SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA)&GGBS IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA)&GGBS IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

K.Gopi Sankar 1. Prof.G.V.Rama Rao

2

1. Assistant Professor in civil Engineering, GMR Institute of technology, Rajam,

Andhra pradesh,India.Mobile#:9989797642.Email:[email protected],[email protected]

2. Professor in civil Engineering, Andhra University College of Engg. Visakhapatnam.

Andhra pradesh, India. Mobile# 9440734824:.Email: [email protected],

Concrete is the building block in modern construction. With the growth in the infrastructure the importance

of concrete has increased manifold. As a result, various modified properties from concrete are desired to suit

various conditions at site. Replacement of cement with various mineral admixtures has been proven to

augment the strength and durability properties of concrete greatly. This paper presents the properties and

strength of M 25 grade concrete mixes (M0, M8, M16, M24, M32) and its behavior with the partial

replacement of cement by mineral admixtures like sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA), ground granulated blast

furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete. The comparison of results with the properties of normal concrete will

determine the feasibility and the area of application of such type of concrete in the field.

M0=100% OPC

M8=92% OPC +8% MINERAL ADMIXTURES




Specimens were casted for arriving at compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength at

7days and 28 days with the replacement of cement by GGBS, SCBA up to 32%.The strengths were

compared with different replacements of corresponding M25 grade concrete at different ages and necessary

graphs were plotted.

Keywords:OPC(Ordinary port land cement),GGBS(Ground granular blast furnace slag),SCBA(Sugar cane

bagasse ash),CSH(Calcium silicate hydrate),

1. INTRODUCTION

Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes,

service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of

the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment,

scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has

become an attractive alternative to disposal. Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the

sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. Biomass is an important source of energy in tropical countries like india

[1, 2,3].

High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental

pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development[4].

Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.

Significant research has been going-on in various parts of the world on the subject. Some waste materials and

by-products have established their credentials in their usage in cement-based materials and for others

research is in progress for exploring the potential applications[5].

Bagasse ash is one of the biomass sources and valuable byproducts in sugar milling that often uses bagasse

as a primary fuel source to supply all the needs of energy to move the plants[3] This waste, utilization would

not only be economical, but may also result in foreign exchange earnings and environmental pollution

control. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement

replacement materials. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize the large amount of bagasse ash and

ground granulated blast furnace slag.

Studies have been carried out on the ashes obtained directly from the industries to study

pozzolanic activity and their suitability as binders, partially replacing cement. Therefore it is possible to use

ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as cement replacement

material to improve quality and reduce the cost of construction materials such as mortar, concrete pavers,

concrete roof tiles and soil cement interlocking block. It is well-known that bagasse ash is an alternative

source of energy with high silica content [5, 6].

Burning bagasse as an energy source yields its ash, considered as a waste causing disposal problems

[6].Several studies have investigated bagasse ash potential applications such as producing silica gel as

adsorbent, raw material for ceramic, cements and concrete additives, catalyst, cosmetics, paint and coating,

etc [2, 5, and 6] based on its characteristics. The silica content of bagasse and its ash are varied depending on

the type of soil and harvesting [2]. The amount of ash (fly and bottom) that will be produced in this harvest is

approximately 3.2 Mton (1000 kg cane → 250 kg bagasse → 6 kg ash). For the functioning of the

sugar/alcohol industry, sugarcane is ground and the resulting soup is used to extract sugar or used in a

fermentation process to produce alcohol. Currently, sugarcane bagasse is burned in a boiler to produce steam

which is utilized in the factory‟s processes and also to power turbines for the production of electrical energy.

The combustion yields ashes (bottom and fly ashes) containing high amounts of charcoal (~30 % by weight)

and silica as major component. [7]. The objectives of this work were the unit cost of concrete can be reduced

by partial replacement of cement with GGBS and SCBA. Concrete making with conventional material is

becoming costlier day by day. More over concrete suffers little resistance to cracking. These problems may

overcome by inclusion of GGBS and SCBA in concrete.

2.Properties Of Materials Used (Physical & Chemical)

2.1 Properties of Cement (Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade)

Table-1

Test As per the code method Value obtained

Specific gravity le-chatlier`s flask method 3.137

Fineness of

cement

(As per I.S 269-1976) 97.606 %( retained less than 5%)

Initial and final

setting time test

on cement

(As per IS: 4031 part5) 1.Initial setting time of cement: 71 min

(not less than 30min)

2.Final setting time of cement : 401 min

(not more than 600min)

Normal

consistency test

(As per IS:4031 part4) 29% (ranges from 26% to 33%).

soundness test of

cement

(As per IS:4031-part3) 1mm (not greater than 10mm)

2.2 FINE AGGREGATE ( As per IS: 383)

Aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and up to 0.075mm are considered as fine aggregate.

The details of the test conducted on fine aggregate are described below

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity of fine aggregate used is 2.66 (ranges between 2.6 to 2.9)

2.3COARSE AGGREGATE (As per IS: 383)

Aggregates greater than 4.75mm are considered as coarse aggregates.

The size of coarse aggregates used are 20mm and 10 mm.

The details of test conducted on coarse aggregate are described below.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

Table-2

Aggregate size 20 mm 10 mm

Specific gravity 2.427 2.474

Water absorption 0.59 1.59

Impact value 21.6 23.2

Abrasion value 27.64

Flakiness index 23.6

Elongation index 65.7

Attrition value 1.16

2.4 GGBS

The GGBS was procured from Andhra cements in Visakhapatnam with information on both physical and

chemical properties.

Fineness of GGBS: 96% Specific gravity: 2.98

The chemical properties of GGBS are given below

Table no.3 Chemical Properties Of GGBS

Composition Proportion (%)

SiO2 35.34

Al2O3 11.59

Fe2O3 0.35

CaO 41.99

MgO 8.04

2.5 SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH

In our project sugarcane bagasse ash was collected from Parrys sugar industries, Sankili. The below

mentioned SCBA composition was obtained with the help FACOR Industries, Garividi.

Table 4 Composition of Bagasse

(The volumetric analysis conducted at FACOR Industries, Garividi.)

COMPONENT Proportion (%)

SiO2 55.76

Fe2O3 0.72

Al2O3 1.79

CaO 1.68

MgO 2.02

3.DESIGN STIPULATIONS

Characteristic compressive strength 28 days = 25 Mpa

Maximum size of aggregates = 20mm, 10mm

Coarse aggregate specific gravity (20mm-10 mm) = 2.54

Fine aggregates specific gravity = 2.33

Compaction factor = 0.90

3.1 MIX PROPORTIONS

The mix design for M25 grade is given below

CEMENT: FINE AGGREGATES: COARSE AGGREGATES: WATER

435.45kg : 476.71kg : 1125.27kg : 191.62lt

The Mix Ratio is 1 : 1.095 : 2.584 with water-cement ratio 0.44

Table no 5: %Replacement of cement with mineral admixtures

OPC GGBS SCBA

100% 0% 0%

92% 4% 4%

84% 8% 8%

76% 12% 12%

68% 16% 16%

3.2 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Table 6 Workability of concrete

%Replacement of cement Slump value(mm)

0% 14

8% 15

16% 17

24% 19

32% 20

4. STRENGTH PARAMETERS and METHODOLOGY.

The compressive strength of concrete has been evaluated by testing three cubes of size 15 cm x 15 cm x

15cm,the testing procedure is shown in figure1.The results are tabulated in table-7 and the graph is drawn as

shown in graph-1. The values of the split tensile strength of concrete have been evaluated by testing three

cylindrical specimens of size 15cm diameter and 30 cm length. The testing procedure is shown in the figure

2, the results as tabulated in table-8 and the corresponding graph as shown in graph-2. After casting of

specimens they are kept in the moulds for 24 hours at a temperature of about 27±2 degrees Celsius and at

least 90% relative humidity. After 24 hours the cubes are removed from the mould and immersed in clean

fresh water until taken out for testing. The flexural strengths of concrete have been evaluated by testing prism

specimens of size 50cmx10cmx10cm. The testing procedure is shown in figure 3,the results as tabulated in

table-9 and the corresponding graph as shown in graph-3.

4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength is evaluated by placing a cubical specimen between the loading surfaces of the

compression testing machine of capacity 2000 KN, in such a way that the smooth surface receives the load

directly and the load is applied until failure of the cube, along the sides of the cube. The compressive strength

is determined by the ratio of failure load to the cross sectional area of the specimen.

Fig 1: Testing of cubes in compression testing machine

Table 7 Compressive strength of concrete for different mixes

%Replacement

of cement 0% 8% 16% 24% 32%

7 days(Mpa) 20.9

33.76

24.92 26.97

21.5

28days(Mpa) 38.62

45.88 37.46

33.53

25.88

Graph-1

4.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

The split tensile tests are done by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surface of

a compression testing machine and the load is applied until failure of cylinder, along the vertical.

Fig 2. Testing of cylinder in compressive testing machine for Tensile strength

The split tensile test values determined for different specimens from tests are presented in table 8. The results

obtained from the experimental work for 7 and 28 days are shown in the charts as given below.

Table 8 Tensile strength of concrete for different mixes

%REPLACEMENT

OF CEMENT

0% 8% 16% 24% 32%

7DAYS 1.79 2.1 1.4 1.64 1.5

28DAYS 2.78 1.962 2.252 1.982 2.174

Graph-2

4.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

The specimen is then placed in the machine, along two lines spaced 13.33cm apart. The axis of the specimen

is carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device. The load is applied without shock and increasing

continuously at a rate such that the extreme fiber stress increases at approximately 0.7kg/cm²/min.

The flexural strength of the specimen is expressed as the modulus of rupture fb which if „a‟

equals the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on the center line of the

tensile side of the specimen is calculated to the nearest 0.5 Mpa.

fb=P*l/(b*d²)

When „a‟ is greater than 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or greater than 13.3cm for a 10.0cm specimen, or

fb=3*p*a/(b*d²)

greater than 11.0cm for a 10.0cm specimen. Where

b=measured width in cm of the specimen

d=measured depth in cm of the specimen

Fig no. 3: Testing of specimen in U T M for Flexural strength

Table 9 Flexural strength of concrete (kg/cm²)

%REPLACEMENT OF

CEMENT

0% 8% 16% 24% 32%

7DAYS 71.804 42.996 36.204 42.204 53.837

28DAYS 117.002 72.183 64.188 76.248 63.866

Graph-3

5. CONCLUSIONS

It has been observed that by the incorporation of GGBS, SCBA as partial replacement to cement in

fresh and plain concrete increases workability when compared to the workability with reference to

concrete made without GGBS and SCBA.

The mix with 8% replacement of cement with GGBS (4% ) and SCBA(4%) has shown good strength

properties like compressive and tensile .This may be due to the fact that the CSH gel formed at this

percentage is of good quality and have better composition.

The mix with 24% replacement of cement with GGBS(12% ) and SCBA(12%) has shown good

flexural strength.

It has also been observed that cement replacement using GGBS and SCBA can go up to 32% safely

although the strength values are less compared to 8% replacement of cement and is most

economically feasible.

The highly silica content can be used for silica compound preparation and can minimize the

environmental impact problems for bagasse ash disposal by using it in the economic construction

practices.

The results show that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive

strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to that of the concrete without SCBA. It is

found that the cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 12%.

Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases workability of fresh concrete; therefore use of

super plasticizer is not substantial. The density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content,

low weight concrete can be produced with this waste materials (SCBA).

6.REFERENCES

[1] Ojha, K., Pradhan, N.C. and Samanta, A.N., Zeolite from fly ash: synthesis and characterization, Bulletin

of Materials Science, vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 555–564, 2004.

[2] Fotovat, F., Kazemian, H., and Kazemeini M., Synthesis of Na–A and faujasitic zeolites from high silicon

fly ash, Materials Research Bulletin, pp. 1-23. 2007.

[3]Patcharin Worathanakul, Wisaroot Payubnop, and Akhapon Muangpet Characterization for Post-treatment

Effect of Bagasse Ash for Silica Extraction World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 56

2009 Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.1, pp jmmce.org Printed

in the USA.

[4]V. S. Aigbodion*, S. B. Hassan, T. Ause and G.B. Nyior Potential Utilization of Solid Waste (Bagasse

Ash) Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria,

Nigeria.

[5] Vital A., Klotz U., Marek S., and Jerzy W., Synthesis silica, Journal of Materials Processing Technology,

vol. 199, pp. 10-26, 2008.

[6] S. R. TEIXEIRA*, A. F. V. PEÑA*, R. G. LIMA* *USE OF RESIDUES FROM industrial carbonized

sugarcane bagasse to produce charcoal briquette physics, chemistry and biology department, unesp univ

estadual paulista,

[7] Kuprianova,V. I., Janvijitsakula, K., and Permchart, W., Co-firing of sugar cane bagasse with rice husk in

a conical fluidized-bed combustor, Fuel, vol. 85, pp. 434–442, 2006.

[8] Atchison, J.E., Present status and future potential for utilization of bagasse in the pulp, paper and paper

board industry., Proc. Int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol, Journal of biomass and bio energy, vol.15, pp.1851-63,

1974. 19060-080, Presidente Prudente-SP, BrazilProceedings Venice 2010, Third International Symposium

on Energy from Biomass and Waste Venice, Italy; 8-11 November 2010 by CISA, Environmental Sanitary

Engineering Centre, Italy.

[9] IS 10262 -2009 “IS Method of Mix Design”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

[10] IS 516 -1959 “Methods of Tests for strength of concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, NewDelhi

[11] IS 456 -2000 “Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New

Delhi.

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SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH (SCBA)&GGBS IN CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

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