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Sustainable Building

Submitted: 21st November 2014

By Maria Ferreira

School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture

University College Dublin

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1. Introduction

Industrialization and the Second World War gave rise in the population an environmental

concern. Artists, then, brought in his works the idea of valuing nature. In 1972, involved in this

situation, the United Nation (UN) convened the Conference on the Human Environment in

Stockholm. This event created an Environmental Manifesto consists of 19 principles that represented

the universal concern about healthy and sustainable use of the planet.

In 1983 the UN established a World Commission on Environment and Development, also

called Brudland Commission. This committee suggested that economic development must be

integrated with environmental issues, a fact that generated the term "sustainable development". In

April 1987, the Brundtland Commission, published a report in which it was present the definition of

sustainable development brought into the public discourse for the first time:

“Development that meets the needs of the presente without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.” (United Nations, 1987)

In the following decades, some global conferences were held such as 92 Rio and Rio + 10.

The global challenge that were present on the agendas of these meetings were the improvement of

the level of consumption of the poorest population, the reduction of the ecological footprint and the

environmental impact of human settlement on the planet.

Amid all this, the sustainability issues came to architecture and urbanism schedule. It is

natural that sustainability assumes a privileged position in this scenario, because cities and their

buildings are largely responsible for water consumption, materials and energy, in addition to the great

generation of pollution.

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2. Concept of Sustainable Building

Some variations of sustainability were incorporated into the vocabulary of architecture, such

as Green Architecture, Bioclimatic Architecture, Ecological Architecture, among others. Without a

certain definition, these terms are used without any defined conceptual basis, generating many

uncertainties.

The different understandings of the term ‘sustainable architecture’ exists primarily because

its definition varies according to socio-cultural contexts. This can be identified through the results of

a comparative study performed by Alexandra Maciel (2012) between the meaning of sustainable

architecture in Europe and Brazil. Through her analysis, was observed a clear difference in their

theoretical significance and, therefore, in the practice of this type of architecture. According to Maciel

(2012), sustainable architecture in Europe refers exclusively to issues related to bioclimatic aspects,

based on the development of passive strategies and in the improvement of the energy efficiency by

maintaining the comfort and quality of spaces. The main point observed in this kind of European

architecture is the consideration of climate change with the goal of designing a passive building, with

the idea of sustainability being exposed since the choice of architectural style of the building.

On the other hand, in the sustainable architecture in Brazil the emphasis is on the

rationalization of the construction site, and mainly in the adopted materials and water use. All this

with the idea of reducing the consumption of water and increasing the use of local, biodegradable

and low embodied energy materials. About these, however, there is no conscious about the

consequences of their types and its lifespan, nor the inclusion of the impact of these on energy

consumption. Further, these questions do not imply on the design of the architectural project itself,

then there is a clear distinction between the theory of sustainability and architectural practice.

Furthermore, the understanding of sustainable building in Brazil is also connected to an attitude of

denial of technology with permanent idea of redemption of vernacular architecture.

These various aspects impact on the aesthetic characteristics of a sustainable building. A

building classified as sustainable in Europe, for example, is directly linked to being an energy-efficient

building and therefore generally incorporates technological and aesthetic strategies to promote low

energy consumption, making use of glass, steel, and other materials.

In buildings considered sustainable in Brazil is very unlikely to see widespread use of these

materials. They dominate the esthetic features marked by the return of a traditional architectural

solutions and 'organic' materials with ample use of wood, and bamboo, stimulated by the

implementation of programs of building labeling such as PROCEL / Inmetro and certification

programs such as LEED, implemented by the Green Building Council.

Experiencing and studying these two realities, I came to a concept of sustainable architecture

even more embracing, but which incorporates the most important principles used in these two parts

of the world. Sustainable architecture for me, then, is based on buildings that meet the needs of its

occupants, without endangering the welfare and development of future generations. What implies in

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a architecture compromised with human development and with the social stability, using the act of

project as a tool to optimize the use of natural resources, reduce to a minimum waste, reduce

investment and operating costs, and promote renewable energy. All this should be done thinking

always in the physical and social impact generated by the building. Thus, ensuring the quality of life

of its occupants and the visual and sensory quality of external spaces.

In other words, I believe that sustainable construction should incorporate the idea of

sustainability, creating in your body, from its first traces, all possible means to generate savings of

natural resources while provides environmental comfort for its users.. This can be done by adapting

the building to the specific local conditions, taking full advantage of the lighting, natural ventilation

and rainwaters. Based on that premise, the whole process of construction should be based on clean

materials, with the awareness that the building has a life cycle and can be recycled or reused in the

future.

The social and cultural issue are also a very important point, entering as a complementary

and humanizing principle in this definition of sustainable architecture. Having the idea that the

buildings have high impact on their area of deployment, both physically and socially, have to be a

concerned about people and about external environments, integrating the population in the

construction of each building, not just by participating, but also through ideas. Moreover, in order to

valorize the culture of the region and at the same time to reduce costs, local materials are very

welcome to be incorporated into the architectural style of the building, therefore they can generate a

clear and characteristic sustainable architecture.

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3. Examples

Many projects entered on the list of sustainable projects that fit the concept created, but three

were chosen because they best fitted. Luckily, it was generated a fair comparison between them, as

they are situated in the same area and were finished in the same period. Moreover, their construction

processes were performed in the same period of the last revised of the sustainable checklist

mentioned earlier. So, with these similar characteristics and always linking to the sustainable

checklist, an analysis of each of them will be held and will be selected the building that best fits the

concept created.

3.1 Lofts Cherokee

Located in West Hollywood in California, the Lofts At Cherokee Studios designed by Brooks

+ Scarpa Architects finished being built in March 2010. The old building was a recording studio known

as Cherokee Studios and was also home to the MGM Recording Studio.

The building is mixed use and has its program distributed on five floors. In the basement is

the parking lot, on the first floor is situated trade and other part of the parking lot, on the upper floors

are the lofts floors, and on the rooftop is a terrace and a green roof. The lofts are compound of a

kitchen, a large bedroom and bathroom. The recording studio is on the 4th floor, 38 meters above

street level, which generates an astounding view of the city skyline and the maximization of daylight

entry, as can be seen in the Figure 1 and 2 below.

Figure 1 - Wujcik, T. Studio of Lofts Cherokee. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/41775/lofts-cherokee-studios-pugh-

scarpa/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

Figure 2 - Wujcik, T. Apartment’s dining room of Lofts Cherokee. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/41775/lofts-

cherokee-studios-pugh-scarpa/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

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The building has several artistic inspirations, one is expressed through a system of double

facades that are controlled by the owners, creating shade and preventing the street noise while

allowing ventilation. This dynamism of the facades, which is the main architectural feature of the

building is inspired by British artist Patrick Hughes. He has a number of paintings that seem to be

always changing and moving physically when observed. Allowing each occupant to adjust the

operable screens of the facade, this is constantly redrawn, reflecting the occupants in real time,

situation which can be seen in Figures 3 and 4. This feature has a significant impact on improving

the existing urban landscape, promoting a more dynamic environment for the people of the

surrounding area. The idea of mixed of uses and the unique architectural form of the building, create

a sustainable construction that reflect the environmental and cultural context in which it was built.

Figure 3 - Wujcik, T. Facade of Lofts Cherokee. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/41775/lofts-cherokee-studios-pugh-

scarpa/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

Figure 4 - Linden, J. E. Facade detail of Lofts Cherokee. Available at: http://www.aia.org/practicing/awards/2014/housing-

awards/CherokeeStudios/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

Cherokee Studios is the first mixed-use building that has LEED Platinum certification. Some

key points can be observed to justify this certificate. The annual consumption of building energy, for

example, is 47 KBTU / ft2 (530 MJ / m2), 40% reduction from the previous building. 90% of demolition

waste was recycled at the construction site and equipment was performed with bio-fuel from cooking

oil, there are electric car charging for every unit and a bike storage, high-recycled content and locally

produced products, double walls between units for sound isolation and many other things.

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Passive strategies such as the orientation of the building and the use of a central courtyard

(Figure 5) between the two residential structures, allows daylight entry into both sides of each unit,

shading and allowing the passage of breezes, favoring the lighting and natural ventilation. The green

roof provides vegetables for the occupants, in addition to maintaining the building with better

insulation, clean the air and reduce stormwater runoff.

Figure 5 - Linden, J. E. Courtyard of Lofts Cherokee. Available at: http://www.aia.org/practicing/awards/2014/housing-

awards/CherokeeStudios/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

In addition to the common features of sustainable ventilation, lighting and recycling, the real

innovation involves the building heating and cooling by rainwater. Uncommon in the US, the climate

control system depends on variable refrigerant flow (VRF). Flexible and suitable for mixed use, VRF

can heat different cold zones simultaneously, efficiently transferring heat rejected from one area to

another. The project integrates a green terrace while allowing percolation of water in the municipal

aquifer through a cobbled track, which creates a space-green.

Simple volumetric, with a central courtyard that explores cross ventilation and solar angles;

use of sustainable materials; innovative cooling system and heating; measures that reduced energy

during all phases of construction and occupation, the building distinguish themselves from more

conventional designs. Such passive strategies are the building be over 40% better than California’s

strict Title 24 2005 Energy Efficiency standards.

3.2 Lance Armstrong Foundation

In 2009, the Lance Armstrong Foundation (Figure 6) found its permanent home in the warehouse

of the Gulf Coast in East Austin, built in 1950. The building renovation project conducted by Lake

Flato Architects, completed in 2009, gave a new life to the building and a positive energy to the poor

neighborhood that was on an undergoing renovation. Submitted LEED Gold certification, the design

reflects the mission of the LiveStrong Foundation witch is to connect community and environment.

This project also received an Austin builder Annual Award 2010 for Best Construction and Texas

Society of Architects AIA Design Award 2010.

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Figure 6 - Hardaway, H. Lance Armstrong Foudation Entrance. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/105042/lance-

armstrong-foundation-headquarters-lakeflato-architects-and-the-bommarito-group/ [Accessed 29 October 2014].

As part of the renovation, a large part of the original building was maintained and many

materials found inside the warehouse were reused. For example, roof decking was removed and re-

used to construct the firm "boxes", which serve as individual offices and meeting areas, creating a

dynamic internal space, as can be seen in the Figure 7. Existing laminated wooden beams were

used as architectural interior element and the concrete retaining walls removed were reused as

garden elements and sidewalk.

Figure 7 - Hardaway, H. Internal space of the Lance Armstrong Foudation. Available at:

http://www.archdaily.com/105042/lance-armstrong-foundation-headquarters-lakeflato-architects-and-the-bommarito-group/

[Accessed 29 October 2014].

The unique design and construction technique involved the addition of a skylight of steel and

glass with a movement system for the north installed inside the wooden structure of the 60 years

roof. The skylight created a significant effect of natural light, minimizing glare and heat gain.

Increasing natural lighting helped to reduce the use of electricity and the use of photocells set the

increase of daylight entry into the building

The renewed facility consists of an office space, meeting room, dining room, a gym, open-

air courtyard (Figure 8) and a parking lot. As cycling is a central feature of the work culture in this

organization, there is also a bicycle storage area and bathrooms with changing rooms for employees.

The bike to work is highly encouraged and preferential parking lot has vacancies for high fuel

efficiency vehicles.

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Figure 8 - Hardaway, H. Link to the outside area in the Lance Armstrong Foudation. Available at:

http://www.archdaily.com/105042/lance-armstrong-foundation-headquarters-lakeflato-architects-and-the-bommarito-group/

[Accessed 29 October 2014].

When renovating an existing structure instead of building a completely new, the Lance Armstrong

Foundation was able to save on emissions of materials, energy and carbon. Furthermore, the work

encourages bicycle instead of driving, is a practice which reduces carbon emissions. Additionally,

there is concern about the dynamics of space while the luminous comfort, which is generated by

natural light, saving electricity.

3.3 High Tech High Chula Vista

Designed by Studio E Architects in 2009, High Tech High Chula Vista is a public school that

serves 550 students 9-12 years with a learning approach based on projects. The school encourages

the academic development of students through their involvement in experiments of interest to them

by fostering a strong sense of community and genuine interaction between each member. Another

principle employed by the school is the student's development through their inclusion in the adult

world, creating internships and community-based projects in which students work with adults and

know the meaning of work.

Figure 9 - Brady, J. High Tech High School Entrance. Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/node/99 [Accessed 30 October

2014].

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The school is situated on a land of eight acres in southeast Chula Vista, California, a central

location that is located between one of the most economically and culturally diverse areas in the

United States. The advantage of this unique context is that the students are randomly selected in a

way that social diversity is guaranteed.

The building consists of rooms for seminars for the community, studio spaces, faculty offices,

sports fields, outdoor learning areas, areas connected with the natural environment, research rooms

and group work rooms, among other spaces. All these are designed with the idea to promote a

participative teaching and create a sense of ownership.

The school's design reflects its principles that are based on three core values: transparency,

community and sustainability. All this led by three points: personalization, connection with the adult

world and a common intellectual mission. This can be seen through the open and flexible structure

and sustainable design attributes. These principles actually permeate all aspects of life in the HTH.

The school's design team relied on community participation, through an approach of

participatory decision-making, ensuring that staff understand the aspirations of High Tech High. The

main school requirements for the designers was to create a safe, healthy, low cost and functional

place. And that's exactly what the designers were able to gain through adaptable and flexible learning

spaces; use of non toxic materials; use of natural lighting and ventilation; public spaces that promote

exhibitions of student work and their interaction; and an atmosphere of "visible learning" through

transparency between spaces.

This integrated design approach ensured the design team, school leadership, and the

builders had a strategic vision and understand the context of each design decision. Central to this

vision was the belief that the building can create the ideal conditions for learning.The project team

used post-occupancy reviews to discover any macro problem as the influence of the project in the

school culture and micro issues such as the light levels of the classroom. Every concern of designers

with the environment, the community and the occupants of the building from the time of its

construction to its post occupation, as will be seen later, make this school be an excellent example

that illustrates very well the concept defined above.

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4. Analysis

GLOBAL

1. A Planetary Exemplar:

This project clearly contributes to the architecture’s world and is a great example to follow in the

future. This happens because this is an excellent example of how the architecture itself by passive

means, can create a sustainable building. In addition, it has a clear social and cultural contribution

by such relationship with the community and with nature of the place where it is deployed.

2. Harmony:

This project will facilitate the interaction of man with nature, not only in relation to its deployment

but also through the idea of an open space that always generates a view and connection to the

outside.

The project aims to break down the boundary between interior and exterior spaces and provide

opportunities for people to connect with nature. The character design is open, making it easier to

manage, as well as providing dynamic spaces and interaction with the outside.

The site of implantation of the building is situated on the edge of a plateau overlooking the Otay

River Valley. The land was not composed of native vegetation at the time of construction, having

been a place of creation of the cattle. The deployment of the building, then had to try to prevent the

erosion of the slope, so the distribution of each area of the school is done by layers and is intended

to decrease the intensity of use when it moves to the south, ie, for table edge. The area where the

buildings are located are further north where it already has development in town and playing fields

and a track re-vegetation with native plantings are located further south. All this concern with the

arrangement of elements in the field, shows the insistence of the project on the integration of man

with nature, showing a responsible relationship between the city and the natural systems.

This project, therefore, generated a mutual benefit both for the well that the building did for the

community and the land of its implementation, as the benefits of nature to its occupants, as the

sunlight, natural ventilation and landscape, availed by the idea of open space.

Figure 10 - Brady, J. High Tech High School outside area. Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/node/99 [Accessed 30

October 2014].

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3. Ecological Footprint:

In its life this building will contribute to the total global ecological footprint, through the large

amount of energy and water savings; through careful with the choice of each material that will have

long life besides not produce toxic substances, in short, through its respectful relationship with

nature.

4. Life Cycle:

The building project took into account the impact that a building generates for its deployment

area, both at the time of construction, as their use and their future. Thus, the design incorporated

extremely durable, low toxicity and low maintenance materials. Being designed for a life span of over

100 years, the project includes components and versatile systems.

Parallel to these types of materials, designers still used materials in the region, which

reduced the cost of production and also appreciated the local culture. Undoubtedly, the school

thought at all stages of the building life, I will say that thought even further.

THE SITE

5. Air Quality:

All building materials were selected for their environmental and health performance. Products

with wood, lead and mercury were banned from structure. And pest resistant materials were adopted.

All this forms a set of measures that can prevent air pollution.

This was also prevented by pre-fabricated construction that avoided the emission of sounds and

dust; by planting native plants which absorb CO2 and create oxygen; and passive architecture that

avoids to maximum the use of cooling and heating equipment.

6. Water Quality

7. Rainwater:

The climate is desert, but when it rains can be quite strong. The project therefore includes

vegetated ditches and detention basins to control the flows and reduce flow rates. These drains are

designed as bioswales to capture, absorb and filter the entire local water before she can get to the

river valley and slopes. To ensure that the insects do not accumulate in basin, they are designed to

not allow the water to stand still for more than 72 hours.

The building management system (BMS) includes a weather station and water management

that responds to changes in weather conditions, adjusting the irrigation schedule in real time.

Sensors and motorized valves are able to turn off areas immediately in case of a head or broken

line, and the BMS sends a warning to gardeners to eliminate wasted water. Reclaimed water is used

by 100% of the irrigation needs of the land.

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Inside the building, each object was selected to reduce water use. Due to waterless urinals,

faucets, low-flow showerheads, and low flow cabinets water, the project requires 52% less water

than the baseline EPAct-1992. This equates to a savings of $ 5,000 per year in operating costs.

8. Site Condition:

The deployment area was chosen to be close to transport links, which favored walking and

cycling. In addition, the project was thought to be extended to the living area, is clearly involved with

the community.

9. Waste:

As most of the building materials were prefabricated, time and work on the construction site

was reduced, avoiding waste of resources and the accumulation of these. Furthermore, the

construction materials used may be recycled and reused in the future which also prevents production

of waste.

10. Site Density:

The building is compact with flexible internal environments that are used by different people

and uses according to the occasion. This makes much of the land is used as a permeable area,

softening the external climate and enriquecedo the soil by planting native plants.

11. Transportation:

The ground for the implantation of the school was chosen because it is situated close to a

local mass transportation, which led to reduced the numbers of cars circulating in the community. As

an additional incentive to use public transport, a Transportation Demand Management program

(TDM) was established. This includes unlimited supply of free passes for needy students; a system

of carpools; renovation of sidewalks and bike lanes and installing bike racks to encourage change in

habits; training students in the use of mass transports; adjustment in schedules beginning and end

of classes to adapt to changes in transport patterns in the area; control of the means of transport

used by all staff and students, analyzing the data and found solutions for the implementation of

improvements.

12. Microclimate:

No information about the influence of the building on the microclimate of their existing

location was found. But, considering all things seen before, such as the used of native plants and

buildings spaced appropriately for the generation of shade and ventilation, it can be concluded that

the building generates a pleasant microclimate in their outdoor areas.

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13. Proximity:

The relationship with the community is an great example for the architectural practice, both

in relation to social aspects such as to physical aspects. This can be exemplified by the participation

of the community in the design, use, and even in the evaluations of the project, by the planning of

transportation systems that provide access to school, and especially by the concern for the comfort

of each of its occupants.

C - THE BUILDING

14. Building Form:

The building was all designed to harness sunlight and natural ventilation through its

courtyards. Being compact, it also allows the economy of material and consequently energy savings.

15. Natural Light

16. Passive Energy:

The area has a climate in which solar access is favored and the breezes are prevalent.

Therefore, the project's goal was to break the building into separate parts with internal courtyards

between them to allow the use of this natural lighting and ventilation on at least two sides of the

buildings.

The building was constructed in east-west direction to provide maximum solar access to all

areas, as the Figure 11 and 12 show. One capony solar that works like an umbrella, protecting the

building's facade from heat gain was adopted. Addition to this, there is a conditioned lining with grilles

where has air transfer to utilize the natural thermal change.

The building, then, can be considered intelligent, with passive strategies that consider the

shade, ventilation, lighting, cooling and humidity control of the environment.

Figure 11 - Brady, J. Central Courtard of High Tech High School. Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/node/99 [Accessed

30 October 2014].

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Figure 12 - Brady, J. Outside corridor of High Tech High School. Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/node/99 [Accessed

30 October 2014].

17. Energy Performance:

The design minimizes energy demand through a compact design, natural ventilation,

daylighting, and an efficient envelope and beyond sustainable energy equipment. At the same time,

the roof canopy includes a photovoltaic array that generates approximately 80% of the energy needs

of the building each year and causes it exceeds the California Energy Code requirements by 54%.

The compact plan has three courtyards and shade canopies to harvest natural light and ventilation.

Sunlight is the main source of lighting to all movement and occupied areas.

Despite all the occupied areas have air conditioning for days of extreme weather, all

classrooms have operable windows for natural ventilation. Break-out spaces between classrooms

and corridors are passively conditioned. The areas are closed with a facade system of aluminum

with mesh screens in the upper panels and glass in the lower panels. This allows heat to climb and

escape, moderating the temperatures of the occupant level.

The building management system (BMS) integrates a weather station with mechanical

systems that monitor and control the lighting. This optimizes thermal comfort, indoor air quality,

lighting levels, and also helps save energy.

Figure 13 - Brady, J. Photovoltaic Panels of High Tech High School. Available at: http://www.aiatopten.org/node/99

[Accessed 30 October 2014].

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18. Human Comfort:

The whole project was based on a major premise, the generation of a suitable space for

student and community development. That means a space that manages visual, acoustic, luminous

and thermal comfort. All this is present in the school through the appropriate choice of materials, the

use of natural resources optimally and control held by BMS.

19. Indoor Air Quality:

As was said above, the building materials used are aimed to creating a healthy environment,

avoiding the production of toxic substances and pests. In addition, cross ventilation created by all

passive strategy of the building, provides air quality.

20. Reusability & Recyclability

High Tech High was built with the addition of industrial components and traditional

components of the region. Using repetitive parts that are based on standard industry sizing and

assembly line, the building waste was reduced and the construction quality was much higher.

The school was developed with modules pre planned and delivered to site ready to be

assembled. This technique of assembly line enabled the integration of all building systems, which

optimize the time of construction and greatly reduces the generation of air, sound and stormwater

pollution. Furthermore, these modules can be easily disassembled, relocated, and reused in the

future.

As was said earlier, the design incorporates extremely durable and low maintenance

materials. Taking this idea of resistance and service life of the building, the design is very flexible

and versatile. The learning areas, for example, are divided by partitions operable, allowing quick

changes of junction or separation of classes. The modular construction accommodates changes in

technology, and enables power and cooling systems serve only to occupied areas.

Checklist

As can be seen in the analyzes, the school fits perfectly into the concept created, in relation

to physical, architectural and social aspects. Furthermore, the structure of the HTH also fits in

previously mentioned criteria checklist. Considering its excellent performance in relation to the points

discussed above, the school received 100% rating on most criteria, as can be seen in Appendix A.

The points that High Tech High School did not achieve the maximum score are related to

their interaction with the local climate and terrain. The school, clearly, did everything it could to

respect the existing nature and enjoy the atmosphere of the place, but no construction can have a

perfectly harmonious interaction with nature, as any object created by man interferes in the

environment.

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5. Conclusion

Today's society lives in pursuit of profit, because of this, buildings are made only thinking in

this premise. As a result, the global preservation needs are not taken into account. There is an idea

that the adoption of environmentally sustainable solutions in construction always leads to a price

increase, but it is not always real, especially when taken during the design phases of the project. In

some cases, may even reduce costs.

Although the price of implementing of some environmentally sustainable systems in a green

building generates an initial cost, it can result in a much larger economy during the use and

occupancy of the property, plus, of course, in a great benefit generated to the world and its

population. All this can be clearly seen by the success of the construction and post occupancy of the

analyzed building.

Therefore, sustainable construction is clearly the most appropriate and should be the first

choice made by architects and world population going forward.

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