on management fees(5% for residents, 15% fornon-residents) apply in themining sector;• The unrestricted right totransfer outside the country100% of foreign exchangeearned, net profits and capital;• The ease of obtaining per-mits such as residence/workpermits, industrial license,trading license etc;• Automatic immigrationquota of up to 5 expatriatesat the initial stage of theprojects.

In addition to existinginvestment incentives a poten-tial investor may apply fora “strategic investor” statusto seek additional investmentincentives (minimum invest-ment of US$ 50 million for

foreign investors and US$ 20million for local investors). Anew class of strategic investors(“special strategic investors”)whose envisaged investmentis at least US$ 300 millionhas also been introduced in2015. So far, the governmenthas, through the NationalInvestment Steering Com-mittee, approved 42 strategicinvestment projects based ontheir impact on the nationaleconomy, their job creationpotential, and the intro-duction of new technology,among others.

Similar incentives areoffered to investors in Zan-zibar through the ZanzibarInvestment Promotion Agency(ZIPA).

Export Processing ZonesThe enactment of the

Export Processing Zones Act(EPZ Act) in 2002 paved wayfor the implementation ofthe EPZ model. Managed andadministered by the ExportProcessing Zones Authority(EPZA), the central visionbehind the setting up of themodel is to boost Tanzania’seconomy by attracting export-oriented manufacturing invest-ment within zoned boundaries.It is also meant to enhanceforeign direct investments,encourage the transfer ofnew technology, create newjobs, and transform Tanzaniainto a true industrial hub forEast and Central Africa.

The typical EPZ incentivepackage in Tanzania includes,10 years’ tax holiday; exemp-tion from taxes and dutieson capital goods and rawmaterials; exemption fromVAT on utility services andconstruction materials; andexemption from withholdingtax on rent, dividends andinterests – all meant to boost

the country’s competitiveness.The rationale behind thesegenerous incentives is tosupport successful export-ledgrowth.

Latest available EPZAdata show that 113 opera-tional industries have set upfactories at different locationsin the country. About half ofthem deals with agriculturevalue addition and textileprocessing. These companieshave invested over US$ 1.2billion and have created over36,000 direct jobs. The totalvalue of exports from indus-tries under the authority hasreached over US$ 1 billionsince the EPZ scheme becameoperational some seven yearsago. And with the discoveryof huge reserves of natural gasin the country, these numbersare expected to rise as moreand more foreign enterprisescontinue to show their interestto set up manufacturingoperations in Tanzania.

Special Economic ZonesSpecial Economic Zones

(SEZs) were established in2006 as strategy to achievemini-tiger plan 2020, theobjective being to promotequick and significant progressin economic growth, exportearnings and employmentcreation as well as attractingprivate investment in the formof both Foreign Direct Invest-ments (FDI) and Domestic

Indian Prime

Minister Modi

with Tanzanian

President John

Magufuli, in

Dar es Salaam

on July 10,

2016.

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Direct Investment (DDI) fromall productive and servicesectors. SEZs include not onlyEPZs but Free Ports, Free TradeZones, Industrial Parks, Scienceand Technology Parks, ICTParks, Agricultural Free Zones,Tourism Development Zonesand Business Incubation. Thetargeted sectors are agricul-tural, agro-industrial, indus-trial, tourism, commercial,forestry, information andcommunication technology,banking and financial centres.Investment incentives varydepending on certain cate-gories into which investmentsmay fall, but are largely sim-ilar to those granted to anEPZ investment.

Currently there are sixSEZ industrial parks. Twentyregions have earmarked areasbetween 500 to 9,000 hectaresspecifically for EPZ/SEZ.

Business EnvironmentIn an effort to improve

the business environmentand foster economic growththrough increased investmentthe government formed aNational Investment SteeringCommittee (NISC). This com-mittee is entrusted with therole of investment policy for-mulation and solving prob-lems of investors on a fasttrack basis.

The Government has alsoestablished the TanzaniaNational Business Council(TNBC) to enhance “smartpartnership” between thegovernment and the privatesector. TNBC brings togethergovernment representativesand private sector umbrellaorganisations such as theConfederation of TanzaniaIndustries (CTI), the TanzanianChamber of Commerce, Indus-try and Agriculture (TCCIA)and the Tanzania Private

Sector Foundation (TPSF).The business council throughInvestors round table discus-sion advise the governmentareas that need improve-ment. Twelve business councilshave also been establishedat the regional level.

The government has ini-tiated a policy frameworkthat encourages investmentand simplifies the proceduresinvolved in setting up a busi-ness. The Business ActivitiesRegistration Act of 2007 andthe establishment of theBusiness Registrations andLicensing Agency (BRELA)have also helped to cut downon red tape.

Under the recent TanzaniaInvestment Window Project,a total of 30 procedures arenow fully transparent andcan easily be accessed throughTIC’s website in more than80 languages. In March 2015,TIC and the InvestmentClimate Facility for Africa(ICF) signed an agreementon a project that aims toincrease investments in thecountry by expanding, con-solidating and promotingthe Tanzania InvestmentWindow.

ChallengesPrivate sector development

has the potential to fostereconomic inclusion, but ishampered by several chal-lenges. Below are some of thechallenges identified by theTanzania Private Sector Foun-dation (TPSF) as constraininginvestment in Tanzania:• Existing business licensingprocess needs to be furthersimplified and streamlinedin order to reduce the costof doing business.• Need to widen the tax baseand remove multiplicity oftaxes – central vs. local gov-

ernment and thus to increaseefficiency in tax collectionand curb tax evasion.• The perceived negativeimage of Africa and Tanzaniaas a high-risk investmentarea.• The high cost of power, unre-liability of power and infra-structure bottlenecks.• Mismatch between skillstraining and labour marketdemand.• While education needsgreater focus, the curriculumneeds to be amended to boostentrepreneurship.• SMEs do not have adequateaccess to credit, technology,market and investments toimplement their projects.

ConclusionWith huge endowment

in natural resources, fertileland for agriculture, mineralsand water sources, most ofwhich remain underutilised,Tanzania is indeed yearningfor investments in almost allsectors. The country will remaina competitive destinationfor investments but the gov-ernment has to come upwith more innovative waysto address the challengesinvestors face in the country,in particular the lack of ade-quate enabling infrastructure.Improvement of the regula-tory framework for invest-ment, especially as concernsland tenure, access regula-tions for foreign investorsin some sectors, the awardof investment incentives, andprotection of intellectualproperty rights could enableTanzania to attract higherinvestment to exploit itsfull potential and becomea regional trade and invest-ment hub. The recent launchof the Investment PolicyReview is therefore a welcomedevelopment.

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Head Office: PO Box 12615. Plot N°92 Luhinde Street, Ada Estate, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaTel: + 255 22 2668874, Fax: + 255 22 2667452, Email: [email protected], Website: www.undi.co.tz

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IntroductionThe construction industry

is a sector of the economy thattransforms various resourcesintro constructed physical,economic and social infra-structure necessary for socialeconomic development. Itembraces the process by whichthe said physical infrastruc-ture are planned, designed,procured, constructed or pro-duced, altered, repaired, main-tained and demolished.

The industry comprisesof organisations and personswho include companies, firmsand individuals working asconsultants, main contractorsand sub-contractors, materialand component producers,plant and equipment sup-pliers, builders and merchants.The industry has a close rela-tionship with clients andfinanciers. The governmentis involved in the industry aspurchaser (client), financier,regulator and operator.

The construction industryis also a fundamental eco-nomic activity which perme-ates most of the sectors of theeconomy. In short it is anengine of growth.

In recognising the impor-tance of infrastructure for eco-nomic growth, considerablefocus has been placed on con-struction in recent years. Dur-ing the period 2011-2015,the construction industryenjoyed an average 14.3%growth, primarily driven bythe developments in the road-work, power and water sup-ply projects, commercial andresidential buildings andother land developments.

The construction sector isalso among the very impor-tant sectors that contributehugely to the Gross DomesticProduct (GDP). The share ofconstruction activities in realGDP was 10.8% in 2015. Thisputs construction on the sec-ond position among all sec-

tors that contributes to theGDP, employing about 10%of the workforce in Tanzania.

PerformanceThe construction sector

continues to be one of themost exciting sectors in theTanzanian economy. In 2015,the sector grew at a rate of16.8%. This growth was drivenby the construction of roadsand bridges, airports, powerplants and transmission lines,residential and commercialbuildings and land devel-opments as well as the devel-opment of the water systems.

Industry analysts say theoutstanding performance ofthe sector is a positive sign ofvibrant and healthy economybecause the fast growingconstruction sector uncoversuntapped potentials in othereconomic sectors, thus con-tributing greatly to economicgrowth and improved livingstandard of the people.

Construction:An engine of growth

Advent Construction Ltd is one of Tanzania’s largest and most recognized Civil, Building and Oil & Gas

construction companies. With a workforce of over 1000 staff, our activities are spread over the country.

With a combined experience of over 50 years in the industry, our project managers have a single

business motive in the execution of their projects, to provide superlative service to our customers.

We have built proud and diverse portfolios of cutting edge factories, educational facilities, mining

facilities, residential and hospitality facilities, shopping and commercial complexes and other versatile

multi use projects that have transformed the country and region we live and operate in.

Advent Construction Ltd is the First and Only Civil and Building construction company in Tanzania to

become ISO 9001: 2008 certified in Quality Management Systems. The company has won the KPMG Top

100 Companies Award in 2011, 2012 and 2013 consecutively.

It is with great pride that we say that over 95% of our clients have come back to us for any further

construction requirements, reinforcing their trust in Advent and their commitment to quality and

reliability.

P.O.Box 8702,

Plot 132, Advent Avenue,

Mikocheni Industrial Area, Mwenge,

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Tel: +255 22 2701093, Fax: +255 22 2701094

[email protected]

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PO Box 77198 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Tel: +255 22 2124935 - Email: [email protected]

Your all Infrastructures Service Provider,

The Leading Public Building Construction Company in East Africa,

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T A N Z A N I A

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Construction activity islikely to continue to grow asurbanisation continues anda growing middle class investsin improved housing. Fur-thermore, massive invest-ments are being made intotransport and utilities infra-structure projects.


Construction sector is pri-marily under the Ministry ofWorks, Transport and Com-munication whose vision isto develop an efficient andself sustaining constructionindustry capable of meetingthe diverse needs for con-struction, rehabilitation andmaintenance of civil worksand buildings and therebyparticipating effectively tothe country’s social economicdevelopment.

The ministry in line withits overall vision focuses onthe provision of smooth, eco-nomic, efficient, safe and reli-able trunk, regional, districtand feeder roads networkas well as managing andcontrolling usage and accessof the road network.

The responsibility of ensur-ing that the governmenthouses and buildings areproperly constructed, main-

tained and economicallyutilised also falls on the min-istry, which oversees the avail-

ability of reliable plant, equip-ment and vehicles for theconstruction industry andthe country at large.

The Tanzania NationalRoads Agency (TANROADS),which operates under theministry, caters for the devel-opment of construction, main-tenance and repair of trunkand regional roads, leavingthe urban, district and feederroads primarily under thePrime Minister’s Office–LocalGovernment and RegionalAdministration.

However, the housing sec-tor falls under the Ministry ofLands, Housing and HumanSettlements, with the govern-ment housing agency – theNational Housing Corpo-ration (NHC) facilitating theprovision of serviced land,housing and other buildingservices in the country. NHCis probably the largest realestate developer in the mar-ket, providing buildings forresidential, commercial andindustrial uses.

Tanzania has a numberof well developed regulatoryand professional bodies oper-ating in the construction sec-tor. The overall overseer ofthe sector is the NationalConstruction Council (NCC)

whose role is to promote thedevelopment of the localconstruction industry.

Other influential regula-tory institutions in the con-struction sector are the Con-tractors Registration Board(CRB), which registers andregulates all contractors work-ing in the country; the Engi-neers Registration Board(ERB), which is a professionalboard for practicing engineers;the Architect and QuantitySurveyors Registration Board(AQRB), which regulates pro-fessional architectures andquantity surveyors; the Tan-zania Building Agency (TBA)and the Tanzania Electrical,Mechanical and ElectronicsServices Agency (TAMESA).

There are also profes-sional and trade allied asso-ciations such as the Associ-ation of Consulting Engineers(ACET), the Institution ofEngineers of Tanzania (IET)the Architects Association ofTanzania (AAT), the TanzaniaInstitute of Quantity Survey-ors (TIQS) and the Associ-ation of Citizen ContractorsTanzania (ACCT).

Government policyon construction

Tanzania’s National Con-struction Industry Policy of2003 recognises the construc-tion sector as being econom-ically fundamental, perme-ating most of the other sectorsas it transforms variousresources into constructedphysical economical andsocial infrastructure nec-essary for socio-economicdevelopment.

The policy seeks to developthe construction industry toan internationally compet-itive sector capable of under-taking most of the construc-tion projects in Tanzania aswell as exporting services andproducts. The policy takesinto account the fact that the

Mollel Electrical Contractors is the Tanzania’s largest residential and commercial electrical contractors company.

With a national electrical contracting and electrician network, and multiple locations in Tanzania, we can provide cost effective solutions for all electrical needs.

We specialise in:• Industrial, Commercial and Domestic Electrical Installations • Installation and Commissioning of Generators and Transformers• Installation and Commissioning of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems• Electrical and Mechanical Installations• Electrical Servicing and Planning of Control Systems• Computer and Telecommunications Installations• Installation and servicing Fire Prevention and Detections Systems• Installation and Maintenance of Security Surveillance Systems

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Themi Industrial Area – Njiro Hill

P.O. Box 6010, Arusha, Tanzania

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Fax: +255 27 2504364


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Plot No. 93, Msese Rd, Off Kinondoni Road


Tel: +255 22 2668486, 2666977, 2666981

Fax: +255 22 2666450


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anzaniaTrusha, x 6010, Ao. B.OPP.

illo Hjirea – Nrial Andustrhemi IT

HEAD OFFICE

Kilimanjaro Commercial Complex on plot no.7, 8&9, Block C - Aga khan Road, Moshi

Municipality, Tanzania - The project involves the construction of a commercial complexwith facilities like car parking (basement), Shops (ground to fourth floor), offices (thetwo towers), Hotels (one tower) and conference, total 43,750sqm.

Proposed Construction of NHC Iconic

Commercial / Office Building on Plot No. 10

Ali Hassan Mwinyi/Ufukoni Road, Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania.

Proposed Ushindi apartments to be built on Plot 36/37

along Bagamoyo Road, Kinondoni, Dar es Salaam,

Tanzania.

ML Engineering Consultancy is a registered Engineering Consulting

Firm offering the full range of consultancy services in:

Electrical

Telecommunications

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems

Mechanical/Building Services

Mlimani Tower, 8th Floor, Opposite Mlimani City,

Sam Nujoma Road, Dar es Salaam

Tel: +255 22 2700824

Fax: +255 55-2700838

Mob: +255 754 889740, 715 889740




http://www.mec.co.tz/


http://www.mec.co.tz/

T A N Z A N I A

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realisation of the objectivesand goals of the identifiedpriority sectors such as edu-cation, health, water, agricul-ture, manufacturing, tourism,mining, energy, construc-tion, land and governanceoperates on reliable, strongand competitive local con-struction industry capable ofdelivering quality services toits stakeholders.

Parallel with the mainte-nance of existing infrastruc-ture to enable speedy devel-opment of other sectors whichdepend upon the local con-struction sector, the policy givespriority to new investments inthe construction and rehabil-itation of infrastructure.

The policy provides guid-ance towards the increasedinvolvement of the local con-struction industry in construc-tion activities, emphasisingon the development of anefficient and self sustainingroad network capable of meet-ing the diverse needs for con-struction, rehabilitation andmaintenance of civil worksfor trunk, regional, districtsand feeder road network.

The policy promotesinvolvement of both privateand public sectors in enhanc-ing housing, infrastructureand other constructed facil-ities to assist in the mobi-lization of financial resourcesas well as capital investment.

Roads sectorImprovement and devel-

opment of the road networkis a top priority since roadis the dominant mode oftransport, carrying 90% ofpassengers and over 80% offreight traffic.

Tanzania has a classifiedroad network of about 92,000

km, of which 35,000 km aretrunk and regional roadsunder the management ofthe Tanzania Roads Agency(TANROADS). The remain-ing 57,000 km is made up ofurban, district and feederroads under the accounta-bility of the Prime Minister’sOffice Regional Administra-tion and Local Government(PMO-RALG). Of the 13,000km of trunk roads, 43% areestimated to be paved whileat the national level, only10% of the classified roadnetwork is paved.

Enhanced maintenanceinterventions and developmentactivities over the last fewyears have helped to improvethe trunk and regional roadcondition. Having been afocus of investment over the

past decade, it is now estim-ated that 60% of trunk roadsare in good condition andonly 8% are in poor condition.

Notable efforts have beenmade by the government toincrease its own budget forroad development throughthe Roads Fund. The RoadsFund, under the managementof the Roads Fund Board (RFB),was established in 1998 tomobilise funds for the main-tenance and upkeep of theentire classified road network,ensure proper disbursementof funds to the necessary roadagents, monitor and super-vise the funds allocated toensure proper maintenanceis carried out and ensure valuefor money as well as raiseawareness to stakeholders onthe need for good roads. The

Electriplan (T) Limited offers the following consulting engineering services:

• Project identification and feasibility studies• Planning, Detailed Engineering Design, Technical Specifications and Tender Documentation• Procurement of Contractors• Project Management and Overall Services Coordination• Construction Supervision• Quality Control• Inspection and Commissioning and• Operation and Maintenance in the following areas of expertise:

Electrical Engineering• Power Distribution Systems • Electrical Systems in commercial, industrial and domestic installations

• Power Audit and Quality Control• Fire Detection and Alarm Systems• Earthing and Lightning Protection Systems• Electronic Security Systems (CCTV Systems, Access Control Systems, Intruder Alarm Systems, Emergency Evacuation Systems and Security Screening Equipment)• Telecommunications Systems• Congress and Public Address Systems• Intelligent Systems Installations

Mechanical Engineering• Heating, Air-conditioning and Ventilation (HVAC) Systems• Lifts Installations• Plumbing and Drainage Systems• Fire Fighting Systems (Sprinkler System, Hose Reel Systems, Portable Fire Extinguishers and Dry / Wet Risers and FM200 Gas Extinguishing)• Building management Systems

Electriplan (T) LimitedConsulting Electrical & Mechanical Engineers

ContactsTwiga House, Second floor, Samora Avenue

P. O. Box 23437, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaTel: + 255-22 2110529 / 2126560

Fax: + 255-22 2113865Email: [email protected]

Website: www.electriplan.co.tz1-Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) Headquarters Building / 2. PSPF Twin Commercial Towers3. PSPF Golden Jubilee Towers / 4. LAPF Dodoma / 5. Medicare Centre UDOM

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http://www.electriplan.co.tz/

T A N Z A N I A

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Roads Fund collection hasgone up from TZS 73 billionin 2005/2006 to almost TZS659 billion during the lastfinancial year.

A total of TZS 2,180 bil-lion has been allocated inthe government’s ambitious2016/2017 budget for con-struction and rehabilitationof roads. Among the roadprojects is a major scheme tobuild new six-lane roads andflyovers in Dar es Salaam toease the city’s crippling roadcongestion problem.

Despite the efforts, theroad national network remainsinadequate, as it is facedwith lack of sufficient fundsfor rehabilitation, upgradingand routine maintenance,combined with increasedtraffic. It is estimated thatthe current level of fundingaccounts for only 70% of theactual requirement.

HousingHousing market situation

The current housing deficitcountrywide is estimated at

4 million units and is growingat a rate of 200,000 units perannum. The problem is morepronounced in urban areas,with an estimated yearlyurbanisation growth rate of5.4%. Dar es Salaam itself ison pace to be Africa’s fastestgrowing urban center. Its totalpopulation of 4.3 million isexpected to quintuple to about20 million by 2050. Currently,

the housing deficit in urbanareas is estimated at 1.4 mil-lion units against an annualsupply of approximately25,000 units.

The formal housing con-struction sector remains smalland is largely being under-taken by the public sectoreither through the NationalHousing Corporation (NHC)or the Tanzania BuildingAgency (TBA), who develophousing for civil servants orthrough the pension funds.The private property devel-oper market is still small withthe existing developmentmostly aimed at luxury devel-opments catering to wealthyindividuals.

The growth of housing atthe top end of the market hasbeen remarkable. Few insti-tutional developers have beentargeting the niche market,leaving the middle and lowends to individual householdfunding. The latter types ofhouses have mainly beenconcentrated in unplannedand un-serviced settlements.

Over the years the hous-ing supply has been greatlyhampered by the long stand-ing problem of near absenceof formal mortgage finance.Only a tiny portion of the totalloans issued by the banksin Tanzania was set aside forfinancing homes. This prob-lem led to around 99% ofthe houses to be built out ofpockets. Such houses are built

on an incremental basis tak-ing 5 to 10 years to completeinstead of 9 to 12 months. Con-sequently, colossal amountsof capital are immobilisedfor a long time.

Though there has beensteps made in the right direc-tion, Tanzania’s mortgagemarket is still among thesmallest in the East Africanregion.

The role of housing infostering economic growth

The current housing deficitof 4 million units is equivalentto US$ 240 billion; equally,the annual growth in demandof 200,000 units is equivalentto US$ 12 billion. The currentdeficit coupled with the annualgrowth in demand and urbanpopulation influx offers a bighyper-growth opportunityfor the housing industry andthe national economy.

Increasing the contribu-tion of the housing sectorto GDP could easily triggergrowth of the economy in thefollowing areas:• Creation of about 200,000direct and 500,000 indirect jobsfor unskilled, semi-skilledand skilled labour.• Increased revenue collec-tion in form of VAT, propertytax, land rent, PAYE and cor-poration tax.• Growth of the financial sec-tor through liquidity, growingprofits and even lending atlower interests rate as wellas growth of the insuranceindustry.• Creation of ready marketfor utility providers.

The growth of housingsector by an average rate of30% per annum over thenext 20 years is possible pro-vided that housing financeis enhanced.

NHC

Mwongozo

Housing

Estate.

Services Provided

• Land use Planning

• Feasibility and Pre-investment Studies

• Architectural Designs, Supervision and

Management

• Quantity Surveying

• Interior Design

• Restoration

ADVENT COMPLEX, MTWARA - G+M+5

NIC Investment house

Samora avenue/Mirambo street

P.O. Box 8971 Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Tel: +255 732991140 - E-mail: [email protected]

Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Project Managers

OFFICE BUILDING FOR ASHTON MEDIA

GROUP, DSM - 2B+G+8

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PLAN ASSOCIATES LTDARCHITECTS &

ENGINEERSA well established Architectural Firm with over 30 years experience

PLAN ASSOCIATES LIMITED

Plot 487 Kambarage Rd, Mikocheni “A”,

P.O. Box 1185, Dar es Salaam - Tanzania

Tel: +255 22 2774172

Fax: +255 22 2774190

Cell: +255 754362857


Plan Associates was established in

1980. The Firm o ffers consultancy in

architectural matters including project

management, design, and supervision

of construction projects.

The objective of Plan Associates is to

provide professional services of

international standards to its clients

and the public at large. To this end we

use the best available local skills and

resources and when ever appropriate,

we associate with other firms. We also

have a branch in Francistown,

Botswana.

Former TTCL & CELTEL HQs, DSM.

TAFORI Headquarters, Morogoro.

PPF Hotel & Plaza, Mwanza.

Conference Hall, PPF Plaza, Mwanza.

Sunflag Building, Unga Limited, P.O Box 2339, Arusha - Tanzania

Tel: +255 713 225755, 784 907728 - E-mail: [email protected]

CONSULTING ARCHITECTS

INTERIOR DESIGNERS

PROJECT MANAGERS

Aerial View of Aga Khan University Dar es Salaam

Commercial Building for Kilimanjaro

Cooperative Bank Ltd.

Commercial Building for Ruaha University, Iringa

GERANAT MPROJEC

INTERIOR DESIGNER

TTING ARCHITECONSULLTC

S

S

S

el: +255 713 225755, 784 90772TTe

e, Unga LimitSunflag Building

om.cmailani@gwapashidk8 - E-mail: r

anzaniaTrusha - x 2339, Ao.O B, PP.ed

GERANAT MPROJEC S

Quality Designers, Architects & Planners

Proposed Kakakuona Complex, Dar es Salaam

Proposed BOT Executive Hostel at BOT Training Institute, Mwanza

qD Consult (T) Limited

Posta na Simu (SACCOS) Building 2nd Floor,

Lindi & Livingstone Street,

P.O. Box 1284 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Tel: +255 22 2185091

Mobile: +255 732 921639

Fax: +255 22 2185090

www.qdconsult.co.tz




http://www.qdconsult.co.tz/

http://www.qdconsult.co.tz/

T A N Z A N I A

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Mortgage financeThe lack of a legal frame-

work has for a long time beenthe biggest hindrance tooffering housing loans, butparliament enacted key lawsin recent years to facilitatethe offering of the services.

The Tanzania MortgageRefinance Company Limited(TMRC) that the governmentformed in partnership withthe World Bank has startedin 2011 providing long-termfunding to commercial banksby raising bonds in the cap-ital markets.

Although TMRC refinancesonly a limited portion of thetotal outstanding mortgagemarket (17% as of September30, 2014) its presence in themarket provides banks witha degree of comfort to enterinto term finance lending asthey know that long-termfunds are available shouldthey be needed. This rolehelps provide stability to themarket.

Since the establishmentof TMRC, the mortgage marketin Tanzania has been growingsteadily as the pace of housinginvestment picks up. As atthe end of March 2016, the

total lending by banking sec-tor for the purposes of resi-dential housing exceededTZS 374.5 billion, up 34%from the previous year. Thetotal number of mortgageloans also grew rapidly, from3,598 to 4,065 during thesame period.

It is expected that TMRC’sexistence will also lead to theestablishment of specialisedhousing finance companiesin the private sector. As of theend of March 2016, mortgageloans were offered by 27 dif-ferent banks, compared to

only 8 in 2010 with 70% ofthe total outstanding in thehands of 5 lenders.

Although high interestrates and lack of affordablehousing remain the majorconstraints on market growth,more lenders are expected toenter the market in the nearfuture due to intensifyingcompetition in traditionalbank products .

Meanwhile, MortgageFinance Regulations, 2011were reviewed and gazettedin June 2015 to align themwith developments in themarket and to address issues

encountered in the practicalimplementation of formerregulations.

National HousingCorporation initiatives

Following the increasinghousing demand and needto promote home ownership,the government has redirectedNHC to broaden its operations.The government now expectsNHC among other thingsto focus on the following:

• To balance the real estateportfolios so as to move frompredominant real estate man-

agement business and putmore efforts on real estatedevelopment.• To promote home ownershipby taking advantage of theMortgage Financing (SpecialProvisions) Act and the UnitTitles Act of 2008.• To construct mass housingthat are affordable to lowand medium income groupcountrywide.• To take advantage of itswealth (properties that arestrategically located) so as tooperate commercially andalleviate housing problems.• To partner with privateinvestors (under PPP arrange-ment) in undertaking large

NHC 711@

Kawe.

SOU CONSULTStructural & Civil Consulting Engineers

Rubada Building, Ground Floor

Morogoro Road, Ubungo


Tel: +255 22 2460314

Mob: +255 713406659


KIMPHIL is made of the following individuality:(Knowledge, Intelligence, Masterly, Perfection, Hands-on, Icon and Leading)

KIMPHIL Konsult (T) Limited is aprivate engineering companyestablished in 2007 by professionalswith wide experience in specializedEngineering Services.

Area of expertise:• Heating• Ventilation• Air conditioning• Cold storage and refrigeration• Lifts, Hoists and Escalators• Fire Engineering• Plumbing• Acoustics Engineering• Gas Engineering

S&F House, Block 30D Plot No 21

Mwinjuma Road, Kinondoni,

P. O. Box 90060, Dar es Salaam, TANZANIA

Tel:+255 22 2762080/1, +255 732 923521


Web: www.kimphilkonsult.com

Mwesigwa Project

TPDC Gas Project

PPF Ununio

CTCCROWN TECH-CONSULT LTD

Consulting Engineers, Surveyors &Project Managers

Areas of Specialization

Transportation InfrastructureRoads & Airports

Bridges Soil Investigations andSurveys

Natural Resources ManagementEnvironmental Assessment

Social impact AssessmentWater and Wastewater

EngineeringBuilding Industry

Buildings and SheltersDevelopmental projects

Technical Assistance and CapacityBuilding

Plot 96, MikocheniLight Industrial Area Street,

Next to TBC P.O.Box 72877, DSM, Tanzania

Tel: 2700078, Fax: 2771293Cellular 0784 280840


LUKOLO COMPANY LIMITEDCivil Engineering and Building

Construction Contractors

Established in 1997. Lukolo Company Ltd is today among few local

Class One Contractors both in Civil Works and Building construction.

With highly experienced and committed workforce the Company is

involved in various projects like Real Estate, Office Buildings,

Commercial Buildings, Road Construction, Water Supply, Irrigation

and Bridges.

Kijiwe Sharp Street - Buguruni, P.O. Box 75028, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

+255 22 2862844, +255 744 381265 / 754 723510

[email protected] - www.lukoloconstruction.com

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http://www.kimphilkonsult.com/

http://www.lukoloconstruction.com/

T A N Z A N I A

221


scale investment projectswhile ensuring that publicinterest are safeguarded.

The strategic objectivesare:• To construct medium andhigh class houses for sale andlease;• To construct social housing;• To mobilise investmentfunds.

Major real estatedevelopment projects

Tanzania is currentlyexperiencing large scale realestate developments, includ-ing the construction of villas,apartment complexes, officebuildings, hotels and shoppingmalls, driven by enormousdemand for residential hous-ing, industrial and commer-cial premises.

Multimillion dollar sky-scrapers are rising in almostall the major cities of thecountry. Recently completedprojects in Dar es Salaam

include TPA headquarters(40), PSPF Commercial Towers- A & B (35), Rita Tower (30),NHC Tower (23), TAN-RESquare (15), GEPF Tower (15),Uhuru Heights (27), Umojawa Vijana Complex (26), PSPFHouse/Golden Jubilee (24),LAPF Millennium Tower (27),Elite Tower (13), Crystal Tower(15), IT Plaza (13), VictoriaPlaza (18), Viva Towers (21),Tan House (14) and SamoraTower (19) while some of theundergoing projects includeMzizima residential and officeTowers (35+33), MwalimuNyerere Foundation House

Tower A (20), NHC MoroccoSquare Towers (25+), NHCGolden premier residence(27) and NHC Plot no 1088twin towers (30).

Office shortage in Dar esSalaam’s CBD in particularis manifested by the currentmarket trend in which newbuildings are fully bookedwhile still at construction.Property management expertsput the demand for officespace in Dar es Salaam at100,000 m2 against thecapacity to supply about25,000 m2 annually.

Under the retail market,multi-purpose shopping cen-tres are coming up gradually,with the likes of Mlimani CityMall standing out as Dar esSalaam’s largest shopping mallso far. The market appearsto be poised for growth, withthe development of smallretail centres ongoing, partic-ularly in upmarket residentialareas of Dar es Salaam suchas Oyster Bay, Msasani andMikocheni. Msasani City Malland Dar Village are recententrants to the market.

In October 2014, NHCmanaged to clinch a US$ 1.7billion deal with Chinese com-panies to build three megaprojects in Dar es Salaam

Mwalimu

Nyrere

Foundation

Square in

Dar es Salaam.

NHC Safari

City.

Land Surveying, Mapping & GIS Consultants

Total Station Solutions

that meet your optical and

conventional surveying

needs.

GNSS Surveying Solutions:

Rover and base station

postprocessed surveys

For reliable and precise geospatial solutions please contact:

P.O. Box 70238, Dar es Salaam - Tanzania

Mwinjuma Road, Kijitonyama 45a, Plot 86/2, Victoria Area

Tel: +255 22 2760065 - Email: [email protected],

Website: www.geomaps.co.tz

(A) Ltd.

Construction equipment

Pumps, Water Meters & Pipe Fittings

Material Handling Equipment

Mining Machinery

Marine Transport Equipment

Agricultural Machinery

Lifting equipment (cranes, lifts, etc)

Railway equipment (locomotives, tracks etc.)

Spare parts other related components for the

above

O & A COMPANY LIMITEDEQUIPMENT & SPARE PARTS

We are also authorised dealers of:

We cover all aspects of engineering

consultancy in the following fields

of specialization:

Air conditioning and Ventilation Systems

Lifts , escalators and Travolators

Fire safety system

Data centers and Telecommunications

Renewable Energy

Engineering Design

Contract Documentation

Construction Supervision

Quality Assurance

Off Old Bagamoyo Road,

Plot 470, Avocado Street

P.O.Box 79990, Dar es Salaam

Tel: +255 22 2781133

Fax: +255 22 2781152

Mob: +255 686 695112

| +255 784 369 134


Website: www.oanda.co.tz

O & A company Limited

O & A is a registered consulting engineering firm

which was established primarily to deal and consult

in international procurement, assessment and

valuations of:

O & A CO PA MITEDANY LIMOMP

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alaamx 79990, Dar es So.B.OPP.

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http://www.geomaps.co.tz/

http://www.mega.co.tz/

http://www.oanda.co.tz/

http://www.unicool.com/

T A N Z A N I A

223


without any government guar-antee. Those are ValhallaProject in Masaki, SalamaCreek Satellite City and aFinancial Square in Upanga.

Other projects of impor-tance being implemented byprivate developers includeNHC Kawe Uptown SatelliteCity (Kinondoni), Dege EcoVillage (Kigamboni), SeaBreeze Residential Complex(Jangwani Beach) and AVICTown (Amani Beach) whilepotential projects include NHCSalama Creek Satellite City(Dar es Salaam), NHC UsaRiver Satellite City (betweenMoshi and Arusha), NHCSafariCity (Arusha), NHC KibadaCity (Dar es Salaam) andLAPF Satellite City (Arusha).

Cement productionTanzania has in recent

years seen unprecedentedgrowth in construction sec-tor, with mushrooming newhouses, multi-storey build-ings, roads and bridges, atrend that has contributed tosurging demand for cement.

Domestic demand cur-rently stands at 4.1 milliontonnes per annum from 2.5million tonnes per annumin 2013 and will continue togrow by 10-12% a year in theforeseeable future.

Until 2013, Tanzaniawas home to only four largecement manufacturers. Theyincluded Heidelberg’s sub-sidiary Tanzania PortlandCement Company, Afrisam’ssubsidiary Tanga CementCompany, LafargeHolcim’ssubsidiary Mbeya CementCompany and ARM Cementwith a combined productioncapacity of little over 3 milliontonnes per annum. However,three more manufacturershave since rushed in to ben-

efit from the soaring demandpresented by the swellinginfrastructure projects by gov-ernment and steady growthof housing development bythe private sector. They includeLee Building Materials, LakeCement, and Dangote Cement,the latter being the latestentrant.

Lee Building Materialsfinalised in 2013 the construc-tion of its 0.3 million tonnesper annum white cementfacility in Lindi while LakeCement commissioned anintegrated cement plant, just40km south of Dar es Salaam,with an initial annual capac-ity of 0.5 million tonnes inDecember 2014. As part of itsAfrican expansion, Nigeria-based Dangote Cement erecteda 3 million tonnes capacitynew plant in Mtwara whichbegan operations in December2015, after an investment ofUS$ 600 million. The factory,which will undoubtedly doubleTanzania’s annual output ofcement to over 6 milliontonnes, will also serve localexport markets by sea.

In the meantime, Tanza-nia Portland Cement, TangaCement, Mbeya Cement andARM Cement have added upa total combined 2.8 millionper annum to their existingproduction capacities aimedat meeting local and regionaldemand.

Another firm, MambaCement, recently announcedplans to start the construc-tion of a 1 million tonnescapacity plant in the Pwaniregion.

With a paradoxal situa-tion where supply now farexceeds demand, cementmanufacturers are expectedto face high magnitude of

challenges in terms of com-petition, especially those inthe area of Dar es Salaam. Atthe same time, cheap importsfrom Asia continue to enterTanzanian markets. However,the encouraging news is thatcement price are expected tofall, which will further drivedemand.

Local contractorsempowerment

The local constructionindustry is an integral com-ponent of the sector as itprovides the means for thevarious sector institutions toconstruct and maintain theinfrastructure. With increasedinvestment in infrastructure,there is higher demand forcompetent local contractorsto manage large scale projects.

At present, there are over7,000 contractors registeredwith the Construction Reg-istration Board (CRB), theindustry watchdog. Of these,only about 350 companies areclassified as class one contrac-tors implying that they arecapable of undertaking thelargest works contracts. How-ever, the bulk of the contrac-tors are small contractors withlimited skills and equipment.

Local contractors makeover 95% of the CRB’s list.However, foreign contractorswho account for less than 5%of this list, take the lion share

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of about 60% of all civil con-struction works. Other statisticsshow that at least 80% ofroad construction projects inTanzania have been awardedto foreign firms in the pastfive years because locals donot have enough capital.

As part of the efforts toreverse the situation by empow-ering local contractors, CRBoperates a scheme whichprovides technical trainingand skills development to theindustry through a numberof courses each year. Assis-tance to small and mediumcontractors in securing bidbonds and bank guaranteesfor advance payments fromcommercial banks is alsooffered through the Contrac-tors Assistance Fund (CAF).While such schemes are vitaland necessary to develop thelocal industry, their limitedscale and outreach can onlysupport a limited number ofcontractors at present.

Challenges• Shortage of technical skills;modern construction trendsrequire employment of spe-cialised skills, most of whichare not readily available inthe country;

• Limited access to finance;financial institutions remainunfriendly to the construc-tion industry with creditterms like 100% collateralson bid bonds and perform-

ance bonds impeding thesector growth;• Payment delay; paymentof invoices by the govern-ment is rarely made on timeand this has a significantadverse impact on the indus-try both in terms of cash flowand the cost of bank loansand guarantees. The currentaccumulated debts are nowranging between from TZS850-900 billion;• Implementation of affir-mative policies; affirmativepolicies already in placeincluding the constructionindustry policy and exclusivepreference for locals in pro-

curement by the public pro-curement regulatory authority(PPRA) to favour local con-tractors are yet to be effec-tively implemented to get theenvisaged outcome;• Procurement regime; trans-parency, openness, fairness

and efficiency in procurementare still begging for furtherimprovement despite signif-icant efforts already made toimprove the public procure-ment system;

• Tying donor funds to foreigncontractors; some donorsrestrict their funding on con-struction projects to contrac-tors from their own countries;• Road maintenance finan-cial gap; there is a wideninggap in maintenance fundingand a large backlog in pre-ventive maintenance of thenational roads.

ConclusionThe construction industry

holds a very special place inTanzania’s economy. Thisis a crucial sector as it cutsacross all other sectors andstimulates their growth. In

addition to this, the sectoris pivotal to the achievementof Tanzania’s long term devel-opmental strategy that seeksto attain sustainable humandevelopment and to becom-ing a middle income economyby 2025. For this vision to beachieved, the country musthave a reliable and compet-itive local construction indus-try that is capable of deliv-ering quality services andvalue for money used in thedevelopment and mainte-nance of physical infra-structure. There is thereforeneed to scale up the assis-tance to the local construc-tion industry through bothtechnical and business skillsdevelopment training as wellas packaging works to attractmore local contractors in thetendering process.

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IntroductionThere has been a sustained

effort on the part of the Gov-ernment of Tanzania to createessential transport infrastruc-ture and services to improveaccess to jobs, education andhealth facilities and also tofacilitate domestic and inter-national trade as well asstrengthen regional integra-tion and attract foreign invest-ment. This socio-economicdevelopmental scenario under-scores the fact that transporta-tion is key to the overall devel-opment of Tanzania. Indeed,infrastructure sector acts asa stimulus to socio-economicgrowth and accounts forlarge proportion of publicinvestment.

It is important to empha-size that to be economicallyand financially sustainable,transportation must be cost-effective and continuouslyrespond to changing demandsthrough the creation of a morecompetitive transport sector.The availability of propertransport infrastructure and

efficient transport servicesare crucial determinants ofsocio-economic and indus-trial development.

The transport sector inTanzania has in recent yearshelped to integrate market-strengthening competition,increase access to farmingtechniques, promote trade,tourism, and foreign invest-ment as well as contribute tothe government revenues. Thiswas made possible throughimplementing a number oftransport development andmaintenance programmesand reforms aimed at enhanc-ing the provision of efficient,cost-effective and safe transportsystem in the country.

Allocation of funds to thetransport sector has increasedconsistently over the years.In the 2016/2017 budget, thegovernment has budgetedTZS 4,831 billion for improve-ment of infrastructures relatedto roads, bridges, railways,airports, and ports.

Despite the progress made,the transport sector in Tanza-nia still faces inadequate trans-port network, inadequateaccessibility to economicallypotential areas, high transportcosts, long travel times andpoor urban mobility espe-cially in large cities.

To handle surging cargotraffic caused by its own eco-nomic boom and similarexpansions in neighbour-ing countries, Tanzania hasembarked on a major shakeof its ports, railway and roadnetworks. The Initiative, calledBig Results Now, marks a deter-mination by the country andits development partners tomodernise its infrastructureto cope with current and pro-jected demand.

Performance of the sectorThe Tanzania transport

sector’s growth and per-formance have continued toimprove thanks to both gov-ernment efforts and privatesector investments. Transport

Transport:Becoming a regional logistical hub

Scania Tanzania Ltd.

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services grew by 7.9% in 2015compared to 12.5% the previ-ous year while the sector’s con-tribution to GDP reached 6.4%.

Management of the sectorTransport sector in Tan-

zania falls squarely underthe Ministry of Works, Trans-port and Communication.The Ministry is responsiblefor coordinating and financ-ing the development of infra-structure of the country. Itsmandate includes marine,surface and air transport, withits responsibilities includingworking with the NationalAssembly of Tanzania in cre-ating budgets and long-termproject planning. The min-istry’s key focus is on ensuringthat transport infrastructureis adequately available, wellmaintained and safeguarded.

National TransportPolicy

The National TransportPolicy (2003), which wasrecently reviewed, describeshow the transport sector willcontribute to national goalsand objectives and facilitatethe optimal development ofthe national economy. Thevision of the policy is “to haveefficient and cost-effectivedomestic and internationaltransport services to all seg-ments of the population andsectors of the national econ-omy with maximum safetyand minimum environmentaldegradations”. The goals ofthe national transport policyare focused on four themes:• Each fundamental elementof transport has been providedin the appropriate quality,quantity and form;• All components of transportare combined in a techno-logically optimum way foreach mode of transport;• Each mode is operated mostefficiently; and

• Appropriate mechanismsexist to ensure effective inter-modal coordination and com-munication between the user,the operator, the regulator andthe government on all trans-port questions and issues.

The government has seta number of specific goalsdesigned to address hightransport costs and accessrestrictions attributable tosector inefficiencies. Thesegoals include:• Paving all trunk roads link-ing regional capitals to bitu-men standard by 2018;• Improving urban mobilityand reducing congestion;• Increasing rail freight to2.3 million tons a year by2018;• Expanding cargo handledat sea ports by 50% by 2020;• Developing effective modalinterfaces in the port subsec-tor to reduce tariff, travel anddelivery times;• Expanding Julius NyerereInternational Airport (JNIA)passenger and cargo capac-ities into a hub by 2020;• Strengthening institutionsto satisfactorily implementPPPs in transport infrastructure;• Ensuring that the regula-tory framework produces fairand transparent competitionin the market place;• Delivering safe and environ-mentally sustainable transportinfrastructure and services;• Attain gender and cross-cutting benefits in accor-dance with national expec-tations; and• Providing efficient andeffective transport corridorsfor international trade usingnational gateways.

A strategy has been for-mulated to provide the frame-work for implementing thedirectives of the nationaltransport policy.

Institutional Sector Reforms

The Government hasmade a notable progress inthe transport sector. In orderto support economic growth,several reforms have beenrealised. Among the reformsare the transformation ofagencies whose functionsare of operational or servicedelivery nature. OperationalAgencies are Tanzania Air-ports Authority (TAA), Tan-zania Ports Authority (TPA),Tanzania-Zambia RailwayAuthority (TAZARA), TanzaniaGovernment Flight Agency(TGFA) and Tanzania Mete-orological Agency (TMA).Reforms have also resultedinto the establishment oftransport regulatory author-ities that include Surface andMarine Transport RegulatoryAuthority (SUMATRA) andthe Tanzania Civil AviationAuthority (TCAA).

The reforms include increas-ing private sector participa-tion in the transport sectorthrough management con-tracts and/or outright sale ofparastatal. Investment in thesector is guided by the NationalTransport Policy (2003), theNational Road Safety Policy(2009), and the National Con-struction Industry Policy (2003).The government acceptsforeign investment in Build,Operate and Transfer (BOT)projects and has launched aconcession system aimed atattracting foreign investorsto build infrastructures.

Transport SectorInvestment Programme(TSIP)

The Government of Tan-zania adopted a 10-Year Trans-port Sector Investment Pro-gramme (TSIP) in February2007 with the aim of devel-oping the transport sector in

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an effective manner. Theprogramme looks at how tointegrate the country’s entireinfrastructure network as wellas the periodic maintenanceof all transport infrastructure.For the initial 5 years, theestimated investment wasUS$ 6.1 billion although thecapacity to disburse fundswas severely underestimated.The expenditures for the firstphase were well below thebudgeted amount. The secondphase took off in 2012/2013and will end in 2016/2017.

RoadThe geography of Tan-

zania, its size, diversity anddispersion give roads a specialposition in integration of thenational economy. In partic-ular roads serve rural areasmore effectively than any othermode of transport. Road freightis undoubtedly the singlelargest logistics sector in thecountry, and the one whichbenefits the most from thevast volumes of trans-regionaltrade, as well as the large agri-cultural tonnage needingtransportation. Road trans-port caters for over 80% offreight traffic.

The total road network isabout 92,000 km, of whichabout 13,000 km are classified

as trunk roads. These trunkroads, of which 43% are paved,provide international con-nections and join most majorcities. In addition, they areover 22,000 km of regionalroads mostly unpaved and57,000 km of district, feederand urban roads.

The road network has beena focus of investment overthe past decade. The trunkand regional road conditionin particular has steadilyimproved, thanks to variousmaintenance interventionsand development activities,which are carried out contin-uously. It is estimated that60% of trunk roads are in goodcondition and only 8% arein poor condition. However,the overall road network inthe country is generally unsta-ble because 90% of roads areunpaved and easily vulnerableto heavy rains and traffic.

The government has alsomade tremendous efforts toincrease its own budget forroad development throughthe Roads Fund, whose fund-ing is ring-fenced field usercharge as the main sourceof finance for road mainte-nance. Roads Fund collectionincreased from TZS 73 billionin 2005/6 to over TZS 659billion in 2015/16.

Overall, a total of TZS2,180 billion has been ear-marked in the 2016/2017budget for construction andrehabilitation of roads; carryout spot improvements aswell as periodic and generalmaintenance of gravel roads;improving districts and feederroads as well as constructionand rehabilitation of bridges.

Although improving, theroad national network remainsinadequate, as it is faced with

lack of sufficient funds forrehabilitation, upgrading andfor routine maintenance, com-bined with increased traffic.It is estimated that the cur-rent level of funding accountsfor only 70% of the actualrequirement. Furthermoreroad freight travel time alongthe central corridor is still veryhigh due to multiple non-transport related barriers,inadequate capacity of borderpost facilities and poor roadsafety environment.

RailwayThe railways system has

a total track length of 3,682km, which are operated bytwo railway systems: theTanzania Railways Limited(TRL) – 2,707km of which2,130km are operational andTanzania-Zambia RailwayAuthority (TAZARA) – 975km.The two systems interface atKidatu and at Dar es Salaamport. Together, the railwaysserve 14 of the 21 regions ofMainland Tanzania. They alsoserve neighbouring countries.

Tanzania’s railway trans-port has for a very long timesailed through rough seas interms of policy and imple-mentation, with the adverseconsequences seen even today.The listing of the then Tan-zania Railway Corporation(TRC) amongst parastals fordivesture in 1997 discouragedthe government from invest-ing on the public firm, pendingserious investors to revive andrun the company efficiently.It took the country 10 yearsto get an investor – RITES –which bought 51% of TRCshares and transformed thefirm into TRL. Simultane-ously, the government cre-ated RAHCO, a governmentcompany that own the assetsof the railway. However, thisconcession experienced major

Scania Tanzania has been operating in Tanzania

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Tanzanian roads are Scania vehicles.

Jiefang Motors (T) Ltd. was established in 1992.

Our scope of business is importation of Jiefang Brand commercial

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We boast a showroom, a workshop of 2,000 sqm and a spare parts

store center of 900 sqm. The company now has nearly 60 employees.

Our main products are heavy, medium and light duty trucks (lorry

trucks, dump trucks and tractor heads, etc.), complying with local

and regional demand. Annual sales average 700 units.

Jiefang Motors (T) Ltd supplies:

• The best quality products suitable for local roads and climate

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JIEFANG MOTORS (T) LTD.

“Service is the difference”, 23 years of serving Tanzania

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P.O. Box 40902, Nyerere Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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difficulties, did not improvethe services, and the systemsuffered further depletionof its services. The two partiesmutually agreed to terminatethe concession which waseventually dissolved in 2011.Lack of investment on rollingstock resulted into a steepdecline of freight traffic froma peak of 1.4 million tonnesin 2002 to less than 0.2 mil-lion in 2012. This decline tookplace simultaneously withthe increased investment inthe trunk road network andthe central corridor road net-work which parallels the rail-way. As a result, there wasa major shift of traffic fromrailway to road, a situationthat remains up to now.

The government has, how-ever, put a lot of effort intoreviving TRL operations. UnderTSIP 2 programme, it hasplaced considerable emphasison addressing railways and,in particular, the revival ofthe central rail corridor link-ing Dar es Salaam with thelake ports of Kigoma andMwanza. With the target ofincreasing TRL’s freight haul-ing capacity to 3.0 milliontonnes, the steps taken duringthe past four years includere-manufacturing of eightlocomotives, procurement of274 new freight wagons, 25new ballast hopper wagons,one tamping machine, 13

new locomotives and 34brake vans. Furthermore, thegovernment rehabilitated150km and three bridges inorder to make the central cor-ridor railway line fully opera-tional. The government alsoconstructed Mwanza andShinyanga Inland ContainerDepots in order to facilitatecargo handling.

TAZARA, which runs some1,860km from Dar es Salaamto Zambia’s Kapiri Mposhiwas built by the Chinese gov-ernment in 1976 and is jointlyowned by the governmentsof Zambia and Tanzania.The railway line is in seriousoperational and financialproblems due to a fall in traf-

fic and the old age of itslocomotives. The authority’scapacity to transport 5 mil-lion tonnes of cargo per yearhas dropped dramaticallyover the years. TAZARA con-veyed less than 90,000 tonnesof freight in 2014/15 finan-cial year, a 57% decreasefrom the 208,000 tonnes in2013/14 and a record low,compared to the annualpeaks of 1.2 million tonnesa year it was moving in thelate 1980’s. In May 2016 planswere announced to hand overthe management and opera-tions of TAZARA to ChinaRailway as early as September2016. It is estimated that TZS

740 billion are needed torevitalise the organisation.

The construction of a new2,561 km standard gaugerail system is now underway.Tanzania plans to spend US$14.2 billion over the next fiveyears on a standard gaugenetwork that is designed toimprove the flow of cargobetween Dar es Salaam andRwanda, Burundi, the DRCand Uganda while also pro-viding better and faster domes-tic connections. The leadproject is a US$ 7.6 billionscheme known as the Dar esSalaam, Isaka, Kigali/Kezaand Musongati (DIKKM) line.This will involve upgradingthe existing 970 km Dar esSalaam to Isaka line and thenconstruction a new 702 kmline to a junction at Keza,where the route would divide,with branches to Rwandaand Burundi. Two additionalfreight-only main lines, costinga total of around US$ 6.6billion, are to be constructedbetween mining areas in thenorth and south of Tanzaniaand the Port of Dar es Salaam.Another major rail line isplanned to link coal and ironore mining projects in thesouth-western region toMtawara Port. This 1,000kmstandard gauge railway lineis expected to cost US$ 1.4billion. There is also a US$1.9 billion plan to revive theexisting 438km meter gaugeline from Tanga to Arushaand Moshi as well as to builda new 664km section fromArusha to Musoma on LakeVictoria.

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ital. Only two trains for com-muters exist at present. TRLoffers the train services betweenDar es Salaam Railway Sta-tion and Ubungo Maziwa, a12km stretch while TAZARAplies the 34km route fromKurasini to Makanga.

Available statistics showthat TRL and TAZARA collec-tively transported 2,646,654passengers in 2014. Theservices however still face anumber of challenges – lackeffective system for revenuecollections, dilapidated infra-structure and shortage of trainengines and passenger wag-ons. The construction of newcommuter railway lines toconnect Dar es-Salaam withneighbouring towns of Kibaha,Kisarawe and Bagamoyo isbeing considered.

Air transportThere are 126 airports

and aerodromes in Tanzania,62 of which are owned andmanaged by the government.The country has four inter-national airports located inDar es Salaam (JNIA), Zanzi-bar (ZNZ), Kilimanjaro (KIA)and Songwe (SIA). The busiestregional airports are Arusha,Mwanza, Kigoma, Bukobaand Mtwara.

Generally, the conditionsof basic airport infrastruc-tures – runways, aprons andtaxiways – remain relativelypoor for most of the airportsin Tanzania. Only 17 airportsare asphalt paved. Over thelast five years, however, thegovernment through theTanzania Airports Authority(TAA) and Tanzania CivilAviation Authority (TCAA)

has implemented a numberof development projects tofurther modernise the airportsin view of enabling a substan-tial increase in passenger traf-fic and stimulating tourism.Over US$ 400 million hasbeen invested towards inter-nationally accepted infrastruc-

tural developments aimed atimproving access, runwaycapacity, taxiway, parkingfor aircrafts and other airsafety related facilities. Eightairports are currently beingupgraded.

The construction of Termi-nal III in two phases at JNIA,the country’s major air gate-way, officially started in April2014. After completion of thefirst phase, in August 2016,the new terminal will have acapacity of 3.5 million annualpassengers. The second phase,

scheduled to be completedby 2017 will add additionalcapacity, for a total of 6 mil-lion annual passengers. There-after the Terminal II will func-tion as a domestic terminalonly. The total cost for bothphases is estimated to be US$300 million, making it oneof the largest investments inaviation infrastructure thecountry has ever undertaken.

The renovation and mod-ernisation of KilimanjaroInternational Airport so as toincrease the number of trav-elers and airlines it can handlestarted in August 2015. Ata cost of US$ 40 million, theupgrading project is expectedto be complete by 2017.

Mbeya’s new Songwe Inter-national Airport is undergoingan expansion, including anew terminal building witha capacity to handle 500,000local and international annualpassengers whilst MwanzaAirport is undergoing a majorupgrade, including expansionof the runways, a new pas-senger lounge and a cargoterminal. The new airportwill provide the Great LakesRegion of Tanzania with aviable transport hub capableof handling larger aircraftand with a capacity of upto 1 million passengers.

According to TCAA, thegrowth in international pas-sengers’ traffic has recorded anaverage of 7% per annum inthe recent years while domes-tic passengers have beengrowing at a rate of 18% perannum during the sameperiod. This growth has beenattributed to increased fre-quencies by some 23 inter-national airlines flying toTanzania, the introductionof new routes, increased touristarrivals and increased com-petition as well as business

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expansion by Fastjet andPrecision Air. Other privateairlines operating in the coun-try include Coastal Aviation,Flight link, Regional Air, AirExcel, Tanzanair, Zanair,Safari Airlink, Auric Air andTropical Air. Air Tanzania,the national flag carrier,through the acquisition oftwo new aircrafts, will sooncompete with other commer-cial airlines. According toIATA (International Air Trans-port Association) Tanzaniais in the top 10 of the fastestgrowing markets in the world,so a steep rise in passengernumber is to be expected inthe coming years. Passengertraffic was last recorded at5.2 million in 2014.

About 30,000 tonnes ofcargo are handled every yearby Swissport and other pri-vate players.

Marine transportBoth sea and inland water-

ways ports in Tanzania aremanaged and operated bythe Tanzania Ports Authority(TPA). The TPA’s main IndianOcean ports are Dar es Salaam,Tanga and Mtwara; minorseaports serving coastal trafficinclude Lindi, Kilwa, Mafia,Bagamoyo, Pangani andMikindani. The Port of Zan-zibar is administered sepa-rately by the Zanzibar PortCorporation. Currently, Tan-zania’s ports have the capacityto clear over 16 million tonnesper year.

The port of Dar es Salaamis the gateway for over 90%of the country’s internationalsea trade. It is one of the keyentry points into the East Coastof Africa and an importantoutlet for neighbouring land-locked countries. It has a ratedcapacity for 4.1 million tonnesof dry cargo, 6.0 million tonnes

of bulk liquid cargo, 3.1 mil-lion tonnes of general cargo,and 1 million tonnes of con-tainerised cargo. The Port hasa total quay length of about2,000 metres with eleven deep-water berths, four of whichare dedicated to containeroperations under the controlof the Hutchison-operatedcontainer terminal TanzaniaInternational Container Ter-minals Services (TICTS), whoseannual capacity stands ataround 500,000 TEUs. ThePort also has an oil terminaland a grain silo.

The total volume handledby the port of Dar es Salaamreached 15 million tons in2015, up from 13.1 milliontons in 2013, and 10.4 milliontons in 2011. On average, overthe last 5 years, port volumeshave been growing by 9% peryear, with liquid bulk andcontainer volumes increas-ing even faster, bumpingup against the operationalcapacity ceiling of the port.

This growth is placingconsiderable strain on theport of Dar es Salaam. WhileTanzania has greatly improvedits capacity to efficiently movegoods and handle other tradelogistics over recent yearsthrough improved servicesand heavy investments, allthe indicators of port perform-ance and utilisation, includ-ing waiting time for ships at

anchorage, berth occupancyand cargo dwell time stillcompare poorly to the bestports in the region.

The fast-growing port ofDar es Salaam is workingto double its annual capacityto 30 million metric tons peryear and reduce dwell timesfrom nine days to five by 2020,in an effort to become thetop gateway to landlockedEast African countries. Withthis goal in mind, the Dar esSalaam Maritime GatewayImprovement Project, whichentails the deepening andstrengthening of berths 1-7,the dredging of the entrancechannel and turning basinin the port, the constructionof a new berth and roll on-roll off terminal, the con-struction of a new dedicatedcontainer terminal with anannual capacity of 600,000TEUs on two new Berths,the development of a largeinland cargo freight station,and improvements in the

spatial efficiency and opera-tional effectiveness of theport, is currently underway.The provisional cost of theproject is US$690 millionover the next five years, andwill be financed by the WorldBank and other partners.TPA is also looking into alter-natives of operating berths5-7 from traditional oper-ating approach to concession

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approach. By the end of theproject, between 70-80 percentof the increased throughputof the port will be handledby private operators.

In parallel, the installa-tion of an Electronic SingleWindow System (eSWS) willsoon integrate the operationsof all port stakeholders andfast track the process of cargoclearance.

Beyond Dar es Salaam,other ports are being con-structed or upgraded. Tangahas the proposed MwambaniEconomic Corridor Project;four berths are to be con-structed at Mtwara Port andthere are exciting plans forbrand-new harbours, suchas the new modern 4th gener-ation port with an annualcapacity of 20 million con-tainers at Mbegani creek,Bagamoyo, 75km north of Dares Salaam. Meant to easecongestion in Dar es Salaam,the planned new port wouldmake it the region’s biggestport and transform Bagamoyointo an East African hub forIndian Ocean shipments toand from six of Tanzania’smostly landlocked neigh-bours. The entire cost for theconstruction of the new portas well as the railway net-work leading to it, the sur-rounding special economiczone and other infrastructureis estimated at US$ 11 billion.The project first materialisedin March 2013 when a frame-work agreement was signedbetween Tanzania and ChinaMerchants Holding Interna-tional (CMHI) but it is stillunclear when the project willkick off. It was recently reportedthat the construction of theport will start in the secondhalf of 2016 upon conclusionof financing negotiationswith key partners.

Lake TransportThe main inland water-

ways ports are Mwanza,Kemondo Bay, Bukoba and

Musoma on Lake Victoria;Itungi on Lake Nyasa; andKigoma on Lake Tanganyika.Those lake ports are used totransport cargo and passen-gers inland as well as betweenneighbouring countries. Thereare presently 16 operatingvessels on the lakes. Three newvessels are to be deployed onLake Nyasa.

PipelineThe pipeline system

consists of 1,750 km used totransport crude oil productsfrom Dar es Salaam to Ndolarefinery in Zambia, 232 kmused to transport natural gasfrom Songo Songo to Dar esSalaam and a 532km naturalgas pipeline from Mtwara toDar es Salaam. Constructionof the envisaged US$ 4 billionpipeline to transport crudeoil from Kabale in Ugandato Tanga Port is slated tocommence in August 2016,pending ongoing discussionsbetween the two governmentsand investors.

Challenges• Vastness of the country:Tanzania is a vast countryand it is an uphill task con-necting the entire countrywith tarmac roads.• Financial constraints: Devel-opment of transport infra-structure is an expensive

undertaking that requireshuge financial investments,which are not readily avail-able in Tanzania.

ConclusionWith transportation being

a crosscutting sector thataffects all other social, cul-tural and economic sectors,the government of Tanzaniahas declared its determina-tion to put in place effective,appropriate and adequatetransport systems and infra-structure to serve and enablepeople to perform their socio-economic activities towardspoverty elimination.

Passable roads throughoutthe year stimulate tourism,industry and agriculturalactivities which contributeimmensely to the nationalGDP. Decent transport infra-structure too lowers domesticproduction costs throughtimely delivery of goods andservices to the market, thusenhancing the economies ofscale and reducing consumerprices.

Transport has huge poten-tial of supporting povertyreduction initiatives by directlyand indirectly promotingtrade and higher productivityin the economy. It’s thereforeessential that the sector isoperated efficiently and effec-tively to enable other economicsectors to contribute opti-mally to the socio-economicdevelopment. �

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IntroductionThe telecommunication

sector plays a major role in thesocial and economic devel-opment of Tanzania throughgeneration of substantialproductivity gains for theeconomy. The performanceof the sector has continuedto grow, thanks to govern-ment efforts to put in placegood legislations as well asprivate sector investment ininfrastructure and services.

Telecommunication facil-ities are available in mostparts of the country. As formobile phones, Tanzania hasthe fourth highest numberof subscribers in sub SaharanAfrica, after Nigeria, SouthAfrica and Kenya. Subscribersto mobile phones in Tanzaniaare about 39 million.

The landing of new sub-marine cables in the country,starting with SEACOM in

2009, and a massive effortled by the government to rollout the national fibre-opticbackbone crisscrossing Tan-zania have brought cyberrevolution in the country.The international Internetbandwidth capacity is morethan 30 times bigger thanit was before 2009, a factorthat has helped to bring con-nectivity costs down dramat-ically. As a result, the estim-ated number of people usingthe Internet has grown fromabout four million in 2009 tomore than seventeen milliontoday.

Regulatory frameworkIn the context of a wider

economic liberalization policyin the country, the Commu-nications Act of 1993 pavedthe way for the government’smove to liberalize the telecom-munication sector. The processinvolved separation of policy,regulation and operations

in the first place and secondseparation of postal andtelecommunication. This ledto the split of the state-ownedTanzania Posts and Telecom-munications Corporation(TPTC) into the TanzaniaPosts Corporation (TPC), theTanzania TelecommunicationsCompany Limited (TTCL)and the Tanzania Commu-nication Commission (TCC).The National Telecommu-nications Policy, launched in1997, pushed for furtherreforms and private-sectorengagement in the sector.

The Tanzanian NationalICT Policy was then launchedin March 2003 to prepare thecountry to become a hub ofICT infrastructure and ICTsolutions that enhance sus-tainable socio-economic devel-opment and acceleratedpoverty reduction. The estab-lishment of ICT policy missionswas also to facilitate the new

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licensing procedures for easymarket entry, operator oppor-tunity, new applications andICT services.

The Tanzania Commu-nications Commission (TCC)merged with the TanzaniaBroadcasting Commission(TBC) in November 2003 toform the Tanzania Commu-nication Regulatory Authority(TCRA). Charged with theresponsibility to regulatebroadcasting, postal servicesand electronic technologiesand other ICT applications,TCRA has also been man-dated to oversee the restruc-turing and liberalisation ofthe sector following the expiryof exclusivity rights given tothe incumbent telecommu-nication operator, TTCL onFebruary 23, 2005.

Convergence of technol-ogy in the telecommunica-tions sector has necessitatedthe adoption of a technologyand service-neutral licensingregime, the Converged Licens-ing Framework (CLF). Sinceits introduction in February2006, the CLF has been acatalyst in the developmentof communication networkinfrastructure, network serv-ices, applications and contents.Fully liberalised, the sector

has become appealing to bothforeign direct investmentsand domestic capital and hasturn into one of the country’sfastest growing sectors.

Tanzania’s teledensity wasonly 10 % in 2005 while todaythe same has reached 79%.This is the result of licensing ofnew operators who have madeconsiderable investments intonetwork development andexpansion, thus giving accessto most of the districts in thecountry including remotelylocated inhabitants.

The liberalisation of Voiceover Internet Protocol teleph-ony as well as the introduc-tion of third generation (3G)mobile services and wirelessbroadband networks havealso boosted the internet sec-tor which has been hamperedby the low level of develop-ment of the traditional fixed-line network.

Value added services suchas mobile money transfer,m-banking, bill paymentand m-applications were aswell introduced.

All these developmentsmade the previous legisla-tions – the Broadcasting

Services Act of 1993 and theCommunications Act of 1993– outdated. Although theseacts served the sector wellin the past, it was inevitablethat they be replaced, andhence Parliament passedElectronic and Postal Com-munications Act (EPOCA) on29th January 2010. Regula-tions made under EPOCA arethe most important legis-lation which applies to thetelecoms, audio-visual mediadistribution and internet sec-tors in Tanzania.

Pursuant to realising sig-nificant ICT potential fordevelopment and addressingits challenges, the governmenthas reviewed the NationalICT Policy of 2003 and cameup with the National ICTPolicy 2016, which providesa comprehensive frameworkfor guiding the developmentand growth of the industry.

Telecom marketThe converged licensing

regime has brought a largenumber of new players intothe market.

Tanzania has currentlytwo basic fixed-line operators(TTCL and Zantel) and sevenfull fledged cellular mobile

http://www.selcom.net/

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operators: Vodacom, Airtel,Tigo, Zantel, TTCL MobileSmart and Halotel – whoentered the market in October2015 – while Smile Commu-nications operates wirelessvoice/data services using 4G-LTE technology only. Otheractive players holding a Net-work Services License includeTelesis, Six Telecoms, BNHCommunications, WiAfrica,Seacom and CTV.

Records obtained fromTCRA indicate that the mobilenetworks shared 39,665,600subscribers as of December2015 compared to 34,108,851the previous year.

Thanks to a growing net-work of 16.8 million registeredmobile money users, Tanzaniahas also become the leadingplace for mobile money inEast Africa with an averageof US$ 2.2 billion in trans-action per month.

In the fixed line segment,TCRA reported 142,819 linesin service as of December2015, stable compared withthe previous year.

With regard to Internetaccess and use, the estim-ated number of internet usersincreased by 3 million peoplein 2015 alone according toTCRA.

Currently, over 17 millionTanzanians, 34% of the popu-lation, have a regular accessto Internet via mobile wire-less subscription, organisa-tions or institutions subscrip-tion, and household installedinternet.

Some of the factors thathave contributed towards thisgrowth include an increase inthe number of smartphoneusers and the deployment ofthe National ICT BroadbandBackbone (NICTBB). Thesetechnological revolutions haveled to a substantial declinein the cost of using internetservices in the country.

The market is highly com-petitive with many ISPs,although the bulk of the mar-ket is in the hands of only afew. Following the launch of3G and LTE mobile broad-band services, the mobile

networks have become theleading internet service pro-viders. Today, many Tanza-nians are paying as little asUS$ 12 a month to enjoyunlimited high-speed mobileaccess to the Internet fromtheir mobile phone. Tanzaniahas over 20 million address-able broadband users, 200,000registered businesses, andnearly 30,000 educationalinstitutions that all need tobe connected.

PerformanceTanzania’s telecommu-

nication sector was one thefastest growing sector of theeconomy in 2015, recordinga growth of 12.1% and con-tributing 4,5% to real GDP.

National ICTBroadband Backbone

The government of Tan-zania is supervising the con-struction and use of the five-phase National ICT BroadbandBackbone (NICTBB) whosefirst two phases are complete,covering a total of 7,560 kmand connecting 24 regionaland some district towns. Thenational fibre-optic network,which will measure 10,000 kmupon completion, connectswith the international sub-marine cables (SEACOM andEASSy) in Dar es Salaam,and provides land connec-

Vodacom32%

Zantel4%

Airtel28%

Smart4%

Halotel3%

Tigo28%

TTCL1%

Subscription Market Share Dec. 2015

Source: TCRA

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tivity to six neighbouringcountries through 9 borderpoints, thereby making Tan-zania a hub of ICT infrastruc-ture and ICT solutions withinthe region. The governmenthas now moved to the nextstages of building backhaullinks, a national data centre,internet exchange pointsand optic fibre Metro RingNetworks in urban areas,which will mark significantnational coverage, easy accessand affordability.

Managed by TTCL on anopen access basis, the NICTBBis operated as a wholesalebusiness that is engaged inlease of capacity to Tanzania’slicensed operators, i.e. mobilenetwork operators, InternetService Providers (ISPs), localtelevision and radio stations,Fixed Network, Fixed Wireless,and Voice and Data ServiceProviders. Services offeredon wholesale include STM-1(155 Mbps), STM-4 (620 Mbps),STM-16 (2.5 Gbps), STM-64(10 Gbps), Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet(1000 Mbps). NICTBB’s clientsinclude the government andits executive agencies, majorcommercial banks, mobiletelecommunications compa-nies and ISPs operating in thecountry. Additionally, telecomoperators in Malawi, Burundi,Rwanda and Zambia areusing the national fibre-opticcable for their internationalconnections while operators inKenya and Uganda will soonconnect to the backbone.

Completion of the firsttwo phases of the NICTBBhas provided the basis forprovision of reliable andaffordable broadband accessconnectivity to all citizens andbusinesses within the countryat affordable prices for bothcommercial and develop-

mental purposes. Since thenetwork was put into service,the cost of Internet for end-users has dropped by 75%.Likewise, the transport/back-haul costs paid by operatorshave decreased by 99%. Theimpact on Tanzanian con-sumers, educational institu-tions and businesses has sofar been remarkable.

This broadband readiness,supplying abundant nationaland international bandwidth,is fast enabling e-markets inTanzania to emerge and grow,leveraging the increasingpopularity of e-transactionsalready backed by mobileelectronic money transferservices. These e-transactionswill continue to permeatepeople’s life styles extendingto e-learning, e-health, e-government, etc. This accel-erated ICT adoption can besus-tained to create a highersocio-economic impact throughaggressive content develop-ment that will be deliveredusing the available broad-band connectivity as it isextended to cover communi-ties, schools, higher learningand research institutions, hos-pitals and associated healthfacilities, government offices,and businesses. Prospectively,the broadband connectivityopportunity is a multibillion-dollar e-Market for contentand other e-services. It isestimated that already 10% ofTanzania’s GDP is transactedthrough mobile commerce.

Latest developments

Telecommunications TrafficMonitoring System (TTMS)

In operation since Octo-ber 2014, the TTMS systemis aimed at monitoring thequality of the service providedby mobile telecom compa-nies in Tanzania, track illegal

communication operatorsas well as controlling tax rev-enues. The system is operatedby SGS/GVG of Switzerlandunder a Build Operate TransferAgreement under which after5 years the system will betransferred to TCRA. Anothercomponent of the TTMS,called Central EquipmentIdentification Register (CEIR)was launched in December2015. Its main purpose is tostop counterfeited or stolenphones from accessing thetelecommunications networks.

By implementing the com-ponent of regulation of localcalls revenue, TTMS is expectedto deliver up to TZS 400 billionto the government annually.

Universal Communication Service Access Fund (UCSAF)

Through UCSAF, the gov-ernment is executing an ambi-tious program to provide basicvoice telecommunicationsservices to all underservedwards in rural Tanzania andeconomically weak areas.Since its inception in March2013, contracts totalling US$36.8 million have alreadybeen awarded by the govern-ment to five telecommuni-cations companies for theextension of communicationservices to 443 wards coveringan estimated population of3.1 million. As of December2015, 79 wards were complete.

Introduction of fourthgeneration (4G) mobile broadband services

Smile rolled-out Tanzania’sfirst commercial 4G LTE mobilebroadband network in May2013 followed by Tigo in April2015, Smart Telecom in Octo-ber 2015, TTCL in December2015, Vodacom in June 2016while Zantel launched Zan-zibar’s first 4G network inApril 2016. Operators are

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fast rolling-out their infra-structure and nationwidecoverage is expected soon.

The 4G LTE standard isat the cutting-edge of mobiletelecommunications. 4G LTEenables ultra-high-speed inter-net access (being around 5times faster than 3G), accel-erating broadband penetra-tion and vastly improvingthe online experience. Mobileultra broadband serviceshave the potential to furtherincrease economic produc-tivity through improvedinformation flows, reducedtravel time and costs, improvedbusiness efficiency, bettereducation and better publicservice.

The Djibouti-Africa RegionalExpress (DARE)

A new regional underseacable will soon connect Dares Salaam. The DARE, span-ning approximately 5,500km,will provide additional pro-tection and diversity to exist-ing heavily congested under-sea cable systems. It willdeliver more than 60 Terabitsper second (Tbps) of capacityby 2018.

Telecommunicationsector challenges• Increases in excise dutiesand taxes hamper mobileoperators’ expansion plans.• Fluctuating USD exchangerates against the shilling gen-erated revenue is driving cap-ital investment costs higher.• Extra liberal telecommuni-cations regulatory regime. Toomuch competition in a devel-oping market may destroyvalue and negatively impactthe investment environment.

As a result, the average rev-enue per user (ARPU) con-tinues to fall and the pricewars continue to hurt smalleroperators.• High cost of provision ofrural telecommunication andunreliable of power supply.• Many Tanzanians, especiallyrural dwellers, do not haveadequate skills and aware-ness to operate computersand other ICT equipment.

ConclusionUnquestionably, Tanzania

has done much in expeditinginformation communicationtechnology (ICT) develop-ment countrywide. It has alsoreduced to a considerableextent the cost of servicestowards improving afford-ability of ICT services.

Despite the actual limita-tions it is only fair to say thatTanzania has recorded impres-

sive growth in the telecom-munication sector in the lastten years. This was madepossible through good busi-

ness environment and ICTregulating policies createdby the government.

As a result, the countryis making good progresstowards achieving its commu-nication sector goals as envi-sioned in the Vision 2025. Fur-thermore, with the landingof the submarine cable systemsand the deployment of theOptic Fibre Cable infrastruc-ture Backbone Network, Tan-zania has become a commu-nication hub for the entireregion.

Affordable nationwidebroadband connectivity willact as a catalyst for the devel-opment of a digital-basedeconomy by increasing infor-mation and communicationstechnology (ICT) literacy, sup-porting national initiativesaimed at socio-economicdevelopment and increasing

demand for investment incomplementary infrastruc-ture and industries.

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IntroductionTanzania has abundant

indigenous energy resourcessuch as biomass, natural gas,coal, uranium and renewableenergies (hydro, solar, wind,geothermal, bio-energies, tidaland waves), and yet there isinsufficient supply of modernenergy services to fuel growthand development. Biomass-based fuel, particularly fuelwood and charcoal, accountsfor 85% of the primary energysupply while commercialenergy sources such as petro-leum, gas, electricity, andcoal, as well as non-biomassrenewable energy, accountfor only 15%. That meansthat petroleum and electric-ity account for 9% and 5%,respectively, for primaryenergy use. Biogas, coal, windand solar account for theremaining 1%.

Only 30% of the popu-lation is connected to theelectricity grid, resulting ina very low level of electricityconsumption per capita ofabout 140 kWh comparedwith the world average of2,500 kWh. That said, con-sumption is increasing rapidlyowing mainly to acceleratingproductive investments anda growing population.

Electricity is an essentialservice whose quality andguaranteed availability areinevitable to the success ofgovernment efforts towardssocio-economic development.To stimulate socio-economictransformation and achieveTanzania Development Vision2025 agenda the govern-ment is striving to increasethe electrification rate to 55%by 2025 and at least 75%

by 2035. This requires signif-icant investment in genera-tion, transmission and distri-bution systems.

Over recent years, demandfor electricity has not beenproperly matched with sup-ply. Changing rainfall patternsand recent droughts havereduced hydropower output.This has resulted in chronicpower outages and the run-ning of expensive emergencydiesel power plants as baseload. This is, however, chang-ing as the country scales upthe exploitation of its naturalgas resources and brings tofruition some of the gas-power generation projects.

Increased gas suppliesand new investments in theenergy sector have led to theannouncement that the coun-

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try expects to achieve a powersurplus by 2018, providingthe possibility to have a reli-able service.

Power generationThe electricity sub-sector is

largely dominated by a state-owned enterprise, TanzaniaElectric Supply CompanyLimited (TANESCO), whichis charged with generation,purchase, transmission anddistribution of electricity.Other sources of generationare from four IndependentPower Producers (IPPs) anda few Small Power Producers(SPPs), which feed the nationalgrid and isolated areas. Alto-gether, they contribute about35% of the national grid’seffective generating capacity.

As of June 2016, the inter-connected grid system had aninstalled capacity of 1,547MW,which comprised 711MW ofgas fired power plants, 566MWof hydro, 173MW of liquidfuel fired power plants (plus70MW capacity on short termrental basis) and 27MW basedon biomass. In addition, therewas an off-grid installedcapacity of 79 MW consistingof 16 isolated diesel plantswith a combined installedcapacity of 53MW, two gas

plants (25MW) and one bio-mass plant (1MW). A further14MW of generation capacityis available through importsfrom Uganda, Zambia andKenya.

The commissioning of the150MW Kinyerezi I gas powerplant in Dar es Salaam, whichhas recently started injectingpower into the national grid,is a welcome development.It was reported that this newTANESCO’s facility has con-tributed to stabilising powergeneration to 1,000MWagainsta demand of 1,030MW atpeak load.

It is now hoped that over1,200MW of gas power gener-ation capacity will be addedin the grid system within thenext 3 years to handle thesteadily increasing demand.

TransmissionThe grid consists of 4,869

km of transmission lines at220 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV.The lines are concentratedalong its main transport and

development corridors. Thistransmission system capacityis however severely constrainedparticularly during peak hoursdue to aged infrastructure,high power technical losses,lack of proper rehabilitationand maintenance and systemoverload. Currently new highvoltage transmission lines of400 kV are being constructedto improve quality and relia-bility of electricity supplythroughout the country.

A key element in the expan-sion of Tanzania’s power trans-mission is the on-going con-struction of a new 667km high

voltage power line betweenIringa, Dodoma, Singida andShinyanga. The project willvastly improve access to elec-tricity within the country andwill interconnect the nationelectricity grid to that ofSouthern Africa Power Pool(SAPP) through Zambia andEastern Africa Power Pool(EAPP) through Kenya.

In the near term, thetransmission investmentannounced by TANESCOreflects the goals of inte-grating the gas-producingsouth with the main grid,

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reinforcing the transmissionbackbone around and to thewest of Dar es Salaam, andexpanding the grid towardinner Tanzania, where dieselpowered isolated mini-gridsoperate.

Access to ElectricityWith a current customer

base of about 1.5 million, elec-tricity supplied by TANESCOis currently available to 30%of the population, mostlyin urban areas.

Efforts are being made toincrease the electrificationrate to 55% by 2025. To attainthe planned target, the gov-ernment has embarked onan ambitious programme toaccelerate significantly theconnection of rural house-holds. The National RuralElectrification Programme(2013–2022) includes bothon-grid and off-grid solutionsand has four priorities:• The connection of new cus-tomers to the grid in alreadyelectrified settlements;• New connections to the grid;• Electrification through off-grid investments; and• The development of distrib-uted technologies, in partic-ular off-grid solar and otherrenewable technologies.

A newly approved loanfrom the World Bank willenable to connect 2.5 millionhouseholds in rural areasto the electricity grid over thenext five years.

Tanzania has also startedrolling out its ambitious “OneMillion Solar Homes” ini-tiative. It is hoped that bythe end of 2017, 10% of thenation will have access tosolar electricity.

Notwithstanding suc-cesses of the rural electrifi-

cation campaign rolled out byRural Energy Agency, moreefforts are required to ensuremany people have access tomodern energy services. Thestrategy to reduce connectionfees and electricity prices asan incentive to attract moreelectricity customers is a wel-come development.

Power GenerationExpansion

In order to ensure avail-ability of reliable and suffi-cient supply of electricity tomeet the ever growing demandand boost industrial produc-tion, installed capacity isprojected to increase six-foldby 2025. The strategy adoptedis to rapidly develop gas-fired

generation in the short-term,coal-fired generation in themid-term, and bring onlinehydro generation capacityin the long-term. Near-termprojects include:• Kinyerezi II – The govern-ment has recently launchedconstruction works of theKinyerezi II gas power plantin Dar es Salaam, which willadd 240MW to the grid whencompleted in 2018. Ownedby TANESCO and co-financedby the government and theJapan Bank for InternationalCorporation, the power plantis being built by Sumitomo

of Japan. Upon completionof the project, government isset to save considerable fundscurrently spent on the impor-tation of heavy furnace oilused for operating generators.

• Kinyerezi I Expansion – Theproject involves installationof additional 185MW capacityto the Kinyerezi I gas powerplant by mid-2017.

• Kinyerezi III – Owned byShanghai Electric Power Com-pany of China (60%) andTANESCO (40%), KinyereziIII’s joint venture will consistof a 300MW gas power plantwith a planned second stageto put the plant’s final outputat 600MW.

• Kinyerezi IV – Developedby China’s Poly Group, thefourth Kinyerezi gas plant(330MW) should also becontributing to the nationalgrid in the near future.

• Kilwa Energy Project –TANESCO has completednegotiations for Power Pur-chase Agreement (PPA) withKilwa Energy. The company,which is seeking financialclose, will start implement-ing the 320MW project intophases, with the first phaseexpected to produce 230MWfrom natural gas.

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• Mtwara Power Project –Plans are underway to builda 400MW gas powered plantin Mtwara Region throughPublic Private Partnership(PPP) between TANESCO andUS-based Symbion Power.Commercial operation of theplant is planned to start in2019 although the financingprocess has not yet started.

There are plans by theNational Development Corpo-ration (NDC) in collaborationwith private partners like IntraEnergy Limited of Australiaand Sichuan Hongda Groupof China to construct coal-fired power plants at Ngaka(270MW) and Mchuchuma(600MW). UK-based EdenvilleEnergy is also moving todevelop a 100MW power sta-tion at its Rukwa Coal Projectsite while State-run STAMICOis looking for a joint venturepartner to develop a 200MWpower plant in Kiwira.

Beyond these projects,there is another 3,000MW oftentatively planned genera-tion capacity from coal, hydro,gas, geothermal, solar andwind, where project nameshave been mentioned in the2012 Power System MasterPlan, but no procurementwork has started.

The role ofrenewable energy

The country has signif-icant resources in terms ofrenewable energy which canplay a significant role in thesupply of sustainable modernenergy services in the country.The renewable energy technol-ogies being promoted, devel-oped and disseminate includesmall scale hydropower,modern biomass technologies(co-generation, improvedstoves, improved charcoalproduction, thermal-chemical

gasification, briquettes, liquidbiofuel production, biogasand energy service plat-forms), solar energy andwind for mechanical andelectrical power.

Small Power ProducersThe Small Power Pro-

ducer (SPP) Framework haspaved the way for an expan-sion of renewable electricityin Tanzania, by providingmodel power-purchase agree-ments, standardised tariffs,and streamlined interconnec-

tion and licensing require-ments. The regulations pro-vide a legal basis for smallrenewable energy power devel-opers to provide excess elec-trical energy to the nationalutility (up to 10MW). Theyalso bring electricity to com-munities that have never hadaccess to grid-based electricity.Another key element of theSPP program is a grant pro-gramme run by the RuralEnergy Agency. Grants of upto US$ 500 per new electricalconnection are provided toincentivise distribution sys-tems – both for isolated mini-grids as well as expansion ofthe national network.

To date, EWURA approved46MW of Small Power Pur-chase Agreements based onbiomass, solar and hydropower

plants. Four SPPs are alreadyin operation supplying 25MW. Six of the 11 approvedSPP Agreements are for iso-lated mini-grids and 3 moreare in the pipeline. In addi-tion, there are 32 other SPPprojects under development/preparation.

There are 21 isolatedTANESCO-owned mini-gridsbased on existing diesel gen-eration that SPPs have thepotential to replace eithertotally or partially.

Large-scale renewableenergy projects

East African Wind EnergyLimited (EAWEL), has recentlyannounced that SingidaWind Power Project, the firstwind farm to be connected toTanzania’s national grid, willstart operating by end of 2017at a capacity of 100 MW. Thewind farm is being developedat a total investment of US$285 million by a consortiumled by East Africa Wind Energy,Aldwych International, SixTelecoms and InternationalFinance Corporation (IFC) inpartnership with the Tanza-nian government throughthe National DevelopmentCorporation (NDC).

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also in motion. At the loca-tion of Lake Ngozi in Mbeya,African Development Bank isleading the financial backingof US$300 million to generatea high temperature geother-mal system with the capacityto add an additional 200MW to the national grid.

Gas sub-sectorNatural gas production

Currently, there are threecommercialised natural gasprojects in Tanzania: SongoSongo, operational since 2004,Mnazi Bay, operational since2006, and Kiliwani North,operational since 2016.

The Songo Songo gas fieldis operated by Pan AfricaEnergy (PAE), an Orca Explo-ration Group subsidiary,under a Production Sharing

Agreement with the Tanza-nia Petroleum DevelopmentCorporation (TPDC). Partof the gas is allocated foruse by Songas, a gas-firedpower plant. The rest is soldto TANESCO for power gener-ation and 38 industrial cus-tomers in the Dar es Salaamarea. Songas owns the gas pro-cessing plant, whose capacityis 102 million standard cubicfeet per day, and the 225 kmpipeline that connects SongoSongo to Dar es Salaam. PAEoperates five wells.

The Mnazi Bay gas field,operated by Maurel et Promand co-owned with WentworthResources and TPDC, has

unrisked mean recoverableresources of 1,596 billion cubicfeet. Other than supplying agas-fired power plant of 18MW belonging to TANESCO,this resource had been largelystranded. However, the fieldhas moved to a new dimensionsince the commissioning inAugust 2015 of the gas pipe-line from Mnazi Bay to Dares Salaam and the Madimbaprocessing facility whosecapacity is 210 million stan-dard cubic feet per day. Pro-duction from 5 wells is cur-rently around 70 millionstandard cubic feet per dayalthough the gas sales andpurchase agreement withTPDC provides for a maxi-mum 130 million standardcubic feet per day. The primaryend user of the Manzi Baygas is TANESCO.

The Kiliwani North gasfield is operated by Aminexand co-owned with RAK GasLLC, Solo Oil plc, Bounty Oil& Gas and TPDC. First pro-duction from KN-1 well com-menced in April 2016. Gasis processed at the new SongoSongo Island gas processingplant and transported throughthe spur line into the mainpipeline which provides gasto Dar es Salaam. Productionis about 30 million cubic feetper day.

The National NaturalGas Infrastructure Project(“NNGIP”)

The NNGIP consists of anewly built 532 km pipeline

connecting the gas fields atMnazi Bay in the Mtwararegion and Songo Songo inthe Lindi Region, to Dar esSalaam, two processing plantsat Madimba - Mtwara andSongoSongo Island - Kilwaand a gas receiving facilityin Kinyerezi. The pipeline hasa capacity to transport up to784 million standard cubicfeet per day of natural gas.This infrastructure is ownedand operated by the GasSupply Company (GASCO),a subsidiary of TPDC.

ExplorationExploration activities are

conducted in sedimentarybasins located onshore, inshallow waters, in deep off-shore and within inland riftvalleys. More than 90 explo-ration and development wellshave been drilled so far but thecountry is still underexplored.Recent exploration efforts,however, resulted in discov-eries of large quantities ofnatural gas both offshore andonshore. This has increasedthe total estimated recov-erable gas reserves to 57.25trillion cubic feet (9.8 billionbarrels of oil equivalent) ofwhich about 10 trillion cubicfeet are from onshore fields.

Tanzania has to-datesigned 26 production sharingagreements (PSAs) with 18companies seeking to carryout exploration both offshoreand onshore. Companiestaking part in exploration ofoil and gas include: OphirEnergy, BG (Shell), Statoil,Petrobas, Shell, Orca Explora-tion, Petrobas, Maurel & Prom,Aminex, Dodsal Resources,Swala Energy, Octant Energy,Heritage Oil, Jacka Resources,Motherland Homes, NorEnergy, Petrodel Resources,Beach Energy and SignetPetroleum.

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More discoveries are likelyto come as drilling campaignscontinue to unfold. It is esti-mated that the recoverablereserves of natural gas willexceed 200 trillion cubic feetwithin the next few years.

Tanzania is finalising theevaluation of bids for sevendeep-sea offshore blocks andone block in Lake Tanganyikait offered in its latest licensinground. China’s top offshoreoil producer, CNOOC, Russia’sstate-run Gazprom and Muda-bala Petroleum from AbuDhabi were among compa-nies that submitted bids for

the offshore blocks on offer.Statoil and ExxonMobil havealso submitted a joint bid forone of the offshore blockswhile another firm from UAE,RAK Gas LLC, has submitteda bid for the Lake TanganyikaNorth block. Four offshoreblocks did not attract anybids. Winners of the latestbidding round will be subjectedto new production sharingagreements (PSA) terms.

Natural gas discoverieshave also boosted Tanzania’spotential to become a naturalgas exporter. BG Group, alongwith Statoil, Exxon Mobil andOphir Energy in partnershipwith TPDC, plan to build aliquefied natural gas (LNG)

export terminal at a cost ofUS$ 30 billion, which couldstart production in the early2020’s, for export to East andSouth Asia, Europe and LatinAmerica. The investmentdecision, initially plannedfor 2016, is however expectedto be delayed beyond theoriginal timeline.

Future potential incomefrom Tanzania’s discoverednatural gas reserves is esti-mated at US$180 billion as abase case. However, if not prop-erly managed such resourceis likely to be a curse insteadof a blessing. The government

has therefore formulated leg-islation for the establishmentof the Oil & Gas RevenueFund in a bid to manage theproceeds from natural gas.

Petroleum sub-sectorPetroleum sector is cate-

gorised into two categoriesnamely upstream and down-stream. Upstream activities

involves exploration andproduction activities, whiledownstream includes impor-tation, storage, transforma-tion, export, inland transporta-tion of crude oil and refinedpetroleum products, whole-sale and retail distribution ofpetroleum products includingliquefied petroleum gas.

Regarding the upstreamactivities, no commerciallyviable oil deposits have sofar been discovered in thecountry, but available dataand geological informationreveal the existence of anactive petroleum system.Despite such positive devel-opments, it is estimated thatthe on-going oil explorationcould take up to five years tocomplete. Still a lot to be donebefore Tanzania could haveactual oil flowing.

Petroleum downstreamwas liberalised in 2000 toallow oil marketing compa-nies operating in the countryto import and supply petro-leum products as well as setprices in accordance with themarket forces. Tanzania hassince introduced bulk petro-leum procurement systemsto help the government con-trol the import bill as well asfight cartels and smuggling.

There are about 30 oilmarketing companies oper-ating in the country. It isestimated that Tanzaniauses around 3 million litres

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of petrol, 5 million litres ofdiesel and 300,000 litres ofkerosene per day.

Government PolicyThe National Energy Policy

(2003) has played an impor-tant role in guiding the devel-opment in the energy sector.One of its aims was to alignitself with the overall macro-economic policy objectivesand promote private sectorparticipation in the sector.Some of the achievementsregistered during implemen-tation of this policy includethe enactment of the Elec-tricity Act (2008), the RuralEnergy Act (2005), the estab-lishment of Energy and WaterUtilities Regulatory Authority– EWURA (2006), the estab-lishment of the Rural EnergyAgency and Rural EnergyFund (2007), the establish-ment of Standardised PowerPurchase Agreement andTariffs (2008) and the revi-sion of the Model ProductionSharing Agreement (2013).Other achievements includethe introduction of a PowerSystem Master Plan in 2009(revised in 2012) to guide thegovernment and privatesector in implementing theleast-cost development planto meet electricity demandover the short, medium andlong term; and the introduc-tion of an Electricity SupplyIndustry Reform Strategyand Roadmap (2014-2025)aiming at creating a finan-cially sound ESI in Tanzaniathrough increased investmentfrom both private and publicsector; increased electricityconnection and access levels;use of various energy resourcesfor electricity generation; andenhanced affordability andreliability of electricity supply.

In order to unlock chal-lenges prevalent in the energy

sector, improve performanceand spur prudent and optimaluse of the energy resourcesfor the benefit of the presentand future generations, theNational Energy Policy of2003 has been revised by theNational Energy Policy of2015, which is still in draftform. The salient features ofthe draft policy are:• Enhances investment climateto attract private capital inthe energy sector;• Promotes community groupsand financial institutionsin the provision of modernenergy services;• Ensures energy charges arebased on prudently incurredcosts of efficient operations;• Improves energy sector plan-ning through integrated plans;• Promotes effective and trans-parent subsidy regime;• Introduces feed-in-tariffs topromote renewable energytechnologies;• Promotes energy efficiencyand conservation in allsectors of the economy bypromoting use of efficienttechnologies;• Enhances switching fromwood fuel usage to biogas,bio-fuels, compressed naturalgas, liquefied petroleum gasand electricity;• Promotes Tanzanians par-ticipation in the petroleumindustry; and• Supports cross border proj-ects and investments withinthe region in the energy sector.

In parallel, a Model PowerPurchase Agreement for sevenenergy technologies was issuedin 2015.

The Natural Gas Policy,adopted in 2013, applies tothe mid and downstreamactivities including trans-portation, storage, distribu-tion, and domestic gas pro-cessing and liquefaction. It

emphasises the precedencegiven to supplying the domes-tic market over the exportmarket.

The new key instrumentgoverning oil and gas opera-tions (upstream, midstreamand downstream) is the Petro-leum Act 2015, which repealedthe Petroleum (Explorationand Production) Act, 1980and the Petroleum Act, 2008.The Tanzania ExtractiveIndustries (Transparency andAccountability) Act 2015 andthe Oil and Gas RevenuesManagement Act 2015 havealso been enacted to furtherregulate Tanzania’s boominggas sector.

Energy SectorGovernance

The Ministry of Energyand Minerals (MEM) providesoverall guidance on the devel-opment of the power and gassectors through policies, laws,and strategies.

Tanzania Electric SupplyCompany Limited (TANESCO)is responsible for electricitygeneration, transmission, dis-tribution, sales in Tanzaniamainland and bulk supplyof electricity to Zanzibarthrough ZECO.

The Rural Energy Agencypromotes and facilitates accessto modern energy services inrural areas and oversees the

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T A N Z A N I A

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implementation of rural elec-trification projects, using theRural Energy Fund.

The Energy and WaterUtility Regulatory Authority(EWURA) is an autonomousregulatory authority respon-sible for the power sector aswell as the midstream anddownstream segments of thepetroleum and natural gassectors. EWURAawards licencesand approves and enforcestariffs (including the trans-mission tariff for gas and theretail tariff for electricity).

The newly establishedPetroleum Upstream Regu-latory Authority (PURA) isempowered with a super-visory and regulatory role ofthe upstream gas operations.It will advise the Minister ofEnergy and Minerals on nego-tiations of Production SharingAgreements (PSAs) and othercontracts with internationaloil companies. PURA willalso be responsible for imple-menting local content in theupstream gas sector.

Tanzania Petroleum Devel-opment Corporation (TPDC)is undergoing reform aimedat making it a National OilCompany (NOC). As a NOC,TPDC is now mandated withthe task of managing thecountry’s commercial interestin the petroleum operations

as well as midstream anddownstream natural gasactivities. TPDC has exclusiverights in the entire petroleumupstream value chain andthe natural gas mid anddownstream value chain.The Gas Supply Company(GASCO) is a commercialcompany under TPDC.

The state-run PetroleumBulk Procurement Agency(PBPA), which recently replacedPetroleum Importation Coor-dinator Limited (PICL), isresponsible for the importa-

tion of petroleum productsthrough a bulk procurementsystem.

Tanzania GeothermalDevelopment Company (TGDC) is a subsidiary companyof TANESCO with mandateamongst others to explore,drill and harness geothermalresources for power genera-tion and direct applications.

ChallengesThe energy sector in

Tanzania faces considerablechallenges which include:mobilising funds for invest-ment; attracting privatecapital in the electricity sub-sector; increasing connectionand access levels to electricity;diversifying energy resourcesfor power generation; enhanc-ing affordability and relia-

bility of power supply; reduc-ing power system losses bothtechnical and non-technical;and improving TANESCOfinancial condition.

ConclusionThe role of the energy sec-

tor in the economy extendsbeyond its direct contributionto GDP. The sector has a sig-nificant impact on the per-formance of the economy asa whole, particularly in indus-trial and other commercialsectors. The adverse effect onpower generation and the

subsequently increased costsof doing business as a resultof power outages clearly indi-cate the negative influenceof unreliable energy supplieson the national economicgrowth and development.

For the country to keep upthe momentum of economicgrowth, issue of energy mustbe resolved once and for all.The installed power capacitymust increase and transmis-sion and distribution systemsexpanded. The outlook is,however, broadly positive.Boosted by the inception ofnew gas power stations inthe medium term, Tanzaniashould soon forget its powerwoes and position itself asa net exporter of electricity.

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Plasco specializes in manufacturing custom-made PE fabricated fittings up to 630mm diameter in

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Our ProfileThe Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) is an effective apex

private sector organization, established on 4th November 1998

because of multi-folded efforts by various stakeholders of the Private

Sector to provide a focal point for the articulation of private sector-led

approaches to Tanzania’s economic and social development.

Together, With One Voice!For further information, contact us:

The Executive Director,

Private Sector House

Plot # 1288, Mwaya Road, Masaki, Msasani Peninsula


Tel: +255 22 260 1913, 260 2751, Fax: +255 22 260 2368


Website: www.tpsftz.org

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T A N Z A N I A

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IntroductionWater is a shared common

resource fundamental to life.Water touches all spheres oflife from home to agriculture,livestock, fisheries, wildlife,industry, energy, recreationand other social and economicactivities. Water is vital forsustainable socio-economicdevelopment as a strategicprimary input central topoverty alleviation effortsthrough enhancing food secu-rity, domestic hygienic security,hydropower, industrial devel-opment, mining, navigationand the environment for sus-tenance of ecosystems. Avail-ability of adequate and goodquality water supplies reducestime spent in fetching waterand increases health stan-dards as well as ensuring

favourable environment forincreased children’s schoolattendance.

It is against this backgroundthat the water sector has beenincluded among priority sec-tors in the national strategyfor growth and reduction ofpoverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA).

Water resourcesAs a whole and on aver-

age, Tanzania has extensivewater resources. Tanzania issaid to have an annual renew-able water resource of about89 km3 while undergroundwater resource is estimatedat 40 km3. However, waterresource is not evenly distrib-uted countrywide due to dif-ferent geology and climaticconditions. During the dry sea-

son, which usually lasts fromJune to October, even largerivers can dry up or their flowdeclines substantially. Someparts of the country receiveon average up to 3,000mmof rain per year while otherregions like Dodoma or therift valley, annual rainfallaverages 600mm.

Statistics put the avail-able water resource currentlyat 1,952 m3 per person, anamount that is likely to declineto 1,400 m3 per person by 2025due to population growth,increase in consumption andenvironmental destruction.

The lakes cover about 7%of Tanzania’s land surface,with three African Great Lakes– Victoria, Tanganyika and

Water:Improving access and delivery

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Nyasa – on the borders;inland lakes include Rukwa,Eyasi and Manyara. Thereare also nine major drainagebasins in Tanzania, dividedaccording to the recipientwater body. There are big riversflowing to the lakes. Groundwater is also another sourceof water for both urban andrural settlement areas.

AccessDetermining data on

access is particularly difficultbecause different definitionsand sources are used, whichresults in significant discrep-ancies. However, it should benoted that the governmenthas undoubtedly made sig-nificant progress in providing

access to safe water supplyin rural and urban areas overthe last few years.

According to the Ministryof Water and Irrigation, 72%of the population has accessto an improved water source,with differences betweenregional urban areas (86%),Dar es Salaam (68%), small

towns (57%) and rural areas(69%). In rural areas, accessis defined as meaning thathouseholds have to travel lessthan a kilometre to a pro-tected drinking water sourcein the dry season.

Data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Pro-gramme (JMP 2015 update)puts water supply coveragelower at 56% (46% rural,77% urban).

The current situation ofsanitation and hygiene inTanzania is not conducivefor supporting a disease freeand happy living environ-ment. Access to basic sanita-tion is estimated at 88% butaccess to improved or shared

sanitation facilities is only28% according to the WHO/UNICEF JMP 2015 update.

An economic study recentlyconducted by the World Bankfor Tanzania has shown thatimpacts resulting from poorsanitation and hygiene costthe economy the equivalentof 1% of the GDP.


The Ministry of Water andIrrigation is the agency respon-sible for overall water sectorpolicy setting, co-ordination,monitoring, evaluation andregulating community watersupplies. The promotion ofhygiene and sanitation is inthe hands of the Ministry ofHealth, Community Devel-opment, Gender, Seniors andChildren. Decentralisation inthe Tanzanian water and sani-tation sector has transferredresponsibilities for serviceprovision to Local GovernmentAuthorities (LGAs). LGAs thatcomprise 132 municipal,district and town councils areresponsible for procurement,financing, management andmonitoring of service providersin their administrative areas,with advises from the PrimeMinister’s Office – RegionalAdministration and LocalGovernment (PMO-RALG).PMO-RALG that plays a key-coordination role in plan-ning and capacity buildingfor local authorities is alsoresponsible for allocatingresources for service delivery.

There are 23 Urban WaterSupply and Sanitation Author-ities (UWSSAs) in regionalheadquarters, 96 other author-ities at district and smalltowns level as well as Com-munity Owned Water SupplyOrganizations (COWSOs) inrural areas. Dar es Salaamcity and two districts of Pwaniregion are serviced by Dares Salaam Water and Sewer-age Company (DAWASCO)through appointment bythe Dar es Salaam Waterand Sewerage Authority(DAWASA).

The Energy and WaterUtilities Regulatory Author-ity (EWURA), the industry

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regulator, became opera-tional in 2006 to undertakeoversight functions and pro-mote private sector invest-ments. EWURA is responsiblefor issuing licenses to waterand sanitation authoritiesas well as monitoring andregulating the performanceof each WSSA. The regulatorapproves tariffs for water andsewerage services, based onthe performance of a waterand sanitation authority todeliver such services to itscustomers. EWURA is alsoresponsible for promotingeffective competition andeconomic efficiency, protect-ing the interests of consumersand promoting the availabilityof regulated services to all con-sumers including low income,rural and disadvantagedconsumers in the sectors.

The Drilling and DamConstruction Agency (DDCA)is an execution agency whosemission is to carry out geo-physical surveys, geotechnicalinvestigations and topograph-ical surveys for dams as wellas drill boreholes, measureyields, construct and reha-bilitate earth fill dams, hireout plant and equipment,construct small water supplyschemes, offer training ofcaretakers and provide con-sultancy services on profitmaking basis for individuals,authorities and companies.

The National Water Board(NWB) was established in

2012 as an advisory boardto the Minister of Water onall matters relating to multi-sector coordination in inte-grated water resources plan-ning and management as wellas the resolution of nationaland international water con-flicts. Nine Basin Water Boardsare operational. Tanzania alsoboasts of 362 centres for waterresource surveys, countrywide.

Policy andlegal framework

The current institutionalframework for water andsanitation in Tanzania isbased on the National WaterSector Development Strategy(NWSDS) of 2006 that sets outa strategy for implementingthe National Water Policy(NAWAPO) of 2002. NAWAPOaims to achieve sustainabledevelopment in the sectorthrough an efficient use ofwater resources and effortsto increase the availability ofwater and sanitation services.It is guided by the principlesof decentralization and local-ization of management andservices.

The legislative frameworkis based on the Water ResourcesManagement Act of 2009and the Water Supply andSanitation Act number 12 of2009. The latter outlines theresponsibilities of the govern-ment authorities involved inthe water sector, establisheswater supply and sanitationauthorities as commercial

entities and allows for theirclustering, leading to improvedcommercial viability. It alsoprovides for the registrationand operation of commu-nity owned water supplyorganizations and regulatesthe appointment of boardmembers.

Water and sanitation poli-cies in Tanzania are devel-oped in line with Develop-ment Vision 2025 and thenational strategy for growthand reduction of poverty. Theuniversal access to safe wateris one of the objectives of Vision2025, to be realised throughthe involvement of the privatesector and the empowermentof local government. Theimportance of water supplyand adequate sanitation isrecognised in the second clus-ter of MKUKUTA (improve-ment of quality of life andsocial wellbeing). Here oneof the primary goals is toachieve increased access toclean, affordable and safewater, sanitation, decentshelter and a safe and sus-tainable environment.

The Water SectorDevelopment Programme(WSDP)

The Water Sector Develop-ment Programme, launchedin 2006 and operating since2007, is a long term pro-gramme up to 2025 whichencompasses not only ruraland urban water supply andsanitation improvements but

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also water resources manage-ment and measures to developsector capacity and strength-ening institutional effective-ness. The WSDP has led tothe mobilisation of unprece-dented levels of financialresources for the water sector

and is probably the largestnational water programmeoperating in Africa. Phase 1of the project (not yet closeddue to delays in implemen-tation) received funding ofUS$ 1.4 billion, some US$ 450million over what was origi-nally committed when theproject started in 2007. Themain interventions includerefurbishment, upgradingand extensions of existingwater supply systems, includ-ing development of watersources and treatment plants.The WSDP is centred on com-mercial service provision,including private sector partici-pation in urban areas andcommunity ownership andmanagement in rural areas.It also sets out to implementdemand driven approaches.

Performance &ongoing projects

By September 2015 a totalof 35,908 water points hadbeen built out of the WSDPphase I efforts, serving anadditional 9.2 million peoplein rural areas. As a result, thecoverage of rural water sup-ply service has risen from

54% at the inception of theprogramme in 2007 to 69%in December 2015.

The WSDP Programmehas managed to install atotal of 344,616 new privateconnections and constructed

1,780 public kiosks; which byDecember 2015 were provid-ing water supply services toan additional 4.3 million peo-ple in the DAWASA servicearea, 23 major urban regionalcentres and 96 district andsmall town utilities.

There has been notableprogress in improving urbanwater supply services, mainlythrough development of newwater sources, rehabilitationand expansion of water sup-ply networks. This has resultedin increased access coverage.

Unfortunately, water sup-ply in some urban areas hasnot kept pace with popula-tion growth.

Until recently, the situationwas particularly acute in Dares Salaam where availablefacilities could only provide300,000 m3 per day againsta water daily demand of450,000 m3. Following com-pletion of the expansion worksat Upper Ruvu and LowerRuvu water treatment plantsin 2016, the production capac-ity is now 502,000 m3 perday. Water scarcity inhabi-tants of Dar es Salaam andsome parts of the coastalregion long suffered will soonbe a thing of the past.

Ongoing water projectsaiming at increasing thewater supply to 710,000 m3

per day by 2017 include thedrilling of 20 productionwells in Kimbiji and Mpera,the laying down of water

pipelines, the strengtheningof distribution networks toreduce water losses from 50%to 35% as well as the con-struction of Kidunda Dam inMorogoro Region. It is hopedthat by December 2017, 90%of the Dar es Salaam residents

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will access clean and safewater compared to 68% inDecember 2015.

In addition, the govern-ment is committed to increas-ing access to water servicesin other towns by expandinginfrastructure and new sources

of water particularly inArusha, Mtwara – Mikindani,Tabora, Kigoma, Lindi, Sum-bawanga and Babati. Draw-ing water from Lake Victoriato supply water to Mwanza,Bukoba, Musoma, Magu,Misungwi and Lamadi isanother key project to becarried out in 2017.

With the exception ofDodoma, the urban seweragesystems in Arusha, Dar esSalaam, Mbeya, Morogoro,Moshi, Mwanza, Tabora,Tanga and Songea have notchanged much from theprevious years due to lack of

investments. In these urbanareas, only 19,111 new sewer-age connections serving231,825 people has beenachieved under the WSDP.Other municipals and town-ships do not have seweragesystems. Putting in place aproper sewerage system to

provide the service to 30% ofcity dwellers in Dar es Salaamfrom the present 10% is duefor implementation.

The WSDP has yet tomake an impact on sani-tation. At household levels,the programme has resultedin 1,030,817 out of the over-all targeted 1.52 millionhouseholds gaining accessto improved sanitation.

Challengesin the water sector• Deterioration of watersupply schemes caused byinadequate management;

• Inadequate availabilityof spare parts due to non-standardised investment;• Inadequate investmentsfor development of waterschemes due to high capitalrequirement;• Scattered settlements in ruralareas make costly investmentsfor water supply services;• Inadequate involvementof beneficiaries in managingand controlling water supplyschemes resulting into com-munities’ lack of sense ofownership;• Climate changes and rain-fall variations;• Environmental degradationas a result if increased humanactivities;• Inadequate managementof competing needs ofwater resources for variousrequirements.

ConclusionDespite its importance to

human survival and devel-opment, water in the countryis unevenly distributed in time,space, quality and generallyit is a finite and vulnerableresource. Furthermore, pro-vision of water supply tothe majority of Tanzaniansremains a big challenge.Water provision remains anumber one problem partic-ularly in some rural areas,despite progress made inrecent years.

For the country to meetits development vision 2025,there is a need to ensure con-tinued availability of waterresources by taking appro-priate measures throughintegrated water resourcesmanagement. People shouldalso be more educated on theimportance of water in theirday to day lives. It is the peo-ple themselves that shouldbecome main protectors ofwater sources. �

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T A N Z A N I A

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IntroductionDespite the evident short-

age of resources available tothe health sector, Tanzaniahas in place a sound publichealth policy, whose toolsand instruments are directlyinspired by internationalrecommendations. Govern-ment and other actors havemade continuous interven-tions aiming at improvingthis sector, particularly inareas of health infrastruc-ture, control and treatmentof diseases, by providing pre-ventive education to commu-nities and medicines. Otherefforts are geared towardsthe control of malaria andinfectious diseases such asHIV and AIDS. The acceler-ation of the reduction ofmaternal, newborn, andchild mortality is a govern-mental priority.

The NationalHealth Policy

The Tanzania HealthPolicy, created in 1990 and

updated in 2003 and 2007, isthe overarching strategic docu-ment for the health sector andstrives to reduce morbidity andmortality while strengtheningthe health system throughpublic-private partnerships,training of human resources,investments in infrastructureand equipment, and otheractivities.

The policy seeks to improvethe health and well being ofall Tanzanians with a specialfocus on those most at risk,and to encourage the healthsystem to be more responsiveto the needs of the people.

The policy further providesfor more resource allocationfor the prevention of HIV andAIDS and other diseases likemalaria and immunisationof children under two yearsof age, as well as enhancingthe provision of reproductiveand Child Health includingfamily planning. In thisrespect, the policy provides for

promotion of youth-friendlyservices so as to improveaccess to reproductive healthinformation and services foryoung people.

The country’s health sec-tor development is currentlyguided by the Health SectorStrategic Plan IV (2016-2020).Through HSSP IV, the gov-ernment is fully committed,among other things, to increas-ing the density of humanresources in health, redis-tributing human resources,guaranteeing the availabilityof essential medicines, expand-ing access to and qualityhealth services as well asintroducing a Single NationalHealth Insurer. The financialrequirement for the HSSP IVis estimated at US$ 5.3 billion.


The Ministry of Health,Community Development,Gender, Seniors and Childrenis the lead authority for the

Health:Towards Universal Health Coverage

© A

KHS

Aga Khan Health Services, Tanzania Expansion plans

In 2012, Aga Khan Health Services, Tanzania set out on a Tshs 135 billion expansion plan that will see the Hospital

develop into a fully-fledged world-class health care institution by 2018, as well as establish a network of 35 outreach

health centres across Tanzania. The expansion will see the Hospital transition to a premier teaching and tertiary care

referral hospital with establishment of Post Graduate Medical Education in all the clinical and diagnostic specialties.

The Hospital will increase the depth and breadth of its services to include comprehensive cardiology, oncology, and

neurosciences, as well as an expansion of existing services (diagnostics, women and child health, critical care,

emergency and trauma). This expansion began with the establishment of chemotherapy in January 2014 and cardiac

catheterization Lab services in August 2014. With the planned expansions, the Hospital’s education programmes are

also set to grow, thus crystallizing its status as an academic institution.

The presence in Tanzania and continual growth of the AKHS,T system of over 8 decades is a strong testimony to the

commitment of the institution to the development of health care in Tanzania. Today, the AKHS,T facilities are known

for their high level of ethical practices, innovation, and provision of quality, safe and evidenced based care. AKHS,T

works closely with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare as a dialoguing and working partner and supports the

Government’s health priorities in various ways. AKHS,T continues to deeply appreciate the support and partnership

that it receives from the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania that allows it to operate in a conducive

environment and effectively perform its mandates. AKHS,T is confident that its next phase of expansion will truly

establish an advanced health care facility that will serve Tanzanians and allow them receive world class care at home.

Excellence in healthcare delivery, at home

For more information please contactAga Khan Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Barack Obama Road


Tel: +255 (0)22 211 5151/53 (24hrs)


Website: http://www.agakhanhospitals.org

The single largest private healthcare project in the country’s history

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health sector, mandated forthe formulation of policies,regulation and norms, stan-dards and guidelines of thehealth services and moni-toring and evaluating theirimplementation as well asensuring that all Tanzaniansaccess quality health services.

With decentralization,the role of local governmentauthorities and non-govern-mental organisations in man-aging funds for health hasincreased. The Ministry isresponsible for national refer-ral and regional hospitalsand procurement of themajority of drugs and com-modities. Local governmentauthorities are responsible

for primary health care atthe district level and below,involving district hospitals,health centres, dispensariesand community based healthservices under the manage-ment of Council Health Man-agement Teams (CHMTs).

Health financingHealth services are financed

through a mix of governmentfunding, mainly throughgeneral taxation; householdsfunding through direct out-of-pocket payments for med-ical goods and services, pri-vate insurance premiums and

copayments; donor fundingthrough bilateral and mul-tilateral agreements; andemployer funding throughthe national health insurancescheme, medical coverageby private health insuranceand provision of workplacehealth services for employees.A nominal cost recovery sys-tem is in place for services inthe public facilities, withexemption for vulnerablepopulation.

The health financingarchitecture is however frag-mented, which means thatindividual health insuranceschemes are covering differentpopulation segments ratherthan combining them. Insur-

ance coverage through theNational Health InsuranceFund and Community HealthFunds is modest, at 25.8% ofthe population while the pri-vate health insurance sectorcovers only 1.4% of the pop-ulation. This is clearly a keybarrier to improved qualityand access.

As laid out in the draftnational Health FinancingStrategy (HFS), the governmentis now considering severalchanges to how healthcareis financed and has stronglycommitted to raising revenue.

The mission of the HFS is toestablish a comprehensivesocial health protection sys-tem for all Tanzanians. Com-ponents of the HFS includepooling the current risk poolsinto a single national healthinsurer (SNHI) and developinga minimum benefits packagethat will be available to all,while increasing efficiencythrough improved publicfinancial management andchoosing the most appro-priate provider paymentmechanisms.

According to the WorldBank, the government con-tributed 46.4% of Total HealthExpenditure (THE) in 2014.The total estimated healthexpenditure per capita thesame year was US$ 52.

Committed to improvinghealth service to the citizens,TZS 1.99 trillion has beenallocated by the governmentto the heath sector in the2016/2017 budget comparedto TZS 1.82 trillion in 2015/2016. However, the nationalhealth sector budget alloca-tion of 9.2% (inclusive of on-budget donor support) is stillfar from reaching the 2001Abuja declaration resolutionthat calls for governments toset the health sector budgetat 15%. Moreover, depend-ency on donor funds for devel-opment projects is still high.It should however be recog-nised that grants from inter-national agencies have pro-vided a helping hand in thefight against communicablediseases, especially malaria,HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, andin the improvement of thehealth system at large.

Health services accessand delivery

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T A N Z A N I A

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government policy to improveaccess to health facilities forthe population has somehowbeen successful, with 70% ofthe population now livingwithin a 5 km radius of thenearest health facility. Provi-sion of healthcare is now deliv-ered through an extensivenetwork of health facilities.

A high disease burdencoupled with finite publicsector resources has led thegovernment of Tanzania toincreasingly seek innovativetools to protect the healthand wellbeing of its citizens.Previous reform efforts haveincluded decentralising deci-sion making authority tolocal governments to improvethe responsiveness of publicsector programs and partner-ing with faith-based healthfacilities to expand the gov-ernment’s reach into ruralareas. In recent years, thegovernment has increasinglytried to leverage the privatehealth sector’s capacity tostrengthen the Tanzanianhealth system by empha-sising Public-Private Partner-ships in its national healthpolicies and strategic plans.In response, the private healthsector has grown and organ-ised into several umbrellaorganisations, such as theChristian Social Services Com-mission (CSSC), the Associa-tion of Private Health Facilitiesin Tanzania (APHFTA), andthe National Muslim Councilof Tanzania (BAKWATA).

In total, there are 7,102health facilities in the countrycompared to 6,342 in 2010.The public sector operates 70%of them. The vast majorityof government facilities arelower-level health centres anddispensaries. At the higherlevels of the health system,the private health sector is

more prevalent, with the for-profit, non-profit and paras-tatal organisations operating50% of all hospitals.

However, only 50% of theTanzanian facilities has accessto electricity, clean water andimproved sanitation withlarge difference betweenrural (36%) and urban (79%)facilities according to thelatest World Bank ServiceDelivery Indicators (SDI) sur-vey conducted in 2014.

Human ResourcesDespite government’s

efforts in increasing the capac-ities of health training insti-tutions, shortage of trainedand qualified staff remainsone of the major bottlenecksin health improvement as itis a cross-cutting issue thatinfluences the delivery ofservices.

In fact, the country cancount on just 5.2 clinicalhealth workers per 10, 000people although it is widelyacknowledged that a mini-

mum density threshold of 23professional health workers(doctors, nurse and midwives)per 10,000 is required to atleast offer effective healthservice delivery. The lack ofdoctors is a particular problemin rural areas where there areoften only nurses available

to treat patients. Althoughonly 10% of Tanzanians livein Dar es Salaam, the city ishome to 40% of all the doctors.

In 2013, there were 70,244health workers of all categories.Qualified workers included1,709 medical doctors, 1,737assistant medical officers,6,164 clinical officers, and15,080 nurses and midwives;corresponding to only 46% ofthe requirement. In response,more students have beenenrolled in health related edu-cation degrees through153health training institutions.

Today, it is estimated thatthe shortage of health workersis in the tune of 51% whileserious challenges remain,

including getting more healthworkers out to rural areasand boosting their diagnosticcapacity.

The government is there-fore pushing hard to increasethe availability of skilledhealth workers at all levels of

Number of Health Facilitiesin Tanzania (2013)

Hospitals 265

Health Centres 761

Dispensaries 5,942

Clinics 134

Total 7,102

Source: Ministry

of Health

T A N Z A N I A

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health service delivery to 64%and achieve better balanceddistribution of skilled healthworkers at the primary levelby 2017.

Better remuneration ofworkers in the health sector isneeded, as are improved man-agement practices and careerdevelopment opportunities.

Commoditiesand Supplies

On average, 60% of healthfacilities have essential tracermedicines in stock. However,private (84%) and urban(54%) facilities are more likelyto have essential medicinesin stock than public (53%)and rural (37%) facilities,respectively. Under the ‘BigResults Now’ initiative, theMinistry of Health has com-mitted to 100% on-time deliv-ery of ordered health com-modities, zero percent waste,and improved inventory man-agement by 2018.

Maternal, newbornand child care

Over the last five years,Tanzania has made a numberof important achievementsin public health. These includea continuing rapid decline inchildhood deaths with infantmortality cut from 51 to 43deaths per 1,000 births asshown in the 2015 TanzaniaDemographic and HealthSurvey (TDHS). During thesame time period, the under-five mortality rate fell from81 to 67 deaths per 1,000 livebirths. Basic vaccination cov-erage has remained virtuallythe same since the 2010 TDHS.Overall, 75% of childrenreceive all basic vaccinations.

Although there has beena decline in maternal mortalitysince 2010, the rate of 398per 100,000 live births is still

very high. In 2015, only 51%of pregnant women receivedthe recommended four ante-natal care visits while only64% of births were attendedby a skilled provider.

HIV and AIDSIn 2013, 1.4 million peo-

ple were living with HIV inTanzania, 72,000 people werenewly infected with HIV, and78,000 people died from anAIDS-related illness.

Despite the numbers, theHIV/AIDS epidemic has beencontrolled over the last decade.Scaling-up access to anti-retroviral treatment hashelped Tanzania minimisethe impact the HIV epidemic.As a result, between 2005 and2013, the number of peopledying from an AIDS-relatedillness decreased by 44% andthe total number of adult peo-ple living with HIV in Tanza-nia declined from 7% to 5%.

Nevertheless, the epidemichas since remained steadybecause of on-going new infec-tions, population growth andincreased access to treatment.

Data from the 2011-2012Tanzania HIV/AIDS andMalaria Indicator Survey(THMIS) indicate that womenare still more likely to beinfected than men, urbanresidents are more likely tohave HIV than rural residentswhile men who have beencircumcised are less likely tobe infected than uncircumcisedmen in all but the youngestage group. An estimated 2%of 15-24 year olds are livingwith HIV, accounting for 11%of all people living with HIVin Tanzania.

Over the last decade,Tanzania has increased itsefforts to get more people

testing for HIV. The numberof voluntary counselling andtesting (VCT) sites in the coun-try has rapidly expanded,there are now 2,137 sites acrossthe country. More than 90%of people know where to getan HIV test. Data from thelatest Malaria and AIDS Indi-cator Survey indicate that 67%of women and 50% of menhad ever been tested for HIV.

The effectiveness of anti-retroviral drugs and screeningfor HIV in pregnant womenhas greatly reduced Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT).85% of all women are nowtested for HIV during ante-natal care visits while 77%of HIV positive pregnantwomen receive AntiretroviralTherapy (ART).

Tanzania has made sig-nificant gains in the scale-upof its anti-retroviral treatmentprogrammes, with the numberof people on anti-retroviraltreatment (ART) increasingfrom 388,947 in March 2011to 640,084 in December 2014.However, ART coverage isunevenly distributed and farfrom the universal coverage

target of 80% due to limitedfinancial resources and weaksupply chain managementsystems. In addition, there isstill a large portion of peoplewith HIV/TB co-infected with-out comprehensive treatment.

Malaria situationRecent data show that

commendable progress hasbeen made in controlling

T A N Z A N I A

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malaria. But still, a sizeableproportion of hospital admis-sions and outpatients in healthfacilities are due to the disease,resulting in about seven mil-lion clinical malaria cases and21,000 annual deaths, mostlyamong children under theage of five.

Programmes that haveshown a significant impactin eradicating malaria includemass campaigns to distributefree Insecticides Treated Nets(ITNs) to households acrossthe country starting from2009. Over 48 million ITNshave been distributed so far.The government has also pro-cured ITNs to cover all insti-tutional sleeping spaces (i.e.

hospitals, boarding schools,orphanages, army camps andprisons). The use of indoorresidual spraying has alsoreduced malaria transmission.

Availability of drugsespecially the ArtemisininCombination Therapy (ACT)in both the public and pri-vate sector has also greatlyimproved. Subsidised ACTdrugs have been provided topharmacies throughout Tan-zania under the “affordablemedicines facility”. In addi-tion, malaria diagnosis by

Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)is now available throughoutthe country.

Findings of the Malariaindicator survey 2015-2016show the following:• 66% of households ownat least one ITN. On average,households own 1.6 ITNs.• 68% of the ITNs reported bythe households were receivedfree from net distributioncampaigns.• 55% of children under age5 and 54% of pregnant womenslept under an ITN the nightbefore the survey.• 68% of women took pre-ventive treatments during theirlast pregnancy to preventmalaria.

• Out of the children underage 5 who had a fever in thetwo weeks preceding the sur-vey, treatment was soughtfor 66% of them, while 36%had blood taken for testing.43% of them were given ACT.• 14% of children age 6-59months tested positive formalaria using the RDT withprevalence much higher inrural areas (18%) than inurban areas (4%).

The new National MalariaStrategic Plan (2014-2020)aims at reducing malaria

morbidity and malaria deathsby 80% from the 2012 levels.

Non-communicablediseases

Another key observationis that in recent years therehas been a steady increase innon-communicable diseases,namely, hypertension, cancersand diabetes. Oral health,mental health, injuries anddisabilities are also becomingproblems. The major challengeis to get a clear understandingof the magnitude and typesof these diseases and to beginto systematically addressthem at national and commu-nity levels as priority areasin the national health agenda.

ConclusionA well-functioning health

care system requires a robustfinancing mechanism; awell-trained and adequatelypaid workforce; reliable infor-mation on which to base deci-sions and policies; and wellmaintained facilities andlogistics to deliver qualitymedicines and technologies.

The health sector is apriority in Tanzania and thegovernment has so far imple-mented various successfulpolicies and initiatives thathelped diminish the most crit-ical health related problemsbut population growth, too fewhealth workers, lack of equip-ment and medical supplies,and increasing health burdensfrom chronic and emergingdiseases have overwhelmedthe capacity of the healthsystem. Commitment by thegovernment and other stake-holders of adequate financialand human resources, togetherwith their efficient and effec-tive utilisation, will go a longway to improving Tanzania’shealth system and the healthof its population. �

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INSURANCE SERVICES …………………………… 194

AGA KHAN HEALTH SERVICES …………….. 266

AGP CONSULTANTS ………………………………. 198

ALIOS FINANCE ……………………………………… 196

ALLIANCE INSURANCE …………………………. 14

ALUMINIUM AFRICA …………………………….. 182

ANUDHA …………………………………………………. 268

AQE ASSOCIATES ……………………………………. 218

ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE …………… 54

ASTRA INSURANCE BROKERS ………………. 198

BAUTECH …………………………………………………. 224

BENSON SECURITY SYSTEMS ………………… 202

BEST WESTERN CORAL BEACH

HOTEL ………………………………………………………. 156

BEST WESTERN PLUS PENINSULA

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BM TELECOMMS AND NETWORKS ……... 132

BNM FREIGHT FORWARDERS ……………….. 230

BOSS LIMITED …………………………………………. 122

BRAEBURN DAR ES SALAAM

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ………….. 24 - 25

BRITAM INSURANCE ……………………………… 194

BS TYRE CENTRE …………………………………….. 140

BUREAU VERITAS TANZANIA ………………. 6

CENTRAL ELECTRICS

INTERNATIONAL ……………………………………. 89

CHEMOQUIP …………………………………………… 268

CHINA RAILWAY JIANCHANG

ENGINEERING …………………………………………. 212

COSMOS GROUP …………………………………….. 36

COST-CONSULT ………………………………………. 79

CROWN TECH CONSULT ………………………. 220

DAR ES SALAAM SERENA HOTEL ………… 144

DAWASA ……………………………… 70 - 71 -72 - 73

EAST AFRICAN CABLES …………………………. 182

ECOBANK …………….. Inside Back Cover + 190

ELECTRIPLAN ………………………………………….. 216

EMIRATE CONSTRUCTION ……………………. 224

EMS TANZANIA ………………………………………. 234

FIRST NATIONAL BANK ………………………… 188

FREIGHT FORWARDERS TANZANIA ……. 228

GALLAGHER POWER FENCE …………………. 174

GEOMAPS ………………………………………………… 222

GLOBE TROTTERS …………………………………… 224

GOLDSTAR PAINTS ………………………………… 184

GUPTA AUTO SPARES & HARDWARE ….. 234

HARLEYS ………………………………………………….. 268

HERITAGE INSURANCE ………………………….. 192

HOLIDAY INN DAR ES SALAAM ………….. 116

HOTEL WHITE SANDS …………………………… 152

IMPEX INSURANCE BROKERS ………………. 198

INSTITUTE OF FINANCE

MANAGEMENT ……………………………… 40 - 41

INTER-CONSULT …………………………………….. 66

INTERTEK …………………………………………………. 248

JANGWANI SEA BREEZE RESORT …………. 158

JFM CONSTRUCTION …………………………….. 89

JIEFANG MOTORS …………………………………… 230

JUBILEE INSURANCE ……………………………… 20

KAPWANI ARCHITECTS ………………………… 218

KASE STORES …………………………………………… 132

KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK ………………... 196

KIBO SEED ……………………………………………….. 164

KIMPHIL KONSULT ………………………………… 220

LUKOLO COMPANY ………………………………. 220

MARIN & MASKIN …………………………………. 184

MAXINSURE …………………………………………….. 196

MBUYU SAFARI CAMP …………………………… 158

MEDICAL STORES DEPARTMENT …………. 264

MEGA WOODCRAFT PRODUCTS ………… 222

METROPOLITAN TANZANIA ………………… 26

METSO ……………………………………………………… 170

MKOMBOZI COMMERCIAL BANK ………. 30

ML ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY ……… 214

MOLLEL ELECTRICAL

CONTRACTORS ………………………………………. 214

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TRANSPORT ……………………………………. 58 - 59

NATIONAL PRINTING COMPANY –

KIUTA ……………………………………………………….. 132

NEVADA GROUP …………………………………….. 138

NEW AFRICA HOTEL ……………………………… 148

NILE FISHNET MOTORS ………………………… 160

NIMETA CONSULT …………………………………. 74

NURAN DEVELOPERS …………………………….. 46

O&A COMPANY ……………………………………… 222

OLAM TANZANIA ………………………………….. 164

OPEN SANIT ……………………………………………. 174

ORYX OIL ………………………………………………… 248

PANAFRICAN ENERGY …………………. 94 - 95

PARASTATAL PENSIONS

FUND (PPF) ……………………………………... 196 -198

PERFECT PRINTERS …………………………………. 184

PLAN ASSOCIATES …………………………………. 218

PLASCO ……………………………………………………. 258

POLYCEM …………………………………………………. 4

PROTEA HOTELS ……………………………. 110 - 154

PSM ARCHITECTS …………………………………… 84

PUBLIC SERVICE PENSION FUND ………… 2

PUMA ENERGY ………………………………………... 257

QD CONSULT ………………………………………….. 218

RAMADA ENCORE DAR ES SALAAM …... 102

RAMANI INVESTMENT ………………………….. 174

SANLAM LIFE INSURANCE …………... 30 - 192

SBC ……………………………………………………………. 180

SCANIA …………………………………... 10 - 172 - 228

SCHLUMBERGER …………………………………….. 252

SEA CLIFF COURT …………………………………… 109

SEA CLIFF HOTEL ……………………………………. 146

SELCOM ………………………………………….. 8 - 246

SGS TANZANIA ……………………………… 1 - 242

SHANTA GOLD ……………………………………….. 172

SHELL ……………………………………………………….. 60

SIMBA TRUCKING ………………………………….. 234

SIMBANET ………………………………………. 127 - 240

SLIPWAY HOTEL ……………………………………… 150

SN TECH …………………………………………………… 258

SOU CONSULT ………………………………………… 220

SPICENET …………………………………………………. 238

SRS RENT A CAR ……………………………………... 136

STARPECO ………………………………………………... 224

STRATTON, CASTELL & PARTNERS ……… 216

STURROCK FLEX SHIPPING …………………… 234

TANGA CEMENT …………………………………….. 12

TANZANIA BRUSH PRODUCTS …………….. 184

TANZANIA GOVERNMENT FLIGHT

AGENCY …………………………………………………… 230

TANZANIA PRINTING SERVICES ………….. 132

TANZANIA PRIVATE SECTOR

FOUNDATION …………………………………………. 258

TATA …………………………………………………………. 204

TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATES …………………. 204

TOTAL ………………… Outside Back Cover + 226

UNDI CONSULTING GROUP …………………. 210

UNICOOL ………………………………………………… 222

UTEGI TECHNICAL ENTERPRISES ………… 230

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YARA TANZANIA ……………………………………. 162

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