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Surplus biodiesel capacity in Germany and the EU

ALSO INSIDE :

Q&A with Bill Christie

Preview of the 101st AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo

Giants of the Past: Hermann Pardun

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Surplus biodiesel capacity in Germany and the

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Dieter Bockey

Despite the amendment of import regulation on B99 (1% biodiesel + 99% petrodiesel), the German and European biodiesel business sectors are likely to face increasingly harder times. In March 2009 the European Union introduced a penalty tax depending on the biodiesel exporting company to compensate the subsidy of $1.00/gallon (“splash and dash”) from the United States. This was a significant example of predatory competition. The related structural transformation is also the result of changes in and insufficient strate-gic underpinning of biofuel incentives on both a national and EU (European Union) level. This development is taking place within an environ-ment that, in light of the current policy frame-work of the biofuel manufacturers, now also has to contend with additional bureaucratic verifica-tion obligations and documentation requirements relating to biomasses that have been produced and processed in compliance with specific sus-tainability criteria.

Moreover, development of the German and European biodie-

sel business sectors is needlessly marking time because—among

other things—the potential for quicker market penetration through

Surplus biodiesel capacity in Germany and

the European Union

development projects are needed

a rapid EU-wide market introduction of B7 is not being addressed

with appropriate speed. Germany, France, and Austria began

already in 2009 to introduce diesel containing 7 vol% biodiesel

(B7) into the market. The corresponding amendment of the Euro-

pean standard for diesel fuel—EN 590—came into effect October

2009. B7 corresponds to a total biodiesel demand (roughly 200

million metric tons [MMT]) in the EU of about 13.5 MMT. The

market situation for biodiesel manufacturers has become consid-

erably tighter over the last two years.

Competition in Germany and the EU is characterized by

surpluses and insolvencies. Biodiesel is still the most significant

biofuel, though, with EU sales even registering an increase in

2008. In terms of statistics, Germany once again led the way in

biodiesel sales. Plants financed with public funds were put into

operation in Germany and in other EU countries within the report-

ing period, although politics had long pushed the incentives indi-

cator to “red,” and the market launch of biodiesel as an admixture

for fossil diesel has been moving forward only sluggishly.

While the biofuels industry has been calling for sustaina-

ble production and verification management, the political sphere

has so far failed to create a reliable framework for this action.

Such legislation, geared toward national and EU climate protec-

tion (as well as energy supply policy targets within the transport

sector), remains to be meaningfully developed. This is the conclu-

sion that must be drawn in light of the “National Biomass Action

Plan for Germany” with regard to the brief chapter on biofuels

within it. The German government only presented the plan in

April 2009, even though the European Commission had called on

member states to submit the plan as far back as December 2005.

The German government had ample time to develop a national

biomass action plan, and the industry had incentives to turn plans

into action. Instead, the chapter on biofuels in the biomass action

plan merely describes the facts of the matter according to the

“Biofuels roadmap” from June 2007. An active and progressive

65

February 2010 informTopic

strategy supported by adequate research & development for biodiesel or bioethanol is not

covered in the plan.

Moreover, for the biodiesel business sector, increasingly stringent engine-specific and

associated quality requirements for biodiesel following introduction of emission standard

EURO 5 (from September 2009) and EURO 6 (from 2013) will make it difficult to maintain

the biodiesel sales development that has already been achieved. Such lack of action is all the

more extraordinary when one considers that a major proportion of the energy mix needed to

meet the EU objective of sourcing at least 10% of the energy requirement from 2020 onward

from renewable sources will have to be made up of biodiesel and bioethanol. In addition,

the amended EU Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EG), which came into effect in June 2009,

requires member states to work rapidly toward establishing a standard for B10. Analogous to

E10 (10% ethanol in gasoline), the mandate is to be fulfilled as quickly as possible; however,

in contrast to E10, this mandate does not include an appended quality standard for B10,

although the European Commission has now submitted a commensurate mandate.

Biodiesel production capacity in Germany is around 5.1 MMT and around 16 MMT in

the 27 EU countries. The European Biodiesel Board (EBB) states that average output of the

EU biodiesel capacity (about 15.6 MMT) is estimated to be 48%; however, the degree of

output per plant varies greatly from one state to another. A comparatively high output is pre-

sumed in plants where the operators have been able to secure supplier allocations of biodiesel

admixture for fossil diesel on a national basis within the oil industry or have secured sales

through successful participation in international tendering and/or quotas, such as in France

or Italy. Conspicuous is the high output level of about 92% for biodiesel plants in France,

a result of the complicated tendering process that is, to some extent, structured in a manner

that favors French biodiesel manufacturers. Available statistics must be scrutinized, in par-

ticular with regard to output. Commensurate with the average utilization of 48%, around 8

MMT of biodiesel were supposedly sold in the EU, with an additional 1.5 MMT imported

in the same period according to the sector information service, F.O. Licht. According to the

website Biofuels Platform (http://www.plateforme-biocarburants.ch/en/infos/eu-biodiesel.

php), a total of 9.5 MMT of biodiesel was sold in the EU in 2008. As such, it may be pre-

sumed that the average output of biodiesel plants within the EU is therefore lower than 48%

and that a considerable quantity of biodiesel was also imported.

As a consequence, the UFOP (Union for the Promotion of Oilseeds and Protein Plants)

is striving to develop new sales markets for biodiesel. For a number of years UFOP has been

working closely with the Institute for Oil Heating Efficiency (IWO) and the German Society

for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology (DGMK). These institutes were founded

following an initiative of the oil industry and are partially funded through a heating oil levy

(IWO) and also directly by the oil industry. UFOP participates in DGMK/IWO projects

to assess the utilization of biodiesel as a biogenic component in heating oil. Shell AG, for

example, already offers bioheating oil throughout Germany, where the product is primarily

intended for use in new condensing boilers. Similar to the utilization of biodiesel in engines,

the requirements for material compatibility and storage stability are high. Following a UFOP

initiative, the IWO presented the status of development to a broad audience at the special

“nature.tec” exhibition held within the scope of the International Green Week (IGW) fair in

2008 and 2009. If comprehensive application of just a 5% admixture proportion were to be

introduced this would equate to a requirement of over 1 MMT of biodiesel.

BIODIESEL RESEARCH ACTIVITIES–ACTUAL PROJECTS FUNDED BY UFOPFleet analysis to test B10 for engine oil dilution. Project run by Verband der Deut-

schen Biokraftstoffindustrie, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Qualitätsmanagement Biodiesel, Shell

Global Solutions Deutschland GmbH.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

information

The Biodiesel Handbook


The aim of this project—concluded in 2009—was to produce

verifiable statements on the compatibility of modern biodiesel

engines with B10 by way of practical experience from analysis of

a small fleet. The background was the targeted increase of admix-

ture from 7 to 10 vol% (B7 to B10). This increase is prescribed

by the amended EU directive on the specification of petrol, diesel,

and gas-oil fuels, which also contains a mechanism to monitor and

reduce greenhouse gas emissions (2009/30/EC) and which went

into effect in April 2009. With this directive, the European Com-

mission has called on member states to ensure the prompt creation

of an amended diesel fuel standard effecting introduction of B10

onto the market.

The aforementioned projects comprising two fleet tests pro-

vided data on the operation of diesel engines (common rail engines)

with self-regenerating particle filters. The two car fleets differed in

terms of regeneration strategy: post injection (i) with and (ii) without

additive to accelerate burnoff in the particle filter. The effect of these

different regeneration strategies on engine oil dilution was analyzed

in particular with respect to the different load cycles.

The vehicles were subjected to various driving cycles (“student

cycle,” “service cycle,” and mixed traffic: motorway, open road,

urban traffic) and the engine oil samples analyzed. As anticipated,

the fleet using the exclusively engine-supported regeneration strategy

demonstrated significant engine oil dilution, particularly the student

and service cycles. The additive-supported regeneration strategy did

not give rise to any significant engine oil dilution and consequent

reduction in the engine oil change interval.

Oil dilution during operation of a passenger vehicle diesel motor with mixed fuel B10. Project run by Otto-von-Guericke-

University of Magdeburg, Institute for Mobile Systems, Chair for

Piston Machines; cooperation partners: Volkswagen AG, Fuchs

Europe Schmierstoffe GmbH.

This project was an engine test bench analysis that supple-

mented the above-detailed fleet test. Its aims were to determine

engine oil dilution under the respective operating conditions on the

basis of specific load levels and to suggest remedial measures. Focus

was placed on the following questions:

-

nal post-injection of biodiesel and frequent starts or during idle

The test bench analysis confirmed that the highest level of oil

dilution occurs with subsequent post-injection, frequent cold starts


with idle operation; and engine operation under low loading (light load) results in lower oil

dilution.

Implementation of a test bench continuous operation trail over 500 hours and field testing for approval of DEUTZ COMMON RAIL engines in commer-cial vehicles, EURO 4; for biodiesel (B100). Project run by DEUTZ AG, Dept. TATE

(Exhaust and Fuels).

Following DEUTZ AG approval regarding the engine type DCD 2012 and 2013 for

operation with biodiesel as a pure fuel as the result of a UFOP-sponsored project, the aim

of this project was to similarly give the green light to the company’s industrial engines that

are fulfilling the European emission requirement of EURO 4, to match also the EURO 5

exhaust emission standard for operation with biodiesel as a pure fuel. The project encom-

passed a standard continuous operation trial and subsequent field test control of rape methyl

ester suitability in actual operation using two buses run by a public transport company. The

originally planned fleet trial using three trucks was cancelled by the participating commer-

cial vehicle manufacturer owing to the economic situation. The use of a biodiesel sensor was

also tested within the field test.

As a result of this project, DEUTZ AG issued approval for the DCD 2013 L04/06-4V

engine. This engine is fitted into Volvo trucks, among others. However, approval did not

extend to the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system owing to an evident reduction in

NOx efficiency of the SCR system at low temperatures, caused by the coking effects of

unburned biodiesel elements on the surface of the catalytic converter. This carbonization

can be reversed through burning off the catalytic converter at high exhaust temperatures;

however, in the opinion of the project organizer, this may result in the irreversible presence

of K and Na that, in turn, could cause deactivation of the catalytic converter during extended

engine operation.

The results of this field test are also intended for use regarding approval of EURO V

engines. This test is dependent on the insertion of a functioning biodiesel sensor measuring

the biodiesel/diesel fuel mix ratio, so that the sensor is able to send a signal to the engine

management system for the purpose of optimizing the time and duration of injection and

thus ensure compliance with the NOx emission limit.

Approval can only be initially issued for a 30% biodiesel share for Volvo engines.

Approval of B100 for EURO V engines will require further analysis and field tests. In the

opinion of the project organizer, testing of a biodiesel sensor and analysis of the effects of

any possible deactivation of the catalytic converter owing to metal content in the biodiesel

and any associated loading due to ash-forming elements needs to form the subject of a fol-

low-up project.

Dieter Bockey is with the Union for the Promotion of Oilseeds and Protein Plants reg. Ass., and managing director of the Working Group Quality Management Biodiesel reg. Ass. Contact him via email at [email protected].


Q: What advice would you give someone who is new to the

A: I would advise anyone visiting the site for the first time

simply to spend 20 minutes browsing through it to see what

is there that might interest him or her.

Leaving aside the news/calendar/blog section of the site, there

are three main content areas: About Lipids, Analysis, and Oils and

Fats (we hope to add a fourth on Biochemistry/Nutrition soon). In

the About Lipids section, I have introductory articles dealing with

what lipids are and what they do, then each web page is centered

around a specific lipid or group of lipids, where structure, occur-

rence, biology, and function are described. For convenience, there

are separate menus dealing with fatty acids and eicosanoids, simple

lipids (plus others that do not fit conveniently elsewhere), complex

glycerolipids, and sphingolipids. This is the place to come to if you

want to find out about a specific fatty acid or lipid.

The Analysis section is split into six areas. Two of these—

on mass spectrometry of fatty acids and NMR spectroscopy—are

fairly specialized and contain a wealth of information for analysts.

However, my book Gas Chromatography and Lipids, which is avail-

able on the site by kind permission of The Oily Press (and P.J. Barnes

& Associates), is an excellent source of information for both begin-

ners and more experienced analysts, even though it is a little old as

textbooks go. The section on selected topics in analysis contains a

number of readable accounts on analytical topics. Finally, there is

a comprehensive literature survey section with 10,000 references,

including a current awareness service, which reports monthly and

lists all significant new papers dealing with lipid analysis.

The Oils and Fats area of the site is relatively new and is still

developing, and includes a section by Frank Gunstone on oils and

fats in the marketplace, where data on the production and usage of

commodity oils are listed. There is a substantial and growing section

dealing with frying oils, their chemistry, analysis, and nutritional

properties. Finally, the first example of the new AOCS collaboration

is a new section on the history of lipid science.

Q: Are there any collaborators you particularly want

Christie donates Lipid Library to AOCSIn December 2009, The Lipid Library website developed by

AOCS member William W. Christie officially became the

AOCS Lipid Library at http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/. Along

with this generous donation of thousands of pages of informa-

tion about lipids came thousands of daily site visitors.

“The regular statistics showed over 2,000 visitors each

working day visiting about 12,000 pages in total daily, with

spikes of up to 4,000 visitors,” Christie says. “During uni-

versity vacations, the numbers tend to drop off by about a

third.”

Christie—who was awarded an MBE (Most Excel-

lent Order of the British Empire) in the Queen’s New Year’s

Honours List in 2000—is also a fellow of the Royal Society of

Edinburgh. In 1995, he received the Herbert J. Dutton Award

from the Analytical Division of AOCS in recognition of his

contribution to analytical methodology in relation to oils,

fats, and lipids. He also received the Alton E. Bailey Award

from the North Central Chapter of AOCS’ USA Section in

2004 for exceptional service in the field of lipids and associ-

ated products. In addition to his role with The Lipid Library,

he is currently a member of the editorial advisory boards of

Lipids, Lipid Technology, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, and Grasas y Aceitas. He is the founder of

the Oily Press Ltd.

Noting his long-lived forebears, Christie intends to

remain active in further developing the site. He will serve as

editor-in-chief of the Library for at least two years, plans to

continue writing his blog (http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/news/

blog.htm), and will coordinate the site’s editorial advisory

board. That board will function under the umbrella of the

AOCS Publications Steering Committee, which is chaired by

Robert A. Moreau of the Eastern Regional Research Center

(Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania) of the US Department of Agricul-

ture’s Agricultural Research Service.

“For the first half of my research career,” Moreau notes,

“whenever I had a question about lipid extraction, separation,

or analysis, I ‘religiously’ consulted Bill Christie’s books,

Lipid Analysis (1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions) and Advances in Lipid Methodology (volumes 1–4).”

Moreau’s inquiries, however, have shifted in recent years

from the books to Christie’s online Lipid Library. “It is a won-

derful state-of-the-art resource for any researcher who works

with lipids,” Moreau says. “In addition to being the premier

source of information about lipid methodology, the site also

includes valuable insights about many other aspects of lipid

research.

“I am very honored and excited that Dr. Christie has

donated The Lipid Library to AOCS with the only stipula-

tion being that AOCS will help to ensure that it continues to

be relevant and freely accessible to anyone who needs it,”

Moreau concluded.

Christie

Catherine Watkins, associate editor of inform, recently posed a series of questions to the creator of The Lipid Library, William W. Christie, following his donation of the resource to AOCS. For an earlier discussion of the site, see Christie’s article from 2006 ( 781–782).



A: My colleague and mentor Frank

Gunstone has encouraged me from

the beginning, first in producing a number

of web pages on NMR spectroscopy for the

site and then in producing a second series of

articles on oils and fats in the marketplace.

Gerhard Knothe took up further develop-

ment of the NMR pages and will be updat-

ing those produced by Frank. Three former

research collaborators, M. Carmen Dobarga-

nes, Gloria Márquez-Ruiz, and Jean-Louis

Sébédio, have assisted me in producing a

series of web pages on frying oils. Boryana

Nikolova-Damyanova has agreed to provide

a section on silver-ion chromatography. I

am grateful to all who have given so gen-

erously of their time. I am also grateful to

my former employer—the Scottish Crop

Research Institute—and its commercial

arm—Mylne field Lipid Analysis—who still

employ me as a part-time consultant, for

giving me continuing access to library facili-

ties including online journals. Without this

access, development of the website would

not have been possible.

Q: Would you please talk a bit about

the editorial advisory board for the

A: The editorial advisory board is new

and has still to find its feet, but I

have great expectations. We have invited

acknowledged experts in different areas of

lipid science (especially those where I have

no expertise myself) to write and commis-

sion web pages in their own disciplines.

Thus, Tom Sanders will contribute arti-

cles on lipids in nutrition—always a con-

tentious area and best left to the experts.

Gary List will work on historical aspects

of lipid science and scientists, and Craig

Byrdwell will deal with lipidomics, an

aspect of lipid analysis that is developing

especially rapidly. In addition to his work

on NMR spectroscopy, Gerhard Knothe will

commission articles dealing with fatty acid

chemistry, while Albert Dijkstra will cover

industrial processing and technology. Bob

Moreau is looking into information man-

agement and analytical topics, while Randy

Weselake will tackle plant lipid biochemis-

try. We are looking for established scientists

with interests in animal biochemistry and

physical chemistry of lipids to round off the

team for the moment.

Q: Where would you like The Lipid

A: I hope that The Lipid Library will

be recognized internationally as a

Bill Christie, at work in his office on new features for The AOCS Lipid Library.


The 101st AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo (AM&E) will be held May 16–19, 2010, in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, with more than 1,700 participants expected from 60+ countries. The tentative scientifi c program includes more than 650 lecture

and poster presentations in 12 interest areas (the tentative session

grid is printed on pages 74–75), as well as hot topic symposia cov-

ering a range of issues of general interest to participants. General

chairperson for the event is Douglas M. Bibus of Lipid Technolo-

gies LLC and the University of Minnesota in Austin.

The Expo, with more than 90 exhibiting companies, will feature

several networking events such as the opening mixer, the business

breakfast, committee meetings, and several receptions. The Expo

Hall will be open 5:30 p.m.–7:30 p.m., Sunday, May 16; 11:30 a.m.–

6:00 p.m., Monday, May 17; and 11:30 a.m.–6:00 p.m, Tuesday,

May 18. The Expo will be closed on Wednesday, May 19.

The AOCS annual business meeting and recognition program

will be held during a breakfast session on Tuesday, May 18.

DIVISION AND SECTION FUNCTIONSA number of the AOCS divisions and sections have scheduled meet-

ings in Phoenix during the AM&E.

Among those meetings are the annual division roundtable dis-

cussions of emerging topics. These topics will then be taken by des-

ignated representatives to the Program Committee meeting on the

fi nal day, where the bare bones of the 2011 technical program will be

created. There is no better way to network than to attend one of these

roundtables. Simply check the program for the days and times.

In addition to luncheon and dinner meetings of the sections and

divisions, Agricultural Microscopy Division will participate in a tour

of the Los Cedros Arabian Horse Ranch from 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

on Wednesday, May 19. This tour will include information about

equine nutrition as well as the science behind feed evaluation. Other

Shrouded by red-rock mountains, surrounded by golf courses, and covered by a near-perpetual canopy of blue sky, downtown Phoenix offers visitors a refreshing mix of urban fun and outdoor recreation.

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Annual Meeting & Expo at a glanceMay 16–19, 2010Phoenix, Arizona, USA Register for the meeting and make hotel

receive the special online discount. Questions? Contact the AOCS Meetings

2 010 PHOENIX101st AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo

tour highlights include a presentation of many National Champion horses along with

stories about the horses, their history, and their accolades.

TECHNICAL SERVICES MEETINGSAOCS’ Technical Services will host three expert panel meetings (on olive oil, biodie-

sel, and process contaminants) at the AM&E in addition to the usual technical com-

mittee meetings. For more information about these, contact Gina Clapper at ginac@

aocs.org.

The Technical Services staff also will conduct lunchtime demonstrations of AOCS

methods in the CAML on the Expo fl oor. In this case, CAML stands for “Crop Analytics

Mobile Laboratory,” the versatile on-the-go laboratories developed and used by Mon-

santo Co. at grain elevators to ensure that its low-linolenic Vistive soybeans have not

been contaminated with commodity soybeans. Look for more details at the meeting.

LEADERSHIP ORIENTATIONThis year, AOCS Executive Vice President Jean Wills Hinton will again conduct an

orientation session for leaders (committee, section, and division chairs) on Sunday,

May 16, 2010, immediately following the Division Council meeting. There, Hinton

will review the society’s strategic plan and introduce society leaders to members of the

AOCS Governing Board and staff.

STUDENT ACTIVITIESAOCS has always valued student participation and encourages student attendees to take

advantage of the many opportunities offered as part of the AOCS AM&E. These include

substantially discounted meeting registration fees, and awards and grants designed spe-

cifi cally for student presenters.

In addition, students are eligible for discounted tickets for division and section

luncheons and dinners, as well as having the chance to co-chair technical sessions and

assist at the AOCS Foundation’s silent auction. This year, the Student Common Inter-

est Group (SCIG) plans to hold a special half-hour meet-and-greet social gathering for

students during the opening mixer on Sunday, May 16. Details will follow.

The annual student–mentor get-together will again follow the SCIG luncheon on

Wednesday, May 19.

For more information about any of the student programs—or to sign up to be a

mentor—contact Barb Semeraro at [email protected].

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATORS’ COMMON INTEREST GROUPThis important group not only will meet on Monday, May 17, from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00

p.m. to continue setting its agenda but also has developed a hot topic session (see page

72).



The three main goals that the professional educators set at their

fi rst meeting in 2008 are:

selections for lipid courses,

include public access resources (including websites) commonly

referred to by students, and

programs.

For more information about the group, contact Barb Semeraro at

[email protected].

SHORT COURSESLipid Oxidation and Health Short Course: From Chemistry to NutritionSaturday and Sunday, May 15–16, 2010

Course Organizer: Edwin N. Frankel, University of California,

Davis, USA.

This one-and-a-half day comprehensive short course is newly

expanded with basic and practical instruction from leaders in the

fi eld. It is designed to help participants understand the major factors

that affect the stability of oil-bearing foods. Further, registrants will

learn how antioxidants can be used to minimize the effects of lipid

oxidation in foods and biological systems, as well as how stabi-

lized lipids can be used as the basis for development of healthful

products.

Basics of Edible Oil Processing and Refi ning Short CourseSaturday, May 15, 2010

Course Organizer: Sefa Koseoglu, Smart Short Courses, College

Station, Texas, USA.

This program will cover the chemistry of oils and fats, as well

as every step of unit operations dealing with degumming, neutral-

ization, bleaching, dyeing, hydrogenation, interesterifi cation, and

deodorization. This program is a must for engineers, chemists, and

any other technicians needing to develop a good understanding of

edible oil refi ning and processing.

New Technologies in Oilseed Extraction and Edible Oil Refi n-ing Short Course Sunday, May 16, 2010

Organizer: Sefa Koseoglu, Smart Short Courses, College Station,

Texas, USA

Speakers from industry will discuss new technologies and pro-

cessing techniques in oilseed processing and crude oil refi ning. This

program provides extensive networking opportunities for plant engi-

neers, superintendents, and technicians. In addition, there will be a

panel discussion of some practical problems in plant operations.

HOT TOPIC SYMPOSIATuesday, May 18, from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.

Challenges and Opportunities in Lipids and Oil/Fats Education and Curriculum Development Preparing students for careers in industry, government, and aca-

demia through the development of lipid/oils/fats learning strategies

is becoming increasingly important. This symposium aims to allow

participants to learn about challenges and opportunities in devel-

oping educational approaches from the point of view of faculty,

students, and industry, with a comparative review of practices in

different countries. A roundtable discussion will further explore

key issues and provide guidance for the Professional Educators’

Common Interest Group to promote education and prepare future

professionals.

Food Safety Management SystemsAfter the many worldwide food safety scares of recent years—

including dioxin-tainted food products, melamine in pet food and

milk, and peanut product recalls—consumers lack confi dence in the

food supply system. Thus, food companies are looking to differenti-

ate their products in the marketplace through promoting their food

safety and quality management systems audits to consumers.

This symposium’s topics will include the Global Food Safety

Initiative, ISO 22000 (the food safety standards developed by the

International Organization for Standardization), third-party audits,

as well as how best to train staff and auditors. The discussion will

involve speakers and selected representatives who have themselves

implemented management systems.

High-Protein Diets and Weight ManagementObesity is now epidemic worldwide; its frequency is increasing at

a rapid rate in various populations and across all age and income

groups.

Whether you are attending a seminar or lunchtime event, multi-day conference or formal gala at the Phoenix Convention Center, the experience will be one you will not soon forget—We guarantee it! The Phoenix Convention Center, expanded in 2008, offers more than 900,000 square feet of meeting and event space and more than two million in total square footage, making it one of the top 20 conven-tion venues in the United States.

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studies suggest that

protein is more sati-

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bohydrate and helps

promote weight loss

and build lean muscle

m a s s . T h e m e c h -

a n i s m s b y w h i c h

protein exerts these

beneficial effects are

the subject of state-

of-the-art research

that will be presented

in this symposium. In

addition, speakers will

provide an overview of

high-protein diets and

weight management,

high-protein diets and

satiety, and high-pro-

tein diets and sports

nutrition for lean mass

preservation.

Value-Added Fats and Oils: What’s on the Horizon? Recommendations on

dietary fat have been

a controversial topic over the past 30 years. Currently, individual fatty acids are being

investigated as never before for their health effects. Given the emerging science, what

advice on fats will the new Dietary Guidelines for Americans present in its 2010

Guidelines are revised every fi ve years and issued by two US federal

agencies. The recommendations made affect what North Americans eat and what prod-

ucts they demand.) For the 2010 revision, a special subcommittee on fatty acids was

formed under the umbrella of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee to review the

science and determine which dietary fats should be limited and which are essential.

Presenters at this symposium will look at trends concerning edible oils and examine

new clinical data specifi c to healthful oils. In addition, they will discuss how to formu-

late more healthful products for a number of applications, including shortening and

baking. ■

The AOCS Student Common Interest Group, along with the AOCS Foundation, has for more than a decade hosted a silent auction during the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. Proceeds from the auction benefi t student programs. The 15th Annual Silent Auction will begin during the opening mixer on Sunday night, May 16, 2009, in the Expo Hall at the Phoenix Conven-tion Center. For more information about how to donate an item for auction—such as this gift basket donated by Kraft Foods for the 2009 auction—contact AOCS Foundation Develop-ment Manager Amy Lydic at [email protected]. And yes, that is former AOCS Honored Student Steve Hill, a Kraft employee, who currently is secretary of AOCS.


Monday Evening Monday Morning Monday Afternoon 4:00-6:00 pm Tuesday Morning

8:00 am-12:00 pm 2:00 pm-4:00 pm Dedicated Poster Viewing 9:15 am-12:15 pm INTEREST AREA and Reception

Agricultural AM 1: Agricultural Microscopy I

AM 2/PRO 2: Food/Feed Safety and AM-P: Agricultural Microscopy Posters Microscopy Quality

AM

Analytical ANA 1: Nutraceutical and Desert Plants ANA 2: Rapid and Non-Destructive ANA-P: Analytical Posters

ANA Technologies

I BIO 1: Sterols I

Biotechnology BIO 1.1: Biocatalysis I BIO 2: Sterols II

BIO-P: Biotechnology Posters BIO

BIO 1.2/ PCP 1: Process and Co- BIO 2.1/PRO 2.1: Processing

I Products of Biofuel and Industrial Technologies

Productions

Edible Applications EAT 1: Lipid Crystals and Structural EAT 2: Structured Solutions

EAT-P: Edible Applications Technology Technology Properties in Food

EAT 2.1/PHO 2: Lipids in Posters Challenges and Opportunities

EAT Nanotechnology I in Lipids and Oil/Fats Education

and Curriculum Development Food Structure &

FS&FF 1: Food-Body Interactions FS&FF 2: Design of Successful FS&FF-P: Food Structure &

Functionality Forum Performing Interfaces Functionality Forum Posters FS&FF Food Safety

Health and Nutrition H&N 1: Lipid and Inflammation and H&N 2: Bioactivity and Emerging

H&N-P: Health and Nutrition Posters Management Systems

H&N Lipid Signaling Molecules Benefits of Short and Medium Chain

Fatty Acids

Industrial Oil IOP 2: Bio-based Lubricants, High Protein Diets and

Products IOP 1: Alternative Fuels

Plasticizers, and Value-added Products IOP-P: Industrial Oil Products Posters Weight Management

IOP

LOQ 1: Stability of Omega-3/0mega-6 Value-Added Fats and Oils: Lipid Oxidation and

Lipids in Emulsions and LOQ 2: Specialty Antioxidants LOQ-P: Lipid Oxidation and Quality

What's on the Horizon? Quality Posters

I LOQ

Microemulsions

Phospholipid PHO 1: Nutritional and Biological PHO 2/EAT2.1: Lipids in

PHO-P: Phospholipid Posters PHO

Functions of Polar Lipids Nanotechnology I

PRO 2/AM 2: Food/Feed Safety and Processing PRO 1: Processing HotTopics Quality PRO-P: Processing Posters

PRO PRO 2.1/BIO 2.1: Processing Technologies

Protein and PCP 1/BIO 1.2: Process and Co- PCP 2: Ground Corn Meal in Ethanol PCP-P: Protein and Co-Products Posters

Co-Products Products of Biofuel and Industrial Industry - Food Grade Applications PCP Productions

Surfactants and S&D 2: Dynamic Properties of

S&D-P: Surfactants and Detergents S&D 1: Extended Chain Surfactants Surfactants

Detergents S&D 1.1: General Surfactants I S&D 2.1: General Surfactants II

Posters S&D

Exhibitor Sessions EXH 1: Exhibitor Showcase EXH


Tuesday Afternoon Wednesday Morning Wednesday Afternoon ([) I 2:00-S:OO pm S:OOam-12:00 pm 2:00-S:OO pm £'> INTEREST AREA

::J AM 3: Agricultural Microscopy II

Agricultural ::::::J Microscopy -· AM £'> ANA 3: Mass Spectrometry ANA 4: General Analytical I ANA S: General Analytical II Analytical OJ

ANA

u BIO 4 / S&D 4.1: Biobased Surfactants I I d BIO 3: Plant Lipid Biotechnology

and Ingredients BIOS: General Biotechnology Biotechnology

BIO 3.1: Biocatalysis II BIO 4.1 : Designing Soybeans for 21st Centry

BIO lCJ Markets a1

EAT 3: Food Emulsions and Dispersed Edible Applications 3 Systems EAT 4: Confectionery Fats EATS: General Edible Applications

Technology EAT 3.1/LOQ 3.1: Antioxidants in

Omega-9 Oils EAT I

FS&FF 3: Phase Transitions FS&FF 4: New Processing Approaches for FS&FF S: Structuring at Nano Level for Food Structure & OJ , I and Rheology of the Creation of Novel Food Structures Food Applications Functionality Forum I Food Structures FS&FF OJ

H&N 3: N-3, N-6 Benefits/Liabilities: H&N 4: General Nutrition I H&N S: General Nutrition II Health and Nutrition I

Interactions, Competition H&N Cl

IOP 3: New Glycerol Uses IOP 4: Oleochemicals and Polymers IOP S: General Industrial Oil Products Industrial Oil OJ

Products ::::::J (page 16) IOP

£'> LOQ 3: Shelf-life Stability and Sensory ro Properties of Whole Grains and Cereal LOQ 4: Frying Oil Chemistry Quality, LOQ S: General Lipid Oxidation Lipid Oxidation and

Products and Nutrition and Quality Quality LOQ 3.1/EAT 3.1: Antioxidants in LOQ

Omega-9 Oils

PHO 3: Analytical Characterization and PHO 4: Industrial Feed Applications of Quantification in Phospholipids PHO S: General Phospholipids Phospholipid

PHO 3.1: Lipids in Nanotechnology II Phospholipids

PHO

J:CX:,S~ PRO 3/EXH 2: Processing Exhibitor PRO 4: Personnel and Facility Safety PROS: General Processing Processing 101stAOCS Annual Meeting & Expo

Presentations May 16-19, 2010 PRO PHO ENIX CONVENT I ON CENTER

Phoenix, Arizona, USA

PCP 3: Proteins for Healing - From Peptides PCP 4: Novel Technologies for Isolation and Protein and The tentative Technical

PCP S: General Protein and Co-Products Program has been prepared to Macromolecules Extraction of Proteins and Co-Products Co-Products from presentation titles

PCP submitted as of October 5, 2009, and is subject to

S&D 4: General Cleaning - New Surfaces Surfactants and additions, changes, and

S&D 3: Green Ingredients and Labeling Detergents deletions. For the most up-

S&D 3.1: Industrial Applications S&D 4.1 /BIO 4: Bio based Surfactants/ S&D to-date Technical Program,

Ingredients visit http://AnnualMeeting. aocs.org and click on

EXH 2/PRO 3: Processing Exhibitor Exhibitor Sessions "Technical Program." Presentations EXH

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77inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)BriefsArgentina’s 2009–2010 sunflower harvest is expected to be the worst in 40 years because of drought, accord-ing to the country’s El Cronista news-paper. The report suggests that the harvest will be down by 44% from 2008–2009.

■■■

The European Food Safety Author-ity (EFSA) has set a new Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in refined olive oil of 4 mg/kg of the pesticide thiaclo-prid. The previous MRL was 0.02 mg/kg. The complete ruling can be found at www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Reasoned_Opinion/1410.pdf?ssbinary=true.

■■■

In related news, EFSA and the Food Safety Commission of Japan have signed a Memorandum of Cooper-ation on the “collection and sharing of data required for the assessment of current and emerging risks.” The memorandum signed with Japan is the second formal international coopera-tion agreement the agency has signed with a national food safety author-ity outside the European Union. In 2007, EFSA and the US Food and Drug Administration signed a memorandum designed to facilitate sharing of confi-dential scientific information.

■■■

Euro Fed Lipid has started an oils-fats-lipids wiki that the group hopes will develop into a “valuable source of information for scientists and the general public on all aspects of oils, fats, and lipids.” A wiki is a website that allows the easy creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser. The wiki is available at www.eurofedl ip id .org /of lwik i / index.php?title=Main_Page

■■■

Brazil’s Carbono Quimica and Bracol Oleoquimicos, a subsidiary of Bertin, are jointly developing and manufac-turing oleochemicals and derivatives using renewable materials, according to BNAmericas Petrochemicals News. Bertin’s facility in Lins, São Paulo, is the production site. Technology imple-mentation and product distribution is being handled by Carbono. ■

News & Noteworthy

Previous cargo issue evaluated—again—by EFSAIn December 2009, the European Food

Safety Authority (EFSA) issued its second

opinion in six months on the bulk transport

of edible fats and oils.

Because edible oils and fats are

shipped around the world in containers that

are not exclusively reserved for the trans-

port of foodstuffs, any substances previ-

ously transported in such containers need

to be assessed regarding possible safety con-

cerns. Following a request from the Euro-

pean Commission, EFSA evaluated the

safety of 14 different substances and mix-

tures that could be transported as cargoes

in ship containers that are then used to ship

edible fats and oils into the European Union.

The nine substances and five mix-

tures/groups of substances in question

have a variety of different industrial or

agricultural uses. EFSA’s expert panel

on contaminants in the food chain (the

CONTAM panel) assessed their safety

as previous cargoes based on criteria that

were adopted by the panel earlier in 2009.

CONTAM considered that six of the

substances evaluated (calcium nitrate, ammo-

nium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, isobutanol,

kaolin slurry, and fructose) would not be of

concern as previous cargoes for containers

used to transport edible fats and oils by sea.

However, the panel considered that

cyclohexanol (often used in the manufac-

ture of nylon and pharmaceuticals), cyclo-

hexanone (used, among other things, in the

electronics industry), and 2,3-butanediol

(which can be used in printing inks, per-

fumes, and plasticizers) did not meet the

criteria for acceptability as previous cargoes

because of certain toxicological concerns

and/or a lack of data to confirm their safety.

CONTAM considered that mixtures of

fatty acids and mixtures of fatty alcohols

would not cause any health concern as pre-

vious cargoes as long as they were derived

from edible oils and fats. The same conclu-

sion was made for fatty ester mixtures pro-

duced from fatty acids and fatty alcohols, or

from fatty acids and methanol or ethanol, if

the fatty ester mixtures are derived from non-

contaminated sources (and do not include

oils from waste collection sites, for example).

Finally, the panel did not have

enough information on epoxidized veg-

etable oils to evaluate them as previous


Global rapeseed production is projected

at a record 59.4 MMT, up 1.3 MMT from

the previous report, with gains for Canada

more than offsetting lower production for

India. Canadian rapeseed production is

raised 1.6 MMT to 11.8 MMT based on the

latest survey results from Statistics Canada.

Higher-than-expected yields account for

the change. India rapeseed production is

lowered owing to reduced harvested area.

Hot, dry conditions during much of the

planting season prevented harvested area

from reaching earlier expectations. Global

sunflowerseed production is projected at

30.7 MMT, down 1 MMT from Novem-

ber 2009. Lower production in Argentina

and Russia accounts for most of the change.

Other changes include reduced peanut pro-

duction for China and India and increased

cottonseed production for Pakistan.

Global oilseed trade is projected at 94.4

MMT, up 0.7 MMT from November 2009.

Increased rapeseed exports from Canada

and Australia and increased soybean exports

from the United States account for most

of the change. China soybean imports are

raised 0.5 MMT to 41 MMT, just below the

record 41.1 MMT imported in 2008–2009.

The most recent US 2009–2010 cotton

forecasts include a slight increase in pro-

duction, higher exports, and lower ending

stocks. Production is raised 96,000 bales

from the previous report as reductions for

the Mississippi Delta states are more than

offset by increases in the other three regions.

Domestic mill use is unchanged. Exports

are raised 500,000 bales owing to higher

expected foreign import demand. Ending

stocks are forecast at 4.5 million bales,

400,000 bales below November 2009, and

31% of total use. The average price received

by producers is forecast at 56 to 64 cents per

pound, 4 cents higher on each end of the

range.

The world cotton 2009–2010 fore-

casts include lower beginning stocks and

higher consumption relative to Novem-

ber 2009, resulting in a 3.6% reduction in

ending stocks. Beginning stocks are lowered

mainly in India and Uzbekistan owing to

adjustments in the prior-year balance sheets.

Production is lowered in India and Peru,

but is raised in Pakistan and the United

States. World consumption is raised 1.0

million bales from November 2009, includ-

ing increases for China, India, Vietnam,

Uzbekistan, and Thailand. World trade also

is raised owing to increased demand by

several importing countries, which is par-

tially offset by a reduction for Pakistan. The

China import forecast is increased 500,000

bales to 9.0 million as the government has

recently announced larger-than-expected

import quotas, thereby removing a key con-

straint on imports and consumption. Exports

are raised in the United States, Brazil, India,

Pakistan, and Greece, but are lowered in

Uzbekistan. World ending stocks are now

forecast at 51.8 million bales.

Brazil’s transportation needsAn investment of about $30 billion through

2025 is needed to bring rail freight in Brazil

up to 38% of the total carried by road, rail,

and water. Railroads currently carry 25%

of the country’s total freight, according to a

Xinhua News Agency report on the annual

survey by Brazil’s National Confederation

of Transport (CNT).

The CNT survey found that at least

$14.5 billion is needed to expand the coun-

try’s railway system from the current total

mileage of 29,800 km to 40,000 km; con-

nections to more neighboring countries

are also needed, CNT said. Brazil now has

railway connections with Argentina, Bolivia,

and Uruguay. The country shares borders

with Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,

Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Brazil has invested $10.6 billion in its

railway system in the past 11 years, the CNT

survey noted, and has experienced a 95%

growth in cargo transportation of primarily

iron ore, soybeans, and fuel between 1997

and 2008.

Bunge builds Vietnamese plantBunge Vietnam, the wholly owned subsid-

iary of Bunge Ltd. (White Plains, New York,

USA), announced that it has begun construc-

tion within the Phu My port complex of a

$100 million integrated soybean processing

plant—the first of its kind in Vietnam.

When fully completed, the facility will

have soybean crushing and multi-oil refin-

ing/bottling capabilities. The first phase of

the two-part project includes assembling a

3000-metric-ton-per-day crushing line with

cargoes (apart from epoxidized soybean

o i l , wh ich has a l r eady been con-

firmed as an acceptable previous cargo).

The European Commission asked

EFSA to assess these particular substances

as they have been put forward for possible

inclusion in an international list of accept-

able previous cargoes to be discussed in the

framework of Codex Alimentarius in the

near future.

To review the complete scientific

opinion from EFSA, see www.efsa.europa.

eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1391.htm.

Most recent WASDE reportThe monthly World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report

provides the US Department of Agricul-

ture’s (USDA) comprehensive forecasts of

supply and demand for major US and global

crops.

According to WASDE Report No. 477,

dated December 11, 2009, total US oilseed

production for 2009–2010 is projected at

97.9 million metric tons (MMT), up frac-

tionally because of a small increase in cot-

tonseed production. Soybean exports are

increased 15 million bushels to 1.34 billion

bushels reflecting the record export pace

set at the end of 2009 and higher projected

soybean imports by China. US export com-

mitments (shipments plus outstanding sales)

were at a record high through Novem-

ber 2009, up almost 60% from the previ-

ous year. With projected crush unchanged,

soybean ending stocks for 2009–2010 are

projected at 255 million bushels, down 15

million from the previous report.

Soybeans and product price projec-

tions were all higher. The US season-aver-

age soybean price range for 2009–2010 is

projected at $8.75 to $10.25 compared with

$8.20 to $10.20 in November 2009. The

soybean meal price is projected at $260 to

$310 per short ton, up $10 on the bottom of

the range. Soybean oil prices are projected

at 35.5 to 38.5 cents per pound compared

with 33 to 37 cents in the previous report.

Global oilseed production for 2009–

2010 is projected at 428.6 MMT, down 0.3

MMT from November 2009. Foreign oilseed

production accounts for most of the change

with increases for soybeans, rapeseed, and

cottonseed more than offset by reductions

for sunflowerseed and peanuts.


Acquisitions/mergersCargill announced in December 2009 that it has entered into an agreement to pur-chase Goodman Fielder’s Commercial Edible Fats and Oils business. The A$240 million (more than US $216 million) pur-chase includes four fats and oils refining assets located in West Footscray in Mel-bourne; Murarrie in Brisbane; Bunbury near Perth; and East Tamaki in Auckland, New Zealand. Goodman Fielder will retain title to the land at the Brisbane facility, which is subject to an extended lease-back to Cargill. The sale also involves a long-term supply agreement under which Cargill will supply refined fats and oils products to Goodman Fielder. The pur-chase is subject to a number of conditions, including approval from the Australian Competition and Consumer Commis-sion (ACCC).

■■■

Crown Iron Works has acquired Har-burg-Freudenburger’s (HF) solvent extraction technology, the companies announced in December 2009. The acqui-sition includes all design and technology in HF’s Solvent Extraction division includ-ing the Carousel Extractor and the Flash Desolventizing System. Crown Iron Works (a CPM Company) is based in Roseville, Minnesota, USA; HF has headquarters in Hamburg, Germany.

■■■

The Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincin-nati, Ohio, USA) announced in December that it will acquire the Ambi Pur global air care brand from the Sara Lee Corp. (Downers Grove, Illinois, USA) for €320 million (about $470 million). The transac-tion, which is subject to customary closing

conditions and regulatory clearances, is expected to close in the current P&G fiscal year, which ends on June 30, 2010. Under the terms of the agreement, P&G will acquire Ambi Pur and several toilet care products with strong presence in Western Europe and Asia.

CommoditiesCOCONUT OILIt was likely in December 2009 that the Philippines would miss its 2009 export target for coconut oil by 5–6% because of high local demand for biofuels, according to an article in the Manila Standard news-paper. Coconut oil export receipts were also expected to decline by 46% to $558.4 million from $1.034 billion in 2008.

ECHIUM OILBioriginal Europe/Asia B.V. of the Netherlands has obtained novel food approval in Europe for its refined Echium oil. The oil can now be used in food and dietary supplements as well as cosmetics. The oil is said by Bioriginal to contain a minimum of 12% stearidonic acid, around 33% α-linolenic acid, and about 12% γ-linolenic acid.

OLIVE OILA recent review article by authors from the University of Alcala in Spain examines 77 traceability studies aimed at finding out the botanical origins of olive oil. The review authors conclude that methods do not exist that will provide regulatory agen-cies with a foolproof way to confirm the authenticity of olive oil. New traceability markers less influenced by environmen-tal conditions, fruit ripening, and extrac-

related flat and vertical storage for raw mate-

rials and end products. First-phase opera-

tions are scheduled to begin in early 2011.

Corn for control of lipid oxidationUsing a nanoparticle from corn, a Purdue

University (West Lafayette, Indiana, USA)

tion technology are needed. The article appeared in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (58:28–38, 2010).

PALM OILIndonesia’s crude palm oil (CPO) produc-tion now controls almost 14.4% of the world’s vegetable oil market, Agriculture Minister H. Suswono said in December 2009, according to the Asia Pulse news-wire. Further, he noted that Indonesia s CPO controlled 44.7% of the world’s CPO market. Together with Malaysia, Suswono said, Indonesia controlled 85% of the world`s CPO market. In a second report from Jakarta, the Indonesian Trade Ministry announced in late December that it would increase the export tax for palm oil from zero to 3% in January 2010 to ensure domestic supply.

SUNFLOWER OILCargill was the largest exporter of sun-flower oil in Ukraine in marketing year 2008–2009, with 376,000 metric tons (MT), according to the APK-Inform Agency. The top five also included Holding Grain Trading Co., with 224,200 MT; Sun-trade, with 149,200 MT; Kernel Trade, with 143,000 MT; and Myronivsky Plant for Manufacturing Groats and Feeds, with 113,300MT. APK-Inform is an agribusiness information and consulting agency based in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

R&DProteins extracted from Atlantic cod can keep metal and plastic surfaces clean. These antifouling properties could come in handy as nonstick coatings on medical implants, according to Saju Pillai, Ayyoob Arpanaei, and Peter Kingshott at Den-mark’s Aarhus University (Biomacromol-ecules 10:2759–2766, 2009). ■

scientist has found a way to lengthen the

shelf life of many food products and sustain

their health benefits.

Food scientist Yuan Yao has success-

fully modified the phytoglycogen nanopar-

ticle, a starchlike substance that makes up

nearly 30% of the dry mass of some varieties

of sweet corn. The modification allows the

nanoparticle to attach to oils and emulsify

them while also acting as a barrier to oxi-

dation. His findings appeared in the early

online version of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (http://pubs.acs.org/

doi/abs/10.1021/jf903170b.)

“This can be widely used in the food

industry, cosmetics and nutritional supple-

ments—any system in which the oxidation

of lipids is a concern,” Yao said. ■

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BriefsA new website out of Canberra, Aus-tralia, www.world-of-algae.com, has been created by David Sieg and Steve Ewings. It is intended to provide up-to-date information and a full range of do-it-yourself algae products. The site promotes two of Sieg’s e-books, Making Algae Biodiesel at Home and Making Photobioreactors at Home. Whereas large companies are pouring millions of dollars into algal research, very little information or practical advice exists for the average householder. World-of-Algae aims to provide a repository of useful information and advice on the Internet. Another product that is being promoted is an Algae Educa-tional Kit, which, according to Ewings, “was developed for both the school and home.” The kit contains a work-book, lesson plans, nutrient solution, light, valving, pump, and other labora-tory equipment needed to grow algae on a small scale.

■■■

Researchers from the University of California-Los Angeles have genet-ically modified the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, by increasing the quantity of the CO2-fixing enzyme RuBisCO, to produce liquid isobutanol photosynthetically from CO2. Isobu-tanol holds promise as a gasoline alter-native. Advantages of the reaction include recycling of CO2, thus reduc-ing greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, and conver-sion of CO2 into a liquid fuel that can be used in today’s automobiles. The article is available from Nature Biotech-nology (27:1177–1180, 2009) and online at www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v27/n12/abs/nbt.1586.html.

■■■

In partnership with the US Department of Energy-affiliated Clean Cities chap-ters, the United Soybean Board (USB) is again promoting the availability and use of soy biodiesel in 2010. The Clean Cities program is a government–indus-try partnership whose chapters work to reduce petroleum consumption. USB asked Clean Cities applicants to

Biofuels News

BIODIESEL

Canadian trains test biodieselCanadian Pacific and Natural Resources

Canada are cooperating in a biodiesel fuel

pilot project under the National Renewable

Diesel Demonstration Initiative (NRDDI).

Through their efforts biodiesel is being used

for the first time in Canadian cold-weather

rail service.

The government of Canada intends

to regulate an average 5% renewable fuel

content based on the national gasoline poll

as of 2010, as well as require an average 2%

renewable content in diesel fuel and heating

oil by 2011 or earlier, subject to technical

feasibility. The NRDDI provides an opportu-

nity for real-world testing and performance

evaluation in advance of regulatory action.

According to Fred Green, president and

chief executive officer of Canadian Pacific,

“This partnership with the Government of

Canada is an opportunity to test the reliabil-

ity of biodiesel in cold weather, ensuring

we continue to provide safe and efficient CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

operations for customers across North

America.”

As part of the five-month test cycle,

Canadian Pacific is operating four GE

AC4400 Diesel Locomotives with FDL-16

engines in captive service between Calgary

and Edmonton. Calgary-based 4Refuels is

supplying the fuel.

Canadian Pacific will perform routine

mechanical examinations of the locomotives

to determine if 5% biodiesel mixed with

petroleum diesel (B5) has any significant

adverse effects on a locomotive or its asso-

ciated systems in a cold-climate operation.

Biodiesel production in US curtailedThe US government tax credits of $1 per

gallon for blenders of biodiesel and $0.10

per gallon for biodiesel producers expired

on December 31, 2009. Without these

tax credits, a number of biodiesel refiner-

ies across the nation curtailed or canceled

production.

A one-year extension of the credits

had passed the House of Representatives in


develop programs that communicate the benefits of soy biodiesel through education, demonstrations, and pro-motional activities in suburban and urban areas. The USB provided up to $100,00 to fund these soy biodiesel communications programs.

■■■

China’s first non-grain-ethanol pro-duction facility began operations at the end of 2009. The China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Corp. (COFCO Group), China’s largest food processing, manufacturer, and trader, is producing ethanol from cassava in Beihai, Guangxi Province. Beihai has dedicated 150,000 Mu (10,000 hect-ares) to growing the plant; estimated

yield is 225,000 metric tons (MT) annually. Facilities for processing the cassava in Guangxi Hepu Industrial Park in Beihai have been scaled for 200,000 MT of ethanol, 50,000 MT of feed, 29.7 million cubic meters of methane, and 50,000 MT of carbon dioxide per year.

■■■

The National Algae Association is proposing to sponsor and conduct an Algae Production Certification Program. Topics to be covered include algae strains and cultivation; growing, lighting, harvesting, extraction; and benchmarking, cost analysis, and eco-nomics. Instructors are being sought for this program. For further informa-tion about employment in the program or about enrolling, go to www.nation-alalgaeassociation.com. ■

early December, but it stalled in the Senate

as legislators dealt with the extensive debate

on revisions to the health care bill. Finance

Committee Chairman Max Baucus (D-Mon-

tana) and Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), the

committee’s top Republican, said on Decem-

ber 22 that they would propose legislation

to extend these as soon as possible when the

Senate reconvened (January 19) after the

Christmas holiday in 2010. Grassley added,

“I look forward to working with Chairman

Baucus to retroactively extend these provi-

sions. . . .” However, on January 5 Grassley

indicated he did not think there would be a

vote on the extension until February or even

March.

Without the tax incentive, the price of

blended biodiesel exceeds the cost of straight

petroleum diesel, the price of which has also

fallen since the highs in mid-2008. With this

situation, there is little reason for petroleum

marketers to purchase biodiesel blends for

sale to the consumer. In the absence of

demand for biodiesel blends, there is little

need to manufacture biodiesel.

For example, Renewable Energy

Group (REG; Ames, Iowa, USA) notified

customers that, “Effective Jan. 1, 2010,

Renewable Energy Group’s price sheet will

reflect B100 [i.e., 100% biodiesel, with no

admixed petroleum diesel] as the only avail-

able product until the tax credit is officially

extended.” BiofuelsDigest.com quoted

REG Chief Operating Officer Daniel J. Oh

as saying, “REG is evaluating feedstock

pricing, demand opportunities, production

levels and in turn, staffing options for each

one of the biodiesel plants in our nationwide

network to determine the best outcome for

our customers and company. . . . We expect

some limited biodiesel demand to remain

in the marketplace, despite the tax credit

lapse.”

The Associated Press reported on

January 1 that the nation’s largest biodie-

sel refinery, in Houston, had shut down in

response to nonrenewal of the tax credit.

Small producers too announced closure.

According to the National Biodiesel

Board (NBB), at the end of 2009 the coun-

try’s biodiesel industry was operating at only

15% of its potential capacity of 2.7 billion

gallons per year, largely because the price

of traditional diesel had collapsed.

Glycerine pricesIn response to curtailments in the produc-

tion of biodiesel (see preceding story), there

may be sharp increases in the price for crude

glycerine, according to ICIS.com (January

6). The main source of crude glycerine in

the United States at present is the biodiesel

industry; glycerine is a co-product in the

transesterification of fats and oils to form

fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel).

ICIS.com also pointed out that Archer

Daniels Midland (Decatur, Illinois, USA)

may put more pressure on the glycerine

market in the near future when its renew-

able propylene glycol plant starts up during

the first quarter. The plant has a nameplate

capacity of up to 125,000 metric tons per

year and is expected to be a huge draw on

US crude glycerine.

“Domestic glycerine sellers said prices

could jump by as much as $0.10/lb . . . in the

next few months” until suppliers in Asia and

Europe fill the breach, according to ICIS.

com.

Europe protests Argentine importsArgentine biodiesel exports to the European

Union countries increased from less than

5,000 tons in July 2008 to almost 100,000

tons per month in July 2009. At the end of

December, the European Biodiesel Board

(EBB) predicted Argentine exports would

exceed 1 million metric tons, compared with

only 70,000 metric tons in 2008. The EBB

attributed this surge in Argentine biodiesel

exports to the EU to a set of differentiated


export taxes (DET) and said they created an

artificial incentive for production and export

of the finished product—biodiesel— rather

than its raw material, or soybean oil.

The differential between the 32% export

tax on soybean oil and the 20% export tax

on biodiesel creates an incentive to process

soybean oil into biodiesel rather than to

export it, says the EBB. Furthermore, the

EBB claims that ad hoc implementation of

rules makes the differential closer to 20%,

rather than the 12% that initially appears to

exist.

The EBB is investigating possible

dumping practices by Argentina, as well as

the compatibility of Argentine DET with

World Trade Organization rules.

Biodiesel from Argentina at present

enjoys duty-free access to the EU biodie-

sel market as coming from a developing

country, whereas Argentina levies a 14%

customs duty on biodiesel from Europe and

other countries.

Nanoparticles catalyze biodiesel productionCurrently, the most widely used processes

for making biodiesel involve mixing a hydro-

phobic liquid, such as palm or soybean oil,

with a hydrophilic alcohol, such as meth-

anol, in the presence of a catalyst such as

lye. The reaction produces biodiesel (fatty

acid methyl esters), glycerine, perhaps a bit

of soap, water, and residual alcohol. This

mixture, when allowed to stand, will sepa-

rate into layers. Glycerine can be drained off

the bottom, but most of the impurities will

concentrate in the region between the glyc-

erine and the biodiesel. The steps needed to

purify the biodiesel can be tedious, and of

course add to the cost.

Researchers in the School of Chemical,

Biological, and Materials Engineering at the

University of Oklahoma (Norman, USA)

have developed new solid catalysts that

can stabilize water-oil emulsions and cata-

lyze reactions at the liquid/liquid interface

(Crossley, S., et al., Science: doi:10.1126/

science.1180769).

The catalysts consist of palladium

deposited onto carbon nanotube-inorganic

oxide hybrid particles. The oxides are hydro-

philic, and the nanotubes are hydrophobic.

In an accompanying perspective piece in

Science (doi: 10.1126/science.1184556)

David Cole-Hamilton of the University of

St. Andrews, Scotland, described these as

“Janus catalysts,” which sit at the surface

like a large surfactant molecule. However,

the nanoparticles are solids, unlike a sur-

factant, and can be easily separated/

recovered.

The Oklahoma researchers studied

two preparations with nanotubes of differ-

ent types. The solid nanotubes localized at

the interface between homogeneous liquid

phases (e.g., hydrophobic soybean oil or

palm oil, and an alcohol such as methanol)

and formed an emulsion in a layered con-

figuration: oil/emulsion/water. By remov-

ing oil-soluble products from the top layer

and water-soluble products from the bottom

layer, the reaction could continue in the

emulsion without experiencing inhibition

by-product formation.

Formation of the emulsion maximized

the extent of the interface at which the reac-

tion occurred.

Hydrogenation was the dominant reac-

tion at ~100°C, hydrogenolysis at 200°C,

and decarbonylation at 250°C.

Potential advantages of these Janus cat-

alysts include the greater amount of preci-

sion and control that would be available to

fuel makers, and speedier reaction times. Ars Technica (http://arstechnica.com/science/

news/201%1/nanoparticles-make-biofuel-

production-more-efficient.ars) pointed out

that filtration methods and reusability of the

catalyst particles were not addressed in the

research report.

Jatropha and karanjia for biofuelThe Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) plans

to acquire 50,000 hectares of wasteland in

Uttar Pradesh for the purpose of growing

jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and karanjia

(Pongamia). IOC also intends to acquire

wasteland in the Lalitpur area near Jhansi

and plant jatropha. Seeds will be harvested

and the oil from them used for biodiesel pro-

duction. B.M. Bansal, director of business

development at IOC, told the Business Stan-dard on January 5, “Plantation . . . will be

done partly by IOC and partly through con-

tract farming.”

The company already has 30,000 hect-

ares in Chhattisgarh and 2,000 hectares in

Madhya Pradesh. Bansal said 1,000 hectares

had already been planted, and 10,000 hect-

ares will be planted in 2010. Harvest is

anticipated to commence in three or four

years.

IOC has also set up a Memorandum

of Understanding with Indian Railways to

plant jatropha on railway land.

Biodiesel produced by the IOC has

met international standards. Indian Rail-

ways and Haryana Roadways, in coopera-

tion with the IOC, have used biodiesel in

5% and 10% blends with petrodiesel and

recorded a 10–15% reduction in density of

smoke emitted by the locomotives with the

blended product.

Biofuel production in Indonesia fallsIndonesia fell far short of meeting the

target it set for itself for use of biofuels in

2009. Petrol sold by state-owned oil and

gas company PT Pertamina was mandated

to contain at least 1% biofuel. The major

reason for the shortfall was that prices of

crude palm oil (CPO), the major feedstock,

rose more than 57% in 2009 because of

demand from India and China, the world’s

largest consumers. Also, reduced supplies

of soybeans resulting from drought in South

America early in the year led to increased

demand for CPO.

Biofuel producers spent much of 2009

waiting for the government to formulate the

benchmark biofuel price and the subsidy

level. Ultimately, the subsidy for 2009 was

Rp 1,000 ($0.11) per liter. (The subsidy for

2010 is set for Rp 2,000 per liter.)

Evita Legowo, director general of oil

and gas at the Energy Ministry, was quoted

by The Jakarta Globe newspaper (January

3, 2010) as saying, “Biofuel production

slumped last year because biofuel compa-

nies were waiting for assurance on the gov-

ernment subsidy, as the palm oil [price] rise

meant it was not economically feasible to

develop without the subsidy.”

According to the Globe, total biofuel

production in the country was 104,100

kiloliters in 2009, a 96% fall from the 2.56

million kiloliters in 2008. The Indonesian

Biofuel Producers Association reported that

six out of 11 Indonesian palm oil-based

biodiesel firms halted production during

2009. The other five were at below 5% of

capacity.



ETHANOLValero buys more ethanol plantsSan Antonio, Texas-based petroleum refiner

Valero Energy entered the ethanol-produc-

tion field in April 2009 by purchasing five

ethanol production facilities belonging to

the bankrupt VeraSun Energy Corp. (Sioux

Falls, South Dakota, USA; see inform 20:422, 2009). The ethanol facilities were

subsumed under the name Valero Renew-

able Fuels Company, LLC, and the latter

announced in mid-December that it had

agreed to buy two more ethanol plants from

ASA Ethanol Holdings, LLC; these also had

previously been owned by VeraSun Energy.

Valero also received approval from a bank-

ruptcy court to acquire Renew Energy’s 100

million gallon (380 million liter) per year

facility located near Jefferson, Wisconsin.

Valero said it purchased the three plants

for roughly 41% of their estimated replace-

ment cost.

These purchases expand the company’s

ethanol production capacity to 1.1 billion

gallons (4.2 billion liters) per year. Produc-

tion at the two VeraSun plants will likely

restart by the end of the second quarter;

both plants will also produce dry distillers’

grains, which will be sold as livestock feed.

The Renew facility has been operating at

reduced rates but should resume full pro-

duction during 2010.

Philippines invites “gin-makers” to produce bioethanolThe Philippine Department of Energy is

thinking of offering the country’s “gin-mak-

ers” the opportunity to switch their produc-

tion from alcohol as a beverage to alcohol

as a fuel. The reasoning behind this action

is that the government anticipates the supply

of ethanol in 2011 will not be adequate for

the Biofuels Law, which mandates that all

gasoline be blended with 10% ethanol by

February 2011.

Although San Carlos Bioenergy Inc.

(San Carlos City), Leyte Agricultural Inc.

(Ormac City), and Roxol Bioenergy Corp.

(La Carlota City) are expected to be able

supply the country with 183 million liters of

ethanol in 2011, the government calculates

that demand will be 218 million liters in that

year, according to the Manila Bulletin news-

paper (January 5, 2010).

ALGAESolix supplying algal biofuel samplesSolix Biofuels, based in Fort Collins, Colo-

rado, USA, has been sending algae-based

biofuel from its new demonstration facil-

ity to potential partners for testing for six

months. The company’s Coyote Gulch Dem-

onstration Facility, located on a two-acre site

in southwestern Colorado on land provided

by the Southern Ute Indian Tribe, began

production in July 2009. Doug Henston,

chief executive officer of Solix, told Clean-

tech.com (January 5, 2010), “We are very

pleased with scale-up of production. . . Now

we’re paring back . . . because shorter days

of the winter season means less sunlight,

and less algae production.”

Algae and animal feedingXL Renewables (Phoeniz, Arizona, USA)

is marketing its Super Trough System, an

on-farm patent-pending system of troughs

designed for cost-effective, large-scale

algae production and harvest. Liners for the

troughs carry carbon dioxide gas and nutri-

ents the algae need for growth. The company

claims the system uses 80% less horsepower

per acre in growing the algae than a high-

rate raceway system with paddlewheels (see

inform 19:432–437, 2008).

Troughs are 5 feet (1.5 m) wide and 18

inches (46 cm) deep. The company intends

their system to be implemented in 40-acre

units. Capital costs are estimated at $5–7

million per 160 acres, and annual algae

yields at about 50 tons or more per acre. Net

income is estimated as $10,000 per acre.

In mid-October the company signed a

Memorandum of Understanding with Hong-

Kong-based Biofuels HK Limited to build a

2,880-acre algae farm in China. The project

goal is to produce 150,000 metric tons of

algae and extract about 16 million gallons of

algae oil annually for the Chinese biofuels

market. A 40-acre pilot facility is scheduled

to be constructed in 2010.

According to Western Farm Press

(http://westernfarmpress.com/news_archive/

microalgae-feed-0104-) XL Renewables is

investigating the advantages of co-locating

algal farms with concentrated animal feeding

operations. Algae could be fed to animals

and provide them with omega-3 fatty acids.

Nutrients from the manure and urine of the

animals could be fed to the algae. Excess

excrement could be sent through a digester

to produce methane, which could be oxi-

dized to CO2 and then pumped back to the

algae.

RENEWABLE DIESELHawaiian Electric chooses renewable biodiesel for generatorHawaiian Electric Company (HECO; Hono-

lulu, USA) announced in January that it

had signed a contract with a subsidiary of

Renewable Energy Group (REG; Ames,

Iowa, USA) to supply three to seven million

gallons (11–27 million liters) of renewable

biodiesel per year for two years to be used

for Hawaiian Electric’s new 110-megawatt

combustion turbine generator unit at Camp-

bell Industrial Park Generating Station.

REG, which won an earlier bid to

supply biodiesel for emissions testing in

the unit, emerged as winning bidder from

among eight companies seeking to fill the

two-year contract. As in the earlier contract,

the new two-year agreement calls for REG

to supply high-quality biodiesel processed

from used cooking oil and waste animal

fat.

Delivery of the biodiesel could begin

within about four months of approval by the

Hawaii Public Utilities Commission..

“Utilizing biodiesel as a source for elec-

tric power generation is a sustainable, effi-

cient, clean-burning alternative,” said Jeff

Stroburg, REG chairman and chief execu-

tive officer. “According to the US Energy

Information Administration, more than 600

million gallons of foreign petroleum are

burned each year for electric power gen-

eration. Using biodiesel helps HECO, their

neighbors, and the entire power generation

industry breathe better.” ■


BriefsFood-borne diseases are far more deadly than the United Nations’ World Health Organization (WHO) previously estimated, according to the Reuters news agency. In people over the age of fi ve years in Southeast Asia and Africa, 1.2 million deaths per year are from unsafe food, the agency now says. This fi gure is three times more adult deaths than the Geneva-based WHO had thought occurred in the whole world.

■■■

The Center for Science in the Public Interest (Washington, DC, USA) has proposed a makeover for nutrition labeling, including more emphasis on calories, added sugars, saturated and trans fats, and sodium. The consumer advocacy group is also calling on the US Food and Drug Administration to crack down on deceptive health claims, to mandate the labeling of caf-feine content, and to disallow com-panies from claiming that a product contains zero grams of trans fat if it is high in saturated fat.

■■■

Front-of-pack traffi c-light nutrition labeling did not change the purchas-ing habits of consumers over a four-week period, according to results of a study published in Health Promotion International (24:344–352, 2009). The researchers, led by Gary Sacks of the University of Oxford’s School of Exer-cise and Nutrition Sciences, suggested that further research is needed. Traffi c-light labels are so called because they use red, amber, and green to signify whether foods are high in certain nutrients. ■

Health & Nutrition

Soy and breast cancerA step in answering the question “Is soy

food consumption safe for women with

breast cancer?” has been taken by a study

published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (302:2437–2443,

2009).

Research led by Xiao Ou Shu of the

Vanderbilt University Medical Center in

Nashville, Tennessee, USA, finds that

“among women with breast cancer, soy

food consumption was signifi cantly asso-

ciated with decreased risk of death and

recurrence.” As an accompanying edito-

rial (JAMA 302:2483–2484, 2009) notes,

the observational study of a cohort of 5,042

breast cancer patients in Shanghai was

“well-designed” and shows the way toward

studies in larger cohorts with longer follow-

up periods. (The follow-up period in the Shu

study was four years.)

“This new research from Shanghai

is consistent with the clinical evidence

showing that soy foods are safe for women

with breast cancer,” commented Mark

Messina, an adjunct associate professor at

Loma Linda University in California, USA,

and president of the Nutrition Matters, Inc.

consultancy in Port Townsend, Washing-

ton, USA. “And with the additional find-

ings that soy consumption may actually

improve prognosis, this study should help

put women’s minds at ease about consum-

ing these foods during and after treatment

for breast cancer.”

The researchers analyzed data from

the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study,

a large, population-based study of 5,042

female breast cancer survivors in China.

Women aged 20 to 75 years with diagno-

ses of breast cancer between March 2002

and April 2006 were recruited and fol-

lowed through June 2009. Information on

cancer diagnosis and treatment, life style

factors after cancer diagnosis, and disease

progression was collected at approximately

six months after cancer diagnosis and was

reassessed at three follow-up interviews

conducted at 18, 36, and 60 months after

diagnosis. A Shanghai Vital Statistics Reg-

istry database was used to obtain survival

information for participants who were lost

to follow-up.

After a median follow-up of 3.9 years,

444 total deaths and 534 recurrences or

breast cancer-related deaths were docu-

mented among the group of 5,033 surgically-

information

Did you know that inform provides news updates on the AOCS homepage at www.aocs.org? As well as alerts on Twitter at www.twitter.com/theAOCS and Facebook at www.facebook.com/AOCSFan?


“We confirmed lunasin’s bioavailabil-

ity in the human body by doing a third study

in which men consumed 50 grams of soy

protein—one soymilk shake and a serving

of soy chili daily—for five days. Signifi-

cant levels of the peptide in the participants’

blood give us confidence that lunasin-rich

soy foods can be important in providing

these health benefits,” said Elvira de Mejia,

a U of I professor of food science and human

nutrition.

In the cancer study, de Mejia’s group

identified a key sequence of amino acids—

arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid (the

RGD motif)—that triggered the death of

leukemia cells by activating a protein called

caspase-3.

“Other scientists have noted the cancer-

preventive effects of the RGD sequence of

amino acids so it’s important to find proteins

that have this sequence,” she said.

The scientists also verified lunasin’s

ability to inhibit topoisomerase 2, an enzyme

that marks the development of cancer, and

they were able to quantify the number of leu-

kemia cells that were killed after treatment

with lunasin in laboratory experiments.

In another study, the first to report luna-

sin’s potential anti-inflammatory activity,

they showed that lunasin blocked or reduced

the activation of a marker called NF-kappa-

B, a link in the chain of biochemical events

that causes inflammation.

They also found statistically signifi-

cant reductions in interleukin-1 and inter-

leukin-6, both players in the inflammatory

process. The reduction in interleukin-6 was

particularly strong, de Mejia said.

Although inflammation is linked in the

public mind with chronic health problems

such as heart disease and diabetes, she noted

that it also plays a role in the development

of cancer. “We know that chronic inflam-

mation is associated with an increased risk

of malignancies, that it’s a critical factor in

tumor progression,” she said.

Although the high cost of obtaining

lunasin from soy waste limits its use for

nutritional interventions, soy flour does

contain high concentrations of the peptide,

she added.

And de Mejia utilized the USDA

soybean germplasm collection housed at the

U of I, studying 144 soy genotypes to learn

which varieties contain the most lunasin.

“Some genotypes contain very high

concentrations of lunasin, others contain no

lunasin, and some locations yield more luna-

sin-rich beans than others,” she said.

The leukemia study was published

online in Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900073).

Lunasin’s anti-inflammatory effects were

described in Food Chemistry (114:108–

115, 2009). Both studies were funded by

the USDA Future Food Initiative.

The plasma and genotype studies

appeared in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (57:1260–1266, 2009). The

environmental conditions study was pub-

lished in the Journal of AOAC International (91:936–946, 2008).

Roe as source of omega-3sThe roe of hake, lumpsucker, and salmon

are an “adequate” dietary source of omega-3

fatty acids, according to a study by research-

ers at the University of Almería (UAL) in

Spain.

The scientists analyzed the eggs, or roe,

of 15 marine animals, and found all of these

contained more than 30% of their fatty acids

as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA

(docosahexaenoic acid). These long-chain

polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA)

are much in demand for their heart-healthy

qualities.

Previous work recommended edible roe

from fish species as a source of LC-PUFA.

The new study looked at roe from marine

species commonly eaten in several Mediter-

ranean countries.

“We have classified these eggs as

unequivocal sources of omega 3, and have

proven that this appears at high concentra-

tions in all the species studied,” José Luis

Guil Guerrero, director of the study and a

researcher in the Food Technology Depart-

ment of the UAL, told the Scientific Infor-

mation and News Service.

The results show that omega-3 fatty

acids are present in all fish roe, but espe-

cially in the eggs of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), mackerel (Scomber scombrus),

squid (Loligo vulgaris), cuttlefish (Sepia

sp.), lumpsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus),

hake (Merluccius merluccius), and salmon

(Salmo salar). Further, the researchers found

most of the studied species showed saturated

fatty acid contents between 20 and 30%,

monounsaturated fatty acid contents above

20%, and LC-PUFA contents above 40%.

treated breast cancer patients. Soy food

intake, as measured by either soy protein

or soy isoflavone intake, was inversely

associated with mortality and recurrence.

Patients in the group with the highest intake

of soy protein had a 29% lower risk of death

during the study period, and a 32% lower

risk of breast cancer recurrence compared

to patients with the lowest intake of soy

protein. The adjusted four-year mortality

rates were 10.3% and 7.4%, and the four-

year recurrence rates were 11.2% and 8.0%,

respectively, for women with the lowest and

highest groups of soy protein intake.

“The inverse association was evident

among women with either estrogen recep-

tor-positive or -negative breast cancer and

was present in both users and nonusers of

tamoxifen,” the researchers write.

The drug tamoxifen is prescribed to

reduce the recurrence of breast cancer in

patients with estrogen receptor-positive

breast cancer. It works by blocking the

estrogen receptors and preventing estrogen

from attaching to them. Soy contains phy-

toestrogens such as the isoflavone genistein,

which can act as an estrogen in the body.

The concern has been that soy foods may

interfere with tamoxifen by binding to estro-

gen receptors in the body.

“In summary, in this population-based

prospective study, we found that soy food

intake is safe and was associated with lower

mortality and recurrence among breast

cancer patients. The association of soy food

intake with mortality and recurrence appears

to follow a linear dose-response pattern until

soy food intake reached 11 grams/day of

soy protein; no additional benefits on mor-

tality and recurrence were observed with

higher intakes of soy food. This study sug-

gests that moderate soy food intake is safe

and potentially beneficial for women with

breast cancer.”

New work on soy peptideTwo University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign (U of I; USA) studies report

that lunasin, a soy peptide often discarded

in the waste streams of processing plants,

may have health benefits that include fight-

ing leukemia and blocking the inflammation

that accompanies such chronic health condi-

tions as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.


(The fatty acid percentages were based on

dry weight of roe.)

“Results obtained in this work suggest

that further investigation is desirable in this

field: e.g., the correlation between dietary

fatty acid and fatty acid composition in roe

from farmed fishes, the determination of

the lipid classes in the better EPA and DHA

sources . . . and their positional analysis to

know how these PUFA are distributed into

triacylglycerols and other lipid classes,” the

authors write.

CLA and chick embryo mortalityStudies have shown that giving laying

hens supplements of conjugated linoleic

acid (CLA) led to the death of developing

embryos. Now researchers think they know

why.

Egg yolks from chickens fed a con-

ventional diet contain little or no CLA.

Chicken eggs can be enriched to contain

11% CLA by feeding 50 grams CLA per

kilogram in the laying hen diet, but dietary

CLA can cause 100% embryo mortality in

fertile eggs of chickens and Japanese quail

by inhibiting stearoyl-CoA desaturase. This

enzyme catalyzes the insertion of a double

bond between the C9 and C10 atoms of

either 16:0 or 18:0 fatty acids in 16:1n-7

and 18:1n-9, respectively.

Thus, the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA

desaturase can lower the levels of mono-

unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty

acids (UFA) and elevate the levels of satu-

rated fatty acids (SFA).

The findings, which were reported in

the Journal of the Science of Food and Agri-culture (89:2687–2691, 2009), concluded

that CLA was not directly toxic for the

developing embryo. Instead, CLA caused

mortality in the fertile eggs by increasing

the ratio of SFA to UFA in the egg yolk.

Role of fat intake in weight gainThe role of dietary fat in obesity and weight

gain is disputed. A new study suggests that

the percentage of calories that subjects got

from fat (vs. protein or carbohydrates) had

nothing to do with how much weight they

gained over time.

In the study, researchers led by Nita

G. Forouhi of the Institute of Metabolic

Science, Cambridge, UK, examined data

on almost 90,000 men and women from six

countries participating in the European Pro-

spective Investigation into Cancer and Nutri-

tion Study. Participants were followed for up

to 10 years.

Average fat intake ranged from 31.5%

to 36.5% of total calories. On average,

people gained about a quarter of a pound

every year. But analyses that accounted

for several factors found no relationship

between how much weight people gained

and how much fat they ate, or their intake

of polyunsaturated fats vs. saturated fats.

The researchers noted that the findings

should not be seen as showing that people

can eat as much fat as they want. The study

appeared in the American Journal of Clini-cal Nutrition (90:1632–1641, 2009).

Balanced protein intake = long life?Getting the correct balance of proteins in

the diet may be more important for healthy

aging than reducing calories, a recent study

suggests.

The research may help explain why

caloric restriction—reducing food intake

while maintaining sufficient quantities of

important nutrients—appears to have health

benefits. In many organisms, such as the fruit

fly (Drosophila), mice, rats, and the rhesus

monkey, these benefits include living longer.

Evidence suggests that dietary restriction

can have health benefits for humans, too,

though it is unclear whether it can increase

longevity.

In their studies of fruit flies, researchers

led by Richard C. Grandison of University

College in London found that levels of the

amino acid methionine were crucial to max-

imizing lifespan without decreasing fertil-

ity. Adding methionine to a low-calorie diet

boosted fertility without reducing lifespan;

likewise, reducing methionine content in a

high-calorie diet prolonged lifespan. Previ-

ous studies have also shown that reducing

the intake of methionine in rodents can help

extend lifespan.

The work appea red in Nature

(462:1061–1064, 2009). ■

88inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)BriefsIn December, The New York Times reported that Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) issued letters to farm associations and seed compa-nies stating that it would allow farmers to continue using its Roundup Ready 1 soybeans after the expiration of its Roundup Ready 1 soybeans patent in 2014. The company’s move is in response to speculation that it plans to pressure farmers and seed compa-nies to adopt its new, more expensive product, Roundup Ready 2 Yield.

■■■

Syngenta AG (Basel, Switzerland) announced in late December that it has received approval for cultivation of its genetically modified (GM) corn trait Bt11xGA21 from the Ministry of Agriculture in Argentina. Bt11xGA21 is a double-stacked corn trait combining insect resistance and herbicide toler-ance in a single product. The product will be available to Argentine growers for the 2010/2011 season. In related news, the company also announced that it had licensed a number of cotton varieties and certain cotton technology to the Dow Agro-Sciences subsidiary of Dow Chem-ical Co. (Midland, Michigan, USA). Terms were not disclosed. In a state-ment in January, Syngenta said that the license would enable Dow AgroSci-ences to develop and commercialize combinations of what Syngenta calls its COT102 transgenic event, which helps cotton resist insects, with the agricultural crop traits produced by the Dow subsidiary.

■■■

FuturaGene PLC announced in January that it had been granted a second cell wall modification patent in Japan. The new patent augments the Japanese patent issued in April 2009 and covers additional proteins. Both patents cover transgenic plants expressing cell wall-modifying proteins that result in higher biomass, faster growth rate, higher cel-lulose content, higher amenability for digestion by ruminants, or increased resistance to heat, biodegradation or pests and apply to the company’s genetic research and development into global forestry, biofuel, and agricultural markets. ■

Biotechnology News

Sunflower genome project announcedThe sunflower family includes a number

of valuable food crops, with sunflower-

seed production alone valued at about $14

billion annually. Yet the sunflower family is

the only one of a handful of economically

important plant families where a reference

genome is not available to enable the breed-

ing of crops better suited to their growing

environment or consumers’ tastes.

A new research project, largely funded

by Genome Canada, Genome BC, the US

Departments of Energy and Agriculture, and

France’s INRA (National Institute for Agri-

cultural Research), will create a reference

genome for the sunflower family—currently

the world’s largest plant family, containing

24,000 species of plants, including many

crops, medicinal plants, horticulture plants,

and noxious weeds.

The $10.5 million research project,

titled Genomics of Sunflower, will use

next-generation genotyping and sequenc-

ing technologies to sequence, assemble,

and annotate the sunflower genome and

to locate the genes that are responsible for

agriculturally important traits such as seed-

oil content, flowering, seed dormancy, and

wood-producing capacity.

One of the potential applications of this

research includes the creation of a hybrid

variety of sunflower, grown as a dual-use

crop. The wild Silverleaf species of sun-

flower, known for its tall, woody stalks that

grow 3 to 4.5 meters tall and up to 10 centi-

meters in diameter, could be crossbred with

a commercially valuable sunflower plant

that produces high-quality seeds, capitaliz-

ing on the desirable traits of both species.

“The intent is to have the basis for a

breeding program within four years,” says

Loren Rieseberg, a professor in the Depart-

ment of Botany at the University of British

Columbia. “The seeds would be harvested

for food and oil, while the stalks would be

utilized for wood or converted to ethanol. As

a dual-use crop it wouldn’t be in competi-

tion with food crops for land.”

In addition, this fast-growing annual

crop could be highly drought resistant,

thanks to desirable traits from the Silver-

leaf variety, and could therefore be suitable

for use in subsistence agriculture in places

like sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in much

of North America.


Biofuel from GE tobacco leaves?Will tobacco be the next source of biodie-

sel? You be the judge.

A number of news sources picked up

a story about research out of the Biotech-

nology Foundation Laboratories of Thomas

Jefferson University (Philadelphia, Penn-

sylvania, USA), suggesting that bioengi-

neered tobacco can be used as a source of

biofuels.

Vyacheslav Andrianov and colleagues

point out that tobacco seeds contain about

40% (dry weight) oil. On the other hand,

tobacco plants yield only about 600 kg

of seed per acre. (For comparison, in the

central United States, a typical yield of soy-

beans might be 44 bushels, or 1200 kg, per

acre.)

Andrianov and his coworkers have

genetically engineered (GE) tobacco, a

nonfood crop, so that its leaves synthesize

oil. Typical un-engineered tobacco plant

leaves contain 1.7–4% oil (dry weight). The

GE plants were made to overexpress one of

two genes: the diacyglycerol acytransferase

(DGAT) gene or the LEAFY COTYLEDON

2 (LEC2) gene. The DGAT gene modifica-

tion led to about 5.8% oil (dry weight) in the

leaves, or about twofold the amount of oil

produced normally. The LEC2 gene modifi-

cation led to 6.8% oil (dry weight). For com-

parison, soybeans can easily contain more

than 20% oil on a dry weight basis.

The research was published online

(DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00458.x),

ahead of publication in Plant Biotechnol-ogy Journal.

Sequencing of soybean genomeUS Department of Agriculture (USDA) sci-

entists are part of a team involving 18 insti-

tutions that has sequenced the majority of

the soybean genome, providing an unprec-

edented look into how this crop converts

sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and nitro-

gen into protein and oil, the basic build-

ing blocks for many consumer products.

Federal, state, public, and private organiza-

tions cooperated in this research, published

in the journal Nature (463:178–183, 2010).

The team used a so-called “whole-

genome shotgun” (WGS) approach to

New soybean line resists key nematodeAlfredo Flores

A new soybean line developed by US Department of Agricul-ture Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS) scien-tists is good news for growers. The line, JTN-5109, is effec-tive against the most virulent soybean cyst nematode, called LY1.

The soybean cyst nematode is a per-

vasive soybean pest worldwide. In the

United States, the nematode is the most

damaging soybean pest; it caused an

estimated yield loss of nearly 94 million

bushels in 2007. Genetic resistance has

been the most effective means of control-

ling the pest.

Nearly all nematode-resistant soybean varieties currently available contain resis-

tance genes from one of two sources—soybean lines “Peking” or Plant Introduc-

tion (PI) 88788. JTN-5109, however, has combined nematode resistance from three

sources—“Peking,” PI 437654, and PI 567516C.

JTN-5109 is the latest soybean line developed by geneticist Prakash Arelli and

his team at the ARS Crop Genetics Research Unit’s satellite laboratory in Jackson,

Tennessee, USA. The soybean was developed using a combination of traditional plant

breeding and genetic marker-assisted selection.

JTN-5109 provided yields of 26 bushels per acre in field studies conducted in

2008 at Jackson, and Ames Plantation near Grand Junction, Tennessee. That yield is

not far below the 29 bushels per acre produced by 5601T, which is a commonly used

cultivar, but one susceptible to LY1. The JTN-5109 line will be an excellent source

material for breeding high-yielding soybeans with resistance to nematodes, especially

for the LY1 nematode population.

Arelli collaborated on the project with scientists at the University of Tennessee

(Knoxville), Michigan State University (East Lansing), Iowa State University (Ames),

and the University of Missouri (Columbia), as well as the ARS Corn and Soybean

Research Unit at Wooster, Ohio.

Alfredo Flores is USDA ARS public affairs specialist; he can be reached at [email protected].

sequence 85% of the 1.1 billion nucleotide

base pairs that spell out soy’s entire DNA

code. The sequence also provides research-

ers with a critical reference to use in deci-

phering the genetics of some 20,000 other

legume species.

One question that may be explored

with this new knowledge about the soybean

genome is how to increase the oil content

of the seed.

“We can now zero in on the control

points governing carbon flow towards

protein and oil,” said Tom Clemente, pro-

fessor, Center for Biotechnology, Center for

Plant Science Innovation at the University of

Nebraska, Lincoln. “With the combination


of informatics, biochemistry, and genetics

we can target the development of a soybean

with greater than 40% oil content.”

Monsanto’s pipeline reportIn early January, biotech oilseed giant Mon-

santo Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) pre-

sented its annual R&D pipeline report. Two

of the 11 projects discussed will see com-

mercial release in 2010: Genuity™ Smart-

Stax corn and Genuity™ Roundup Ready 2

Yield soybeans.

Genuity SmartStax corn simpli-

fies planting of biotech corn by allowing

farmers to sow one product over the entire

field, rather than having to plant a sepa-

rate “refuge” area. (A refuge is a section of

crops that are not genetically modified to

include insect-protection traits. Farmers are

required to plant at least 5% of a field with

nonbiotech plantings as a refuge, in order

to minimize the risk of target pests develop-

ing resistance to plant-produced pesticides.)

SmartStax corn was developed in collabora-

tion with Dow AgroSciences (Indianapolis,

Indiana, USA).

In January, Monsanto and Dow Agro-

Sciences announced that they had received

import regulatory approvals from Korea and

Taiwan for corn grain produced from Smart-

Stax. The food and feed safety of Smart-

Stax corn was reviewed and approved by the

Korean and Taiwan agencies charged with

regulating biotech traits. These two addi-

tional approvals follow US, Canadian, and

Japanese regulatory approvals announced by

the companies in July 2009. Grain produced

from SmartStax corn can now be imported

to Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Australia, and New

Zealand among other countries.

The Genuity Roundup Ready 2 Yield

soybean product, which is also expected to

see commercial release in 2010, is the first

biotech soybean product developed specifi-

cally for the Brazilian market. It combines

insect protection with yield enhancement

traits.

DuPont, Monsanto react to court rulingIn January, The News Journal (Wilming-

ton, Delaware, USA) reported that a US

federal court had ruled against DuPont in

a licensing dispute with Monsanto Co. The

ruling, handed down by US District Judge

E. Richard Webber, found that DuPont was

not licensed to combine (or “stack”) Mon-

santo’s Roundup Ready® trait with its own

Optimum® GAT® trait in corn or soybeans.

Further, he found that, if DuPont insisted on

stacking the two traits, Monsanto “could sue

DuPont for breach of contract.”

According to Scott Partridge, chief

deputy general counsel for Monsanto, “The

Court ruled that the Monsanto-DuPont

license agreements ‘are unambiguous and do

not grant Pioneer [a subsidiary of DuPont]

the right to stack’ the Roundup Ready trait

with the Optimum GAT trait. DuPont nego-

tiated and signed a contract with a specific

set of rights, at the financial terms they pre-

ferred, and the rights did not include making

this stacked combination. This was DuPont’s

business decision.”

He continued, “The court record further

highlights that DuPont was authorized to

create any stacked trait product with our

Roundup Ready technology other than one

such as Optimum GAT, a conscious busi-

ness decision that they made at the time the

contract was negotiated and signed. DuPont

has always had the rights to create a stacked

product such as Roundup Ready with its

Plenish™ High Oleic soybean oil product,

or adding a second herbicide tolerance mode

like its proprietary ALS-herbicide-tolerance

combined with Roundup Ready.”

DuPont disagreed. In a statement, the

company said that it plans to pursue license,

antitrust, and patent fraud claims against

Monsanto.

“This litigation is just beginning,” said

Tom Sager, DuPont senior vice president

and general counsel. “By gathering further

evidence through the discovery process and

proceeding quickly to trial, we will dem-

onstrate that DuPont has the legal right to

provide farmers with the best yielding, most

innovative seeds. As the court clearly indi-

cated, the ruling does not affect DuPont anti-

trust and patent fraud claims filed against

Monsanto in June 2009. Nor does it affect

the related ongoing US Department of

Justice formal antitrust investigation involv-

ing Monsanto.”

Monsanto and DuPont are the world’s

first- and second-largest seed producers,

respectively.

Also in January, Bloomberg News

reported that DuPont had signaled that it

would “continue creating modified soy-

beans that a court ruled violate a license

with Monsanto Co. because it [DuPont]

expects to prevail on other claims in the

case.” Bloomberg reported that DuPont has

plans to sell Optimum GAT soybean seeds

that include the Roundup Ready trait as

early as 2013.

“It’s important to recognize that

the whole set of information around the

dispute has yet to be presented to the judge,”

Bloomberg quoted Paul Schickler, president

of DuPont’s Pioneer Hi-Bred seed unit, as

saying. DuPont maintains that Monsanto is

using its clout in the biotech market to “stifle

competition” and that “its Roundup Ready

patent is invalid.”

Par t r idge s tood by the cour t ’s

decision:

“He [Judge Webber] just entered a

ruling that they [DuPont] are not licensed

to make this combination. They are doing

so at their own peril.” ■


Briefs


The Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincin-nati, Ohio, USA; P&G) announced in December 2009 that A.G. Lafley, 62, chairman of the board, will retire from the company effective February 25, 2010. He stepped down from his role as chairman on January 1, 2010. Robert A. McDonald, 56, currently president and chief executive officer, was elected chairman of the board, in addition to his other responsibilities, effective January 1, 2010.

■■■

In other P&G news, the company has expanded its powder-detergent plant in Augusta, Georgia, USA, adding about 150 jobs. The facility is the only one in the world making Bounce dryer bars and Gain laundry detergent in a bag, according to The Augusta Chronicle newspaper. The bags of Gain are avail-able on the West and East Coasts as well as the Gulf region of the United States, the report noted. They are also available under the Ariel brand in Central and South America.

■■■

Alberto Culver, a manufacturer and marketer of personal care products based in Melrose Park, Illinois, USA, announced it has entered into an agreement to purchase UK-based skin care company Simple for £240 million (about $390 million). The company will purchase Simple from private-equity group Duke Street, which bought the business in 2004.

■■■

AkzoNobel (Amsterdam, Nether-lands) has introduced Berol CLF® to the North American market. Berol CLF is a surfactant blend that provides low-foaming water-based degreas-ing performance that the company claims is superior in many cases to sol-vent-based cleaning formulations but without volatile organic compounds.

■■■

The greenwashing problem in cos-metics and personal care products in Germany is significant, according to a study completed by the regional

Surfactants, Detergents, & Personal Care News

Yeast strains exhibit moisturizing propertiesNew moisturizing products may be on the

way, thanks to glycolipids produced by a

number of yeast strains. The glycolipids

may also help damaged skin cells recover,

according to a recent study led by Tomotake

Morita of the Research Institute for Inno-

vations in Sustainable Chemistry, National

Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) can

be produced on vegetable oil substrates by

different strains of the genus Pseudozyma at a yield of over 100 g per liter, accord-

ing to the study. Because MELs have a

similar structure and biochemical action

to ceramides—which are commonly used

skin-moisturizing ingredients—the scien-

tists decided to investigate the effects of the

compounds on damaged skin.

The team used a three-dimensional cul-

tured human skin model to investigate the

compound’s effects on the skin. Using the

yeast Pseudozyma antarctica to produce

MELs on a soybean oil substrate, the

researchers then purified the MELs, leaving

only MEL-A for the study. Next, cells of

the human skin model were damaged by

the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

before being treated with different con-

centrations of MEL-A and with ceramide

and olive oil as controls. According to the

study, use of 5 wt% MEL-A and 10 wt%

MEL-A led to recovery rates of 73% and

91%, respectively.

The study appeared in the Journal of Oleo Science (58:639–642, 2009).

Personal care markets in India and ChinaThe Indian market for personal care prod-

ucts is estimated at $4 billion, according to

an article in the India Business Insight Data-

base (IBID; www.ibid.informindia.co.in/).

Personal hygiene products in India are dom-

inated by bar soaps; bath and shower prod-

ucts (including bar soaps) account for 46%


production to other facilities in the United

States.

Manufacturing will be transferred to

Unilever plants in Jefferson City, Missouri,

and Raeford, North Carolina, beginning by

the second quarter of 2010. All production

was expected to have been moved elsewhere

by the third quarter of 2010, according to

Unilever.

The City of Industry facility manufac-

tures personal care brands such as Dove,

Suave, and Axe.

Global cleaning products market grows in 2009The global cleaning products market fin-

ished out 2009 with sales of approximately

$55 billion—a growth of 1.1% over 2008

estimates—according to a study from Inter-

techPira (www.intertechpira.com). Annual

sales are projected to top $70 billion by

2014, representing a compound annual

growth rate of 5.1%, the company said.

Among the market segments included,

laundry is the largest category with approx-

imately $30.7 billion in sales, followed by

surface cleaners at $18.5 billion, and dish-

washing products at $5.8 billion. Most prod-

ucts are used in the home sector, with only

about 20% being used in industrial and insti-

tutional cleaning, IntertechPira said.

Consumer product ingredients dictionaryThe Consumer Specialty Products Associa-

tion (CSPA) has issued the first edition of its

Consumer Product Ingredients Dictionary.

The dictionary was developed to stan-

dardize and define ingredient nomenclature

for companies engaging in the industry’s

voluntary Consumer Product Ingredient

Communication Initiative. According to

CSPA, “The dictionary will help assure con-

sistency in the naming of chemicals for the

initiative. Because one ingredient can have

several names due to the differing nomen-

clature used for various product lines, it is

important to provide consistency so that

companies participating in the Initiative are

using the most common ingredient name.”

The first edition is available on a CD

that contains all of the ingredient mono-

graphs approved through October 2009 by

the CSPA Nomenclature Committee. Each

ingredient monograph features the CSPA

name for the ingredient, a complete techni-

cal definition, plus further information on

the ingredient functions, the types of prod-

ucts in which it may be used, regulatory

references, other names used for the ingre-

dient, and the trade names of the suppliers

that have submitted applications.

For more information, visit www.cspa.

org.

PatentsHand fabric laundering systemLapinig, D.V., The Procter & Gamble Co.,

WO/2009/148800, December 10, 2009

An improved laundering system con-

tains a laundry detergent and a rinsing com-

position. The laundry detergent is suitable

for overnight soaking containing therein

a bactericide and retards bacterial growth

upon soaking a bacteria-contaminated fabric

in a wash liquor for 6 hours at 25°C. The

bactericide is selected from a bleach, an

enzyme, and/or a surfactant.

Surfactant concentrateCourchay, F.C., et al., The Procter &

Gamble Co., WO/2009/148914, December

10, 2009

The invention relates to a surfactant

concentrate comprising at least 75% of an

essentially completely neutralized anionic

sulfated surfactant and 5% to 25% carboxy-

lic acid, of which 4 % to 96% of the carbox-

ylic acid is in its free acid form, the process

for making it, and a detergent composition

containing it.

Surfactant-free in-shower gelPatel, R., et al., Hindustan Unilever Ltd.,

WO/2009/135755, November 12, 2009

The invention relates to substantially

surfactant-free gel compositions compris-

ing hydrophobic and hydrophilic benefit

agents and methods of enhancing depo-

sition. Unexpectedly, the applicants have

found these agents deposit with greater sub-

stantivity from such liquid gel compositions

relative to surfactant-containing lotion.

of the total Indian personal care market,

IBID says. The segment grew by 5% per

year between 2004 and 2008.

Likewise, the domestic hair care market,

which accounts for 31% of the Indian per-

sonal care market, exhibited growth of

9–10% per year during the same period. By

comparison, the skin care segment contrib-

utes only 16% to the Indian personal care

market.

IBID notes that China’s per capita

spending on skin care products is 10 times

more than India’s. Similarly, on a per capita

basis, China spends six times as much on

cosmetics, two times more on hair care

products, and more than two times as much

on oral hygiene products. “However, with a

GDP growth of 8–9% per year, the Indian

personal care market is estimated to reach

$8 billion, with a growth rate of 15–16% by

2012–2013,” IBID noted.

First commercial use of SABLIN®

technologySaudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC;

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and The Linde Group

(Munich, Germany) have announced the first

successful commercial application of linear

α-olefins (LAO) manufactured by using the

SABLIN® technology developed jointly by

the two companies.

The SABLIN technique is a low-pres-

sure ethylene oligomerization process con-

ducted over a heterogeneous catalyst in a

slurry bed. The process yields a C4–C

20+ dis-

tribution of α-olefins.

LAO have a variety of applications,

such as in light-cut production of butene-1,

hexene-1, and octene-1 used in the growing

polyethylene market. Medium cuts such as

decene-1, dodecene-1, and tetradecene-1

are used for synthetic oils, detergents, and

shampoos. Heavy cuts are used in lubricant

oil additives, surfactants, oilfield chemicals,

and wax product applications.

Unilever shutters facilityUnilever announced in December 2009 that

it planned to close its manufacturing plant in

City of Industry, California, USA, and shift

93inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)Student Page

Novel personal wash barPfeiffer Campbell, N., and S. Zhu, Unilever

PLC, WO/2009/121757, October 8, 2009

A solid moisturizing personal wash bar

with the characteristics of a moisturizing

cosmetic composition is desired. Previous

attempts to provide such a solid moistur-

izing personal wash bar have met with

only partial success because of the limited

amount of the moisturizing cosmetic com-

position that may be incorporated into the

solid personal wash bar before it becomes

unsuitable for conventional soap bar man-

ufacture as its hardness decreases and its

stickiness increases. The aforementioned

drawback has been addressed by provid-

ing a solid moisturizing personal wash bar

comprising a continuous phase and a dis-

continuous phase, the discontinuous phase

in the form of a plurality of discrete domains

having a longest dimension of 100 to 20,000

microns, wherein the continuous phase is a

solid personal wash composition compris-

ing one or more surfactants, the discontinu-

ous phase is a solid anhydrous moisturizing

cosmetic composition comprising a first

fatty acid material, a first organic base, and

an emollient and/or humectant, wherein the

degree of neutralization of the first fatty acid

material is 8–60%, preferably 10–50%, most

preferably 15–35%.

Natural heavy-duty cleaner Scheuing, D.R., et al., The Clorox Co.,

US7618931, November 17, 2009

A cleaning composition with a limited

number of natural ingredients contains an

anionic surfactant, a hydrophobic syndetic,

a hydrophilic syndetic, and a solvent. The

cleaning composition can be used to clean

laundry, soft surfaces, and hard surfaces

and cleans as well or better than commer-

cial compositions containing synthetically

derived cleaning agents.

Solid laundry detergent compositionSomerville-Roberts, N.P., The Procter &

Gamble Co., WO/2009/140071, Novem-

ber 19, 2009

The present invention relates to a solid

laundry detergent composition comprising:

from 1 wt% to 40 wt% light-density silicate

salt having a bulk density of less than 400

g/L and a weight average particle size of less


Meet Megan TippettsFrom the US Air Force, where she was a bio-

environmental engineer, to Utah State Uni-

versity (USU; Logan, USA), where she is

currently a Ph.D. candidate in Food Science,

2009 AOCS Honored Student Megan Tippetts

has made an impression. Silvana Martini—

herself a former AOCS Honored Student

who currently heads a research group that

includes Tippetts—describes her not only as

“humble, happy, and energetic” but also as

an “outstanding perform[er]” whose “voca-

tion for science is growing exponentially.”

At USU her verve for helping and represent-

ing her fellow graduate students in the USU

senate is also well-known. inform conducted

this Q&A to delve a bit deeper into Tippetts’

professional and personal interests.

Q. How did you become interested in your

current line of research?

A. Emulsion research was the basis of my master’s, where I studied the physicochemical and

thermal characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions to find a replacement for trans-fatty acids.

When I first started my food science degree, I had never thought about how emulsions are in

most of our everyday foods and also other basic necessities. The opportunity to continue to

study emulsions and put them into other foods to make those foods functional was a chance

I didn’t want to pass up, and so I decided to continue [those] studies at USU.

Q. Please tell us a bit more about your work.

A. The emulsions that I’m working on currently could be considered a transport device for

moving functional lipid-soluble ingredients into a solid food matrix. In other words, I’m

trying to increase the retention of vitamin D in cheese by using emulsions as the carrier.

I hope that, with this research, other lipid-soluble components may be added to cheese or

other solid food products in the most economical fashion.

Q. What are you hoping to do after you complete your Ph.D. work (Tippetts expects to

finish in May 2011)?

A. I would like to work in product development. I really enjoy being on the product devel-

opment team here at USU and getting to make new, ingenious food products.

Q. What are your first memories of having an interest in science?

A. I always liked having a bit of knowledge about everything. Science was one of those

topics that just stuck with me, and I couldn’t stop taking science classes as I continued

through school. I guess it was because they were more hands-on. So, even though there

was a lot of book learning, I also had the chance to do all sorts of experiments and watch

reactions happen, which made science more interactive and therefore more fascinating than

most other topics.

Q. Do you have any hobbies? Special talents? Non-research-related activities?

A. I love going to theatrical performances, so even on a student budget I try and get out to

new and interesting performances. I’m also an avid walker/hiker; enjoying the outdoors on

foot is one of the best ways to relax and to see the amazing world around us. Finally, I really

enjoy baking and trying new recipes, then sharing them with friends and colleagues. ■

People News/Inside AOCS


GOED recognizes Anthony BimboThe Global Organization for EPA [eicosa-

pentaenoic acid] and DHA [docosa-

h e x a e n o i c a c i d ]

Omega-3s (GOED)

Board of Directors

selected Anthony Bimbo to receive its

2009 Industry Excel-

lence Award. The

award was announced

at the Supply Side

West Exposition in Las Vegas on Novem-

ber 12, 2009.

As of June 2009, Bimbo had been in

the fish oil business for 47 years. Among

Bimbo’s first assignments was to refine—in

the laboratory—55-gallon (208-liter) con-

tainers of South African pilchard (sardine)

oil, which had already been fractionated

by the Solexol process, into a very high-

omega-3 (i.e., polyunsaturated fatty acid)

fraction. That oil was then converted to

methyl esters and fractionated again in a

liquid/liquid extractor.

In his final five years with Zapata (now

known as Omega Protein Corp., headquar-

tered in Houston, Texas, USA) he directed

sales, operations, and research for their

refinery in Reedville, Virginia. He was suc-

cessful in turning a money-losing situation

into an extremely profitable operation.

Bimbo played a significant role in

IFOMA (International Fishmeal & Oil Man-

ufacturers Association), which is now part

of the International Fishmeal and Fish Oil

Organization (IFFO), where he chaired the

Scientific Committee for seven years. He is

also recognized in the industry for chairing

the task force that obtained GRAS (gener-

ally recognized as safe) affirmation for men-

haden oil. He was also involved in the first

attempt to establish a Codex standard for

fish oils in the 1970s.

After 33 years with Zapata/Omega

Protein, Bimbo became an international

consultant for the global fish oil industry.

He assists nutritional oil, pharmaceutical,

and food companies in locating marine oils

that meet their needs, and also assists pro-

gressive producers of fish oil in matching

their oils to buyer requirements.

Douglas new president of Pump Solutions GroupDover Fluid Management (Redlands, Cali-

fornia, USA), a segment within Dover Cor-

poration, named Dean E. Douglas to the

position of president of Pump Solutions

Group (PSG) in early December. PSG com-

prises six pump manufacturers: Blackmer,

Wilden, Almatex, Mouvex, Neptune, and

Griswold.

Douglas has 20 years of pump-indus-

try experience, including 12 years with the

Peerless Pump Company of Indianapolis,

Indiana, USA.

New president/CEO at Aarhus-Karlshamn ABDuring the second

quar t e r o f 2010 ,

Arne Frank wil l

become president

and chief executive

officer (CEO) for

AarhusKarlshamn

AB (AAK; Malmö,

Sweden). He comes

to AAK from Carl

Zeiss Vision, where

he was chairman of

the board and CEO.

Frank is replacing

Jerker Hartwall , who came to AAK as

a new CEO in 2000;

since 2005 he has

led the integration of

Aarhus United and

Karlshamns in the

new group created with the merger of the

two companies.

AAK is organized in three business

areas; Chocolate & Confectionary Fats,

Food Ingredients, and Technical Products

& Feed. The cosmetics unit is part of Choc-

olate & Confectionery Fats. AAK is a pro-

ducer of high value-added vegetable oils,

and claims to be a prime mover behind the

Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil and

GreenPalm Ltd.

Tangavelu joins COCT. Tiger Tangavelu

joined the Califor-

nia Oils Corporation

(COC), a processor

of specialty edible

oils in Richmond,

California, USA, as

its technical director

on October 1. Before

joining COC, Tangavelu was the regional

manager (Americas) of the Malaysian Palm

Oil Board in Washington, DC.

Frenkel named director for ChemturaChemtura Corporation, a global specialty

chemical company based in Middlebury,

Connecticut, USA, has appointed Peter Frenkel as director of innovation and

business development for biobased prod-

ucts and derivatives. As a member of the

PVC Additives business leadership team,

he will be responsible for defining and exe-

cuting the business strategy for new prod-

ucts from renewable feedstock through

internal development and licensing as well

as through leveraging university research.

Frenkel brings to his new role more than

two decades of senior level experience in

research & development, technical service,

business development and consulting.

Chemtura Corporation produces epoxidized

soybean oil that is used primarily as a PVC

plasticizer-stabilizer.

Santiago heads CEN-CENELECThe respective boards of CEN (Comité

Européen de Normalisation) and CENELEC

(Comité Européen de Normalisation Élec-

trotechnique) appointed Elenora Santiago


Jerker Hartwall

Arne Frank



Inside AOCS

President Candidate

J . Ke i t h G r i m e (2003): President,

JKG Consul t ing ,

Cincinnati , Ohio,

USA, 2007–present;

A d j u n c t P r o f e s -

sor, Department of

Chemical & Bio-

logical Engineering,

Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,

USA, 2007–2009.

Education: Graduate, 1970, Royal

Institute of Chemistry, University of Salford,

United Kingdom; Ph.D., 1973, University

of Salford, United Kingdom; post-doctoral

research Fellow, 1974, Florida State Univer-

sity; post-doctoral research Fellow, 1975,

The Pennsylvania State University.

Previous Employment: Vice President

(retired), Corporate Research and Devel-

opment, Procter & Gamble Research &

Development, 1981–2007; Assistant Pro-

fessor, Department of Chemistry, Univer-

sity of Otago, New Zealand and University

of Denver, 1976–1981; Product Develop-

ment Technologist, Crown Paints, United

Kingdom, 1964–1968.

AOCS Activities: Vice President and

Executive Committee, AOCS Governing

Board, 2009–present; chairperson, Techni-

cal Steering Committee (TSC), 2008–2009;

secretary and executive committee, AOCS

Governing Board, 2007–2008; chairperson,

Membership Steering Committee (MSC),

2007–2008; member-at-large, AOCS Gov-

erning Board, 2002–2007; general chairper-

son, 7th World Conference on Detergents

(Montreux Conference), 2010; speaker and

session chairperson, AOCS Annual Meeting

& Expo, Québec, 2007; second vice chair-

person, Financial Steering Committee

(FSC), 2004–2005; member, planning com-

mittee, executive committee, and confer-

ence co-chairperson, 4th, 5th, and 6th World

Conference on Detergents (Montreux Con-

ference) 1998, 2002, 2006; session chairper-

son and speaker, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th World


ference), 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006; session

chairperson, New Horizons Conference,

1992.

Other: Technical Committee, Nom-

inations Committee, Soap & Detergent

Association, 1993–2002; advisory board,

Department of Chemical and Biologi-

cal Engineering, Northwestern University,

2002–present; editorial board, Chimica Oggi, 1998–2003; author, “Analytical Solu-

tion Calorimetry,” Wiley-Interscience, 1982;

authored over 40 scientific publications

in analytical calorimetry, pharmaceutical

analysis, surface and colloid science, and

innovation strategy; frequent speaker and

session chairperson on innovation strategy

at national and international conferences.

Research Interests: Innovation strat-

egy; colloid and surface science; product

development; research and development

(R&D); and organizational effectiveness.

Vice President Candidate

Erich E. Dumelin (1987): Retired Vice

President, Supply

Chain Strategy and

Technology Foods,

Unilever, Zurich,

Switzerland.

E d u c a t i o n : Diploma and Ph.D.,

1975, Food Science, Swiss Federal Insti-

tute of Technology (ETH), Zurich,

Switzerland.

Previous Employment: Post-doctoral

Fellow, Department of Food Science, Uni-

versity of California, Davis 1975; product

development, Unilever, Switzerland with

SAIS-ASTRA, 1977; assistant refinery

manager, Union Deutsche Lebensmittel-

werke, Kleve, Germany, 1979; oil process-

ing manager, Maple Leaf Monarch, Windsor,

Ontario, Canada, 1980; production manager,

Loders-Croklaan, Silvertown, London,

United Kingdom, 1982; technical director,

Lipton-Sais (Unilever’s foods business in

Switzerland with activities in oil milling, oil

2010–2011 AOCS Governing Board Candidates

Cid as common director general of the CEN-CENELEC Manage-

ment Centre effective January 1. At her appointment, Santiago said,

“I am convinced that . . . both organizations will move closer to

making the European Standardization System a world leader.” The

purpose of the European Standardization System is to enable a

united response to the challenge of supporting the long-term com-

petitiveness of Europe in the global economy.

Santiago has been with CENELEC since 2003. Before that she

served as the Spanish representative to a number of transnational

standardization organizations.

Honary on NLGI Board of DirectorsAOCS recently learned that AOCS member Lou Honary, director

of the University of Northern Iowa’s National Ag-Based Lubricants

Center (Waterloo, USA), was selected to be a member of the Board

of Directors of the National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) for

2009–2010. The NLGI is an international technical trade association

that serves the lubricating grease and gear lubricant industry. ■

Ballots for the election of the American Oil Chemists’ Society Governing Board members were sent to eligible members by mail or e-mail in December. Completed ballots must be received (either electronically or via mail) at AOCS Headquarters (P.O. Box 17190, Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USA) by February 15, 2010. The new officers will be installed during the 101st AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, on Tuesday, May 18, 2010.


processing, oil and spreads manufacturing,

savory, dressings products and tea), 1985;

head, Industrial Business Unit, and member,

Issue Management Team (i.e., GMO), Swiss

Food Industry, 1995; director, Global Tech-

nology Unit Spreads and Cooking Products

Category (TUSCC), Unilever Foods R&D,

Vlaardingen, Netherlands, 1997–2006;

member, Food Research Management Team,

Foods R&D, Vlaardingen, Netherlands,

1997–2006; vice president, Supply Chain

Strategy and Technology, Unilever Foods,

Vlaardingen, Netherlands, 2006–2007.

AOCS Activities: Member-at-Large,

AOCS Governing Board, 2006–present;

second vice chairperson, Education and

Meetings Steering Committee (EMSC),

2009–present; second vice chairperson,

Financial Steering Committee (FSC), 2007–

2008; second vice chairperson, Technical

Steering Committee (TSC), 2006–2007 and

2008–2009; chairperson, AOCS Sections

Committee, 2007–present; session chair-

person, World Conference, Istanbul, 2002

and AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, 2009;

member-at-large, AOCS European Section;

contributor and presenter, AOCS confer-

ences, short courses, and workshops focus-

ing on sustainability and renewable energy.

Other: Various papers and presenta-

tions in the area of oil and fat technology,

sustainability of raw materials and renew-

able energy resources, e.g., at the Canola

Council Annual Convention, Vancou-

ver, 2001; the Roundtable for Sustainable

Palm Oil, Kuala Lumpur, 2003; Renewable

Energy/Biodiesel Workshop (ISF), Prague,

2005; UNEP meeting, Nairobi; winner,

International Lecture Award of the Society

of Chemical Industries, UK, 2009; member,

Swiss Society of Food Science and Tech-

nology, 1970–present; member, Institute of

Food Technologists (IFT), 1976–2007.

Research Interests: Sustainability and

environmental impact of the total supply

chain in foods and renewable energy. Man-

agement of the interface between innovation

and supply chain processes.

Candidate StatementIt is an honour to be nominated for the

office of Vice President of the American Oil

Chemists’ Society (AOCS), an organisa-

tion I became familiar with during my very

early days in lipid research at UC Davis and

that continued to follow me closely during

my more than 30 years in the oils and fats

industry.

AOCS’ mission is to be the global

forum for the science and technology of fats,

oils, surfactants, and other related materi-

als. Its connections with academia, indus-

try, and government provide an excellent

basis for the sharing of latest experience and

developments.

No other independent organization in

our industry is so well placed as AOCS to

promote the exchange of ideas, information,

and experience among those with a profes-

sional interest in our field and to respond to

the growing number of more global chal-

lenges in our industry. Issues like sustain-

ability, global warming, renewable energy,

GMO, product safety, or the harmonisation

in regulations and legislation show the need

for more multilateral, global platforms and

wider, interdisciplinary cooperation.

The increasing use of modern commu-

nication technologies including the elec-

tronic accessibility of all our resources to

improve communication among fats and

oils professionals worldwide (such as via

the AOCS website or the online learning

modules) facilitates this role. Further steps

were made with the introduction of the “Hot

Topic” Symposia at our Annual Meeting &

Expo, the topical conferences and short

courses (e.g., renewable and alternative

resources; latest nutritional developments)

throughout the year and electronic delivery

of AOCS products. Changes in the organi-

sation and meeting rotations at international

sites in cooperation with local institutions

(as the recent biodiesel meeting in Munich

or the Latin American Congress on Fats and

Oils in Rosario, Argentina) have helped to

cope with global challenges and to broaden

the international network. A recent strat-

egy review showed also that the awareness

of AOCS globally and on corporate levels

could still be further improved.

Over the years I have had the privilege

of contributing to and working on AOCS

conferences and course programmes and

more recently of getting to know the AOCS

leadership and staff group on a personal

basis as a member of the Governing Board.

I very much enjoyed this cooperation and

the determination of these teams.

If elected, I would bring more than 30

years of experience in our industry, primar-

ily associated with supply chain activities

and product/process research and devel-

opment. Experience, I feel, would be an

asset to me as Vice President of AOCS. My

primary objectives would be to maintain our

established values and cope with our new

challenges; to help AOCS broaden its global

network and to further position AOCS as the

pre-eminent international organisation in the

global oils and fats world.

VICE PRESIDENT CANDIDATE #2

VOLUNTARILY WITHDREW FROM

ELECTION

Secretary Candidates

Sevim Z. Erhan (1996): Center Direc-

tor, Eastern Regional

Research Center, U.S.

Department of Agri-

culture, Agricultural

Research Service,

Wyndmoor, Pennsyl-

vania, 2008–present;

adjunct faculty, Department of Chemical

Engineering, Penn State University, College

Park, Pennsylvania, 2009–present.

Education: B.S., 1979, Chemical Engi-

neering, University of Istanbul, Turkey;

M.S., 1980, Chemical Engineering-Physical

Chemistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey;

Ph.D., 1987, Organic-Polymer Chemistry,

Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,

Michigan.

Previous Employment: Research

Leader, Food and Industrial Oil Research

Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agri-

culture Research Service, National Center

for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria,

Illinois, 1996–2008; research chemist, Oil

Chemical Research Unit, USDA, ARS,

NCAUR, 1991–1996; research associate,

Oil Chemical Research Unit, USDA, ARS,

NCAUR, 1988–1991; part-time faculty,

Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo,

Michigan, 1987–1988.

AOCS Activities: Member-at-large,


second vice chairperson, Education and

Meetings Steering Committee (EMSC),

2009–present; second vice chairperson,

Financial Steering Committee (FSC), 2008–

2009; member, Publications Steering Com-

mittee (PSC), 2006–present; member, A.R.

Baldwin Distinguished Service Award Com-

mittee, 2008; member, AOCS Young Scien-

tist and AOCS Fellow Award Committees,

2009; member, Biotechnology and Indus-

trial Oil Products Divisions, 1989–present;


chairperson, Industrial Oil Products Divi-

sion, 2008–present; vice chairperson, Indus-

trial Oil Products Division, 2006–2008;

member-at-large, Industrial Oil Products

Division, 2000–2006; member, Technical

Program Committee, World Conference and

Exhibition on Oilseed and Vegetable Oil

Utilization, Istanbul, Turkey, 2002, 2006.

Other: Association for the Advance-

ment of Industrial Crops, 1989–present;

Technical Association of the Graphic Arts,

1992–1997; Federation of Societies for

Coating Technology, 1996–2000; Society

of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers,

and Peoria Section, 1997–present; American

Chemical Society, Biobased Industrial Mate-

rials Division, and Peoria Section, 2000–

present; United Soybean Board Technical

Advisory Panel, Ink, Coatings and Lubri-

cants, 1989–present; chairperson, U.S.–

Japan Natural Resource (UJNR) Food and

Agricultural Panel, 2008–present; member,

U.S.–Japan Natural Resource (UJNR) Food

and Agricultural Panel, 1996–present;

editor, Elsevier International Journal,

2008–present.

Awards: Vehbi Koc Foundation Schol-

arship Award for Outstanding Performance

Among University Students in Turkey,

1976–1980; Highest GPA Award in the

Chemical Engineering Department of Istan-

bul University since its foundation, 1980;

awarded teaching assistantship during grad-

uate studies at Western Michigan Univer-

sity, Chemistry Department, Kalamazoo,

Michigan, 1981–1987; Who’s Who Among

Students in American Universities and Col-

leges, Recognition of Outstanding Merit and

Accomplishment Award, 1986–1987; Land

of Lincoln Soybean Association Market

Award for Soybean Oil-Based Printing Ink

Formulations, 1991; Who’s Who Among

Young American Professionals, 1992;

USDA, ARS Distinguished Service Award,

1992; Federal Laboratory Consortium Award

for Excellence in Technology Transfer, 2004

(U.S. Patent Nos. 5,122,188; 5,713,990 and

6,583,302 have been licensed).

Research Interests: Soybean oil-

based industrial products including printing

inks, paints, coatings, lubricants, biodiesel,

hydraulic oils, polymers, and composites.

Neil R. Widlak (1977): Director, Product

Se rv i ce s and Deve lopmen t , ADM

Cocoa, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March

2009–present.

Education: B.S., 1975, food science,

University of Illinois,

Champaign-Urbana,

Illinois; M.S., 1980,

food science, Uni-

versity of Illinois,

Champaign-Urbana,

I l l inois ; M.B.A. ,

1985, Lake Forest

Graduate School of

Management, Lake Forest, Illinois.

Previous Employment: Direc-

tor, Strategic Technology Development,

Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, Illi-

nois, 1995–March 2009; manager, Chem-

istry and Applications, Intermountain

Canola, Pennsauken, New Jersey, 1992–

1995; manager, research and development,

Lou Ana Foods, Opelousas, Louisiana,

1989–1992; section manager, Kraft Foods,

Glenview, Illinois, 1976–1989; refinery

supervisor, Best Foods, Chicago, Illinois,

1975–1976.



second vice chairperson, Membership Steer-

ing Committee, 2009–present; chairperson,

Edible Applications and Technology Divi-

sion, 1996–2001; member-at-large, Edible

Applications and Technology Division,

2001–present; member-at-large, Industrial

Oil Products Division, 2000–2002; mem-

ber-at-large, AOCS Governing Board, 1984–

1985; chairperson and member-at-large,

North Central Section, 1980–1989; techni-

cal chairperson, AOCS Annual Meeting &

Expo, 1988; member, Education and Meet-

ings Steering Committee (EMSC), 1987–

1990; co-author/instructor, short courses

on Refining of Fats and Oils (North and

Latin America), Physical Properties of Fats

and Oils, Applications of Fats and Oils in

Baking; session chairperson, Symposia on

Fat Crystallization, 1997–present, chairper-

son, Conference on Physical Properties of

Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers, 1997 and 2000;

chairperson, Award of Merit Canvassing

Committee, 1999–2004.

Other: Treasurer and board member,

Soyfoods Association of North America,

2005–present; vice president, Peoria Chapter

of Product Development and Management

Association, 2006–2008; conference co-

chairperson, Product Development and

Management Association, Annual Confer-

ence, 2009; member, Institute of Food Tech-

nologists (IFT); member, American Society

of Baking.

Research Interests: Innovation,

product development, application of fats in

foods and fat crystallization; the entire evo-

lution of an idea from concept to commer-

cialization and optimizing the technology

value chain; applying and teaching what we

learn to gain greater insight into what we do

not know and stimulate the imagination for

greater innovation.

Member-at-Large Candidates

Richard H. Barton ( 1 9 9 5 ) : O w n e r

and President, N.

Hun t Moore and

Assoc ia tes , Inc . ,

Memphis and Col-

lierville, Tennessee,

2001–present.

E d u c a t i o n : B.Sc. and M.Sc., Agricultural Engineering,

1975–1980, Texas A&M University, College

Station, Texas. Honors include Tau Beta Pi

(Engineering) and Alpha Epsilon (Agricul-

tural Engineering).

Previous Employment: Primary Engi-

neer, N. Hunt Moore and Associates, Inc.,

Memphis, Tennessee, 1994–2001; plant

superintendent, Central Soya Company, Inc.,

Indianapolis, Indiana, 1991–1994; senior

process engineer, Central Soya Company,

Inc., Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1988–1991; cor-

porate project manager, Ag Processing, Inc.,

1986–1988; project manager, assistant plant

manager, plant engineer, Bunge Corpora-

tion, 1981–1986; research engineer, Uni-

versity of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,

1981.

AOCS Activities: Member, Nomina-

tions and Leadership Canvassing Commit-

tee, 2000–2004; immediate past chairperson,

AOCS Processing Division, 2002–2004;

chairperson, AOCS Processing Division,

2001–2002; organizer, Processing Facil-

ity Manager Summits, 2003, 2004; secre-

tary/treasurer, AOCS Processing Division,

2000–2001; division representative, Educa-

tion and Conferences Administration Com-

mittee, 2000–2003; section representative,

Sections Committee, 2000–2002; president,

AOCS Mid-South Section, 2000–2002;

vice president, AOCS Mid-South Section,

1999–2000.

Other: Chairperson, National Fire

& Protection Association Committee 36,



Standard for Solvent Extraction Plants;

presenter, Food Protein Research & Devel-

opment Center, Texas A&M University;

licensed professional engineer in Tennes-

see and Texas; chairperson, Tri-State Oil

Mill Superintendents Association (assisted

in merger with International Oil Mill Super-

intendents Association) 1992–1994.

Research Interests: Energy optimi-

zation within oilseed processing; novel

applications for preparation systems for

extruder-press plants; novel extraction

methods for non-HAP solvents; biomass-

to-electrical energy systems.

Douglas M. Bibus (1994) : Commu-

nity Faculty, Center

for Spirituality and

Healing, University

of Minnesota; presi-

dent, Lipid Technol-

ogies, LLC; director,

Holman Center for

Lipid Research, 2002–present.

Education: B.S., 1991, Chemistry,

Mankato State University, Mankato, Min-

nesota; M.S., 1995, nutrition, University of

Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Ph.D.,

1998, Nutritional Biochemistry, University

of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Previous Employment: Assistant Sci-

entist, Scientist, and Fellow, Hormel Institute

at the University of Minnesota, 1986–2002;

research assistant, Department of Surgery,

University of Minnesota, 1990–1997; sci-

entist, Surgical Research, St. Paul-Ramsey

Medical Center, 1989–1997.

AOCS Activities: Chairperson, AOCS

Awards Administration Committee, 2003–

2009; director, AOCS Foundation, 2003–

2009; member, Membership Steering

Committee (MSC), 2003–present; chairper-

son, Health and Nutrition Division, 2006–

2008; vice chairperson, Health and Nutrition

Division, 2004–2006; Division represen-

tative to Membership Development Com-

mittee, 2002–2004; treasurer, Health and

Nutrition Division, 2000–2003.

Other: AOCS Honored Student Award

Winner, 1994; member, American Chemi-

cal Society; member, International Society

for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids;

awardee, American Chemical Society Award

in Analytical Chemistry, 1990 and 1991; sci-

entific advisor, Essential Nutrient Research

Corporation (ENRECO); scientific advisor,

Coromega, Inc.

Research Interests: The role of essen-

tial fatty acids in human and companion

animal nutrition; role of omega-3 fatty acids

in the down regulation of the inflammatory

response; role of polyunsaturated fatty acids

in disease and the role of omega-3 fatty

acids in mood disorders; oxidative adapta-

tion of living systems and its implications in

atherogenesis; role of polyunsaturated fatty

acids in tumor incidence and promotion;

neuro-psychiatric implications of nutrients

in aggression models; analytical techniques

for determining lipid and fatty acid content

in tissues and food products.

David R. Duncan (1998): Senior Vice

President, Research

& D eve l o p m e n t ,

Home & Personal

C a r e , U n i l e v e r ,

London, England,

1995–October 2009

(retired); president,

DRD Consulting, England, 2009.

Education: 1st Class Honours B.Sc.

degree, Chemistry, and ordinary B.Sc.

degree (with distinction), Chemistry, Uni-

versity of London.

Previous Employment: Senior Vice

President, Research & Development,

Home & Personal Care, Unilever, London,

England, 2001–2009; senior vice president,

Research & Development, Home & Per-

sonal Care, Europe, 1995–2001; head of

Research & Development, S.C. Johnson,

Europe, 1988–1995; head of chemistry,

Sterling Drug, 1982–1985; senior chemist,

Procter & Gamble.

AOCS Activities: Past chairperson,

Executive Committee, World Conference on

Detergents (Montreux Conference ), 2010;

chairperson, Executive Committee, World


ference), 2006; member, Editorial Advisory

Board, Journal of Surfactants and Deter-gents (JSD), 2002–2004; member, Planning

and Executive Committees and co-chairper-

son, World Conference on Detergents (Mon-

treux Conference), 1998, 2002.

Other: Fellow, Royal Society of Chem-

istry; chartered chemist, chartered scientist,

and member, American Chemical Society;

board member, AISE (European Detergent

Industry Association), 1995–2000; member,

COLIPA, The European Cosmetics Indus-

try Association; board member, COLIPA,

1998–2000; member, Research Institute

for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), 2006–

2009; advisory board member, Unilever

technology ventures, 2003–2008; science

advisory board member, Institute of Mate-

rials Research and Engineering, Singapore;

member, Strategy Board of Chemistry Inno-

vation (a joint UK Government and Royal

Society of Chemistry initiative), 2006–2009;

company member, Research and Innovation

Council of CEFIC (the European Chem-

ical Industry Association), 2006–2009;

representative of downstream users, High

Level Group set up by the European Com-

mission to review the future for the Euro-

pean chemical industry which reported in

February 2009; member, Tallberg Forum,

2006–2008.

Research Interests: Sustainabil-

ity, green chemistry, innovation, mate-

r ials , technology exploi tat ion, and

commercialisation.

Mila P. Hoj i l la -Evangelista (1990): Research Chemist,

P l a n t P o l y m e r

R e s e a r c h U n i t ,

National Center for

Agricultural Utiliza-

tion Research, U.S.

Department of Agri-

culture-Agricultural Research Service,

Peoria, Illinois, 2001–present.

Education: B.S. (cum laude), 1980,

Food Technology, University of the Phil-

ippines at Los Baños; M.S., 1984, Food

Science, University of the Philippines at Los

Baños; Ph.D., 1990, Food Technology, Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa.

Previous Employment: Research

associate, Plant Polymer Research Unit,

USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois,

1997–2001; assistant scientist, Department

of Food Science and Human Nutrition,

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1994–

1997; research associate, Department of

Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa

State University, Ames, Iowa, 1990–1994;

instructor, food chemistry and food process-

ing, Institute of Food Science & Technology,

University of the Philippines at Los Baños,

College, Laguna, Philippines, 1980–1986.

AOCS Activities: Chairperson,

Protein and Co-Products (PCP) Division,

2004–2006; PCP Division representative

to the Annual Meeting Planning Commit-

tee, 2002–2006; member, Honored Student

Award Selection Committee, 2003, 2004;


invited participant, inform Annual Brain-

storming Session, 2004; member, Archer

Daniels Midland Best Paper Award Selec-

tion Committee (chemistry/nutrition cat-

egory), 2003; vice chairperson, PCP

Division, 2002–2004; PCP Division tech-

nical program chair, 2003–2004; asso-

ciate editor, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (JAOCS), 2001–present;

secretary/treasurer, PCP Division, 2000–

2002; chairperson, Archer Daniels Midland

Best Paper Award Selection Committee,

2000–2002; organizer and chairperson of

various technical sessions, PCP Division,

2000–2006. AOCS awards received: Archer

Daniels Midland Best Paper Awards, engi-

neering/technology category, 1993, 2003;

Outstanding Paper Presentation Awards,

1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2004.

Other: Award recipient, Federal Lab-

oratory Consortium (FLC) Awards for

Excellence in Technology Transfer, 2007;

winner, Outstanding Paper in Cereal Chem-

istry Award, American Association of

Cereal Chemists–Corn Refiners Associa-

tion, 1990; member, American Chemical

Society and Peoria Section, 2001–present;

organizer and chairperson, technical session

on Proteins and Co-products Utilization,

American Chemical Society Great Lakes

Regional Meeting, Peoria, Illinois, 2004;

United Soybean Board Technical Advisory

Panel, Fundamental Research and Adhe-

sives, 1998, 2000, 2004; invited presenter,

World Soybean Research Conference VIII,

Beijing, China, 2009; invited presenter, 37th

Annual Meeting of the United States-Japan

Cooperative Program in Natural Resources

(UJNR): Food and Agricultural Panel,

Chicago, Illinois, 2008; invited presenter,

Seminário Internacional: Soja-Recurso

Renovável para Usos Industrials Não Ali-

mentares (International Seminar–Soybean:

Renewable Resource for Industrial Nonfood

Utilization), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2007.

Research Interests: Development of

value-added proteinaceous products from

the processing of agricultural crops, espe-

cially corn, soybeans, and alternative oilseed

crops. Characterization of the chemical and

functional properties of novel, traditional, or

nontraditional protein by-products. Identifi-

cation and evaluation of potential applica-

tions based on the most notable properties

of protein co-products.

Alejandro G. Marangoni (1993): Pro-

fessor and Canada Research Chair, Food

and Soft Materials

Science, University

of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontar io , Canada,

2001–present.

E d u c a t i o n : B.Sc., 1987, agricul-

tural chemistry and

physics, McGill Uni-

versity; Ph.D., 1990, food science, Univer-

sity of Guelph.

Previous Employment: Assistant Pro-

fessor, University of Guelph, Food Science,

1991–1996; associate professor, University

of Guelph, Food Science, 1996–2001.



second vice chairperson, Technical Steer-

ing Committee (TSC), 2008–present; asso-

ciate editor, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (JAOCS), 2006–present;

vice chairperson, AOCS Canadian Section,

2005–2007; member, technical organiz-

ing committee, 26th International Society

for Fat Research Congress, Prague, Czech

Republic, 2005.

Other: Editor-in-Chief of Food Research International (Elsevier); 2000

AOCS Young Scientist Research Award;

AOCS T.L. Mounts Award, 2004; Premier’s

Research Excellence Award (Ontario), 1999;

Canada Research Chair, 2001–2006; Ontario

Distinguished Researcher Award (2), 2002;

E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship, 2002;

Canadian Foundation for Innovation Career

Award, 2002; Canada Research Chair,

2006–2011.

Research Interests: Physical proper-

ties of foods, particularly fats and oils; food

materials science; relationship between food

structure and nutrition.

Michael A. Snow (2003): Industrial

D i r e c t o r, B u n g e

North America, St.

Lou is , Missour i ,

2006–present

E d u c a t i o n : B.S., 1980, Agricul-

tural Engineering,

Texas A&M University.

Previous Employment: Manager,

Oilseed Processing Division, Bunge, 2004–

2006; operations support manager, Oilseed

Processing Division, Bunge, 2003–2004;

facility manager, Council Bluffs, Iowa,

Bunge, 1999–2003; facility manager, Cairo,

Illinois, Bunge, 1989–1999; project engi-

neering and department manager, Cairo, Illi-

nois, Bunge, 1986–1989; plant engineer and

assistant plant manager, Destrehan, Louisi-

ana, Bunge, 1980–1982.

AOCS Activities: Member, Processing

Division; Chairperson, Processing Division,

2008–present; vice chairperson, Processing

Division, 2006–2008; member, Proven Prac-

tices Ad Hoc Committee, 2009; Process-

ing Division presenter and regular technical

session co-chairperson.

Other: Member, National Oilseed

Processors Association Technical Safety

and Environmental Committee (TESH),

2003–2007; chairman, TESH Techni-

cal and Research Subcommittee, 2004–

2007; member, Bunge Global Productivity,

Quality, Safety and Environmental Steering

Committee, 2008–present.

D a n i e l K . Y . Solaiman (2000): Research Scientist,

Eastern Regional

Research Center,

Agricultural Research

Service, U.S. Depart-

ment of Agriculture,

Wyndmoor, Pennsyl-

vania, 1989–present.

Education: B.A. (magna cum laude),

1973, Chemistry and Biology, Milton

College, Milton, Wisconsin; M.S., 1976 and

Ph.D., 1978, Chemistry, the University of

Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Previous Employment: Assistant Pro-

fessor, Department of Chemistry, Duquesne

University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1984–

1988; National Institute of Environmen-

tal Health Sciences (NIEHS) postdoctoral

fellow, Department of Pharmacological Sci-

ences, State University of New York at Stony

Brook, 1981–1984; postdoctoral research

associate, Department of Microbiology,

Michigan State University, 1979–1981.

AOCS Activities: Vice Chairperson,

Publications Steering Committee (PSC),

2007–present; member, PSC, 2003–present;

associate editor, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (JAOCS), 2002–present;

member-at-large, Biotechnology Division

Executive Committee, 2005–2007; secre-

tary/treasurer, Biotechnology Division Exec-

utive Committee, 2007–present; session

co-chair, Conference on Industrial Appli-

cations of Renewable Resources, Chicago,



Illinois, 2004; served (many anonymously)

as chairperson and member of various AOCS

and divisional search, canvassing, and award

committees, 2006–present.

Other: SDA/NBB Glycerine Inno-

vation Research Award (Group), 2008;

National Research Initiative Competitive

Grant Award, CSREES/USDA, 2003–2007;

convened a panel on Industrial Materials

from Agricultural Lipids and Coproducts,

4th BIO World Congress on Industrial Bio-

technology and Bioprocessing, 2007; invited

as a foreign expert to present talks at the

6th Sino-American Technology and Engi-

neering Conference, Beijing, Shijiazhuang,

Shanghai, and Chengdu, China, 2004; Visit-

ing Professor, Sichuan University, Chengdu,

China, 2004; Philadelphia Federal Execu-

tive Board Bronze Medalist for Technol-

ogy Transfers Accomplishment (Group),

2002; Society for Industrial Microbiology

Special Recognition Award for co-chairing

Annual Meeting Program Committee, 1996;

Adjunct Faculty, Department of Chemistry,

Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-

vania, 1989–1991; Federal Executive Board

Bronze Medalist for Technical Accomplish-

ment (Group), 1993; U.S. Department of

Energy Summer Faculty Research Par-

ticipation Award, Argonne National Lab-

oratory, 1985–1988; Health Research

and Services Foundation Research Grant

Awards, 1985–1987; National Institutes of

Health (NIH) Research Grant Award, 1987–

1989; Faculty Development Research Grant

Awards, Duquesne University, 1985–1988;

NIEHS Postdoctoral Fellowship Award,

1982–1984; Trustee Fellowship, Milton

College, 1971–1973.

Research Interests: Multidisciplinary

approach to improve the process economics

and the product quality in the bioconversion

of agricultural renewables (i.e., fats, oils,

proteins and carbohydrates) into biobased

products (i.e., microbial polymers and sur-

factants, and platform chemicals).

Manfred Traut -mann (2004): Vice

President and Head of

Detergents & Inter-

mediates Business

Unit, Clariant Inter-

national, Muttenz,

Switzerland, Febru-

ary 2009–present.

Education: B.Sc., 1976, Chemi-

cal Engineering, University of Darmstadt,

Germany.

Previous Employment: Global Head

of Marketing & Sales, RBU Detergents &

Intermediates, 2007–2009; head of New

Business Development of the Business Unit

Detergents, 2000–2007; salesperson, Global

Marketing & Sales positions for the Deter-

gents, Personal Care and Plant Protection

Additives Business of the Surfactants/FUN

Division during the transition of Hoechst

to Clariant, 1996–2000; product manager,

national accounts manager, and market-

ing manager for the Detergents and Per-

sonal Care Business of American Hoechst/

Hoechst Celanese, North America, Char-

lotte, North Carolina, 1986–1996; applica-

tion manager for Detergents and Personal

Care in R&D, Hoechst AG, 1979–1986;

project engineer in the Hoechst Engineer-

ing Department, 1976–1979.

AOCS Activities: Presenter, speaker,

and/or co-author, various AOCS Annual

Meeting & Expos; member, Executive Com-

mittee, 7th World Conference on Detergents

(Montreux Conference), 2010; member,

Organizing Committee, 5th and 6th World


ference), 2002, 2006.

Other: Member, TEGEWA organi-

zation (German Surfactant Association);

member, Organizing Committee, CESIO

2004, Berlin, Germany.

Research Interests: Green chemis-

try, including chemicals and/or intermedi-

ates derived from bioethanol, biodiesel, and

glycerol. ■

April 25–27, 2010. IMR Conference Food Hydrocolloids, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Berlin, Germany. Information: www.hydrocol-loid.com.

April 27–28, 2010. Advanced Biofuels Leadership Conference, Hilton Embassy Row, Washington, DC, USA. Information: http://advancedbiofuelssummit.com.

May 3–4, 2010. LIPIDS MAPS Annual Meeting 2010: Lipidomics Impact on Cell Biology, Atherosclerosis and Inflamma-tory Disease, Scripps Seaside Forum of the University of California San Diego’s

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA. Information: www.lipidmaps.org/meetings/2010annual.

May 3–6, 2010. BIO [Biotechnology Indus-try Organization] International Conven-tion, McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Information: http://convention.bio.org.

May 3–7, 2010. 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Cité Inter-nationale—Centre de Congrès, Lyon, France. Information: www.conference-biomass.com.

May 13–15, 2010. International Sympo-sium on Microbial Lipids: From Genomics to Lipidomics, Vienna, Austria. Informa-

tion: www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/vienna2010.

May 16–19, 2010. 101st AOCS Annual Meeting and E xpo, Phoen ix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Information : phone : +1-217-359-2344; fax: +1-217-351-8091; e-mail: [email protected]; http://Annual_Mtg.aocs.org.

May 16–20, 2010. STLE [Society of Tribo-logists and Lubrication Engineers] 2010 Annual Meeting, Bally’s Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Information: www.stle.org. ■

CALENDAR (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 63)

May


Book ReviewChocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage

Louis Evan Grivetti and Howard-Yana Shapiro (eds.)John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009, 975 pages

ISBN 978-0-470121-65-8

Marguerite S. Torrey

As copyeditor of journal articles on chocolate for AOCS, I wondered whether Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage might be the “All you ever wanted to know about chocolate” volume for my reference shelf. The editors of the book, Louis E. Grivetti, of the Department

of Nutrition at the University of California, Davis (USA), and

Howard Shapiro, vice president of Mars,. Inc., however, indicate in

the preface that their intention was not “to produce a full history of

chocolate.” Instead, the multi-authored 56 chapters present specific

themes within the breadth and scope of chocolate history that illus-

trate the importance of chocolate through the millennia.

These themes appear in somewhat chronological order, and

within this order are interspersed chapters on religion and choco-

late, medicine and chocolate, advertising and chocolate, and crime

and chocolate. There are even five chapters on utensils used over the

past four centuries for preparing and serving chocolate beverages—

antique collectors will find those chapters interesting.

The importance of some of the chapters may initially seem

peripheral. The 10-page discussion by Martha Macri on the origin

of the word cacao seemed at first to me to be excessive, but her con-

cluding section skillfully shows how “an understanding of words

related to cacao and to chocolate preparation has the potential for

providing unique insight into the history of trade and cultural rela-

tionships among the diverse peoples of Mesoamerica. That is why

determining the ultimate source of words such as cacao becomes

important.”

The relationship between chocolate and religion, beyond the

Mayan peoples who first developed cacao as a drink for use in reli-

gious ceremonies, was also surprising. Chocolate played a role in

the Spanish Inquisition as it was imposed in Mexico in the 1600s

and 1700s; and it served as an outlet for Jewish investment, through

the Dutch West Indies Company, which invested in cocoa produc-

tion during the later years of the Inquisition.

The idea that chocolate has medicinal properties did not orig-

inate in the 21st century, with current reports about the healthful

benefits of consuming dark chocolate. Over the past 450 years, five

consistent medical-related claims and uses for chocolate have been

identified: (i) Chocolate causes weight gain; (ii) chocolate stimulates

the nervous system; (iii) chocolate calms and soothes overstimulated

persons; (iv) chocolate aids digestion and elimination; (v) choco-

late can serve as a pharmacological binder for the administration of

drugs. The account (Chapter 7) of the relation between chocolate and

smallpox epidemics in the city of Boston in 1721 and 1764, though,

seemed tenuous.

Chapter 20 intro-

duces the reader to the high

value once attributed to

chocolate as a rare, expen-

sive commodity. Cacao

beans, cocoa, and manufac-

tured chocolate were rela-

tively easy targets for thieves

in the early days after its

introduction to Europe, and

criminal activity presented

considerable economic risk

to cacao/chocolate traders.

The criminals took risks

too, of course, and some

lost. A survey of Old Bailey

(London) court records

between 1693 and 1834 found 76 convictions for chocolate-associ-

ated crimes; of those, 13 resulted in sentences for execution. Another

common punishment meted out to chocolate felons was transport to

the Americas or to Botany Bay, Australia.

Other sections are devoted to chocolate as a beverage in the

colonial and Federal eras in North America, and its presence in

the southeastern and southwestern borderlands of what became the

United States. The importance of cacao and chocolate in the Carib-

bean and in Cuba up to 1912, from the standpoint of both produc-

tion and consumption, is reviewed at some length. Chocolate on the

Continent of Europe is considered, especially from 1819 onward

when the first eating chocolate was developed in Switzerland.

I had anticipated that a history of manufacturing practices

regarding chocolate would form a major part of the text, but only

six chapters are devoted to history of the production and manufac-

turing of chocolate. Coverage seems to cease around 1920. A book

such as Stephen J. Beckett’s Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use, 4th edition (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) is a better source for an

account of the industrialization of chocolate manufacture in the 20th

and 21st centuries.

I also had anticipated at least brief histories of some of the major

companies involved with chocolate–such as Baker, Barry Callebaut

and its predecessors, Cadbury, Ghiardelli, Hershey, Lindt, Mars, and

Nestlé–but these were not specifically covered.

On the next edition of this text, a worthy inclusion could be the

history of how production of cacao spread from Brazil to Indonesia,

Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, and Côte d’Ivoire. One wonders if that

history will be as dramatic as the smuggling of rubber-tree seeds

out of Brazil to Kew Gardens in England in 1876 and thence to the

Indian subcontinent and Malaysia for cultivation on plantations (Joe

Jackson, The Thief at the End of the World: Rubber, Power, and the Seeds of Empire, Penguin Books, 2008).

Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage provides inter-

esting new insights on the wonderful confection so many people

crave. Although the book has little information relevant to a chemist

working with cocoa butter and chocolate, it provides lots of choco-

late-related trivia to introduce at your next party.

Marguerite Torrey has a Ph.D. in water chemistry from the Univer-sity of Wisconsin and worked for 12 years as a copyeditor of AOCS refereed journals before joining inform as technical projects editor. She can be contacted at [email protected].

Publications


Lubricant formulations for sheet metal processingHeenan, D.F., et al., Novelis Inc., US7569525, August 4, 2009

A lubricant for food, beer, or beverage container and container

component stock is provided containing as a conductivity-enhanc-

ing additive a phospholipid having fully saturated fatty acyl radicals

derived from saturated fatty acids containing from about 10 to 22

carbon atoms; and choline salts and mono-salts of Group I and II

metals and fatty acid neutralized ethanolamine. Lubricant formula-

tions are also described comprising 0.5 to 50 wt% fatty acid ester

of propylene glycol, 0.5 to 90 wt% petrolatum, and 0.5 to 90 wt%

mineral white oil. A lubricant for metalworking is described contain-

ing as a load-bearing additive a fatty acid monoester of propylene

glycol as given in which the acyl moiety is hydrogenated to maxi-

mize saturation.

Plant, seeds and oil with increased saturated triacylglycerols content and oil having a high stearic acid contentMartinez-Force, E., et al., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones

Científicas, US7569712, August 4, 2009

The invention relates to a sunflowerseed comprising sunflower

oil having increased stearic acid content (19.1–35%). At least 3.4%

of the oil molecules have the general formula SMS [where S = sat-

urated fatty acid; M = monounsaturated fatty acid] and not more

than 50% of triacylglycerol species that have the general formula

SMM. The invention further relates to oil extracted from the seeds,

a method for preparing the sunflower seeds, a method for preparing

such sunflower oil, sunflower plants produced from the seeds, and

use of the oil.

Extraction of palm vitamin E, phytosterols, and squalene from palm oilMay, C.Y., et al., Malaysian Palm Oil Board, US7575767, August

18, 2009

Phytosterols, squalene, and vitamin E are recovered from phy-

tonutrients concentrate derived from crude palm oil by the disclosed

invention via esterification, transesterification, vacuum distillation,

saponification, crystallization, and organic solvent partitioning.

Crude palm oil is subjected to esterification and transesterification

for the production of crude palm oil methyl esters. A phytonutrient

concentrate containing phytosterols, squalene, vitamin E, and unre-

acted monoglycerides is recovered from crude palm FAME (fatty

PatentsPublished Patents

acid methyl esters) by multistage vacuum distillation in which com-

ponents with higher molecular weight are filtered during second-

stage vacuum distillation. The purified phytonutrient concentrate is

saponified, and the unsaponifiable matter is solvent-crystallized to

purify phytosterols. The filtrate enriched in squalene and vitamin E

is partitioned by organic solvents.

Integrate chemical processes for industrial utilization of seed oilsLysenko, Z., et al., Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technol-

ogy Corp., US7576227, August 18, 2009

Integrated processes of preparing industrial chemicals starting

from unsaturated oils or esters free of metathesis catalyst poisons

(particularly hydroperoxides). The oil is subjected to metathesis with

a lower olefin such as ethylene to form a reduced-chain olefin, pref-

erably a reduced-chain α-olefin, and a reduced-chain unsaturated

acid or ester, preferably a reduced-chain α,ω-unsaturated acid or

ester. The reduced-chain unsaturated acid or ester may be (trans)

esterified to form a polyester polyolefin that can be epoxidized to

form a polyester polyepoxide. The reduced chain unsaturated acid

or ester may be hydroformylated with reduction to produce an α,ω-

hydroxy acid or α,ω-hydroxy ester that may be (trans)esterified with

a polyol to form an α,ω-polyester polyol. Alternatively, the reduced-

chain unsaturated acid or ester may be hydroformylated with reduc-

tive amination to produce an α,ω-amino acid or α,ω-amino ester that

may be (trans)esterified to form an α,ω-polyester polyamine.

Method for improving the oxidative stability of industrial fluidsCostello, M.T., et al., Chemtura Corp., US7579306, August 25,

2009

An oxidatively stable biodegradable industrial fluid comprising

an epoxidized vegetable oil or synthetic ester and at least one anti-

oxidant is disclosed. A method for improving the oxidation stabil-

ity of industrial fluids is also disclosed and comprises employing as

the base oil of said hydraulic fluid an epoxidized synthetic ester in

combination with at least one antioxidant.

Rapid development of heat resistance in chocolate and chocolate-like confectionery productsSimburger, S., Kraft Foods R&D Inc., US7579031, August 25,

2009

The invention relates to a process for manufacturing heat-resis-

tant chocolate or chocolate-like confectionery products wherein (i)

chocolate mass or chocolate-like confectionery mass that has been

mixed with a water-in-oil emulsion or (ii) chocolate mass or choc-

olate-like confectionery mass having an increased water content,

is molded and microwaved prior to, during, and/or after cooling.

The heat resistance is developed essentially instantaneously and

the chocolate can be subjected to temperatures of up to about 40 or

even 50°C without losing its form. The invention also relates to the

products obtainable by that process.


Two-stage extraction of soybean oilTysinger, J.E., Carolina Soy Products LLC, US7579492, August

25, 2009

Soybean oil is extracted by a two-stage process in which up to

85% (preferably about 60–75%) of the oil is extracted by mechanical

or solvent extraction to produce first extracted oil and oil-containing

meal. The first extracted oil is then refined by caustic or physical

refining. Substantially all of the oil remaining in the meal is extracted

by solvent extraction to produce second-extracted oil and substan-

tially oil-free meal. The second-extracted oil may be transesterified

for use in biodiesel fuel.

Method for transesterification of triglyceridesBanavali, R.M., and A. Benderly, Rohm and Haas Co., US7582784,

September 1, 2009

A method for transesterification of triglycerides, especially oils

containing free fatty acids, with methanol using a catalyst derived

from an acidic ion exchange resin is disclosed. The catalyst is con-

tacted with a reaction mixture containing a triglyceride and metha-

nol under conditions suitable for transesterification.

Production of a shell-like formed consumable item from a fat-containing massKlaes, D., Buehler Bindler GmbH, US7582319, September 1,

2009

The invention relates to a method for the production of a cocoa

or chocolate shell. A cell is initially filled with the fatty mass in

flowable temperature state in a dosed manner in a mold whereupon

a cooling body with a temperature below melting temperature of

the tempered fatty mass is dipped into the liquid fatty mass so that

the flowable fatty mass can be distributed in the intermediate space

defined by the cell and the cooling body. The cooling body is main-

tained in dipped position inside the fatty mass for a given space of

time until the fatty mass located in the intermediate space hardens.

According to the invention the flowable tempered fatty mass is

vibrated for a given space of time after filling the cell and before

dipping the cooling body.

Carbon fiber-reinforced resin composite materialsSuzuki, Y., et al., Toho Tenax Co. Ltd. and Showa Highpolymer,

US7585558, September 8, 2009

The present invention discloses: A composition comprising

(i) an epoxy group-containing vinyl ester resin having in the mol-

ecule 0.8 to 0.3 equivalent of epoxy group and 0.2 to 0.7 equivalent

of an ethylenically unsaturated group, (ii) a radical-polymeriz-

able monomer, (iii) a curing agent, and (iv) a carbon fiber impreg-

nated with 0.5 to 5 percent by mass of (iv) a vinyl ester resin as a

sizing agent obtained by an addition reaction of an epoxy resin and

an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid and a carbon fiber-

reinforced resin composite material produced by curing the above

composition.

Low trans-fatty acid fat compositions; low-temperature hydrogenation, e.g., of edible oilsvan Toor, H., et al., Cargill Inc., US7585990, September 8, 2009

The present disclosure provides low trans-fatty acid fat compo-

sitions methods of hydrogenating unsaturated feedstocks (e.g., oils)

and hydrogenation catalyst compositions. One exemplary method

involves producing an activated catalyst composition by heating a

nickel-based catalyst to a first temperature of at least about 100°C

in the presence of hydrogen and a fat component. An unsaturated

feedstock may be contacted with the activated catalyst composi-

tion and hydrogenated by sustaining a hydrogenation reaction at a

second temperature of no greater than about 70°C. Some specific

implementations of the invention permit the production of partially

hydrogenated seed oils with low trans-fatty acid contents.

High arachidonic acid producing strains of Yarrowia lipolyticaDamude, H.G., et al., E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., US7588931,

September 15, 2009

Engineered strains of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

capable of producing greater than 10% arachidonic acid (ARA, an

ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in the total oil fraction are described.

These strains comprise various chimeric genes expressing heterol-

ogous desaturases, elongases, and acyltransferases and optionally

comprise various native desaturase and acyltransferase knockouts

to enable synthesis and high accumulation of ARA. Production host

cells are claimed as are methods for producing ARA within said host

cells.

Mixtures of triglycerides of natural polyunsaturated fatty acids with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, method for producing same and use thereofFabritius, D., Nutrinova Nutrition Specialties & Food Ingredients

GmbH, US7588791, September 15, 2009

A process for increasing the concentration of PUFA (poly-

unsaturated fatty acid) triglycerides present in natural PUFA oils

in which a natural PUFA oil having a triglyceride content of more

than 85% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture and

having a total PUFA content of more than 39% by weight of total

fatty acids is dissolved in an organic solvent or an organic solvent

mixture; the mixture is allowed to stand at a temperature of from

−35 to −100°C for a period of more than five minutes. The mixture is

separated into a supernatant comprising PUFA-triglyceride mixture

and a sediment phase; the separation preferably taking place by fil-

tration or centrifugation and the solvent or solvent mixture after


Patent information is compiled by Scott Bloomer, a registered US patent agent with Archer Daniels Midland Co., Decatur, Illinois, USA. Contact him at [email protected].

the removal of the sediment phase is separated from the superna-

tant. PUFA-triglyceride mixtures having a PUFA content of more

than 55% by weight of total fatty acids of a main PUFA or at least

two PUFAs selected from stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid,

docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and

arachidonic acid and also use thereof in pharmaceutical, cosmetics,

and food preparations.

Compositions for use in energy curable compositionsTurgis, J.-D., and and W. Wilczak, Sun Chemical Corp., US7589131,

September 15, 2009

A composition comprised of a fatty acid metal salt and a fatty

compound for use in an energy-curable coating having improved

gloss and low coefficient of friction.

Oil-resistant sheet materialAkiyama, K., and Y. Asai, Tokushu Paper Mfg. Co. Ltd., US7588831,

September 15, 2009

An oil-resistant sheet material that has low resistance to gas

permeation and excellent oil resistance and is suitable especially

for use as a packaging material for foods containing an edible oil.

The oil-resistant sheet material is obtained by forming at least one

coating layer from a material comprising a hydrophobized starch and

a crosslinking agent on at least one side of a base in an amount of 0.5

to 20 grams per square meter. By incorporating a fatty acid and/or

polyvinyl alcohol into this coating layer oil resistance is improved.

A coating layer comprising a fatty acid as the main component or a

coating layer comprising polyvinyl alcohol as the main component

may be formed on that coating layer. Thus, a coating layer composed

of at least two layers may be formed.

Phospholipases and uses thereofAlbermann, K., et al., DSM IP Assets BV, US7588925, Septem-

ber 15, 2009

The invention relates to a newly identified polynucleotide

sequence comprising a gene that encodes a novel phospholipase

isolated from Aspergillus niger. The invention features the full-

length nucleotide sequence of the novel gene, the cDNA sequence

comprising the full-length coding sequence of the novel phospho-

lipase, as well as the amino acid sequence of the full-length func-

tional protein and functional equivalents thereof. The invention also

relates to methods of using these enzymes in industrial processes

and methods of diagnosing fungal infections. Also included in the

invention are cells transformed with a polynucleotide according to

the invention and cells wherein a phospholipase according to the

invention is genetically modified to enhance or reduce its activity

and/or level of expression.

Use of high oleic high stearic oilsMartinez-Force, E., et al., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones

Científicas, US7592015, September 22, 2009

The invention relates to the use in food products such as

spreads, sauces, ice cream, soups, bakery products and confectionery

products, and cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, lipsticks,

soap bars, and skin or hair oils of an oil having an oleic acid content

of more than 40 wt% and a stearic acid content of more than 12

wt% based on the total fatty acid content of said oil and wherein a

maximum of 10 wt% of the fatty acid groups in the stereospecifically

numbered (sn)-2 position of the triacylglycerol molecules constitut-

ing the oil are saturated fatty acid groups.

Triglycerides and method of preparation thereofNarayan, R., K., Board of Trustees of Michigan State University

and Bioplastic Polymers and Composites LLC, US7589222, Sep-

tember 15, 2009

A process for the preparation of polyols from a natural oil is

described. The process involves ozone cleavage of double bonds in

the fatty acid chains of the oils along with coupling of a di- or polyol

to the cleaved ends of the molecules resulting from the cleavage with

a base. The resulting polyols are as intermediates for polymers.

Composition for oil-based liquid cleansingTakeuchi, N., and Y. Abe, Fancl Corp., US7592298, September 22,

2009

This invention provides an oil-based liquid cleansing prepara-

tion that does not drip from the hands during use, exhibits excellent

spreadability during cleansing, gives excellent feeling on use, is

usable on wet skin, has a high level of detergency, and is free from

residual oil touch after water washing. This composition comprises

an ester of a fatty acid with polyglycerin, glycerin esters of a mono-

carboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid, and a monocarboxylic fatty

acid ester that is liquid at 25°C and has a viscosity of 300 to 3,000

mPa·s.

Compositions and processes for making high soy protein-containing bakery productsVodovotz, Y., and C. Ballard, Ohio State University, US7592028,

September 22, 2009

Mixes, doughs, and processes for commercial production of

leavened high soy protein-containing bakery products that have from

2 to 7 grams of soy protein per serving are disclosed. The mixes

comprise separate wheat and gluten-based and soy-based premixes.

The processes involve preparation of a gluten development mixture

having long gluten strands and a hydrated soy mixture and the sub-

sequent combination and resting of these mixtures in the prepara-

tion of doughs and breads and other bakery products.

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107inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)Publications

Extracts & Distillates

How to study lipidomesSeppäanen-Laakso, T., and M. Oresic, J. Mol. Endocrinol. 42:185–190, 2009.

Lipidome is loosely defined as the

entire spectrum of lipids in a biological

system. Given that modern lipidomics plat-

forms for the first time empower us with

the ability to obtain a snapshot of a com-

plete cellular/organismal lipidome, many

surprises and discoveries are likely await-

ing us in the area of lipids as related to cel-

lular/organismal physiology. Lipidomics

approaches can be applied both for the phe-

notyping platform and for the hypothesis-

driven research aiming to elucidate (e.g.) a

specific pathway or gene function. Modern

lipidomics methods combine the latest mass

spectrometry technology and bioinformatics

methods with traditional methods, such as

for sample preparation and lipid extraction.

Identification of endogenous acyl amino acids based on a targeted lipidomics approachTan, B., et al., J. Lipid Res. 51:112–119,

2010.

Using a partially purified bovine brain

extract, our laboratory identified three novel

endogenous acyl amino acids in mamma-

lian tissues. The presence of numerous

amino acids in the body and their ability

to form amides with several saturated and

unsaturated fatty acids indicated the poten-

tial existence of a large number of hereto-

fore unidentified acyl amino acids. Reports

of several additional acyl amino acids that

activate G-protein coupled receptors (e.g.,

N-arachidonoyl glycine, N-arachidonoyl

serine) and transient receptor potential chan-

nels (e.g., N-arachidonoyl dopamine, N-acyl

taurines) suggest that some or many novel

acyl amino acids could serve as signaling

molecules. Here, we used a targeted lipidom-

ics approach including specific enrichment

steps, nano-LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatog-

raphy/tandem mass spectrometry), high-

throughput screening of the datasets with

a potent search algorithm based on frag-

ment ion analysis, and quantification using

the multiple reaction monitoring mode in

Analyst software to measure the biological

levels of acyl amino acids in rat brain. We

successfully identified 50 novel endogenous

acyl amino acids present at 0.2 to 69 pmol

g-1 wet rat brain.

Comparison of the sensitivity of evaporative universal detectors and LC/MS in the HILIC and the reversed-phase HPLC modes Mitchell, C.R., et al., J. Chromatogr. B 877:4133–4139, 2009.

It was hypothesized that the hydrophilic

interaction liquid interface chromatogra-

phy (HILIC) mode should produce more

response than the reversed-phase HPLC

(high-performance liquid chromatogra-

phy) mode on detectors with an evaporative

component to the detection process. HILIC

mobile phases are mostly composed of polar

organic solvent and are more volatile than

reversed-phase mobile phases. Therefore,

the more easily evaporated HILIC mobile

phases should produce greater sensitivity

for those detectors that remove mobile phase

by evaporation. The responses of 12 com-

pounds were measured in the reversed-phase

mode and the HILIC mode with three detec-

tors: evaporative light-scattering detector

(ELSD), corona charged aerosol detector

(cCAD), and electrospray ionization mass

spectrometry (ESI-MS). The compounds

studied were very polar compounds that

were retained in the HILIC mode. Gener-

ally, the HILIC mode was able to achieve

greater sensitivity than the reversed-phase

mode for these compounds. The increases in

sensitivity observed can be attributed to the

more-volatile HILIC mobile phase. For the

ELSD, the HILIC mode produced slightly

greater sensitivity than the reversed-phase

mode. The cCAD was approximately 10

times more sensitive in the HILIC mode,

and the ESI-MS was approximately 5–10

times more sensitive in the HILIC mode.

There was one instance in the study where

a compound produced more response in

the reversed-phase mode. Thymine yielded

more sensitivity in the reversed-phase mode

with the ESI-MS detector. In a given mode

of operation, there was significant varia-

tion in the measured response factors for

all compounds on each detector. While this

is not unexpected for the ESI-MS detector,

variation in the response factors between

compounds indicates that the cCAD and

ELSD are not truly universal detectors in

the sense that all compounds have identical

responses.

Effect of olive ripeness on chemical properties and phenolic composition of Chétoui virgin olive oilYoussef, N.B., et al., J. Sci. Food Agric. 90:199–204, 2010.

The aim of the present work was to

investigate the influence of fruit ripening

on oil quality in an attempt to establish an

optimal harvesting time for Chétoui olives,

the second main olive variety cultivated

in Tunisia. Our results showed that many

analytical parameters—for example, per-

oxide value, UV (ultraviolet) absorbance

at 232 and 270 nm, and contents of chlo-

rophyll pigments, carotenoids, and oleic

acid—decreased during ripening, whereas

oil content and linolenic acid increased. Free

acidity remained practically stable with a

very slight rise at the highest maturity index.

Trends in oxidative stability, total phenols,

and o-diphenols showed an increase at the

early stages followed by a reduction at more

advanced stages of maturity. The major phe-

nolic compounds—includiing hydroxyty-

rosol, ligstroside aglycon, elenolic acid,

acetoxy-pinoresinol, and oleuropein agly-

con—seemed to have the same behavior. In

the case of tyrosol, a strong decrease was

observed that was directly related to ripen-

ing progress. On the basis of the evolution

of the analytical parameters studied, the best

stage of Chétoui olive fruits for oil process-

ing seems to be at ripeness index higher than

2.0 and lower than 3.0.

Effect of pre-germination time of brown rice on serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolaemic ratsRoohinejad, S., et al., J. Sci. Food Agric. 90:245–251, 2010.

Brown rice (BR) and pre-germinated

brown rice (PGBR) are known to contain

various functional compounds such as

γ-oryzanol, dietary fiber, and γ-aminobutyric

acid (GABA). In the present study, experi-

mental diets containing BR and PGBR (24,


Scalable preparation of high purity rutin ■

fatty acid esters, Lue, B.-M., Z. Guo, M. Glasius, and X. XuChemical characteristics and fatty acid ■

profile of foxtail millet bran oil, Liang, S., G. Yang, and Y. MaPhysical and sensory attributes of a ■

trans-free spread formulated with a blend containing a structured lipid, palm mid-fraction, and cottonseed oil, Lumor, S.E., A.M. Pina-Rodriguez, R.L. Shewfelt, and C.C. AkohThe effect of phospholipids on butter ■

physical and sensory properties, Fedo-tova, Y., and R.W. LenckiNovel two-phase catalysis with orga- ■

nometallic compounds for epoxidation of vegetable oils by hydrogen peroxide, Jiang, P., M. Chen, Y. Dong, Y. Lu, X. Ye, and W. ZhangCharacterization of aromatherapy ■

massage oils prepared from virgin coconut oil and some essential oils, Songkro, S., A. Sirikatitham, S. Sung-karak, K. Buaking, J. Wungsintaweekul, D. Maneenuan, and K. OungbhoEffects of bleaching and deodorization ■

processes of beef tallow on choles-terol removal by lecithin treatment, Yavari, A., A. Heshmati, M. Hamedi, and S. HaghbinSelectivities in partial hydrogenation, ■

Dijkstra, A.J.

Lipids (January)Early and sustained enrichment of ■

serum n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs fed a flaxseed supple-mented diet, Dunbar, B.L., K.E. Bigley, and J.E. BauerThe consumption of food products ■

from linseed-fed animals maintains erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acids in obese humans, Legrand, P., B. Schmitt, J. Mourot, D. Catheline, G. Chesneau, M. Mireaux, N. Kerhoas, and P. WeillDietary source of stearidonic acid pro- ■

motes higher muscle DHA concen-trations than linolenic acid in hybrid

AOCS Journals

Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (January)

A review of the application and pharma- ■

cological properties of α-bisabolol and α-bisabolol-rich oils, Kamatou, G.P.P., and A.M. ViljoenHigh oleic and low ■ trans fatty acid for-mation by an electrochemical process, Xiao, H., H.J. Kim, D.B. Min, and S.B. LalvaniBloom formation on poorly-tempered ■

chocolate and effects of seed addition, Kinta, Y., and R.W. HartelDetection and quantification of free ■

glycerol in virgin olive oil by 31P-NMR spectroscopy, Hatzakis, E., A. Agio-myrgianaki, and P. DaisAntioxidant activity of the phenolic leaf ■

extracts from Monechma ciliatum in sta-bilization of corn oil, Mariod, A.A., R.M. Ibrahim, M. Ismail, and N. IsmailContinuous lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis ■

of sunflower oil: Effect of phase-equilib-rium on process efficiency, Jachmanián, I., M. Dobroyán, M. Moltini, N. Segura, B. Irigaray, J.P. Veira, I. Vieitez, and M.A. Grompone

48 h pre-germination) were used to investi-

gate the influence of pre-germination time of

BR on blood cholesterol in male Sprague-

Dawley rats. Hypercholesterolemia and

elevation of LDL (low density lipoprotein)-

cholesterol were successfully ameliorated

by the experimental diets containing BR and

PGBR (24 and 48 h pre-germination). As

compared to the control sample, the pre-ger-

mination time had a significant (P < 0.05)

effect on blood cholesterol of male Sprague-

Dawley rats. Prolonging the pre-germination

time also produced a significantly (P < 0.05)

better effect on lipid profile of hypercho-

lesterolemic rats. As compared to non-ger-

minated BR, the germinated BR showed a

higher cardio-protective effect on hypercho-

lesterolemic male Sprague-Dawley rats. The

present study suggests that the changes of

blood cholesterol can be mainly modulated

by using PGBR rather than BR. Prolongation

of pre-germination time led to an increase in

the bioactive components, thereby providing

a more efficient functional diet affecting the

high blood cholesterol. This study suggests

that PGBR can be used instead of BR and

polished rice in the human diet.

Analysis of free fatty acids in beer: Comparison of solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and stir bar sorptive extractionHorák, T., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:11081–11085, 2009.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-

phase microextraction (SPME) using car-

bowax/divinylbenzen fiber, and stir bar

sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by

solvent back extraction have been used for

the extraction of free fatty acids (caproic,

caprylic, pelargonic, capric, lauric, myris-

tic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and

linolenic acids) from beer. Subsequent gas

chromatographic analyses with flame ion-

ization detection were used for the determi-

nation of these compounds. Medium-chain

fatty acids (caproic−lauric acid) were deter-

mined as free acids, and long-chain fatty

acids (myristic−linolenic acids) were deter-

mined as methyl esters after methylation by

BF3−methanol 14%. Linearity, recovery, and

repeatability of all methods have been deter-

mined and compared with the SPE method



striped bass, Bharadwaj, A.S., S.D. Hart, B.J. Brown, Y. Li, B.A. Watkins, and P.B. BrownMitochondrial cholesterol transporter, ■

StAR, inhibits human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophage apoptosis, Bai, Q., X. Li, Y. Ning, F. Zhao, and L. YinHOCl-mediated glycerophosphocholine ■

and glycerophosphoethanolamine gen-eration from plasmalogens in phospho-lipid mixtures, Leßig, J., and B. FuchsOlive oils modulate fatty acid content ■

and signaling protein expression in apolipoprotein E knockout mice brain, Alemany, R., M.A. Navarro, O. Vögler, J.S. Perona, J. Osada, and V. Ruiz-GutiérrezThe spectrum of plant and animal ■

sterols in different oil-derived intra-venous emulsions, Forchielli, M.L., G. Bersani, S. Tala, G. Grossi, C. Puggioli, and M. MasiLipid abnormalities in a never-treated ■

HIV-1 subtype C-infected African popu-lation, Fourie, C.M.T., J.M. Van Rooyen, A. Kruger, and A.E. SchutteUse of comparative proteomics to iden- ■

tify key proteins related to hepatic lipid metabolism in broiler chickens: Evi-dence accounting for differential fat

Publications

deposition between strains, Huang, J., X. Tang, J. Ruan, H. Ma, and S. ZouElectron paramagnetic resonance inves- ■

tigation of stratum corneum lipid struc-ture, Nakagawa, K.

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents (Issue 1)

Relation of supersaturation ratio in ■

mixed anionic surfactant solutions to kinetics of precipitation with calcium, Soontravanich, S., and J.F. ScamehornUse of a nonionic surfactant to inhibit ■

precipitation of anionic surfactants by calcium, Soontravanich, S., and J.F. ScamehornCharacterization of scale formed on ■

the surfaces of toilet bowls, Ohki, T., N. Nishikawa, T. Hasegawa, T. Okano, and Y. TanizawaSynthesis and physicochemical charac- ■

terization of anionic surfactants derived from cashew nut shell oil, Scorzza, C., J. Nieves, F. Vejar, and J. BullónSynthesis and application of perfluo- ■

roalkyl quaternary ammonium salts in protein-based fire-fighting foam con-centrates, Zaggia, A., L. Conte, G. Padoan, and R. BertaniPreparation and properties of phos- ■

phate surfactants containing ether and hydroxy groups, Osanai, S., G. Yamada, R. Hidano, K. Beppu, and K. NamiwaSynthesis and properties of alkylbetaine ■

zwitterionic gemini surfactants, Xie, Z., and Y. FengBiosurfactants from urban wastes for ■

detergent formulation: Surface activity and washing performance, Savarino, P., E. Montoneri, G. Musso, and V. BoffaEffect of temperature and other vari- ■

ables on the optimum formulation of anionic extended surfactant–alkane–brine systems, Velásquez, J., C. Scorzza, F. Vejar, A.M. Forgiarini, R.E. Antón, and J.-L. SalagerInfluence of substructures on the ■

spreading ability and hydrolysis resis-

tance of double-tail trisiloxane surfac-tants, Peng, Z., C. Lu, and M. XuViscosity adjustment of aqueous micel- ■

lar solutions of gemini surfactants by interaction with additional surfactants, Liu, J., and J. ZhaoMicellization and clouding behavior of ■

EO–PO block copolymer in aqueous salt solutions, Patel, K., B. Bharatiya, Y. Kadam, and P. BahadurInteractions between an anionic fluo- ■

rosurfactant and a PEO-PPO-PEO tri-block copolymer in aqueous solutions, Wang, Z.Sodium lauryl ether sulfate micelliza- ■

tion and water solubility enhancement towards naphthalene and pyrene: Effect of the degree of ethoxylation, Aoudia, M., B. Al-Haddabi, Z. Al-Harthi, and A. Al-RubkhiOn plate identification of coexisting ■

polyoxyethylene (20) stearyl ether, cetyl pyridinium chloride, tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and poly-oxyethylene (9.5) octyl phenyl ether surfactants with preliminary separation by planar chromatography, Mohammad, A., and S.A. Bhawani


used as a reference (SPME method was used

only for medium-chain fatty acid determina-

tion). All three procedures provide similar

working parameters characterized by high

repeatability (2.3−16.3%) and good linearity

(correlation coefficient ranging from 0.9919

to 0.9999). Results of beer analyses obtained

by using these three methods were highly

correlated. Although all methods provide

compatible alternatives, for medium-chain

fatty acid analysis SPME may be a more

appropriate technique due to its operational

simplicity, repeatability, and low cost.

Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adultsSluijs, I., et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91:175–

183, 2010.

Animal studies suggest that dietary

cis-9,trans-11 (c9,t11) conjugated linoleic

acid (CLA) may inhibit the development of

atherosclerosis or cause it to regress. The

effect of CLA on atherosclerosis has not

been assessed in humans. We investigated

the effect of c9,t11 CLA supplementation

on aortic pulse wave velocity (a marker of

atherosclerosis) and on cardiovascular risk

factors in overweight and obese but other-

wise apparently healthy subjects. In a dou-

ble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,

parallel-group trial, we randomly assigned

401 subjects, ages 40–70 yr and with a body

mass index (in kg/m2) ≥25, to receive either

4 g CLA/d (2.5 g c9,t11 CLA/d and 0.6 g

trans-10,cis-12 CLA/d) or placebo supple-

ments for 6 mo. Aortic pulse wave velocity,

blood pressure, anthropometric character-

istics, and concentrations of fasting lipid,

glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein were

measured before and after supplementation.

During the intervention, mean (±SE) pulse

wave velocity did not change in the c9,t11

CLA group (Δ0.00 ± 0.07) compared with

the placebo group (Δ0.09 ± 0.06). There

was no effect of c9,t11 CLA supplemen-

tation on blood pressure, body composi-

tion, insulin resistance, or concentrations

of lipid, glucose, and C-reactive protein.

This study does not support an anti-athero-

sclerotic effect or an effect on cardiovas-

cular risk factors of c9,t11 CLA. This trial

was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as

NCT00706745.

Evaluation of the effect of dietary virgin olive oil on blood pressure and lipid composition of serum and low-density lipoprotein in elderly type 2 diabetic subjectsPerona, J.S., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:11427–11433, 2009.

Dietary virgin olive oil may help to

reduce blood pressure in hypertensive indi-

viduals, but little is known about the effect

on type 2 diabetic patients. For the present

study, 17 type 2 diabetic elderly subjects

and 23 healthy elderly controls received

a diet rich in virgin olive oil for 4 weeks.

Blood pressure, biochemical parameters,

low density lipoprotein (LDL), and oxidized

LDL lipids and fatty acids were measured.

Systolic blood pressure was reduced after

virgin olive oil consumption in both con-

trols and diabetic patients. Although the bio-

chemical parameters were not modified, the

intervention protected LDL from oxidation

and restored the levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic

acid (20:3n-6) in serum cholesterol esters

and phospholipids of diabetic patients. In

conclusion, the present study provides new

evidence of the effects of dietary virgin olive

oil on blood pressure and LDL oxidation in

type 2 diabetics. It is likely that the compo-

nents responsible for the observed effects

are the monounsaturated fatty acids and the

antioxidants in the oil, but this topic needs

further investigation.

2-Propanol in the mobile phase reduces the time of analysis of CLA isomers by silver ion-HPLCKuhnt, K., et al., J. Chromatogr. B 878:88–

91, 2010.

Individual isomers of octadecadienoic

acid (18:2) with conjugated double bonds

(conjugated linoleic acids; CLA) exert dif-

ferent biological activities. Their distribu-

tion in food and tissues differs. Therefore,

the separation of the various positional and

geometric isomers is important. The time

of analysis using silver ion-high perfor-

mance liquid chromatography can extend

up to 90 min. In this study the time of

analysis was reduced from ca. 90 min to

45–35 min, respectively, by the addition

of 0.05% or 0.1% (v/v) 2-propanol to the

mobile phase [acetonitrile (0.1%; v/v) and

diethyl ether (0.5%; v/v) in n-hexane]. There

was no effect on resolution of the 17 indi-

vidual CLA isomers of the CLA mixture.

Regarding the lowest coefficient of varia-

tion and an adequate baseline separation,

the use of 0.05% 2-propanol in the mobile

phase is recommended, without any disad-

vantages and adverse effects on the service

life of columns. Adding 0.05 or 0.1% 2-pro-

panol to the mobile phase shortens the time

of analysis of CLA isomers, saves solvents,

and reduces costs.

Fatty acids are rapidly delivered to and extracted from membranes by methyl-β-cyclodextrinBrunaldi, K., et al., J. Lipid Res. 51:120–

131, 2010.

We performed detailed biophysical

studies of transfer of long-chain fatty acids

(FA) from methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD)

to model membranes (egg-phosphatidylcho-

line vesicles) and cells and the extraction of

FA from membranes by MBCD. We used

(i) fluorescein phosphatidylethanolamine

to detect transfer of FA anions arriving in

the outer membrane leaflet; (ii) entrapped

pH dyes to measure pH changes after FA

diffusion (flip-flop) across the lipid bilayer;

and (iii) soluble fluorescent-labeled FA-

binding protein to measure the concentra-

tion of unbound FA in water. FA dissociated

from MBCD, bound to the membrane, and

underwent flip-flop within milliseconds.

In the presence of vesicles, MBCD main-

tained the aqueous concentration of unbound

FA at low levels comparable to those mea-

sured with albumin. In studies with cells,

addition of oleic acid (OA) complexed with

MBCD yielded rapid (seconds) dose-depen-

dent OA transport into 3T3-L1 preadipo-

cytes and HepG2 cells. MBCD extracted OA

from cells and model membranes rapidly at

concentrations exceeding those required for

OA delivery but much lower than concen-

trations commonly used for extracting cho-

lesterol. Compared with albumin, MBCD

can transfer its entire FA load and is less

likely to extract cell nutrients and to intro-

duce impurities.


1H NMR-based protocol for the detection of adulterations of refined olive oil with refined hazelnut oilMannina, L., et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:11550–11556, 2009.

A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) analytical protocol for the detec-

tion of refined hazelnut oils in admixtures

with refined olive oils is reported accord-

ing to ISO format. The main purpose of

this research activity is to suggest a novel

analytical methodology easily usable by

operators with a basic knowledge of NMR

spectroscopy. The protocol, developed on

92 oil samples of different origins within

the European MEDEO project, is based on 1H NMR measurements combined with a

suitable statistical analysis. It was devel-

oped using a 600 MHz instrument and was

tested by two independent laboratories on

600 MHz spectrometers, allowing detection

down to 10% adulteration of olive oils with

refined hazelnut oils. Finally, the potential

and limitations of the protocol applied on

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spectrometers operating at different mag-

netic fields, that is, at proton frequencies of

500 and 400 MHz, were investigated.

Dose effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism: A controlled feeding studyRacette, S.B., et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91:32–38, 2010.

Phytosterol supplementation of 2 g/d is

recommended by the National Cholesterol

Education Program to reduce LDL (low

density lipoprotein) cholesterol. However,

the effects of different intakes of phytosterol

on cholesterol metabolism are uncertain.

We evaluated the effects of three phytos-

terol intakes on whole-body cholesterol

metabolism. In this placebo-controlled,

crossover feeding trial, 18 adults received a

phytosterol-deficient diet (50 mg phytoster-

ols/2000 kcal) plus beverages supplemented

with 0, 400, or 2000 mg phytosterols/d for

4 wk each, in random order. All meals were

prepared in a metabolic kitchen; breakfast

and dinner on weekdays were eaten on site.

Primary outcomes were fecal cholesterol

excretion and intestinal cholesterol absorp-

tion measured with stable-isotope tracers

and serum lipoprotein concentrations. Phy-

tosterol intakes (diet plus supplements)

averaged 59, 459, and 2,059 mg/d during

the three diet periods. Relative to the 59-mg

diet, the 459- and 2,059-mg phytosterol

intakes significantly (P < 0.01) increased

total fecal cholesterol excretion (36 ± 6%

and 74 ± 10%, respectively) and biliary cho-

lesterol excretion (38 ± 7% and 77 ± 12%,

respectively) and reduced percentage intes-

tinal cholesterol absorption (–10 ± 1% and

–25 ± 3%, respectively). Serum LDL cho-

lesterol declined significantly only with the

highest phytosterol dose (–8.9 ± 2.3%); a

trend was observed with the 459-mg/d dose

(–5.0 ± 2.1%; P = 0.077). Dietary phytos-

terols in moderate and high doses favorably

alter whole-body cholesterol metabolism in

a dose-dependent manner. A moderate phy-

tosterol intake (459 mg/d) can be obtained

in a healthy diet without supplementation.

This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov

as NCT00860054. ■

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113inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)Giants of the Past

Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen

In the summer of 2009, Dr. Hermann Pardun of Germany passed away at the age of 101. During his professional life he published over 60 papers about fats, oils, and lecithins, all in German. He filed many patents on lecithin inventions, result-ing in granted patents for his employer (Unilever). But who was Pardun, what were his research and development capacities, and how have his inven-tions changed the lecithin world?

YOUTH AND EDUCATIONHermann Heinrich Theodor Pardun was born April 14, 1908, in the

city of Münster, in the state of Westfalia, at a time when Germany

could still be considered an empire. He grew up in Münster and

attended primary school there during World War I, and then the

Gymnasium. From 1926 to 1930 he studied chemistry, with sub-

majors in physics, mathematics, geology, and biology (botany), at

the University of Münster. During this time, one of his chemical

experiments went awry and ended with an explosion that cost him

one of his eyes.

Due to the economic crisis of the 1930s, it was difficult for

Pardun to find a job. In 1931, Dr. Hans Paul Kaufmann, full pro-

fessor for pharmacy and chemical technology at the University of

Münster, offered Pardun the position of scientific assistant. He was

awarded his Ph.D. magna cum laude in 1932 for his dissertation

“Activation of heavy metal sulphides by additives.” In Kaufmann’s

institute, Pardun started to work on projects involving the chemistry

of fats; his interest in the topic would determine much of his career

and life. (During this same time, Kaufmann became internationally

famous as a fats chemist, and also founded the DGF [the German

Society of Fat Science], initiated the German Federal Institute of

Fat Research in Münster, and the ISF [International Society of Fat

Research].)

PROFESSIONAL CAREERIn 1936, Pardun became manager of the development laboratory for

the firm Noblee & Thörl (now part of Archer Daniels Midland Co.)

in Hamburg-Harburg. He worked on synthetic fatty acid production,

improving oxidation by the Fischer-Tropsch-Gatsch reaction. The

inventions were filed in about 20 patent applications. During World

War II, he worked on reducing the amount of solvent used in oilseed

extraction. At that time, plant-scale extraction was carried out batch-

wise, and specifications on residual solvent in meal did not exist.

In 1948, Pardun joined the Unilever Central laboratory in

Hamburg. In 1954, Unilever offered him the position of chief chemist

of the Quality Assurance and Development laboratory at the site of

the Unilever-Van den Bergh’s Margarine (Margarine Union) Plant

in Cleve, Germany. Cleve is a small town in the lower Rhine area

close to both the Dutch border and other former Unilever plants

at Emmerich and Spyck. At that time, the development laboratory

worked on local projects for the margarine plant, but also it would

take on chemical-technical development projects for other Unilever

oils and fats factories. Pardun’s solvent extraction expertise was

applied in small (from today’s perspective) oil milling operations

spread over Europe.

LECITHIN MODIFICATIONSA first project was the process of upgrading rapeseed lecithin for use

as an emulsifying and antispattering agent in margarine, which was

needed because of a lack of soy lecithin after World War II. (The

performance of soy lecithins as a replacer of egg yolk in margarine

had already been proven [1].) The result was the de-oiling of crude

rapeseed lecithin (containing high levels of erucic acid) in a contin-

uous process with a mixture of 2:1 hexane/acetone (2). A full-scale

plant was never built, though, because soy lecithin became available

again. Within the framework of the Marshall Plan (also known as

Hermann Pardun (1908–2009)Who was this German oil and lecithin pioneer, and how did his inventions change the lecithin world?


the European Recovery Program), North American lecithin manu-

facturers were happy to export lecithin to Europe after World War

II. European lecithin-importing manufacturer Lucas Meyer received

larger than requested quantities of light-colored US lecithin, which

the company then strongly super-heated into a dark-colored leci-

thin, acceptable for European food processors. Those processors had

always used dark lecithin before and during the war.

Around 1960 the crystallization of margarine during batch pro-

duction according to the Churning-Drum Process was replaced by

the continuous Votator® crystallization process. The antispattering

function of standard soy lecithin became insufficient. Colleagues in

the Unilever Research Laboratory, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (Henk

J. Duin, among others) and Unilever Research in Hamburg patented

an invention—an alcohol-soluble phosphatidylcholine (PC)-enriched

fraction with a PC/phosphatidylethanolamine (PC/PE) ratio of 4:1—

that gave excellent frying properties without spattering in low-salt-

containing margarines (3). As a result of the removal of most of

the divalent calcium-containing PE and phosphatidic acid (PA) the

calcium insensitivity was improved; thus, calcium ions from the milk

could not inactivate the phospholipid function.

Pardun’s development group established optimal process con-

ditions (4), after which a unit for the production of PC-enriched

lecithin fractions was built in the Unilever oil mill Ölwerke Spyck

near Cleve (process details are contained in a publication by Liebing

[5]). Another fractionation plant was installed in the 1960s at the

VOZ-Unimills oil mill in Zwijndrecht, near Rotterdam, Nether-

lands, which unit was shut down in 1971. At the sale of the Spyck

oil mill to ADM in 1986, the Spyck lecithin fractionation unit was

transferred to the site of this Zwijndrecht oil mill. Recently, Unimills

(now part of the Malaysian Sime Darby Group) again took over the

management of this robust plant from Loders Croklaan. The lecithin

fractions and other specialties produced here are marketed for use in

margarines, other foods, and pharmaceutical products.

Later, Pardun and other Unilever scientists found that enzymatic

hydrolysis of soy lecithin with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) yields a

product with similar antispattering properties (6), which allowed for

the plant-scale production of a range of products with tailor-made

degrees of partial hydrolysis in continuously running reactors at

VDO Mannheim (Germany) and VOZ-Unimills (Zwijndrecht) oil

mills. The enzyme source was milled pancreas powder, purchased

under the trade name Pankreatin. Since PLA2 remains active at

60–70ºC, the powder is stirred into hot water at low pH, inactivating

the amylase, protease, and lipase enzymes, which are not needed. In

the 1980s purified PLA2 Lecitase enzyme, extracted from pancreas,

became available. Currently enzyme companies supply PLA2 and

PLA1 enzymes that are produced by microorganisms.

Pardun also investigated the use of soy protein flours as an anti-

spattering agent in low-salt margarines. And indeed soy protein con-

centrates were used in Italian margarine recipes in the early 1970s,

because Italian food laws did not allow dairy protein inclusion at

those times. I had the opportunity to reconfirm the positive effect

of functional soy protein concentrate and soy protein isolate on the

frying performance of margarine some years ago.

The lecithin expertise of Pardun and colleagues in four Uni-

lever Research Centers was also key in the extension of the Unilever

lecithin business outside the margarine sector; lecithin sales to third

parties became important. New fields of application were discovered.

For example, hydrolyzed lecithin became an important emulsifier in

the production of milk replacers for calf and piglet feeding.

Unilever’s former ownership of palm oil plantations, palm

oil processing plants, and vegetable seed oil mills was based on

the company’s strategy of owning oil supply chains for the marga-

rine and detergents business. In the course of the 1960s, soybeans

became an important oil source, which induced Unilever manage-

ment to concentrate all local operating European oilseed crushing

plants in the Unilever Oil Milling Division (Unimills; Hamburg,

Germany) in 1971.

Soybean crushing required another, more internationally focused

commodity market approach, in which the value of the soybean meal

(constituting 82% of the total weight of soybeans) contributes signif-

icantly to the crushing margin. New crushing plants were installed,

and by the early 1980s Unilever was the leader in European oil

milling activities, as well as the largest European lecithin producer.

After 1985, Unilever divested its seed oil milling activities and refin-

eries and, more recently, their palm oil plantations.

OILS AND FATSNevertheless, Pardun’s function in the Cleve margarine factory

required that most of his time was spent on oils and fats (O&F)

quality assurance, bacteriological control, and O&F developments.

He worked on the fractionation of palm oil, which became a

leading source of oil for the European margarine industry in the

1950s. And the high-melting fractions could be used as a cocoa

butter replacer in chocolate production. That knowledge was used

by the Unilever company Ölwerke Germania in Emmerich.

Unilever also spent much time on the development of methods

for determination of shelf life and quality of refined O&F. Pardun

and Edith Kroll developed a variation on the SWIFT Test (a well-

accepted test procedure for determining oxidation stability of frying

oils). Pardun promoted the measurement of the Extinction Value E

232 and E 268 as parameters of oil quality during neutralization,

bleaching, and deodorization in the refining process. Hydrogen

peroxide formation increases the E 232 value, and the formation of

trienoic acid increases the E 268 extinction value.

In 1969 he published an extensive chapter on “Analysis of fats

and fat products” in Schormüller’s Handbuch der Lebensmittelche-mie (Handbook of Food Chemistry). This was followed in 1976 by

the monograph “Analyse der Nahrungsfette” (“Analysis of Nutri-

tional Fats”). He was involved in university courses for students in

food chemistry and technology. And, of course, he also worked on

acid-degumming processes, for which he tried to find an optimum

between good oil quality and lecithin quality and performance.

DGF Together with Kaufmann, Pardun was the initiator of the German

Society for Fat Science (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft;

DGF) in 1936. He was an active member, with presentations at many

conferences. From 1973 to 1975, he was chairperson of the Analysis

and Standard Methods division, which was a good platform for dis-

cussing analytical parameters and tests for determining heat damage

in frying oils. Many of the DGF official methods were influenced

by his investigations.

For almost two decades he was a member of ISO (International

Organization for Standardization) and its Analytical Committee,

whose analytic methods were binding for his company worldwide.

The DGF honored Pardun with its prestigious Normann Medal

Award in 1982. His keynote paper was on 50 years of the technology


of vegetable oils and fats, where he presented his experience since

starting work with Kaufmann. Topics that he covered included the

extraction of oilseeds, degumming of crude oils, and modification

of lecithins and quality aspects of refined oils (7). He was made an

honorary member of DGF.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday in 2008, the DGF

announced the annual Hermann Pardun Prize for the best scientific

paper on oils and fats by a young academic scientist.

RETIREMENT: TIME FOR EDITING A LECITHIN BOOKPardun retired in 1973. He received the Bundesverdienstkreuz I.

Klasse (the Order of Merit first class) from the Federal Republic

of Germany for his vocational and scientific achievements. Hence,

his retirement was a challenge for him to spend even more time on

editing scientific papers on O&F, developing lecithin ideas, and

being active in the DGF. He advised Unilever lecithin factories,

where his patents were used. For a number of years he was a valu-

able consultant to the Lucas Meyer lecithin firm in Hamburg.

In addition to various presentations at conferences and publi-

cations, he edited papers on O&F and lecithin. Pardun’s invaluable,

important book in the German language Die Pflanzenlecithine (The Vegetable Lecithins) was published in 1988 (8). He had reached the

age of 80 years. The book summarizes many of his former internal

Unilever reports and patents. As an exacting chemist, he and his

staff recorded extensively all experiments in laboratory journals,

of which the most important data were selected for publication.

Although his research activities ended around 1970, he continued

to search the literature for relevant materials to include in his scien-

tific papers till 1988. I still use this book as a basis for inspiration

and setup of experiments. It is remarkable how exactly phospho-

lipid compositions measured by qualitative thin-layer chromatog-

raphy in the 1960–1970s agree with today’s experimental data,

measured with quantitative high-performance liquid chromatog-

raphy or 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. The book also describes

a number of creative empirical emulsification tests, demonstrating

the differences in emulsifying power of modified lecithins. Pardun

published his last lecithin review paper in 1989 (9). All his papers

were published in German, which might be why some of his ideas

have not been disseminated as widely as they should have been by

now. However, Unilever filed all his lecithin patent applications in

the English language.

Pardun kept his interest in O&F and lecithin developments all of

his life. He joked that writing about lecithin kept one in good health.

In reasonably good health, he and his wife lived in their home in

Cleve until 2005, when his wife passed away. After that, he moved

to a retirement home. He celebrated his 101st birthday with a fresh

mind. Hermann Pardun passed away August 5, 2009, at the age of

101 years. A giant in lecithin and oil research became past.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI would like to thank Armin Wendel, managing director of Phos-

pholipid GmbH (Cologne, Germany) for permission to use a picture

and the text of an unpublished interview with Dr. Pardun in 2002.

Wendel is also author of the article “Lecithin: The first 150 years”

in inform 11:885–892 and 992–997 (2000).

inform Contributing Editor Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen, who worked with Hermann Pardun in his younger years, is director of Lecipro Con-sulting (the Netherlands) and can be reached by email at [email protected].

REFERENCES: 1. Reeser Margarinefabrik (C. Fresenius), Verfahren zur Verbesserung natur-

butterähnliche Speisefette (Process for improvement of natural butter like

refined fats), German Patent DE 142 397 (1902).

2. Unilever N.V., Improvements in or relating to the purification of phos-

phatides, British Patent GB 933814 (1959).

3. Unilever N.V. (H.J. Duin et al.) Phosphatide anti-spattering agents for

margarine, British Patent GB 1113241 (1963).

4. Unilever N.V. (H. Pardun) Verfahren zur Extraktion von Pflanzenrohphos-

phatiden (Process for extraction of vegetable phosphatides), German

Patent DE 1 692 568 (1967).

5. Liebing, H., and J. Lau, Über ein Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Lecithin-

Fraktionen (About a process for production of lecithin fractions), Fette Seifen Anstrichm. 78:123–127 (1976).

6. Unilever N.V. (H. Pardun), Phosphatide emulsifier, British Patent

GB1287201 (1969).

7. Pardun, H., 50 Jahre Technologie Pflanzlicher Öle und Fette—Ein

Erfahrungsbericht (50 years technology of vegetable oils and fats—an

experience report), Fette Seifen Anstrichm. 85:1–18 (1983).

8. Pardun, H., Die Pflanzenlecithine (The Vegetable Lecithins), Verlag für

chem. Industrie KG, Augsburg, Germany (1988).

9. Pardun, H., Pflanzenlecithine: Wertvolle Wirks und Hilfsstoffe? (Vegeta-

ble lecithins: Valuable ingredients and additives?) Fette Seife Anstrichm. 91:45–58 (1989).

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117inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)Meeting Report

Ashwani K. Sharma

The Oil Technologists’ Association of India (OTAI), Northern Zone, organized the 64th Annual Conven-tion & International Conference on Oils, Fats, Fuels & Surfactants (ICOFFS) held December 9–11 at the Hotel Crowne Plaza, New Delhi. Nearly 500 dele-gates attended the three-day program.

OPENING CEREMONY AND AWARDSY.C. Nijhawan, chief director, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food

and Public Distribution (Government of India; GoI), opened the

meeting on the evening of December 9, in a packed Elysée Hall.

Ashwani K. Sharma, OTAI North Zone president and convener,

extended his heartiest welcome to all delegates from India and

abroad, to speakers, and to supporters of the conference. Ashok

Mahindru, Steering Committee chairman, explained that the goal

of the conference was to keep concerned industries informed of the

latest trends and future possibilities through the multiple lenses of

technology, the economy, regulation, the environment, and sustain-

ability, and ultimately to aid them in constructing well-informed

business strategies.

OTAI President B.R. Gaikwad offered a glimpse of the history,

achievements, and visions of the globally recognized association,

founded in 1943 with delegates from around the world. In his

keynote address, AOCS President Ian Purtle drew the delegates’

attention to the potential pressures of increasing world population

on food and fuel supply. He exhorted them to remain prepared with

appropriate solutions. Prabhat Kumar, OTAI North Zone and con-

ference secretary, thanked all those who had provided invaluable

support for the conference program.

As a mark of respect toward their tremendous contribution

to industry, academia, and society at large, the honorable Chief

Guest Y.C. Nijhawan presented lifetime achievement awards to

S.C. Singhal, former president of both OTAI and the AOCS India

Section; A.K. Vasishtha, former director of HBTI (Harcourt Butler

Technological Institute, Kanpur, India) and president of OTAI,

currently director-general at the Bharat Institute of Technology

(Meerut, India); and K.S. Krishnan, emeritus chairman of Milindia

Ltd. (Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India) and former OTAI president.

PLENARY SESSIONSDecember 10. Plenary sessions began December 10 with “Agri-

cultural Know How,” chaired by J.P. Singh, former secretary, GoI.

Kyaw Myint reviewed the oilseed farming and seed and oil process-

ing industries in Myanmar, with an eye toward the possible role of

foreign participation. In his presentation on “Compulsion of Raising

Oilseed Productivity and Production to Combat Import Glut,” D.M.

Hegde shared his review of the current status of agricultural prac-

tices, research issues, government efforts, and a potential roadmap

toward achieving maximum self-reliance in the segment.

In the second session on “Oilseed Processing,” Richard Young

(Europa Crown, East Yorkshire, United Kingdom) spoke about the

salient features of design and operation of shallow bed extraction

systems for oilseed processing.

Rajiv Iyer (Cimbria Unigrain India, New Delhi) and Rajiv Meh-

rotra (Tank Connection, Parsons, Kansas, USA) shared their views

on scientific storage practices of raw materials and products in oil

and seed-processing industries.

In his characteristically energetic presentation, Rajan Skharia

(Mecpro Heavy Engineering Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) stressed the

importance of research and development for developing efficient

processing technologies for oils and oilseeds. This session was

chaired by R.P. Singh, former director of HBTI and incoming OTAI

president.

64th Annual Convention & International Conference on Oils, Fats, Fuels & Surfactants (ICOFFS)

Crowds visit exhibit booths at the 64th Annual Convention & Inter-national Conference on Oils, Fats, Fuels & Surfactants (ICOFFS), held December 9–11, 2009, and organized by the Oil Technologists’ Association of India (OTAI).



In the day’s third session (“Oil Processing”), M.S. Alam (Texas

A&M University, College Station, USA) reviewed the current status

of research on specific frying oils that can be adopted as better alter-

natives to trans-fat-containing oils and fats.

David Cowan (Novozymes, Nottingham, United Kingdom), in

his speech on enzymatic interesterification, spoke about different

parameter optimization issues at the industrial production scale. He

especially focused on issues important for the oil supplier, as well as

the designer of in-house techniques. Robert Zeldenrust (GEA West-

falia Separator GmbH, Oelde, Germany) revisited the importance

of solvent phase chemical refining of oils. Roberto Berbasi (Oil-Dri

Corporation of America, Chicago, Illinois) presented data on global

trends and the importance of natural silicates in oil processing. This

session was chaired by Eduardo Dubinsky from Argentina.

In the final session of the day (Biofuels), David Cowan sub-

stituted for Anwar Shalmashi (Iranian Research Organization for

Science and Technology). He spoke about the latest developments in

the application of enzymatic techniques in biodiesel processes. Ajay

Dalai (University of Saskatchewan, Canada) shared new research

on biodiesel processes and biodiesel utilization to enhance viabil-

ity of the future biodiesel industry. Camilo Holicheck (SPEC India,

Ahmedabad) reviewed the biodiesel scene and indicated that the

industry has the technology to handle a variety of raw materials.

This session was chaired by Jai Uppal (senior consultant, renew-

able energy).

The busy second day concluded with a one-hour cultural

program on Dances of India, followed by a gala dinner.

December 11. The third day of the conference began with a

speech by K.V. Thomas, minister of state, Department of Agricul-

ture and Public Distribution, GOI. He underlined the importance of

efforts being made by government and the private sector to bridge

the demand and supply gap of edible oils. Thomas welcomed OTAI’s

efforts and suggestions in this direction, and Ashwani K. Sharma

thanked him for his commitment to the program.

The session “Confectionery/Bakery/Nutrition/Energy” was

jointly chaired by S.K. Handoo (Amrit Vanaspati India) and Ashok

Jain (Vibrant Consultants, India). Terry Yanagita (Saga University,

Japan, and director of the Japan Oil Chemists’ Society) reviewed the

physiological functions and molecular reactions of bioactive lipids

such as omega-3 fatty acids, conjugated fatty acids, medium-chain

fatty acids, diacylglycerols, and phosphatides. He examined their

role in the development of metabolic syndrome so as to arrive at a

quantity and type of lipids to be consumed by humans to avoid life-

style and diet-related metabolic syndrome.

Eduardo Dubinsky, former president of the Latin American

Section of AOCS, spoke about the role of high-oleic sunflower oil

in successfully replacing trans fat in bakery products in Argen-

tina and neighboring countries. Punit Bhatia and Vikas Tripathi of

Thermax India (Pune) reviewed heating and chilling solutions for

the edible oil industry.

In the “Bio Surfactants” session, Rajesh Iyer (Rhodia, France)

presented facts about Miracare SLB liquid surfactant technol-

ogy, which enables formulators to suspend natural/synthetic oil

and water-insoluble additives in cleaning formulations to provide

unique performance in moisturizing and conditioning on skin and

hair. Niranjan Gupta (Hindustan Unilever Ltd.) shared his vision on

“Opportunities in Surfactants and Role of Bio Surfactants.” In the

last presentation of the session, Manfred Hoffman, director-technol-

ogy (Lurgi GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) spoke on “Fixed

Bed Hardening Technology,” which offers advantages over a batch

process in terms of lessened catalyst consumption and inactivation

and reduced formation of unwanted by-products. This session was

chaired by B.R. Gaikwad, outgoing OTAI president.

The next session, “Business Economics,” was a big draw; it

was jointly chaired by G. Chandrashekhar (senior editor–Commod-

ities, The Hindu Group) and Keith Steve (chief executive officer,

ADM India). The first speaker, O.P. Goenka (CMD–Foods, Fats

and Fertilizers Industries, Hyderabad) shared his vision on possi-

ble challenges and opportunities that will shape the oil industry in

coming decades. His urgent recommendation—“Revolutionize your

ICOFFS 2009 attendees listen during one of the conference’s plenary sessions.

S.C. Singhal (third from left) receives the Lifetime Achievement Award during ceremonies at ICOFFS 2009. Joining him are, from left, Prabhat Kumar, secretary, OTAI-North Zone; Ian Purtle, president, AOCS; Y.C. Nijhawan, chief director, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (GoI); B.R. Gaikwad, president, OTAI; and Ashwani Sharma, president, OTAI-North Zone.

119inform February 2010, Vol. 21 (2)Meeting Report

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vision, scenes on the horizon will change”—resonated with del-

egates. Swaroop Mahanty (PricewaterhouseCoopers) spoke about

the latest changes in carbon credit policies meant to enhance the

potential viability of biodiesel projects. In the final presentation,

Prafulla Kumar (Chemexil) discussed mandatory compliances for

exports to European Union.

RESEARCH SESSIONSResearch sessions, both oral and poster, were held in parallel on

December 10 and 11. S.N. Naik (IIT Delhi), Jayanti Adhikari

(Ganesh Scientific Research Foundation, Delhi), and M.K. Shrivas-

tav coordinated all sessions. In all, about 30 research papers were

presented in oral sessions and 14 in poster sessions.

CONCLUDING SESSIONThe concluding session was held on the evening of December 11.

Ashok Mahindru (chairman, ICOFFS Steering Committee) reviewed

highlights of the proceedings during various sessions of the past two

and a half days and expressed deep satisfaction on the same. R.P.

Singh, the new president of OTAI, shared his vision of strengthening

OTAI both internally and globally, with support from and to other

all-India organizations.

Parliament member K. Sudhakaran from the state of Kerela

was the chief guest of the function. In his valedictory speech, he

asked delegates to implement new ideas and practices that had been

discussed at ICOFFS ’09 for bridging the gap between supply and

demand and to improve processing efficiencies in industry opera-

tions. On his behalf, he promised total support to the organization

on all genuine issues concerning industry and consumers at large.

He requested all stakeholders to remain vigilant on the tasks con-

cerning food and energy security for the country.

This session also included the presentation of awards for con-

tributions to the industry and society at large. Lifetime achieve-

ment awards were given by Sudhakaran to S.C. Jain (former general

manager, Hindustan Lever) and S.P. Gupta (senior consultant, Soaps,

Detergent, Oils & Fats Processing, Ghaziabaad). T.N. Agarwal and

K.P. Sharma, both former presidents of OTAI-Northern Zone, were

given awards for exceptional commitment and exceptional leader-

ship for the Northern Zone. Asish Mantri (Abhay Cotex Pvt. Ltd.)

was given the Young Achiever Award. Fortune & Ghari were given

the Brand Achievement Award in the fields of refined oils and deter-

gents, respectively.

Finally, Ashwani K. Sharma proposed a vote of thanks and

expressed gratitude to Singh and all zonal presidents (R.B.N. Prasad,

S.K. Roy, Sanjay Trivedi, Ashok Garg) for their guidance and coop-

eration. He also thanked all supporting organizations (AOCS, JOCS,

SCA, IVPA, VMA, SOPA) and all sponsors and exhibitors for

making great contributions toward the success of ICOFFS ’09.

Ashwani K. Sharma (Pegasus Technologies, New Delhi) is an oil tech-nologist having more than three decades of experience in the field of oilseeds and oil processing. Contact him at [email protected].


Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen

The Food Ingredients Europe (FiE) 2009 Exhibition held November 17–19, 2009, in Frankfurt, Germany, was a premier meeting place for the global ingre-dients industry. The 1,260 exhibitors from 55 coun-tries, among them 350 newcomers, welcomed over 20,000 visitors for professional contacts and dis-cussions, making this FiE exhibition a successful business event. The number of booths represented a 12% increase compared to FiE 2007 (see inform 19:65–67, 2008). The Canadian pavilion comprised 30 company booths, the US pavilion 30+ compa-nies, and the Chinese pavilion 100. (These numbers represent only the smaller companies’ booths, because many companies with a large European market volume occupied their own booths.) In con-junction with FiE, Nutritional Ingredients 2009 (Ni) was held. Booth representatives for both exhibi-tions were enthusiastic about the high number of contacts, which may signal economic recovery. Most company representatives reported recover-ing sales turnover starting during the third quarter of 2009, after weak sales in the first half of 2009. Exhibitors and visitors were in a positive mood.

FIE 2009 AWARD WINNERSBest innovations in five categories (Dairy, Savory/Meat, Confec-

tionery, Bakery, and Snacks/On the Go) were selected by a group

of world-class judges. A short list of two or three nominees per cat-

egory had the opportunity to present their innovations to both the

judges and the public on the first day of the exhibition, after which

the award ceremony took place.

National Starch Food Innovation (Manchester, United Kingdom)

received the Fi Excellence Innovation of the Year Award for its ingre-

dient N-Dulge FR—a co-texturizer that enables the amount of butter,

margarine, or shortening used in cake recipes to be reduced by 75%.

Explaining the panel’s decision, Henry Dixon, chair of judges, said:

“The judges quickly identified two frontrunners for this award. In

our final analysis we looked for an ingredient that not only benefits

the manufacturer and retailer but that also holds out the promise of

helping consumers overcome a real and significant challenge.”

Confectionery Innovation of the Year was Fuji Oil Europe’s

Redusat, which contains half the amount of saturates as normal sat-

urated fats, but maintains the same structure. The product addresses

a major problem in health and nutrition: overconsumption of satu-

rated fats. Saturated fats increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases,

but from a functional point of view we need them to give structure

to food products. This prize was accepted by Bernard Cleenewerck,

chief executive officer of Fuji Oil Europe (Izegem, Belgium).

Other nominees in the confectionery area were:

-

ery filling fat with high whipping capacity from AAK Aar-

husKarlshamn Group (Aarhus, Denmark)

trans filling fat that needs no tempering,

from IOI Loders Croklaan (Wormerveer, Netherlands)

In addition to receiving the overall Innovation of the Year acco-

lade, National Starch beat out J. Rettenmaier & Söhne (Rosenberg,

Germany) to win Bakery Innovation of the Year.

Chr. Hansen A/S (Hørsholm, Denmark) also celebrated a double

coup, winning Savory/Meat Innovation of the Year for Bactoferm®

Rubis, and Dairy Innovation of the Year for CHY-MAX® M. Bac-

toferm Rubis solves the problem of oxidization in packaged meats

naturally thanks to its ability to consume oxygen, while CHY-MAX

M delivers reduced costs-in-use, better process control, improved

flavor, and increased shelf life in dairy applications.

Lastly, the Snacks/On-The-Go category was won by Lyckeby

Culinar AB (Fjälkinge, Sweden), with Culinax®, the flavoring system

for “difficult to flavor” products.

CONFERENCES, SHOWCASE, NEW PRODUCTS Each day the exhibition organizers offered a selection of 15 semi-

nars with food ingredients topics and 4 seminars with specific natural

ingredients topics. Each seminar included three or four speakers and

lasted an hour and a half. Topics were Health Claims & Functional

Foods, Ingredient Innovation, Product Applications, and Consumer

Trends & Sourcing Strategies. In the Showcase area, strategically

situated in the entrance hall, 12 companies presented their products

or technological expertise. In the New Product Zone the latest ingre-

dients innovations were presented.

Pre-show Breakfast Briefings about Megatrends in the Food

Industry and Agricultural Demand/Supply were given by The

Nielsen Co. (Netherlands) and ING Wholesale Banking (Amster-

Food Ingredients Europe 2009Sustainability, economic recovery among exhibition topics


dam, Netherlands). Lunchtime cooking demonstrations and master

classes complemented the range of activities.

EXHIBITION Oils and fats (O&F). The exhibitor list included 30+ suppliers. In

the bulk O&F sector the usual fats were presented. The commodity

seed crushers have added European specialty fat activities in confec-

tionery cocoa butter replacers and bakery fats to their portfolio over

the last decade. ADM Europe (Archer Daniels Midland Co.; Rolle,

Switzerland) promotes the NovaLipidTM bakery fats and margarines

and Chocovit® CBE (cocoa butter equivalent) and Chocotan confec-

tionery fats. Cargill Europe (Mechelen, Belgium) has also extended

chocolate ingredient production capacities in the cocoa bean-grow-

ing countries and European sites.

In contrast, specialty confectionery fat producers such as IOI

Loders Croklaan, Sime Darby-Unimills (Zwijndrecht, Netherlands),

and AAK have extended potentials with palm oil sources. In partic-

ular, Sime Darby-Unimills has made the transition from a straight

oil refinery to a specialty producer of bakery and confectionery

fats, well-documented with brochures. Walter Rau A.G. (Neuss,

Germany) and Lipidos Santiga S.A. (Santa Perpetua de Mogoda,

Spain) offer locally fractionated and interesterified fats. No doubt

the competition in the stable West European market will be heavy,

but growth potentials may exist in other regions.

Most of these companies are now members of the Roundtable

on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and Round Table on Responsi-

ble Soy (RTRS) in order to establish certified rules for sustainable

farming, harvesting, and processing of raw materials. First shipments

of certified palm oil have been delivered in Europe.

Interestingly, the call for sustainable cocoa bean production,

cocoa powder, and cocoa butter processing is loud. The leading

producers, such as Barry Callebaut (Wieze, Belgium), ADM, and

Cargill, have invested in new plants and in education of local farmers.

Chocolate producers and retailers reported on fair trade chocolate

sources. Cocoa bean processors are integrating their activities with

semi-finished chocolate production. Fuji Oil Europe, a division of

Fuji Oil Japan, reported the opening of their new division Flan-

ders Fillings & Compounds with the startup of a new compound

chocolate plant having a 2,600-m2 production area. It will produce

compound chocolate for the confectionery, biscuit, and ice-cream

industry. Many customer-specific recipes will be offered to custom-

ers in the praline and toffee industry.

Other O&F companies promoted their specific products such

as omega oils with specific health claims. Martek Biosciences Corp.

(Columbia, Maryland, USA), Cognis (Düsseldorf, Germany), and

DSM (Delft, Netherlands) offer specific sourced omega oils. Both

Aker BioMarine (Oslo, Norway) and Neptune Technologies & Bio-

ressources Inc. (Québec, Canada) offer krill oils with 40% phospho-

lipids, of which 80% are phosphatidylcholine with high omega-3

fatty acid content. Neptune has received the EFSA (European Food

Safety Authority) Novel Food clearance and also approval for use

for particularly nutritional purposes (PARNUTS) allowing its com-

mercialization in diet meal replacements.

Soy-derived isoflavones and phytosterols are settled ingredi-

ents in the O&F health portfolio. Solbar (Ashdod, Israel) pushed its

isoflavone concentrate. Lipid Nutrition (Wormerveer, Netherlands),

sister company of IOI Loders Croklaan, emphasized its Vitatrin, a

tocotrienol antioxidant derived from palm oil.

Protein. All leading soy protein suppliers (ADM, Cargill, Solae,

and Solbar) offered soy protein flours, concentrates, and isolates.

The Solae Co.-Europe (Geneva, Switzerland) launched its new

Supro Isolate SUPRO® XF in Europe after a spring launch in North

America. This soy protein isolate (SPI) uses proprietary technol-

ogy to enhance the flavor and functionality for ready-to-drink and

powdered beverages.

Solbar introduced Solpro 958QS calcium-fortified SPI for pH-

neutral beverages. Local European producers of soya ingredients are

Sojaprotein Co. (Becej, Serbia) and Soja Austria (Vienna).

Various producers in the Chinese pavilion promoted their func-

tional soy protein concentrates and SPI. High-quality soy prod-

ucts have established a steady but small place on the supermarket

shelf with soy beverages, desserts, and meat replacers. In northwest

Europe the Alpro soy drinks (Alpro-Belgium, now owned by Dean

Foods, Dallas, USA) are well known. But at the end of November,

Unilever decided to discontinue the sales of its ADEZ soy fruit drink

in the Netherlands after it had already disappeared from the British

supermarkets. Meat replacers may benefit from calls for eating less

meat for health and environmental reasons, but the experience of

the last four decades shows that market growth is slow and requires

hard-working efforts.

Pea protein is offered by Roquette (Lestrem, France) and

Cosucra (Warcoing, Belgium). Solanic functional potato protein of

Solanic B.V. (Veendam, Netherlands) has successfully been launched

in the food market.

Many dairy companies promoted dairy proteins, functional

hydrolyzed whey proteins, and (poly)peptides. Industrial protein

supplier DMV (Veghel, Netherlands) and encapsulation expert De

Kievit (Meppel, Netherlands) had neighboring stands, demonstrat-

ing that they are sister companies of the recently integrated dairy

co-operatives FrieslandCampina.

Lecithin. Over 30 of the exhibitors offer lecithin in their ingre-

dients portfolio. Non-GMO (genetically modified organism) IP

(identity preserved) lecithins are sourced worldwide by lecithin man-

ufacturers for use as food emulsifiers and nutritional food supple-

ments in Europe (ADM, Bunge, Solae, and Cargill). In addition to

Meeting Report

The exhibit floor at the Food Ingredients Europe (FiE) 2009 Exhibi-tion, held November 17–19, 2009, in Frankfurt, Germany.


soy lecithin, sunflower lecithin is increasingly used in food recipes.

Food processors report that the market can absorb larger quantities

of lecithin having excellent emulsifying properties. A significant

supply of IP non-GMO liquid lecithins comes from Brazil, managed

by Imcopa Inc. (São Paulo, with a European office in Den Bosch,

Netherlands). The company announced partnership with Ruchi Oil

Milling Group (India) to strengthen the IP-sourcing channels.

Lasenor (Barcelona, Spain) sources lecithins on three continents

and has modification plants for supplying tailor-made soy, sunflower,

and canola lecithins. Lecico CY (Hamburg, Germany) continues

its recently started business activities with lecithin specialties from

soy, dairy, and marine origin, produced through partnerships. Stern-

Wywiol Group (Hamburg, Germany), with 11 companies, has also

increased lecithin sales activities within its extensive range of ingre-

dients; their new research and development center has state-of-the-

art application laboratories and pilot plants.

Since India has become an important IP non-GMO source, two

new lecithin specialty companies presented their products. Perfect

Biotech (Mumbai, India) offered deoiled lecithin powders and gran-

ules and lecithin fractions from its own production. VAV Life Sci-

ences Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai) also entered the European market with

light-colored liquid soy lecithins, lecithin granules, and soy- and

egg-lecithin fractions.

Novastell (Paris, France) was among the medium-sized compa-

nies offering specific phospholipids for targeted applications.

Egg products have long been important ingredients, offered

by quite a number of egg ingredient suppliers. What’s new is the

push for inclusion of egg phospholipids in health and baby foods.

Källbergs Industri (Treboda, Sweden) produces egg phospholipids

of pharmaceutical quality; for the first time they exhibited at the FiE

in conjunction with LeciForLife (Wendelsheim, Germany). Beloved-

UNL Egg Co. (Wiltz, Luxembourg) reported startup of a sophisti-

cated Ovolife egg phospholipid fractionation plant.

NIThe Natural Ingredient Exhibition was mixed with the FiE. The divi-

sion between Natural and Food Ingredients is, of course, difficult

to make. Many well-known large enterprises offer natural products.

The definition “organic” may be stricter, assuming that the farming,

harvesting, and processing meet certified rules. More than 200 exhib-

itors offered organic ingredients, including many large food ingre-

dient companies. The European consumer niche market for organic

foods grows, as long as the foods are not significantly more expen-

sive than “normal” foods. Particularly during down economic times,

the consumer may prefer price discounts, which may affect organic

foods negatively.

LOOKING FORWARD TO FIE 2011The next FiE Excellence Awards will be presented at FiE 2011,

which will run from November 29 to December 1, 2011, in Paris,

France.

inform Contributing Editor Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen is director of Lecipro Consulting (Netherlands) and can be reached by email at [email protected].

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fully comprehensive educational/informa-

tional resource dealing with all aspects of

lipid science and, most importantly, freely

accessible to all. It should be the first port of

call for anyone wishing to understand what

lipids are, how they function in animal and

plant tissues, and how they are used in food

and industry. I expect each of the areas out-

lined in my answer to the previous ques-

tion to have a substantial content of relevant

information.

Q: Is there anything else you would

like to talk about regarding The

Lipid Library?

A: One difficulty with any website

is aiming the pages at the correct

level. In much of what I have done in

the About Lipids section of the site, for

example, I have been aiming at graduate or

near-graduate level. However, when I write

about biochemical aspects I am not writing

primarily for biochemists but for chemists,

nutritionists, food scientists, physicists, and

so forth, who need some biochemical infor-

mation. On the other hand, I try to include

Q&A WITH BILL CHRISTIE (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 69)

enough references to current review arti-

cles to enable specialist biochemists to find

the information they may require. There are

other topics where we need to write for a

more specialist audience, and others that

should be written with nonscientists in mind.

Finding the correct balance is not always

easy, and I am always grateful for feedback

from users of the site. I hope the editorial

advisory board will also be useful here.

I hope I do not appear patronizing, but

web users are notoriously impatient when

they visit a site. They want to find infor-

mation quickly and in a way that is readily

digested, and they perhaps subconsciously

want to find the experience satisfying from

an aesthetic standpoint. One advantage of

the web over the printed word is that there

is unlimited space for pictures, whether

these are photographs, reaction schemes,

diagrams, graphs, or simply decoration; and

these can all be in color. In a major pub-

lished review article on mass spectrome-

try of fatty acids, for example, I might be

allowed about a dozen figures. This section

of my website has 500 (not to mention a

further 1,300 in an archive). The old adage

that a picture is worth a thousand words still

holds true.

I believe it is also helpful to add photo-

graphs of the authors of contributions to the

site, together with brief biographies, as this

shows that these are written by real people

and not a computer.

Q: AOCS’ web administrator, Mark

Atkinson, calls The Lipid Library

“a gorgeous textbook website from a coding

standpoint.” How did you learn to code?

A: I am flattered, but I am also aware

of deficiencies in the site, as I

am entirely self-taught from books in the

mechanics of web production. However,

it has been a satisfying intellectual exer-

cise and a challenge, which I have enjoyed,

to understand HTML (Hypertext Markup

Language) coding and to provide the most

elegant solutions to problems. I am looking

forward to having Mark improve the menu

structure and perhaps set up a search facility

on the site, and I am sure he will find other

items that could be better. ■

SURFACTANTS, DETERGENTS, & PERSONAL CARE NEWS (CONTINUED FROM PAGES 91 & 93)

than 300 micrometers; from 5 wt% to 60

wt% detersive surfactant; from 0 wt% to 50

wt % carbonate salt; from 0 wt% to 40 wt%

sulfate salt; from 0 wt% to 10 wt% phos-

phate builder; from 0 wt% to 5 wt% zeolite

builder; and from 0 wt% to 15 wt% water;

wherein the composition has a bulk density

of 600 g/L or less.

Ultra-concentrated liquid degreaserTa d r o w s k i , T . J . , E c o l a b I n c . ,

WO/2009/125335, October 15, 2009

A substantially nonaqueous concen-

trate composition is provided comprising

an amine oxide surfactant, a water-soluble

solvent, a source of alkalinity, a chelating

agent, and a hydrotrope wherein the con-

centrate composition is useful in prepar-

ing a stable, aqueous, totally water-soluble

solution. The composition may option-

ally include any one or combination of a

nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, a

corrosion inhibitor, dye, perfume, or pre-

servative. The ultra-concentrated composi-

tion of the invention is uniquely suited for

multiple delivery methods including coating

on a substrate before dilution or adding the

liquid concentrate directly to the diluent.

Lime scale and soap scum removerChoczaj , B.G. , et al . , Ecolab Inc. ,

WO/2009/124314, October 8, 2009 A cleaning composition including an

acid component is provided, along with

methods for using the composition to

remove soil from hard surfaces. The concen-

trate cleaning composition includes between

about 1 wt% and about 70 wt% of methane

sulfonic acid, about 0.1 wt% to about 15%

wt of a surfactant component, up to about

90% of a solvent and other adjuvants. ■

Consumer Association in Hamburg, Germany. That group analyzed the ingredients of 20 products marked as being “natural” or “organic” and compared those ingredients with the NaTrue “natural” cosmetics label requirements. Many of the products were mislabeled, the association noted in a news release.

■■■

The European Flavour and Fragrance Association (EFFA) has reorganized in light of increasing regulation of the flavor industry. Effective January 1, 2010, the fragrance group within EFFA moved its regulatory and advo-cacy activities to the International Fra-grance Association (IFRA). ■

) I -

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